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Advances to a further round .
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Qualified to tournament , but not yet to the particular phase indicated ; ( RQ ) |
= Qualified to the relegation tournament indicated ; ( DQ ) =
Disqualified from tournament .
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= Welcome Party =
" Welcome Party " is the twentieth episode of the eighth season of the American comedy television series The Office and the show 's 172nd episode overall . The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 12 , 2012 . " Welcome Party " was written by Steve Hely and directed by series regular Ed Helms , who portrays Andy Bernard .
The series — presented as if it were a real documentary — depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania , branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , Robert California ( James Spader ) forces the office to prepare a welcome party for Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ) , but the party planners seek to sabotage it . Meanwhile , Erin Hannon ( Ellie Kemper ) helps Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) break up with his girlfriend , Jessica .
" Welcome Party " was received differently by many critics , resulting in mixed reviews , with multiple critics feeling that the episode never lived up to its potential . According to Nielsen Media Research , " Welcome Party " was viewed by an estimated 4 @.@ 39 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 2 rating / 6 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . The episode ranked fourth in its timeslot and was also the highest @-@ rated NBC series of the night .
= = Plot = =
Robert California ( James Spader ) forces the office to throw a welcome party for Nellie ( Catherine Tate ) , but the Party Planning Committee works on ways to sabotage it . Meanwhile , Jim ( John Krasinski ) and Dwight ( Rainn Wilson ) are sent to Nellie 's apartment to help her move in . When Dwight suggests bringing in a magician to move her furniture magically , Nellie quickly admits her disdain for stage magicians , prompting Jim to tell Pam ( Jenna Fischer ) about hiring a magician for Nellie 's party . Jim and Dwight find a shoe box with a note to Nellie from herself saying not to open it . Inside , they find photos of her with another man and deduce him to be an ex @-@ boyfriend . When Nellie finds them with the photos , she says that she lost everything when she broke up with him . One of the photos shows him as a stage magician , which became the root of her distaste of magicians . Jim calls Pam back ordering her to reconsider some of the party ideas . Pam tries to convince the other employees to little or no avail .
At the party , the employees vent their hatred of Nellie onto Pam to avoid admitting the truth , making Pam uncomfortable . The magician that was hired ( Brett Gelman ) arrives , much to Nellie 's dismay . Jim , Dwight , and Pam , out of solidarity to Nellie , sabotage the magician 's tricks until he reaches breaking point and Dwight kicks him out . Nellie and Robert commend the employees for throwing a good party , but Kevin ( Brian Baumgartner ) complains that the carrot cake has actual vegetables in it , which Pam made as a prank . When Jim and Pam leave for the day , Pam asks Hank ( Hugh Dane ) why he let the magician into the elevator when he was asked not to . Hank , busy reading a magazine , claims not to have noticed him , stating that as a magician he could have slipped by .
Meanwhile , Andy ( Ed Helms ) and Erin ( Ellie Kemper ) decide not to get together officially until he breaks up with Jessica ( Eleanor Siegler ) . On their way back to Scranton , they stop at Jessica 's family 's log cabin , where they encounter a bunch of Jessica 's friends having a bachelorette party and drinking . Andy and Erin decide to bail , but Jessica returns from her morning run . After staying a while , Andy asks Jessica into the kitchen where she deduces that he is breaking up with her . Erin is surprised however when Jessica said that Andy told her he didn 't think Erin was relationship material . Andy doesn 't deny saying that , instead opting to claim that he 's gay and leaves awkwardly with Erin . In the car , Andy says he made those comments about Erin because he was with Jessica before Erin falls asleep . Andy decides to head back to the cabin to tell Jessica and her party that he broke up with her because he wanted to be with Erin and that she is relationship material , while Erin overhears . Jessica and her party chase Andy and Erin back to the car . Erin passionately kisses Andy inside the car while the party throws cake at them , prompting a quick getaway .
= = Production = =
" Welcome Party " was written by Steve Hely , his second writing credit for the season after " Trivia " . The episode was directed by series regular Ed Helms , who portrays Andy Bernard . This marked his second director 's credit for both the series and season , after " Christmas Wishes " . The episode marks the seventh appearance of Catherine Tate as Nellie Bertram and her sixth consecutive appearance . She first appeared in the seventh season finale , " Search Committee " as a guest star , but starting with " Tallahassee " she was added to the cast as part of the main cast .
The Season Eight DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode . Notable cut scenes include Jim trying to stall Nellie , Robert California asking the party planning committee how great the party will be , Nellie checking out her new neighbors and asking her neighbor if he is an abortionist , in order to make sure her building will not be the target of a fire @-@ bombing , and the party planning committee trying to think of catty ways to make Nellie angry .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Welcome Party " originally aired on NBC in the United States on April 12 , 2012 . The episode was viewed by an estimated 4 @.@ 39 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 2 rating / 6 % share among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 2 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 6 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked a slight drop in the ratings from the previous episode , " Get the Girl " . " Welcome Party " was ranked as the lowest @-@ rated episode of the series in the 18 – 49 demographic , beating the first season finale , " Hot Girl " , " Tallahassee " and " Get the Girl " . The episode finished fourth in its time slot , only beating The CW drama series , Supernatural . The episode was defeated by the Fox drama series Touch , ABC medical drama Grey 's Anatomy and a rerun of the CBS sitcom , The Big Bang Theory .
= = = Review = = =
" Welcome Party " received mixed reviews from critics . The A.V. Club reviewer Myles McNutt wrote that while the series had two goals to perform by the end of the episode — to turn Nellie into a relatable character and break Andy and Jessica up — he felt that both plots failed in execution . He wrote that because the audience knew nothing about Jessica and that he had " already given up on " Nellie as a character , the episode ultimately became an " ' unfunny ' experience " . He ultimately gave the episode a C. Cindy White of IGN compared the writer 's attempt to humanize Nellie to the previous seasons , specifically " The Dundies " when the writers humanized Michael and wrote that she hoped the writers would continue to do this with Nellie . She also went on to praise the interaction between Jim and Pam , saying " Their ability [ ... ] to communicate volumes with a few words or merely a glance demonstrates why their chemistry has been so difficult to replicate with other couples . " . Despite her mainly positive review , she criticized the Andy and Erin subplot because she neither cared about Jessica or Andy and Erin 's relationship and called the whole subplot " a waste of time " . She ultimately gave the episode a 7 @.@ 5 / 10 , calling it " Good " . Writing for New York , Lucy Teitler unfavorably compared the Andy @-@ Erin plotline to Jim and Pam 's from the early seasons of the series , writing that the romance wasn 't able to " take off , because Erin has no real agency " and that the scene where Andy returned to the bachelorette party felt too superficial to reach its potential of becoming a " classic " Office scene .
The cold open received particularly positive reviews from critics . Myles McNutt called it " clever " and noted that even he had forgotten whether Stanley had a mustache . Lucy Teitler positively compared it to Guys and Dolls . Cindy White considered a " great ensemble bit " and that it showed promise for the episode , although it didn 't reach that promise .
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= Providence , Rhode Island =
Providence is the capital and most populous city in Rhode Island . Founded in 1636 , it is one of the oldest cities in the United States . It is located in Providence County , and is the third @-@ largest city in the New England region after Boston and Worcester . Providence has a city population of 179 @,@ 154 and is part of the 38th @-@ largest metropolitan population in the country , with an estimated population of 1 @,@ 604 @,@ 291 , exceeding that of Rhode Island by about 60 % , as it extends into southern Massachusetts . This can be considered in turn to be part of the Greater Boston commuting area , which contains 7 @.@ 6 million people . The city is situated at the mouth of the Providence River , at the head of Narragansett Bay .
Providence was founded by Roger Williams , a religious exile from the Massachusetts Bay Colony . He named the area in honor of " God 's merciful Providence " , which he believed was responsible for revealing such a haven for him and his followers to settle . After becoming one of the first cities in the country to industrialize , Providence became noted for its jewelry and silverware industry . Today , the city of Providence is home to eight hospitals and seven institutions of higher learning , which has shifted the city 's economy into service industries , though it still retains significant manufacturing activity .
Once nicknamed the " Beehive of Industry " , Providence began rebranding itself as the " Creative Capital " in 2009 to emphasize its educational resources and arts community .
= = History = =
= = = Settlement = = =
The area that is now Providence was first settled in June 1636 by Roger Williams , and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies of the United States . Williams and his company felt compelled to withdraw from Massachusetts Bay Colony . They were greeted by the Narragansetts on rocks near present @-@ day Gano Street with the greeting , " What Cheer , Netop . " They sought refuge with the Narragansett tribe at a place on the banks of a salt cove , as the chief of the Narragansett , Canonicus , made them welcome . In 1636 , Canonicus gave Williams the large tract of land which became the first nucleus of the colony of Providence Plantation . Williams ' Providence soon became a refuge for persecuted religious dissenters , as he himself had been exiled from Massachusetts . Providence 's growth would be slow during the next quarter @-@ century — the subsuming of its territory into surrounding towns , difficulty of farming the land , and differing of local traditions and land conflicts all slowed development .
= = = Revolution = = =
In the mid @-@ 1770s , the British government levied taxes that impeded Providence 's maritime , fishing and agricultural industries , the mainstay of the city 's economy . One example was the Sugar Act , which was a tax levied against Providence 's distilleries that adversely affected its trade in rum and slaves . These taxes caused Providence to join the other colonies in renouncing allegiance to the British Crown . In response to enforcement of unpopular trade laws , Providence residents spilled blood in the leadup to the American Revolution in the notorious Gaspée Affair of 1772 .
Though during the American Revolutionary War the city escaped British occupation , the capture of nearby Newport disrupted industry and kept the population on alert . Troops were quartered for various campaigns and Brown University 's University Hall was used as a barracks and military hospital . French troops were quartered in the city 's Market House .
After departing from Newport , French troops sent by King Louis XVI and commanded by the Comte de Rochambeau passed through Providence on their way to join the attack against British forces . The march from Newport to Providence was the beginning of a campaign led jointly by Rochambeau and General George Washington in a decisive march that ended with the defeat of General Cornwallis in the Siege of Yorktown at Yorktown , Virginia , and the Battle of the Chesapeake .
= = = Incorporation as a city = = =
Following the war , Providence was the country 's ninth @-@ largest city with 7 @,@ 614 people . The economy shifted from maritime endeavors to manufacturing , in particular machinery , tools , silverware , jewelry , and textiles . By the start of the 20th century , Providence boasted some of the largest manufacturing plants in the country , including Brown & Sharpe , Nicholson File , and Gorham Silverware . The city 's industries attracted many immigrants from Ireland , Germany , Sweden , England , Italy , Portugal , Cape Verde , and French Canada . Economic and demographic shifts caused social strife , notably with a series of race riots between whites and blacks during the 1820s .
In response to these troubles and the economic growth , Providence residents ratified a city charter in 1831 as the population passed 17 @,@ 000 .
= = = City Government = = =
From its incorporation as a city in 1832 until 1878 , the seat of city government was located in the Market House , located in Market Square , which was the geographic and social center of the city . The city offices quickly outgrew this building , and in 1845 the City Council resolved to create a permanent municipal building . The city spent the next 30 years searching for a suitable location , resulting in what some historians have referred to as " Providence 's Thirty Years ' War " , as the council bickered over where to site the new building . Finally , in 1878 the city offices moved into the newly completed City Hall .
= = = Civil War = = =
During the Civil War , local politics split over slavery as many had ties to Southern cotton . Despite ambivalence concerning the war , the number of military volunteers routinely exceeded quota , and the city 's manufacturing proved invaluable to the Union . Postwar , horsecar lines covering the city enabled its growth and Providence thrived with waves of immigrants and land annexations bringing the population from 54 @,@ 595 in 1865 to 175 @,@ 597 by 1900 . From the 1890s until around 1951 , a Chinatown existed around the Burrill Street and Empire Street neighborhoods , which were razed under controversy for a highway extension .
= = = Growth and decline = = =
The city 's boom began to wane in the mid @-@ 1920s as industries , notably textiles , shut down . Jewelry manufacturing continued to grow , taking up the slack and employing many of the city 's new immigrants , coming from Portuguese , Italian , Polish , Lithuanian , and Jewish backgrounds . A number of hospitals also opened . The Great Depression hit the city hard , and Providence 's downtown was subsequently flooded by the New England Hurricane of 1938 . Though the city received a boost from World War II , this ended with the war . The city saw further decline as a result of nationwide trends , with the construction of highways and increased suburbanization . The population would drop by 38 % over the next three decades . From the 1950s to the 1980s , Providence was a notorious bastion of organized crime . The mafia boss Raymond L.S. Patriarca ruled a vast criminal enterprise .
= = = Renaissance = = =
The city 's " Renaissance " began in the 1970s . From 1975 until 1982 , US $ 606 million of local and national Community Development funds were invested throughout the city , and the hitherto falling population began to stabilize . In the 1990s , Mayor Vincent " Buddy " Cianci , Jr showcased the city 's strength in arts and pushed for further revitalization , ultimately resulting in the uncovering of the city 's natural rivers ( which had been covered by paved bridges ) , relocation of a large section of railroad underground , creation of Waterplace Park and river walks along the river 's banks , and construction of the Fleet Skating Rink ( now the Bank of America Skating Rink ) downtown and the 1 @.@ 4 million ft ² Providence Place Mall .
New investment triggered within the city , with new construction including numerous condo projects , hotels , and a new office high @-@ rise all filling in the freed space . Despite new investment , poverty remains an entrenched problem as it does in most post @-@ industrial New England cities . Approximately 27 @.@ 9 percent of the city population is living below the poverty line . Recent increases in real estate values further exacerbate problems for those at marginal income levels , as Providence had the highest rise in median housing price of any city in the United States from 2004 to 2005 .
= = Geography = =
The Providence city limits enclose a small geographic region , with a total area of 20 @.@ 5 square miles ( 53 km2 ) . 18 @.@ 5 square miles ( 48 km2 ) of it is land and the remaining 2 @.@ 1 square miles ( 5 @.@ 4 km2 ) ( roughly 10 % ) of it is water .
Providence is located at the head of Narragansett Bay , with the Providence River running into the bay through the center of the city , formed by the confluence of the Moshassuck and Woonasquatucket Rivers . The Waterplace Park amphitheater and riverwalks line the river 's banks through downtown .
Providence is one of many cities claimed , like Rome , to be founded on seven hills . The more prominent hills are : Constitution Hill ( near downtown ) , College Hill ( east of the Providence River ) , and Federal Hill ( west of downtown and is New England 's largest Italian district outside of Massachusetts ) . The other four are : Tockwotten Hill at Fox Point , Smith Hill ( where the State House is located ) , Christian Hill at Hoyle Square ( junction of Cranston & Westminster Streets ) , and Weybosset Hill at the lower end of Weybosset Street , which was leveled in the early 1880s .
= = = Neighborhoods = = =
Providence has 25 official neighborhoods , though these neighborhoods are often grouped together and referred to collectively :
The East Side is a region comprising the neighborhoods of Blackstone , Hope ( aka Summit ) , Mount Hope , College Hill , Wayland , and Fox Point .
The Jewelry District describes the area enclosed by I @-@ 95 , the old I @-@ 195 , and the Providence River . The city has made efforts to rename this area the Knowledge District to reflect the area 's newly developing life sciences and technology @-@ based economy .
The North End is formed by the combination of the neighborhoods of Charles , Wanskuck , Smith Hill , Elmhurst , and Mount Pleasant .
The South Side ( or South Providence ) consists of the neighborhoods of Elmwood , Lower South Providence , Upper South Providence , and the West End .
West Broadway is an officially recognized neighborhood with its own association . It overlaps with the southern half of Federal Hill and the northern part of the West End .
The West Side is a vague term sometimes used to mean the West End , Olneyville , and Silver Lake .
= = = Cityscape = = =
The city of Providence is geographically very compact , characteristic of eastern seaboard cities that developed prior to use of the automobile . It is among the most densely populated cities in the country . For this reason , Providence has the eighth @-@ highest percentage of pedestrian commuters . The street layout is irregular — over one thousand streets ( a great number for the city 's size ) run haphazardly , connecting and radiating from traditionally bustling places like Market Square .
Downtown Providence has numerous 19th @-@ century mercantile buildings in the Federal and Victorian architectural styles , as well as several post @-@ modern and modernist buildings , located throughout the area . In particular , a fairly clear spatial separation appears between the areas of pre @-@ 1980s development and post @-@ 1980s development . West Exchange Street and Exchange Terrace serve as rough boundaries between the two .
The newer area , sometimes called " Capitol Center " , includes Providence Place Mall ( 1999 ) , the Omni Providence Hotel ( 1993 ) and The Residences Providence ( 2007 ) , GTECH Corporation ( 2006 ) , Waterplace condominiums ( 2007 ) , and Waterplace Park ( 1994 ) ; the area tends toward newer development , since much of it is land reclaimed in the 1970s from a mass of railroad tracks referred to colloquially as the " Chinese Wall " . This part of Downtown is characterized by open spaces , wide roads , and intent landscaping .
The historic part of downtown has many streetscapes that look as they did eighty years ago . Many of the state 's tallest buildings are found here . The largest structure , to date , is the art @-@ deco @-@ styled former Industrial Trust Tower , currently the Bank of America Building at 426 feet ( 130 m ) . By contrast , nearby to it is the second tallest One Financial Plaza , designed in modern taut @-@ skin cladding , constructed a half @-@ century later . In between the two is 50 Kennedy Plaza . The Textron Tower is also a core building to the modest Providence skyline . Downtown is also the home of the Providence Biltmore and Westminster Arcade , the oldest enclosed shopping mall in the U.S. , built in 1828 .
The city 's southern waterfront , away from the downtown core , is the location of many oil tanks , a docking station for a ferry boat , a non @-@ profit sailing center , bars , strip clubs , and power plants . The Russian Submarine Museum was located here until 2008 , after the submarine sank in a storm and was declared a loss . The Fox Point Hurricane Barrier is also found here , built to protect Providence from storm surge , like that which it had endured in the 1938 New England Hurricane and again in 1954 from Hurricane Carol .
The majority of the cityscape comprises abandoned and revitalized industrial mills , double- and triple @-@ decker housing ( though row houses , found so commonly in other Northeast cities , are rare here ) , a small number of high @-@ rise buildings ( predominantly for housing the elderly ) , and single family homes . I @-@ 95 serves as a physical barrier between the city 's commercial core and neighborhoods such as Federal Hill , and the West End .
= = = Climate = = =
Providence has a humid continental or humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa or Dfa ) depending on the January isotherm used , with warm summers , cold winters , and high humidity year @-@ round . The USDA places the city in Hardiness zone 6b , with the suburbs falling in zones 6a – 7b . The influence of the Atlantic Ocean keeps Providence , and the rest of the state of Rhode Island , warmer than many inland locales in New England . January is the coldest month with a daily mean of 29 @.@ 2 ° F ( − 1 @.@ 6 ° C ) , and low temperatures dropping to 10 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) or lower an average of 11 days per winter , while July is the warmest month with a daily mean of 73 @.@ 5 ° F ( 23 @.@ 1 ° C ) , and highs rising to 90 ° F ( 32 ° C ) or higher an average of 10 days per summer . Extremes range from − 17 ° F ( − 27 ° C ) on February 9 , 1934 to 104 ° F ( 40 ° C ) on August 2 , 1975 ; the record cold daily maximum is 1 ° F ( − 17 ° C ) on February 5 , 1918 , while the record warm daily minimum is 80 ° F ( 27 ° C ) on June 6 , 1925 . Temperature readings of 0 ° F ( − 18 ° C ) or lower are uncommon in Providence , and generally occur once every several years . The year which had the most days with a temperature reading of zero degrees or lower was 2015 with eight days total ; one day in January and seven days in February . Conversely , temperature readings of 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) or higher are even rarer , and the year with the most days in this category was 1944 with three days , all of which were in August .
As with the rest of the northeastern seaboard , Providence receives ample precipitation year @-@ round . Monthly precipitation ranges from a high of 4 @.@ 43 inches ( 112 @.@ 5 mm ) in March to a low of 3 @.@ 17 inches ( 80 @.@ 5 mm ) in July . In general , precipitation levels are slightly lesser in the summer months than the winter months , when powerful storms known as Nor 'easters can cause significant snowfall and blizzard conditions . Although hurricanes are not frequent in coastal New England , Providence 's location at the head of Narragansett Bay makes it vulnerable to them .
= = Demographics = =
As of the census of 2000 , the population comprised 173 @,@ 618 people , 162 @,@ 389 households , and 35 @,@ 859 families . The population density was 9 @,@ 401 @.@ 7 inhabitants per square mile ( 3 @,@ 629 @.@ 4 / km ² ) , characteristic of comparatively older cities in New England such as New Haven , Connecticut ; Springfield , Massachusetts , and Hartford , Connecticut . Also like these cities , its population peaked in the 1940s just prior to the nationwide period of rapid suburbanization .
Providence has a racially and ethnically diverse population . In 2010 , White Americans formed 49 @.@ 8 % of the population , including a sizable White Hispanic community . Non @-@ Hispanic whites , historically predominant in the city , were 37 @.@ 6 % of the total population , down from 89 @.@ 5 % in 1970 . Providence has had a substantial Italian population since the start of the 20th century , with 14 % ( a plurality ) of the population claiming Italian ancestry . Italian influence manifests itself in Providence 's Little Italy in Federal Hill . Irish immigrants have also had considerable influence on the city 's history , with 8 % of residents claiming Irish heritage . The city also has a sizeable , active and important Jewish community , estimated at 10 @,@ 500 in 2012 or roughly 5 % of the city 's population .
In 2010 , people of Hispanic or Latino origin comprised 27 @.@ 8 % of the city 's population and currently form a majority of city public school students. of Providence 's population . The largest Hispanic groups are those having origins in Puerto Rico , Colombia , Bolivia , the Dominican Republic , and Guatemala . Hispanics are most concentrated in the neighborhoods of Elmwood , the West End , Upper , and Lower South Providence . The city elected its first Hispanic mayor in 2010 , Dominican @-@ American Angel Taveras .
African Americans constitute 16 % of the city 's population , with their greatest concentrations found in Mount Hope and Upper and Lower South Providence neighborhoods . Asians are 6 % of Providence 's population and have enclaves scattered throughout the city . The largest Asian groups are Cambodians ( 1 @.@ 7 % ) , Chinese ( 1 @.@ 1 % ) , Asian Indians ( 0 @.@ 7 % ) , Laotians ( 0 @.@ 6 % ) , and Koreans ( 0 @.@ 6 % ) . Another 6 % of the city has multiracial ancestry . Native Americans and Pacific Islanders make up the remaining 1 @.@ 3 % . With Liberians comprising 0 @.@ 4 % of the population , the city is home to one of the largest Liberian immigrant populations in the country .
Providence , like some nearby Massachusetts communities , has a considerable community of immigrants from various Portuguese @-@ speaking countries ( especially Portugal , Brazil , and Cape Verde ) , living mostly in the areas of Washington Park and Fox Point . Portuguese is the city 's third @-@ largest European ethnicity , ( after Italian and Irish ) at 4 % of the population ; Cape Verdeans comprise 2 % .
The Providence metropolitan area , which includes Providence , Fall River , Massachusetts , and Warwick is estimated to have a population of 1 @,@ 622 @,@ 520 . In 2006 , this area was officially added to the Boston Combined Statistical Area ( CSA ) , the fifth @-@ largest CSA in the country . In the last fifteen years , Providence has experienced a sizable growth in its under @-@ 18 population . The median age of the city is 28 years , while the largest age cohort is 20- to 24 @-@ year @-@ olds , owing to the city 's large student population .
The per capita income , as of the 2000 census , was $ 15 @,@ 525 , which is well below both the state average of $ 29 @,@ 113 , and the national average of $ 21 @,@ 587 . The median income for a household was $ 26 @,@ 867 , and the median income for a family in Providence was $ 32 @,@ 058 , according to the 2000 census . The city has one of the highest rates of poverty in the nation with 29 @.@ 1 % of the population and 23 @.@ 9 % of families living below the poverty line in 2000 , the largest concentrations being found in the city 's Olneyville , and Upper and Lower South Providence areas . Poverty has affected children at a disproportionately higher rate , with 40 @.@ 1 % of those under the age of 18 living below the poverty line , concentrated in particular west of downtown in the neighborhoods of Hartford , Federal Hill , and Olneyville .
= = = Crime = = =
Compared to the national average , Providence has an average rate of violent crime and higher rate of property crime per 100 @,@ 000 inhabitants . In 2010 , there were 15 murders , down from 2009 's 24 . In 2010 , Providence fared better regarding violent crime than most of its peer cities : Springfield , Massachusetts , a city with approximately 20 @,@ 000 fewer residents than Providence , reported 15 murders in 2009 ( i.e. , the same number of homicides as Providence , but a slightly higher rate per capita ) ; New Haven , Connecticut and Hartford , Connecticut , cities with approximately 50 @,@ 000 fewer people than Providence , reported , respectively , 24 and 26 murders in 2010 , significantly higher murder rates per capita than Providence . The police chief asserted that Providence 's violence was not stranger @-@ to @-@ stranger , but relationship driven . The pattern of violent crime was highly specific by neighborhood with vast majority of the murders taking place in the poorer sections of Providence , such as Olneyville , Elmwood , South Providence and the West End .
= = Economy = =
By 1830 , Providence had manufacturing industries in metals , machinery , textiles , jewelry , and silverware . Though manufacturing has declined , the city is still one of the largest centers for jewelry and silverware design and manufacturing . Services , in particular education , healthcare , and finance , also make up a large portion of the city 's economy . Providence also is the site of a sectional center facility ( SCF ) , a regional hub for the U.S. Postal Service . Since it is the capital of Rhode Island , Providence 's economy additionally consists of government services .
Prominent companies headquartered in Providence include Fortune 500 Textron and United Natural Foods , Fortune 1000 Nortek Incorporated , privately held engineering firm Gilbane , and GTECH Corporation , who recently moved their world headquarters to downtown Providence . Citizens Bank , the 15th @-@ largest bank in the country , is also headquartered in Providence . Another company whose origins were in the city is Fleet Bank . Once Rhode Island 's largest bank , it moved its headquarters to Boston , Massachusetts , after acquiring Shawmut Bank in 1995 . Before its acquisition by Bank of America , Fleet merged with BankBoston to become New England 's largest commercial bank .
The city is home to the Rhode Island Convention Center , which opened in December 1993 . Along with a hotel , the convention center is connected to the Providence Place Mall , a major retail center , through a skywalk . The Port of Providence , the second @-@ largest deepwater seaport in New England , handles cargo such as cement , chemicals , heavy machinery , petroleum , and scrap metal . Providence is also home to some of toy manufacturer Hasbro 's business operations , with headquarters remaining in Pawtucket .
= = = Top employers = = =
According to the City 's 2014 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report , the top ten employers in the city are :
= = Government = =
As the state capital , Providence houses the Rhode Island General Assembly as well as the offices of the Governor and the Lieutenant Governor in the Rhode Island State House .
Providence 's city government has a mayor @-@ council form of government . The Providence City Council consists of fifteen city councilors , one for each of the city 's wards . The council is tasked with enacting ordinances and passing an annual budget . Providence also has probate and superior courts . The U.S. District Court for the District of Rhode Island is located downtown across from City Hall adjacent to Kennedy Plaza .
David N. Cicilline finished his term as mayor in 2010 , eight years after taking office as the first openly gay mayor of an American state capital . Providence was the largest American city to have an openly gay mayor , until Sam Adams took office in Portland , Oregon , on January 1 , 2009 .
The city 's first Latino mayor was elected in 2010 , Angel Taveras , who assumed office on January 3 , 2011 . Jorge Elorza succeeded him on January 5 , 2015 .
= = Education = =
= = = Postsecondary = = =
The flagship campuses of five of Rhode Island 's colleges and universities are in Providence ( city proper ) :
Brown University , an Ivy League university and one of nine colonial colleges in the nation .
Johnson & Wales University
Providence College
Rhode Island College , the state 's oldest public college .
Rhode Island School of Design ( RISD )
In addition , the Community College of Rhode Island ( Downcity and Liston campuses ) , Roger Williams University ( Providence campus ) and University of Rhode Island ( Providence campus ) have satellite campuses in the city . Between these schools the number of postsecondary students is approximately 44 @,@ 000 . Compounded by Brown University 's being the second @-@ largest employer , higher education exerts a considerable presence in the city 's politics and economy .
= = = Private and charter schools = = =
Several private schools , including Moses Brown , the Lincoln School , and the Wheeler School , are in the city 's East Side . La Salle Academy is located in the Elmhurst area of the city near Providence College . The public charter schools Time Squared Academy ( K @-@ 12 ) and Textron Chamber of Commerce ( 9 – 12 ) are funded by GTECH Corporation and Textron respectively . In addition , the city 's South Side houses Community Preparatory School , a private school serving primarily low @-@ income students in grades 3 – 8 . There are two separate centers for students with special needs .
= = = Public schools = = =
The Providence Public School District serves about 30 @,@ 000 students from pre @-@ Kindergarten to grade 12 . The district has 25 elementary schools , nine middle schools , and thirteen high schools . The Providence Public School District features magnet schools at the middle and high school level , Nathanael Greene and Classical respectively . The overall graduation rate as of 2007 is 70 @.@ 1 % , which is close to the statewide rate of 71 % and the national average of 70 % . Rhode Island also operates two public schools in Providence . The Metropolitan Regional Career and Technical Center is public high school that offers individualized curriculum and real world learning to more than 800 students from around the state . The Rhode Island School for the Deaf is a critical , strategic and responsive educational center with a commitment to educational excellence for children who are deaf or hard of hearing .
= = Culture = =
Much of Providence culture is synonymous with Rhode Island culture . Like the state , the city has a non @-@ rhotic accent that can be heard on local media . Providence also shares Rhode Island 's affinity for coffee , as the former has the most coffee / doughnut shops per capita of any city in the country . Providence , like many other towns , is also reputed to have the highest number of restaurants per capita , many of which founded and / or staffed by its own Johnson & Wales University graduates .
Providence has several ethnic neighborhoods , notably Federal Hill and the North End ( Italian ) , Fox Point ( Portuguese ) , West End ( mainly Central American and Asians ) , and Smith Hill ( Irish with miscellaneous enclaves of other groups ) . There are also many dedicated community organizations and arts associations located in the city .
The city gained the reputation as one of the most active and growing gay communities in the Northeast ; the rate of reported gay and lesbian relationships is 75 % higher than the national average and Providence has been named among the " Best Lesbian Places to Live " . The former mayor , David Cicilline , won his election running as an openly gay man , making him the first openly gay mayor of a U.S. state capital . Former Mayor Cianci instituted the position of Mayor 's Liaison to the Gay and Lesbian community in the 1990s . Providence is home to the largest gay bathhouse in New England .
During the summer months , the city regularly hosts WaterFire , an environmental art installation that consists of about 100 bonfires that blaze just above the surface of the three rivers that pass through the middle of downtown Providence . There are multiple Waterfire events that are accompanied by various pieces of classical and world music . The public art displays , most notably sculptures , change on a regular basis .
The city is also the home of the Tony Award @-@ winning theater group Trinity Repertory Company , the Providence Black Repertory Company , and the Rhode Island Philharmonic Orchestra , as well as groups like The American Band , once associated with noted American composer D. W. Reeves . Providence is also the home of several performing arts centers such as the Veterans Memorial Auditorium , the Providence Performing Arts Center , and the Providence Festival Ballet . The city 's underground music scene , centered on artist @-@ run spaces such as the now @-@ defunct Fort Thunder , is known in underground music circles . Providence is also home to the Providence Improv Guild , an improvisational theatre that has weekly performances and offers improv and sketch comedy classes .
= = = Sites of interest = = =
Providence is home to an 1 @,@ 200 @-@ acre ( 4 @.@ 9 km2 ) park system , notably Waterplace Park and Riverwalk , Roger Williams Park , Roger Williams National Memorial , and Prospect Terrace Park , the latter featuring expansive views of the downtown area as well as a 15 @-@ foot tall granite statue of Roger Williams gazing over the city . As one of the first cities in the country , Providence contains many historic buildings while the East Side neighborhood in particular includes the largest contiguous area of buildings listed on the National Register of Historic Places in the U.S. with many pre @-@ revolutionary houses . The East Side is also home to the First Baptist Church in America , the oldest Baptist church in the Americas , founded by Roger Williams in 1638 , as well as the Old State House , which served as the state 's capitol from 1762 to 1904 . Nearby is Roger Williams National Memorial . Downcity Providence is home to the fourth @-@ largest unsupported dome in the world ( the second @-@ largest marble dome after St. Peter 's Basilica in Rome ) , as well as the Westminster Arcade , which is the oldest enclosed shopping center in the U.S.
The main art museum is the Rhode Island School of Design Museum , which has the 20th @-@ largest collection in the country . In addition to the Providence Public Library and the nine branches of the Providence Community Library , the city is home to the Providence Athenæum , the fourth oldest library in the country . Here , on one of his many visits to Providence , Edgar Allan Poe , met and courted a love interest named Sarah Helen Whitman . Poe was a regular fixture there , as was H. P. Lovecraft ( who was born in Providence ) ; both of them influential writers of gothic literature .
The Bank of America Skating Center , formerly the Fleet Skating Center , is located near Kennedy Plaza in the downtown district , connected by pedestrian tunnel to Waterplace Park , a cobblestone and concrete park below street traffic that abuts Providence 's three rivers .
The southern part of the city is home to the famous roadside attraction Nibbles Woodaway ( also known as the " Big Blue Bug " ) , the world 's largest termite , as well as the aforementioned Roger Williams Park , which contains a zoo , a botanical center , and the Museum of Natural History and Planetarium .
Another well known site is the very famous Providence Biltmore Hotel located downtown near Kennedy Plaza . A historic location that was built in 1922 , the hotel is still a very popular site for travelers going in and out of the state every day . It was also added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977 .
= = = Sports = = =
The city is home to the American Hockey League team Providence Bruins , which plays at the Dunkin ' Donuts Center ( formerly the Providence Civic Center ) . From 1926 to 1972 , the AHL 's Providence Reds ( renamed the Rhode Island Reds in their last years ) played at the Rhode Island Auditorium . In 1972 , the team relocated to the Providence Civic Center , where they played until moving to Binghamton , New York , in 1977 .
The city has two rugby teams , the Rugby Union team Providence Rugby Football Club , and the Semi @-@ Professional Rugby League team The Rhode Island Rebellion , which play at Classical High School . In 2013 the Rebellion finished the USA Rugby League ( USARL ) regular season in third place . Their playoff run took them to the USARL Semi @-@ Finals , the first time the Rebellion made the playoffs in its short three @-@ year history .
The NFL 's New England Patriots and MLS 's New England Revolution play in Foxborough , Massachusetts , which is situated halfway between Providence and Boston . Providence was formerly home to two major league franchises : the NFL 's Providence Steam Roller in the 1920s and 1930s , and the NBA 's Providence Steamrollers in the 1940s . The Rhode Island Auditorium also hosted won 29 of the 49 boxing fights of Rocky Marciano .
The city 's defunct baseball team , the Providence Grays , competed in the National League from 1879 through 1885 . The team defeated the New York Metropolitans in baseball 's first successful " world championship series " in 1884 . In 1914 , after the Boston Red Sox purchased Babe Ruth from the then @-@ minor league Baltimore Orioles , the team prepared Ruth for the major leagues by sending him to finish the season playing for a minor league team in Providence that was also known as the Grays . Today , professional baseball is offered by the Pawtucket Red Sox , the AAA affiliate of the Boston Red Sox , which plays in nearby Pawtucket . Most baseball fans — along with the local media — tend to follow the Boston Red Sox .
Major colleges and universities fielding NCAA Division I athletic teams are Brown University and Providence College . The latter is a member of the Big East Conference . Much local hype is associated with games between these two schools or the University of Rhode Island .
Providence has also hosted the alternative sports event Gravity Games from 1999 to 2001 , and was also the first host of ESPN 's X Games , known in its first edition as the Extreme Games , in 1995 . Providence has its own roller derby league . Formed in 2004 , it currently has four teams : the Providence Mob Squad , the Sakonnet River Roller Rats , the Old Money Honeys , and the Rhode Island Riveters . Providence is also home to the headquarters of the American Athletic Conference ( The American ) .
= = Infrastructure = =
= = = Health and medicine = = =
Providence is home to eight hospitals , most prominently Rhode Island Hospital , the largest general acute care hospital in the state . It is also the Level I Trauma Center for Rhode Island , Southeastern Massachusetts and parts of Connecticut . The hospital is in a complex along I @-@ 95 that includes Hasbro Children 's Hospital and Women and Infants Hospital . The city is also home to the Roger Williams Medical Center , St. Joseph Hospital For Specialty Care ( a division of St. Joseph Health Services Of Rhode Island ) , The Miriam Hospital , a major teaching affiliate associated with the Alpert Medical School of Brown University , as well as a VA medical center .
The Rhode Island Blood Center has its main headquarters in Providence . Since 1979 , the Rhode Island Blood Center has been the sole organization in charge of blood collection and testing and distribution of blood products to 11 hospitals in Rhode Island .
= = = Transportation = = =
Providence is served by air primarily by the commercial airfield T. F. Green Airport in nearby Warwick . General aviation fields also serve the region . Because of overcrowding and Big Dig complications in Boston , Massport has been promoting T. F. Green as an alternative to Boston 's Logan International Airport .
Providence Station , located between the Rhode Island State House and the downtown district , is served by Amtrak and MBTA Commuter Rail services , with a commuter rail route running north to Boston and south to a recently opened station at T.F. Green Airport and Wickford Junction . Approximately 2400 passengers daily pass through the station .
I @-@ 95 runs from north to south through Providence while I @-@ 195 connects the city to eastern Rhode Island and southeastern Massachusetts , including New Bedford , Massachusetts , and Cape Cod . I @-@ 295 encircles Providence while RI 146 provides a direct connection with Worcester , Massachusetts . The city commissioned and began a long @-@ term project , the Iway , to move I @-@ 195 in 2007 not only for safety reasons , but also to free up land and to reunify the Jewelry District with Downcity Providence , which had been split from one another by the highway . The project was estimated to cost $ 610 million .
Kennedy Plaza , in downtown Providence , serves as a transportation hub for local public transit as well as a departure point for Peter Pan and Greyhound bus lines . Public transit is managed by Rhode Island Public Transit Authority ( RIPTA ) . Through RIPTA alone Kennedy Plaza serves over 71 @,@ 000 people a day . The majority of the area covered by RIPTA is served by traditional buses . Of particular note is the East Side Trolley Tunnel running under College Hill , the use of which is reserved for RIPTA buses . RIPTA also operates the Providence LINK , a system of tourist trolleys in downtown Providence . From 2000 to 2008 , RIPTA operated a seasonal ferry to Newport between May and October . In 2016 SeaStreak began operating the Providence - Newport ferry route . RIPTA began a rapid bus service called the R Line in June 2014 .
= = = Utilities = = =
Electricity and natural gas are provided by National Grid . Providence Water is responsible for the distribution of drinking water , ninety percent of which comes from the Scituate Reservoir about ten miles ( 16 km ) west of downtown , with contributions coming from four smaller bodies of water . Drinking water in Providence has been rated among the highest quality in the country .
= = Sister cities = =
As of 2008 , Providence had three official sister cities :
Praia ( 1994 )
Florence ( 2002 )
Santo Domingo ( 2004 )
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= Chris Sheridan ( writer ) =
Christopher " Chris " Sheridan ( born September 19 , 1967 ) is an American television writer , producer , and occasional voice actor . Born in the Philippines , Sheridan grew up in New Hampshire . He attended Gilford High School , where he decided that he wanted to become a writer . After graduating from Union College , he moved back to his home , where he worked at several short @-@ term jobs before relocating to California to start his career . His first job came in 1992 when he was hired as a writer 's assistant for the Fox sitcom Shaky Ground . Following that , he was hired as an assistant on Living Single , a Fox sitcom , where he was eventually promoted to writer . He stayed with the show until its cancellation in 1998 .
After the show was cancelled and Sheridan became unemployed , he began writing for the animated television series Family Guy . Although initially skeptical , he accepted the job as he did not have other options . Sheridan was one of the first writers hired , and has continued to write for the show through its eleventh season . For his work on Family Guy , he has been nominated for five Primetime Emmy Awards , a British Academy Television Award , and has won a DVD Exclusive Award . Sheridan has also written episodes of Titus and Yes , Dear . He is divorced and has one daughter .
= = Early life = =
Christopher Sheridan was born on September 19 , 1967 in the Philippines . He grew up in New Hampshire and attended Gilford High School . While there , Sheridan discovered he enjoyed writing , but had not considered a career in it . After graduating from the school in 1985 , Sheridan went to Union College , where he majored in English and took every creative writing class available . After he met a person who had written a screenplay , Sheridan decided that he wanted to have a career in screenwriting .
After receiving his college degree in 1989 , Sheridan returned to his home . He held various jobs , including substitute teaching , bartending , and working in his father 's variety store . Sheridan eventually decided that if he wanted to establish a career , he had to relocate , so he moved to California in 1992 . Sheridan stayed at a friend 's house , and as he did not own a cell phone , he used a payphone located on Sunset Boulevard to call interested employers .
= = Career and later life = =
In 1992 , Sheridan was hired as an assistant writer for the sitcom Shaky Ground . During his time on the show , he also worked elsewhere as a freelance writer . Following that show 's cancellation in 1993 , Sheridan was hired as an assistant on the show Living Single , where he wrote four episodes . Sheridan was promoted to writer , and worked on the show until it was cancelled in 1998 . Shortly after , Sheridan received a call from his agent , where he was told that the only show with an open spot was Family Guy , which Sheridan did not want to do , thinking that writing for an animated show would end his career .
After meeting series creator Seth MacFarlane , Sheridan was hired as one of the series ' first writers . The first episode he wrote was " I Never Met the Dead Man " , the second episode of the first season , which premiered on April 11 , 1999 . Sheridan also wrote the second season premiere " Peter , Peter , Caviar Eater . " He later went on to write the episodes " I Am Peter , Hear Me Roar " , " If I 'm Dyin ' , I 'm Lyin ' " , " He 's Too Sexy for His Fat " , and " Lethal Weapons " .
Due to low ratings , Family Guy was cancelled at the end of its second season . While the show was on hiatus , Sheridan became a writer for the sitcom Titus and also wrote several episodes for the sitcom Yes , Dear . He returned to the show after it was revived for a fourth season , writing " The Fat Guy Strangler " . Sheridan would later write the episodes " Peter 's Daughter " , " Peter @-@ assment " and " Burning Down the Bayit " . He penned the Road to ... episode " Road to the North Pole " along with Danny Smith , and wrote the episode " Save the Clam " . Sheridan continues to write for the show , with his most recent credit being the twelfth season episode " Brian 's a Bad Father " . Sheridan also infrequently provides voices for several small characters on the show , such as recurring character James William Bottomtooth III . In 2011 , Sheridan wrote a television pilot entitled Lovelives for NBC . It was to star Ryan Hansen . Although a pilot was ordered and filmed , it did not continue .
Sheridan has received several nominations for awards for his work on Family Guy . At the 52nd Primetime Emmy Awards , Sheridan was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics for writing the song " We Only Live to Kiss Your Ass . " He wrote that " It was a strange experience at the Emmys ... my song was called , ' We Only Live to Kiss Your Ass . ' I laughed out loud when the presenter had to list that song as one of the nominations alongside normal songs written by people like Marvin Hamlisch . " Along with the other producers of the series , he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program in 2005 for " North by North Quahog " at the 57th Primetime Emmy Awards , and again in 2006 for " PTV " at the 58th . Also in 2006 , Sheridan won a DVD Exclusive Award for writing the " Stewie B. Goode " segment of the Family Guy direct to video film Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story . He shared the award with writer Gary Janetti . 2008 saw Sheridan receive another Outstanding Animated Program nomination , for " Blue Harvest " , at the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards . 2008 also saw him receive a nomination for a British Academy Television Award for Best International and in 2009 he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards ; both awards were for Family Guy in general .
Sheridan was once married to Yolie , but he is now divorced . He splits his time between Los Angeles and Connecticut , and has a daughter , Lily . When asked if being a parent affected his style of humor , Sheridan responded that he found himself " a little less forgiving of pedophile jokes . "
= = Filmography = =
= = Awards and nominations = =
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= Gay Witch Hunt =
" Gay Witch Hunt " is the third season premiere of the American comedy television series The Office , and the show 's twenty @-@ ninth episode overall . Written by executive producer and show runner Greg Daniels and directed by Ken Kwapis , the episode first aired in the United States on September 21 , 2006 on NBC .
The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In the episode , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) discovers that Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) is gay . Michael tries to show Oscar that he is accepting of his sexual orientation , but only ends up insulting him . It is also revealed that after kissing Pam Beesley ( Jenna Fischer ) , Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) went through with transferring to Stamford . In addition , Pam called off her engagement with Roy Anderson ( David Denman ) .
The episode features a kiss between Michael and Oscar . This scene was not scripted , and was an improvised moment courtesy of Carell . An estimated 9 @.@ 1 million viewers watched the episode , a 23 percent increase from the previous season premiere " The Dundies " . " Gay Witch Hunt " received positive reviews from television critics .
= = Plot = =
After calling Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) " faggy " , Michael Scott ( Steve Carell ) learns that Oscar finds the word offensive because he is homosexual . Michael inadvertently outs Oscar to the entire office . Jan Levenson ( Melora Hardin ) berates Michael for his behavior , after Michael 's seminar on homosexuality is a disaster . When Oscar threatens to quit , Michael attempts to reconcile with Oscar , first by hugging him , and then kissing him on the lips . Oscar is given three months paid vacation and use of a company car in exchange for not suing Dunder Mifflin .
It is revealed that after their kiss , Pam Beesly ( Jenna Fischer ) confirmed to Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) her intention to marry Roy Anderson ( David Denman ) . However , a few days before the wedding , Pam got cold feet and decided to call it off . She moved into her own apartment and began taking art classes . Pam 's rejection sent Roy into a downward spiral , hitting rock bottom with a drunk driving arrest . When being interviewed by the camera crew , Roy makes a vow to win Pam back .
Jim has transferred to Dunder Mifflin 's Stamford branch and settles into his new office . He befriends smug co @-@ worker Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) who brags about his wild college days at Cornell University . Meanwhile , sales representative Karen Filippelli ( Rashida Jones ) is disconcerted by Jim 's constant smirks to the camera . Mr. Brown ( Larry Wilmore ) is briefly seen giving the Stamford branch a diversity day seminar due to " more problems at the Scranton branch . "
Dwight had contacted Jim in Stamford regarding a " gaydar " device . In the final moments , Dwight opens a package from Jim , a novelty " gaydar " machine fashioned from a metal detector and lettered with the prefixes " Homo " and " Hetero " . He confirms the device on Oscar , but is dumbfounded when the device goes off as he inadvertently swipes it across his own belt buckle . Pam is then seen smiling to herself .
= = Production = =
" Gay Witch Hunt " was the eighth episode of the series directed by Ken Kwapis . Kwapis had previously directed " Pilot " , " Diversity Day " , " Sexual Harassment " , " The Fire " , " The Fight " , " Booze Cruise " , and " Casino Night " . " Gay Witch Hunt " was written by executive producer and show runner Greg Daniels .
The kiss between Michael and Oscar in the conference room was not scripted . The scene had been shot a couple of times with Steve Carell not kissing Oscar Nunez . Then on one take , Oscar saw " [ Carell 's ] lips coming closer and closer " . Nunez recalled " I 'm like , ' Dear God , he 's going to kiss me . ' And sure enough , he planted one on my face . " The other cast members were laughing during the kiss but because the camera stays focused on Carell and Nunez , the scene was still usable .
At Paleyfest in early 2007 , Steve Carell later recalled that he enjoyed the episode " because it spoke to the fact that Michael is not a homophobe ; he just doesn 't understand the world . They are two very different things . It 's not that he 's intrinsically racist or homophobic or sexist , he just doesn 't have a frame of reference . He 's not capable of understanding . And once he does glean some understanding he misinterprets it into something altogether . But I think at least the way I feel about the character is he 's a decent heart , a decent person and he 's just trying his best . "
The third season DVD contains a number of deleted scenes from this episode , including Karen pulling a prank on Jim by setting his dial tone to call Hong Kong , Andy comparing his jumping skills to Michael Jordan to Jim , Michael asking Pam how she is holding up since the wedding broke off , and Jan being furious at Michael .
= = Reception = =
" Gay Witch Hunt " first aired on NBC on September 21 , 2006 . The Nielsen ratings for " Gay Witch Hunt " indicated that it was watched by approximately 9 @.@ 1 million viewers , a 23 percent increase from the second season premiere " The Dundies " . During its timeslot , " Gay Witch Hunt " ranked second among men ages 18 – 49 and 24 – 54 , and first among men ages 18 – 34 .
" Gay Witch Hunt " generally received praise from critics . TV Guide 's Matt Roush admitted that he " loved Oscar 's self @-@ deprecating reaction to his newfound notoriety " . Roush said that when watching Michael " you can 't help but forgive the idiot , while wondering how in the world he manages to keep his job , " and that the kiss between Michael and Oscar was " horrifically funny " . Brian Zoromski of IGN rated the episode with a 9 out of 10 , an indication of an " amazing " episode . He observed that the episode 's best scenes " show the impact of Jim and Pam being in different offices , " and thought Andy 's reactions made the audience appreciate Dwight more .
Steve West of Cinemablend stated that " the balance between laughing at Michael ’ s ineptitude and the discomfit of Oscar was handled so deftly that it ’ s a wonder the show became successful when similarly great writing in Arrested Development did nothing to garner viewers . " For his work on this episode , Greg Daniels won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series . Ken Kwapis also received a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for his work on this episode as well , but lost to Ugly Betty 's Richard Shepard for his work on the pilot episode .
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= Bouldering =
Bouldering is a form of rock climbing that is performed without the use of ropes or harnesses . While it can be done without any equipment whatsoever , most climbers use climbing shoes to help secure footholds , chalk to keep their hands dry , and bouldering mats to prevent injuries from falls . Unlike free solo climbing , which is also performed without ropes , bouldering problems ( the path that a climber takes in order to complete the climb ) are usually less than 6 meters ( 20 ft . ) tall . Artificial climbing walls allow boulderers to train indoors in areas without natural boulders . Bouldering competitions , which employ a variety of formats , take place in both indoor and outdoor settings .
The sport originated as a method of training for roped climbs and mountaineering . Bouldering enabled climbers to practice specific moves at a safe distance from the ground . Additionally , the sport served to build stamina and increase finger strength . Throughout the 1900s , bouldering evolved into a separate discipline . Individual problems are assigned ratings based on their difficulty . There have been many different rating systems used throughout the history of the sport , but modern problems usually use either the V @-@ scale or the Fontainebleau scale .
The growing popularity of the sport has caused several environmental concerns , including soil erosion and trampled vegetation as climbers hike off @-@ trail to reach bouldering sites . This has caused some landowners to restrict access or prohibit bouldering altogether .
= = Overview = =
Bouldering is a form of rock climbing which takes place on boulders and other small rock formations , usually measuring less than 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) from ground to top , but in some cases can measure up to 30 + ft . Unlike top rope climbing and lead climbing , no ropes are used to protect or aid the climber . Bouldering routes or " problems " require the climber to reach the top of a boulder , usually from a specified start position . Some boulder problems , known as " traverses , " require the climber to climb horizontally from one position to another .
The characteristics of boulder problems depend largely on the type of rock being climbed . Granite , for example , often features long cracks and slabs . Sandstone rocks are known for their steep overhangs and frequent horizontal breaks . Other common bouldering rocks include limestone and volcanic rock .
There are many prominent bouldering areas throughout the United States , including Hueco Tanks in Texas , Mount Evans in Colorado , and The Buttermilks in Bishop , California . Squamish , British Columbia is one of the most popular bouldering areas in Canada . Europe also hosts a number of bouldering sites , such as Fontainebleau in France , Albarracín in Spain , and various mountains throughout Switzerland .
= = = Indoor bouldering = = =
Artificial climbing walls are used to simulate boulder problems in an indoor environment , usually at climbing gyms . These walls are constructed with wooden panels , polymer cement panels , concrete shells , or precast molds of actual rock walls . Holds , usually made of plastic , are then bolted onto the wall to create problems . The walls often feature steep overhanging surfaces , forcing the climber to employ highly technical movements while supporting much of their weight with their upper body strength .
Climbing gyms often feature multiple problems within the same section of wall . In the US the most common method Routesetters use to designate the intended route for a particular problem is by placing colored tape next to each hold — for example , holds with red tape would indicate one bouldering problem , while green tape would be used to set off a different problem in the same area . Across much of the rest of the world problems and grades are usually designated by using a set color of plastic hold to indicate a particular problem . For example , green may be v0 @-@ v1 , blue may be v2 @-@ v3 and so on . Setting via color has certain advantages , the most notable of which are that it makes it more obvious where the holds for a problem are , and that there is no chance of tape being accidentally kicked off of footholds . Smaller , resource @-@ poor climbing gyms may prefer taped problems because large , expensive holds can be used in multiple routes simply by marking them with more than one color of tape .
= = = Competitions = = =
Bouldering competitions occur in both indoor and outdoor settings . The International Federation of Sport Climbing ( IFSC ) employs an indoor format that breaks the competition into three rounds : qualifications , semi @-@ finals , and finals . The rounds feature different sets of four or five boulder problems , and each competitor has a fixed amount of time to attempt each problem . At the end of each round , competitors are ranked by the number of completed problems , with ties settled by the total number of attempts taken to solve the problems .
There are several other formats used for bouldering competitions . Some competitions give climbers a fixed number of attempts at each problem with a timed rest period in between each attempt , unlike the IFSC format , in which competitors can use their allotted time however they choose . In an open @-@ format competition , all climbers compete simultaneously , and are given a fixed amount of time to complete as many problems as possible . More points are awarded for more difficult problems , while points are deducted for multiple attempts on the same problem .
In 2012 , the IFSC submitted a proposal to the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) to include lead climbing in the 2020 Summer Olympics . The proposal was later revised to an " overall " competition , which would feature bouldering , lead climbing , and speed climbing . In May 2013 , the IOC announced that climbing would not be added to the 2020 Olympic program .
= = History = =
Rock climbing first emerged as a sport in the mid @-@ 1800s . Early records describe climbers engaging in what is now referred to as bouldering , not as a separate discipline , but as a form of training for larger ascents . In the early 20th century , the Fontainebleau area of France established itself as a prominent climbing area , where some of the first dedicated bleausards ( or " boulderers " ) emerged . The specialized rock climbing shoe was invented by one such athlete , Pierre Allain .
In the 1960s , the sport was pushed forward by American mathematician John Gill , who contributed several important innovations . Gill 's previous athletic pursuit was gymnastics , a sport which had an established scale of difficulty for particular movements and body positions . He applied this idea to bouldering , which shifted the focus from reaching a summit to navigating a specific sequence of holds . Gill developed a closed @-@ ended rating system : B1 problems were as difficult as the most challenging roped routes of the time , B2 problems were more difficult , and B3 problems were those that had only been completed once .
Gill introduced chalk as a method of keeping the climber 's hands dry . He also emphasized the importance of strength training to complement technical skill . Neither of these practices had been popular among climbers , but as Gill 's ability level and influence grew , his ideas became the norm .
Two important training tools emerged in the 1980s : Bouldering mats and artificial climbing walls . The former , also referred to as " crash pads " , prevented injuries from falling , and enabled boulderers to climb in areas that would have been too dangerous to attempt otherwise . Indoor climbing walls helped spread the sport to areas without outdoor climbing , and allowed serious climbers to train year @-@ round regardless of weather conditions .
As the sport grew in popularity , new bouldering areas were developed throughout Europe and the United States , and more athletes began participating in bouldering competitions . The visibility of the sport greatly increased in the early 2000s , as YouTube videos and climbing blogs helped boulderers around the world to quickly learn techniques , find hard problems , and announce newly completed projects .
In early 2010 , two American climbers claimed first ascents on boulder problems that have come to be regarded as the most difficult in the world : The Game near Boulder , Colorado , established by Daniel Woods ; and Lucid Dreaming near Bishop , California , established by Paul Robinson . The following year , fellow American Carlo Traversi claimed the second ascent of The Game and in January 2014 , American Daniel Woods completed the second ascent of " Lucid Dreaming . " In 2011 , Czech climber Adam Ondra claimed the second ascent of Gioia , originally established three years earlier by Italian boulderer Christian Core , and suggested that it was among the world 's most challenging boulder problems .
= = Equipment = =
Unlike other climbing sports , bouldering can be performed safely and effectively with very little equipment , an aspect which makes the discipline highly appealing to many climbers . Bouldering pioneer John Sherman asserted that " The only gear really needed to go bouldering is boulders " . Others suggest the use of climbing shoes and a chalkbag as the bare minimum , while more experienced boulderers typically bring multiple pairs of shoes , chalk , brushes , crash pads , and a skincare kit .
Of the aforementioned equipment , climbing shoes have the most direct impact on performance . Besides protecting the climber 's feet from rough surfaces , climbing shoes are designed to help the climber secure and maintain footholds . Climbing shoes typically fit much tighter than other athletic footwear , and often curl the toes downwards to enable precise footwork . They are manufactured in a variety of different styles in order to perform well in different situations : High @-@ top shoes , for example , provide better protection for the ankle , while low @-@ top shoes provide greater flexibility and freedom of movement . Stiffer shoes excel at securing small edges , whereas softer shoes provide greater sensitivity . The front of the shoe , called the " toe box " , can be asymmetric , which performs well on overhanging rocks , or symmetric , which is better suited for vertical problems and slabs .
Most boulderers use gymnastics chalk on their hands to absorb sweat . It is stored in a small chalkbag which can be tied around the waist , allowing the climber to reapply chalk during the climb . Brushes are used to remove excess chalk and other debris from boulders in between climbs ; they are often attached to the end of a stick , pipe , or other straight object in order to reach higher holds . Crash pads , also referred to as bouldering mats , are foam cushions placed on the ground to protect climbers from falls .
= = Safety = =
Boulder problems are generally shorter than 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) from ground to top . This makes the sport significantly safer than free solo climbing , which is also performed without ropes , but with no upper limit on the height of the climb . However , minor injuries are common in bouldering , particularly sprained ankles and wrists . Two factors contribute to the frequency of injuries in bouldering : first , boulder problems typically feature more difficult moves than other climbing disciplines , making falls more common . Second , without ropes to arrest the climber 's descent , every fall will cause the climber to hit the ground .
To prevent injuries , boulderers position crash pads near the boulder to provide a softer landing , as well as one or more spotters to help redirect the climber towards the pads . Upon landing , boulderers employ falling techniques similar to those used in gymnastics : spreading the impact across the entire body to avoid bone fractures , and positioning limbs to allow joints to move freely throughout the impact .
= = Technique = =
As with other forms of climbing , bouldering technique is largely centered on proper footwork . Leg muscles are significantly stronger than arm muscles ; thus , proficient boulderers use their arms primarily to maintain balance and body positioning , relying on their legs to push them up the boulder . Boulderers also keep their arms straight whenever possible , allowing their bones to support their body weight rather than their muscles .
Bouldering movements are described as either " static " or " dynamic " . Static movements are those that are performed slowly , with the climber 's position controlled by maintaining contact on the boulder with the other three limbs . Dynamic movements use the climber 's momentum to reach holds that would be difficult or impossible to secure statically , with an increased risk of falling if the movement is not performed accurately .
= = Grading = =
Bouldering problems are assigned numerical difficulty ratings by routesetters and climbers . The two most widely used rating systems are the V @-@ scale and the Fontainebleau system .
The V @-@ scale , which originated in the United States , is an open @-@ ended rating system with higher numbers indicating a higher degree of difficulty . The V1 rating indicates that a problem can be completed by a novice climber in good physical condition after several attempts . The scale begins at V0 , and as of 2013 , the highest V rating that has been assigned to a bouldering problem is V16 . Some climbing gyms also use a VB grade to indicate beginner problems .
The Fontainebleau scale follows a similar system , with each numerical grade divided into three ratings with the letters a , b , and c . For example , Fontainebleau 7A roughly corresponds with V6 , while Fontainebleau 7C + is equivalent to V10 . In both systems , grades are further differentiated by appending " + " to indicate a small increase in difficulty . Despite this level of specificity , ratings of individual problems are often controversial , as ability level is not the only factor that affects how difficult a problem will be for a particular climber . Height , arm length , flexibility , and other body characteristics can also be relevant .
= = Environmental impact = =
Bouldering can damage vegetation that grows on rocks , such as mosses and lichens . This can occur as a result of the climber intentionally cleaning the boulder , or unintentionally from repeated use of handholds and footholds . Vegetation on the ground surrounding the boulder can also be damaged from overuse , particularly by climbers laying down crash pads . Soil erosion can occur when boulderers trample vegetation while hiking off of established trails , or when they unearth small rocks near the boulder in an effort to make the landing zone safer . Other environmental concerns include littering , improperly disposed feces , and graffiti . These issues have caused some land managers to prohibit bouldering , as was the case in Tea Garden , a popular bouldering area in Rocklands , South Africa .
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= The Red Throne =
" The Red Throne " is the forty @-@ seventh episode from the fifth season of Adventure Time , an animated television series . In the episode , Flame Princess ( Jessica DiCicco ) , with the help of Cinnamon Bun ( Dee Bradley Baker ) and Finn ( Jeremy Shada ) , tries to escape from an arranged marriage between her and Don John the Flame Lord ( Roddy Piper ) , as set up by her father the Flame King ( Keith David ) . Seo Kim and Somvilay Xayaphone wrote the episode from a synopsis devised by several other writers , including show creator Pendleton Ward .
Piper and David , stars of They Live ( 1987 ) , a John Carpenter film , lent their voices for two of the aforementioned characters . The episode contains a parody from a popular combat sequence in the film , in which the actors box for close to six minutes . Meanwhile , background art was accomplished by Derek Ballard , whose experience growing up in Utah inspired one of his pieces for the episode . Originally aired on 10 February 2014 , " The Red Throne " was seen by roughly two million viewers . Writers of entertainment- and education @-@ related websites praised the episode for its writing and themes , as well as the performances by Piper and David . Despite this praise , the Adventure Time crew perceived its online response from fans as negative .
= = Plot = =
In the Fire Kingdom , Don John the Flame Lord shows up to tell Flame Princess she is not brutish enough to rule over the Flame subjects . Her father , the Flame King , appears as his daughter is deprived of her body temperature and crown . He tells Flame Princess he has arranged her marriage with Don John . When she tries to escape their palace , its inhabitants – put under a mind @-@ control spell by Don John – try to seize her . Cinnamon Bun riding his wolf punctures the palace walls . He rescues Flame Princess , and the two escape . They enlist the aid of Finn , the ex of Flame Princess .
Still uneasy over their split , Finn tries to show off to Flame Princess , though she informs him that they should only remain friends . They return to the kingdom , its entrance now guarded by the inhabitants . Finn goes directly for the guards , but he and Flame Princess get captured after she advises him too late that the people are impenetrable through their spell . Don John visits the imprisoned duo , where Flame Princess vows never to marry him . Don John complains to the Flame King that he is failing to deliver on his promise . The lord and king box , with the latter authority knocking out Don John , which frees the Flame people from his spell . Cinnamon Bun delivers a speech to the palace convincing the people to detain the Flame King and Don John while earning the affections of Flame Princess .
= = Production = =
" The Red Throne " was written by Seo Kim and Somvilay Xayaphone . A separate group of writers – Kent Osborne , Pendleton Ward , Jack Pendarvis , and Adam Muto – came up with the idea for the episode , which Kim and Xayaphone adapted to a storyboard . The creator of Adventure Time , Ward resigned from his occupation as its runner during production of the season . Employing other crew members , background artist Derek Ballard depicted a derelict van , a wrecked truck , and ruined musical instruments in one piece for the episode . This was inspired by his growing up in the desert of Utah . Since he himself was in a band , he would often let other bands temporarily stay at his house during their tours , often taking them to auto shops due to their vans and campers breaking down .
The voice of Don John the Flame Lord was supplied by " Rowdy " Roddy Piper , in unison with Keith David , who provided the voice of the Flame King . A distinguished wrestler and actor , Piper had appeared in numerous films . One of his most famous roles is that of the unnamed man ( dubbed Nada ) in They Live , directed by John Carpenter and released in 1988 . A well @-@ known scene in the film – lasting for nearly six minutes – has the man fight with his friend ( David ) , whom Nada wants to share his glasses with . In similar fashion , the Adventure Time episode includes a parody of that scene , in which Don John and the Flame King engage in combat . The scene in They Live was previously the subject of spoofs in South Park and Saints Row IV , though this parody was called exemplar for reuniting both Piper and David . WWE similarly found Don John 's line , " my gym is magic , and my protein shake is rage " , seemingly written for Piper 's wrestling persona .
= = Release and reception = =
Cartoon Network originally aired " The Red Throne " on 10 February 2014 . Approximately two million people saw the episode live on broadcast ; according to TV by the Numbers , 0 @.@ 4 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ old residents of households with television sets watched the episode , as indicated by its Nielsen rating . The network released the episode on DVD , first in the year of that broadcast , as part of the Finn the Human box set , and later in 2015 , as part of a box set for the complete fifth season .
The Adventure Time crew was satisfied with the episode on its completion . In spite of that , Muto described the reaction from fans on the Internet as largely negative , much to their surprise . It earned an A − grade from Oliver Sava of The A.V. Club , who compared Cinnamon Bun 's evolution from a simple @-@ minded character to one of complexity with the progression of the show itself . Sava opined that the theme of life following a broken romance benefits from this complexity . Sava saw the physical cooling of Flame Princess as a crafty metaphor for the personal changes an individual from a former relationship might experience , as well as the nostalgia felt over such a relationship . Separate from romance , Sava interpreted the battle between the Flame Lord and the Flame King as to demonstrate Flame Princess is a more sensible ruler .
The Huffington Post writer Cat Blake cited Cinnamon Bun gaining the affection of Flame Princess as a reason for secondary schoolers not to underestimate people . Staff writers of TV.com called this character progression for " seemingly one @-@ note characters " a strength of the show , as similarly applied to the Ice King . Writing in DVD Talk , Adam Tyner described the episode as showing Finn at his most embarrassing . In memoriam of Piper , who died in July 2015 , Brandon Stroud of Uproxx called Don Jon one of his best roles in pop culture . In the The Official Tribute Commemorative Magazine for Piper , editor Jeff Ashworth and staff supposed that fans of the series were likely foreign to the " grizzly tones " of Piper 's voice . The commemoration saw his guest role as showing his mastery of pop culture while calling Don Jon 's bizarre fate normal in the show 's universe .
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= Running to Stand Still =
" Running to Stand Still " is a song by rock band U2 , and it is the fifth track from their 1987 album , The Joshua Tree . A slow ballad based on piano and guitar , it describes a heroin @-@ addicted couple living in Dublin 's Ballymun flats ; the towers have since become associated with the song . Though a lot of time was dedicated to the lyrics , the music was improvised with co @-@ producer Daniel Lanois during a recording session for the album .
The group explored American music for The Joshua Tree , and as such , " Running to Stand Still " demonstrates folk rock and acoustic blues influences . The song was praised by critics , many of them calling it one of the record 's best tracks . It has since been included in the regular set lists of four U2 concert tours , in two different arrangements and with several possible thematic interpretations . Since the song 's release , the phrase " running to stand still " has become more widely used .
= = Background = =
" Running to Stand Still " was written by U2 in the context of the heroin addiction epidemic in Dublin of the 1980s , much like " Bad " ( and to some extent " Wire " ) had been from their 1984 album The Unforgettable Fire . Bassist Adam Clayton has referred to the song as " Bad Part II " . Thin Lizzy frontman Phil Lynott 's decline and death from addiction also resonated with Clayton at the time .
Until their 2014 album Songs of Innocence , U2 had written relatively few songs directly related to their growing up in Dublin , often giving higher priority to works about The Troubles in Northern Ireland or to international concerns . When they have written about Dublin , allusions to it have often been disguised . But " Running to Stand Still " was one of those with specific Dublin connections :
This lyric was a reference to the Ballymun flats , a group of seven local authority , high @-@ rise residential tower blocks built in the Ballymun neighborhood of Dublin during the 1960s . Paul Hewson ( later known as U2 's lead vocalist Bono ) had grown up on Cedarwood Road in the adjacent Glasnevin neighborhood , in a house across fields behind the towers , near his friends and future artists Fionán Hanvey ( later known as Gavin Friday ) and Derek Rowan ( later known as Guggi ) . Bono had played in the towers ' foundations as they were being built , then traveled in their elevators for the novel experience . Over time , poor maintenance , lack of facilities for children , transient tenancies , and other factors caused social conditions and communal ties to break down in the flats . The place began to stink of urine and vomit , and glue sniffers and used needles were common sights , as were appearances of the Garda Síochána . Guggi later lived in the towers during years that he was struggling personally with drugs . It was through his exposure to people without hope in the flats that Bono began to develop his social consciousness .
Bono may have used Ballymun as the inspiration ( without any explicit lyrical references to it ) for the 1980 U2 song " Shadows and Tall Trees " , and later likened living in the area to some of the scenes portrayed in the 1992 Mike Newell film Into the West . Driving by there in 1987 , Bono said , " See the seven tall buildings there ? They 're ' the seven towers . ' They have the highest suicide rate in Ireland . After they discovered everywhere else in the world that you don 't put people living on top of each other , we built them here . "
= = Writing and recording = =
The song 's title phrase originated from Bono asking his brother how his struggling business was going , and the brother responding , " It 's like running to stand still . " Bono had not heard the phrase before , and he thought it expressed what heroin addiction and the effects of the drug on the body were like ; a writer later described the title as a " perfect distillation of the dynamic of feeding on addiction . " Bono had heard a real story about a pair of heroin addicts , a man and a woman , who lived in the Ballymun towers . Out of money and unable to pay the rent due to their habit , the man became a heroin smuggler , operating between Dublin and Amsterdam and taking enormous risks for a big payday . Bono felt the man was decent at heart but was constrained by his squalid living conditions , as well as poor choices , and Bono wanted to illustrate how these poor conditions affected their lives . The resulting lyric does not describe any of this explicitly , but instead limns the emotional atmosphere that the couple live in . In doing so , the song is not judgmental and shows sympathy for the woman . A character monologue from Wim Wenders ' 1984 film Paris , Texas , was also a significant influence on Bono 's writing of the song .
Although the lyrics of " Running to Stand Still " were worked on a great deal , the musical composition was essentially improvised by the band during the recording process at Dublin 's Windmill Lane Studios . Guitarist the Edge began playing some chords during a session for another song . Producer Daniel Lanois joined in on guitar , and the rest of the group followed . This initial improvised version incorporated all the elements of the final song structure , and the sound and feel of the group playing in a room together without overdubs contributed to the track 's effectiveness . Lou Reed 's " Walk on the Wild Side " and Elton John 's " Candle in the Wind " , both of which had served as end snippets for " Bad " on the Unforgettable Fire Tour , were loose inspirations . The influence of Reed 's works can be felt throughout the song , as can Van Morrison to an extent . Indeed , in a published tribute following Reed 's 2013 death , Bono offered " Running to Stand Still " as " red @-@ handed proof " of the influence that Reed and the Velvet Underground had had upon U2 .
= = Composition and interpretation = =
Much of The Joshua Tree showed the band 's fascination with American culture , politics , and musical forms , and while the lyrics of " Running to Stand Still " were Irish @-@ based , the musical arrangement for it began with touches of acoustic blues and country blues that represented an idiomatic stretch for the group . Although producer Brian Eno was known for introducing European textural music into U2 's sound , he also had a strong fondness for folk and gospel music . Indeed , writers have seen echoes of Bruce Springsteen 's stark acoustic 1982 album Nebraska in the song 's sound .
" Running to Stand Still " is a soft , piano @-@ based ballad played in a key of D major at a tempo of 92 beats per minute . The song follows a traditional verse @-@ chorus form . In the introduction and conclusion is a mournful slide acoustic guitar in Eno and Lanois ' production that Rolling Stone called both grim and dreamy . Most of the piano part alternates between the D and G chords , an example of the Edge 's longtime practice of composing around two @-@ chord progressions . The part gives the song an elegiac feel . Accompanying the piano for much of the song is Lanois ' soft playing of a so @-@ called electric " scrape guitar " , which he contributed to add texture . Soft , echoing drums from Larry Mullen , Jr . , enter after the second chorus . A harmonica part from Bono takes the song to its faded conclusion . Bono 's vocal range in the song runs from A3 to D6 .
In the song , the woman 's addiction and misdirected desire for transcendence are reflected in lines such as " She runs through the streets / With her eyes painted red " and " She will suffer the needle chill " . Bono 's lyrics evoke helplessness and frustration in the lines " You 've got to cry without weeping , talk without speaking , scream without raising your voice " . The title phrase is not used until the last line of the song . This compositional technique relies upon delayed gratification and is heard in a few other popular songs , such as the Cure 's " Just Like Heaven " and George Michael 's " One More Try " .
U2 songs often have multiple interpretations , and " Running to Stand Still " has ones beyond its immediate context . On the website SongMeanings.net , there are several posts from readers who never realized the song is about drug addiction and heard it instead in contexts ranging from personal challenge to religious salvation . A staffer for the fan website atU2.com found the song to be a very meaningful inspiration towards personal discovery . In the liner notes to the 20th anniversary reissue of The Joshua Tree , writer Bill Flanagan stated , " ' Running to Stand Still ' is for anyone who feels trapped in an impossible circumstance by overwhelming responsibility . " Uncut magazine writer Andrew Mueller noted that the theme was effective in depicting " the drug as another bogus escape , another fraudulent promise that there 's ever any evading the truth . "
= = Reception = =
" Running to Stand Still " earned critical praise upon The Joshua Tree 's release , which itself received very favourable reviews and went on to become the group 's best @-@ selling album . Rolling Stone wrote , " After the first few times through [ it ] , you notice the remarkable music ... It sounds like a lovely , peaceful reverie – except that this is a junkie 's reverie , and when that realization hits home , the gentle acoustic lullaby acquires a corrosive power . " In Time magazine 's 1987 cover story on the band , Jay Cocks wrote that " A U2 tune like ' Running to Stand Still ' , with a trancelike melody that slips over the transom of consciousness , insinuates itself into your dreams . " The Uncut magazine Ultimate Music Guide to U2 described the character sketch in the song as one of Bono 's best . The 1991 Trouser Press Record Guide , however , said that the song " has mood but no presence " .
" Running to Stand Still " became a Dublin anthem of sorts , immortalizing the Ballymun towers . It has been considered by pop music writer Brent Mann as one of the more powerful songs written about drug addiction , joining the likes of Jefferson Airplane 's 1967 " White Rabbit " , Neil Young 's 1972 " The Needle and the Damage Done " , Martika 's 1989 " Toy Soldiers " , and Third Eye Blind 's 1997 " Semi @-@ Charmed Life " .
Irish music writer Niall Stokes considers " Running to Stand Still " to be one of the most important songs on The Joshua Tree , not only on its own merits as a " mature and compelling ... haunting , challenging piece of pop poetry " , but also because its moral ambiguity and lack of condemnation of its characters presaged the chaotic direction the band would take a few years later with Achtung Baby and the Zoo TV Tour . Rolling Stone 's 2003 list of " The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " – which placed The Joshua Tree at 26th – said that while the album is remembered for the Edge 's trademark guitar sounds and the group 's spiritual quests , " Running to Stand Still " remains one of its most moving songs . This latter sentiment was echoed by the Irish Independent .
= = Live performances = =
Throughout its live history , " Running to Stand Still " has nearly always followed " Bullet the Blue Sky " , matching the order they appear on the album . It was first played live on the Joshua Tree Tour , with the Edge playing keyboards and Bono playing guitar , usually acoustic . During the 27 May 1987 show at Rome 's Stadio Flaminio – the opener of that tour 's second leg , and the first in Europe – 35 @,@ 000 people sang along to the song 's " Ha la la la de day " refrain , bringing a side @-@ of @-@ stage Brian Eno to tears . One performance of the song was captured on the 1988 filmed documentary of the tour , Rattle and Hum , but was not included on the accompanying album . A different tour performance was included on both the DVD and album Live from Paris , released in 2007 . On the Lovetown Tour , during one Dublin show that was broadcast worldwide , the song segued into a verse of Ewan MacColl 's classic ode to industrial bleakness , " Dirty Old Town " ; this show was released in 2004 as Live from the Point Depot .
During the Zoo TV Tour , the song 's performance was significantly altered . In these shows , the Edge played guitar on his Fender Stratocaster with the band on the main stage , while Bono sang the song on the B @-@ stage with a headset microphone . Bono mimed the actions of a heroin addict , rolling up his sleeves and then spiking his arm during the final lyric , after which he would sing " Hallelujah " over and over while reaching up into a pillar of white light . Writer Robyn Brothers sees the addition of the " Hallelujah " coda as indicating that while organized religion may act in the role of a sedative , a notion akin to other Zoo TV themes , the role of personal faith may still have a " desiring , affirming , and ' deterritorializing ' force . " At the culmination of the " Bullet to Blue Sky " to " Running to Stand Still " sequence , red and yellow smoke flares came out from either end of the stage ( an idea of U2 's security chief , who was a U.S. Vietnam veteran ) , as the coda segued into " Where the Streets Have No Name " . This arrangement and performance of " Running to Stand Still " was included in the 1994 concert film Zoo TV : Live from Sydney .
" Running to Stand Still " was not played on the PopMart Tour or Elevation Tour , but it returned to U2 concerts on the 2005 Vertigo Tour , with the original combination of the Edge on keyboards and Bono on guitar . During most of its performance on the Vertigo Tour , it once again followed " Bullet the Blue Sky " and culminated with a video clip of several articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights being read . ( After July 2005 , it was replaced in that role and in the set list by " Miss Sarajevo " . ) During the 19 June 2005 show on Burmese democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi 's birthday , " Running to Stand Still " included snippets of " Walk On " , a song originally written for her . Author Steve Stockman felt that in this tour 's uses , " Running to Stand Still " was one of the band 's songs from the 1980s that had lost its original meaning and was no longer about drug @-@ dealing in the Ballymun towers . Rather , it was now being used to develop the show 's theme that a belief in faith and in human potential could overcome the bleakest and most desperate situations ; in this , it fit within the Vertigo Tour 's emphasis on coexistence and the ONE Campaign . This assessment agreed to by an eFestivals review , and author John Jobling has called the new interpretation an " anti @-@ persecution paean " that was used to remove the sting of " Bullet the Blue Sky " being used to criticize American behavior during the Iraq War . In contrast , USA Today 's veteran rock writer Edna Gundersen found the song 's performance still established a " devastating " mood and the New York Daily News said that the group " thinned ' Running To Stand Still ' to give it a new mourning " . Two other U.S. reviewers remarked that the song was lesser known to audiences , with Variety saying its inclusion helped the band connect with the past while avoiding cliché . One tour performance of " Running to Stand Still " was included on the Vertigo 2005 : Live from Chicago DVD , during which Bono dedicated the Hallelujah coda to members of the American and British militaries fighting overseas . The song was not performed during the U2 360 ° Tour , with The Vancouver Sun bemoaning the absence of this " stone @-@ cold classic of the U2 canon " .
= = Legacy = =
The use of the phrase " running to stand still " dates to at least to the 1920s and 1930s . It comes from the image presented in Lewis Carroll 's 1871 children 's novel Through the Looking @-@ Glass . Since the album and song 's release , use of the phrase seems to have increased . Between 1851 and 1986 , the phrase occurred four times in The New York Times ; from 1987 to 2009 , the phrase has occurred ten times ( not counting mentions of the song itself ) . The phrase occurs many more times in Google News archive searches from 1987 on ( excluding those to the song itself ) than from 1986 and before . The phrase has been used in connection with drug addiction and closely related issues a number of times , including in academic papers and in New York magazine 's description of the heroin @-@ centric 1993 Irvine Welsh novel Trainspotting .
Future music video director Dave Meyers wrote a movie script to the song while a film student at Loyola Marymount University . The 2004 first @-@ season episode " Running to Stand Still " of the U.S. television series Desperate Housewives was named after the song . It featured the Lynette Scavo character resorting to taking her children 's ADD medication in order to cope with the overwhelming demands of her domestic life . A fifth @-@ season episode of the U.S. television series One Tree Hill , itself named after a U2 song , was called " Running to Stand Still " .
By mid @-@ 2000s , the Ballymun towers were in the process of being torn down , and the Ballymun area was the target of a € 1 @.@ 8 billion regeneration scheme intended to create a self @-@ sustaining community of 30 @,@ 000 people that would be more successful than the original 1960s plan . Despite their failure as housing , the towers had left a long cultural legacy , of which " Running to Stand Still " was the first and perhaps best @-@ known exemplar ; the link between the towers and the song was mentioned in some tourist books about Dublin . Former towers residents were not always happy with the song . Lynn Connolly , whose 2006 memoir The Mun : Growing Up in Ballymun detailed her raising there in the 1970s and 1980s , readily acknowledged the problems there and also wanted to get out at the time . But she later came to realize that there had been much that was good at the towers – in terms of a collective wit among residents and a helping sense of community – which had been ignored by the media . She thus wrote , " regardless of what U2 say in their song , ' Running to Stand Still ' , there was certainly more than one way out . " In a newspaper interview , Connolly suggested that the song might have had a deleterious effect : " It doesn 't take a lot of imagination to picture an unemployed person , living alone in a flat in Ballymun , listening to that song and agreeing with what their hero was saying . " She further noted that some websites erroneously state that Bono grew up in Ballymun itself , and said , " Perhaps it gave him a sort of street @-@ cred to associate himself with the estate he could see from his bedroom window in nice , safe , respectable Cedarwood Road in Glasnevin . "
The Ballymun area was still so associated with " Running to Stand Still " and the drug problem of the time , that local backers of the regeneration went to pains to point out the recent progress . A Bono remark that it was dangerous to walk in Ballymun at night found a good deal of publicity . A fansite listing U2 @-@ related Dublin area sights in 2004 mentioned Ballymun 's connection to the song , cautioning , " do not go here on foot – this is a bad area " . U2 's official website noted that the area was much changed now ; Bono himself said " he 's very proud to come from the Ballymun area " ; the fansite subsequently modified its listing and said an on @-@ foot visit to Ballymun was warranted .
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= Diddy Kong Racing =
Diddy Kong Racing is a racing video game developed and published by Rare for the Nintendo 64 . It was first released on 14 November 1997 in Japan , 21 November 1997 in Europe and 24 November 1997 in North America . The game is set in " Timber 's Island " and revolves around Diddy Kong and his friends ' attempt to defeat the intergalactic pig @-@ wizard antagonist , Wizpig , through winning a series of races . The player can take control of any of the featured characters throughout the game . Diddy Kong Racing features five worlds with four racetracks each , and the ability to drive a car , hovercraft , or pilot an aeroplane .
Development of the game began after the release of Killer Instinct 2 , and was intended to be a real @-@ time strategy game known as " Wild Cartoon Kingdom " during early stages . As time progressed , the game shifted from a Walt Disney World @-@ influenced racing game to a unique title named " Pro @-@ Am 64 " , in which Nintendo had no involvement with . Due to the delays of Banjo @-@ Kazooie , Rare felt that they needed a stronger intellectual property to attract a wider audience for a game scheduled to release before Christmas 1997 , thus making the decision to revolve a game around the character of Diddy Kong .
Diddy Kong Racing received positive reviews from critics upon release . The graphics , audio and gameplay were the most praised aspects of the game , however minor criticism was directed at its repetitiveness . The game has sold 4 @.@ 5 million copies since release and stands as the Nintendo 64 's sixth best @-@ selling game . A cancelled sequel , Donkey Kong Racing , was in development for the GameCube , however it was abandoned after Microsoft 's purchase of Rare for £ 375 million in 2002 . An enhanced remake for the Nintendo DS titled Diddy Kong Racing DS was released worldwide in 2007 .
= = Gameplay = =
In Diddy Kong Racing , players can choose one of eight characters , who have access to three different vehicles : car , hovercraft and aeroplane . The car is an all @-@ round vehicle , however it is slowest on surfaces such as sand and water . The hovercraft is designed for both sand and water areas but lacks in acceleration and manoeuvrability . The aeroplane is designed to access aerial areas ; it is good at acceleration and manoeuvring , however it has the slowest speed . Each racetrack has a set of boosters known as " zippers " that temporarily boost the player 's speed , as well as featuring regenerating balloons of various colours that provide power @-@ ups . There are five different types of balloons : red , blue , green , yellow , and rainbow . Red balloons grant missiles to attack racers ahead , blue balloons grant a speed boost , yellow balloons grant shields to protect the player from attacks , green balloons grant deployable traps to delay other racers , and rainbow balloons grant a magnet ability that brings the player closer to the nearest racer . If multiple balloons of the same colour are picked up , the power @-@ up will be upgraded to a more powerful version . A total of two upgrades are available for each balloon . Additionally , racetracks contain non @-@ regenerating bananas that add to speed when they are picked up . A maximum of ten bananas will improve the speed but can also be obtained to prevent other players from gaining speed . If a racer gets hit , two bananas will be deducted .
In " Adventure Mode " , players control the racer of their choice to progress through the story . Players begin on Timber 's Island , which consists of five interconnected worlds ; Dino Domain , Snowflake Mountain , Sherbet Island , Dragon Forest , and Future Fun Land . Each world contains four race tracks , an unlockable battle stage and a race against a boss character . Depending on the race track , players may have a choice of using either a car , hovercraft or aeroplane . Each race track contains boosters to racers that cross them , and balloons of various colours that provide power @-@ ups to racers . If the player defeats Wizpig in Future Fun Land , obtains all amulet pieces and collect all of the gold medals , the player will be able to play in a mode called " Adventure 2 " . In this mode , all of the balloons change colour to platinum and the tracks are inverted from left to right . The game also features four battle modes which consist of two deathmatch maps , a capture @-@ the @-@ flag @-@ style battle and a mode which involves opponents capturing eggs .
= = Plot = =
Timber the Tiger 's parents go on holiday and leave their son in charge of the island they live on , leaving him and his friends to organise a race . Their enjoyment is derailed when an evil intergalactic pig @-@ wizard named Wizpig arrives at Timber 's Island and attempts to take it over after having conquered his own planet 's racetracks . He turns the island 's four guardians ( Tricky the Triceratops , Bubbler the Octopus , Bluey the Walrus and Smokey the Dragon ) into his henchmen . The only solution available to the island 's inhabitants is to defeat Wizpig in an elaborate series of races that involve cars , hovercrafts , and aeroplanes . Drumstick the Rooster , the best racer on the island , failed this challenge and was transformed into a frog by Wizpig 's black magic .
Timber recruits a team of eight racers : Diddy Kong , the first recruit ; Conker the Squirrel and Banjo the Bear , recruited by Diddy ; Krunch the Kremling , Diddy 's enemy who follows after him ; and Tiptup the Turtle , T.T. the Stopwatch , Pipsy the Mouse , and Bumper the Badger , inhabitants of Timber 's island . Aided by Taj , an Indian elephant genie residing on the island , they eventually complete all of Wizpig 's challenges and confront Wizpig himself to a race and defeat him . Shortly afterwards , Drumstick is turned back into a rooster , and Wizpig leaves for his home planet , Future Fun Land . Fearing that Wizpig would again attempt to invade Timber 's Island , the islanders travel to Future Fun Land for a second challenge . When Wizpig loses the second race , the rocket he rides on malfunctions and launches him to the moon . However , an additional cutscene reveals Wizpig 's spaceship flying through the sky , unscathed .
= = Development = =
Development of the game began after the release of Killer Instinct 2 for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , in which a team was split into making Killer Instinct Gold for the Nintendo 64 and a new racing game for that console . At its first stage of development , Diddy Kong Racing was conceived as a real @-@ time strategy game with a caveman / time @-@ travel theme worked on by a team of four Rare members ; Chris Stamper , Lee Musgrave , Rob Harrison and Lee Schuneman . During later stages of development , the game became influenced by Walt Disney World and soon evolved into an adventure game called Wild Cartoon Kingdom , in which Nintendo had no involvement with . In June 1997 , the game was altered to Pro Am 64 , an unrelated follow @-@ up to the NES racing game R.C. Pro @-@ Am . According to Schuneman , the Pro Am 64 project featured three @-@ wheeled trikes in contrast to radio @-@ controlled cars .
Due to Banjo @-@ Kazooie being delayed until the summer of 1998 , the team was adamant for a release of an AAA video game in time for Christmas 1997 . Rare felt that Pro Am 64 did not have a strong enough intellectual property to capture the attention of consumers , and thus changed the licence to feature Diddy Kong . According to Musgrave , the decision to choose Diddy Kong rather than Donkey Kong was based on their own choice , a decision which Nintendo " enjoyed " . Once the intellectual property was changed , the team were left to adapt the visual aesthetics of the game and packaging before it could be released . Musgrave stated that the ultimate goal of the game was to make it " run as fast " as Mario Kart 64 , which proved difficult during development as the latter game utilised sprites of characters whereas Diddy Kong Racing used fully 3D models . Musgrave later attributed the success of the overall project due to the " small team " of 14 people who worked on it . In an October 2012 interview , Musgrave stated that Timber the Tiger would have been the main character of Pro Am 64 had the intellectual property for Diddy Kong Racing not been conceived . At least two of the characters who featured in Diddy Kong Racing , Banjo the Bear and Conker the Squirrel , went on to feature in their own series , the Banjo @-@ Kazooie series and Conker series , respectively .
= = = Soundtrack = = =
The music for the game was composed by David Wise . The soundtrack was first released in Japan on 1 April 1998 , with 42 tracks , a German version of the album was released in Europe with the same number of tracks . For its United States release only 16 tracks were featured . The disc itself was specially shaped in the form of Diddy Kong 's head , which was unplayable in certain CD players .
= = Reception = =
The game received positive reviews from critics upon release . The Nintendo 64 version holds an aggregate score of 88 % at both GameRankings and Metacritic , whereas the Nintendo DS remake received a score of 66 % at GameRankings and a score of 63 at Metacritic , based on 39 reviews . Diddy Kong Racing sold approximately 4 @.@ 5 million copies worldwide ; which included 3 @.@ 78 million copies sold in the United States and PAL regions , and 653 @,@ 928 copies in Japan . It also stands as the Nintendo 64 's sixth best @-@ selling game .
The graphics and gameplay were the most praised aspects of the game . Scott McCall of AllGame asserted that Rare proved it was " the only developer " who offered no distance fog in their games . However , McCall acknowledged its only shortcoming was its " excessive " amount of clipping , although he admitted it was not " unbearable " . Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot stated that the game was a " pleasure to look at " and praised the detail of the tracks . Doug Perry of IGN heralded the visuals as the most " spectacular of its kind " , and praised Rare 's ability to master dynamic animation through enabling polygons to span larger surfaces without loss of framerate . Furthermore , Perry stated that the game 's technical achievements were enough to leave " even the most critical Japanese gamer [ to ] look upon with smiling eyes " . In a retrospective review , Andrew Donaldson of Nintendo Life stated that the game was visually " incredibly vibrant " and " captivating " for a game of the early Nintendo 64 era .
McCall praised the wide range of audio in the game , including its voice acting and soundtrack ; he heralded the music as " interesting " and " fitting " to its race tracks , also considering it superior to that of Mario Kart 64 . Although Gerstmann considered the gameplay to be similar to Mario Kart 64 and at times " repetitive " , he praised the game 's range of transportation and dynamics , which included utilising hovercrafts on water @-@ based tracks and flying an aeroplane . Perry felt that the vocals of characters in the game were " heartwarming " and " comical " , while also stating that the music in each environment was " charming " and " dynamic " . Donaldson criticised game 's presentation as too " cutesy " , especially in terms of the characters ' voices . However , he praised the " upbeat " and " catchy " soundtrack , saying that each track had its own unique tune to suit the distinct environment .
Diddy Kong Racing won the Console Racing Game of the Year at the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences in 1998 , beating Mario Kart 64 , Moto Racer and NASCAR 98 .
= = Legacy = =
= = = Sequels = = =
After the release of Diddy Kong Racing , Rare began development on a sequel named Donkey Kong Racing for the GameCube , which featured Donkey Kong as the titular character . A pre @-@ rendered CGI video of the game was shown at E3 2001 , which displayed a parody of a scene from Star Wars : Return of the Jedi . According to Lee Musgrave , the game featured a unique mechanic which involved riding on animals rather than driving vehicles , in which the player could switch between different types of animals mid @-@ race ; larger animals could destroy obstacles whereas smaller ones allowed more manoeuvrability . Development of Donkey Kong Racing was cancelled when Nintendo turned down the opportunity to purchase its remaining 51 percent stake in Rare , and was eventually bought out by Microsoft for £ 375 million in 2002 .
After the cancellation of Donkey Kong Racing , Rare created a prototype for the GameCube which expanded into an adventure game similar to the original setup of Diddy Kong Racing . Musgrave stated that the concept was " built from scratch " and featured a limited multiplayer version at one point . The unnamed concept was in development over 18 months and evolved from being an animal @-@ orientated racing game to an open world game with Tamagotchi @-@ style features , in which nurturing animals was a " key mechanic " . During this time , the original concept for Donkey Kong Racing was reworked into Sabreman Stampede , which was eventually cancelled .
Aside from Donkey Kong Racing , another sequel to Diddy Kong Racing named Diddy Kong Pilot was planned for release on the Game Boy Advance . Originally announced alongside Donkey Kong Racing at E3 2001 , the game eventually became Banjo @-@ Pilot after Microsoft 's acquisition of Rare . At the time of its announcement , the game featured the ability to play using a tilt function as well as a D @-@ pad , and contained at least five available tracks .
= = = Remake = = =
Diddy Kong Racing was remade for the Nintendo DS as Diddy Kong Racing DS . Developed and published by Rare , it was released on 5 February 2007 in North America , and on 20 April 2007 in Europe . This version received enhanced visuals and framerate in addition to a touchscreen function . The DS version also features new modes which allows the player to create their own racetracks , customise their characters through recording voices and an online multiplayer function . The game was met with mixed reviews upon release , with critics asserting that the new additions were " gimmicky " and the touchscreen controls felt " horribly sensitive " .
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= HMS Forester ( H74 ) =
HMS Forester was one of nine F @-@ class destroyers built for the Royal Navy during the early 1930s . Although assigned to the Home Fleet upon completion , the ship was attached to the Mediterranean Fleet in 1935 – 36 during the Abyssinia Crisis . A few weeks after the start of World War II in September 1939 , she helped to sink one German submarine and then participated in the Second Battle of Narvik during the Norwegian Campaign of 1940 . Forester was sent to Gibraltar in mid @-@ 1940 and formed part of Force H where she participated in the attack on the Vichy French ships at Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir and the Battle of Dakar between escorting the aircraft carriers of Force H as they flew off aircraft for Malta and covering convoys resupplying and reinforcing the island until late 1941 . During this time the ship helped to sink another German submarine .
Converted into an escort destroyer midway through the war , Forester was assigned to escort convoys to Russia for the next year and a half and then in the North Atlantic until mid @-@ 1944 . The ship helped to sink another German submarine before she was transferred to the English Channel to protect convoys during the Normandy landings . Forester assisted in sinking a German submarine before returning to the North Atlantic for a few months . The ship was under repair for the first half of 1945 and was then reduced to reserve in November before being scrapped in early 1946 .
= = Description = =
The F @-@ class ships were repeats of the preceding E class . They displaced 1 @,@ 405 long tons ( 1 @,@ 428 t ) at standard load and 1 @,@ 940 long tons ( 1 @,@ 970 t ) at deep load . The ships had an overall length of 329 feet ( 100 @.@ 3 m ) , a beam of 33 feet 3 inches ( 10 @.@ 1 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 6 inches ( 3 @.@ 8 m ) . They were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines , each driving one propeller shaft , using steam provided by three Admiralty three @-@ drum boilers . The turbines developed a total of 36 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 27 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 35 @.@ 5 knots ( 65 @.@ 7 km / h ; 40 @.@ 9 mph ) . Forester carried a maximum of 470 long tons ( 480 t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 6 @,@ 350 nautical miles ( 11 @,@ 760 km ; 7 @,@ 310 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . The ships ' complement was 145 officers and ratings .
The ships mounted four 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 120 mm ) Mark IX guns in single mounts , designated ' A ' , ' B ' , ' X ' , and ' Y ' in sequence from front to rear . For anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) defence , they had two quadruple Mark I mounts for the 0 @.@ 5 inch Vickers Mark III machine gun . The F class was fitted with two above @-@ water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedoes . One depth charge rack and two throwers were fitted ; 20 depth charges were originally carried , but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began .
= = = Wartime modifications = = =
Forester had her rear torpedo tubes replaced by a 12 @-@ pounder ( 76 mm ) AA gun when she returned to England in October 1941 . In April – June 1943 , she was converted into an escort destroyer . A Type 286 short @-@ range surface search radar was fitted and a Type 271 target indication radar was installed above the bridge , replacing the director @-@ control tower and rangefinder . The ship also received a HF / DF radio direction finder mounted on a pole mainmast . Her short @-@ range AA armament was augmented by four 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 8 in ) Oerlikon guns and the .50 @-@ calibre machine guns were replaced by a pair of Oerlikons . A split Hedgehog anti @-@ submarine spigot mortar was installed abreast ' A ' gun and stowage for a total of 70 depth charges meant that ' Y ' gun and the 12 @-@ pounder had to be removed to compensate for their weight . By 1944 the ship carried 115 depth charges .
= = Construction and career = =
Forester was built by J. Samuel White at its Cowes shipyard under the 1932 Naval Programme . The ship was laid down on 15 May 1933 , launched on 28 June 1934 , as the eleventh ship to carry the name , and completed on 19 April 1935 . The ship cost 248 @,@ 898 pounds , excluding Admiralty supplied equipment such as armaments and communications sets . Forester was initially assigned to the 6th Destroyer Flotilla ( DF ) of the Home Fleet , but was sent to reinforce the Mediterranean Fleet , together with most of her sister ships , during the Abyssinian crisis in June and remained here until February 1936 . She was deployed to Gibraltar in September – October 1937 during the Spanish Civil War of 1936 – 1939 . The ship then returned home and spent the next two years with the 6th DF . The flotilla was renumbered the 8th Destroyer Flotilla in April 1939 , five months before the start of World War II . Forester remained assigned to it until June 1940 , escorting the larger ships of the fleet .
After a pair of fishing trawlers were sunk by a submarine off the Hebrides after the start of World War II in September 1939 , the 6th and 8th DFs were ordered to sweep the area on 19 September . The following day , Forester and three of her sisters sank the German submarine U @-@ 27 and then resumed their normal escort duties . On 11 February 1940 , she helped to tow the damaged tanker MV Imperial Transport to port after she was torpedoed by U @-@ 53 . Two months later , Forester escorted the battleship Warspite during the Second Battle of Narvik on 13 April and engaged several German destroyers . Only lightly damaged herself , she escorted the badly damaged destroyer Cossack to Skjelfjord for temporary repairs after the battle . Two days later , Forester was one of the screen for the battleship Rodney and the battlecruiser Renown as they sailed back to Scapa Flow to refuel . In early June , the ship was escorting the battlecruiser Repulse and two cruisers as they searched for illusory German commerce raiders off Iceland ; they were recalled to Norwegian waters on 9 June after the Germans launched Operation Juno , an attack on the Allied convoys evacuating Norway , but the Germans had already returned to base by the time the ships arrived .
= = = Force H = = =
In late June , the 8th DF was ordered to Gibraltar where they were to form the escorts for Force H. A few days later , they participated in the attack on Mers @-@ el @-@ Kébir against the Vichy French ships stationed there . During Operation MA 5 , a planned air attack on Italian airfields in Sardinia , the destroyer Escort was torpedoed by the Italian submarine Guglielmo Marconi on 11 July after the attack had been cancelled due to lack of surprise . The torpedo blew a large hole in the ship , but the British tried to salvage her . Despite their efforts , she foundered later that morning after Forester and the flotilla leader Faulknor took off the survivors . A month later Forester was one of the escorts for Force H during Operation Hurry , a mission to fly off fighter aircraft for Malta and conduct an airstrike on Cagliari on 2 August . On 13 September , Force H rendezvoused with a convoy that was carrying troops intended to capture Dakar from the Vichy French . Ten days later , they attacked Dakar , but were driven off by the Vichy French defences . In early October , Forester escorted a troop convoy from Freetown , Sierra Leone , to French Cameroon .
She then returned to Gibraltar and escorted the aircraft carriers Argus and Ark Royal during Operations Coat and White in November . On 21 November , the light cruiser Despatch , Forester and Faulknor intercepted the Vichy French blockade runner MV Charles Plumier and escorted her to Gibraltar . The ship escorted Force F to Malta during Operation Collar later in the month and participated in the inconclusive Battle of Cape Spartivento on 27 November . In early January , she screened Force H during Operation Excess and rescued the crew of a shot @-@ down Italian bomber on 9 January .
Later that month , Forester and Faulknor temporarily relieved some of the escorts for Convoy WS 5B bound for Egypt via the Cape of Good Hope and stayed with the convoy to Freetown . Before arriving there on 26 January , they were detached from Force H to reinforce the Freetown Escort Force . This did not last long as they were ordered to escort Convoy SL 67 and the battleship Malaya en route back to Gibraltar . On 7 March , the German battleships Gneisenau and Scharnhorst spotted the convoy , but Admiral Günther Lütjens declines to attack when Malaya was spotted . Their report caused attacks by two U @-@ boats that sank five ships from the convoy before Force H rendezvoused with it three days later . The following month Forester was part of the escort screen , with five other destroyers , for the battleship Queen Elizabeth and the light cruisers Naiad , Fiji and Gloucester which were joining the Mediterranean Fleet . This was part of Operation Tiger which included a supply convoy taking tanks to Egypt and the transfer of warships to and from the Mediterranean Fleet . Forester and her sisters had their Two @-@ Speed Destroyer Sweep ( TSDS ) minesweeping gear rigged to allow them to serve as a fast minesweepers en route to Malta . Despite this , one merchant ship was sunk by mines and another damaged . Later that month , she participated in Operation Splice , another mission in which the carriers Ark Royal and Furious flew off fighters for Malta .
Force H was ordered to join the escort of Convoy WS 8B in the North Atlantic on 24 May , after the Battle of the Denmark Strait on 23 May , but they were directed to search for the German battleship Bismarck and the heavy cruiser Prinz Eugen on 25 May . Heavy seas increased fuel consumption for all of the escorts and Forester was forced to return to Gibraltar to refuel later that day before rejoining the capital ships of Force H on 29 May , after Bismarck had been tracked down and sunk . In early June the destroyer participated in two more aircraft delivery missions to Malta ( Operations Rocket and Tracer ) . While returning to Gibraltar to refuel , after covering another WS convoy west of Gibraltar , she participated in the sinking of U @-@ 138 , together with four of her sisters on 18 June . In late June , Forester screened Ark Royal and Furious as they flew off more fighters for Malta in Operation Railway .
On 23 July , during a Malta supply convoy ( Operation Substance ) , Forester rescued survivors from her sister Fearless , which had been attacked by Italian torpedo @-@ bombers , and then sank the wrecked and burning ship with torpedoes . A week later she screened the capital ships of Force H as they covered another Malta convoy ( Operation Style ) . Over the next several months , Forester participated in Operation Halberd , another Malta convoy and escorted Ark Royal and Furious as they made several trips to fly off aircraft for Malta ( Operations Status , Status II and Callboy ) . Upon her return to the UK on 26 October , the destroyer was briefly assigned to the 11th Escort Group before rejoining the Home Fleet at Scapa Flow in November . She then began a lengthy refit and work up that lasted until April 1942 .
= = = Russian convoys , 1942 = = =
In mid @-@ April , Forester was part of the close cover for Convoy PQ 14 to Murmansk . On 28 April , Forester joined the escort of returning Convoy QP 11 , and two days later , when the light cruiser Edinburgh was torpedoed , she and her sister Foresight were detached to escort the crippled cruiser back to Murmansk . On 1 May Edinburgh and her escorts were attacked by the German destroyers Z24 , Z25 and Z7 Hermann Schoemann . Forester fired her torpedoes at Z25 , but was almost simultaneously hit by three shells . They disabled ' B ' and ' X ' guns and the hit in No. 1 boiler room temporarily disabled her propulsion machinery . Twelve crewmen were killed , including her captain , and nine were wounded . Foresight was also temporarily disabled and the Germans put another torpedo into Edinburgh , crippling her , before breaking off the engagement to rescue the crew of the crippled Z7 Hermann Schoemann . The two British destroyers took off the survivors from the cruiser and Foresight scuttled the cruiser with a torpedo before heading back to Murmansk for temporary repairs . She sailed on 13 May with Foresight and the destroyers Somali and Matchless as escorts for the light cruiser Trinidad that had been damaged while escorting Convoy PQ 13 . The next day the ships came under heavy air attack , and Trinidad was further damaged and set on fire . Forester took off the wounded and other survivors , and Trinidad was sunk by Matchless . Forester arrived at Scapa Flow on 18 May and immediately took passage to a shipyard on the Tyne for repairs that lasted until October . That month , she rejoined the 8th DF and resumed escorting convoys to Russia until April 1943 . The ship was then refitted at Leith until June .
= = = Later service , 1943 – 45 = = =
In June 1943 , Forester joined the 1st Canadian Escort Group for Atlantic convoy duty . On 10 March 1944 , while escorting Convoy SC 154 , Forester , along with the destroyer HMCS St. Laurent , the frigate HMCS Swansea and the corvette HMCS Owen Sound sank the German submarine U @-@ 845 . The ship remained on convoy duty in the North Atlantic until 29 May when she was transferred to the English Channel to support the Normandy landings for the next several months . On 20 August , Forester , and the destroyers Wensleydale and Vidette sank the U @-@ 413 off Beachy Head . The next day she engaged and drove off E @-@ boats with the destroyers Melbreak and Watchman while defending a Channel coastal convoy . In October , the ship was transferred to the 14th Escort Group at Londonderry Port for convoy defence . On 1 December 1944 Forester arrived at Liverpool for repairs , returning to service in May 1945 , and joining the Rosyth Escort Force .
Forester was paid off in August and reduced to reserve at Dartmouth on 2 November . She was turned over to the British Iron and Scrap Company on 22 January 1946 for disposal and arrived at Rosyth to be broken up for scrap on 26 February by Metal Industries , Limited .
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= Wilfred Arthur =
Wilfred Stanley ( Wilf ) Arthur , DSO , DFC ( 7 December 1919 – 23 December 2000 ) was a fighter ace and senior officer of the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) during World War II . Commonly known as " Woof " , and sometimes " Wolf " or " Wulf " , he was officially credited with ten aerial victories . As a commander , he led combat formations at squadron and wing level , becoming at 24 the youngest group captain in the history of the RAAF .
Arthur joined the Air Force the day after Australia declared war in September 1939 . He first saw action with No. 3 Squadron in North Africa , where he was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for shooting down four aircraft in a single sortie . Posted to the South West Pacific , he commanded first No. 75 Squadron , and later Nos. 81 and 78 Wings . He earned the Distinguished Service Order for continuing to lead an attack on a formation of Japanese bombers after discovering that his guns were inoperable , and was twice mentioned in despatches . Arthur also played a leading part in — and gave name to — the " Morotai Mutiny " of April 1945 . Pursuing various interests in Australia and Vietnam following his discharge from the Air Force after the war , he died in 2000 at the age of 81 .
= = Education and early career = =
Wilfred Arthur was the son of stock inspector Stanley Oswald Darley Arthur from Goondiwindi , Queensland , a veteran of World War I who had served overseas for the duration of the conflict . His mother , Helena Elizabeth Chaffers , was from the Isle of Wight , of Welsh descent . Born in Sydney on 7 December 1919 , Wilf grew up around his father 's home town near the New South Wales border . The boy 's early education was by correspondence , but he later attended school at Yelarbon , Queensland , commuting on horseback . He then spent four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years at The Scots College in Warwick , where he matriculated .
At the age of 19 and still at The Scots College , Arthur applied to join the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . He enlisted on 4 September 1939 , the day after Australia 's entry into World War II . Training at RAAF Station Point Cook , Victoria , and RAAF Station Richmond , New South Wales , he was commissioned a pilot officer on 30 March 1940 , despite being prone to airsickness early on . He served initially with No. 22 ( City of Sydney ) Squadron at Richmond , operating Hawker Demons and Avro Ansons .
= = Combat service = =
= = = North Africa = = =
Promoted to flying officer , Arthur was posted to No. 3 ( Army Cooperation ) Squadron and departed with the unit for North Africa in July 1940 . Piloting a Gloster Gladiator biplane , he scored his first aerial victory by shooting down an Italian Fiat CR.42 north @-@ west of Sofafi , Egypt , on 12 December . The next day he himself was shot down by a CR.42 and had to bail out , narrowly avoiding disaster when he became entangled first with his oxygen hose and then with the Gladiator 's wing @-@ bracing wires ; he was only torn loose at a height of 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) by the force of rushing air as his stricken plane fell to earth . Arthur claimed one further victim in a Gladiator before his unit re @-@ equipped with Hawker Hurricanes in January 1941 . He was flying a Hurricane when he shot down a Messerschmitt Bf 110 in April .
No. 3 Squadron began replacing its Hurricanes with P @-@ 40 Tomahawks in May 1941 . In October , Arthur was promoted to flight lieutenant and appointed a flight commander . He shot down four enemy aircraft in a single sortie near Bir El Gubi on 30 November . Flying one of No. 3 Squadron 's new Tomahawks , he claimed two Junkers Ju 87 Stukas , one Fiat G.50 and one Macchi MC.200. He destroyed the last of the four after his plane had been damaged and he was on his way back to base ; he had to land in the desert and make his way to the airfield on foot . His " great skill and gallantry " in this action earned him the Distinguished Flying Cross ( DFC ) , which was gazetted on 20 January 1942 .
Around this time , Arthur met his future wife , Lucille , in a shop in Alexandria . They married on 24 December 1941 and honeymooned in Palestine and Syria . The sudden romance came as a shock to Arthur 's parents ; he later recalled , " the first letter I got was a fair imitation of panic I think " . While on leave , he was also able to make contact with his brother Norman , who was serving as a military policeman in Beirut . Completing his tour with No. 3 Squadron , Arthur was repatriated to Australia with his new bride in March 1942 . Their ship journeyed to Melbourne via Bombay and Colombo , where it picked up many refugees following the recent fall of Singapore . The couple eventually had four children .
= = = South @-@ West Pacific = = =
As the Japanese advanced in the South West Pacific during early 1942 , the RAAF hurriedly established three new fighter units for Australia 's northern defence , Nos. 75 , 76 and 77 Squadrons . Arthur was posted to No. 76 Squadron in April , flying P @-@ 40 Kittyhawks in New Guinea . His brother Norman was killed in action on 9 November 1942 while serving with the 2 / 31st Infantry Battalion in Papua . Promoted to squadron leader , in February 1943 Wilf succeeded Les Jackson as commanding officer of No. 75 Squadron , based at Milne Bay under the control of No. 9 Operational Group RAAF . Arthur developed a reputation for diligence , courtesy , and concern for the welfare of his men . Despite the fact that , at 23 , he was the youngest officer in his new squadron , he commanded the respect of his fellows because , he believed , " they like that I work hard ; they like that I am not frightened of anything ( i.e. Pretends not to be ) and above those , they like that I don 't boast " . Having shot down a Mitsubishi G4M " Betty " bomber on 10 March , Arthur was awarded the Distinguished Service Order for his " gallantry , matchless leadership and devotion to duty " on 14 April 1943 . On this occasion , in spite of his guns jamming , he led 34 Allied aircraft , including Kittyhawks of Nos. 75 and 77 Squadrons and P @-@ 38 Lightnings of the USAAF , in " a determined head @-@ on attack " to intercept 100 Japanese raiders , 14 of which were destroyed by the defenders . Arthur described the situation of being in combat but unable to shoot as " sort of awkward . Fortunately nobody else would know except me . " To compensate for his lack of offensive weaponry , he repeatedly made as though attempting to ram one of the raiders , to try and force it down into the sea .
Promoted acting wing commander in June 1943 , Arthur became wing leader of No. 71 Wing , which controlled No. 75 Squadron and three other combat units . On 5 November , he was involved in a collision at Kiriwina Airfield with a Spitfire of No. 79 Squadron . The Spitfire pilot was killed , and Arthur received serious burns . He later recalled , " ... I felt my hands disappear , felt my face go but the rest of my body was ... was just flames ... And then all of a sudden the flames dropped down a bit and I got out and went like mad and I was running away from the aircraft and trying to guess how far I could go before I 'd try to put the flames out ... " Although his family was informed that his injuries were " of a very slight nature " and that he had been " burnt but not badly " , Arthur was close to death for weeks while he was treated in Kiriwina . He was finally repatriated to Sydney where he underwent plastic surgery at Yaralla Military Hospital ( now Concord Hospital ) . After his recovery in April 1944 , he attended a staff course before taking over command of No. 2 Operational Training Unit at Mildura , Victoria . In August , at the age of 24 , he was promoted to temporary group captain , the youngest in the RAAF . That December he took command of No. 81 Wing of the Australian First Tactical Air Force ( No. 1 TAF ) , based at Noemfoor and Labuan in the Dutch East Indies .
In April 1945 , having recently assumed command of No. 1 TAF 's No. 78 Wing , Arthur helped trigger an incident that became known as the " Morotai Mutiny " ( a phrase originating in one of his aide memoires at the time ) . He was one of eight senior pilots , including Australia 's top @-@ scoring ace , Group Captain Clive Caldwell , and fellow veterans from the North African campaign , Bobby Gibbes and John Waddy , who attempted to resign their commissions in protest at the relegation of RAAF fighter squadrons to apparently worthless ground attack missions . Frustrated at the lack of attention paid by Headquarters No. 1 TAF to a " balance sheet " he produced showing that operational losses outweighed results , Arthur later said that his object for the " mutiny " was to " make as big a fuss as I possibly could with the object of getting the position corrected . " A government inquiry into the incident exonerated the pilots , finding their motives in tendering their resignations to be sincere . Arthur remained in charge of No. 78 Wing for the Battle of Tarakan , which commenced on 1 May . He handed over command of the wing on 24 May , but remained on Tarakan until the end of the war .
In addition to receiving the DFC and DSO , Arthur was twice mentioned in despatches during the war . His official final tally of victories was ten enemy aircraft destroyed , though this has also been reported as eight confirmed kills and two " probables " . Reflecting later on being a fighter pilot throughout his military career , Arthur said that he was glad to have flown single @-@ seat aircraft rather than bombers , because " I would always have felt very uncomfortable with anybody else for whom I 'd be responsible " .
= = Post @-@ war life = =
Arthur was discharged from the RAAF on 14 February 1946 , and took up residence in Darwin , Northern Territory . Initially working for the Repatriation Department , in 1950 he joined the Australian School of Pacific Administration , and later travelled to Vietnam to establish a dairy farm at Bến Cát under the Colombo Plan . He was captured by the Viet Cong in 1961 and was not released until a ransom was paid — reportedly an Olivetti typewriter . He continued to work in Vietnam after this incident , and by 1966 was running a business supplying duck feathers to the American military for use in life jackets . Returning to Australia , he was administration manager for Geopeko , the exploration unit responsible for discovering the Ranger uranium deposit at Jabiru . Wilf Arthur died on 23 December 2000 , at the age of 81 . The Kittyhawk " Polly " that he flew in his DSO @-@ winning action of 14 April 1943 was purchased by the Australian War Memorial , Canberra , in 1992 and put on display in its Aircraft Hall .
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= Ronald Reagan Presidential Library =
The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library and Center for Public Affairs is the presidential library and final resting place of Ronald Wilson Reagan , the 40th President of the United States ( 1981 – 1989 ) , and his wife Nancy Reagan . Designed by Hugh Stubbins and Associates , the library is located in Simi Valley , California , about 40 miles ( 64 km ) northwest of Downtown Los Angeles and 15 miles ( 24 km ) west of Chatsworth .
The Reagan Library is the largest of the 13 federally operated presidential libraries . The street address , 40 Presidential Drive , is numbered in honor of Reagan 's place as the 40th President .
= = Dedication = =
It was initially planned to build the Reagan Library at Stanford University , and an agreement was reached with the university in 1984 . Those plans were canceled in 1987 , and the freestanding site in Simi Valley was chosen the same year . Construction of the library began in 1988 , and the center was dedicated on November 4 , 1991 . The dedication ceremonies were the first time in United States history that five United States Presidents gathered together in the same place : Richard Nixon , Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan himself , and George H. W. Bush . Six First Ladies also attended : Lady Bird Johnson , Pat Nixon , Betty Ford , Rosalynn Carter , Nancy Reagan , and Barbara Bush . Only Former First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis did not attend ; but , her children Caroline Kennedy @-@ Schlossberg and John F. Kennedy Jr. were in attendance along with Luci Johnson Turpin , younger daughter of President Lyndon B. Johnson , as well as descendants of Franklin D. Roosevelt .
= = Facilities = =
When the Reagan Library opened it was the largest of the presidential libraries , at approximately 153 @,@ 000 square feet ( 14 @,@ 200 m2 ) . It held that title until the dedication of the William J. Clinton Presidential Center and Park in Little Rock , Arkansas , on November 18 , 2004 . With the opening of the 90 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 8 @,@ 400 m2 ) Air Force One Pavilion in October 2005 , the Reagan Library reclaimed the title in terms of physical size ; however , the Clinton Library remains the largest presidential library in terms of materials ( documents , artifacts , photographs , etc . ) . Like all presidential libraries since that of Franklin D. Roosevelt , the Reagan Library was built entirely with private donations , at a cost of $ 60 million ( equivalent to $ 137 million in 2015 ) . Major donors included Walter Annenberg , Lew Wasserman , Lodwrick Cook , Joe Albritton , Rupert Murdoch , Richard Sills , and John P. McGovern . For fiscal year 2007 , the Reagan Library had 305 @,@ 331 visitors , making it the second @-@ most @-@ visited presidential library , following the Lyndon B. Johnson Library ; that was down from its fiscal year 2006 number of 440 @,@ 301 visitors , when it was the most visited library .
As a presidential library administered by the National Archives and Records Administration ( NARA ) , the Reagan Library , under the authority of the Presidential Records Act , is the repository of presidential records for Reagan 's administration . Holdings include 50 million pages of presidential documents , over 1 @.@ 6 million photographs , a half @-@ million feet of motion picture film and thousands of audio and video tapes . The library also houses personal papers collections including documents from Reagan 's eight years as Governor of California .
= = Exhibits and scenery = =
The museum features continually changing temporary exhibits and a permanent exhibit covering President Reagan 's life . This exhibit begins during Reagan 's childhood in Dixon , Illinois , and follows his life through his film career and military service , marriage to Nancy Davis Reagan , and political career . The " Citizen Governor " gallery shows footage of Reagan 's 1964 " A Time for Choosing " speech and contains displays on his eight years as governor . The gallery includes a 1965 Ford Mustang used by Reagan during his first gubernatorial campaign , as well as the desk he used as governor . His 1980 and 1984 presidential campaigns are also highlighted , as well as his inauguration suit and a table from the White House Situation Room is on display . News footage of the 1981 assassination attempt on his life is shown , and information about the proposed Strategic Defense Initiative ( SDI , dubbed " Star Wars " ) is included .
A full @-@ scale replica of the Oval Office — a feature of most presidential libraries — is a prominent feature of this museum as well . Among the items Reagan kept on his desk was a 16 inches ( 41 cm ) copy of a bronze statue of " Old Bill Williams " , by B. R. Pettit ; Williams was a renowned mountain man of Arizona . Other parts of the exhibit focus on Reagan 's ranch , the presidential retreat Camp David , life in the White House , and First Lady Nancy Reagan . The most recent temporary exhibit ran from November 10 , 2007 , to November 10 , 2008 ; titled " Nancy Reagan : A First Lady 's Style , " it featured over 80 designer dresses belonging to Nancy Reagan .
The hilltop grounds provide expansive views of the area , a re @-@ creation of a portion of the White House Lawn , and a piece of the Berlin Wall . An F @-@ 14 Tomcat ( BuNo 162592 ) is also located on the grounds .
= = = Artifacts controversy = = =
On November 8 , 2007 , Reagan Library National Archives officials reported that due to poor record @-@ keeping , they are unable to say whether approximately 80 @,@ 000 artifacts have been stolen or are lost inside the massive museum complex . A " near @-@ universal " security breakdown was also blamed , leaving the artifacts vulnerable to theft . Many of the nation 's presidential libraries claim to be understaffed and underfunded . NARA labeled the Reagan Library as having the most serious problems with its inventory . In an audit , U.S. Archivist Allen Weinstein blamed the library 's poor inventory software for the mishap . Frederick J. Ryan Jr . , president of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation 's board of directors , said the allegations of poor management practices at the library reflect badly on the National Archives . The library has undertaken a massive inventory project that will take years to complete .
= = Air Force One Pavilion = =
A 90 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 8 @,@ 400 m2 ) exhibit hangar serves as the setting for the permanent display of the Boeing 707 aircraft utilized as Air Force One during Reagan 's administration . The aircraft , SAM 27000 , was also used by six other presidents in its active service life from 1973 until 2001 , including Richard Nixon during his second term , Gerald Ford , Jimmy Carter , George H.W. Bush , Bill Clinton , and George W. Bush . In 1990 , it became a backup aircraft after the Boeing 747s entered into service and was retired in 2001 . The aircraft was flown to San Bernardino International Airport in September 2001 , where it was presented to the Reagan Foundation . In what was known as Operation Homeward Bound , Boeing , the plane 's manufacturer , disassembled the plane and transported it to the library in pieces . After the construction of the foundation of the pavilion itself , the plane was reassembled and restored to museum quality , as well as raised onto pedestals 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) above ground . The pavilion was dedicated on October 24 , 2005 , by Nancy Reagan , President George W. Bush and First Lady Laura Bush .
SAM 27000 is part of a comprehensive display about presidential travel that also includes a Johnson @-@ era Sikorsky VH @-@ 3 Sea King , call sign Marine One , and a presidential motorcade — Reagan 's 1984 presidential parade limousine , a 1982 Los Angeles Police Department police car ( as well as two 1980s police motorcycles ) , and a 1986 Secret Service vehicle used in one of President Reagan 's motorcades in Los Angeles . The pavilion is also home to the original O 'Farrell 's pub from Ballyporeen in the Republic of Ireland that President and Mrs. Reagan visited in June 1984 , now called the " Ronald Reagan Pub . " Also featured are exhibits on the Cold War and Reagan 's extensive travels aboard Air Force One .
On June 9 , 2008 , Secretary of Education Margaret Spellings joined Nancy Reagan to dedicate the Reagan Library Discovery Center , located in the Air Force One Pavilion . The center is an interactive youth exhibit in which fifth through eighth grade students participate in role @-@ playing exercises based on events of the Reagan administration .
The pavilion has been used on several occasions as the venue for televised Republican Party primary @-@ related debates ( see below ) .
= = Center for Public Affairs = =
The Reagan Library has hosted many events , including the funeral of Ronald Reagan in June 2004 , and the first Republican presidential candidates ' debate of the 2008 primaries . On May 23 , 2007 , Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and Australian Foreign Minister Alexander Downer held a brief private talk and a press conference . On July 17 , 2007 , Polish President Lech Kaczyński presented Poland 's highest distinction , the Order of the White Eagle , to Mrs. Reagan on behalf of her husband .
= = Ronald Reagan 's funeral = =
Following his death , Reagan 's casket was driven by hearse to the Reagan Library on June 7 , 2004 from Point Mugu through a 25 @-@ mile @-@ per @-@ hour ( 40 km / h ) procession down Las Posas Road to U.S. Highway 101 . Many people lined the streets and freeway overpasses to pay final respects . A memorial service was held in the library lobby with Nancy Reagan , Reagan 's children , close relatives , and friends . The Reverend Dr. Michael Wenning officiated at the service .
From June 7 to 9 , Reagan 's casket lay in repose in the library lobby , where approximately 105 @,@ 000 people viewed the casket to pay their respects . After flying the body to Washington , D.C. , lying in state in the Capitol rotunda , and a national funeral service in the Washington National Cathedral , Reagan 's casket was brought back to the library in California for a last memorial service and interment .
Construction plans for the library included a tomb for the eventual use of Reagan and his wife . Following a sunset service on the library grounds the previous evening , early on the morning of June 12 , 2004 , Reagan was laid to rest in the underground vault .
= = = Republican primary debates = = =
On May 3 , 2007 , the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and Nancy Reagan hosted the first 2008 Republican primary debate in the Library 's Air Force One Pavilion . The candidates present included Kansas Senator Sam Brownback , former Virginia Governor Jim Gilmore , former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani , former Arkansas Governor Mike Huckabee , Representative Duncan Hunter of California , Senator John McCain of Arizona , Representative Ron Paul of Texas , former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney , Representative Tom Tancredo of Colorado , and Tommy Thompson , former Governor of Wisconsin and President George W. Bush 's first Secretary of Health and Human Services . Mrs. Reagan , California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger , and Fred Ryan , Chairman of the Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation were among those in attendance . Candidates discussed the War in Iraq , the War on Terror , taxes , healthcare , abortion , stem @-@ cell research , gay rights , illegal immigration , and made at least 20 individual references directly or in passing , to Ronald Reagan and his presidency .
On January 30 , 2008 , after the Republican candidates were narrowed to four — Mitt Romney , Mike Huckabee , Ron Paul , and John McCain — the library was the scene of the final GOP debate , once again hosted by the Reagan Foundation and Mrs. Reagan .
The library announced that it would once again host the first Republican primary debate of future 2012 Republican candidates on May 2 , 2011 . The debate was co @-@ hosted by NBC News and Politico . The debate took place on September 7 , 2011 .
In September 2015 , the library hosted the second Republican presidential debate of the 2015 @-@ 2016 cycle , run by CNN . 15 candidates took part in two sessions .
= = = Centennial and library renovation = = =
The Ronald Reagan Presidential Foundation and General Electric ( GE ) announced a partnership beginning March 17 , 2010 , to support the two @-@ year @-@ long celebration of President Reagan 's 100th birthday on February 6 , 2011 . GE , for whom Reagan hosted General Electric Theater and served as a goodwill ambassador from 1954 to 1962 , prior to being elected Governor of California , served as the Presenting Sponsor of the historic Reagan Centennial Celebration .
GE 's overall participation as Presenting Sponsor of the Ronald Reagan Centennial Celebration included :
$ 10 million in the form of cash , advertising and promotion to support the Ronald Reagan Centennial Celebration , including funds to support the completely transformed , state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art museum at the Reagan Library that will be unveiled on February 5 , 2011 . This will include a new General Electric Theater that will focus on Reagan 's career in radio , television , and film .
An additional $ 5 million to the Reagan Presidential Foundation to launch and support the GE – Reagan Scholars Program , an effort that will begin in 2011 and that will provide 200 four @-@ year college scholarships over the next decade to " students who embody the vision and values personified by President Reagan . "
A donation from GE / NBC Universal to the Reagan Foundation of 208 restored episodes of General Electric Theater in which Ronald Reagan hosted or appeared from 1954 until 1962 . The episodes , many of which were thought to be lost and some of which were damaged , were recently uncovered and restored to broadcast quality for purposes of the renovated Reagan Museum .
An ad campaign and interactive Internet presence on GE 's web site to promote the centennial and celebrate Reagan 's political career and time with GE .
A series of public affairs lectures with Reagan @-@ era luminaries that focused on Reagan 's legacy .
The Reagan Centennial was also being led by the National Youth Leadership Committee . Notable members of the Committee include chairpersons Nick Jonas , Jordin Sparks and Austin Dillon , as well as famous non @-@ chairpersons , including actress Anna Maria Perez de Tagle , Olympic bronze medalist Bryon Wilson , Olympian and X @-@ Games medalist Hannah Teter , and recording artist Jordan Pruitt . Several other Olympians and athletes are also members of the Committee .
On March 6 , 2016 , Reagan 's widow Nancy Reagan died at the age of 94 of congestive heart failure . After the funeral , she was buried next to her husband at the library on March 11 , 2016 .
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= Portland Castle =
Portland Castle is an artillery fort constructed by Henry VIII on the Isle of Portland , Dorset , between 1539 and 1541 . It formed part of the King 's Device programme to protect against invasion from France and the Holy Roman Empire , and defended the Portland Roads anchorage . The fan @-@ shaped castle was built from Portland stone , with a curved central tower and a gun battery , flanked by two angular wings . Shortly after its construction it was armed with eleven artillery pieces , intended for use against enemy shipping , operating in partnership with its sister castle of Sandsfoot on the other side of the anchorage . During the English Civil War , Portland was taken by the Royalist supporters of King Charles I , and then survived two sieges before finally surrendering to Parliament in 1646 .
Portland continued in use as a fort until the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 , when it was converted into a private house . Fresh concerns over invasion led to the War Office taking it over once again in 1869 , but the castle was not rearmed and was instead formed accommodation for more modern neighbouring fortifications . During the First and Second World Wars it was used as offices , accommodation and as an ordnance store . In 1949 , the War Office relinquished control , and in 1955 it was opened to the public by the state . In the 21st century it is managed by English Heritage and operated as a tourist attraction , receiving 22 @,@ 207 visitors in 2010 . Historic England consider the castle to form " one of the best preserved and best known examples " of King Henry 's forts .
= = History = =
= = = 16th century = = =
Portland Castle was built as a consequence of international tensions between England , France and the Holy Roman Empire in the final years of the reign of King Henry VIII . Traditionally the Crown had left coastal defences to the local lords and communities , only taking a modest role in building and maintaining fortifications , and while France and the Empire remained in conflict with one another , maritime raids were common but an actual invasion of England seemed unlikely . Basic defences , based around simple blockhouses and towers , existed in the south @-@ west and along the Sussex coast , with a few more impressive works in the north of England , but in general the fortifications were very limited in scale .
In 1533 , Henry broke with Pope Paul III in order to annul the long @-@ standing marriage to his wife , Catherine of Aragon and remarry . Catherine was the aunt of Charles V , the Holy Roman Emperor , and he took the annulment as a personal insult . This resulted in France and the Empire declaring an alliance against Henry in 1538 , and the Pope encouraging the two countries to attack England . An invasion of England appeared certain . In response , Henry issued an order , called a " device " , in 1539 , giving instructions for the " defence of the realm in time of invasion " and the construction of forts along the English coastline .
As a consequence , Lord Russell inspected the coast along an anchorage known as Portland Roads , and concluded that two castles , Portland and Sandsfoot , should be constructed to protect it from naval attack . Work began that summer , with Oliver Lawrence acting as the royal paymaster for the project , and was completed by 1541 , at a cost of £ 4 @,@ 964 . Thomas Mervin was appointed as captain , with a garrison of four gunners and two other men . In 1545 , Mervin was replaced by John Leweston , who also took on responsibilities as the Lieutenant of Portland , along with a larger garrison of 13 men , paid for out of the proceeds of the recent Dissolution of the Monasteries . A survey between 1547 and 1548 reported that the castle was equipped with one brass demi @-@ cannon , two brass demi @-@ culverins , four breech @-@ loading portpieces and four slings ; it also held eight hagbushes – a type of early arquebus – along with twenty @-@ three bows , twenty @-@ nine bills and twelve pikes .
The threat of a French invasion passed , and peace was declared in 1558 . Attention shifted away from Portland , and a 1574 survey reported that the castle was in a poor condition , with similar concerns being repeated in 1583 . Tensions with Spain grew and military attention focused on the threat to the south @-@ west of England . War broke out in 1585 , and £ 228 was spent on renovating Portland Castle . In 1596 , the garrison still comprised a captain and 13 men .
= = = 17th – 19th centuries = = =
In the early 1600s , England was at peace with France and Spain and the coastal forts , included Portland , received little attention . A 1623 survey reported that the castle was equipped with three culverins , nine demi @-@ culverins and a saker , but that the fortifications had suffered badly from sea erosion and required extensive repairs . Fourteen years later , the castle had 15 guns and a garrison of a captain and 12 men .
When the English Civil War broke out in 1642 , Portland was initially controlled by Parliamentary forces . The castle was captured in 1643 by a group of Royalists who gained access by pretending to be Parliamentary soldiers . As the war turned against the King in the south @-@ west , Parliamentary forces besieged the castle for four months in 1644 , and once again the following year . The castle finally surrendered to Vice @-@ Admiral William Batten in April 1646 . It is uncertain why the castle , which was not easily defensible on the landward side , proved so difficult to take ; the historian Peter Harrington has suggested that its low @-@ lying position may have made it difficult for Parliament to bombard it from the sea .
During the Interregnum , Portland Castle continued to be garrisoned and used a prison , with a unit of 103 men attached to it in 1651 . It was used to defend the Portland Roads during the First Anglo @-@ Dutch War of 1653 , seeing action in a three @-@ day long naval battle between English and Dutch forces . When Charles II returned to the throne in 1660 , he reduced the garrison to its pre @-@ war levels but repaired the fortifications in the light of the continuing Dutch threat ; in 1676 the castle was equipped with 16 guns .
Portland Castle continued in use through the 18th century , primarily protecting vessels against privateers , including merchant vessels carrying stone from the local Portland quarries . Reports in 1702 and 1715 complained about the dilapidated condition of the fortification – the sea had washed away 112 feet ( 34 m ) of its foundations – and the number of artillery pieces was reduced to seven . By 1779 , the castle had a caretaker garrison of three men and eight guns , and reportedly had not been repaired in the previous 30 years . During the Napoleonic Wars , the castle 's guns were increased to comprise six 24 @-@ pounder , six 12 @-@ pounders and two 9 @-@ pounder guns ( 10 @.@ 9 kg , 5 @.@ 4 kg and 4 @.@ 1 kg respectively ) , but the fortification remained in a poor condition overall .
Following the final defeat of Napoleon , the castle was disarmed and leased to John Manning , a Portland churchman , who converted it from a fortress into a private house . John 's son , Charles Manning , took over the house in 1834 and continued to develop it . Among the Mannings ' work was the conversion of an older house alongside the main castle , which had once housed the master gunner , into a grander property , known today as the Captain 's House . In the late 1840s , the Portland Roads were converted into an artificial harbour through the construction of a breakwater , and new forts were built on the Verne heights and the sea front to protect it , although the structure of the old castle itself was left untouched by the growing complex of forts . Charles died in 1869 and , amid ongoing invasion fears , the War Office took over the castle again for use as accommodation for commissioned officers , including as a house for the adjutant of the Verne Citadel .
= = = 20th – 21st centuries = = =
In the early years of the 20th century , the War Office and the Office of Works held discussions on how to manage the castle . In 1908 , Portland was placed onto what was known as the Schedule C list , which meant that the Army would continue to use and manage the historic property , but with input on repairs from the Office of Works . With the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 , Portland Harbour became an important naval base and the castle was used an ordnance store . The castle became a military residence again in the interwar years , and during the Second World War it was used for accommodation and offices by British and US soldiers , with part of the castle used once again for storing ordnance . A concrete pillbox , since demolished , was constructed alongside the castle early on in the war .
After the conflict , Portland Castle was transferred to the Ministry of Works in 1949 and opened to the public in 1955 . The Ministry decided to present the interior as it might have looked in the 16th century and removed most of the 19th- and 20th @-@ century additions and changes . The Captain 's House and the adjacent gardens were used by the neighbouring HMS Osprey helicopter base until 1999 , but with the facility 's closure , this part of the fort was also opened to visitors , the house being turned into a visitor facility .
In the 21st century the castle is operated by English Heritage as a tourist attraction , receiving 22 @,@ 207 visitors in 2010 . The main castle is protected under UK law as a Grade I listed building , and the Captain 's House as a Grade II * building .
= = Architecture = =
The heart of the castle is the keep , 120 feet ( 37 m ) across , comprising a central tower with two wings on either side and a gun battery to the front , together forming an unusual , fan @-@ shaped design over @-@ looking the sea . This is surrounded by a walled courtyard , approximately 170 by 90 feet ( 52 by 27 m ) , with two gun platforms on either side of the keep . The Captain 's House occupies the western side of the courtyard , and the Governor 's Garden lies beyond the eastern wall . The castle is entered through an outer gateway on the southern side , surmounted by Charles II 's coat of arms .
When first built , the castle would have held three tiers of artillery , two in the front battery and a third layer in the central tower . The keep was originally protected by a moat , since filled in , with a drawbridge , of which only the slots now survive . The castle could have been protected at short @-@ range with hand guns , although the gunloops for these were of an antiquated design for the period , and a moated earthwork , 89 by 47 feet ( 27 by 14 @.@ 4 m ) , was subsequently built to the rear of the castle to provide additional protection .
The keep is two storeys high , built of ashlar Portland stone . Historic England considers it to form " one of the best preserved and best known examples " of the Henrician forts . In the centre of the ground floor is the octagonal great hall , now fitted with large Victorian windows , which would have originally providing living space for the garrison . Off the great hall are wings holding the gunners ' quarters and the castle 's kitchen , the latter equipped with a large , 16th @-@ century fireplace . Running around the front of the keep is the gun room . This was originally a two @-@ storey gun battery with embrasures for five guns on the ground floor and four more above on the first floor , with the southern end of the ground floor subdivided into four barrack rooms . The ground @-@ floor embrasures were designed with vents to allow the smoke from the guns to escape . Both the wooden roof that formed the first @-@ floor gun platform and the internal wooden partitions have been dismantled , however , and the chamber is now open to the air . It now houses a variety of 18th and 19th century cannons .
On the first floor is the upper hall and the captain 's chamber , used in the 16th century as a living and working space by the castle 's commander , and converted into a dining room and a bedroom in the 19th century . On the opposite side to the captain 's private chamber are two other bedrooms , possibly originally for the use of the castle 's lieutenant .
The current Governor 's Garden was created in 2002 by the horticulturist Christopher Bradley @-@ Hole , as part of a wider programme of work across English Heritage properties . The maritime @-@ themed garden features circular designs , echoing those in the adjacent castle , and uses local Portland stone .
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= Mighty Jill Off =
Mighty Jill Off is a 2D platform independently developed freeware video game designed by Anna Anthropy , with art by James Harvey and music by Andrew Toups . It stars a submissive named Jill , who has a boot fetish and is forced to climb up a tower after her Queen kicks her down it as punishment . Jill does this by jumping and slowly descending over obstacles . Jill can be defeated in one hit by these obstacles , but will return to the last check point . The game serves as an homage to the 1986 arcade game Mighty Bomb Jack . It had follow @-@ ups , such as Mighty Jill Off - Jill Off Harder Edition and Jill Off With One Hand . Jill made a cameo appearance in the 2010 video game Super Meat Boy as a playable character .
The game 's BDSM and lesbian themes were implemented by Anthropy , a BDSM practitioner , for the purpose of providing legitimate " dykes " in video games . She also made the game difficult , to fit in with its BDSM theme . James Harvey attempted to make this game appealing for the BDSM community . Mighty Jill Off has received praise for its BDSM themes from critics of websites such as Rock , Paper , Shotgun and Game Set Watch . It was also praised for its high level of difficulty by editors of GamesRadar and Bitmob . 1UP.com included it in its list of favourite free PC games of 2009 .
= = Gameplay and scenario = =
Mighty Jill Off incorporates several BDSM themes . It stars a submissive lesbian named Jill who has a boot fetish . She is kicked to the bottom of her Queen 's tower for acting like a " greedy slut " . Jill attempts to climb back up the tower and return to her Queen ; once there , she is given affection , constricted and gagged , and made to do it again .
Some of Mighty Jill Off 's gameplay is borrowed from the 1986 arcade game Mighty Bomb Jack as a tribute . Players control Jill in only three ways : moving , jumping , and slowly descending . In the air , players may cause Jill to slowly descend by rapidly pushing the jump button while pointing in the direction that they want her to go . Players can switch direction while they do this . There are three types of obstacles : spikes , fire , and spiders ; the latter can move to attack Jill when she comes close . Coming into contact with these obstacles kills Jill instantly , forcing her to start at the most recent checkpoint — typically located at a change in room . There is only one level in the game , but with several rooms in it . The screen scrolls vertically with Jill as she ascends up the tower . Each room transition is demonstrated by a change in the room 's background colour . Jill has infinite lives , allowing players to play as long as they like without having to start the game over .
= = Development = =
Mighty Jill Off was designed and developed by American video game designer and critic Anna Anthropy , also known as Auntie Pixelante , in 2008 . James Harvey provided the artwork for the game , while Andrew Toups created the music . Anthropy designed Mighty Jill Off to feature " dykes and perverts " to make up for " the distinct lack of real dyke characters and dyke desire in games " . She argued that while " supposed dykes " are seen in commercials , these characters are " written and drawn by men " . She said that " they don 't look like us , they don ’ t express themselves like us , they don ’ t lust like us . " Anthropy compared the challenge of players who lead Jill through the game as similar to the challenges of a top who leads the bottom through a scene .
= = = Art design = = =
While the character artwork for Mighty Jill Off was created by James Harvey , Anthropy first designed Jill in sprite form . Harvey was initially wary of doing work that was BDSM @-@ themed ; he felt that it was easy for something that is both cartoony and sexual to make viewers feel uncomfortable and used the Japanese harem anime genre as an example . He added that in humorous , sexually @-@ oriented cartoons , there is a " fine line " between " cute and funny " and " repulsive " . He wanted to design the relationship between the Queen and Jill in a way that people in the BDSM community could identify with it , while also avoiding putting people off who were not into BDSM . He used European comics as a model for his art work , which he admired for the " permissive attitude they have to sex in cartoons " . He also cited as inspiration specific Japanese cartoonists who he felt had successfully portrayed sex in animation such as Monkey Punch , the creator of Lupin III .
Harvey designed the Queen based on a loose description by Anthropy . He wanted to make her " sexy and authoritative " and to look like a " fully grown human with relatively realistic proportions " . He designed her to be an " amalgamation of every lesbian friend " he had been " secretly been attracted to " . He initially designed her with a veil , but felt that this was too superfluous and girly ; he decided to adorn her with spikes instead . He attempted to design the title screen 's background to " emphasise the drama of [ the ] situation , or to expressionistically [ sic ] symbolise the characters in the scene " . However , there were some hurdles ; he originally envisioned the Queen 's tower to be a smooth , straight one , but felt that it would be too phallic , which would be meaningless symbolism given the game 's content . Anthropy and Harvey held a contest for people to contribute fan art for the game ; the five winners won hand @-@ made Mighty Jill Off activity books , which included activities such as creating make @-@ out partners for a group of " repulsive , tongue @-@ waggling oafs " , as well as writing a poem for the game 's Queen . He scanned one of the books and posted it online , allowing others to contribute and send in their drawings . The book features several BDSM @-@ related themes .
Harvey was split between two designs for Jill . He either wanted to depict her as a " funny little megaman character " or a grown woman ; however , both approaches had their own pitfalls . He felt that the former could come off as too much like Japanese lolicon @-@ styled art , while the latter could make the story seem too serious . The Queen 's more realistic design made him question whether a child @-@ like Jill would be appropriate . He designed several versions of Jill with different proportions and sent them to Anthropy so she could pick her favourite . He compared two of the designs to Nintendo characters Mario and Link ; the Mario @-@ like design he called a " standard video game design " , while the Link @-@ like design he called " slightly realistic " . The Link @-@ like design was the most realistic design that he did because he felt that making it too realistic could make it too difficult for players to identify with , and could diminish the humorous elements of the game . He also intended to design her as " dumpy and podgy " to make her more " lovable " .
Anthropy told Harvey that she preferred characters with more realistic proportions ; as a result , he ended up with a design that was three and a half heads tall . Due to her submissive position , he designed her to be an " innocent " who looked " eager @-@ to @-@ please " , with " benign , wide eyed facial expressions " . The evolution of her design resulted in Harvey having to redesign her appearance on the title screen . He employed different colors to demonstrate Jill 's feelings for the Queen ; he used a rose tint to demonstrate her " blissful display of affection " while using a grey wash to demonstrate her sadness . Harvey intended to add some red to her rubber body suit order to make her stand out from the background ; however , he felt that this made the suit look more like a " crazy wrestler costume " . He later thought to include grey in the design or to put her initials on her chest , but decided on using an all black design . One of the difficulties of designing the suit was to make it look shiny without resembling " gross lolicon manga porn " .
= = = Follow @-@ ups = = =
A harder version called Mighty Jill Off - Jill Off Harder Edition , was released in October 2008 , 8 months after the original version . Anthropy compared it to the Nintendo game Super Mario Bros. : The Lost Levels which was noticeably more difficult than its predecessor , Super Mario Bros. She made it with the intention of reusing assets from the original game such as sprites and backgrounds but making sure that none of the challenges were recycled . She also made a follow @-@ up called Jill Off with One Hand , which features " OneSwitch " gameplay , a type of gameplay which requires only one button to play . It was created over the course of Buy Nothing Day and was created with the intent of making it playable on mobile phones . The protagonist Jill was featured in the 2010 platform game Super Meat Boy along with several characters from other games .
= = Reception and promotion = =
Mighty Jill Off has received generally positive reception . Retronauts ' Jess Ragan praised Anthropy for her understanding of what made Mighty Bomb Jack good . 1UP.com 's Scott Sharkey listed Mighty Jill Off as one of his favourite independently @-@ developed freeware games in 2009 . Gamasutra listed it as one of their runners @-@ up for the top five best indie games of 2008 . On two separate occasions , IndieGames ' timw listed Mighty Jill Off as " game picks " ; first for the original version , and second for Mighty Jill Off - Jill Off Harder Edition . GamesRadar 's Nathan Meuiner listed the game as one of the " most ruthlessly punishing indie games " and wrote that the difficulty level may make players question whether the " pain of a million deaths is worth the pleasure awaiting " players . Bitmob 's James DeRosa called it " tough @-@ as @-@ s * * * " and gave credit to Anthropy for coining the genre " masocore " .
The game has also received praise for its insight into BDSM and the dom / sub relationship . Rock , Paper , Shotgun 's Kieron Gillen called it an " interesting examination of the master / slave relationship " . Rock Paper Shotgun 's Alec Meer described it as a " wry , subversive examination of why videogame protagonists put themselves through a torturous amount of struggle to reach their objectives " . James DeRosa praised Anthropy for her implementation of elements and ideas that most games do not cover and called it a " hypersexualized , bondage @-@ themed platformer " with which Anthropy " explores the power dynamics of sexuality and disassembles essentialist male and female sex roles as portrayed in video games -- as well as the significance of difficulty and reward as a design method " .
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= Graham Westley =
Graham Neil Westley ( born 4 March 1968 ) is an English former professional footballer who was most recently manager of Peterborough United .
Westley started his managerial career at the age of 28 , managing Kingstonian for five months , before spending a year in charge of Enfield . In 1999 , Westley became manager of Farnborough Town , guiding them to the Football Conference in 2002 . He left Farnborough the following season , to become manager of Stevenage . He took the club to within one game of promotion to the Football League , but left the club in 2006 when his contract expired . Westley then had a brief , but successful , spell with Rushden & Diamonds , as well as acting as caretaker manager at Kettering Town . He took a year out of the game , before rejoining Stevenage in May 2008 . He guided the club to FA Trophy success in 2009 , before securing promotion to the Football League for the first time in the club 's history in April 2010 , finishing the season as league champions . Westley guided the club to back @-@ to @-@ back promotions in his first season as a Football League manager , following Stevenage 's successful 2010 – 11 League Two play @-@ off campaign . At the start of 2012 , Westley left Stevenage to join Preston North End . He was sacked by the club in February 2013 . A month later , Westley rejoined Stevenage , his third spell at the club .
= = Playing career = =
Westley was born in Hounslow , London and he started his footballing career as an apprentice with Queens Park Rangers . During his time at QPR , Westley represented England at U18 level . He then joined Gillingham in March 1986 . He made two league appearances for the club before joining Barnet . He made three appearances and scored one goal for them in the Football Conference during the 1987 – 88 season , making his debut for the club in a 2 – 2 draw against Macclesfield Town at Moss Rose . Westley joined Wycombe Wanderers in the latter stages of 1987 for a fee of £ 7 @,@ 500 , making a scoring debut in a 2 – 1 away victory at Telford United . He scored in Wycombe 's next two games , and was a first @-@ team regular until manager Peter Suddaby left the club in January 1988 . Westley played just once under new manager Jim Kelman and left soon afterwards to sign for Kingstonian . He played 24 times for Wycombe , scoring five goals in all competitions during the club 's 1987 – 88 campaign . He later played for a number of non @-@ League clubs , including Kingstonian , Wealdstone , Farnborough Town , Harlow Town , Enfield , Aylesbury United , Harrow Borough , Tooting & Mitcham United , Molesey and Walton & Hersham – three of which he would later go on to manage . During his time at Kingstonian , he suffered a dislocated ankle and broken leg in three places , which subsequently cut his playing career short after never fully recovering from the injury . On his playing career , Westley said " I felt sorry for myself too often when I should have been leading the team " .
= = Managerial career = =
= = = Early management = = =
While recovering from a broken leg , at the age of 28 , Westley was appointed as manager of Kingstonian in December 1996 after approaching the club about their vacant managerial post . His first two games in @-@ charge of the club both ended in 4 – 4 draws against Walton & Hersham and Harrow Borough respectively , with Westley saying " at the time , there was something raw and exciting about the team that I sent out . Although there was also something evidently missing " . His first victory in @-@ charge of the club was a 2 – 0 win over Wokingham Town in the Isthmian League Cup , before securing his first league win in the following game , a 5 – 2 win away at Aylesbury United . Kingstonian drew clear of relegation , with Westley recalling a 3 – 2 victory over champions Yeovil Town at Huish Park as a " memorable victory " . Despite securing safety for the club , he was sacked after just five months , being replaced by Geoff Chapple . He managed Kingstonian for 25 games recording nine wins , eight losses , and eight draws .
In September 1997 , Westley was appointed as manager of another club he had previously played for in the form of Isthmian League Premier Division outfit Enfield . He appointed Graham Pearce as his assistant , who had also previously played for , and managed , Enfield . He outlined his ambition of ensuring the club returned to the top tier in non @-@ league , despite a host of financial difficulties at the club , he stated " my ambition is to see silverware in the table , and if you can 't take the pressure , you shouldn 't take big jobs like this one " . His first game as manager of Enfield was a 2 – 0 home defeat to St Albans City . Despite securing a seventh @-@ placed finish for the club , Westley left the club after just nine months in charge . He managed the club for a total of 41 games ; winning 19 , losing 16 , and drawing 6 – with a win percentage of 46 @.@ 34 % .
= = = Farnborough Town = = =
In 1999 , Westley bought a controlling interest in Farnborough Town and appointed himself as manager . He managed the club to a 12th @-@ place finish in his first season in charge , but enjoyed success in the Isthmian Cup ; winning the competition in 2000 . The following season , Westley guided the club to more success , winning the Isthmian League Premier Division ; securing 31 victories out of a possible 42 and amassing a total of 99 points . Westley overhauled the squad shortly after the club 's promotion to the Football Conference – something which he now states as a " huge regret " . At this point , he also tried to arrange a merger with Kingstonian – citing the club 's " Football League rated ground " as the reasoning behind his proposed idea , although it never happened due to " fans resistance " . During the 2001 – 02 season , the club consolidated their position in the first tier of non – league football ; with Westley guiding the club to a 7th @-@ place finish in the league . The following season was to be a memorable campaign for Westley , reaching the Third Round of the FA Cup after a 3 – 0 victory at Southport , where they faced Football League competition in the form of Darlington at Feethams . Westley guided the side to a 3 – 2 win over Darlington , and the club were rewarded with a Fourth Round tie at home to Arsenal . The tie , however , was controversially moved to Highbury – because the tie stood to make around £ 600 @,@ 000 in gate receipts from playing at Highbury , whereas playing at Cherrywood Road would only have generated the club an estimated £ 50 @,@ 000 . Westley left the club after the sell @-@ out ' home ' tie at Highbury , which they lost 5 – 1 . Shortly after his resignation , he became manager at Football Conference rivals Stevenage in January 2003 , signing a three @-@ year contract . Westley confirmed he would be leaving his shareholding in Farnborough to other existing shareholders , and would also be withdrawing his financial backing at the club . On moving to Stevenage , Westley said " I 've enjoyed my time at Farnborough , but I feel that I need to move on now and that I need to concentrate on football management , which is where my ambitions lie " . He went on to state that Stevenage 's " long @-@ term potential " was another key factor behind the move .
= = = Stevenage = = =
When Westley took over the Hertfordshire club , Stevenage were sitting 21st in the Football Conference , and were six points adrift of safety . Unlike his position at his previous club , Westley was appointed as first @-@ team manager , with no board involvement . He set about ensuring the club were still in the highest tier in non @-@ league football , signing seven players from his previous club Farnborough , as well as his former assistant Graham Pearce and goalkeeping coach Graham Benstead . His first game in charge of the club was a 1 – 1 draw at home to Morecambe , before having to wait three games for his first win at the club – a 2 – 0 victory away at local rivals Barnet , thanks to a Dino Maamria brace . The victory sparked an eight @-@ game unbeaten run , recording six victories on the bounce to ensure the club were safe from relegation . Westley had guided the club from 21st in the table to a respectable 12th @-@ place finish by the end of the season . The 2003 – 04 season witnessed a much more consistent season under Westley 's management , but the club were unable to make the play @-@ offs and finished the campaign in 8th place , despite a positive start to the season .
As was the case in previous seasons , Westley made wholesale changes at the end of the season , releasing several of the players he had originally signed from Farnborough , and replacing them with a mixture of players with Football League experience – in the form of Brian Quailey , Dannie Bulman , and Matt Hocking – as well as players from lower divisions such as Jon Nurse and Craig McAllister . Westley also gave first @-@ team opportunities to players who had progressed through the club 's youth system , most notably George Boyd . The squad originally struggled to perform , losing five games in the first eight games of the club 's league campaign . However , two victories by wide margins against lowly opposition in the form of Farnborough and Northwich Victoria respectively propelled the club into a mid @-@ table position . However , this was followed by two heavy defeats at the hands of York City and Canvey Island – the latter a 4 – 1 home defeat against part @-@ time opposition . After the game , with hundreds of Stevenage fans calling for Westley to be sacked , he confronted fans in the East Terrace by saying he " would turn it around " . Westley 's side responded with four straight wins , and stayed within touching distance of the play @-@ offs for several months . An important double over Carlisle United in March 2005 , as well as crucial wins at Aldershot Town , Woking , and Crawley Town meant that Stevenage went into the final day of the season needing to beat already relegated Leigh RMI , and had to rely on Tamworth to hold Morecambe , who were currently occupying the final play @-@ off spot . Stevenage beat Leigh 2 – 0 , while Tamworth held Morecambe to a goalless draw , ultimately meaning Westley 's side had reached the play @-@ offs on the final day of the season . Westley engineered two solid displays to ensure Stevenage overcame second @-@ placed Hereford United 2 – 1 on aggregate , but lost 1 – 0 to Carlisle United at the Britannia Stadium in the final .
The 2005 – 06 season marked Westley 's third season in charge as manager of the club , and although the club were consistent at Broadhall Way throughout the season , the side struggled for form away from home , winning just four games on the road all season . Stevenage 's poor away form was ultimately preventing the club from mounting any serious title challenge , and throughout the campaign Westley 's side would often " lose the game before it began " – in away games against Southport , Morecambe , and Burton Albion respectively , Westley 's side trailed 3 – 0 before half @-@ time . Westley had also fallen out with striker Anthony Elding , who was eventually sold to Kettering Town in January 2006 . There were also increasingly frequent question marks surrounding the discipline of the squad under Westley 's control , as Stevenage received fourteen red cards during the campaign , more than any other club in the league by some distance . A 2 – 0 defeat away to relegation @-@ threatened Forest Green Rovers on the final day of the season meant that Stevenage failed to reach the play @-@ offs , finishing 6th in the table . After failing to reach the play @-@ offs , Westley confirmed in May 2006 that he would leave the club when his contract expired in June , ending his three and a half year tenure with the Hertfordshire club .
= = = Rushden & Diamonds = = =
He was appointed manager of Rushden & Diamonds in December 2006 , with the club sitting 22nd in the table , two points adrift of safety . Westley 's first game in charge of Rushden was a 1 – 0 victory away at Cambridge United , as he set about ensuring safety . Westley secured the signatures of several players who he had previously managed at Stevenage ; signing the likes of Jamie Cook , David Perpetuini , and Dino Maamria . Westley also brought in the likes of Michael Bostwick and Chris Beardsley – younger players who he had previously written about in his weekly column in The Non @-@ League Paper when he was out of work . Westley 's newly assembled team secured five straight wins in the league , including wins away at the top two teams in the league at the time , Oxford United and Dagenham & Redbridge . Despite managing an upturn in the form of the club , Westley was surprisingly sacked after a 2 – 2 draw at Aldershot Town in February 2007 . He had taken the club from 22nd in the league to 12th in the space of two and a half months , and the club were on a seven @-@ match unbeaten run at the time . In all , he managed Rushden for 13 games ; winning seven , drawing three and losing three . The reason behind Westley 's sacking is unknown , but he was replaced two days later by Garry Hill .
= = = Kettering Town = = =
Shortly after leaving Rushden , Westley was appointed caretaker manager of Conference North outfit Kettering Town for the rest of the 2006 – 07 season in April 2007 . Due to the date he joined , Westley was unable to bring any new players in to bolster the squad , with just two games remaining until the end of the season . His first game in charge was a 0 – 0 draw away to Stalybridge Celtic , shortly followed by a 1 – 0 loss to Alfreton Town at Rockingham Road – this was enough to ensure Kettering finished the season in second place . He managed Kettering in the play @-@ offs , as they were beaten on penalties by Farsley Celtic in the semi @-@ final after a 1 – 1 aggregate scoreline over two legs , he left shortly after when his short @-@ term contract expired in May 2007 , managing the club for a total of four games .
= = = Return to Stevenage = = =
After almost a year without work in football , Westley returned as Stevenage manager in May 2008 – two years after he had originally left . On his return , Westley stated he had come to " finish the job he started " – referring to trying to guide the club into the Football League for the first time in its history . He said that " the moment was right " for him to come back into football and that he " had some very good times at Stevenage before " . His appointment was met with a fair bit of scepticism by Stevenage fans , but Westley promised to deliver a winning team , playing attractive football . Westley started by completely overhauling the squad in the summer transfer window and brought in no fewer than twelve players in an attempt to mount a serious Conference Premier title challenge . Among those brought in were Gary Mills and David Bridges , who Westley had managed during his short @-@ stint at Kettering . He also signed Michael Bostwick and Mark Albrighton , who he had also signed at Rushden & Diamonds . Westley also secured the signatures of Andy Drury and Eddie Odhiambo respectively , both of which were players Westley had previously earmarked .
Stevenage started the season poorly , losing 3 out of their first 4 games and conceding 13 goals in the process , including a 5 – 0 loss to Wrexham on the first day of the season . The club secured its first victory under Westley in late August 2008 , a 3 – 1 win away at Barrow , before winning four games on the bounce in September . However , through the first half of the club 's 2008 – 09 campaign , Westley 's side were suffering from the same inconsistency that was common in his first spell as manager of the Hertfordshire side , losing three games on the trot in November – the last of which was a 2 – 1 home defeat to Wrexham , it was to be Stevenage 's last defeat at Broadhall Way in the league for 18 months . Westley brought in former player , Dino Maamria as first @-@ team coach at the club . This , coupled with important signings during the campaign , such as Chris Day , Mark Roberts , and Jon Ashton , meant that Stevenage witnessed an up @-@ turn in form half way through the campaign . A 24 @-@ game unbeaten run stretching from December 2008 to April 2009 , as well as winning crucial games towards the latter stages of the season , ultimately meant that Westley 's men made the Conference Premier play @-@ offs , finishing in the last play @-@ off place . Despite taking a 3 – 1 lead into the second leg , Stevenage lost 4 – 3 overall on aggregate to Cambridge United . Westley did , however , enjoy success in the FA Trophy when he led the side out at Wembley Stadium in front of 27 @,@ 102 as Stevenage beat York City 2 – 0 in the Final . The win was Westley 's first taste of success as manager of Stevenage . After the game , it was announced that Westley was to stay on as manager for another year .
The majority of the squad that performed so well in the second half of the club 's 2008 – 09 campaign were retained , with very little transfer activity in comparison to previous seasons under Westley . Steve Morison , the club 's top goalscorer for the past three seasons , moved to Millwall for a fee of £ 130 @,@ 000 , while both John Martin and Calum Willock were released by Westley in late May 2009 . Midfielder Gary Mills was the last departure of the close season ; rejecting a contract and instead opting to join fellow Conference Premier rivals Mansfield Town . Five players joined the club during the close season . Charlie Griffin was the first signing of the season , joining Stevenage from Salisbury City on a free transfer . Yemi Odubade , Chris Beardsley , and Joel Byrom signed for the club shortly after ; the latter commanding a transfer fee of £ 15 @,@ 000 . Westley had previously managed Beardsley at Rushden & Diamonds and Kettering Town . The last signing of pre @-@ season was Stacy Long ; who joined the club on a free transfer from Ebbsfleet United . No players departed the club during the season , with Tim Sills the only addition – signing for an undisclosed fee from Torquay United in January 2010 .
Stevenage 's league campaign got off to a typically patchy start ; with the side recording just one win from their first five games of the season . Following a 2 – 1 defeat to Oxford United in August 2009 , the team went on a 17 @-@ game unbeaten run that stretched four months from August to December 2009 , propelling the club into the top two . Unlike in previous seasons , the club were performing strongly away from home , and secured victories at the likes of Luton Town and Mansfield Town . A 4 – 1 victory against Cambridge United on New Year 's Day ultimately meant that Stevenage hit top @-@ spot for the first time in the season . However , two defeats on the road within the space of a week in February meant that rivals Oxford United had an eight – point lead going into March 2010 . The team responded well , winning eight games on the bounce ; including an important 1 – 0 victory over Oxford United in late March , subsequently replacing Oxford at the top of the table . Borough brushed aside a late challenge from Luton Town , securing promotion to the Football League with two games to spare following a 2 – 0 win against Kidderminster Harriers at Aggborough . The team won their last six games of the league campaign without conceding a single goal , and recorded 42 points from a possible 45 from their last 15 league fixtures . Stevenage finished the season having amassed a total of 99 points from 44 games , winning the league by 11 points , with Westley winning many plaudits for the way he had secured promotion despite considerably less resources than a lot of the teams in the division . The promotion means Westley has led Stevenage to the Football League for the first time in their history , as well as managing a Football League team for the first time in his managerial career . Westley also guided the club to another FA Trophy Final ; this time losing 2 – 1 after extra @-@ time against Barrow at Wembley Stadium . At the end of the season , Westley signed a new two @-@ year contract ; keeping him contracted to the club until 2012 . On signing the new deal , Westley said " I am grateful for all the support that we have all been given in the past two years . I am delighted to have the opportunity to manage the launch of the club into the Football League " . In his first two seasons back at the club , from May 2008 to May 2010 , Westley has been in charge for 114 games , winning a total of 70 games – recording a win percentage of 61 @.@ 40 % .
Similarly to the club 's successful campaign the season before , but in complete contrast to his first tenure at the club , the 2010 – 11 season saw five players joining the club , while roughly five players left the club in the close season . The club started the season inconsistently , with Westley stating the season would be a " massive learning curve " for both himself and the players . Following four defeats in six games in December 2010 and January 2011 , Stevenage found themselves in 18th position , just four points above the relegation zone . However , during a congested period throughout February and March 2011 , Stevenage won nine games out of eleven , propelling the club up the league table and into the play @-@ off positions . This included winning six games on the trot , a sequence only matched by Bury . A 3 – 3 draw against Bury on the final day of the season meant that Stevenage finished the season in sixth place . They faced fifth place Accrington Stanley in the 2010 – 11 League Two play @-@ off semi @-@ finals , winning both legs by a 3 – 0 aggregate scoreline . They beat Torquay United 1 – 0 in the Final at Old Trafford on 28 May 2011 . The victory meant that Westley had guided the club to back @-@ to @-@ back promotions , playing in League One for the first time in the club 's history . On securing promotion , Westley said " It 's a fantastic feeling . The players work so hard and they deserve everything they get " . During the 2010 – 11 season , Westley also guided the club to the Fourth Round of the FA Cup , where they lost to Reading 2 – 1 . In the previous round , Stevenage beat Premier League side Newcastle United 3 – 1 at Broadhall Way . After the match , Westley said before the game he had told the players to " go out and win the match 5 – 0 . We established that if we did just 20 % of what it would take to win 5 – 0 then we would still win the game " .
At the start of the 2011 – 12 season , Westley signed a three @-@ year contract extension at Stevenage that kept him contracted to the club until 2014 . Westley acquired five players on free transfers , while also releasing five of the existing squad . Stevenage started their first ever League One campaign well , beating the 2010 – 11 League One play @-@ off semi @-@ finalists , Bournemouth , 3 – 1 at Dean Court to secure their first victory of the season on 16 August 2011 . Stevenage were exceeding expectations in the third tier of English football , sitting just outside the play @-@ off places after securing a notable 5 – 1 victory against Sheffield Wednesday Broadhall Way in September 2011 . The club also inflicted Charlton Athletic 's first league defeat of the season after a 1 – 0 win against the league leaders . The victory against Charlton was to spark a 13 @-@ game unbeaten run for Westley 's Stevenage , and a 6 – 1 away victory at Colchester United on Boxing Day 2011 meant the club were sat in sixth place , the final play @-@ off position . After managing Stevenage for three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years , Westley left Stevenage in January 2012 , joining fellow League One side Preston North End . His final game as manager of Stevenage was a 1 – 0 away victory at Reading in the FA Cup Third Round .
= = = Preston North End = = =
In January 2012 , Preston North End asked for permission to speak to Westley with the view to employing him as their new manager . Though the Hertfordshire club described the approach as " unwelcome " , permission was granted . After personal terms and a compensation package were agreed , Westley was announced as Preston 's new manager on 13 January . His first game in @-@ charge of the club was a 2 – 0 home defeat against Leyton Orient on 21 January . After the game , it was revealed that Westley had told players the starting line @-@ up for the game courtesy of a 2am text message on the day of the match . He picked up his first win as Preston manager in his fourth game in @-@ charge , securing a 1 – 0 home victory over Hartlepool United on 14 February 2012 . Following Preston 's 2 – 0 televised defeat to Sheffield Wednesday in March 2012 , Westley stated that a Sheffield Wednesday player had informed him that four Preston players had leaked the Preston team and tactics to opposition players ahead of the match . Westley stated — " It doesn 't surprise me . When you have got people in your own camp working against you it is tough " . Preston won just two games out of the next 17 during the remainder of the campaign , and finished the season in 15th place . At the end of the season , Westley criticised the club 's " mediocre " mentality , stating the squad have " not got a clue what it takes to get success " .
Westley subsequently went about overhauling the squad ahead of the 2012 – 13 season . In May 2012 , Preston announced that 21 players would be leaving the club ; 14 of which were released at the end of their contracts , while a further seven were transfer @-@ listed . Preston signed 18 players during the summer transfer window , including Scott Laird , John Mousinho , Joel Byrom , and Chris Beardsley , four players from Westley 's former club , Stevenage . Westley stated a desire for the new group of players to be committed to his ideas — " My job is to develop a plan that would see the club back on an upward curve . The plan is in place . I 'm looking forward to working with a group that thinks along the same lines that I do " . Preston started the season well , beating Championship side Huddersfield Town 2 – 0 at Deepdale in the League Cup . Later on in the month , Preston went on to secure consecutive 4 – 1 home victories , beating Crystal Palace and Swindon Town respectively , as well as defeating Hartlepool United 5 – 0 a month later . However , the club went on to win just two leagues matches in a four @-@ month period from October 2012 to February 2013 . A day after Preston 's 3 – 1 away defeat to Yeovil Town on 12 February 2013 , the club released a statement announcing Westley had been sacked . With Preston sitting just five points above the relegation zone , it was revealed that " the board felt that a change of manager was the only way forward " . On his time at Preston , Westley stated he had to " slash the wage bill by 60y percent " , and as a result the " re @-@ building was well underway but the club lost confidence in me whilst I was doing it . They just want results . Short @-@ term pain is necessary sometimes . It was necessary at Preston . And the fans got restless . I get that . Just as managers have to be brave enough to grit their teeth and face up to that , so owners have to be brave at difficult times . And they have to be able to understand the issues . I knew the answers to problems but I wasn 't being allowed to solve all the problems " .
= = = Third spell at Stevenage = = =
After a month out of work , Westley rejoined Stevenage on 30 March 2013 , his third spell in @-@ charge at the club . On the appointment , Stevenage chairman Phil Wallace stated — " Graham was keen to come back to Stevenage and , although I met some strong candidates , without doubt I think he ’ s the best man for the job right now . The club enjoyed a great deal of success before he left last year and we moved forwards significantly in his time here on several levels " . On his return , Westley said — " I 'm really happy to be back , the training ground is fantastic , the club just keeps moving forward . All the facilities keep improving and I hope that I can come back and make another positive difference " . In his first game back in @-@ charge of the club , Stevenage secured a 1 – 0 victory over Hartlepool United on 1 April .
On 21 May 2015 , Westley was replaced by ex England striker Teddy Sheringham as manager of Stevenage .
= = = Peterborough United = = =
Westley was appointed manager of League One Peterborough United on 21 September 2015 .
Despite lifting Peterborough into the playoff places in January 2016 , a very poor run of form saw Peterborough slide down the table and Westley was sacked by Peterborough on 23 April after a 2 @-@ 0 home defeat to Scunthorpe United left them 14th in the League One table .
= = Personal life = =
Westley writes a weekly column in The Non @-@ League Paper , sharing his views and experiences on the non @-@ league game . He is also the chief executive of the Aimita Corporation , an organisation that provides performance management consulting . Westley has also gained a Master of Arts degree in company direction .
= = Managerial statistics = =
As of 23 April 2016
= = Honours = =
Farnborough Town
Isthmian League Cup : 2000 – 01
Isthmian League Premier Division : 2000 – 01
Stevenage
FA Trophy : 2008 – 09
Conference Premier : 2009 – 10
Football League Two play @-@ offs : 2010 – 11 winners
Individual
Conference Premier Manager of the Month ( 3 ) : October 2005 , January 2009 , January 2010
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= SR V Schools class =
The SR V class , more commonly known as the Schools class , is a class of steam locomotive designed by Richard Maunsell for the Southern Railway . The class was a cut down version of his Lord Nelson class but also incorporated components from Urie and Maunsell 's LSWR / SR King Arthur class . It was the last locomotive in Britain to be designed with a 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 wheel arrangement , and was the most powerful class of 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 ever produced in Europe . All 40 of the class were named after English public schools , and were designed to provide a powerful class of intermediate express passenger locomotive on semi @-@ fast services for lines which could cope with high axle loads but some of which had short turntables . Because of the use of a ‘ ’ King Arthur ’ ’ firebox , rather than the square @-@ topped Belpaire firebox used on the Lord Nelsons , the class could be used on lines with a restricted loading gauge and some of the best performance by the class was on the heavily restricted Tonbridge to Hastings line . The locomotives performed well from the beginning but were subject to various minor modifications to improve their performance over the years . The class operated until 1961 when mass withdrawals took place and all had gone by December 1962 . Three examples are now preserved on heritage railways in Britain .
= = Background = =
By 1928 the Southern Railway was well served by large 4 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 express passenger locomotives , but there was an urgent need for a class to fulfill intermediate roles throughout the system . Maunsell ’ s previous attempt at developing his predecessor ’ s L class for this task had proven a disappointment , and the Drummond D15 and L12 classes were approaching the end of their useful lives on these services . An entirely new secondary express passenger locomotive was required to operate over the main lines throughout the system including those that had relatively short turntables .
= = Design = =
Maunsell ’ s original plan was to use large @-@ wheeled 2 @-@ 6 @-@ 4 tank engines for this purpose , but the Sevenoaks railway accident made him have second thoughts . He therefore chose a relatively short wheelbase 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 design although by this period 4 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 was more usual for this type of work . Authorities disagree as to whether Maunsell had in mind the restricted loading gauge of the Tonbridge to Hastings line when he designed the class , or whether this was an " unexpected bonus " when he was forced to substitute a " King Arthur " round @-@ topped firebox to his planned Belpaire design to reduce the axle load on the driving wheels to acceptable limits . In either event the class was undoubtedly Maunsell ’ s most immediately successful design , and the locomotives did some of their best work on the Hastings route .
= = Construction history = =
The basic layout of the class was influenced by the existing ‘ ’ Lord Nelson ’ ’ class 4 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 design , but the use of the round topped firebox enabled Maunsell to design the cab 's curved profile to fit the gauge restrictions of the Hastings line while allowing adequate forward visibility . The short frame length of the 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 locomotive also meant very little overhang on the line 's tight curves . To maintain the high power rating required for express passenger engines , Maunsell opted for a three @-@ cylinder design . In terms of tractive effort , the class was the most powerful 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 ever built in Britain , and were the only 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 type to be given the power classification of 5P by British Railways . They were well liked by crews . They also had a higher tractive effort than the nominally more powerful King Arthur class 4 @-@ 6 @-@ 0s , but at the cost of high axle @-@ loading : 21 long tons ( 21 t ) . The permanent way on the Hastings line therefore had to be upgraded during 1929 and 1930 to accept the new locomotive .
Permission was granted for the first batch of fifteen locomotives in March 1928 , but this was reduced to ten when it became apparent that they would not immediately be able to operate on the Hastings route . Production delays at Eastleigh railway works meant that they were not delivered until between March and July 1930 . Once the original batch had proved their worth and had been well received by the crews a further twenty locomotives were ordered in March 1931 for delivery between December 1932 and March 1934 . A third batch of twenty were ordered from Eastleigh in March 1932 for delivery after the completion of the previous order , but this was subsequently reduced to ten locomotives because of the continuing trade depression . The final locomotive in the class was delivered in July 1935 .
= = = Naming the locomotives = = =
For location details and current status of the preserved locomotives including surviving artifacts of scrapped class members , see : List of SR V " Schools " class locomotives
The Southern Railway continued its 1923 naming policy for express passenger locomotives with this class . As several public schools were located on the Southern Railway network , the locomotives were named after them . This was another marketing success for both railway and schools concerned , continuing in the tradition of the N15 King Arthur and Lord Nelson classes ' .
Where possible , the Southern sent the newly constructed locomotive to a station near the school after which it was named for its official naming ceremony , when pupils were allowed to view the cab of " their " engine . Extension of the class meant that names from " foreign " schools outside the Southern Railway catchment area were used , including Rugby and Malvern .
= = = Modifications = = =
The class performed well from the outset , but there were a number of minor modifications over the years . The first ten were built without smoke deflectors , but these were added from August 1931 , and the remaining thirty were fitted with them from new . Following the successful introduction of the Lemaître multiple jet blastpipes on to the Lord Nelson class , Maunsell 's successor Oliver Bulleid began to fit them to the Schools class . However no discernible improvement to draughting was experienced , and only twenty examples were so modified .
= = Operational use = =
The original ten locomotives were shared between Dover for use on the South Eastern Main Line and Eastbourne for London expresses . Several of the former later transferred to Ramsgate . By mid 1931 they began to be used on the Hastings services and as more locomotives became available later that year they also appeared on Portsmouth expresses . After the electrification of the London to Eastbourne and the London to Portsmouth routes in the late 1930s the class also began to be used from Bournemouth . Under British Railways they were also widely used on cross @-@ country trains from Brighton to Cardiff and Exeter and on the Newhaven Boat Trains . Two locomotives ( 30902 and 30921 ) were briefly supplied with Lord Nelson tenders for use on the longer runs of the Western Section .
= = = Achievements = = =
The class was frequently regarded by locomotive crews as the finest constructed by the Southern Railway up to 1930 , and could turn in highly spectacular performances for its size . The fastest recorded speed for these locomotives was 95 mph ( 153 km / h ) , achieved near Wool railway station in 1938 by 928 Stowe pulling a four coach train from Dorchester to Wareham . However , there was a drawback with such high power and relatively low weight ; when starting the locomotive from a standstill , wheelslips frequently occurred , calling for skilled handling on the footplate .
The reception given by footplate crews was such that more of the class were constructed for other parts of the network , although the electrification of the Southern 's Eastern Section meant that they were dispersed from their original stamping grounds .
= = = Withdrawal = = =
The introduction of British Rail Class 201 diesel @-@ electric multiple units to the Hastings route after 1957 and the completion of the electrification of the South Eastern Main Line in 1961 deprived the class of much of their work . Withdrawals began in January 1961 and the whole class had disappeared from service by December 1962 .
= = Accidents and incidents = =
On 11 May 1941 , locomotive No. 934 St. Lawrence was severely damaged at Cannon Street station , London in a Luftwaffe air raid .
= = Livery and numbering = =
= = = Southern Railway = = =
When built , the Schools Class were outshopped in Maunsell 's darker version of the LSWR passenger sage green livery lined in black and white , with cabside numberplates and " Southern " and the loco number on the tender in yellow . Later adaptations of the Southern Railway livery following Bulleid 's arrival as Chief Mechanical Engineer entailed Malachite Green livery , again with " Sunshine Yellow " picking out the numbers and " Southern " on the tender ( during the Second World War the locomotives were painted black with yellow lettering and numbers . ) . The smoke deflectors – a later addition – were also treated with this livery . Numbers allocated to the locomotives were 900 – 939 .
= = = Post @-@ 1948 ( nationalisation ) = = =
Initial livery after nationalisation in 1948 was modified Southern Railway malachite green and sunshine yellow with ' British Railways ' on the tender , and the Southern numbering system was temporarily retained with an " S " prefix , e.g. S900 . Following this the locomotives were repainted British Railways mixed traffic lined black and given the power classification 5P , as only the larger passenger locos were painted green . This choice of livery proved an unpopular decision considering the locomotives ' duties , and they were subsequently outshopped in British Railways brunswick green livery with orange and black lining as they became due for overhaul . By this stage the class had been renumbered under standard British Railways procedure , from 30900 to 30939 .
= = Preservation = =
Three locomotives have been preserved :
925 , Cheltenham , is part of the National Railway Collection . Currently at the Mid Hants having undergone overhaul by a team from the Mid Hants Railway ( led by Chris Smith ) at Eastleigh Works . On completion , the locomotive featured at Railfest in June 2012 and then returned to the Mid Hants ( on 26 / 28 June ) where she will be based on long term loan from the NRM . She joins fellow Maunsell Southern Railway engine Lord Nelson Class No. 850 Lord Nelson .
926 , Repton , is owned by the North Yorkshire Moors Railway . It was completed in May 1934 and entered service on the Bournemouth route , with some time operating between Waterloo and Portsmouth before that line was electrified . It was one of the last of the class to be overhauled by British Railways in 1960 , so was considered a good choice for preservation . In December 1962 the engine was withdrawn from service , and in 1966 it was purchased and overhauled at Eastleigh , before moving to the USA . It was donated by the purchaser to Steamtown , USA in Vermont , USA . Steamtown loaned the engine to the Cape Breton Steam Railway in Canada , where it operated a regular passenger service . In 1989 it was sold again , and returned to the UK to the NYMR , where it was again overhauled and found to be in good condition . Currently undergoing overhaul . 30926 has also operated on the mainline between Whitby and Grosmont with occasional visits to Battersby .
928 Stowe , was built in 1934 at a cost of £ 5 @,@ 000 by the Eastleigh locomotive works of the Southern Railway . It recorded more than a million miles of passenger service operation during 28 years of Southern main line use . It was purchased from British Railways for Lord Montagu 's National Motor Museum on withdrawal in 1962 . It was moved to the East Somerset Railway in 1973 , and then to the Bluebell Railway where it was put into running order by the Maunsell Locomotive Society , entering service in 1981 . It ran for the length of its ten @-@ year boiler ticket and was withdrawn from service in 1991 . ' Stowe ' was purchased by the MLS from Lord Montagu in September 2000 , thus securing it 's future at the Bluebell . The purchase was funded in part by the sale of S15 class no . 830 , which subsequently moved to the North Yorkshire Moors Railway where it awaits restoration to working order . In 2003 the tender was completely rebuilt , with a brand new tank being built . ' Stowe ' is now undergoing a full overhaul to working order , with funds being raised through the Bluebell 's ' Keep Up The Pressure ' campaign .
= = Models = =
The erstwhile Kitmaster company produced an unpowered polystyrene injection moulded model kit for 00 gauge , which went on sale in March 1959 . In late 1962 , the Kitmaster brand was sold by its parent company ( Rosebud Dolls ) to Airfix , who transferred the moulding tools to their own factory ; they re @-@ introduced some of the former Kitmaster range , including the Schools class locomotive in May 1968 . In time , the moulding tools passed on to Dapol who have also produced the model kit . Crownline Models produce an etched chassis kit to permit this model to be motorised .
Hornby produce a super @-@ detailed OO gauge model of the Schools Class .
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= Come to the Well =
Come to the Well is the fifth studio album by American contemporary Christian band Casting Crowns , released on October 18 , 2011 through Beach Street and Reunion Records . The album , which has a predominantly pop rock and rock sound , was based on the Biblical story of the woman at the well . In writing the album , lead vocalist Mark Hall collaborated with songwriters Steven Curtis Chapman , Matthew West , and Tom Douglas . The album received mostly positive reviews from critics , many of whom praised the album 's songwriting , and received the award for Top Christian Album at the 2012 Billboard Music Awards .
Although it was projected to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 by music industry analysts , Come to the Well debuted at number two on the chart and number one on the Christian Albums chart with first @-@ week sales of 99 @,@ 000 units . It also debuted on the Canadian Albums Chart at number sixty @-@ nine and appeared at number eight on the New Zealand Albums Chart in 2012 following the band 's appearance at the 2012 Parachute Music Festival . The album has sold over 779 @,@ 000 copies and has received a Gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The album 's lead single , " Courageous " , peaked at number one on the Billboard Christian Songs chart and at number four on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart .
= = Background and recording = =
According to Casting Crowns ' lead vocalist Mark Hall , the concept for Come to the Well is the song " The Well " . Hall wrote the song based on the Biblical story of " woman at the well and the fact that she was standing there talking to Jesus about water and Jesus was talking to her about water , but they weren 't talking about the same water " . Hall noted that , in his life , " when I come to Jesus , I 've already got my well figured out , I 've already got what I think is going to sustain me , I just need him to sprinkle some magic Jesus dust on it and make it work . We have our wells figured and we want Jesus to fix our wells , but our wells are really holes in the ground " . Hall argued that instead of using that approach , Chrsitians should " start with Jesus , then we go to the world " , and said that approach is what the album is about . In writing the album , Hall worked with outside songwriters Steven Curtis Chapman , Matthew West , and Tom Douglas on several tracks ; he received writing credit on eleven out of the album 's twelve tracks , the exception being " Face Down " , which was penned by Hector Cervantes and Marc Byrd .
Come to the Well was produced by Mark A. Miller . It was recorded and mixed by Sam Hewitt at Zoo Studio in Franklin , Tennessee . Additional vocals were recorded by Billy Lord at Eagle 's Landing Studio in McDonough , Georgia , while additional recording was conducted at Lifesong Studio in McDonough . The string tracks on the album , which were arranged by David Davidson , were recorded at Ocean Way Studio in Nashville , Tennessee by Bobby Shin . It was mastered by Andrew Mendelson at Georgetown Masters in Nashville . The album was submixed by Shin at ShinShack Studio in Nashville .
= = Musical style and songwriting = =
Come to the Well has been described as a pop rock and rock album ; it has also been described as being a pop and worship album .
= = = Tracks 1 – 6 = = =
Opening track " Courageous " , a pop rock and soft rock song , was described by Hall as an " anthem of encouragement . It ’ s one brother reminding all of God ’ s men we were meant for greatness , and that greatness is defined in contagious and courageous abandonment to Jesus " .
" City on the Hill " , described as " lush " and " string @-@ laden " , is a critique of denominationalism in the Christian church ; Hall described the song as an " allegory of the factions of the modern Church , the result of predominantly like @-@ minded people often dwelling upon non @-@ essentials and personal taste to go their own direction " .
" Jesus , Friend of Sinners " " admonishes the Christian church to show compassion " and " laments how the world knows many Christ followers more by what they are against than what they are for " . Although Hall called the song " one of the more direct songs [ Casting Crowns has ] written " , he said " it also speaks truth . And I think believers should speak truth to each other as long as we do it in love " .
" Already There " , described as " echoing " Clocks " -era Coldplay " , relates the concept that " God is already sitting at the end of your life looking back at it " . " The Well " , regarded by Hall as the " heart of the entire album " , highlights the " life @-@ giving love of Jesus " as opposed to " dried up empty religion " .
" Spirit Wind " incorporates a folk rock sound with influences from country music . The song , one of the first songs Mark Hall ever wrote , was written after Hall saw a pastor at a church in Alabama preach the story of Ezekiel and the valley of dry bones to a church that Hall described as one of the " deadest churches " he had ever seen . The song 's verse structure goes from " Ezekiel in the first verse to the country preacher in the second verse and finally to a prayer for God to raise his Church again as a mighty army [ in the third verse ] " .
= = = Tracks 7 – 12 = = =
" Just Another Birthday " , sung by Megan Garrett , is a mid @-@ tempo ballad . The song was written to " shake up some fathers and remind them of their true priorities " and to " encourage kids out there who don ’ t have an involved dad here on Earth " .
" Wedding Day " features a " soaring melody " . According to Hall , the song " anticipates the thrill of reveling in the presence of God as the Bride of Christ " , a theme Hall felt is rarely addressed in modern music . " Angel " was written for Hall 's wife , Melanie , and references the first time Hall met her as well as their wedding day .
" My Own Worst Enemy " has a " grungy " rock sound . Hall felt the song 's sound , which he described as perhaps the heaviest song Casting Crowns have ever made , was fitting due to the song 's lyrical theme of the inner battle with sin .
" Face Down " is the only song on the album which was not co @-@ written by Hall , The album 's final song , " So Far to Find You " , was written by Hall and Steven Curtis Chapman about Hall 's adopted daughter , Meeka Hope .
= = Release and promotion = =
Prior to the release of Come to the Well , " Courageous " was released as a digital download on July 19 , 2011 and to Christian radio on August 13 , 2011 . The single topped the Billboard Christian Songs chart and peaked at number four on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart . Come to the Well was released on October 18 , 2011 . The album was projected to sell anywhere from 95 @,@ 000 copies to upwards of 110 @,@ 000 copies in its first week of sales in the United States . Although industry analysts predicted the album would top the Billboard 200 chart , it ultimately debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 with sales of 99 @,@ 000 units , blocked by Adele 's album 21 . The album also debuted at number one on the Christian Albums chart , number two on the Digital Albums chart , and number sixty @-@ nine on the Canadian Albums Chart . In its second week , the album sold 30 @,@ 000 copies in the United States , dropping to number ten on the Billboard 200 chart . The album held the top spot on the Christian Albums chart for four consecutive weeks following its release and for ten non @-@ consecutive weeks from December 2011 to November 2012 . By February 2012 , the album had sold 601 @,@ 000 copies in the United States , according to Nielsen SoundScan . Following the band 's appearance at the 2012 Parachute Music Festival in New Zealand , Come to the Well debuted at number eight on the New Zealand Albums Chart . The album 's second single , " Jesus , Friend of Sinners " , was released to Christian radio on March 3 , 2012 . As of March 2014 , the album has sold 779 @,@ 000 copies .
= = Critical reception and accolades = =
Come to the Well received mostly positive reviews from music critics . James Christopher Monger of Allmusic gave the album three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half out of four stars , praising the album 's opening songs but critiquing the album 's " mid @-@ section " for having songs that " feel a bit tacked on " . Tom Frigoli of Alpha Omega News gave the album a grade of an A , praising the album for containing " everything they ’ ve come to love and more with several radio @-@ friendly songs . " Jonathan Faulkner of Alt Rock Live gave the album a seven out of ten stars , commenting that the album " is defiantly a step in the right " direction . Grace S. Aspinwall of CCM Magazine gave the album four out of five stars , praising the overall quality of the album and commending the band for " staying true to themselves " . Robert Ham of Christianity Today gave the album three out of five stars , critiquing the album for " sticking to the well @-@ trodden road of modern worship " . Tom Lennie of Cross Rhythms gave Come to the Well nine out of ten stars , praising the album 's music and lyrics for being " impacting " and " making for much more than just an enjoyable listen " . Jonathan Andre of Indie Vision Music gave the album three out of five stars , calling it a " thought @-@ provoking album , about how society wants the temporary fix " . Caldwell of Jesus Freak Hideout gave the album four out of five stars , describing it as " skillfully walk [ ing ] the thin tightrope act of balancing a heart for ministry and discipleship with a broadly appealing ( if sometimes too broadly appealing ) pop rock soundtrack " .
Schexnayder of Jesus Freak Hideout gave a second staff opinion rating of three @-@ stars @-@ out @-@ of @-@ five , and wrote that " Come To The Well is not an unbearable musical venture , and it ’ s likely one of their better recent releases . Although their music may not be of the highest quality , those looking for lyrics that go deeper than your average contemporary worship band should consider giving at least some of Casting Crowns ’ latest a listen . " Davies of Louder Than the Music gave it a three and a half out of five stars , noting that " there is absolutely nothing wrong with this album " , which he expects more out of the band , advising that with " a little bit more creativity musically and this could be a really strong album . " Kevin Davis of New Release Tuesday gave it a four out of five stars , evoking how the album is " filled with songs that both challenge and encourage believers in their walk " , and calling it " the best album by Casting Crowns since Lifesong " . Bert Gangl of The Phantom Tollbooth gave it a three and a half out of five stars , writing that the album " taken as a whole , the new record , in spite of its intermittent musical tangents – or perhaps because of them – winds up being one of the Crown collective 's most cohesive , and impressive , releases to date . " Ed Cardinal of Crosswalk.com said the album was " as strong and yet relatively safe as anything it has done before " and praised it as " sure to be among 2011 ’ s most popular and enduring Christian albums " . Lindsay Williams of Gospel Music Channel praised the album 's songwriting and said the album " is a solid effort in the Crowns discography " . Barry Westman of Worship Leader praising the album for its " variety in styles adds to the complexity of the album , and keeps the listener wondering what will come next . " At the 2012 Billboard Music Awards , the album received the award for Top Christian Album . Come to the Well has been nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Christian Music Album at the 55th Grammy Awards , while " Jesus , Friend of Sinners " has received nominations for Best Gospel / Contemporary Christian Music Performance and Best Contemporary Christian Music Song .
= = Track listing = =
= = Personnel = =
Credits lifted from the liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = = Chart procession and succession = = =
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= Saint Paul , Minnesota =
Saint Paul ( / ˌseɪnt ˈpɔːl / ; abbreviated St. Paul ) is the capital and second @-@ most populous city of the U.S. state of Minnesota . As of 2015 , the city 's estimated population was 300 @,@ 851 . Saint Paul is the county seat of Ramsey County , the smallest and most densely populated county in Minnesota . The city lies mostly on the east bank of the Mississippi River in the area surrounding its point of confluence with the Minnesota River , and adjoins Minneapolis , the state 's largest city . Known as the " Twin Cities " , the two form the core of Minneapolis – Saint Paul , the 16th @-@ largest metropolitan area in the United States , with about 3 @.@ 52 million residents .
Founded near historic Native American settlements as a trading and transportation center , the city rose to prominence when it was named the capital of the Minnesota Territory in 1849 . Though Minneapolis is better @-@ known nationally , Saint Paul contains the state government and other important institutions . Regionally , the city is known for the Xcel Energy Center , home of the Minnesota Wild , and for the Science Museum of Minnesota . As a business hub of the Upper Midwest , it is the headquarters of companies such as Ecolab . Saint Paul , along with its Twin City , Minneapolis , is known for its high literacy rate . It was the only city in the United States with a population of 250 @,@ 000 or more to see an increase in circulation of Sunday newspapers in 2007 .
The settlement originally began at present @-@ day Lambert 's Landing , but was known as Pig 's Eye after Pierre " Pig 's Eye " Parrant established a popular tavern there . When Lucien Galtier , the first Catholic pastor of the region , established the Log Chapel of Saint Paul ( shortly thereafter to become the first location of the Cathedral of Saint Paul ) , he made it known that the settlement was now to be called by that name , as " Saint Paul as applied to a town or city was well appropriated , this monosyllable is short , sounds good , it is understood by all Christian denominations " .
= = History = =
Burial mounds in present @-@ day Indian Mounds Park suggest that the area was originally inhabited by the Hopewell Native Americans about two thousand years ago . From the early 17th century until 1837 , the Mdewakanton Dakota , a tribe of the Sioux , lived near the mounds after fleeing their ancestral home of Mille Lacs Lake from advancing Ojibwe . They called the area I @-@ mni @-@ za ska dan ( " little white rock " ) for its exposed white sandstone cliffs .
Following the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 , a U.S. Army officer named Zebulon Pike negotiated approximately 100 @,@ 000 acres ( 40 @,@ 000 ha ; 160 sq mi ) of land from the local Dakota tribes in 1805 in order to establish a fort . The negotiated territory was located on both banks of the Mississippi River , starting from Saint Anthony Falls in present @-@ day Minneapolis , to its confluence with the Saint Croix River . Fort Snelling was built on the territory in 1819 at the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers , which formed a natural barrier to both Native American nations . The 1837 Treaty with the Sioux ceded all local tribal land east of the Mississippi to the U.S. Government . Taoyateduta ( Chief Little Crow V ) moved his band at Kaposia across the river to the south . Fur traders , explorers , and missionaries came to the area for the fort 's protection . Many of the settlers were French @-@ Canadians who lived nearby . However , as a whiskey trade flourished , military officers banned settlers from the fort @-@ controlled lands . Pierre " Pig 's Eye " Parrant , a retired fur trader @-@ turned @-@ bootlegger who particularly irritated officials , set up his tavern , the Pig 's Eye , near present @-@ day Lambert 's Landing . By the early 1840s , the community had become important as a trading center and a destination for settlers heading west . Locals called the area Pig 's Eye ( French : L 'Œil du Cochon ) or Pig 's Eye Landing after Parrant 's popular tavern .
In 1841 , Father Lucien Galtier was sent to minister to the Catholic French @-@ Canadians and established a chapel , named for his favorite saint , Paul the Apostle , on the bluffs above Lambert 's Landing . Galtier intended for the settlement to adopt the name Saint Paul in honor of the new chapel . In 1847 , a New York educator named Harriet Bishop moved to the area and opened the city 's first school . The Minnesota Territory was formalized in 1849 and Saint Paul named as its capital . In 1857 , the territorial legislature voted to move the capital to Saint Peter . However , Joe Rolette , a territorial legislator , stole the physical text of the approved bill and went into hiding , thus preventing the move . On May 11 , 1858 , Minnesota was admitted to the union as the thirty @-@ second state , with Saint Paul as the capital .
That year , more than 1 @,@ 000 steamboats were in service at Saint Paul , making the city a gateway for settlers to the Minnesota frontier or Dakota Territory . Natural geography was a primary reason that the city became a landing . The area was the last accessible point to unload boats coming upriver due to the Mississippi River Valley 's stone bluffs . During this period , Saint Paul was called " The Last City of the East . " Industrialist James J. Hill constructed and expanded his network of railways into the Great Northern Railway and Northern Pacific Railway , which were headquartered in Saint Paul . Today they are collectively part of the BNSF Railway .
On August 20 , 1904 , severe thunderstorms and tornadoes damaged hundreds of downtown buildings , causing USD $ 1 @.@ 78 million ( $ 46 @.@ 88 million present @-@ day ) in damages to the city and ripping spans from the High Bridge . In the 1960s , during urban renewal , Saint Paul razed western neighborhoods close to downtown . The city also contended with the creation of the interstate freeway system in a fully built landscape . From 1959 to 1961 , the western Rondo neighborhood was demolished by the construction of Interstate 94 , which brought attention to racial segregation and unequal housing in northern cities . The annual Rondo Days celebration commemorates the African American community .
Downtown had short skyscraper @-@ building booms beginning in the 1970s . The tallest buildings , such as Galtier Plaza ( Jackson and Sibley Towers ) , The Pointe of Saint Paul condominiums , and the city 's tallest building , Wells Fargo Place ( formerly Minnesota World Trade Center ) , were constructed in the late 1980s . In the 1990s and 2000s , the tradition of bringing new immigrant groups to the city continued . As of 2004 , nearly 10 % of the city 's population were recent Hmong immigrants from Vietnam , Laos , Cambodia , Thailand , and Myanmar . Saint Paul is the location of the Hmong Archives .
= = Geography = =
Saint Paul 's history and growth as a landing port are tied to water . The city 's defining physical characteristic , the confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers , was carved into the region during the last ice age , as were the steep river bluffs and dramatic palisades on which the city is built . Receding glaciers and Lake Agassiz forced torrents of water from a glacial river that undercut the river valleys . The city is situated in east @-@ central Minnesota .
The Mississippi River forms a municipal boundary on part of the city 's west , southwest , and southeast sides . Minneapolis , the state 's largest city , lies to the west . Falcon Heights , Lauderdale , Roseville , and Maplewood are north , with Maplewood lying to the east . The cities of West Saint Paul and South Saint Paul are to the south , as are Lilydale , Mendota , and Mendota Heights , although across the river from the city . The city 's largest lakes are Pig 's Eye Lake , which is part of the Mississippi , Lake Phalen , and Lake Como . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 56 @.@ 18 square miles ( 145 @.@ 51 km2 ) , of which 51 @.@ 98 square miles ( 134 @.@ 63 km2 ) is land and 4 @.@ 20 square miles ( 10 @.@ 88 km2 ) is water .
= = = Neighborhoods = = =
Saint Paul 's Department of Planning and Economic Development divides Saint Paul into seventeen Planning Districts , created in 1979 to allow neighborhoods to participate in governance and utilize Community Development Block Grants . With a funding agreement directly from the city , the councils share a pool of funds . The councils have significant land @-@ use control , a voice in guiding development , and they organize residents . The boundaries are adjusted depending on population changes ; as such , they sometimes overlap established neighborhoods . Though these neighborhoods changed overtime , many of their historically significant structures have been saved by preservationists .
The city 's seventeen Planning Districts are :
= = = Climate = = =
Saint Paul has a continental climate typical of the Upper Midwestern United States . Winters are frigid and snowy , while summers are hot and humid . As a consequence of Saint Paul 's continental climate , it experiences one of the greatest ranges of temperatures on earth for any major city . On the Köppen climate classification , Saint Paul falls in the hot summer humid continental climate zone ( Dfa ) . The city experiences a full range of precipitation and related weather events , including snow , sleet , ice , rain , thunderstorms , tornadoes , and fog .
Due to its northerly location in the United States and lack of large bodies of water to moderate the air , Saint Paul is sometimes subjected to cold Arctic air masses , especially during late December , January , and February . The average annual temperature of 47 @.@ 05 ° F ( 8 @.@ 36 ° C ) gives the Minneapolis − Saint Paul metropolitan area the coldest annual mean temperature of any major metropolitan area in the continental U.S.
= = Demographics = =
The earliest known inhabitants from about 400 A.D. were members of the Hopewell tradition who buried their dead in mounds ( now Indian Mounds Park ) on the bluffs above the river . The next known inhabitants were the Mdewakanton Dakota in the 17th century who fled their ancestral home of Mille Lacs Lake in central Minnesota in response to westward expansion of the Ojibwe nation . The Ojibwe would later occupy the north ( east ) bank of the Mississippi River .
By 1800 , French @-@ Canadian explorers came through the region and attracted fur traders to the area . Fort Snelling and nearby Pig 's Eye Tavern also brought the first Yankees from New England and English , Irish , and Scottish immigrants who had enlisted in the army and settled nearby after discharge . These early settlers and entrepreneurs built houses on the heights north of the river . The first wave of immigration came with the Irish who settled at Connemara Patch along the Mississippi , named for their home in Connemara Ireland . The Irish would become prolific in politics , city governance , and public safety , much to the chagrin of the Germans and French who had grown into the majority . In 1850 , the first of many groups of Swedish immigrants passed through Saint Paul on their way to farming communities in northern and western regions of the territory . A large group settled in Swede Hollow , which would later become home to Poles , Italians , and Mexicans . The last Swedish presence had moved up Saint Paul 's East Side along Payne Avenue in the 1950s .
In terms of people who specified European ancestry in the 2005 @-@ 2007 American Community Survey , the city was 26 @.@ 4 % German , 13 @.@ 8 % Irish , 8 @.@ 4 % Norwegian , 7 @.@ 0 % Swedish , and 6 @.@ 2 % English . There is also a visible community of people of Sub @-@ Saharan African ancestry , representing 4 @.@ 2 % of Saint Paul 's population . By the 1980s , the Thomas Dale area , once an Austro @-@ Hungarian enclave known as Frogtown ( German : Froschburg ) , became home to Vietnamese people who left their war @-@ torn country . Soon after a settlement program for the Hmong diaspora came , and by 2000 , the Saint Paul Hmong were the largest urban contingent in the United States . Mexican immigrants have settled in Saint Paul 's West Side since the 1930s , and have grown enough that Mexico opened a foreign consulate in 2005 .
The majority of residents claiming religious affiliation are Christian , split between the Roman Catholic Church and various Protestant denominations . The Roman Catholic presence comes from Irish , German , Scottish , and French Canadian settlers who , in time , would be bolstered by Hispanic immigrants . There are Jewish synagogues such as Mount Zion Temple and relatively small populations of Hindus , Muslims , and Buddhists . The city has been dubbed " paganistan " due to its large Wiccan population .
As of the 2005 @-@ 2007 American Community Survey conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau , White Americans made up 66 @.@ 5 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 62 @.@ 1 % were non @-@ Hispanic whites , down from 93 @.@ 6 % in 1970 . Blacks or African Americans made up 13 @.@ 9 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 13 @.@ 5 % were non @-@ Hispanic blacks . American Indians made up 0 @.@ 8 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 0 @.@ 6 % were non @-@ Hispanic . Asian Americans made up 12 @.@ 3 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 12 @.@ 2 % were non @-@ Hispanic . Pacific Islander Americans made up less than 0 @.@ 1 % of Saint Paul 's population . Individuals from some other race made up 3 @.@ 4 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 0 @.@ 2 % were non @-@ Hispanic . Individuals from two or more races made up 3 @.@ 1 % of Saint Paul 's population ; of which 2 @.@ 6 % were non @-@ Hispanic . In addition , Hispanics and Latinos made up 8 @.@ 7 % of Saint Paul 's population .
As of the 2000 U.S. Census , there were 287 @,@ 151 people , 112 @,@ 109 households , and 60 @,@ 999 families residing in the city . The racial makeup of the city was 67 @.@ 0 % White , 11 @.@ 7 % African American , 1 @.@ 1 % Native American , 12 @.@ 4 % Asian ( mostly Hmong ) , 0 @.@ 1 % Pacific Islander , 3 @.@ 8 % from other races , and 3 @.@ 9 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7 @.@ 9 % of the population .
= = = 2010 census = = =
As of the census of 2010 , there were 285 @,@ 068 people , 111 @,@ 001 households , and 59 @,@ 689 families residing in the city . The population density was 5 @,@ 484 @.@ 2 inhabitants per square mile ( 2 @,@ 117 @.@ 5 / km2 ) . There were 120 @,@ 795 housing units at an average density of 2 @,@ 323 @.@ 9 per square mile ( 897 @.@ 3 / km2 ) . The racial makeup of the city was 60 @.@ 1 % white , 15 @.@ 7 % African American , 1 @.@ 1 % Native American , 15 @.@ 0 % Asian , 0 @.@ 1 % Pacific Islander , 3 @.@ 9 % from other races , and 4 @.@ 2 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9 @.@ 6 % of the population .
There were 111 @,@ 001 households of which 30 @.@ 4 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 34 @.@ 1 % were married couples living together , 14 @.@ 8 % had a female householder with no husband present , 4 @.@ 9 % had a male householder with no wife present , and 46 @.@ 2 % were non @-@ families . 35 @.@ 8 % of all households were made up of individuals and 8 @.@ 5 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2 @.@ 47 and the average family size was 3 @.@ 33 .
The median age in the city was 30 @.@ 9 years . 25 @.@ 1 % of residents were under the age of 18 ; 13 @.@ 9 % were between the ages of 18 and 24 ; 29 @.@ 6 % were from 25 to 44 ; 22 @.@ 6 % were from 45 to 64 ; and 9 % were 65 years of age or older . The gender makeup of the city was 48 @.@ 9 % male and 51 @.@ 1 % female .
= = Economy = =
The Minneapolis – Saint Paul – Bloomington area employs 1 @,@ 570 @,@ 700 people in the private sector as of July 2008 , 82 @.@ 43 percent of which work in private service providing @-@ related jobs .
Major corporations headquartered in Saint Paul include Ecolab , a chemical and cleaning product company which was named in 2008 by the Minneapolis / St. Paul Business Journal as the eighth best place to work in the Twin Cites for companies with 1 @,@ 000 full @-@ time Minnesota employees , Securian Financial Group Inc. and Gander Mountain , a retailer of sporting goods which operates 115 stores in 23 states .
The 3M Company is often cited as one of Saint Paul 's companies , though it is located in adjacent Maplewood , Minnesota . 3M employs 16 @,@ 000 people throughout Minnesota . St. Jude Medical , a manufacturer of medical devices , is directly across the municipal border of Saint Paul in Little Canada , though the company 's address is listed in Saint Paul .
The city was home to the Ford Motor Company 's Twin Cities Assembly Plant , which opened in 1924 and closed at the end of 2011 . The plant was in Highland Park on the Mississippi River , adjacent to Lock and Dam No. 1 , Mississippi River , which generates hydroelectric power . The site is now being cleared of all buildings and tested for contamination to prepare for redevelopment .
= = Culture = =
In winter months , Saint Paul hosts the Saint Paul Winter Carnival , a tradition that originated in 1886 when a New York reporter called Saint Paul " another Siberia . " Attended by 350 @,@ 000 visitors annually , the event showcases ice sculpting , an annual treasure hunt , winter food , activities , and an ice palace . The Como Zoo and Conservatory and adjoining Japanese Garden are popular year @-@ round . The historic Landmark Center in downtown Saint Paul hosts cultural and arts organizations . The city 's notable recreation locations include Indian Mounds Park , Battle Creek Regional Park , Harriet Island Regional Park , Highland Park , the Wabasha Street Caves , Lake Como , Lake Phalen , and Rice Park , as well as several areas abutting the Mississippi River . The Irish Fair of Minnesota is also held annually at the Harriet Island Pavilion area . And the country 's largest Hmong American sports festival , the Freedom Festival , is held the first weekend of July at McMurray Field near Como Park .
The city is associated with the Minnesota State Fair in nearby Falcon Heights just north of Saint Paul 's Midway neighborhood and southeast of the University of Minnesota Saint Paul Campus . Though Fort Snelling is on the Minneapolis side of the Mississippi River bluff , the area including Fort Snelling State Park and Pike Island is managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources headquartered in the city .
Saint Paul is the birthplace of cartoonist Charles M. Schulz ( Peanuts ) , who lived in Merriam Park from infancy until 1960 . Schulz 's Snoopy cartoon inspired giant , decorated Peanuts sculptures around the city , a Chamber of Commerce promotion in the late 1990s . Other notable residents include writer F. Scott Fitzgerald , playwright August Wilson , who premiered many of the ten plays in his Pittsburgh Cycle at the local Penumbra Theater , painter LeRoy Neiman , and photographer John Vachon .
The Ordway Center for the Performing Arts hosts theater productions and the Minnesota Opera is a founding tenant . RiverCentre , attached to Xcel Energy Center , serves as the city 's convention center . The city has contributed to the music of Minnesota and the Twin Cities music scene through various venues . Great jazz musicians have passed through the influential Artists ' Quarter , first established in the 1970s in Whittier , Minneapolis , and moved to downtown Saint Paul in 1994 . Artists ' Quarter also hosts the Soapboxing Poetry Slam , home of the 2009 National Poetry Slam Champions . At The Black Dog , in Lowertown , many French or European jazz musicians ( Evan Parker , Tony Hymas , Benoît Delbecq , François Corneloup ... ) have met Twin Cities musicians and started new groups touring in Europe . Groups and performers such as Fantastic Merlins , Dean Magraw / Davu Seru , Merciless Ghosts , and Willie Murphy are regulars . The Turf Club in Midway has been a music scene landmark since the 1940s . Saint Paul is also the home base of the internationally acclaimed Rose Ensemble . As an Irish stronghold , the city boasts popular Irish pubs with live music , such as Shamrocks , The Dubliner , and O 'Gara 's . The internationally acclaimed Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra is the nation 's only full @-@ time professional chamber orchestra . The Minnesota Centennial Showboat on the Mississippi River began in 1958 with Minnesota 's first centennial celebration .
Saint Paul hosts a number of museums , including the University of Minnesota 's Goldstein Museum of Design , the Minnesota Children 's Museum , the Schubert Club Museum of Musical Instruments , the Minnesota Museum of American Art , the Traces Center for History and Culture , the Minnesota History Center , the Alexander Ramsey House , the James J. Hill House , the Minnesota Transportation Museum , the Science Museum of Minnesota , and The Twin City Model Railroad Museum .
= = Sports = =
The Saint Paul division of Parks and Recreation runs over 1 @,@ 500 organized sports teams . In addition , the Parks and Recreation department is responsible for 160 parks and 41 recreation centers .
Saint Paul hosts a number of professional , semi @-@ professional , and amateur sports teams . The Minnesota Wild play their home games in downtown Saint Paul 's Xcel Energy Center , which opened in 2000 . The Wild brought the NHL back to Minnesota for the first time since 1993 , when the Minnesota North Stars left the state for Dallas , Texas . ( The World Hockey Association 's Minnesota Fighting Saints played in Saint Paul from 1972 to 1977 . ) Citing the history of hockey in the Twin Cities and teams at all levels , Sports Illustrated called Saint Paul the new Hockeytown U.S.A. in 2007 .
The Xcel Energy Center , a multipurpose entertainment and sports venue , can host concerts and accommodate nearly all sporting events . It occupies the site of the demolished Saint Paul Civic Center . The Xcel Energy Center hosts the Minnesota high school boys hockey tournament , the Minnesota high school girl 's volleyball tournament , and concerts throughout the year . In 2004 , it was named the best overall sports venue in the US by ESPN .
The St. Paul Saints is the city 's independent league baseball team . There have been several different teams called the Saints over the years . Originally founded in 1884 , they were shut down in 1961 after the Minnesota Twins moved to Bloomington . The St. Paul Saints were brought back in 1993 as an independent baseball team in the Northern League , moving to the American Association in 2006 . Their home games are played at the open @-@ air CHS Field in downtown 's Lowertown Historic District . Four noted Major League All @-@ Star baseball players are natives of Saint Paul : Hall of Fame outfielder Dave Winfield , Hall of Fame infielder Paul Molitor , pitcher Jack Morris , and catcher Joe Mauer . The all @-@ black St. Paul Colored Gophers played four seasons in Saint Paul from 1907 to 1911 .
The St. Paul Twin Stars of the National Premier Soccer League play their home games at Macalester Stadium . The first curling club in Saint Paul was founded in 1888 . The current club , the St. Paul Curling Club , was founded in 1912 and is the largest curling club in the United States . The Minnesota RollerGirls are a flat @-@ track roller derby league based in the Roy Wilkins Auditorium . Minnesota 's oldest athletic organization , the Minnesota Boat Club , resides in the Mississippi River on Raspberry Island . Saint Paul is also home to Circus Juventas , the largest circus arts school in North America .
On March 25 , 2015 , Major League Soccer announced that it had awarded its 23rd MLS franchise to Minnesota United FC , a team from the lower @-@ level North American Soccer League . Bill McGuire and his ownership group , which includes Jim Pohlad of the Minnesota Twins , Glen Taylor of the Minnesota Timberwolves , and Craig Leipold of the Minnesota Wild , had intended to build a privately financed soccer @-@ specific stadium in Downtown Minneapolis near the Minneapolis Farmer 's Market , but their plan was met with heavy opposition from Minneapolis Mayor Betsy Hodges , who said her city was suffering from " stadium fatigue " after building two stadiums , for the Minnesota Vikings and the Minnesota Golden Gophers , within a six @-@ year span . On July 1 , 2015 , after failing to reach an agreement with the city of Minneapolis , McGuire and his partners turned their focus to St. Paul .
On October 23 , 2015 , Bill McGuire of Minnesota United FC and St. Paul Mayor Chris Coleman announced that a privately financed soccer @-@ specific stadium would be built on the vacant Metro Transit Bus Barn site in St. Paul 's Midway neighborhood near the intersection of Snelling Avenue and University Avenue . The stadium will open in 2018 and seat 20 @,@ 000 . The team hopes to play in the MLS in 2017 .
The Timberwolves , Twins , and Vikings all play in Minneapolis .
= = Government and politics = =
Saint Paul has a variation of the strong mayor @-@ council form of government . The mayor is the chief executive and chief administrative officer for the city and the seven @-@ member city council is the legislative body . The mayor is elected by the entire city , while members of the city council are elected from seven different geographic wards of approximately equal population . Both the mayor and council members serve four @-@ year terms . The current mayor is Chris Coleman ( DFL ) , who is no relation to former mayor Norm Coleman . Coleman is Saint Paul 's ninth Irish @-@ American mayor since 1900 . Aside from Norm Coleman , who became a Republican during his second term , Saint Paul has not elected a Republican mayor since 1952 .
The city is also the county seat of Ramsey County , named for Alexander Ramsey , the state 's first governor . The county once spanned much of the present @-@ day metropolitan area and was originally to be named Saint Paul County after the city . Today it is geographically the smallest county and the most densely populated . Ramsey is the only home rule county in Minnesota ; the seven @-@ member Board of Commissioners appoints a county manager whose office is in the combination city hall / county courthouse along with the Minnesota Second Judicial Courts . The nearby Law Enforcement Center houses the Ramsey County Sheriff 's office .
= = = State and federal = = =
Saint Paul is the capital of the state of Minnesota . The city hosts the capitol building , designed by Saint Paul resident Cass Gilbert , and the House and Senate office buildings . The Minnesota Governor 's Residence , which is used for some state functions , is on Summit Avenue . The Minnesota Democratic @-@ Farmer @-@ Labor Party ( affiliated with the Democratic Party ) is headquartered in Saint Paul . Numerous state departments and services are also headquartered in Saint Paul , such as the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources .
The city includes four Minnesota Senate districts ( 64 , 65 , 66 and 67 ) , and Minnesota House of Representatives districts 64A , 64B , 65A , 65B , 66A , 66B , 67A and 67B are all in the city . The latest biannual election was in 2012 . At the federal level , the city is in Minnesota 's 4th congressional district , represented by Betty McCollum , a Democrat . Minnesota is represented in the Senate by Democrat Amy Klobuchar , a former Hennepin County Attorney , and Democrat Al Franken , a former comedian and satirist .
* District also includes Falcon Heights , Lauderdale and Roseville .
= = Education = =
Saint Paul is second in the United States in the number of higher education institutions per capita . Higher education institutions that call Saint Paul home include three public and eight private colleges and universities and five post @-@ secondary institutions . Well @-@ known colleges and universities include the Saint Catherine University , Concordia University , Hamline University , Macalester College , and the University of St. Thomas . Metropolitan State University and Saint Paul College , which focus on non @-@ traditional students , are based in Saint Paul , as well as two law schools , William Mitchell College of Law and Hamline University School of Law .
The Saint Paul Public Schools district is the state 's second largest school district and serves approximately 42 @,@ 000 students . The district is extremely diverse with students from families speaking 70 different languages , although only four languages are used for most school communication : English , Spanish , Hmong , and Somali . The district runs 82 different schools , including 52 elementary schools , twelve middle schools , seven high schools , ten alternative schools , and one special education school , employing over 6 @,@ 500 teachers and staff . The school district also oversees community education programs for pre @-@ K and adult learners , including Early Childhood Family Education , GED Diploma , language programs , and various learning opportunities for community members of all ages . In 2006 , Saint Paul Public Schools celebrated its 150th anniversary . Some students attend public schools in other school districts chosen by their families under Minnesota 's open enrollment statute .
A variety of K @-@ 12 private , parochial , and public charter schools are also represented in the city . In 1992 , Saint Paul became the first city in the US to sponsor and open a charter school , now found in most states across the nation . Saint Paul is currently home to 21 charter schools as well as 38 private schools . The Saint Paul Public Library system includes a Central Library and twelve branch locations .
= = Media = =
Residents of Saint Paul can receive 10 broadcast television stations , five of which broadcast from within Saint Paul . One daily newspaper , the St. Paul Pioneer Press , two weekly neighborhood newspapers , the East Side Review and City Pages ( owned by The Star Tribune Company ) , and several monthly or semimonthly neighborhood papers serve the city . Several media outlets based in neighboring Minneapolis also serve the Saint Paul community , including the Star Tribune . Saint Paul is home to Minnesota Public Radio , a three @-@ format system that broadcasts on nearly 40 stations around the Midwest . MPR locally delivers news and information , classical , and The Current ( which plays a wide variety of music ) . The station has 110 @,@ 000 regional members and more than 800 @,@ 000 listeners each week throughout the Upper Midwest , the largest audience of any regional public radio network . Also operating as part of American Public Media , MPR 's programming reaches five million listeners , most notably through A Prairie Home Companion , hosted by Garrison Keillor , who also lives in the city . The Fitzgerald Theater , renamed in 1994 for St. Paul native and novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald , is home to the show .
= = Transportation = =
= = = Interstate and roadways = = =
Residents utilize Interstate 35E running north @-@ south and Interstate 94 running east @-@ west . Trunk highways include U.S. Highway 52 , Minnesota State Highway 280 , and Minnesota State Highway 5 . Saint Paul has several unique roads such as Ayd Mill Road , Phalen Boulevard and Shepard Road / Warner Road , which diagonally follow particular geographic features in the city . Biking is also gaining popularity , due to both the creation of more paved bike lanes that connect to other bike routes throughout the metropolitan area and the creation of Nice Ride Minnesota , a seasonally operated nonprofit bicycle sharing and rental system that has over 1 @,@ 550 bicycles and 170 stations in both Minneapolis and Saint Paul . Downtown Saint Paul has a five mile ( 8 km ) enclosed skyway system over twenty @-@ five city blocks . The 563 @-@ mile Avenue of the Saints connects Saint Paul with Saint Louis , Missouri .
The layout of city streets and roads has often drawn complaints . While he was Governor of Minnesota , Jesse Ventura appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman , and remarked that the streets were designed by " drunken Irishmen " . He later apologized , though people had already been complaining about the fractured grid system for more than a century by that point . Some of the city 's road design is the result of the curve of the Mississippi River , hilly topography , conflicts between developers of different neighborhoods in the early city , and grand plans only half @-@ realized . Outside of downtown , the roads are less confusing , but most roads are named , rather than numbered , increasing the difficulty for non @-@ natives to navigate .
= = = Mass transit = = =
Metro Transit provides bus service and light rail in the Minneapolis – Saint Paul area . The METRO Green Line is an 11 @-@ mile ( 18 km ) light rail line that connects downtown Saint Paul to downtown Minneapolis with 14 stations in Saint Paul . The Green Line runs west along University Avenue , through the University of Minnesota campus , until it links up and then shares stations with the Blue Line in downtown Minneapolis . Construction began in November 2010 and the line began service on June 14 , 2014 . Roughly 45 @,@ 000 people rode on the first day ; an average 28 @,@ 000 riders are expected per day .
Metro Transit opened the A Line , Minneapolis – Saint Paul 's first arterial bus rapid transit line , along Snelling Avenue and Ford Parkway . The A Line connects the Blue Line at 46th Street station to Rosedale Center with a connection at the Green Line Snelling Avenue station . The A Line is the first in a series of planned arterial bus rapid transit lines and is set to open in early 2016 .
= = = Railroad = = =
Amtrak 's Empire Builder between Chicago and Seattle stops once daily in each direction at the newly renovated Saint Paul Union Station . Ridership on the train is increasing , about 6 % from 2005 to over 505 @,@ 000 in fiscal year 2007 . Increased ridership has prompted southern Minnesota leaders to plan for an expansion of Amtrak 's service in the area . Saint Paul is the site of the Pig 's Eye Yard , a major freight classification yard for Canadian Pacific Railway . As of 2003 , the yard handled over 1 @,@ 000 freight cars per day . Both Union Pacific and Burlington Northern Santa Fe run trains through the yard , though they are not classified at Pig 's Eye . Burlington Northern Santa Fe operates the large Northtown Yard in Minneapolis , which handles about 600 cars per day . There are several other small yards located around the city .
= = = Airports = = =
Saint Paul is served by the Minneapolis – Saint Paul International Airport ( MSP ) , which sits on 3 @,@ 400 acres ( 14 km2 ) southwest of the city on the west side of the Mississippi River between Minnesota State Highway 5 , Interstate 494 , Minnesota State Highway 77 , and Minnesota State Highway 62 . The airport serves three international , twelve domestic , seven charter , and four regional carriers and is a hub and home base for Delta Air Lines , Mesaba Airlines and Sun Country Airlines . Saint Paul is also served by the St. Paul Downtown Airport located just south of downtown , across the Mississippi River . The airport , also known as Holman Field , is a reliever airport run by the Metropolitan Airports Commission . The airport houses Minnesota 's Air National Guard and is tailored to local corporate aviation . There are three runways that serve about 100 resident aircraft and a flight training school . The Holman Field Administration Building and Riverside Hangar are on the National Register of Historic Places .
= = Sister cities = =
Saint Paul has eight sister cities , as designated by Sister Cities International :
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= To the Stars ( album ) =
To the Stars is an album by American jazz fusion group the Chick Corea Elektric Band , released on August 24 , 2004 by Stretch Records . Jazz musician Chick Corea , a longtime member of the Church of Scientology , was inspired by Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard 's science fiction 1954 novel To the Stars . Hubbard 's book tells the story of an interstellar crew which experiences the effects of time dilation due to traveling at near light speed . A few days experienced by the ship 's crew could amount to hundreds of years for their friends and family back on Earth .
Corea was influenced in particular by a scene from Hubbard 's work where one of the main characters plays the piano , and he created the album as a tone poem piece . It was the first time members of his group Chick Corea Elektric Band had gotten together since 1991 . Scientology @-@ owned Galaxy Press reissued the book at the same time as the album 's release as a form of cross @-@ marketing . Corea later produced another album , The Ultimate Adventure , also inspired by and named after a work by Hubbard .
The album received mostly positive reviews . Christopher Blagg of the Boston Herald commented : " Somewhere L. Ron Hubbard was smiling , " and Mike Hobart of the Financial Times described the album as " a fine programme of jazz @-@ fusion " . It reached number eight on the U.S. Top Contemporary Jazz charts in September 2004 , and garnered Corea a 2004 Grammy Award nomination for instrumental arrangement for the track " The Long Passage " .
= = Inspiration = =
Hubbard 's To the Stars depicts a future where an interstellar ship travelling at near light speed slows down time experienced for its occupants . The ship 's members are affected by Albert Einstein 's time dilation theory , and the Earth experiences hundreds of years while only a few days have passed for members of the ship . The crew have no family or friends on Earth due to the time that separates them . Of the album 's 17 tracks , 10 are directly based on characters or concepts from the book . The protagonist of the book ( scientist Alan Corday ) , the ship 's captain ( Captain Jocelyn ) , and the ship 's name ( Hound of Heaven ) are all titles of tracks on the album . The other seven tracks are " Port Views " , short musical interludes between the larger pieces .
Corea explains at his website how he was motivated to work on music inspired by To the Stars , commenting that he was inspired by a scene from the book in which Hubbard describes the Captain of the spaceship in the story playing a melody on a piano . He had read the book eight or nine times , and after writing down musical composition based on Hubbard 's work the album was created as a tone poem piece . Previous tone poem albums by Corea include The Leprechaun ( 1975 ) , My Spanish Heart ( 1976 ) , and The Mad Hatter ( 1978 ) . The piece is Corea 's first attempt at musical interpretation from one of Hubbard 's works .
" The attraction to me was not only the challenge of writing music portraying characters in a fiction book but the fact that I 've had such an intimate connection with L. Ron Hubbard and his work in Scientology for 40 years now . I 've been a fan of his fiction for 25 years , and once I started into the act of working with his creations , it had an extra special excitement to me , " he said in an interview with The Washington Post . " Aside from the content in his message , and the fact that he 's the founder of the Church of Scientology and Dianetics , the thing I loved about Hubbard was the aesthetics of his writing . There is a musical wavelength to what he does , " said Corea to The San Diego Union @-@ Tribune .
= = Production = =
Corea brought together the original members of Chick Corea Elektric Band for the first time since 1991 , including bassist John Patitucci , drummer Dave Weckl , saxophonist Eric Marienthal and guitarist Frank Gambale . Gambale 's electric guitar playing figures prominently in some of the tracks . In a statement in The Harvard Crimson , Corea commented that To the Stars represented a synergy of his three greatest passions : " My passion as a composer / performer , my passion for the Elektric Band as a perfect orchestra , and my passion for L. Ron Hubbard as the ideal artist . " The album is his " favorite recording " out of his almost one hundred album discography .
Mike Manoogian designed the cover and book design for the 2004 hardcover edition of the novel To the Stars , and the artwork is copyrighted by the L. Ron Hubbard Library . The album cover utilizes the same design as the novel .
The novel To the Stars was reissued by Scientology @-@ owned Galaxy Press at the same time as the album as a form of cross @-@ marketing . According to Publishers Weekly , Corea 's soundtrack to the novel was issued by Galaxy Press to give the company 's " enormous marketing muscle " the ability to " tap into the vast Hubbard fan base " .
Corea 's 2004 piece " The Adventures of Hippocrates " was inspired by a robot like character named " Hippocrates " from Hubbard 's science fiction series Ole Doc Methuselah . Corea would go on to compose another album in 2006 , The Ultimate Adventure , also inspired by and named after a book by Hubbard , which earned him two Grammy Awards .
= = Reception = =
The album reached number eight on Billboard magazine 's Top Contemporary Jazz charts in September 2004 , and Corea earned a 2004 Grammy Award nomination for instrumental arrangement for the track " The Long Passage " . The album received a rating of three stars from Allmusic , three stars from The Observer , three and a half stars from The Star @-@ Ledger , and four stars from The Times . In a review of the work in The Washington Post , Geoffrey Himes writes that " Corea occasionally falls into his old bad habits of jazz @-@ rock fusion excess , substituting frenetic virtuosity for melodic content and emotional connection on tunes such as the album @-@ opening ' Check Blast ' and ' Hound of Heaven . ' " Himes highlights Corea 's compositions of the seven " Port View " interludes , and calls " Alan Corday " the best piece on the album . Mike Joyce of The Washington Post also appreciated the " flamenco @-@ tinged ballad " of the " Alan Corday " track . Christopher Blagg of the Boston Herald liked " the dense electrified samba of the joyous ' Mistress Luck - The Party ' " , and commented : " Somewhere L. Ron Hubbard was smiling . " Bob Young of the Boston Herald described the album as " music that shifts continually from bright , aggressive jazz fusion to melodic tranquility and back again " . James F. Collins gave the album a positive review in The Harvard Crimson , writing : " To The Stars is a testament to his [ Corea 's ] unflagging creativity and is a proud addition to his already expansive discography . " Mike Hobart reviewed the album for Financial Times , commenting that " once the band had delivered its first unison riff , the music 's inspirational source was irrelevant as a fine programme of jazz @-@ fusion poured out " .
In his review of the album , Ben Ratliff of The New York Times writes : " I did like the driving , collective muscle of the band , though , very much , " but he also describes its aesthetics as " cluttered and gaudy " . For PopMatters , Associate Music Editor Justin Cober @-@ Lake writes : " In many ways , it 's a supreme accomplishment with difficult technique passages and broad soundscapes ; on the other hand , it 's a journey that 's too long to take . " In his review of Corea 's later work The Ultimate Adventure , Will Friedwald of The New York Sun writes : " ' To the Stars ' was trite , electronic bubblegum music that sounded like a cheesy video @-@ game soundtrack . " Writing in The Times , John Bungey comments that " many of the pieces are straitjacketed into the cosmic concept " , concluding his review with : " If you prefer hi @-@ fi to sci @-@ fi , then you will be hoping that Corea leaves the space helmet at home next time . " John L. Walters gave the album a negative review in The Guardian , writing that the album " cries out for warning stickers - ' this album contains dangerously high levels of Scientology ' " , and that it " drags some perfectly fine jazz musicians ... through conceptual purgatory " .
= = Track listing = =
All music composed by Chick Corea .
= = Personnel = =
Band members
Frank Gambale – guitar
Chick Corea – piano , keyboards , producer , liner notes
Eric Marienthal – saxophone
John Patitucci – bass
Dave Weckl – drums
Additional personnel
Bernard Alexander – piano tuner
Brian Alexander – keyboard technician
Bob Cetti – assistant engineer
Bernie Grundman – mastering
Joe Hesse – equipment manager
Bernie Kirsh – engineer
Rik Pekkonen – mixing
Emanuele Ruffinengo – assistant producer
Pernell Saturnino – percussion , guest appearance
Steve Wilson – saxophone
= = Chart performance = =
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= Mahavira =
Mahavira ( Mahāvīra ) , also known as Vardhamāna , was the twenty @-@ fourth and last Jain Tirthankara ( Teaching God ) . Mahavira was born into a royal family in what is now Bihar , India , in 599 BC . At the age of 30 , he left his home in pursuit of spiritual awakening , and abandoned worldly things , including his clothes , and became a monk . For the next twelve @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years , Mahavira practiced intense meditation and severe penance , after which he became kevalī ( omniscient ) .
For the next 30 years , he travelled throughout South Asia to teach Jain philosophy . Mahavira taught that the observance of the vows ahimsa ( non @-@ injury ) , satya ( truth ) , asteya ( non @-@ stealing ) , brahmacharya ( chastity ) and aparigraha ( non @-@ attachment ) is necessary to elevate the quality of life . He gave the principle of Anekantavada ( pluralism ) , Syadavada and Nyadavada . The teachings of Mahavira were compiled by Gautama Swami ( his chief disciple ) and were called Jain Agamas . Most of these Agamas are not available today . Jains believe Mahavira attained moksha ( liberation from the cycle of birth and death ) at the age of 72 .
= = Biography = =
In Jainism , a Tirthankara ( Maker of the River @-@ Crossing or Teaching God ) signifies the founder of a tirtha which means a fordable passage across the sea of interminable births and deaths ( called saṃsāra ) . According to the Jain texts , twenty @-@ four Tirthankaras grace each half of the cosmic time cycle . Mahavira was the last Tirthankara of avasarpani ( present descending phase ) . Samantabhadra , an illustrious Digambara monk , who lived in the 2nd century A.D. , called the tīrtha of Mahavira by the name Sarvodaya ( universal uplift ) .
Mahavira is often called the founder of Jainism , but this was not the case because the Jain tradition recognizes his predecessors and he is considered the 24th Tirthankara . In addition to that , Parshvanatha ( 23rd tirthankara ) was a historical figure .
= = = Names = = =
According to Jain texts , Mahavira 's childhood name was Vardhamāna ( " the one who grows " ) , because of the increased prosperity in the kingdom at the time of his birth . He was called Mahavira ( " the great hero " ) because of the acts of bravery he performed during his childhood . Mahavira was given the title Jīnā ( " the victor or conqueror of inner enemies such as attachment , pride and greed " ) , which later became synonymous with Tirthankara .
Buddhist texts refer to Mahavira as Nigaṇṭha Jñātaputta . Nigaṇṭha means " without knot , tie , or string " and Jñātaputta ( son of Natas ) , refers to his clan of origin as Jñāta or Naya ( Prakrit ) . He is also known as Sramana ( seeker ) .
= = = Birth = = =
Belonging to Kashyapa gotra , Mahavira was born into the royal Kshatriya family of King Siddhartha and Queen Trishala ( sister of King Chetaka of Vaishali ) of the Ikshvaku dynasty , on the thirteenth day of the rising moon of Chaitra in the Vira Nirvana Samvat calendar in 599 BC . In the Gregorian calendar , this date falls in March or April and is celebrated as Mahavir Jayanti . Traditionally , Kundalpur in the ancient city of Kashtriya Kund Lachhuar is regarded as his birthplace , in the present @-@ day Sikandra Division of Jamui district , Bihar . According to Jainism , after his birth , anointment and abhisheka ( consecration ) — carried out by Indra on Mount Meru . Most modern historians agree he was born at Kundagrama , now Basokund in Muzaffarpur district in the state of Bihar , India . Jain traditions date Mahavira as living from 599 B.C. to 527 B.C. Western historians date Mahavira as living from 480 BC to 408 BC . Some Western scholars suggest Mahavira died around 425 BC .
= = = Early life = = =
As the son of a king , Mahavira had all luxuries of life at his disposal . According to the second chapter of the Śvētāmbara text Acharanga Sutra , both his parents were followers of Parshvanatha and lay devotees of Jain ascetics . Jain traditions do not agree about his marital state ; according to the Digambara tradition , Mahavira 's parents wanted him to marry Yashoda but Mahavira refused to marry . According to the Śvētāmbara tradition , he was married to Yashoda at a young age and had one daughter , Priyadarshana .
= = = Renunciation = = =
At the age of thirty , Mahavira abandoned the comforts of royal life and left his home and family to live an ascetic life in the pursuit of spiritual awakening . He underwent severe penances , meditated under the Ashoka tree and discarded his clothes . There is a graphic description of his hardships and humiliation in the Acharanga Sutra . According to Kalpa Sūtra , Mahavira spent forty @-@ two monsoons of his ascetic life at Astikagrama , Champapuri , Prstichampa , Vaishali , Vanijagrama , Nalanda , Mithila , Bhadrika , Alabhika , Panitabhumi , Shravasti and Pawapuri .
= = = Omniscience = = =
After twelve years of rigorous penance , at the age of 43 , Mahavira achieved the state of Kevala Jnana ( omniscience or infinite knowledge ) under a Sāla tree according to traditional accounts . The details of this event are mentioned in Jain texts like Uttar @-@ purāņa and Harivamśa @-@ purāņa . The Acharanga Sutra describes Mahavira as all @-@ seeing . The Sutrakritanga elaborates the concept as all @-@ knowing and provides details of other qualities of Mahavira . Jains believe that Mahavira had the most auspicious body ( paramaudārika śarīra ) and was free from eighteen imperfections when he attained omniscience .
For thirty years after gaining omniscience , Mahavira travelled throughout in India to teach his philosophy . According to the Jain tradition , Mahavira had 14 @,@ 000 muni ( male ascetics ) , 36 @,@ 000 aryika ( nuns ) , 159 @,@ 000 sravakas ( laymen ) and 318 @,@ 000 sravikas ( laywomen ) as his followers . Some of the royal followers included King Srenika ( popularly known as Bimbisara ) of Magadha , Kunika of Anga and Chetaka of Videha .
= = = Moksha ( Nirvāṇa ) = = =
Jains believe Mahavira attained moksha ( liberation from the cycle of birth and death ) at the age of seventy @-@ two and his soul is now resting in Siddhashila ( abode of the liberated souls ) . According to Jain texts , Mahavira attained nirvana ( final release ) at the town of Pawapuri ( now in Bihar ) . On the same day , his chief disciple Gautama Swami attained omniscience . According to the Jinasena 's Mahapurana , after the nirvana of Tīrthankaras , heavenly beings perform the funeral rites . According to the Pravachanasara , only the nails and hair of Tirthankaras are left behind ; the rest of the body is dissolved in the air like camphor . Today , a Jain temple called Jal Mandir stands at the place where Mahavira is believed to have attained moksha .
= = = Previous births = = =
Mahavira 's previous births are discussed in Jain texts such as the Mahapurana and Tri @-@ shashti @-@ shalaka @-@ purusha @-@ charitra . While a soul undergoes countless reincarnations in the transmigratory cycle of saṃsāra ( world ) , the births of a Tirthankara are reckoned from the time he determined the causes of karma and developed the Ratnatraya . Jain texts discuss twenty @-@ six births of Mahavira before his incarnation as a Tirthankara . As per the texts , Mahavira was born as Marichi , the son of Bharata Chakravartin , in one of his previous births .
= = Teachings = =
= = = Jain Agamas = = =
Mahavira 's teachings were compiled by his Ganadhara ( chief disciple ) , Gautama Swami . The sacred canonical scriptures had twelve parts . According to Vijay K. Jain , " These scriptures contained the most comprehensive and accurate description of every branch of learning that one needs to know . The knowledge contained in these scriptures was transmitted orally by the teachers to their disciple saints . " According to the Digambaras , Āchārya Bhutabali was the last ascetic who had partial knowledge of the original canon . Later , some learned Āchāryas started to restore , compile and write down the teachings of Lord Mahavira that were the subject matter of Agamas . Āchārya Dharasena , in first century CE , guided two Āchāryas , Āchārya Pushpadant and Āchārya Bhutabali , to write down these teachings . The two Āchāryas wrote on palm leaves , Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama — among the oldest known Digambara Jaina texts . Jain Agamas prescribe five major vratas ( vows ) that both ascetics and householders have to follow . These ethical principles were preached by Mahavira :
Ahimsa ( Non @-@ violence or Non @-@ injury ) . Mahavira taught that every living being has sanctity and dignity of its own and it should be respected just as one expects one 's own sanctity and dignity to be respected . Ahimsa is formalised into Jain doctrine as the first and foremost vow . According to the Jain text , Tattvarthasutra : " The severance of vitalities out of passion is injury " .
Satya ( Truthfulness ) — not to lie or speak what is not commendable . According to the Jain text Sarvārthasiddhi : " that which causes pain and suffering to the living is not commendable , whether it refers to actual facts or not " .
Asteya ( Non @-@ stealing ) , which states one should not take anything if not properly given .
Brahmacharya ( Chastity ) , which stresses steady but determined restraint over yearning for sensual pleasures .
Aparigraha ( Non @-@ attachment ) — non @-@ attachment to both inner possessions ( liking , disliking ) and external possessions like property .
Mahavira 's philosophy has eight cardinal ( law of trust ) , three metaphysical ( dravya , Jīva and ajiva ) , and five ethical principles . The objective is to elevate the quality of life . Mahavira said an individual or society should exercise self @-@ restraint to achieve social peace , security and an enlightened society .
= = = Ahiṃsā = = =
Mahavira preached that ahimsa ( non @-@ injury ) is the supreme ethical and moral virtue . Mahavira taught that no one likes pain and therefore non @-@ injury must cover all living beings . According to Mahatma Gandhi :
No religion in the World has explained the principle of Ahimsa so deeply and systematically as is discussed with its applicability in every human life in Jainism . As and when the benevolent principle of Ahimsa or non @-@ violence will be ascribed for practice by the people of the world to achieve their end of life in this world and beyond . Jainism is sure to have the uppermost status and Lord Mahāvīra is sure to be respected as the greatest authority on Ahimsa .
= = = Anekantavada = = =
Another fundamental teaching of Mahavira was Anekantavada ( pluralism and multiplicity of viewpoints ) .
= = Jaina literature = =
= = = Biographies = = =
Tiloya @-@ paṇṇatti of Yativṛṣabha discusses almost all of the events connected with the life of Mahavira in a form convenient to memorise . Acharya Jinasena 's Mahapurāṇa include Ādi purāṇa and Uttara @-@ purāṇa . It was completed by his disciple Acharya Gunabhadra in the 8th century . In Uttara @-@ purāṇa the life of Mahavira is described in three parvans ( 74 – 76 ) in 1818 verses . Vardhamacharitra is a Sanskrit kāvya ( poem ) that describe the life of Mahavira written by Asaga in 853 .
= = = Adoration = = =
Svayambhustotra by Acharya Samantabhadra is the adoration of twenty @-@ four Tirthankaras . Its eight shlokas ( aphorisms ) adore the qualities of Mahavira . One such shloka is :
O Lord Jina ! Your doctrine that expounds essential attributes required of a potential aspirant to cross over the ocean of worldly existence ( Saṃsāra ) reigns supreme even in this strife @-@ ridden spoke of time ( Pancham Kaal ) . Accomplished sages who have invalidated the so @-@ called deities that are famous in the world , and have made ineffective the whip of all blemishes , adore your doctrine .
Yuktyanusasana by Acharya Samantabhadra is a poetic work consisting of sixty @-@ four verses in praise of Mahavira .
Mahaveerashtak Stotra was composed by Jain poet Bhagchand .
= = Influence = =
Mahavira 's teachings influenced many personalities . Rabindranath Tagore wrote :
Mahavira proclaimed in India , the message of salvation , that religion is a reality and not a mere social convention , that salvation comes from taking refuge in the true religion and not from observing the external ceremonies of the community , that religion cannot regard any barriers between man and man as an eternal variety . Wonderous to say , this teaching rapidly over topped the barriers of the race abiding instinct and conquered the whole county .
A major event is associated with the 2,500th anniversary of the Nirvana of Mahavira in 1974 . According to Padmanabh Jaini :
Probably few people in the West are aware that during this Anniversary year for the first time in their long history , the mendicants of the Śvētāmbara , Digambara and Sthānakavāsī sects assembled on the same platform , agreed upon a common flag ( Jaina dhvaja ) and emblem ( pratīka ) ; and resolved to bring about the unity of the community . For the duration of the year four dharma cakras , a wheel mounted on a chariot as an ancient symbol of the samavasaraṇa ( Holy Assembly ) of Tīrthaṅkara Mahavira traversed to all the major cities of India , winning legal sanctions from various state governments against the slaughter of animals for sacrifice or other religious purposes , a campaign which has been a major preoccupation of the Jainas throughout their history .
= = = In popular culture = = =
Mahavira : The Hero of Nonviolence is an illustrated children ’ s story based upon the life of Mahavira .
= = Iconography = =
Mahavira is usually depicted in a sitting or standing meditative posture with the symbol of a lion beneath him . Every Tīrthankara has a distinguishing emblem that allows worshippers to distinguish similar @-@ looking idols of the Tirthankaras . The lion emblem of Mahavira is usually carved below the legs of the Tirthankara . Like all Tirthankaras , Mahavira is depicted with Shrivatsa and downcast eyes .
= = = Images = = =
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= James Rainwater =
Leo James Rainwater ( December 9 , 1917 – May 31 , 1986 ) was an American physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1975 for his part in determining the asymmetrical shapes of certain atomic nuclei .
During World War II , he worked on the Manhattan Project that developed the first atomic bombs . In 1949 , he began developing his theory that , contrary to what was then believed , not all atomic nuclei are spherical . His ideas were later tested and confirmed by Aage Bohr 's and Ben Mottelson 's experiments . He also contributed to the scientific understanding of X @-@ rays and participated in the United States Atomic Energy Commission and naval research projects .
Rainwater joined the physics faculty at Columbia in 1946 , where he reached the rank of full professor in 1952 and was named Pupin Professor of Physics in 1982 . He received the Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award for Physics in 1963 and in 1975 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics , " for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection " .
= = Early life = =
Leo James Rainwater was born on December 9 , 1917 , in Council , Idaho , the son of a former civil engineer who ran the local general store , Leo Jaspar Rainwater and his wife Edna Eliza née Teague . He never used his first name and was always referred to as James or Jim . His father died in the great influenza epidemic of 1918 and Rainwater and his mother moved to Hanford , California , where she married George Fowler , a widower with two sons , Freeman and John . In time he also acquired a half @-@ brother , George Fowler , Jr . , who became naval officer . At high school he excelled in mathematics , chemistry and physics and was admitted to the California Institute of Technology on the strength of a chemistry competition . He received his Bachelor of Science degree as a physics major in 1939 .
= = Manhattan Project = =
Rainwater then chose to undertake postgraduate studies at Columbia University . At the time this was an unusual move for a scholar from California , as Columbia was not then renowned for its physics ; but this had recently changed . George B. Pegram had recently built up the physics department , and hired scientists like Enrico Fermi . At Columbia Rainwater studied under Isidor Isaac Rabi , Enrico Fermi , Edward Teller and John R. Dunning . Fermi was engaged in neutron moderator studies that would lead to the construction of the first nuclear reactor , while Dunning and Eugene T. Booth had built Columbia 's first cyclotron , in the basement of the Pupin Physics Laboratories . Rainwater received his Master of Arts in 1941 . For his Doctor of Philosophy thesis on " Neutron beam spectrometer studies of boron , cadmium , and the energy distribution from paraffin " , written under Dunning 's supervision , he built a neutron spectrometer and developed techniques for its use . Rainwater married Emma Louise Smith in March 1942 . They had three sons , James , Robert and William and a daughter , Elizabeth Ann , who died from leukaemia when she was nine .
Fermi 's reactor group moved to the Metallurgical Laboratory at the University of Chicago in 1942 . Rainwater remained at Columbia , where he joined the Manhattan Project 's Substitute Alloy Materials ( SAM ) Laboratories . The Manhattan Project was the Allied effort during World War II to develop atomic bombs . The SAM Laboratories ' primary task was the development of gaseous diffusion technology for uranium enrichment , to produce fissile uranium @-@ 235 for use in atomic bombs . Rainwater worked with William W. Havens , Jr. and Chien @-@ Shiung Wu , mostly on studies of neutron cross sections , using the neutron spectrometer . After the war , a dozen papers by Dunning , Havens , Rainwater and Wu would be declassified and published . So too was his thesis , published in the Physical Review in two parts with Havens 's thesis , and he was awarded his doctorate in 1946 . In 1963 he was awarded the United States Atomic Energy Commission 's Ernest Orlando Lawrence Award , for his work on the Manhattan Project .
= = Later life = =
Rainwater remained at Columbia as an instructor . In 1948 , he began teaching courses on nuclear structure . Niels Bohr and John Wheeler had developed a theoretical treatment for nuclear fission in 1939 that they based on the liquid drop model of the nucleus . This was superseded in 1949 by Maria Goeppert Mayer 's nuclear shell model , which could explain more about the structure of heavy elements than the older theory but it still had limits . At a colloquium at Columbia in 1949 , Charles H. Townes reported experimental results that indicated quadrupole moments greater than those indicated by the shell model . It occurred to Rainwater that this could be explained and the differences between the liquid drop and nuclear shell models could be reconciled , if the atomic nucleus were not spherical , as had been assumed but could assume other shapes . Rainwater published his theoretical paper in 1950 . By chance , that year he was sharing an office with Aage Bohr , who took up the challenge of experimentally verifying Rainwater 's theory . Bohr and Ben Mottelson published their results in three papers in 1952 and 1953 that conclusively confirmed the theory . Rainwater felt that his model was overlooked . He later recalled that :
When I made my proposal for use of a spheroidal nuclear model , it seemed to be an obvious answer which would immediately be simultaneously suggested by all theorists in the field . I do not understand why it was not . I was also surprised and dismayed to hear one or more respected theorists announce in every Nuclear Physics Conference which I attended through 1955 some such comment as , " Although the Nuclear Shell Model seems empirically to work very well , there is at present no theoretical justification as to why it should apply . "
With funding from the Office of Naval Research , Rainwater built a synchrotron , which became operational in 1950 , at the Nevis Laboratories , on an estate on the Hudson River at Irvington , New York , willed to Columbia University by the DuPont family . He became a full professor in 1952 and was the director of Nevis Laboratories from 1951 to 1954 and again from 1957 to 1961 . He worked with his student Val Fitch on studies of muonic atoms , atoms where an electron is replaced by a muon . After 1965 , he worked on turning the Nevis synchrotron into a meson facility . When a reporter rang in 1975 to inform him that he had won the Nobel Prize in Physics , he initially thought that it was for his work on muonic atoms . Several hours passed before he discovered that it was for his was for his work on atomic structure , the Nobel Prize being shared with Bohr and Mottelson .
Rainwater succeeded Robert R. Wilson as Michael I. Pupin Professor of Physics in 1983 . He was a fellow of the American Physical Society , the New York Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers , and was a member of the National Academy of Science , the American Institute of Physics , the American Association of Physics Teachers and the Optical Society of America . Fitch noted that Rainwater seldom engaged and had little interest in sports except when his sons were involved . Rainwater collapsed after a lecture at the Pupin Laboratories in 1985 but was revived by a student who knew how to administer CPR . In declining health , he retired and became a professor emeritus in February 1986 . He died from cardiopulmonary arrest at St. John 's Riverside Hospital in Yonkers , New York on May 31 , 1986 . He was survived by his wife , three sons and half @-@ brother George .
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= Romney Academy =
Romney Academy was an educational institution for higher learning in Romney , Virginia ( now West Virginia ) . Romney Academy was first incorporated by the Virginia General Assembly on January 11 , 1814 , and was active until 1846 when it was reorganized as the Romney Classical Institute . In addition to the Romney Classical Institute , Romney Academy was also a forerunner institution to Potomac Seminary . Romney Academy was one of the earliest institutions for higher learning within the present boundaries of the state of West Virginia .
With the growth of settlement in Pearsall 's Flats , which was later the location of Romney , the need for educational facilities became apparent and the community began plans for the establishment of schools and churches . A log structure , which served as both a school and a church , was built at Pearsall 's Flats around 1752 near Fort Pearsall . To provide for a teacher 's payment , a form was circulated around Romney and each parent indicated on the paper how many of their children would attend the school and the type of payment the teacher would expect . By the time Romney was surveyed by Thomas Fairfax , 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron laid out the town of Romney in 1762 , the log school was still in existence . That year , a stone school building was erected on the site to the immediate north of the old Hampshire County Courthouse and became known as Romney Academy .
Local education , including Romney Academy , continued to depend exclusively upon subscriptions until 1810 when the Virginia General Assembly passed what was known as the " Literary Fund " . The assembly first incorporated Romney Academy on January 11 , 1814 . In 1817 , the assembly passed a bill for the incorporating the trustees of Romney Academy . The Virginia General Assembly reincorporated Romney Academy on February 11 , 1818 , and on March 25 , 1820 . In 1820 , as a result of a movement and debate for higher education by the Romney Literary Society , Romney Academy incorporated classical studies into its curriculum , thus making it the first institution of higher education in the region .
By 1831 , Romney Academy had outgrown its facilities , and the Romney Literary Society was given authorization to raise monies from a lottery to build a new school building . The society successfully raised the funds , and in 1845 bids were called for the construction of a new school building . On December 12 , 1846 , the Virginia General Assembly empowered the Romney Literary Society to establish a seminary for learning at the academy . That same year , a new brick building was constructed for the academy and for the library of the society ; the building now serves as the central unit of the administration building of the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind .
Romney Academy was administered under the leadership of scholarly Englishman Dr. Henry Johnston , who was succeeded by Presbyterian Reverend and historian Dr. William Henry Foote . Foote introduced courses in theology into the school 's curriculum . As the school 's popularity grew and knowledge of its curriculum under Dr. Foote spread , Romney Academy began to attract students from beyond the South Branch Potomac River valley region . Other educators at Romney Academy during its early years were E. W. Newton , Silas C. Walker , Thomas Mulledy , and Samuel Mulledy . Thomas and Samuel Mulledy each later served as presidents of Georgetown University in Washington , D.C.
= = Background = =
The land upon which Romney Academy was established was originally part of the Northern Neck Proprietary , a land grant that Charles II of England awarded to seven of his supporters in 1649 and renewed by an official patent in 1688 . One of these seven supporters , Thomas Colepeper , 2nd Baron Colepeper , acquired the entire area in 1681 , and his grandson , Thomas Fairfax , 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron , inherited it in 1719 .
The South Branch Survey of the Northern Neck Proprietary extended from the north end of The Trough to the confluence of the North and South Branches of the Potomac River . Lord Fairfax originally planned to maintain the South Branch Survey as his personal manor but later commissioned James Genn to survey the South Branch Potomac River lowlands for sale in 1748 , with land lots ranging in size from 300 acres ( 120 ha ) to 400 acres ( 160 ha ) .
Romney and its environs within the South Branch Survey were originally settled in the 1730s by Job Pearsall , and by 1748 approximately 200 people had settled at what was then known as Pearsall 's Flats . Prior to 1762 , Lord Fairfax sent surveyors into Hampshire County , who were charged with the selection of a site for the what would later become the town of Romney . Pearsall 's Flats was selected as the site due to its already having Fort Pearsall , a courthouse , and natural topographical advantages . Lord Fairfax commissioned a survey of Romney , and the town was laid out into 25 2 @-@ acre blocks with eight streets in a grid pattern in 1762 . On December 13 , 1762 , the Virginia General Assembly recognized the stability of the upper Potomac frontier when it passed a bill establishing the town of Romney , and the bill was signed by Governor Francis Fauquier on December 23 , 1762 .
In the early years in western Virginia , pioneer settlers were primarily concerned with providing defense from Native American attacks , so little emphasis was placed upon education . Education was viewed as a religious duty , to be provided for at home , where its quality was dependent upon the spare time and level of education of parents . With the growth of settlement in Pearsall 's Flats , and later Romney , the need for educational facilities became apparent and the community began plans for the establishment of schools and churches .
A log structure , which served as both a school and a church , was built at Pearsall 's Flats around 1752 near Fort Pearsall . During his travels in western Virginia in 1753 , George Washington made mention of this structure . The log building was constructed of roughly hewn logs with clay chinking and contained puncheon log floors , hewn side up , clapboard doors , and one small window covered by a paper greased with lard . Light in the log structure was provided by the small window and a fireplace measuring 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) in height , which contained a tall pile of logs during the winter to provide for warmth in addition to lighting . The school 's teachers were paid by subscriptions from the attending students . To provide for a teacher 's payment , a form was circulated around Romney and each parent indicated on the paper how many of their children would attend the school and the type of payment the teacher would expect , whether in the form of cash renumeration , produce , or boarding . These early teachers were usually " wandering pedagogues , settling wherever they could obtain enough signers to insure a living " .
By the time the surveyors on behalf of Lord Fairfax had laid out the town of Romney in 1762 , the log school was still in existence along with other public buildings . Later in 1762 following the establishment of Romney , the school was rebuilt in stone on the same site . The stone building was erected on the site to the immediate north of the old Hampshire County Courthouse and became known as Romney Academy . The stone building was a rugged square building that served as Romney 's cultural center before the school was formally incorporated by the Virginia General Assembly , but the exact date of its construction is unknown . Romney Academy was first incorporated by the Virginia General Assembly on January 11 , 1814 .
Following the American Revolutionary War , education in Virginia was provided predominantly by private " district schools " whose curriculum was decided by the people who funded them . On February 8 , 1817 , the first comprehensive bill for public education in the southern United States was introduced to the Virginia House of Delegates by Federalist delegate Charles F. Mercer . Mercer 's bill provided for a centralized system for public education that was to be administered by a board of education and financed by the state of Virginia . The bill stated that primary schools were to be established first for " all free white children ... free of any charge whatever " and provided for the establishment of a system of academies , 48 for males and three for females , and four colleges that were to be dispersed throughout Virginia , and a university to be founded in a centralized location . The bill faced substantial partisan opposition and eventually failed . Despite the bill 's failure , the Virginia General Assembly continued incorporated academies or " classical schools " throughout the state to provide primary and secondary education . Despite being incorporated by the assembly , the academies were not public and were instead funded through tuition fees , which were generally low but prevented a larger number of students from attending them . By 1860 , the Virginia General Assembly had incorporated 250 of these academies , including Romney Academy .
= = Establishment and development = =
Local education , including Romney Academy , continued to depend upon subscriptions exclusively until 1810 when the Virginia General Assembly passed what was known as the " Literary Fund " , which was to be apportioned among the Virginia counties for the education of the poor . In 1817 , a bill " incorporating the trustees of Romney Academy in the county of Hampshire " was presented to the Virginia House of Delegates by Mr. Scott , a delegate on the Committee of Schools and Colleges . The bill was read a second time in the Virginia House of Delegates following a motion by Hampshire County delegate William Naylor , after which it was ordered to be " re @-@ committed to the Committee of Schools and Colleges " . An amended version of the bill was again presented to the Virginia House of Delegates for a third time by Mr. Scott , and it was passed by the legislative body and renamed " an act incorporating the trustees of Romney Academy in the county of Hampshire " .
A further provision for local education in Virginia was included in an act passed by the Virginia General Assembly in 1818 stating that : " It shall be the duty of the courts of the several counties , cities , and corporate towns — in the month of October or as soon thereafter as may be — to appoint not less than five or more than fifteen discreet persons to be called school commissioners . " The commissioners who were appointed in Hampshire County were John McDowell , David Gibson , John Pierce , John Randalls , Elisha Thompson , Charles Keller , Frederick Sheets , James Abernathy , and Robert Sherard . Accounts rendered to the Hampshire County court for the expenditure of the Literary Fund illustrated that " the average price of tuition , exclusive of books , paper , etc. has been within a small fraction of four cents for every day of each attendance for each poor child . " Because nearly 700 impoverished children in Hampshire County were entitled to the fund , each child was only able to receive only a few months ' worth of schooling , and because of the limited facilities , only about half of the total number of eligible children were able to be taken care of at each of the two periods of enrollment .
Romney Academy was formally established on February 11 , 1818 , when the Virginia General Assembly finally passed an act entitled " an act incorporating the trustees of Romney academy , in the county of Hampshire " in which the assembly incorporated Romney Academy and constituted and appointed a board of trustees for the operation of the institution . With a system of formal education underway in Hampshire County , forces were underway for the higher education in the community .
On a winter evening in 1819 , nine men in Romney conducting a meeting in the office of Dr. John Temple for the purpose " of taking into consideration the proprietary of financing a Society , having for its object the advancement of Literature and Science ; the purchase of a Library by and for the use of its members ; and their further improvement by discussing before the Society such questions as shall be selected under its directors . " The nine men consisted of Thomas Blair , David Gibson , James P. Jack , Virginia author and historian Samuel Kercheval , Nathaniel Kuykendall , Charles T. Magill , James M. Stephens , John Temple , and W. C. Wodrow . Shortly after the formation of the Romney Literary Society , the society recognized that the quality of the education provided by Romney Academy and other local subscription schools was not meeting the needs of the Romney community , and therefore , it launched a movement to establish an institution for " the higher education of the youth of the community " . The society frequently debated upon theories of education advancement and popular education . In 1820 , as a result of this movement and debate , Romney Academy incorporated classical studies into its curriculum , thus making it the first institution of higher education in the region . The institution was again incorporated by the Virginia General Assembly on March 25 , 1820 .
By 1831 , Romney Academy had outgrown its facilities , and the Romney Literary Society commenced its campaign to raise funds for a new academic building . On January 6 , 1832 , the Virginia General Assembly authorized the society to raise $ 20 @,@ 000 by lottery for educational purposes . Following a ten @-@ year lapse after this authorization , the society made arrangements with James Gregory of Jersey City , New Jersey , and Daniel McIntyre of Philadelphia to finance the lottery , " for raising a sum of money not exceeding Twenty Thousand dollars , for the purpose of erecting a suitable building for their accommodation , the purchase of a library and Philosophical apparatus " . The lottery was to be conducted for a period lasting 10 years , and the sums of $ 750 , $ 1 @,@ 000 , and $ 1 @,@ 500 were to be raised in semi @-@ annual installments . The society successfully raised the funds , and in 1845 bids were called for the construction of a new school building . On December 12 , 1846 , the Virginia General Assembly empowered the Romney Literary Society " to establish at or near the town of Romney a Seminary of Learning for the instruction of youth in various branches of science and literature ; and the Society may appropriate to the same such portion of the property which it now has or may acquire , as it may deem expedient " . That same year , a new brick building was constructed for the academy and for the library of the society , which now serves as the central unit of the administration building of the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind . Following the school 's move to the building , it was reorganized as the Romney Classical Institute with Foote as its principal .
= = Faculty and curriculum = =
The earliest faculty members of Romney Academy are unknown , but the institution 's first principal and one of the institution 's longest serving teachers from its era of infancy was scholarly Englishman Dr. Henry Johnston . Under Johnston 's leadership , Romney Academy became known regionally for its courses in the " higher classics " and made Romney the seat of one the Eastern Panhandle 's most successful academies . Johnston believed in the " rule of the birch rod " and discipline was no light matter under his leadership . Some of Romney 's prominent men in its early history were among Johnston 's students . Other educators at Romney Academy during its early years were E. W. Newton , Silas C. Walker , a Mr. Brown , Thomas Mulledy , and Samuel Mulledy . Thomas and Samuel Mulledy each later served as presidents of Georgetown University in Washington , D.C.
Presbyterian Reverend and historian Dr. William Henry Foote succeeded Johnston as principal of Romney Academy around 1826 . Foote served in that capacity until his departure from Romney around 1837 or 1839 . Foote also concurrently served as the pastor of the Romney Presbyterian Church . Foote introduced courses in theology into the school 's curriculum , which broadened the make @-@ up of the student body to include young men preparing for the ministry . As the school 's popularity grew and knowledge of its curriculum under Dr. Foote spread , Romney Academy began to attract students from beyond the South Branch Potomac River valley region . Following Foote 's departure , Reverend Theodore Gallaudet served as Romney Academy 's principal .
= = Board of trustees = =
The inaugural board of trustees were constituted and appointed by the Virginia General Assembly in 1818 . Because there were several vacancies among the board of trustees , on March 25 , 1839 , the Virginia General Assembly passed an act , appointing a new board of trustees consisting of David Gibson , John Baker White , Angus William McDonald , Daniel Mytinger , and John Kern , Jr . In addition , the 1839 act authorized any of the five appointed trustees of Romney Academy to fill vacancies on the board " occasioned by death , resignation , removal , or legal disability " , thereby preventing future prolonged vacant trustee seats .
Romney Academy trustee John Baker White was a clerk of both the circuit and county courts of Hampshire County and was the father of Robert White , Attorney General of West Virginia from 1877 until 1881 . Robert White successfully lobbied the West Virginia Legislature to pass an act establishing the Institution for the Deaf , Dumb , and Blind of West Virginia ( later named the West Virginia Schools for the Deaf and Blind ) , which utilized the former campus of the Romney Classical Institute , a successor educational institution to Romney Academy . Another trustee , Angus William McDonald , was the father of Marshall McDonald , who served as commissioner of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries from 1888 until 1895 .
= = Building = =
Romney Academy utilized a native stone structure located behind the Hampshire County Courthouse at a site presently occupied by the Courthouse Annex building ( 1934 ) at 66 North High Street in Romney . According to West Virginia historians Hu Maxwell and Howard Llewellyn Swisher in their History of Hampshire County , West Virginia ( 1897 ) , the Romney Academy building was one of the earliest educational facilities in the county and regarding its architecture , Maxwell and Swisher noted : " the rough unhewn stones of which the academy was built gave it a very uncouth exterior . " By 1831 , Romney Academy had outgrown its quarters in the old stone school building and relocated to a new Classical Revival structure completed in 1846 , after which the institution was reorganized as the Romney Classical Institute .
After the academy 's stone building ceased being used as an educational facility , it was subsequently utilized for various purposes including serving as the offices of the Virginia Argus and Hampshire Advertiser newspaper and as a meeting place for local fraternal organizations . Romney Academy 's stone building remained dormant and unoccupied for a number of years and was demolished by the time Maxwell and Swisher researched and authored their History of Hampshire County , West Virginia in the late 1890s .
= = Notable alumni = =
During its brief years of operation between 1814 and 1846 , Romney Academy educated a number of notable alumni . According to Seldon Brannon 's Historic Hampshire ( 1976 ) , " among the pupils of this school were some of the most prominent men in the early history of the [ Romney ] community . " The academy 's students included William C. Clayton , a West Virginia state senator ; John Jeremiah Jacob , 4th Governor of West Virginia ; Angus William McDonald , Jr . , a West Virginia lawyer , politician , and military officer ; and Reverend Stuart Robinson , a Presbyterian minister , orator , writer , and editor .
= = Legacy = =
According to West Virginia historian Hu Maxwell in his article entitled " West Virginia a Century Ago " published in The Transallegheny Historical Magazine ( 1901 ) , Romney Academy was " one of the oldest and most renowned schools on the early soil of West Virginia " . Of the institution , Maxwell stated that " from its halls went forth some of the teachers who became the disseminators of learning in the famous South Branch [ valley ] — whose people might appropriately be called the Phoenicians of the Alleghenies , the carriers of liberty , equality , and education . "
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= Ontario Highway 51 =
King 's Highway 51 , commonly referred to as Highway 51 , was a provincially maintained highway in the Canadian province of Ontario that connected Highway 3 in Eatonville with Rondeau Provincial Park . An earlier designation existed south of Orangeville , connecting Highway 24 with Highway 10 . This iteration was assumed in 1938 , but later renumbered as Highway 24 In 1961 . The more recent incarnation of the route number was assumed in 1970 , but then decommissioned in 1997 and transferred to what is now the city of Chatham – Kent .
= = Route description = =
Highway 51 was a short connector road that served to link Highway 3 to Rondeau Provincial Park . At its southern terminus , the highway began at the entrance gates to the provincial park , proceeding northeast through a small community of recreational cottages . The highway exited the park and turned north onto what is now Chatham – Kent Road 15 . From here the highway progressed straight north to Highway 3 , passing through the community of New Scotland along the way . Trees continue to line both sides of this section of the highway , with farmland sprawling out beyond that .
= = History = =
In 1961 , the section of Highway 24 between Highway 51 and Orangeville was renumbered as Highway 136 ; Highway 51 was renumbered as Highway 24 and the latter signed concurrently with Highway 10 north to Orangeville . On April 9 , 1970 , the road from Eatonville to Rondeau Provincial Park was designated as Highway 51 . This iteration of the route remained unaltered until April 1 , 1997 , when it was transferred to Kent County , now the City of Chatham – Kent . It was subsequently designated as Chatham – Kent Road 15 .
= = Major intersections = =
The following table lists the major junctions along Highway 51 , as noted by the Ministry of Transportation of Ontario . The entire route is located in Chatham – Kent .
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= Gilbert and Sullivan =
Gilbert and Sullivan refers to the Victorian @-@ era theatrical partnership of the librettist W. S. Gilbert ( 1836 – 1911 ) and the composer Arthur Sullivan ( 1842 – 1900 ) and to the works they jointly created . The two men collaborated on fourteen comic operas between 1871 and 1896 , of which H.M.S. Pinafore , The Pirates of Penzance and The Mikado are among the best known .
Gilbert , who wrote the words , created fanciful " topsy @-@ turvy " worlds for these operas where each absurdity is taken to its logical conclusion — fairies rub elbows with British lords , flirting is a capital offence , gondoliers ascend to the monarchy , and pirates emerge as noblemen who have gone astray . Sullivan , six years Gilbert 's junior , composed the music , contributing memorable melodies that could convey both humour and pathos .
Their operas have enjoyed broad and enduring international success and are still performed frequently throughout the English @-@ speaking world . Gilbert and Sullivan introduced innovations in content and form that directly influenced the development of musical theatre through the 20th century . The operas have also influenced political discourse , literature , film and television and have been widely parodied and pastiched by humourists . Producer Richard D 'Oyly Carte brought Gilbert and Sullivan together and nurtured their collaboration . He built the Savoy Theatre in 1881 to present their joint works ( which came to be known as the Savoy Operas ) and founded the D 'Oyly Carte Opera Company , which performed and promoted Gilbert and Sullivan 's works for over a century .
= = Beginnings = =
= = = Gilbert before Sullivan = = =
Gilbert was born in London on 18 November 1836 . His father , William , was a naval surgeon who later wrote novels and short stories , some of which included illustrations by his son . In 1861 , to supplement his income , the younger Gilbert began writing illustrated stories , poems and articles of his own , many of which would later be mined as inspiration for his plays and operas , particularly Gilbert 's series of illustrated poems , the Bab Ballads .
In the Bab Ballads and his early plays , Gilbert developed a unique " topsy @-@ turvy " style in which humour was derived by setting up a ridiculous premise and working out its logical consequences , however absurd . Director and playwright Mike Leigh described the " Gilbertian " style as follows :
With great fluidity and freedom , [ Gilbert ] continually challenges our natural expectations . First , within the framework of the story , he makes bizarre things happen , and turns the world on its head . Thus the Learned Judge marries the Plaintiff , the soldiers metamorphose into aesthetes , and so on , and nearly every opera is resolved by a deft moving of the goalposts ... His genius is to fuse opposites with an imperceptible sleight of hand , to blend the surreal with the real , and the caricature with the natural . In other words , to tell a perfectly outrageous story in a completely deadpan way .
Gilbert developed his innovative theories on the art of stage direction , following theatrical reformer Tom Robertson . At the time Gilbert began writing , theatre in Britain was in disrepute . Gilbert helped to reform and elevate the respectability of the theatre , especially beginning with his six short family @-@ friendly comic operas , or " entertainments " , for Thomas German Reed .
At a rehearsal for one of these entertainments , Ages Ago ( 1869 ) , the composer Frederic Clay introduced Gilbert to his friend , the young composer Arthur Sullivan . Two years later , Gilbert and Sullivan would write their first work together . Those two intervening years continued to shape Gilbert 's theatrical style . He continued to write humorous verse , stories and plays , including the comic operas Our Island Home ( 1870 ) and A Sensation Novel ( 1871 ) , and the blank verse comedies The Princess ( 1870 ) , The Palace of Truth ( 1870 ) , and Pygmalion and Galatea ( 1871 ) .
= = = Sullivan before Gilbert = = =
Sullivan was born in London on 13 May 1842 . His father was a military bandmaster , and by the time Arthur had reached the age of eight , he was proficient with all the instruments in the band . In school he began to compose anthems and songs . In 1856 , he received the first Mendelssohn Scholarship and studied at the Royal Academy of Music and then at Leipzig , where he also took up conducting . His graduation piece , completed in 1861 , was a suite of incidental music to Shakespeare 's The Tempest . Revised and expanded , it was performed at the Crystal Palace in 1862 and was an immediate sensation . He began building a reputation as England 's most promising young composer , composing a symphony , a concerto , and several overtures , among them the Overture di Ballo , in 1870 .
His early major works for the voice included The Masque at Kenilworth ( 1864 ) ; an oratorio , The Prodigal Son ( 1869 ) ; and a dramatic cantata , On Shore and Sea ( 1871 ) . He composed a ballet , L 'Île Enchantée ( 1864 ) and incidental music for a number of Shakespeare plays . Other early pieces that were praised were his Symphony in E , Concerto for Cello and Orchestra , and Overture in C ( In Memoriam ) ( all three of which premiered in 1866 ) . These commissions , however , were not sufficient to keep Sullivan afloat . He worked as a church organist and composed numerous hymns , popular songs , and parlour ballads .
Sullivan 's first foray into comic opera was Cox and Box ( 1866 ) , written with librettist F. C. Burnand for an informal gathering of friends . Public performance followed , with W. S. Gilbert ( then writing dramatic criticism for the magazine Fun ) saying that Sullivan 's score " is , in many places , of too high a class for the grotesquely absurd plot to which it is wedded . " Nonetheless , it proved highly successful , and is still regularly performed today . Sullivan and Burnand 's second opera , The Contrabandista ( 1867 ) was not as successful .
= = Operas = =
= = = First collaborations = = =
= = = = Thespis = = = =
In 1871 , producer John Hollingshead brought Gilbert and Sullivan together to produce a Christmas entertainment , Thespis , at his Gaiety Theatre , a large West End house . The piece was an extravaganza in which the classical Greek gods , grown elderly , are temporarily replaced by a troupe of 19th @-@ century actors and actresses , one of whom is the eponymous Thespis , the Greek father of the drama . Its mixture of political satire and grand opera parody mimicked Offenbach 's Orpheus in the Underworld and La belle Hélène , which ( in translation ) then dominated the English musical stage .
Thespis opened on Boxing Day and ran for 63 performances . It outran five of its nine competitors for the 1871 holiday season , and its run was extended beyond the length of a normal run at the Gaiety , but no one at the time anticipated that this was the beginning of a great collaboration . Unlike the later Gilbert and Sullivan works , it was hastily prepared , and its nature was more risqué , like Gilbert 's earlier burlesques , with a broader style of comedy that allowed for improvisation by the actors . Two of the male characters were played by women , whose shapely legs were put on display in a fashion that Gilbert later condemned . The musical score to Thespis was never published and is now lost , except for one song that was published separately , a chorus that was re @-@ used in The Pirates of Penzance , and the Act II ballet music .
Over the next three years , Gilbert and Sullivan did not have occasion to work together again , but each man became more eminent in his field . Gilbert worked with Frederic Clay on Happy Arcadia ( 1872 ) and with Alfred Cellier on Topsyturveydom ( 1874 ) , and wrote The Wicked World ( 1873 ) Sweethearts ( 1874 ) and several other libretti , farces , extravaganzas , fairy comedies , dramas and adaptations . Sullivan completed his Festival Te Deum ( 1872 ) ; another oratorio , The Light of the World ( 1873 ) ; his only song cycle , The Window ; or , The Song of the Wrens ( 1871 ) ; incidental music to The Merry Wives of Windsor ( 1874 ) ; and more songs , parlour ballads , and hymns , including " Onward , Christian Soldiers " ( 1872 ) . At the same time , the audience for theatre was growing because of the rapidly expanding British population ; improvement in education and the standard of living , especially of the middle class ; improving public transportation ; and installation of street lighting , which made travel home from the theatre safer . The number of pianos manufactured in England doubled between 1870 and 1890 as more people began to play parlour music at home and more theatres and concert halls opened .
= = = = Trial by Jury = = = =
In 1874 , Gilbert wrote a short libretto on commission from producer – conductor Carl Rosa , whose wife would have played the leading role , but her death in childbirth cancelled the project . Not long afterwards , Richard D 'Oyly Carte was managing the Royalty Theatre , and he needed a short opera to be played as an afterpiece to Offenbach 's La Périchole . Carte knew about Gilbert 's libretto for Rosa and suggested that Sullivan write a score for it . Gilbert read the piece to Sullivan in February 1875 , and the composer was delighted with it ; Trial by Jury was composed and staged in a matter of weeks .
The piece is one of Gilbert 's humorous spoofs of the law and the legal profession , based on his short experience as a barrister . It concerns a breach of promise of marriage suit . The defendant argues that damages should be slight , since " he is such a very bad lot , " while the plaintiff argues that she loves the defendant fervently and seeks " substantial damages . " After much argument , the judge resolves the case by marrying the lovely plaintiff himself . With Sullivan 's brother , Fred , as the Learned Judge , the opera was a runaway hit , outlasting the run of La Périchole . Provincial tours and productions at other theatres quickly followed .
Fred Sullivan was the prototype for the " patter " ( comic ) baritone roles in the later operas . F. C. Burnand wrote that he " was one of the most naturally comic little men I ever came across . He , too , was a first @-@ rate practical musician ... As he was the most absurd person , so was he the very kindliest ... " Fred 's creation would serve as a model for the rest of the collaborators ' works , and each of them has a crucial comic little man role , as Burnand had put it . The " patter " baritone ( or " principal comedian " , as these roles later were called ) would often assume the leading role in Gilbert and Sullivan 's comic operas , and was usually allotted the speedy patter songs .
After the success of Trial by Jury , Gilbert and Sullivan were suddenly in demand to write more operas together . Over the next two years , Richard D 'Oyly Carte and Carl Rosa were two of several theatrical managers who negotiated with the team but were unable to come to terms . Carte proposed a revival of Thespis for the 1875 Christmas season , which Gilbert and Sullivan would have revised , but he was unable to obtain financing for the project . In early 1876 , Carte requested that Gilbert and Sullivan create another one @-@ act opera on the theme of burglars , but this was never completed .
= = = Early successes = = =
= = = = The Sorcerer = = = =
Carte 's real ambition was to develop an English form of light opera that would displace the bawdy burlesques and badly translated French operettas then dominating the London stage . He assembled a syndicate and formed the Comedy Opera Company , with Gilbert and Sullivan commissioned to write a comic opera that would serve as the centrepiece for an evening 's entertainment .
Gilbert found a subject in one of his own short stories , " The Elixir of Love , " which concerned the complications arising when a love potion is distributed to all the residents of a small village . The leading character was a Cockney businessman who happened to be a sorcerer , a purveyor of blessings ( not much called for ) and curses ( very popular ) . Gilbert and Sullivan were tireless taskmasters , seeing to it that The Sorcerer opened as a fully polished production , in marked contrast to the under @-@ rehearsed Thespis . While The Sorcerer won critical acclaim , it did not duplicate the success of Trial by Jury . Nevertheless , Carte and his syndicate were sufficiently encouraged to commission another full @-@ length opera from the team .
= = = = H.M.S. Pinafore = = = =
Gilbert and Sullivan scored their first international hit with H.M.S. Pinafore ( 1878 ) , satirising the rise of unqualified people to positions of authority and poking good @-@ natured fun at the Royal Navy and the English obsession with social status ( building on a theme introduced in The Sorcerer , love between members of different social classes ) . As with many of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas , a surprise twist changes everything dramatically near the end of the story .
Gilbert oversaw the designs of sets and costumes , and he directed the performers on stage . He sought realism in acting , shunned self @-@ conscious interaction with the audience , and insisted on a standard of characterisation where the characters were never aware of their own absurdity . Gilbert insisted that his actors know their words perfectly and obey his stage directions , which was something new to many actors of the day . Sullivan personally oversaw the musical preparation . The result was a new crispness and polish in the English musical theatre . As Jessie Bond wrote later :
Our stage discipline was strict and unbending . Gilbert 's word was law ; he thoroughly worked out in his own mind every bit of action , by @-@ play and grouping , and allowed no deviation from his plan . He ... made drawings and took measurements with the minutest care .... He had unlimited fertility of invention in comic business and would allow no gag , no clowning , no departure from his own definite conception . Sullivan 's musical conception was equally clear @-@ cut and decided . Every part must be made subservient to the whole , and his sarcasms overwhelmed the transgressor with scorn . " And now , might I trouble you to try over my music , " he would say to a singer too anxious to display his or her top notes . But there was nothing to hurt or offend us in this unswerving discipline , we took their good @-@ humoured raillery as our due when we failed in our rendering or overstepped the bounds ; and the patience and enthusiasm of that artistic pair so infected all of us that we worked willingly for hours and hours at rehearsals , trying with all our might to realize the conceptions of those two brilliant minds .
H.M.S. Pinafore ran in London for 571 performances , the second longest run of any musical theatre piece in history up to that time ( after the operetta Les cloches de Corneville ) . Hundreds of unauthorised , or " pirated " , productions of Pinafore appeared in America . During the run of Pinafore , Richard D 'Oyly Carte split up with his former investors . The disgruntled former partners , who had invested in the production with no return , staged a public fracas , sending a group of thugs to seize the scenery during a performance . Stagehands successfully managed to ward off their backstage attackers . This event cleared the way for Carte , Gilbert and Sullivan to form the D 'Oyly Carte Opera Company , which then produced all of their succeeding operas .
The libretto of H.M.S. Pinafore relied on stock character types , many of which were familiar from European opera ( and some of which grew out of Gilbert 's earlier association with the German Reeds ) : the heroic protagonist ( tenor ) and his love @-@ interest ( soprano ) ; the older woman with a secret or a sharp tongue ( contralto ) ; the baffled lyric baritone — the girl 's father ; and a classic villain ( bass @-@ baritone ) . Gilbert and Sullivan added the element of the comic patter @-@ singing character . With the success of H.M.S. Pinafore , the D 'Oyly Carte repertory and production system was cemented , and each opera would make use of these stock character types . Before The Sorcerer , Gilbert had constructed his plays around the established stars of whatever theatre he happened to be writing for , as had been the case with Thespis and Trial by Jury . Building on the team he had assembled for The Sorcerer , Gilbert no longer hired stars ; he created them . He and Sullivan selected the performers , writing their operas for ensemble casts rather than individual stars .
The repertory system ensured that the comic patter character who performed the role of the sorcerer , John Wellington Wells , would become the ruler of the Queen 's navy as Sir Joseph Porter in H.M.S. Pinafore , then join the army as Major @-@ General Stanley in The Pirates of Penzance , and so on . Similarly , Mrs. Partlet in The Sorcerer transformed into Little Buttercup in Pinafore , then into Ruth , the piratical maid @-@ of @-@ all @-@ work in Pirates . Relatively unknown performers whom Gilbert and Sullivan engaged early in the collaboration would stay with the company for many years , becoming stars of the Victorian stage . These included George Grossmith , the principal comic ; Rutland Barrington , the lyric baritone ; Richard Temple , the bass @-@ baritone ; and Jessie Bond , the mezzo @-@ soprano soubrette .
= = = = The Pirates of Penzance = = = =
The Pirates of Penzance ( New Year 's Eve , 1879 ) also poked fun at grand opera conventions , sense of duty , family obligation , the " respectability " of civilisation and the peerage , and the relevance of a liberal education . The story also revisits Pinafore 's theme of unqualified people in positions of authority , in the person of the " modern Major @-@ General " who has up @-@ to @-@ date knowledge about everything except the military . The Major @-@ General and his many daughters escape from the tender @-@ hearted Pirates of Penzance , who are all orphans , on the false plea that he is an orphan himself . The pirates learn of the deception and re @-@ capture the Major @-@ General , but when it is revealed that the pirates are all peers , the Major @-@ General bids them : " resume your ranks and legislative duties , and take my daughters , all of whom are beauties ! "
The piece premiered first in New York rather than London , in an ( unsuccessful ) attempt to secure the American copyright , and was another big success with both critics and audiences . Gilbert , Sullivan and Carte tried for many years to control the American performance copyrights over their operas , without success . Nevertheless , Pirates was a hit both in New York , again spawning numerous imitators , and then in London , and it became one of the most frequently performed , translated and parodied Gilbert and Sullivan works , also enjoying successful 1981 Broadway and 1982 West End revivals by Joseph Papp that continue to influence productions of the opera .
In 1880 , Sullivan wrote the cantata The Martyr of Antioch , presented at the Leeds Triennial Music Festival , with a libretto modified by Gilbert from an 1822 epic poem by Henry Hart Milman concerning the martyrdom of St. Margaret of Antioch in the 3rd century . Sullivan became the conductor of the Leeds festival beginning in 1880 and conducted the performance . It could be said that Martyr was the 15th opera of the partnership , since the Carl Rosa Opera Company presented the work as an opera in 1898 .
= = = Savoy Theatre opens = = =
= = = = Patience = = = =
Patience ( 1881 ) satirised the aesthetic movement in general and its colourful poets , in particular , combining aspects of Algernon Charles Swinburne , Dante Gabriel Rossetti , Oscar Wilde , James McNeill Whistler and others in the rival poets Bunthorne and Grosvenor . Grossmith , who created the role of Bunthorne , based his makeup , wig and costume on Swinburne and especially Whistler , as seen in the adjacent photo . The work also lampoons male vanity and chauvinism in the military . The story concerns two rival " aesthetic " poets , who attract the attention of the young ladies of the village , who had been engaged to the members of a cavalry regiment . But both poets are in love with Patience , the village milkmaid , who detests one of them and feels that it is her duty to avoid the other despite her love for him . Richard D 'Oyly Carte was the booking manager for Oscar Wilde , a then lesser @-@ known proponent of aestheticism , and dispatched Wilde on an American lecture tour in conjunction with the opera 's U.S. run , so that American audiences might better understand what the satire was all about .
During the run of Patience , Carte built the large , modern Savoy Theatre , which became the partnership 's permanent home . It was the first theatre ( indeed the world 's first public building ) to be lit entirely by electric lighting . Patience moved into the Savoy after six months at the Opera Comique and ran for a total of 578 performances , surpassing the run of H.M.S. Pinafore and becoming the second longest @-@ running work of musical theatre up to that time in history .
= = = = Iolanthe = = = =
Iolanthe ( 1882 ) was the first of the operas to open at the Savoy . The fully electric Savoy made possible numerous special effects , such as sparkling magic wands for the female chorus of fairies . The opera poked fun at English law and the House of Lords and made much of the war between the sexes . The critics felt that Sullivan 's work in Iolanthe had taken a step forward . The Daily Telegraph wrote , " The composer has risen to his opportunity , and we are disposed to account Iolanthe his best effort in all the Gilbertian series . " Similarly , the Theatre asserted that " the music of Iolanthe is Dr Sullivan 's chef d 'oeuvre . The quality throughout is more even , and maintained at a higher standard , than in any of his earlier works ... "
Iolanthe is one of a number of Gilbert 's works , including The Wicked World ( 1873 ) , Broken Hearts ( 1875 ) , Princess Ida ( 1884 ) and Fallen Fairies ( 1909 ) , where the introduction of men and " mortal love " into a tranquil world of women wreaks havoc with the status quo . Gilbert had created several " fairy comedies " at the Haymarket Theatre in the early 1870s . These plays , influenced by the fairy work of James Planché , are founded upon the idea of self @-@ revelation by characters under the influence of some magic or some supernatural interference .
In 1882 , Gilbert had a telephone installed in his home and at the prompt desk at the Savoy Theatre so that he could monitor performances and rehearsals from his home study . Gilbert had referred to the new technology in Pinafore in 1878 , only two years after the device was invented and before London even had telephone service . Sullivan had one installed as well , and on 13 May 1883 , at a party to celebrate the composer 's 41st birthday , the guests , including the Prince of Wales ( later Edward VII ) , heard a direct relay of parts of Iolanthe from the Savoy . This was probably the first live " broadcast " of an opera .
During the run of Iolanthe , in 1883 , Sullivan was knighted by Queen Victoria . Although it was the operas with Gilbert that had earned him the broadest fame , the honour was conferred for his services to serious music . The musical establishment , and many critics , believed that this should put an end to his career as a composer of comic opera — that a musical knight should not stoop below oratorio or grand opera . Sullivan , despite the financial security of writing for the Savoy , increasingly viewed his work with Gilbert as unimportant , beneath his skills , and repetitious . Furthermore , he was unhappy that he had to simplify his music to ensure that Gilbert 's words could be heard . But paradoxically , in February 1883 , just after Iolanthe opened , Sullivan had signed a five @-@ year agreement with Gilbert and Carte requiring him to produce a new comic opera on six months ' notice .
= = = = Princess Ida = = = =
Princess Ida ( 1884 ) spoofed women 's education and male chauvinism and continued the theme from Iolanthe of the war between the sexes . The opera is based on Tennyson 's poem The Princess : A Medley . Gilbert had written a blank verse farce based on the same material in 1870 , called The Princess , and he reused a good deal of the dialogue from his earlier play in the libretto of Princess Ida . Ida is the only Gilbert and Sullivan work with dialogue entirely in blank verse and is also the only one of their works in three acts . Lillian Russell had been engaged to create the title role , but Gilbert did not believe that she was dedicated enough , and when she missed a rehearsal , he dismissed her .
Princess Ida was the first of the Gilbert and Sullivan operas that , by the partnership 's previous standards , was not a success . A particularly hot summer in London did not help ticket sales . The piece ran for a comparatively short 246 performances and was not revived in London until 1919 . Sullivan had been satisfied with the libretto , but two months after Ida opened , Sullivan told Carte that " it is impossible for me to do another piece of the character of those already written by Gilbert and myself . " As Princess Ida showed signs of flagging , Carte realised that , for the first time in the partnership 's history , no new opera would be ready when the old one closed . On 22 March 1884 , he gave Gilbert and Sullivan contractual notice that a new opera would be required in six months ' time . In the meantime , when Ida closed , Carte produced a revival of The Sorcerer .
= = = Dodging the magic lozenge = = =
= = = = The Mikado = = = =
The most successful of the Savoy Operas was The Mikado ( 1885 ) , which made fun of English bureaucracy , thinly disguised by a Japanese setting . Gilbert initially proposed a story for a new opera about a magic lozenge that would change the characters , which Sullivan found artificial and lacking in " human interest and probability " , as well as being too similar to their earlier opera , The Sorcerer . As dramatised in the film Topsy @-@ Turvy , the author and composer were at an impasse until 8 May 1884 , when Gilbert dropped the lozenge idea and agreed to provide a libretto without any supernatural elements .
The story focuses on a " cheap tailor , " Ko @-@ Ko , who is promoted to the position of Lord High Executioner of the town of Titipu . Ko @-@ Ko loves his ward , Yum @-@ Yum , but she loves a musician , who is really the son of the emperor of Japan ( the Mikado ) , and who is in disguise to escape the attentions of the elderly and amorous Katisha . The Mikado has decreed that executions must resume without delay in Titipu . When news arrives that the Mikado will be visiting the town , Ko @-@ Ko assumes that he is coming to ascertain whether Ko @-@ Ko has carried out the executions . Too timid to execute anyone , Ko @-@ Ko cooks up a conspiracy to misdirect the Mikado , which goes awry . Eventually , Ko @-@ Ko must persuade Katisha to marry him , in order to save his own life and the lives of the other conspirators .
With the opening of trade between England and Japan , Japanese imports , art and styles became fashionable in London , making the time ripe for an opera set in Japan . Gilbert said , " I cannot give you a good reason for our ... piece being laid in Japan . It ... afforded scope for picturesque treatment , scenery and costume , and I think that the idea of a chief magistrate , who is ... judge and actual executioner in one , and yet would not hurt a worm , may perhaps please the public . "
Setting the opera in Japan , an exotic locale far away from Britain , allowed Gilbert and Sullivan to satirise British politics and institutions more freely by clothing them in superficial Japanese trappings . Gilbert wrote , " The Mikado of the opera was an imaginary monarch of a remote period and cannot by any exercise of ingenuity be taken to be a slap on an existing institution . " G. K. Chesterton compared it to Jonathan Swift 's Gulliver 's Travels : " Gilbert pursued and persecuted the evils of modern England till they had literally not a leg to stand on , exactly as Swift did ... I doubt if there is a single joke in the whole play that fits the Japanese . But all the jokes in the play fit the English . ... About England Pooh @-@ bah is something more than a satire ; he is the truth . " Several of the later operas are similarly set in foreign or fictional locales , including The Gondoliers , Utopia Limited , and The Grand Duke .
The Mikado became the partnership 's longest @-@ running hit , enjoying 672 performances at the Savoy Theatre , which was the second longest run for any work of musical theatre ( surpassing the 571 performances of Pinafore and 576 of Patience ) and one of the longest runs of any theatre piece up to that time . The Mikado remains the most frequently performed Savoy Opera . It has been translated into numerous languages and is one of the most frequently played musical theatre pieces in history .
= = = = Ruddigore = = = =
Ruddigore ( 1887 ) , a topsy @-@ turvy take on Victorian melodrama , was less successful than most of the earlier collaborations with a run of 288 performances . The original title , Ruddygore , together with some of the plot devices , including the revivification of ghosts , drew negative comments from critics . Gilbert and Sullivan respelled the title and made a number of changes and cuts . Nevertheless , the piece was profitable , and the reviews were not all bad . For instance , the Illustrated London News praised the work and both Gilbert and , especially , Sullivan : " Sir Arthur Sullivan has eminently succeeded alike in the expression of refined sentiment and comic humour . In the former respect , the charm of graceful melody prevails ; while , in the latter , the music of the most grotesque situations is redolent of fun . " Further changes were made , including a new overture , when Rupert D 'Oyly Carte revived Ruddigore after the First World War , and the piece was regularly performed by the D 'Oyly Carte Opera Company thereafter .
Some of the plot elements of Ruddigore were introduced by Gilbert in his earlier one @-@ act opera , Ages Ago ( 1869 ) , including the tale of the wicked ancestor and the device of the ghostly ancestors stepping out of their portraits . When Ruddigore closed , no new opera was ready . Gilbert again proposed a version of the " lozenge " plot for their next opera , and Sullivan reiterated his desire to leave the partnership . While the two men worked out their artistic differences , Carte produced revivals of such old favourites as H.M.S. Pinafore , The Pirates of Penzance , and The Mikado .
= = = = The Yeomen of the Guard = = = =
The Yeomen of the Guard ( 1888 ) , their only joint work with a serious ending , concerns a pair of strolling players — a jester and a singing girl — who are caught up in a risky intrigue at the Tower of London during the 16th century . The dialogue , though in prose , is quasi @-@ early modern English in style , and there is no satire of British institutions . For some of the plot elements , Gilbert had reached back to his 1875 tragedy , Broken Hearts . The Times praised the libretto : " It should ... be acknowledged that Mr. Gilbert has earnestly endeavoured to leave familiar grooves and rise to higher things . " Although not a grand opera , the new libretto provided Sullivan with the opportunity to write his most ambitious score to date . The critics , who had recently lauded the composer for his successful oratorio , The Golden Legend , considered the score to Yeomen to be Sullivan 's finest , including its overture , which was written in sonata form , rather than as a sequential pot @-@ pourri of tunes from the opera , as in most of his other overtures . The Daily Telegraph wrote :
The accompaniments ... are delightful to hear , and especially does the treatment of the woodwind compel admiring attention . Schubert himself could hardly have handled those instruments more deftly , written for them more lovingly ... We place the songs and choruses in The Yeomen of the Guard before all his previous efforts of this particular kind . Thus the music follows the book to a higher plane , and we have a genuine English opera ...
Yeomen was a hit , running for over a year , with strong New York and touring productions . During the run , on 12 March 1889 , Sullivan wrote to Gilbert ,
I have lost the liking for writing comic opera , and entertain very grave doubts as to my power of doing it ... You say that in a serious opera , you must more or less sacrifice yourself . I say that this is just what I have been doing in all our joint pieces , and , what is more , must continue to do in comic opera to make it successful .
Sullivan insisted that the next opera must be a grand opera . Gilbert did not feel that he could write a grand opera libretto , but he offered a compromise that Sullivan ultimately accepted . The two would write a light opera for the Savoy , and at the same time , Sullivan a grand opera ( Ivanhoe ) for a new theatre that Carte was constructing to present British grand opera . After a brief impasse over the choice of subject , Sullivan accepted an idea connected with Venice and Venetian life , as " this seemed to me to hold out great chances of bright colour and taking music . "
= = = = The Gondoliers = = = =
The Gondoliers ( 1889 ) takes place partly in Venice and partly in a kingdom ruled by a pair of gondoliers who attempt to remodel the monarchy in a spirit of " republican equality . " Gilbert recapitulates a number of his earlier themes , including the satire of class distinctions figuring in many of his earlier librettos . The libretto also reflects Gilbert 's fascination with the " Stock Company Act " , highlighting the absurd convergence of natural persons and legal entities , which plays an even larger part in the next opera , Utopia Limited . Press accounts were almost entirely favourable . The Illustrated London News reported :
... Gilbert has returned to the Gilbert of the past , and everyone is delighted . He is himself again . The Gilbert of the Bab Ballads , the Gilbert of whimsical conceit , inoffensive cynicism , subtle satire , and playful paradox ; the Gilbert who invented a school of his own , who in it was schoolmaster and pupil , who has never taught anybody but himself , and is never likely to have any imitator — this is the Gilbert the public want to see , and this is the Gilbert who on Saturday night was cheered till the audience was weary of cheering any more .
Sullivan 's old collaborator on Cox and Box ( later the editor of Punch magazine ) , F. C. Burnand , wrote to the composer : " Magnificento ! ... I envy you and W.S.G. being able to place a piece like this on the stage in so complete a fashion . " The opera enjoyed a run longer than any of their other joint works except for H.M.S. Pinafore , Patience and The Mikado . There was a command performance of The Gondoliers for Queen Victoria and the royal family at Windsor Castle in 1891 , the first Gilbert and Sullivan opera to be so honoured . The Gondoliers was Gilbert and Sullivan 's last great success .
= = = Carpet quarrel = = =
Gilbert and Sullivan sometimes had a strained working relationship , partly caused by the fact that each man saw himself as allowing his work to be subjugated to the other 's , and partly caused by the opposing personalities of the two — Gilbert was often confrontational and notoriously thin @-@ skinned ( though prone to acts of extraordinary kindness ) , while Sullivan eschewed conflict . In addition , Gilbert imbued his libretti with " topsy @-@ turvy " situations in which the social order was turned upside down . After a time , these subjects were often at odds with Sullivan 's desire for realism and emotional content . Also , Gilbert 's political satire often poked fun at the wealthy and powerful whom Sullivan sought out for friendship and patronage .
Gilbert and Sullivan disagreed several times over the choice of a subject . After both Princess Ida and Ruddigore , which were less successful than the seven other operas from H.M.S. Pinafore to The Gondoliers , Sullivan asked to leave the partnership , saying that he found Gilbert 's plots repetitive and that the operas were not artistically satisfying to him . While the two artists worked out their differences , Carte kept the Savoy open with revivals of their earlier works . On each occasion , after a few months ' pause , Gilbert responded with a libretto that met Sullivan 's objections , and the partnership was able to continue successfully .
In April 1890 , however , during the run of The Gondoliers , Gilbert challenged Carte over the expenses of the production . Among other items to which Gilbert objected , Carte had charged the cost of a new carpet for the Savoy Theatre lobby to the partnership . Gilbert believed that this was a maintenance expense that should be charged to Carte alone . Gilbert confronted Carte , who refused to reconsider the accounts . Gilbert stormed out and wrote to Sullivan that " I left him with the remark that it was a mistake to kick down the ladder by which he had risen " . Helen Carte wrote that Gilbert had addressed Carte " in a way that I should not have thought you would have used to an offending menial . " As scholar Andrew Crowther has explained :
After all , the carpet was only one of a number of disputed items , and the real issue lay not in the mere money value of these things , but in whether Carte could be trusted with the financial affairs of Gilbert and Sullivan . Gilbert contended that Carte had at best made a series of serious blunders in the accounts , and at worst deliberately attempted to swindle the others . It is not easy to settle the rights and wrongs of the issue at this distance , but it does seem fairly clear that there was something very wrong with the accounts at this time . Gilbert wrote to Sullivan on 28 May 1891 , a year after the end of the " Quarrel " , that Carte had admitted " an unintentional overcharge of nearly £ 1 @,@ 000 in the electric lighting accounts alone .
Things soon degraded , a legal hearing was held , and Sullivan supported Carte by making an affidavit erroneously stating that there were minor legal expenses outstanding from a battle Gilbert had with Lillian Russell . On 5 May 1890 , Gilbert had written to Sullivan : " The time for putting an end to our collaboration has at last arrived . " Gilbert later asked Sullivan to say he had been mistaken in his affidavit , but Sullivan refused . Gilbert felt it was a moral issue , and could not look past it . Sullivan felt that Gilbert was questioning his good faith , and in any event , Sullivan had other reasons to stay in Carte 's good graces : Carte was building a new theatre , the Royal English Opera House , to produce Sullivan 's only grand opera , Ivanhoe . Gilbert brought suit , and after The Gondoliers closed in 1891 , he withdrew the performance rights to his libretti , vowing to write no more operas for the Savoy .
Gilbert next wrote The Mountebanks with Alfred Cellier and the flop Haste to the Wedding with George Grossmith , and Sullivan wrote Haddon Hall with Sydney Grundy . Gilbert eventually won the law suit , but his actions and statements had been hurtful to his partners . Nevertheless , the partnership had been so profitable that , after the financial failure of the Royal English Opera House , Carte and his wife sought to reunite the author and composer . In late 1891 , after many failed attempts at reconciliation , Gilbert and Sullivan 's music publisher , Tom Chappell , stepped in to mediate between two of his most profitable artists , and within two weeks he had succeeded , eventually leading to two further collaborations between Gilbert and Sullivan .
= = = Last works = = =
Utopia , Limited ( 1893 ) , their penultimate opera , was a very modest success , and their last , The Grand Duke ( 1896 ) was an outright failure . Neither work entered the canon of regularly performed Gilbert and Sullivan works until the D 'Oyly Carte Opera Company made the first complete professional recordings of the two operas in the 1970s . Gilbert had also offered Sullivan another libretto , His Excellency ( 1894 ) , but Gilbert 's insistence on casting Nancy McIntosh , his protege from Utopia , led to Sullivan 's refusal , and His Excellency was instead composed by F. Osmond Carr . Meanwhile , the Savoy Theatre continued to revive the Gilbert and Sullivan operas , in between new pieces , and D 'Oyly Carte touring companies also played them in repertory .
After The Grand Duke , the partners saw no reason to work together again . A last unpleasant misunderstanding occurred in 1898 . At the premiere of Sullivan ’ s opera The Beauty Stone on 28 May , Gilbert arrived at the Savoy Theatre with friends , assuming that Sullivan had reserved some seats for him . Instead , he was informed that Sullivan objected to his presence . The composer later denied that this was true . The last time they met was at the Savoy Theatre on 17 November 1898 at the celebration of the 21st anniversary of the first performance of The Sorcerer . They did not speak to each other . Sullivan , by this time in exceedingly poor health , died in 1900 , although to the end he continued to write new comic operas for the Savoy with other librettists , most successfully with Basil Hood in The Rose of Persia ( 1899 ) . Gilbert also wrote several works , some with other collaborators , in the 1890s . By the time of Sullivan 's death in 1900 , Gilbert wrote that any memory of their rift had been " completely bridged over , " and " the most cordial relations existed between us . " He stated that Sullivan was " A composer of the rarest genius – who , because he was a composer of the rarest genius , was as modest and as unassuming as a neophyte should be , but seldom is .... I remember all that he has done for me in allowing his genius to shed some of its lustre upon my humble name . "
Richard D 'Oyly Carte died in 1901 , and his widow , Helen , continued to direct the activities of the D 'Oyly Carte Opera Company at the Savoy and on tour . Gilbert went into semi @-@ retirement , although he continued to direct revivals of the Savoy Operas and wrote new plays occasionally . Between 1906 and 1909 , he assisted Mrs. Carte in staging two repertory seasons at the Savoy Theatre . These were very popular and revived interest in the works . Gilbert was knighted during the first repertory season . After Sullivan 's death , Gilbert wrote only one more comic opera , Fallen Fairies ( 1909 ; music by Edward German ) , which was not a success .
= = Legacy and assessment = =
Gilbert died in 1911 , and Richard 's son , Rupert D 'Oyly Carte , took over the opera company upon his step @-@ mother 's death in 1913 . His daughter , Bridget , inherited the company upon his death in 1948 . The D 'Oyly Carte Opera Company toured nearly year @-@ round , except for its many London seasons and foreign tours , performing exclusively the Gilbert and Sullivan operas , until it closed in 1982 . During the 20th century , the company gave well over 35 @,@ 000 performances . The Savoy operas , from the beginning , were produced extensively in North America and Australasia , and soon afterwards in Germany , Russia , and elsewhere in Europe and around the world .
In 1922 , Sir Henry Wood explained the enduring success of the collaboration as follows :
Sullivan has never had an equal for brightness and drollery , for humour without coarseness and without vulgarity , and for charm and grace . His orchestration is delightful : he wrote with full understanding of every orchestral voice . Above all , his music is perfectly appropriate to the words of which it is the setting .... He found the right , the only cadences to fit Gilbert 's happy and original rhythms , and to match Gilbert 's fun or to throw Gilbert 's frequent irony , pointed although not savage , into relief . Sullivan 's music is much more than the accompaniment of Gilbert 's libretti , just as Gilbert 's libretti are far more than words to Sullivan 's music . We have two masters who are playing a concerto . Neither is subordinate to the other ; each gives what is original , but the two , while neither predominates , are in perfect correspondence . This rare harmony of words and music is what makes these operas entirely unique . They are the work not of a musician and his librettist nor of a poet and one who sets his words to music , but of two geniuses .
G. K. Chesterton similarly praised the combination of the two artists , anticipating the operas ' success into the " remote future " . He wrote that Gilbert 's satire was " too intelligent to be intelligible " by itself , and that perhaps only Sullivan could have given " wings to his words ... in exactly the right degree frivolous and exactly the right degree fastidious . [ The words ' ] precise degree of levity and distance from reality ... seemed to be expressed ... in the very notes of the music ; almost ... in the note of the laughter that followed it . " In 1957 , a review in The Times gave this rationale for " the continued vitality of the Savoy operas " :
" [ T ] hey were never really contemporary in their idiom .... Gilbert and Sullivan 's [ world ] , from the first moment was obviously not the audience 's world , [ it was ] an artificial world , with a neatly controlled and shapely precision which has not gone out of fashion – because it was never in fashion in the sense of using the fleeting conventions and ways of thought of contemporary human society .... For this , each partner has his share of credit . The neat articulation of incredibilities in Gilbert 's plots is perfectly matched by his language .... His dialogue , with its primly mocking formality , satisfies both the ear and the intelligence . His verses show an unequalled and very delicate gift for creating a comic effect by the contrast between poetic form and prosaic thought and wording .... How deliciously [ his lines ] prick the bubble of sentiment .... [ Of ] equal importance ... Gilbert 's lyrics almost invariably take on extra point and sparkle when set to Sullivan 's music .... Sullivan 's tunes , in these operas , also exist in a make @-@ believe world of their own .... [ He is ] a delicate wit , whose airs have a precision , a neatness , a grace , and a flowing melody .... The two men together remain endlessly and incomparably delightful .... Light , and even trifling , though [ the operas ] may seem upon grave consideration , they yet have the shapeliness and elegance that can make a trifle into a work of art " .
Because of the unusual success of the operas , the D 'Oyly Carte Opera Company were able , from the start , to license the works to other professional companies , such as the J. C. Williamson Gilbert and Sullivan Opera Company , and to amateur troupes . For almost a century , until the British copyrights expired at the end of 1961 , and even afterwards , the D 'Oyly Carte Opera Company influenced productions of the operas worldwide , creating a " performing tradition " for most of the operas that is still referred to today by many directors , both amateur and professional . Indeed , Gilbert , Sullivan and Carte had an important influence on amateur theatre . Cellier and Bridgeman wrote in 1914 that , prior to the creation of the Savoy operas , amateur actors were treated with contempt by professionals . After the formation of amateur Gilbert and Sullivan companies in the 1880s licensed to perform the operas , professionals recognised that the amateur performing groups " support the culture of music and the drama . They are now accepted as useful training schools for the legitimate stage , and from the volunteer ranks have sprung many present @-@ day favourites . " Cellier and Bridgeman attributed the rise in quality and reputation of the amateur groups largely to " the popularity of , and infectious craze for performing , the Gilbert and Sullivan operas " . The National Operatic and Dramatic Association ( NODA ) was founded in 1899 . It reported , in 1914 , that nearly 200 British troupes were performing Gilbert and Sullivan that year , constituting most of the amateur companies in the country ( this figure included only the societies that were members of NODA ) . The association further reported that almost 1 @,@ 000 performances of the Savoy operas had been given in Britain that year , many of them to benefit charities . Cellier and Bridgeman noted that strong amateur groups were performing the operas in places as far away as New Zealand . In the U.S. , and elsewhere where British copyrights on the operas were not enforced , both professional and amateur companies performed the works throughout the 20th century – the Internet Broadway Database counts about 150 productions on Broadway alone from 1900 to 1960 . The Savoy Company , an amateur group formed in 1901 in Philadelphia , continues to perform today .
Recordings of excerpts from the Gilbert and Sullivan operas began to be released in 1906 . In 1917 , the Gramophone Company ( also known as HMV ) produced the first album of a complete musical score of a Gilbert and Sullivan opera , The Mikado , followed by recordings of eight more of the operas . Electrical recordings of the complete musical scores of most of the operas were then issued by the Gramophone Company and Victor Talking Machine Company beginning in the late 1920s . These recordings were supervised by Rupert D 'Oyly Carte . The original D 'Oyly Carte Opera Company continued to produce well @-@ regarded recordings until 1979 , helping to keep the operas popular through the decades . Many of these recordings have been reissued on CD . After the copyrights on the operas expired , other professional companies were free to perform and record the operas . Many performing companies arose to produce the works , such as Gilbert and Sullivan for All in Britain and the Light Opera of Manhattan and Light Opera Works in the U.S. , and existing companies , such as English National Opera and Australian Opera added Gilbert and Sullivan to their repertories . These companies also released popular audio and video recordings of the operas . In 1980 , a Broadway and West End production of Pirates produced by Joseph Papp brought new audiences to Gilbert and Sullivan , and between 1988 and 2003 , the revived D 'Oyly Carte Opera Company revived the operas on tour and on the West End , also recording seven of the operas . A set of eleven of the operas ( omitting the last two ) was produced in 1982 for television , ten of which are available on VHS and DVD .
Today , numerous professional repertory companies , small opera companies , amateur societies , churches , schools and universities continue to produce the works . The most popular G & S works also continue to be performed from time to time by major opera companies , and professional recordings of the operas , and albums of songs from the operas , continue to be released . Since 1994 , a three @-@ week @-@ long International Gilbert and Sullivan Festival has been held every August in England , with some two dozen or more performances of the operas given on the main stage , and several dozen related " fringe " events given in smaller venues . The Festival sells both professional and amateur videos of its most popular productions . In connection with the 2009 festival , a contemporary critic wrote , " The appeal of G & S ’ s special blend of charm , silliness and gentle satire seems immune to fashion . " There continue to be hundreds of amateur companies performing the Gilbert and Sullivan works worldwide .
= = = Cultural influence = = =
In the past 125 years , Gilbert and Sullivan have pervasively influenced popular culture in the English @-@ speaking world , and lines and quotations from their operas have become part of the English language ( even if not originated by Gilbert ) , such as " short , sharp shock " , " What never ? Well , hardly ever ! " , " let the punishment fit the crime " , and " A policeman 's lot is not a happy one " . The operas have influenced political style and discourse , literature , film and television , have been widely parodied by humorists , and have been quoted in legal rulings .
The American and British musical owes a tremendous debt to G & S , who were admired and copied by early musical theatre authors and composers such as Ivan Caryll , Adrian Ross , Lionel Monckton , P. G. Wodehouse , Guy Bolton , and Victor Herbert , and later Jerome Kern , Ira Gershwin , Yip Harburg , Irving Berlin , Ivor Novello , Oscar Hammerstein II , and Andrew Lloyd Webber . Gilbert 's lyrics served as a model for such 20th @-@ century Broadway lyricists as Cole Porter , Ira Gershwin , and Lorenz Hart . Noël Coward wrote : " I was born into a generation that still took light music seriously . The lyrics and melodies of Gilbert and Sullivan were hummed and strummed into my consciousness at an early age . My father sang them , my mother played them , my nurse , Emma , breathed them through her teeth .... My aunts and uncles ... sang them singly and in unison at the slightest provocation .... "
Professor Carolyn Williams has noted , however : " The influence of Gilbert and Sullivan – their wit and sense of irony , the send ups of politics and contemporary culture – goes beyond musical theater to comedy in general . Allusions to their work have made their way into our own popular culture " . Gilbert and Sullivan expert and enthusiast Ian Bradley agrees :
The musical is not , of course , the only cultural form to show the influence of G & S. Even more direct heirs are those witty and satirical songwriters found on both sides of the Atlantic in the twentieth century like Michael Flanders and Donald Swann in the United Kingdom and Tom Lehrer in the United States . The influence of Gilbert is discernible in a vein of British comedy that runs through John Betjeman 's verse via Monty Python and Private Eye to ... television series like Yes , Minister ... where the emphasis is on wit , irony , and poking fun at the establishment from within it in a way which manages to be both disrespectful of authority and yet cosily comfortable and urbane .
The works of Gilbert and Sullivan are themselves frequently pastiched and parodied . Well known examples of this include Tom Lehrer 's The Elements and Clementine ; Allan Sherman 's I 'm Called Little Butterball , When I Was a Lad , You Need an Analyst and The Bronx Bird @-@ Watcher ; and The Two Ronnies ' 1973 Christmas Special . Other comedians have used Gilbert and Sullivan songs as a key part of their routines , including Hinge and Bracket , Anna Russell , and the HMS Yakko episode of the animated TV series Animaniacs . Songs from Gilbert and Sullivan are often pastiched in advertising , and elaborate advertising parodies have been published , as have the likenesses of various Gilbert and Sullivan performers throughout the decades . Gilbert and Sullivan comic operas are commonly referenced in literature , film and television in various ways that include extensive use of Sullivan 's music or where action occurs during a performance of a Gilbert and Sullivan opera , such as in the film The Girl Said No . There are also a number of Gilbert and Sullivan biographical films , such as Mike Leigh 's Topsy @-@ Turvy ( 2000 ) and The Story of Gilbert and Sullivan ( 1953 ) , as well as shows about the partnership , including a 1938 Broadway show , Knights of Song and a 1975 West End show called Tarantara ! Tarantara !
It is not surprising , given the focus of Gilbert on politics , that politicians and political observers have often found inspiration in these works . Chief Justice of the United States William Rehnquist added gold stripes to his judicial robes after seeing them used by the Lord Chancellor in a production of Iolanthe . Alternatively , Lord Chancellor Charles Falconer is recorded as objecting so strongly to Iolanthe 's comic portrayal of Lord Chancellors that he supported moves to disband the office . British politicians , beyond quoting some of the more famous lines , have delivered speeches in the form of Gilbert and Sullivan pastiches . These include Conservative Peter Lilley 's speech mimicking the form of " I 've got a little list " from The Mikado , listing those he was against , including " sponging socialists " and " young ladies who get pregnant just to jump the housing queue " . Political humour based on Gilbert and Sullivan 's style and characters continues to be written .
= = Collaborations = =
= = = Major works and original London runs = = =
Thespis ; or , The Gods Grown Old ( 1871 ) 63 performances
Trial by Jury ( 1875 ) 131 performances
The Sorcerer ( 1877 ) 178 performances
H.M.S. Pinafore ; or , The Lass That Loved a Sailor ( 1878 ) 571 performances
The Pirates of Penzance ; or , The Slave of Duty ( 1879 ) 363 performances
The Martyr of Antioch ( cantata ) ( 1880 ) ( Gilbert modified the poem by Henry Hart Milman )
Patience ; or Bunthorne 's Bride ( 1881 ) 578 performances
Iolanthe ; or , The Peer and the Peri ( 1882 ) 398 performances
Princess Ida ; or , Castle Adamant ( 1884 ) 246 performances
The Mikado ; or , The Town of Titipu ( 1885 ) 672 performances
Ruddigore ; or , The Witch 's Curse ( 1887 ) 288 performances
The Yeomen of the Guard ; or , The Merryman and his Maid ( 1888 ) 423 performances
The Gondoliers ; or , The King of Barataria ( 1889 ) 554 performances
Utopia , Limited ; or , The Flowers of Progress ( 1893 ) 245 performances
The Grand Duke ; or , The Statutory Duel ( 1896 ) 123 performances
= = = Parlour ballads = = =
The Distant Shore ( 1874 )
The Love that Loves Me Not ( 1875 )
Sweethearts ( 1875 ) , based on Gilbert 's 1874 play , Sweethearts
= = = Overtures = = =
The overtures from the Gilbert and Sullivan operas remain popular , and there are many recordings of them . Most of them are structured as a potpourri of tunes from the operas . They are generally well @-@ orchestrated , but not all of them were composed by Sullivan . However , even those delegated to his assistants were based on an outline he provided , and in many cases incorporated his suggestions or corrections . Sullivan invariably conducted them ( as well as the entire operas ) on opening night , and they were included in the published scores approved by Sullivan .
Those Sullivan wrote himself include the overtures to Thespis , Iolanthe , Princess Ida , The Yeomen of the Guard , The Gondoliers and The Grand Duke . Sullivan 's authorship of the overture to Utopia , Limited cannot be verified with certainty , as his autograph score is now lost , but it is likely attributable to him , as it consists of only a few bars of introduction , followed by a straight copy of music heard elsewhere in the opera ( the Drawing Room scene ) . Thespis is now lost , but there is no doubt that Sullivan wrote its overture . Very early performances of The Sorcerer used a section of Sullivan 's incidental music to Shakespeare 's Henry the VIII , as he did not have time to write a new overture , but this was replaced in 1884 by one executed by Hamilton Clarke . Of those remaining , the overtures to H.M.S. Pinafore and The Pirates of Penzance are by Alfred Cellier , the overture to Patience is by Eugene d 'Albert , and those to The Mikado and Ruddigore are by Hamilton Clarke ( although the Ruddigore overture was later replaced by one written by Geoffrey Toye ) .
Most of the overtures are in three sections : a lively introduction , a slow middle section , and a concluding allegro in sonata form , with two subjects , a brief development , a recapitulation and a coda . However , Sullivan himself did not always follow this pattern . The overture to Princess Ida , for instance , has only an opening fast section and a concluding slow section . The overture to Utopia Limited is dominated by a slow section , with only a very brief original passage introducing it .
In the 1920s , the D 'Oyly Carte Opera Company commissioned its musical director at the time , Geoffrey Toye , to write new overtures for Ruddigore and The Pirates of Penzance . Toye 's Ruddigore overture entered the general repertory , and today is more often heard than the original overture by Clarke . Toye 's Pirates overture , however , did not last long and is now presumed lost . Sir Malcolm Sargent devised a new ending for the overture to The Gondoliers , adding the " cachucha " from the second act of the opera . This gave the Gondoliers overture the familiar fast @-@ slow @-@ fast pattern of most of the rest of the Savoy Opera overtures , and this version has competed for popularity with Sullivan 's original version .
= = Alternative versions = =
= = = Translations = = =
Gilbert and Sullivan operas have been translated into many languages , including Portuguese , Yiddish , Hebrew , Swedish , Dutch , Danish , Estonian , Hungarian , Russian , Japanese , French , Italian , Spanish ( reportedly including a version of Pinafore transformed into zarzuela style ) , Catalan and others .
There are many German versions of Gilbert and Sullivan operas , including the popular Der Mikado . There is even a German version of The Grand Duke . Some German translations were made by Friedrich Zell and Richard Genée , librettists of Die Fledermaus and other Viennese operettas , who even translated one of Sullivan 's lesser @-@ known operas , The Chieftain , as ( Der Häuptling ) .
= = = Ballets = = =
Pirates of Penzance - The Ballet ! , created for the Queensland Ballet in 1991
Pineapple Poll , created by John Cranko in 1951 at Sadler 's Wells Theatre ; in repertoire at the Birmingham Royal Ballet . The ballet is based on Gilbert 's 1870 Bab Ballad " The Bumboat Woman 's Story " , as is H.M.S. Pinafore . Cranko expanded the plotline of Gilbert 's poem and added a happy ending . The music is arranged by Sir Charles Mackerras from themes by Sullivan .
= = = Adaptations = = =
Gilbert adapted the stories of H.M.S. Pinafore and The Mikado into children 's books called The Pinafore Picture Book and The Story of The Mikado giving , in some cases , backstory that is not found in the librettos . Many other children 's books have since been written retelling the stories of the operas or adapting characters or events from them . In the 19th century , the most popular Gilbert and Sullivan songs and music were adapted as dance pieces .
Many musical theatre and film adaptations of the operas have been produced , including the following :
The Swing Mikado ( 1938 ; Chicago – all @-@ black cast )
The Hot Mikado ( 1939 ) and Hot Mikado ( 1986 )
The Jazz Mikado ( 1927 , Berlin )
Hollywood Pinafore ( 1945 )
The Cool Mikado ( 1962 film )
The Black Mikado ( 1975 )
Dick Deadeye , or Duty Done ( 1975 animated film )
The Pirate Movie ( 1982 film )
The Ratepayers ' Iolanthe ( 1984 ; Olivier Award @-@ winning musical ) adapted by Ned Sherrin and Alistair Beaton
Metropolitan Mikado ( political satire adapted by Sherrin and Beaton , first performed at Queen Elizabeth Hall ( 1985 ) starring Louise Gold , Simon Butteriss , Rosemary Ashe , Robert Meadmore and Martin Smith )
Di Yam Gazlonim by Al Grand ( 1986 ; a Yiddish adaptation of Pirates ; a New York production was nominated for a 2007 Drama Desk Award )
Pinafore ! ( A Saucy , Sexy , Ship @-@ Shape New Musical ) ( adapted by Mark Savage , first performed at the Celebration Theater in Los Angeles , California in 2001 ; only one character is female , and all but one of the male characters are gay .
Gondoliers : A Mafia @-@ themed adaptation of the opera , broadly rewritten by John Doyle and orchestrated and arranged Sarah Travis , was given at the Watermill Theatre and transferred to the Apollo Theatre in the West End in 2001 . The production utilised Doyle 's signature conceit of the actors playing their own orchestra instruments .
Parson 's Pirates by Opera della Luna ( 2002 )
The Ghosts of Ruddigore by Opera della Luna ( 2003 )
Pinafore Swing , Watermill Theatre ( 2004 @.@ another Doyle adaptation in which the actors double as the orchestra )
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= Cumberland ( rugby league team ) =
Cumberland , officially known as Central Cumberland , were a rugby league team in 1908 based in the region of Cumberland Plain in western Sydney . They were one of the nine original teams in the first New South Wales Rugby League ( NSWRL ) season , albeit admitted after the first round of matches had already been played . They are the shortest lived team in the history of first @-@ grade rugby league in Australia after disbanding late that year . Statistically , they are the club with the poorest all @-@ time record , only lasting eight games in their inaugural and only season .
= = History = =
The Cumberland area was dominated by rugby union , another form of the game , as the main winter sport . The local Kings School took part in a regular competition of rugby union with other clubs Aallaroo , Calder House , Civil , Lyndhurst , Military , Newington , North Shore and Waratah . These teams in the area by 1900 , were put under the banner of Western Suburbs Rugby Union .
= = = Formation = = =
The club was formed on the night of 21 April 1908 at Horse and Jockey Hotel , Homebush , the night after the first round of rugby league was being held in the NSWRL premiership . On that morning , Sydney newspaper The Daily Telegraph advertised a meeting for that night to discuss the formation of rugby league club in the Cumberland area . The meeting was attended by annoyed members of the Western Suburbs Rugby Union Club who were asked to form a rugby league club under the name Central Cumberland .
When the Western Suburbs formed their club , most of their players had come from Ashfield Rugby Union Club , which was a second division team to the Western Suburbs Rugby Union Club . All but two of the first grade team of Western Suburbs Rugby Union Club rejected offers from Western Suburbs . However , when Cumberland were looking for players , 23 of the 27 players present at the meeting signed with the club , most of which were rugby union players from the Western Suburbs Rugby Union Club .
The NSWRL were reluctant to admit a ninth team into the premiership and proposed they merge with nearby team Western Suburbs . However , the clubs involved declined so the NSWRL agreed to allowing the Cumberland team to a trial match against Eastern Suburbs . While Eastern Suburbs won the match 18 @-@ 4 , the NSWRL was convinced of that they could be competitive . As the NSWRL premiership had already begun , the NSWRL had to reformat the draw to include Cumberland , which meant increasing the number of teams from eight to nine . Cumberland did not have a home ground , like some of the other teams , and would play their games at the Agricultural Ground , Birchgrove Oval and Wentworth Park .
= = = 1908 season = = =
The first match they played was against Souths on 9 May 1908 and despite the loss , the league praised the club over the 20 @,@ 000 crowd that attended the game . Though the game , which Cumberland lost 23 @-@ 2 was played as a curtain @-@ raiser to an international match between Australia and New Zealand .
Both Cumberland and Western Suburbs had been winless to this point of the season and Cumberland had a score to settle with their rivals from Western Suburbs Rugby Union Club who were with Western Suburbs rugby league club . Cumberland led 4 @-@ 2 at half time , having two penalty goals kicked by Harry Bloomfield in the first half , however Western Suburbs goalkicker Jim Abercrombie kicked a penalty goal to equalize , after which George Cribb scored between the post and Bloomfield kicked the goal to make it 9 @-@ 4 . Abercrombie scored another penalty goal to make it 9 @-@ 6 , after which Bloomfield intercepted a pass , kicked the ball and regathered it to score which he also converted to win the match 14 @-@ 6 . Cumberland won its only game in the premiership season and ever .
In what turned out to be their final ever game , Cumberland were only able to field eleven out of the required thirteen players . The club ended up borrowing two players from the opposing team North Sydney to play for them , who were ' Paddy ' Boland and Bert Odbert . They lost this game 45 @-@ 0 and were awarded the wooden spoon for finishing on the bottom of the competition ladder .
= = = Demise = = =
Cumberland 's dismal winning percentage and the inability to field a team led to their disbanding at the end of the season . After only playing eight first @-@ grade matches and one trial match , Cumberland ceased to exist and passed into history . Seven of the Cumberland players moved to neighbours Western Suburbs , although only Harry Bloomfield , A. Halling and S. Jarvis played first @-@ grade rugby league again .
= = Colours and crest = =
Cumberland 's neighbour club Western Suburbs had used black and white as their colours , which had been taken from Ashfield rugby club , a second grade rugby union team which supplied many of Western Suburbs players . Unlike other clubs , Western Suburbs did not take their colours from their district rugby union team , due to Ashfield 's influence at the club . Cumberland thought of using the bottle green of the Western Suburbs Rugby Union Club ' , as many of their team members were from there . However , the club believed that some would be unable to distinguish Western Suburbs and Cumberland if this approach was taken .
The club eventually chose the colours of the local Parramatta council , which were royal blue and gold , which were represented on their jersey in horizontal stripes , or hoops . The crest used these colours and was like many of the other crests of the 1908 season , a badge with a letter ' C ' , to represent the first letter of Cumberland . The badge was royal blue , while the letter gold . These colours were later used by the Parramatta Eels at their introduction in the NSWRL premiership in 1947 , although there was no official affiliation between Cumberland and the later Parramatta team . The club 's jersey was , like most other clubs , the colours in hoops around the jersey . These hoops of blue and gold were mixed with a white collar and black or grey shorts .
= = Players = =
Cumberland used twenty @-@ four players in their eight matches :
Key
Position - the rugby league position that player played at .
Career - the years the player spent at the team .
Appearances - the number of times this player played for the team .
T - the number of tries the player scored for the team .
G - the number of goals the player scored for the team .
FG - the number of field goals the player scored for the team .
P - The total number of points scored by the player .
= = = Representative players = = =
Cumberland has no representative players
= = Records and statistics = =
= = = Individual records = = =
Harry Bloomfield , statistically , is Cumberland 's best player . Bloomfield , along with A. Halling , S. Jarvis , Thomas Lalor and F. O 'Grady played all eight matches for Cumberland . Bloomfield played fullback and scored nineteen points for Cumberland which encompassed one try and eight goals throughout the season which was enough to warrant representation for New South Wales in an interstate match against Queensland . This included eleven points in one match , against Wests in their only win for the Season . E. Bellamy claims hold to most tries in a season , scoring two , one in the match against Glebe , the other against Eastern Suburbs .
= = = Team honours = = =
Statistically , Cumberland are the worst team in the history of first @-@ grade rugby league in Australia . They only have won 12 @.@ 5 % of their games , lowest to Annandale ( 18 @.@ 3 % ) , who are also a defunct team . They won the wooden spoon for being last on the table in the 1908 season . They had only one win which was 14 @-@ 6 over Western Suburbs , and had their worst loss in their final game against Norths , 45 @-@ 0 . They lost six consecutive games from 9 May 1908 until 27 June 1908 , a win , then a final loss . They scored an average 4 @.@ 75 points each game whereas they had an average of 23 @.@ 88 points scored against them .
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= Pattie Boyd =
Patricia Anne " Pattie " Weston ( née Boyd ) ( born 17 March 1944 ) is an English model , photographer and author . She was the first wife of both George Harrison and Eric Clapton . In August 2007 , she published her autobiography Wonderful Tonight . Her photographs of Harrison and Clapton , titled Through the Eye of a Muse , have been exhibited in Dublin , Sydney , Toronto , Moscow , London and throughout the United States .
= = Early life = =
Boyd was born on 17 March 1944 , in Taunton , Somerset , and was the first child to Colin Ian Langdon Boyd , and Diana Frances Boyd ( née Drysdale ) , who were married on 14 September 1942 . The Boyds moved to West Lothian , Scotland , where her brother Colin was born in 1946 . The Boyd family moved to Guildford , Surrey , where her sister , Helen Mary " Jenny " Boyd was born in 1947 . Boyd 's youngest sister , Paula , was born at Nakuru hospital , Kenya , in 1951 . The Boyds lived in Nairobi , Kenya , from 1948 to 1953 , after her father 's discharge from the Royal Air Force . Boyd 's parents divorced in 1952 , and her mother married Robert Gaymer @-@ Jones in February 1953 , in Tanganyika ( now Tanzania ) . The family returned to England where Boyd gained two half brothers , David J.B. ( b . 1954 ) and Robert , Jr . ( b . 1955 ) . Jenny would later marry Fleetwood Mac 's drummer Mick Fleetwood and have two daughters with him - Amy and Lucy .
Boyd attended Hazeldean School in Putney , the St Agnes and St Michael Convent Boarding School in East Grinstead , and St Martha 's Convent in Hadley Wood , Hertfordshire ( where she received three GCE O level passes in 1961 ) . Boyd moved to London in 1962 and worked as a shampoo girl at Elizabeth Arden 's salon , until a client who worked for a fashion magazine inspired her to begin work as a model .
= = Career = =
Boyd began her fashion career in 1962 , modelling in London , New York and Paris . She was photographed by David Bailey and Terence Donovan , and appeared on the cover of Vogue . Boyd appeared on the cover of the UK and Italian editions of Vogue magazine in 1969 , with other popular models of the day , such as Twiggy , who based her early modelling appearance on Boyd . Boyd was asked by Gloria Stavers to write a column for 16 Magazine , and appeared in a TV commercial promoting Smith 's crisps . She was cast for A Hard Day 's Night , where she met George Harrison .
Boyd exhibited her photos of Harrison and Clapton at the San Francisco Art Exchange on Valentine 's Day 2005 , in a show entitled Through the Eye of a Muse . The exhibition appeared in San Francisco and London during 2006 , and in La Jolla , California in 2008 . Boyd 's photography was shown in Dublin and in Toronto in 2008 and at the Blender Gallery in Sydney , Australia and in Almaty , Kazakhstan in 2009 and 2010 . Her exhibit " Yesterday and Today : The Beatles and Eric Clapton " was shown in Santa Catalina Island in California , and at the National Geographic Headquarters in Washington , DC in 2011 .
In 2007 Boyd published her autobiography , which includes some of her photographs , titled Wonderful Today in the UK ; in the US it was published with the title Wonderful Tonight : George Harrison , Eric Clapton , and Me . In the United States , Boyd 's book debuted at the top of the New York Times Best Seller list .
= = Personal life = =
= = = Marriage to George Harrison = = =
In 1964 , Boyd met Harrison during the filming of A Hard Day 's Night , in which she was cast as a schoolgirl . Her only line in the film was asking " Prisoners ? " , but she later appeared in the " I Should Have Known Better " segment . Boyd was " semi @-@ engaged " to photographer Eric Swayne at the time , and so declined a date proposal from Harrison . Several days later , after ending her relationship with Swayne , she went back to work on the film and Harrison asked her out on a date for a second time . The couple went to a private gentlemen 's club called the Garrick Club , chaperoned by the Beatles ' manager , Brian Epstein . According to Boyd , one of the first things Harrison said to her on the film set was : " Will you marry me ? Well , if you won 't marry me , will you have dinner with me tonight ? "
Boyd had her first encounter with LSD in early 1965 when the couple 's dentist , John Riley , secretly laced her coffee with the drug during a dinner party at his home . As she was getting ready to leave with Harrison and John and Cynthia Lennon , Riley told them that he had spiked their drinks and tried to convince them to stay . Outside , Boyd was in an agitated state from the drug and threatened to break a store window , but Harrison pulled her away . Later , when Boyd and her group were in a lift on their way up to the Ad Lib club , they mistakenly believed it was on fire .
Later that year , Boyd moved into Kinfauns with Harrison . The couple were engaged on 25 December 1965 , and married on 21 January 1966 , in a ceremony at a register office in Ashley Road , Epsom , with Paul McCartney as best man . Later , the couple went on a honeymoon in Barbados . In September , Boyd flew with Harrison to Bombay to visit sitar virtuoso Ravi Shankar , before returning to London on 23 October 1966 . The following year , Boyd attended the Our World broadcast of " All You Need Is Love " . Through her interest in Eastern mysticism and her membership in the Spiritual Regeneration Movement , she inspired all four Beatles to meet the Indian mystic Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in London on 24 August 1967 , which resulted in a visit to the Maharishi 's seminar in Bangor , the following day . Boyd accompanied Harrison on the Beatles ' visit to the Maharishi 's ashram in Rishikesh , India , in February 1968 . In March 1970 , Boyd moved with Harrison from Kinfauns to Friar Park , a Victorian neo @-@ Gothic mansion , in Henley @-@ on @-@ Thames .
In 1973 , Boyd 's marriage to Harrison began to fail and she had an affair with Faces guitarist Ronnie Wood . She separated from Harrison in 1974 and their divorce was finalised on 9 June 1977 . Boyd said her decision to end their marriage and leave Harrison was based largely on his repeated infidelities , culminating in an affair with Ringo Starr 's wife Maureen , which Boyd called " the final straw " . Boyd characterised the last year of her marriage as " fuelled by alcohol and cocaine " , and claimed " George used coke excessively , and I think it changed him ... it froze his emotions and hardened his heart . "
= = = Marriage to Eric Clapton = = =
In the late 1960s , Clapton and Harrison became close friends , and began writing and recording music together . At this time Clapton fell in love with Boyd . His 1970 album with Derek and the Dominos , Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs , was written to proclaim his love for her , particularly the hit song " Layla " . When Boyd rebuffed his advances late that year , Clapton descended into heroin addiction and self @-@ imposed exile for three years . Boyd moved in with Clapton and married him in 1979 . Her struggles within the marriage were masked by her public image with Clapton . Boyd drank , and admits to past drug use , but she never became a drug addict like Clapton did . Boyd left Clapton in September 1984 , and divorced him in 1988 . Her stated reasons were Clapton 's years of alcoholism , as well as his numerous affairs including one with Italian model Lory Del Santo . In 1989 , her divorce was granted on the grounds of " infidelity and unreasonable behaviour " . Boyd was also the inspiration for the songs : " Bell Bottom Blues " and " Wonderful Tonight " .
= = = Marriage to Rod Weston = = =
On 30 April 2015 , Boyd was married for the third time at the Chelsea Register Office at Chelsea Old Town Hall in London . Her husband , property developer Rod Weston , was quoted as saying , " It 's almost our silver anniversary so we thought we had better get on with it " .
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= 49th Battalion ( Australia ) =
The 49th Battalion was an infantry unit of the Australian Army . Raised as part of the Australian Imperial Force during the First World War , the battalion fought along the Western Front between mid @-@ 1916 and late 1918 , before being disbanded in early 1919 . In 1921 , it was re @-@ formed as a part @-@ time unit based in the state of Queensland . Throughout the 1930s , the battalion was merged a couple of times as a result of manpower shortages , but in early 1940 , as Australia mobilised for the Second World War , the 49th was expanded and the following year deployed to New Guinea to undertake garrison duty . Following Japan 's entry into the war , the 49th was committed to the fighting in the early stages of the New Guinea campaign , taking part in the Battle of Sanananda in December 1942 , where it took many casualties and suffered heavily from disease . The battalion was withdrawn back to Australia in early 1943 and subsequently disbanded in July , with the majority of its personnel being redistributed to other units . During the post @-@ war period , the 49th Battalion was subsumed into the Royal Queensland Regiment , existing between 1966 and 1997 , before being merged with the 25th Battalion to form the 25th / 49th Battalion , Royal Queensland Regiment .
= = History = =
= = = First World War = = =
The 49th Battalion was originally formed on 27 February 1916 as part of an expansion of the all @-@ volunteer Australian Imperial Force , which took place after the failed Gallipoli Campaign , during the First World War . The expansion was undertaken by raising a new division in Australia – the 3rd Division – and by splitting the battalions of the veteran 1st Division in Egypt , using its experienced personnel to provide cadre staff for new battalions that would form the 4th and 5th Divisions . The 2nd Division , which had been sent to Gallipoli late in the campaign , remained intact . Upon formation , the 49th Battalion was assigned to the 13th Brigade , which was part of the 4th Division . The battalion drew its cadre staff – a total of 14 officers and 500 other ranks – from the 9th , which had been raised primarily from volunteers from the state of Queensland and had been in the thick of the fighting at Gallipoli , having come ashore during the landing at Anzac Cove in the first wave as part of the covering force provided by the 3rd Brigade . A further three officers and 470 other ranks from Australia brought the battalion up to full strength . The battalion 's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Francis Lorenzo , who had previously served with the 10th Battalion , and it had an authorised strength of 1 @,@ 023 officers and other ranks .
After forming at Tel @-@ el @-@ Kebir , the battalion moved 40 miles ( 64 km ) to the Suez Canal where they undertook a period of training in the desert until early June . At that time , the four AIF infantry divisions that were based in Egypt were transferred to Europe , where they would later be joined by the 3rd Division , which undertook its initial training in Australia before finalising its preparations in the United Kingdom at the end of the year . Sailing on the transport Arcadian , the 49th Battalion landed in Marseilles , France , on 12 June 1916 , and moved up to the front line around Strazelle , arriving on 21 June . For the next two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years the battalion would fight in numerous battles in the trenches along the Western Front in France and Belgium . The battalion 's first significant action came during the Battle of Mouquet Farm , taking part in two efforts in August and early September . Conceived as a follow on action to the Battle of Pozières to advance the line towards Thiepval to exploit a salient that had developed in the line , the battle proved a costly , and ultimately unsuccessful , introduction to the Western Front for the 4th Division . The first time they were committed in early August they suffered heavily from German artillery , and the second time , although succeeding in capturing the farm , they were eventually pushed back under the weight of strong German counter @-@ attacks .
The 49th Battalion suffered heavy casualties in making their debut – 14 officers and 417 other ranks killed or wounded – and did not take part in any more significant attacks for the rest of the year ; nevertheless , they rotated through the front a number of times – firstly around Ypres and then later back in the Somme – where they conducted patrols and raids , in between periods of rest , training and manual labour in the rear . After enduring the harsh winter of 1916 – 17 , early in the new year the Germans withdrew between 15 – 50 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 – 31 @.@ 1 mi ) across a broad front between Arras and the Aisne , as part of a plan to shorten their lines and free up reserves . A brief advance followed , as the Australians followed their opponents up , before they were checked by the strongly prepared defences of the Hindenburg Line . In early April , as a preliminary to the First Battle of Bullecourt , the 13th Brigade was thrown into an attack around Noreuil , during which the 49th was initially placed in brigade reserve , before putting in an attack that captured a railway cutting on the Cambrai – Arras line . Its next significant action came in June , after the AIF was transferred to the Ypres sector in Belgium , where a large salient had formed in the line . On 7 June the 49th joined the Battle of Messines where it advanced on the 13th Brigade 's right , past Despagne Farm , into the Blauwepoortbeck Valley where they encountered German pillboxes for the first time . The German machine @-@ gun fire was so intense that heavy casualties were suffered in the initial attack , particularly amongst the officers with every company commander killed . By the end of the battle , the 49th had suffered 379 casualties , with many being inflicted by their own artillery which had fallen on them during a German counterattack on 8 June . Further fighting was experienced in late September at Polygon Wood during the Third Battle of Ypres , as part of follow on actions after the success at Menin Road .
The Australians wintered in Belgium during which time they undertook mainly defensive actions as they held various positions along the line , but in early 1918 they were moved south to the Somme Valley . Following the collapse of Tsarist Russia in late 1917 , the Germans were able to transfer large amounts of equipment and manpower from the Eastern Front to the Western Front and subsequently launched their Spring Offensive in March . Falling on the southern flanks of the sector held by the British Third and Fifth Armies , the offensive initially succeeded in driving the Allies back and in late March , as the Germans closed in on the vital railhead around Amiens , the five Australian divisions , which had been grouped together as part of the Australian Corps , were transferred to the Somme to help blunt the attack . The 4th Division took up positions around Dernancourt , along the River Ancre , and on 5 April played a significant part in repelling a German attack there during the Second Battle of Dernancourt , where in the words of author Chris Coulthard @-@ Clark , the 4th Division " faced the strongest attack mounted against Australians during the war " . For their part , the 49th Battalion , supported by part of the 45th , put in a vital counter @-@ attack late in the afternoon amidst heavy rain , which saved the situation for the Australians , whose line had been penetrated by a German counterattack across a railway bridge west of the town ; in doing so they suffered heavily , though , losing 14 officers and 207 other ranks . Later in the month , they took part in the Second Battle of Villers @-@ Bretonneux , launching an Anzac Day attack that successfully recaptured the town , which had been lost the previous day following an attack by four German divisions .
After the German offensive was halted , a brief period of lull during which " Peaceful Penetration " operations were carried out as the Allies sought to regain the initiative . On 8 August , the Allies launched their own offensive , known as the Hundred Days Offensive , which ultimately brought about an end to the war . The 49th Battalion took part in the initial fighting , attacking around Bray , but by the end of the month was rotated to the rear . The following month , commencing on 18 September 1918 , the 49th undertook its final offensive action of the war , forming part of the divisional reserve during an attack against the Hindenburg Line 's outpost line , as part of efforts to penetrate the forward part of the German main line in Picardy . Shortly after the attack , the Australian Corps , which had been heavily depleted by the fighting throughout 1918 , was withdrawn from the line for rest and reorganisation . It did not return to the front before the armistice was signed on 11 November , and was subsequently disbanded on 9 May 1919 as part of the demobilisation and repatriation process .
According to the Australian War Memorial , throughout the course of the war , the 49th Battalion lost 769 men killed , and 1 @,@ 419 men wounded . Members of the unit received the following awards : one Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) , two Orders of the British Empire ( OBEs ) , 19 Military Crosses ( MCs ) with one bar , seven Distinguished Conduct Medals ( DCMs ) , 85 Military Medals ( MMs ) with eight bars , six Meritorious Service Medals , 21 Mentions in Despatches , and 10 foreign awards . The unit also received a total of 17 battle honours , which were bestowed in 1927 .
= = = Inter @-@ war years = = =
During the inter @-@ war years , the focus of Australia 's defence planning was primarily upon the maintenance of a part @-@ time military force , known as the Citizen Force . During the war years , this force had existed alongside the AIF , albeit largely only on paper . After the demobilisation of the AIF , a process which was only completed in early 1921 , the Citizens Force was reorganised to mirror the divisional structure of the AIF , forming five infantry divisions and two cavalry divisions , and the previously existing structures were redesignated to adopt the numerical designations of the AIF units . Where possible , these units were allocated to the same geographical areas as those from which the AIF unit had been raised . Consequently , the 49th Battalion was reformed in south @-@ east Queensland within the 1st Military District , headquartered at Kelvin Grove , with company @-@ sized detachments at Toowong , Ipswich and Lowood ; it was assigned to the 7th Brigade . Upon formation , the newly raised battalion drew personnel from the 9th and 52nd Infantry Regiments . In 1927 , when territorial titles were adopted , the battalion assumed the title of the " Stanley Regiment " and adopted the motto of Semper Fidelis .
Initially , the manpower of the Citizen Forces was maintained through a mixture of voluntary and compulsory service , but in 1929 – 30 , the compulsory training scheme was abolished by the newly elected Scullin Labor government and the Citizen Forces replaced by the all @-@ volunteer Militia . The economic hardships of the period resulted in few volunteers , and by December 1929 the 49th Battalion 's strength had fallen to just 108 men of all ranks . As a result , in early 1930 the 49th Battalion merged with the Toowoomba @-@ based 25th to form the 25th / 49th Battalion . In October 1934 , amidst a wide @-@ scale reorganisation of the Militia , the two battalions were delinked and the 49th was amalgamated with the 9th Battalion . They remained linked until July 1940 , when the 49th Battalion was reformed in its own right as Australia mobilised for the Second World War .
= = = Second World War = = =
Throughout the initial stages of the war , the Militia battalions were used primarily to provide training for conscripts who were called up for short periods of continuous service once the scheme was re @-@ established in January 1940 . The provisions of the Defence Act prevented them from being sent overseas , though , and the main focus of Australia 's combat effort was the all volunteer Second Australian Imperial Force . The 9th / 49th , before it was split , undertook several concentrations in the early months , beginning in February 1940 , firstly at Redbank and then later at Chermside . As tensions in the Pacific grew and the possibility of war with Japan became more likely , measures were taken to improve the defences of the islands to Australia 's north . A detachment of around 200 soldiers from the 15th Battalion were sent to Port Moresby in the middle of 1940 and in October that year this detachment was transferred to the 49th . In March 1941 , the rest of the 49th Battalion was dispatched to join the detachment in New Guinea , with a strength of 26 officers and 527 other ranks . At Moresby , the 49th was occupied mainly digging defences and labouring ; some training was achieved , although it was largely rudimentary , and a small detachment was also sent to Thursday Island . Later , after the 39th and 53rd Battalions joined them , the 49th was transferred to the 30th Brigade . Boredom amongst the troops was high , though , and discipline described as " the worst ... in Moresby " according to the Australian War Memorial .
The Japanese entered the war in December 1941 and as they advanced south towards Papua , the 49th found itself under air attack . Throughout the Kokoda Track campaign , troops from the 49th Battalion joined Honner Force , an ad hoc unit tasked with conducting long @-@ range patrols along the Goldie River to prevent the Japanese from cutting the track , while the rest of the battalion established standing patrols between the Goldie and Laloki Rivers . Although no contact was made with the Japanese , the combat role helped improve the outlook of the soldiers and morale improved . Throughout the preceding months the battalion 's strength had been increased and by September 1942 it had a strength of 37 officers and 818 other ranks , including a draft of 12 officers who had been posted from experienced Second Australian Imperial Force units in August . The battalion continued to expand throughout October and November , by which time more than half its personnel had volunteered to transfer to the AIF . Training opportunities remained limited , though , even as preparations were made to send the unit into battle . As the tide of the fighting in Papua turned towards the Allies , the 49th Battalion joined the fighting on the northern coast around Buna – Gona . On the Sanananda front , the US 126th Infantry Regiment had become encircled around a position known as the Huggins Road Block on the road to Sanananda . Several attacks were launched in early December to break through to the beleaguered unit , but these all ended in failure . As ammunition began to run low , the 49th Battalion , supported by the 55th / 53rd Battalion , was thrown in to the battle , launching a frontal assault early on the morning of 7 December 1942 . Attacking with all four companies , the 49th suffered heavily as it came up against heavy machine @-@ gun fire from well @-@ sited and concealed Japanese positions . Over the course of five hours , the 49th lost over 60 per cent of its assault force and the attack failed . A second attempt , supported by armour , on 19 December also failed to break through and resulted in further casualties .
For the remainder of the month the 49th remained at the front , but their actions were confined mainly to patrolling , providing fire support to neighbouring units and defensive operations . It had been deployed for nearly two years and many of its personnel were suffering from illnesses such as malaria , dysentery and scrub typhus . The almost constant rain and fetid jungle conditions resulted in increasing numbers of non @-@ battle casualties and as the battalion 's numbers dwindled , in early January 1943 it was relieved by the 2 / 9th Battalion and moved back to Port Moresby by air , concentrating around Donedabu with a strength of just 17 officers and 302 other ranks . A period of training and rebuilding was undertaken to prepare the battalion to return to the front , but in early March , they were ordered to Australia . Sailing upon the transport Duntroon , they disembarked in Cairns and after a period of leave concentrated on the Atherton Tablelands with the rest of the 30th Brigade , which now consisted of the 39th and 3rd / 22nd Infantry Battalions . At this time , the government decided that the 30th Brigade would be converted to an all @-@ AIF unit , and to conduct a period of intense training before sending it back to New Guinea . As a result , many of the 49th Battalion 's Militia personnel were transferred to the 36th Battalion in late May , reducing the 49th to a cadre staff of just over 160 AIF personnel . Throughout June , the 49th Battalion took part in brigade exercises , but early the following month the decision was made that the 30th Brigade would be disbanded and used to reinforce the 6th Division , with reinforcements being sent specifically to the 16th and 19th Brigades . Consequently , the 49th Battalion was disbanded on 3 July 1943 and its remaining personnel were transferred to the 2 / 1st Infantry Battalion , with whom they went on to see further action , fighting in the Aitape – Wewak campaign with the 6th Division late in the war .
Casualties amongst the 49th Battalion are listed on the Australian War Memorial as 97 killed and 111 wounded , the majority of which were suffered during the fighting around Sanananda . Author Fred Cranston , who served with the 49th Battalion during the New Guinea campaign , disagrees with these figures , listing the 49th Battalion 's casualties during the fighting around Sanananda as 14 officers and 282 other ranks killed or wounded , and 313 all ranks evacuated sick . Members of the battalion received the following decorations : one DSO , three MCs , one DCM , three MMs and 10 MIDs . For their involvement in the fighting in New Guinea , in 1961 the 49th Battalion was awarded three battle honours . Throughout the majority of their involvement in the New Guinea campaign , the battalion was commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Owen Kessels .
= = = Post @-@ war years = = =
After the war , Australia 's military was rapidly demobilised and then re @-@ formed with the part @-@ time element , the Citizens Military Force ( CMF ) , being established in 1948 . The force was recreated on a reduced scale , though , and there was no room on the order of battle initially for the 49th Battalion . In 1965 , conscription was reintroduced in the form of the national service scheme , and this saw an influx of manpower into the CMF . The following year , the 49th Battalion was re @-@ raised as a " special conditions " battalion within the Royal Queensland Regiment , catering for the training needs of men who were eligible for call up who elected to serve in the CMF rather than the Regular Army , but who could not parade regularly due to where they lived or what civilian occupation they held . The national service scheme ended in December 1972 , after which many who had joined the CMF to defer national service took discharges . The immediate effect on the battalion was significant , with its personnel dropping from around 1 @,@ 000 to approximately 200 , but later it was able to rebuild its numbers to the extent that by 1982 it had a strength of 22 officers and 548 other ranks . In 1984 – 85 , the 49th Battalion was moved from the 7th Brigade , to the 6th , becoming that brigade 's third infantry battalion . In 1991 , the 49th Battalion became a Ready Reserve battalion , offering Reservists an increased training opportunity over and above normal Reserve service ; when the scheme ended in 1997 it was once again amalgamated with the 25th Battalion to become the 25th / 49th Battalion , Royal Queensland Regiment , and returned to the 7th Brigade .
= = Battle honours = =
The 49th Battalion received the following battle honours :
First World War : Somme , 1916 – 18 ; Pozières ; Bullecourt ; Messines , 1917 ; Ypres , 1917 ; Menin Road ; Polygon Wood ; Passchendaele ; Ancre , 1918 ; Villers Bretonneux ; Hamel ; Amiens ; Albert , 1918 ; Hindenburg Line ; Epéhy ; France and Flanders , 1916 – 18 ; and Egypt , 1915 – 16 .
Second World War : South @-@ West Pacific 1942 – 43 ; Buna – Gona ; and Sanananda Road .
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= Rated @-@ RKO =
Rated @-@ RKO was a professional wrestling tag team on World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) based on the Raw brand . The team consisted of Edge , Randy Orton , and Lita , their valet . The name " Rated @-@ RKO " contains part of Edge 's nickname , " The Rated R Superstar " , and Orton 's initials / finishing maneuver , RKO .
Edge and Orton formed an alliance in October 2006 to challenge the team of Triple H and Shawn Michaels , collectively known as D @-@ Generation X ( DX ) , who Rated @-@ RKO felt were preventing them from becoming world champions . Rated @-@ RKO would succeed in defeating DX , giving the latter their first loss since their reunion in June 2006 . The following month , Edge and Orton became World Tag Team Champions , and Lita left the group after her legitimate retirement .
In January 2007 , Rated @-@ RKO lost the World Tag Team Championship , which caused tension between the two . The group officially disbanded in May 2007 , after Edge moved to the SmackDown brand . Edge and Orton had occasional reunions until Edge 's retirement in 2011 .
= = History = =
= = = Feud with D @-@ Generation X ( 2006 – 2007 ) = = =
On the October 2 , 2006 , episode of one of the WWE 's television programs , Raw , interference from the newly reformed D @-@ Generation X ( DX ) ( Triple H and Shawn Michaels ) tag team cost Edge his promoted " final chance " at the WWE Championship held by John Cena in a Steel Cage match . This led to Edge approaching Randy Orton and asking him to join forces with him to " get rid of DX " . In his stand , Edge explained to Orton why he should join him as a tag team partner , as he cited Orton 's lack of success after being kicked out of Evolution ( Orton 's former group ) , as well as the antics of DX taking up TV time that he felt should rightfully go to the younger stars .
Edge and Orton , calling themselves " Rated @-@ RKO " , immediately became very outspoken against DX and began mocking them at every opportunity , including a sketch reminiscent of the ones DX did about their opponents on a usual basis . Eventually Orton traded wins with Triple H in singles matches on episodes of Raw , leading to a tag team match on November 5 , 2006 , at Cyber Sunday with the fans choosing the special guest referee . At the pay @-@ per @-@ view , the duo gave DX their first team loss since they reunited when Eric Bischoff ( the fan selected referee ) allowed the use of a steel chair without calling for a disqualification . Later in the night , Lita won the Women 's Championship in the finals of a seven @-@ woman tournament . The following night on Raw , Edge and Orton faced Ric Flair and Roddy Piper for the World Tag Team Championship with Eric Bischoff as the guest referee . Rated @-@ RKO lost the match , following help from DX .
The following week however , the team managed to capture the title in a rematch when they attacked Piper upon making his entrance , with Edge delivering a one man con @-@ chair @-@ to to Piper . As he was taken to the locker room by paramedics , Flair was forced to defend the title by himself , and Rated @-@ RKO won the match after Edge performed a spear on Flair . The real reason for the sudden switch was later revealed to be Piper 's diagnosis of lymphoma forcing him out of action .
At Survivor Series , Lita legitimately retired from WWE after losing her Women 's Championship to Mickie James and left the group in the process . At the same event , Team Rated @-@ RKO — consisting of Rated @-@ RKO along with Johnny Nitro , Mike Knox , and Gregory Helms — were swept by Team DX — DX , Jeff Hardy , Matt Hardy , and CM Punk — with Orton being the last member eliminated in a ten @-@ man elimination match . The night after Survivor Series , Edge and Orton beat Ric Flair until he was bloody and continued to beat him after dragging him to the ring , knowing that DX had already left the building . In doing so , DX claimed they had made their rivalry " personal " . At New Year 's Revolution in January 2007 , Rated @-@ RKO retained the World Tag Team Championship after fighting with DX to a no @-@ contest in a match that saw Triple H suffer a legitimate torn right quadriceps muscle .
With Triple H out of action , Rated @-@ RKO continued their on @-@ screen rivalry with remaining DX member Shawn Michaels . They were able to schedule a two @-@ on @-@ one handicap match against Michaels , during which he was able to beat the odds and defeat both men , leaving Orton lying in the ring after a one @-@ man con @-@ chair @-@ to as Edge stood and watched at ringside . On January 29 , 2007 , the duo lost the World Tag Team Championship to the impromptu team of John Cena and Michaels . Internal dissension continued as both men laid claim to being the number one contender to the WWE Championship , and Edge walked out on Orton during a February 26 , 2007 , rematch for the World Tag Team Championship due to miscommunication .
= = = WWE Championship chase ( 2007 ) = = =
The relationship strained further after both men qualified for the WrestleMania 23 Money in the Bank ladder match , which would grant the winner a championship match . For weeks Edge influenced various authority figures into putting Orton in matches that would cause Orton not to succeed .
On the April 16 , 2007 , episode of Raw , they reunited to take on John Cena in a handicap match but lost the match due to interference from Michaels . At Backlash , the two were involved in a Fatal Four @-@ Way match for the WWE Championship along with Michaels and Cena . Cena ended up retaining the title after pinning Orton .
= = = Breakup and on @-@ off reunions ( 2007 – 2011 ) = = =
On the April 30 , 2007 , episode of Raw , Edge and Orton met in a one @-@ on @-@ one match . Edge won the match by pinning Orton following a spear . Edge then moved to the SmackDown brand on the May 11 episode after cashing in the Money in the Bank briefcase ( which he had won from Mr. Kennedy on the same episode of Raw ) to win the World Heavyweight Championship from then @-@ champion The Undertaker . With this move , Rated @-@ RKO was officially disbanded .
During Raw 's 15th Anniversary episode on December 10 , 2007 , Rated @-@ RKO reunited for ' one night only ' and were involved in a six man tag team match , with their partner Umaga facing Evolution ( Triple H , Batista , and Ric Flair ) , Orton 's former teammates . They lost the match after being disqualified . The team had a reunion of sorts on the April 21 , 2008 , episode of Raw , when Orton and Edge teamed with John " Bradshaw " Layfield ( JBL ) and Chavo Guerrero to take on John Cena , Triple H , The Undertaker , and Kane in a winning effort .
On the April 26 , 2010 , episode of Raw , Edge ( who became a heel again ) cost Orton ( who turned face again after defeating Legacy at WrestleMania 26 ) a title shot against John Cena by spearing him during a triple threat match against Batista and Sheamus . Orton and Edge faced off at May 's Over the Limit pay @-@ per @-@ view , though , Orton dislocated his right shoulder and concluded the match with a double countout . On the January 28 , 2011 , episode of SmackDown , Edge and Orton — now both fan favorites — reunited to take on Dolph Ziggler and The Miz which ended with Edge and Orton taking the win . On the February 18 , 2011 , episode of SmackDown , Edge and Orton reunited once again with John Morrison , R @-@ Truth , Rey Mysterio , and John Cena to take on CM Punk , Kane , Drew McIntyre , Wade Barrett , Dolph Ziggler , and Sheamus in a 12 @-@ man tag team match which was won by Edge , Orton , Morrison , Truth , Mysterio , and Cena .
On the April 11 episode of Raw , Edge announced his retirement from professional wrestling due to his neck injury permanently preventing him from being cleared , thus ending any possibility of he and Orton teaming up again .
= = In wrestling = =
Finishing maneuvers
Con @-@ chair @-@ to
Double RKO ( Double jumping cutter )
Double dropkick
= = Championships and accomplishments = =
World Wrestling Entertainment
World Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) – Randy Orton and Edge
WWE Women 's Championship ( 2 times ) – Lita
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= No Man 's Land ( Kumi Koda song ) =
" No Man 's Land " is a song recorded by Japanese recording artist Kumi Koda , taken from her tenth studio album , Japonesque ( 2012 ) . It was written by Koda , Mr. Blistah , Pete Kirtley , Jorge Mhondera , Samiya Berrabah , with production being done by long @-@ time collaborator Max Matsuura . The song premiered on January 18 , 2012 as the album 's fifth promotional digital single , which was served through online retailers Dwanga , Mora , Mu @-@ Mo , music.jp and Recochoku . It was re @-@ released as an promotional radio airplay single on January 25 , the same release date as Japonesque . The single artwork uses the CD and double DVD cover of Japonesque , which was used exclusively through Recochoku stores .
Musically , " No Man 's Land " has been described as a rock song that borrows numerous musical elements such as heavy metal . It lyrically portrays an angry and violent woman trying to escape her lover 's life . Self @-@ described as " barren " , the song includes several instruments including electric guitars , acoustic guitars , and drums . The song received mixed to positive reviews from most music critics . While critics singled it out as an album highlight and one of the better tracks from Japonesque , it was criticized for Koda 's rap and overuse of instrumentation .
Due to " No Man 's Land " being released digitally , it was ineligible to chart on the Japanese Oricon Singles Chart due to their policy of restricting digital sales and releases . To promote the single , it has featured on one concert tour conducted by Koda , this being her 2013 Japonesque Tour . An accompanying music video for " No Man 's Land " ( and every other track from the parent album ) was directed by long @-@ time collaborator Ryuji Seki ; it featured Koda wondering a wasteland , with distant views of decayed cityscapes and merry go rounds .
= = Background and release = =
While working on her then @-@ upcoming album Japonesque ( 2012 ) , Koda and her main record labels Avex Trax and Rhythm Zone enlisted Japanese rapper Mr. Blistah to work with her again ; Mr. Blistah worked and performed with Koda in some of her albums , including the single " Candy , and Japonesque promotional single " So Nice " , among others . " No Man 's Land " was written by Koda , Mr. Blistah , Pete Kirtley , Jorge Mhondera , Samiya Berrabah , and produced by long @-@ time collaborator Max Matsuura . Mr. Blistah , Kirtley , Mhondera , and Berrabah served as the song 's composers , with Japanese arrangers Kenichi Asami , Toshiyuki Takao , Satoshi Yamada , and Daisuke Sakurai hired to arrange the instrumentation . Both Kirtley and Mhondera were credited as the song 's co @-@ arrangers . The song 's instrumentation includes guitars , drums , bass guitars , keyboards , and subtle synthesizers . The song was recorded in early @-@ 2011 by Takeshi Takizawa , Makoto Yamadoi , and Masahiro Kawata at Prime Sound Studios and Avex Studios , in Tokyo , Japan .
In December 2011 , Rhythm Zone confirmed that " No Man 's Land " would be included on Japonesque , and it appeared as the thirteenth track on all formats from Japonesque . " No Man 's Land " , alongside Japonesque tracks : " So Nice " , " Slow " featuring American recording artist Omarion , " Brave " , and " Escalate " , served as the album 's lead promotional digital singles on January 18 , 2012 , which was served through online retailers including Mora , Mu @-@ Mo , music.jp and Recochoku . That same year , " No Man 's Land " , " So Nice " , " Slow " , " Brave " , and " Escalate " were then re @-@ released on January 25 through Japanese airplay stations . This was the same release date as the album Japonesque A special application code was uploaded onto Koda 's official website , which allowed users to access the song from Recochoku and download a full ringtone for free . At the end of January 2012 , British production team StarRock promoted the single on Star Rock television ; the song was circulated throughout UK radio airplay shows . The single artwork uses the CD and double DVD cover of Japonesque , which was used exclusively through Recochoku stores .
= = Composition = =
" No Man 's Land " is a " hard " mid @-@ tempo rock song . Koda stated on her website that the song was a " violently " , " painful " , and " destructive " mix of rock and heavy metal music . Koda recognized the musical composition as a " turning point " for her future musical elements and influences . The original arrangement of " No Man 's Land " was different to the current version ; according to Koda , the original arrangement omitted the rapping verses and didn 't include heavy rock instrumentation or synthesizers . Zero from JpopJRock.com commented that " No Man 's Land " was the only song on the album that didn 't suffer from a " sparse " arrangement .
Lyrically , " No Man 's Land " portrays an angry and violent woman trying to escape her lovers life . In an exclusive interview with Recochoku about the song , Koda stated that " No Man 's Land " is a " nuance " of a " girl screaming that she wants to go to a world with no other men . " Koda identified that the themes cheating and betrayal are present throughout the song 's lyrics . However , Koda stated that " No Man 's Land " had a similarity to her single " Futari de ... " , where she believed had also grown strength after moving on . Koda performs the song in both the English and Japanese languages , one of nine tracks from Japonesque that is performed bilingually . According to the lyric sheet provided by Avex Trax , English is used in the song 's hook ; " No man 's , no man 's , no man 's land " . The onomatopoeia lyric " Ding Dong Ding Dong " is spoken during the first verse , whilst the rest is rapped in Japanese . The chorus opens with the English lyrics ; " I 've been running in circles , round and around " , carries on with Japanese , and ends with " Welcome to no man 's land " . The second verse includes the phrases " Zero zero " and " so look at deep " , whilst performed in Japanese . The bridge section has Koda singing in English ; " No matter where I go , this is still my home " and " my home " , whilst performing in Japanese . The song 's final English phrase is the interlude break ; " Everybody put hands right this " , and finishes with the chorus and hook .
= = Critical reception = =
After its release , " No Man 's Land " received mixed to positive reviews from most music critics . Zero , Jaylee , and Loki from JpopJRock.com highlighted " No Man 's Land " as the best track on the album ; they agreed that the single had a better arrangement than most tracks on Japonesque , and enjoyed the song 's composition . A member from StarRock highlighted " No Man 's Land " as the best track on the album , praising its commercial appeal . A staff member from CD Journal enjoyed the song 's composition , labelling the verses and second half of the song " impressive " . However , Asian Junkie member Random J reviewed " No Man 's Land " on his blogsite and criticized Koda 's rapping and overuse of instrumentation ; he commented " " No Man 's Land " would have sufficed as a mid @-@ tempo jam , is shitted on by being raped with electric guitars . "
= = Music video = =
= = = Background and synopsis = = =
The accompanying music video for " No Man 's Land " was directed by long @-@ time collaborator Ryuji Seki . The music video was shot with Koda in front of a green screen to immolate the chroma key functions . Koda , who was present at post @-@ production for the music video , suggested the use of black and white colouring , which Seki then added . This is Koda 's first music video to be in full black and white . The video opens with a distance shot of a wasteland , with decaying trees , floating black leaves , and hills . Koda is seen dragging herself through the valley , and an inter cut scene features a body shot of Koda in front of an abandoned city and abandoned merry @-@ go @-@ round ; the merry @-@ go @-@ round references the lyric in the song . As the first hook stars in the song , it features two scenes ; Koda singing the track in a distance , and close @-@ ups of Koda wearing a shackle . The verse has Koda wondering through a valley and singing the song .
The first chorus has Koda walking through the land , and scenes of her singing . She grabs a compass , but it does not function properly . She grabs a drinking bottle , but only filled with little droplets ; she tries to drink it , but falls all on her face instead . As she sings the song ; by the end of the second chorus , black projectile smoke is scene falling from the sky in the distance and hits parts of the abandoned city . As more smoke falls and black leaves con @-@ stellate , Koda collapses and sings the bridge on the ground . When the bridge section ends , rocks start levitating and the smoke rises , forming a black Dust devil in the distance . As more dust devil 's form , they become large and closely devour Koda .
By the last chorus , a close @-@ up of Koda 's eyes closes and zooms out , showing Koda in lighter clothes and long hair . A long field of dark green grass with the sun and blue sky beaming above it , still showing the abandoned city and merry @-@ go @-@ round in the distance . The field is then shown to be the distance of a cliff , with Koda standing on the edge and observing a forest at the bottom ; these scenes are shot in colour instead of black and white . The final vocal interlude break of the song has inter cut scenes of Koda on the cliff , and Koda walking through the valley from earlier scenes . The final scene has a repeating scene of the first scene ; Koda walking through the valley in the distance of a wasteland . After completing the video and watching it , Koda commented that the overall appearance had given her a " personal connection " to the video and song . She stated that the visual effects were " very cool " , and declared it as one of her " best " videos .
= = = Release = = =
The music video premiered on Japanese music television channels on January 18 , 2012 . Alongside with its radio airplay release , StarRock Productions had premiered the music video on UK music television channels on January 25 . The music video for " No Man 's Land " appeared on the CD and DVD format , and the CD and double DVD formats for Japonesque . Koda uploaded the video on her website , in order to promote the music videos from the album . On January 26 , Koda hosted a special television show for Nico Nico Live and premiered the music video to " No Man 's Land " , alongside the music videos from Japonesque . Tetsuo Hiraga from Hot Express complimented the music video 's erotic nature , Koda 's sexy image , and the video 's graphics .
= = Live performances and other inclusions = =
" No Man 's Land " has appeared on one of Koda 's concert tours , this being her 2013 Japonesque tour . The performance was included on part two of the concert tour , where Koda is wearing a solder uniform and singing the song in front of her backing band . Koda plays the drums to the ending interlude of the track . The performance was recorded live and included on the subsequent live DVD release , Koda Kumi Live Tour 2013 : Japonesque ( 2013 ) . Released as a triple @-@ DVD and double @-@ Blu @-@ ray set , " No Man 's Land " appeared on the second disc and first disc respectively . The 4 Skips D 'n'B remix for " No Man 's Land " was included on her Koda Kumi Driving Hit 's 5 remix compilation ( 2013 ) .
= = Track listing = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Japonesque .
= = Release history = =
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= Gender Bender ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Gender Bender " is the fourteenth episode of the first season of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . Premiering on the Fox network on January 21 , 1994 , it was written by Larry and Paul Barber , directed by Rob Bowman , and featured guest appearances by Brent Hinkley and Nicholas Lea , who would later appear in the recurring role of Alex Krycek . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , a stand @-@ alone plot which is unconnected to the series ' overarching mythology .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . In this episode , Mulder and Scully begin investigating a series of murders following sexual encounters . The two soon discover that a member of a religious sect living in Massachusetts may be responsible — and may not be human .
The episode was inspired by producer Glen Morgan 's desire for " an episode with more of a sexy edge " ; the writers found it difficult to write a story that showed sex as scary and introduced an Amish @-@ like community as well . " Gender Bender " was seen by approximately 6 @.@ 8 million households in its initial broadcast . The episode has subsequently been met with mixed critical responses , facing criticism for its abrupt deus ex machina ending . Academic analysis of the episode has placed it within a science @-@ fiction tradition that attributes a powerful , supernatural element to physical contact with aliens . It has also been seen as reflecting anxieties about emerging gender roles in the 1990s .
= = Plot = =
In a dance club , a young man is taken by a young woman , Marty ( Kate Twa ) , for casual sex . The man dies afterwards , and Marty leaves the room as a man ( Peter Stebbings ) . FBI agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) are called to the scene ; Mulder believes that the man 's death was caused by a fatal dose of pheromones . There is also ambiguity in similar murders as to the sex of the killer . Evidence from the crime scene leads the duo to an Amish @-@ like community in Steveston , Massachusetts , which Mulder calls the Kindred .
Mulder approaches some of the Kindred , only to be shunned . Meanwhile , Scully befriends a member , Brother Andrew ( Brent Hinkley ) , who is reluctant to talk . While shaking hands with him , Scully appears entranced , not coming to until Mulder catches her attention . The agents visit the Kindred 's remote community , where they are asked to surrender their guns before entering . Mulder and Scully are invited to dinner . When the Kindred refuse to allow Scully to treat Brother Aaron , a sick participant at the table , Brother Andrew states that the Kindred take care of their own . Meanwhile , in another nightclub , a man convinces a girl to dance with him by touching her hand .
When the Kindred escort the agents out of the village , Mulder comments on the lack of children in the community and states that he recognizes some of the faces from photographs taken in the 1930s . Curious , he returns to the village that night , and hears chanting as a procession of the Kindred moves to a barn . Scully is led off by Brother Andrew , who claims to be able to give her information about the murderer , whom he calls Brother Martin . Downstairs in the barn , the group can be seen bathing Brother Aaron 's body in watery clay . Mulder hides in a crevice , where he discovers that the sick man has been buried alive and has begun to take on feminine features . Meanwhile , Brother Andrew uses his power to seduce Scully . She is unable to resist , and is on the verge of succumbing before Mulder comes to her aid . The agents are again escorted out of the village .
Another man , Michel ( Nicholas Lea ) , is having sex with the female form of Brother Martin in a parked car before a patrol officer interrupts them . As Michel suddenly starts retching , the officer is attacked by Brother Martin , who changes into a man and escapes . In the hospital Michel reluctantly reveals to Mulder and Scully that when he looked out of the car , the girl he was with " looked like a man " . The agents are alerted about activity on a previous victim 's credit card , which was stolen by Brother Martin . The agents chase Brother Martin into an alley , only to have the Kindred appear and take him away . The following morning the agents return to the Kindred 's dwelling , which now appears deserted . The tunnels are blocked entirely with the white clay . Mulder and Scully walk into the nearby field where they find a large crop circle , suggesting that the Kindred are aliens .
= = Production = =
While discussing the installment 's origins , producer Glen Morgan said that he " wanted an episode with more of a sexy edge " . It proved difficult to portray sex as convincingly scary , which caused the producers to introduce the concept of " people like the Amish who are from another planet " . " Gender Bender " was penned by freelance writers Larry and Paul Barber , whose initial draft focused heavily on the contrast between the farming community of the Kindred and a version of city life " with very sexual connotations " , influenced by the works of Swiss artist H. R. Giger . This script went through various rewrites during the development process , including the removal of a scene where someone 's crotch rots away , to address concerns about the content of the episode . The chants uttered by the Kindred were not in the script handed in by the Barbers ; they were added later by producer Paul Rabwin .
The character of Marty was portrayed by two actors — Kate Twa plays its female form and Peter Stebbings the male . Twa was the first of the two to be cast , leading producer R. W. Goodwin to base the casting of Stebbings mostly on his " very strong resemblance " to the actress . This resemblance was exploited in a scene showing Twa morphing into Stebbings ; Goodwin felt that the two actors were too similar for the effect to be readily apparent , " zapp [ ing ] the energy out of the moment " . Nicholas Lea , who played a would @-@ be victim in the episode , returned to the series in a recurring role as Alex Krycek , beginning with the second season 's " Sleepless " . Twa also returned that season , playing a former colleague of Scully in " Soft Light " .
" Gender Bender " marked Rob Bowman 's directorial debut on the series ; he became one of the series ' most prolific directors , even directing the 1998 film adaptation , The X @-@ Files : Fight the Future . Bowman found " Gender Bender " a difficult episode to work on — the script had initially called for lantern light to illuminate several scenes , but this was found to be unworkable . In addition , an interior set constructed to represent the catacombs under the Kindred 's barn was so encumbering to film in that a second unit crew were required to reshoot a large degree of camera coverage . This need for extra footage necessitated an additional day of filming for scenes featuring Duchovny .
The exterior shots of the village inhabited by the Kindred were filmed at a farm preserved from the 1890s in Langley , British Columbia , while interior sets were built on a sound stage . The small town visited by the agents was filmed on location in Steveston , British Columbia — a location which was revisited to film the first @-@ season episode " Miracle Man " . The music used in the episode 's nightclub scenes was recycled from composer Mark Snow 's earlier work on the television film In the Line of Duty : Street War .
= = Themes = =
" Gender Bender " has been interpreted as representing contemporary sexual anxieties in a figurative manner , conflating seduction with alien abduction . M. Keith Booker has described the Kindred 's shapeshifting as representative of contemporary sexual anxieties caused by the changing gender roles of the decade , coupled with " a basic fear of sexual contact " . Antonio Ballesteros González has stated that the episode is representative of the series ' exploration of both seduction and abduction , noting that " both are seen as part of sexual aggression " , further describing the episode 's villain as representing " the fear of sex and reproduction " . The lethal nature of the Kindred 's touch has been cited as representing the potency of their sexual repression ; and has been placed within a science @-@ fiction tradition that depicts aliens or outsiders with a potent touch , alongside similar depictions in the films Communion and E.T. , and the novel The Puppet Masters .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Gender Bender " originally aired on Fox on January 21 , 1994 , and was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC Two on December 22 , 1994 . The episode earned a Nielsen household rating of 7 @.@ 2 , with a 12 share . It was viewed by 6 @.@ 8 million households and 11 @.@ 1 million viewers , meaning that roughly 7 @.@ 2 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 12 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode .
" Gender Bender " received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Matt Haigh , writing for Den of Geek , reviewed " Gender Bender " positively , feeling that it was " a nicely refreshing and original idea " , with " strikingly atmospheric " sets and " impressively spooky " villains . Zack Handlen , writing for The A.V. Club , praised the episode , awarding it an " A " . He felt that the plot was " a perfect mixture of scientific theory , unsubstantiated rumor , and memorable visuals " . Handlen felt that the episode represented the ideal plot for The X @-@ Files , featuring someone briefly interacting with supernatural phenomena without ever learning the truth of their experience . Anna Johns , writing for TV Squad , was positive toward the episode . Johns stated she " totally loved it " .
In a retrospective of the first season in Entertainment Weekly , " Gender Bender " was rated " B − " , being described as a " clever idea " that was " undermined by a bushel of burning questions " . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated " Gender Bender " one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five , finding that it " finishes up ... entirely clichéd " . Shearman felt that Bowman 's direction , and the contrast between " decadent " night @-@ life and the " restraint and denial " of the Kindred , were highlights of the episode . He also felt that it approached its themes too conservatively and tamely , leaving a " boring " end result . In his book The Nitpicker 's Guide for X @-@ Philes , author Phil Farrand has highlighted several inconsistencies in the episode , focusing on the implausible nature of the ending . Farrand cites the mention of the Kindred 's pheromones containing human DNA and their use of the English language when in private as elements which seem incongruous for an alien race .
The episode faced criticism from the crew over its ending using a deus ex machina to indicate that the Kindred may have been aliens . Producer James Wong felt that the episode 's ending seemed overly abrupt and unexpected , describing it as appearing " like we tried to play a trick on the audience to make them say ' Ooh , what the heck was that ? ' " . He added that the lack of a real connection to the episode 's plot meant that the revelation lost any sense of catharsis for the viewer . Morgan said that the episode " went too far . At what point do we become unbelievable ? " When asked about the similarity between the Kindred and the Amish , series creator Chris Carter noted that " they [ the Amish ] don 't watch TV , so I wasn 't worried about it " .
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= Of Human Action =
" Of Human Action " is the seventh episode of the second season of the science fiction / crime series Fringe , and the 27th episode overall . The episode followed a case involving the apparent kidnapping of the son of a scientist working for biotechnology corporation Massive Dynamic , leading the Fringe team to deal with the repercussions of mind control .
The episode was written by the staff @-@ writing team of Glen Whitman and Robert Chiappetta , and was directed by executive producer Joe Chappelle . It first aired in the United States on November 12 , 2009 to an estimated 5 @.@ 89 million viewers . It received generally positive reviews , as multiple critics praised the story despite its characterization as a " standalone " episode .
= = Plot = =
In Queens , New York , police chase a sedan driven through a parking garage by two men keeping a teenage boy named Tyler Carson ( Cameron Monaghan ) in the backseat . Police officers surround the car and draw their weapons , demanding that the men exit the car . They do , and Tyler stays in his seat . Without explanation , one of the officers goes to the parking ramp and jumps to his death . Another officer shoots her two remaining co @-@ workers , then herself . The kidnappers ' crime spree continues on the road . One of them , Hickey ( John Tench ) , demands that a convenience store clerk hand over all his cash . Another customer tries to intervene , but then takes a pot of hot coffee , pours the coffee over his own head , and beats himself with the pot . The cashier then electrocutes himself .
Examining the policewoman who shot herself , Walter ( John Noble ) concludes that she was the victim of mind control rather than hypnosis . Theorizing that the mind control works on an auditory basis , he develops a method of combating the effects through the use of white noise . The tactical team led by Olivia ( Anna Torv ) traces the kidnappers — both of them car salesmen with no serious criminal record — to a warehouse . One of them drives the car through a large door , but is burnt in the explosion when the car flips . Olivia gets the drop on the surviving kidnapper , who points a gun at his own chin and begs for her help . Peter ( Joshua Jackson ) , wearing headphones that broadcast Walter 's white noise , follows the ransom payment . It leads him to Tyler , who says , " You can take off those stupid headphones . They won 't work . "
Peter is now forced into helping Tyler , who has mind control powers due to his father James ( Andrew Airlie ) working on thought @-@ controlled weapons systems for Massive Dynamic . Peter tries to get into Tyler 's head by sharing his own stories of his father not believing in him , but Tyler rejects the attempts to bond , as he only needs a driver . Their destination is the home of Tyler 's mother , whom Tyler had been told was dead . When the two of them meet , Tyler wants her to run off so that they can be together again . She refuses , and Tyler becomes enraged at her husband when he returns home .
Tyler tries to force Peter to shoot the husband , but changes the target to Agent Broyles ( Lance Reddick ) when he arrives at the house with Olivia . Peter is forced to shoot Broyles , but manages to pull the gun off @-@ center so that the agent is only hit in the shoulder . After Peter crashes the car that both he and Tyler are in , Tyler is brought unconscious into custody . Nina Sharp ( Blair Brown ) writes a message to the absent William Bell updating him on the status of the " Carson @-@ Penrose " experiments ( Claus Penrose is a scientist seen caring for a genetically engineered killer in the much earlier episode " The Same Old Story " ) . Tyler is one of many identical boys placed with foster families , and James was his assigned guardian , not his father .
= = Production = =
" Of Human Action " was written by frequent writing partners Glen Whitman and Robert Chiappetta , and was directed by executive producer Joe Chappelle . It was shot in Vancouver in September 2009 ; the crew wrapped up production during the middle of the month , and then immediately moved on to the following episode , " August " .
To simulate the police officer falling in the opening scene , the special effects department had the stunt double fall 52 feet onto an 18x24 feet airbag , which they referred to as " old @-@ fashioned " because they used the airbag rather than wires . Trevor Jones , the stuntman doing the scene , commented during shooting that his fall had a small margin of error , because of the small airbag and cement walls surrounding the area , " if you land off center maybe three or four feet , then you 're going to get pitched in that direction " . To aid Jones , a large X was placed on the airbag . A scene later in the episode involves a car fleeing through a garage door , only to hit a concrete wall , flip over , and burst into flames . To create the scene , the crew used two externally identical cars ; one was drivable , and the other was a shell of car , and was hooked to a cable rig . After taking a week to get everything set up , the crew used a nitrogen cannon to launch the second , undrivable car through the garage door via wires .
The episode featured a guest performance by Cameron Monaghan as the mind controller Tyler Carson . The actor tweeted after the episode 's broadcast , " Fringe was cool . What person in the world doesn 't wish they had mind @-@ controll [ sic ] powers ! " " Of Human Action " also had guest appearances by Andrew Airlie , Peter Graham @-@ Gaudreau , John Tench , Vincent Gale , Jacqueline Ann Steuart , and Doron Bell Jr ..
= = Music and cultural references = =
" Of Human Action " featured two songs , " Subtle Duck " by Charles Bissell and " Angel Love " by Samantha James . In honor of The Simpsons 's 20th anniversary , several shows in Fox 's lineup contained references to the show . In " Of Human Action " , Tyler uses a Homer Simpson Pez dispenser to store his mind @-@ control drugs , and the town he and Peter journey to is Springfield , the same name of the town in The Simpsons ; when Springfield appears in the sky , no state is shown , just like the ambiguity concerning the home state of The Simpsons .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
On its initial November 12 , 2009 broadcast in the United States , " Of Human Action " was watched by an estimated 5 @.@ 89 million viewers , and earned a 2 @.@ 2 ratings share among adults 18 – 49 , tying the season average . This was a 29 percent increase from the previous episode 's 1 @.@ 7 rating , though that episode 's low ratings have been attributed to the unexpected end to the 2009 World Series . Despite the ratings improvement , " Of Human Action " led Fringe to finish in fourth place for its timeslot .
= = = Reviews = = =
" Of Human Action " received a very positive reaction from MTV 's Josh Wigler , writing " As a stand @-@ alone episode with some interesting character insight , this week 's Fringe was a success . It might also be a mythological success , too , should the big reveal at the end — the fact that Massive Dynamic has inundated multiple children with telepathic abilities — pan out in future episodes . " Andrew Hanson of the Los Angeles Times enjoyed being able to see more of Massive Dynamic , and praised Astrid 's increased presence in the plot . Airlock Alpha writer Tiffany Vogt called it a " gripping story with much emotional resonance , " especially with the father @-@ son parallels between Peter and Tyler .
The A. V. Club 's Noel Murray had a more mixed reaction , giving the episode a rating of C + and criticizing lead guest actor Cameron Monaghan , " In this role , he was a drag , playing ' rebellious teen ' in a stock , wooden way , with no extra layers . Also , nobody — not even Joshua Jackson , whom I 've come to appreciate more as an actor over the run of this show — could make the ' My mind is being controlled ! ' scenes look anything other than goofy . " Murray also said , " Yet for all my griping , I was quite taken with the theme of this episode , and the motifs that writers Robert Chiappetta and Glen Whitman and director Joe Chappelle used to support it . From the tinfoil Peter Pan hats that Walter and Astrid wear to Tyler popping the medication that grants him his powers out of a Pez dispenser , there 's a lot in ' Of Human Action ' about childish things . " Ramsey Isler from IGN graded the episode 8 @.@ 0 / 10 , explaining that despite it being a " standalone " episode , it was " a high @-@ intensity , action @-@ filled tale that kept the adrenaline flowing . Fringe is usually more of a cerebral show , but there 's nothing wrong with appealing to our love of action every now and then " . Also positive was Chanel Reeder of Newsarama , who believed Fringe " totally deliver [ ed ] in its most recent episode . The twists are back , along with the dramatic high intensity moments that the show is known for . " Reeder praised the plot twist of Tyler being the mind controller , and was pleased with the increased presence of Massive Dynamic .
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= Minimum Foundation Program =
In Louisiana , the Minimum Foundation Program is the formula that determines the cost to educate students at public elementary and secondary schools and defines state and local funding contributions to each district . Education officials often use the term " MFP " to refer specifically to the portion the state pays per student to each school district .
The Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education ( BESE ) is required by the Louisiana Constitution to adopt a formula to determine the total cost of a minimum foundation program of education in public schools and to equitably allocate funding to school systems . The Louisiana legislature must approve the formula each year . Local and state contributions to the MFP vary based on student needs and local tax bases .
MFP funding has been frozen at the same rate for two years . In 2010 , the Louisiana Legislature moved to restructure the MFP formula . Critics say the formula does not encourage districts to implement taxes to pay higher amounts than the state for the cost of education .
= = Local and state contributions = =
Local and state shares of the MFP vary from district to district . On average , the state pays 65 percent of the total cost of the minimum foundation , and the district pays 35 percent . In the 2010 @-@ 2011 fiscal year , state and local government contributed $ 3 @.@ 3 billion to the MFP formula . Required local funding is paid by property and sales taxes levied by local school districts . Districts with higher tax revenues must pay a higher portion of the MFP than districts with lower tax revenues . The formula divides districts into levels based on the dollar amount of taxes they levy .
= = = Per student spending = = =
In 2010 @-@ 2011 , the base MFP formula was $ 3 @,@ 855 per pupil , without accounting for special student needs . The MFP formula also takes into account the additional expenses school systems incur in educating special classes of students ( e.g. at risk , special education and gifted and talented students . ) In the end , school districts get an average of about $ 10 @,@ 000 of state and local funding per student per year .
Local and state sources spent between $ 6 @,@ 500 and $ 10 @,@ 700 per student during the 2008 @-@ 2009 fiscal year . In that year , Allen , Assumption , Claiborne , Madison , Plaquemines , Red River and West Feliciana parishes received the highest per pupil funding while Acadia , Avoyelles , Grant and Vermillion parishes received the lowest per pupil funding . Among the 10 districts with the highest MFP per pupil that year , the average local contribution was $ 3 @,@ 900 , and the average state contribution was $ 6 @,@ 050 . Among the 10 districts with the lowest MFP per pupil that year , the average local contribution was $ 1 @,@ 850 and the average state contribution was $ 5 @,@ 600 . Total funding levels per student vary based on student population needs .
= = Weighted formula = =
MFP funding in the 2010 @-@ 2011 fiscal year totaled $ 3 @,@ 308 @,@ 741 @,@ 821 . That amount divided evenly among 696 @,@ 444 public school students in Louisiana would work out to $ 4 @,@ 750 per pupil . But some students cost more to educate than others . Rather than increasing the dollar amount , the MFP formula artificially increases the number of students it funds . This " weighted membership " accounts for special education , gifted and talented and at @-@ risk students . For example , a school receives 2 @.@ 5 times the amount of funding it would receive for a general population student to educate a special education student .
= = State executive and legislative action = =
= = = MFP freeze = = =
In the past , the Louisiana Department of Education factored in a 2 @.@ 75 percent increase per year in MFP funding , but that increase has been frozen for two years . In February , 2011 , The Advocate reported that Gov. Bobby Jindal plans to freeze the increase in MFP funding for the 2012 budget . John Sartin , president of the Louisiana Association of School Superintendents , said districts need the MFP growth factor because they have suffered downturns in local sales tax revenue and increases in retirement and health insurance costs .
= = = Move to restructure = = =
In 2010 , the Louisiana House of Representatives passed a resolution urging the Louisiana Board of Elementary and Secondary Education to make the school funding formula more efficient and effective . HCR 20 , introduced by Rep. Steve Carter , requested that BESE make certain changes to the formula , including :
Increasing the percentage of MFP funds spent at the school level
Having funds " follow the child " when students are transferred to juvenile justice facilities
Adjusting funding ( up or down ) based on accurate student enrollment data
Targeting more MFP funds to dropout prevention
= = District taxing controversy = =
Critics say the MFP formula discourages high levels of local , rather than state , funding . Louisiana House Speaker Jim Tucker said in an interview with Louisiana Public Broadcasting that the MFP formula keeps districts from levying higher taxes because districts with high local taxes receive lower state funding payments . Tulane University 's Cowen Institute was founded in 2007 to examine the effects of local tax initiatives on the MFP . Tara O 'Neill , Cowen Institute Policy Manager , said districts receive extra incentive funding from the state when they raise high amounts of funding at the local level . O 'Neill said districts get this extra money whether they tax a low tax base at a high rate or tax a healthy tax base at a low rate .
= = MFP Accountability Reports for low @-@ performing schools = =
State laws require the Louisiana Department of Education to include each local school district that has a school with a School Performance Score ( SPS ) below 60 and growth of less than 2 points in an MFP Accountability Report that is submitted to the Louisiana House and Senate Committees on Education by June 1 each year .
The most recent report in 2009 contained data for 34 schools in 15 districts during the 2007 @-@ 2008 school year . The average school performance score for schools in that report was 52 @.@ 9 , compared to 86 @.@ 3 statewide . The average classroom instructional expenditure per student was $ 6 @,@ 416 among these schools , compared to $ 5 @,@ 924 statewide . About 91 percent of students in this report were in poverty , compared to 63 @.@ 2 percent statewide . The schools in this report had higher teacher turnover than the statewide average and a slightly higher percentage of uncertified teachers than the state average .
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= Jon Hess ( lacrosse ) =
Jonathan A. " Jon " Hess is a retired lacrosse attackman who played professional box lacrosse in the National Lacrosse League ( NLL ) and professional field lacrosse in Major League Lacrosse ( MLL ) . He starred as a member of the Princeton Tigers men 's lacrosse team from 1995 through 1998 , where he earned National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) lacrosse attackman of the year award , three United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association ( USILA ) All @-@ American recognitions , four Ivy League championships , three national championships , an Ivy League Player of the Year award and an NCAA tournament most outstanding player award . Jon Hess holds Princeton lacrosse scoring records for both points and assists and won an NCAA individual national statistical championship for assists . As a professional , he is a former sportsman of the year and MLL assists leader . Jon is married to Sara Whalen Hess .
= = Background = =
Jon Hess , who is from Nyack , New York , established the Rockland County scoring record ( 314 points ) . He attended Nyack High School , where he earned All @-@ county recognition three times , but was unable to lead them past perennial league champion Yorktown High School . Hess was an Empire State Games gold medalist in 1992 and bronze medalist in 1993 .
= = College career = =
Hess was part of a trio of noted attackmen who were Princeton classmates along with Jesse Hubbard and Chris Massey . As starters , the trio of All @-@ Americans , who retired second ( Hess ) , third ( Hubbard ) and fourth ( Massey ) in career points at Princeton , had a 43 – 2 record and combined for 618 points . Jon Hess was awarded the 1997 Jack Turnbull Award as the best NCAA lacrosse attackman . He was a first team USILA All @-@ American Team selection in 1997 and 1998 and second team selection in 1996 . He was also first team All @-@ Ivy League in 1996 and 1997 and a second team selection in 1998 . The 1995 team , which earned the school 's sixth consecutive NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship invitation , was Ivy League co @-@ champion , while the 1996 – 1998 teams were 6 – 0 undefeated outright conference champions . These undefeated league champions won the 1996 , 1997 and 1998 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championships , becoming the first team to win three consecutive championships since Syracuse from 1988 – 90 and the first to be recognized to have done so without an NCAA scandal since Johns Hopkins from 1978 – 80 .
Hess earned the 1997 Men 's Ivy League Player of the Year and the 1997 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championship tournament Most Outstanding Player . His most outstanding player performance included five goals and eleven assists in the tournament and three goals and five assists in the championship game against Maryland . The 1997 team is regarded as the best in school history with a record number of wins during its 15 – 0 season . He served as co @-@ captain of the 1998 team , and he scored two second half goals and had an assist as Princeton pushed its lead to 7 – 3 during the 1998 Championship game . For the day , he ended up with four goals as part of the 15 – 5 victory over Maryland .
Hess holds the Princeton University single @-@ season points ( 74 , 1997 ) and single @-@ season assists records ( 48 , 1997 ) . He was the 1998 NCAA statistical champion in assists per game ( 2 @.@ 60 ) , even though he was slowed down that season by a hamstring injury .
= = Professional career = =
Jon Hess played for the New York Saints during the 1999 and 2000 NLL seasons . Hess also played three seasons in MLL with the New Jersey Pride from 2001 to 2003 before retiring to work for Merrill Lynch in New York City . Hess works as a NASDAQ stock trader . With the Pride , he won the Major League Lacrosse Iron Lizard of the Year Award during the 2003 MLL season . That year , he was reunited with Princeton teammate Hubbard . In each of his three seasons in the MLL , he finished first ( 2001 ) or second ( 2002 & 2003 ) in the league in assists .
= = Personal = =
In 2001 , he was dating New York Power player Sara Whalen . By 2004 , he was married to three @-@ time soccer All @-@ American and 2000 Olympic Games silver medalist Sara Whalen Hess .
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= Anshei Israel Synagogue =
Anshei Israel Synagogue is a historic synagogue located in Lisbon , Connecticut , United States . The Orthodox congregation was founded with 15 families and constructed the synagogue in 1936 . It was built by George Allen & Sons . The interior is a single room that is lined with five benches before an altar which held the sacred ark . The congregation 's membership dwindled throughout the 1940s and 1950s , limiting the services to holidays before finally closing in the early 1980s . Rules in the congregation were not as strictly enforced as in the Old World , as there was no curtain to separate the sexes and distant members were allowed to drive part of the way to its services . The Town of Lisbon took ownership of the property in the 1980s . The synagogue is currently maintained by the Lisbon Historical Society . The synagogue was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 .
= = Construction = =
In the early 1800s of Connecticut , people of the Jewish faith were few , with just twelve persons in the whole of Connecticut . In 1843 , Jewish public worship was first permitted after a petition to the Connecticut General Assembly . Early Jewish services were held in private homes or in rented halls and later in the first synagogues , which were usually adapted from churches . Rural synagogues like the Anshei Israel Synagogue were modest structures and " reflect the need of Jewish farming and summer congregations for buildings suitable for worship that were within their limited financial and geographic boundaries . "
The land upon which the synagogue was built was donated by Harry Rothenberg around 1936 . The congregation , pooled their money to construct the synagogue . Constructed by George Allen & Sons in 1836 , the Anshei Israel Synagogue is a 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) by 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) gable @-@ roofed clapboarded building with a 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) by 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) central projecting tower with a Magen David at its top . Flanking the tower on each side is a pair of 2 @-@ over @-@ 2 windows . Paint remnants show that the sash was previously painted a bright blue .
After passing through the tower , the single room has a platform with an ark at the front . The original altar and sacred ark remains , with the interior concealed by a gold curtain ; and a menorah rests on the podium . Chairs and five wooden , backless benches were provided for seating , which was described as " an unusual arrangement in historic Connecticut synagogues " . Though the building had electricity , it had no heat or plumbing ; though a wood stove was used to provide heat and an outhouse was previously behind the synagogue .
= = Use = =
The founding congregation of 15 families came from Poland and Russia and lived in the surrounding towns of Plainfield , Lisbon , Griswold , and Jewett City . Rothenberg became the first cantor of the Anshei Israel Synagogue and the service would continue to serve the Orthodox congregation for decades . The congregation 's membership dwindled throughout the 1940s and 1950s , which limited services to holidays . The synagogue finally closed when it could no longer steadily gather a minyin , ten men , in 1987 . The town of Lisbon acquired the synagogue in the 1980s from the synagogue 's last six members . In 2004 , the synagogue was open during " Walking Weekend " events .
Caroline Read @-@ Burns , president of the Lisbon Historical Society and Jerome Zuckerbraun , a member of the synagogue , discussed the Orthodox congregation 's rules and noted that some rules were not as strictly enforced as in the Old World . As an Orthodox congregation , members were to walk to the synagogue , but some distant members would drive and " walk the last mile or so . " The synagogue did not use curtains to separate men and women , as was the norm for Orthodox services in Poland and Russia . The women 's seating was at a table on the right side of the sanctuary , near the door . The structure is well @-@ preserved , but not currently in use .
= = Importance = =
The Anshei Israel Synagogue was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995 . It is recognized as an architecturally significant example of " a small country Jewish house of worship " . Its architecture is the " epitome of simplicity " and it remains an important pre @-@ 1945 Jewish house of worship that is in a rural setting and possessing integrity in its design . The Day reflected Read @-@ Burn 's comments that the synagogue may " only one of its kind in the country " . In 2001 , the building was featuring on Connecticut Journal , a program of Connecticut Public Television .
In 2005 , the building was in need of some repairs due to neglect and damage from squirrels . The Lisbon Historical Society received a $ 5 @,@ 000 grant from the Quinebaug Shetucket National Heritage Corridor to make repairs on the synagogue . Repairs would be done to repair the structure and the electrical wiring would be replaced for free by the students at the Norwich Regional Vocational Technical School .
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= Lincoln Theatre ( Washington , D.C. ) =
Lincoln Theatre is a theater in Washington , D.C. , located at 1215 U Street , next to Ben 's Chili Bowl . The theater , located on " Washington 's Black Broadway " , served the city 's African American community when segregation kept them out of other venues . The Lincoln Theatre included a movie house and ballroom , and hosted jazz and big band performers such as Duke Ellington . The theater closed after the 1968 race @-@ related riots . It was restored and reopened in 1994 , and hosts a variety of performances and events . The U Street Metro station , which opened in 1991 , is located across the street from Lincoln Theater .
American recording artist Adam Lambert performed at this venue on 5 March 2016 as part of his The Original High Tour .
= = History = =
Construction of the Lincoln Theatre began in the summer of 1921 , and it opened in 1922 . The Lincoln Theatre , which showed silent film and vaudeville , served the city 's black community . The theatre was designed by Reginald Geare , in collaboration with Harry Crandall , a local theater operator .
In 1927 , the Lincoln Theatre was sold to A.E. Lichtman , who decided to turn it into a luxurious movie house , and added a ballroom . The theatre was wired for sound in 1928 . The ballroom , known as Lincoln Colonnade , and the theater were known as the center of " Washington 's Black Broadway " . Performers at Lincoln Theatre have included Duke Ellington , Pearl Bailey , Louis Armstrong , Lionel Hampton , Ella Fitzgerald , Cab Calloway , Billie Holiday , and Sarah Vaughan . A television projection system was installed at Lincoln Theatre in 1952 . The movie house televised boxing fights on many occasions , such as the Sugar Ray Robinson @-@ Joey Maxim bout on June 25 , 1952 .
The Lincoln Theatre struggled financially after desegregation opened other movie theaters to blacks beginning in 1953 . In the late 1950s , the Colonnade was demolished . The theater fell into disrepair after the 1968 Washington , D.C. riots . In 1978 , the Lincoln Theatre was divided into two theaters , and was known as the Lincoln " Twins " . In the late 1970s and early 1980s , the Lincoln Theater featured " All @-@ Night Movie " shows on the weekend , attracting hundreds each weekend . The Lincoln Theatre was sold to developer Jeffrey Cohen in 1983 , who closed it for renovations . The theater remained boarded up for many years .
= = Restoration = =
The Lincoln Theatre was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993 . In 1993 , the theatre was restored by the U Street Theatre Foundation , with $ 9 million of aid from the District of Columbia government . The restoration started in 1989 by developer Jeffrey N. Cohen , who was working on a controversial $ 250 million redevelopment plan , " Jackson Plaza " , for the Shaw / U @-@ Street area . In 1990 , Cohen ran into financial difficulties and filed for bankruptcy in 1991 . Restoration of the theater was taken over by the District government and the foundation . The restoration work was done by the design firm , Leo A. Daly . The building has a brick exterior , and the interior features Victorian trim .
A " sneak preview " of the renovated theater was held on September 16 , 1993 for D.C. Councilmember Frank Smith , Mayor Sharon Pratt Kelly , and 1 @,@ 000 attendees . The theatre officially reopened on February 4 , 1994 with a performance of Barry Scott 's Ain 't Got Long to Stay Here , which was about the life of Martin Luther King , Jr . In March 1995 , Lincoln Theatre hosted a play , Where Eagles Fly , written by local playwright Carole Mumin . The play told the story of a local elderly woman who fought the Shaw Urban Redevelopment Project that targeted the Shaw neighborhood for demolition , and sought to preserve the neighborhood and its history .
The 1 @,@ 250 @-@ seat theater has hosted theatrical and musical shows , leased space to community groups and for events , and hosted political events such as the mayor 's State of the District address . Jazz performances in recent years have included Cassandra Wilson , Quincy Jones , Chuck Brown , and Wynton Marsalis . In 2005 , the annual Duke Ellington Jazz Festival was inaugurated and hosted performances . Others that have performed at the Lincoln Theatre include Damien Rice , singer Brian Stokes Mitchell , and comedian Dick Gregory . Lincoln Theatre has also been a venue for Filmfest DC . The theater was the primary venue for the annual LGBT film festival Reel Affirmations from 1998 to 2008 .
The theater has struggled financially , and has received $ 500 @,@ 000 of aid annually for the past five years from the District government . The theater director , Janice Hill , has expressed concerns that the theater may have to shut down due to lack of funds . On January 11 , 2007 , the District government provided $ 200 @,@ 000 to the theatre . Councilmember Jim Graham also suggested adding an annual line item to the city 's budget to provide the theatre with $ 500 @,@ 000 each year .
In 2011 , the theatre was threatened with closure after the city cut funding . The D.C. Commission on the Arts and Humanities took over management and began searching for new management .
= = Current Operation by I.M.P. = =
In January 2012 , the D.C. Commission on the Arts and Humanities began searching for a new entertainment booking group to operate Lincoln Theatre . The process included evaluating business plans from various groups . In April 2013 , I.M.P. , the company that owns the 9 : 30 Club and operates Merriweather Post Pavilion , was selected over other competitors to operate the theatre . In June 2013 , DC Mayor Vincent Gray , the Deputy Mayor for Planning and Economic Development , the DC Commission on the Arts and Humanities , and the Deputy of General Services made the official announcement of the selection .
Prior to obtaining sole operation of the theatre , I.M.P. had booked a few shows at Lincoln Theatre , including sold @-@ out performances by Jeff Tweedy in 2010 and Jeff Mangum in 2012 . I.M.P. began sole operation of the theatre in the fall of 2013 .
Since gaining sole operation , I.M.P. has booked nearly 100 shows at Lincoln Theatre , including :
Laura Marling on September 4 , 2013
Janelle Monáe on October 14 , 2013
Colin Meloy on November 5 , 2013
Corey Holcomb on January 25 , 2014
Lauryn Hill on February 9 , 2014
Sharon Jones and the Dap @-@ Kings on February 10 and 11 , 2014
Bob Weir & RatDog on February 17 , 2014
Emmylou Harris on April 11 , 2014
Stephen Marley on April 17 , 2014
Johnny Hallyday on May 8 , 2014
Morcheeba on May 14 , 2014
Ingrid Michaelson on May 23 , 2014
Natalie Merchant on July 12 , 2014
Spoon on September 2 , 3 , and 4 , 2014
Nas on October 4 , 2014
Flying Lotus on October 13 , 2014
Hannibal Buress on October 17 , 2014
Dwight Yoakam on October 19 , 2014
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= Sind sparrow =
The Sind sparrow ( Passer pyrrhonotus ) is a passerine bird of the sparrow family Passeridae , found around the Indus valley region in South Asia . It is also known as the jungle , Sind jungle , or rufous @-@ backed sparrow . Very similar to the related house sparrow , it is smaller and has distinguishing plumage features . As in the house sparrow , the male has brighter plumage than female and young birds , including black markings and a grey crown . Distinctively , the male has a chestnut stripe running down its head behind the eye , and the female has a darker head than other sparrow species do . Its main vocalisations are soft chirping calls that are extended into longer songs with other sounds interspersed by breeding males . Historically , this species was thought to be very closely related to the house sparrow , but its closest evolutionary affinities may lie elsewhere . Discovered around 1840 , this species went undetected for several decades after its discovery .
Within its Indus valley breeding range in Pakistan and western India , the Sind sparrow is patchily distributed in riverine and wetland habitats with thorny scrub and tall grass . During the non @-@ breeding season , some birds enter drier habitats as they disperse short distances from their breeding habitat , or migrate into western Pakistan and the extreme east of Iran . Since this species is fairly common and expanding its range , it is assessed as least concern on the IUCN Red List . The Sind sparrow is social within small groups while feeding and breeding , and during its winter dispersal . It feeds mostly on seeds and less often on insects , foraging close to the ground . Nests are made in the branches of thorny trees , and are untidy globular masses constructed from grass or other plant matter and lined with softer material . Both sexes are involved in building the nest and caring for the young , and usually raise two clutches of three to five young each breeding season .
= = Description = =
The Sind sparrow is very similar to the house sparrow , and both sexes resemble their counterparts of that species , but it is slightly smaller and males and females each have features that distinguish them as Sind sparrows . The Sind sparrow is 13 cm ( 5 @.@ 1 in ) long , while the common South Asian subspecies of the house sparrow , Passer domesticus indicus , is about 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) long . Wingspans range from 6 @.@ 2 to 7 @.@ 0 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 to 2 @.@ 8 in ) , tails from 4 @.@ 7 to 5 @.@ 7 cm ( 1 @.@ 9 to 2 @.@ 2 in ) , and tarsi measure 1 @.@ 6 – 1 @.@ 9 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 63 – 0 @.@ 75 in ) .
The breeding male has a short and narrow black bib and a broad chestnut eye stripe that does not meet the mantle . The male has a grey crown and nape and a rufous lower back and rump . The female has a darker and greyer crown and cheek than the female house sparrow and the shoulder is darker chestnut . The female Dead Sea sparrow of the subspecies Passer moabiticus yattii is also similar to the female Sind sparrow , but has yellow tinges on the underparts and sometimes on parts of the head . The bill is black on the breeding male and pale brown on the non @-@ breeding male and female . With a culmen length of 1 @.@ 1 – 1 @.@ 3 centimetres ( 0 @.@ 43 – 0 @.@ 51 in ) , the Sind sparrow is slightly smaller @-@ billed than the house sparrow .
The Sind sparrow 's chirping chup call is softer , less strident , and higher pitched than that of the house sparrow , and is easily distinguished . The song of breeding males includes chirrups interspersed with grating t @-@ r @-@ r @-@ rt notes and short warbles or whistles .
= = Taxonomy = =
The Sind sparrow was first formally described by Edward Blyth , from a specimen collected by Alexander Burnes at Bahawalpur in around 1840 . Blyth 's description was published in an issue of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal which , although dated 1844 , was published only in 1845 . It was not recorded until 36 years later , despite the efforts of noted ornithologists Allan Octavian Hume in Sindh and William Thomas Blanford in eastern Iran . This was probably because of its general similarity to the house sparrow , though additionally , Blyth 's description of the species incorrectly described its rump feathers as maroon , and a description by Thomas C. Jerdon contained similar errors . Commenting on his unsuccessful search , Hume wrote that the hundreds of house sparrows he killed in pursuit of the Sind sparrow " ought to form a heavy load " on Blyth 's conscience , and that if the Sind sparrow existed " it would be only decent for it ... to put on an appearance with as little delay as possible " . Hume doubted its distinction , as did other ornithologists . The Sind sparrow was rediscovered by Scrope Berdmore Doig in 1880 , in the Eastern Nara district . Ernst Hartert considered it a subspecies of the house sparrow , Passer domesticus pyrrhonotus , in his Die Vögel der paläarktishen Fauna , but Doig and Claud Ticehurst both found that the two species bred in the same areas without interbreeding .
The specific epithet of the Sind sparrow , pyrrhonotus , comes from the Greek purrhos ( " flame @-@ coloured " ) , and -nōtos ( " -backed " ) . E. C. Stuart Baker suggested the English name rufous @-@ backed sparrow , but as this name might cause confusion with other species , Ticehurst suggested the name Sind jungle @-@ sparrow , which became the accepted name for the species . This name refers to Sindh , a province now in Pakistan which makes up a large part of the Sind sparrow 's range , and the jungle habitat of the bird ( in the word 's original sense of tangled dry thicket ) . This name is shortened to jungle sparrow or Sind sparrow , of which the first was used in the IOC World Bird List , until Sind sparrow was adopted in 2009 .
The Sind sparrow is a member of the genus Passer , which contains the house sparrow and around twenty other species . In a 1936 review of the house sparrow 's relatives , German ornithologist Wilhelm Meise suggested that the Sind sparrow evolved from an isolated population of house sparrows , noting that the Indus valley is a centre of small bird types . British ornithologist J. Denis Summers @-@ Smith considered the Sind sparrow to be part of the " Palaearctic black @-@ bibbed sparrow " group including the house sparrow , though not one with a particularly close relationship with the house sparrow . Summer @-@ Smith suggested that these species separated 25 @,@ 000 to 15 @,@ 000 years ago , during the last glacial period , when sparrows would have been isolated in ice @-@ free refugia , such as the Indus River Delta , where he thought the Sind sparrow evolved . However , studies of mitochondrial DNA indicate an earlier origin of Passer species , with speciation occurring as early as the late Miocene and early Pliocene , about 5 million years ago . Hume and Ticehurst observed a resemblance , and a possible relation , between the Sind sparrow and the Dead Sea sparrow of the Middle East and Balochistan . William Robert Ogilvie @-@ Grant and Henry Ogg Forbes saw a resemblance to the Abd al @-@ Kuri sparrow , endemic to the island of Abd al @-@ Kuri , in their 1899 description of that species , noted upon by Guy M. Kirwan in a 2008 study .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The Sind sparrow has a restricted distribution , primarily occurring within the Indus valley of Pakistan , and the lower parts of the tributaries of the Indus in the Punjab region . Its distribution extends from the Indus Delta north to the Kabul River near Nowshera and the Jhelum near Nurpur Noon , extending east into India as far as the Delhi area . It also breeds locally in parts of Pakistan 's western province of Balochistan , and has been recorded several times in south @-@ eastern Iran . The Sind sparrow is somewhat common in its restricted breeding range , and no threats are known to the survival of the species , so it is assessed as least concern on the IUCN Red List .
During winter , it often makes short distance movements , and some birds move into parts of western Pakistan and an adjoining corner of Iran , and less commonly north @-@ western Gujarat , India . Longer movements may occur , as suggested by a possible sighting in the United Arab Emirates in November 2000 .
It mostly breeds in acacia and tamarisk scrub and tall grass , invariably near rivers or other wetlands . The construction and expansion of irrigation canals has increased its habitat in Sindh , and helped it extend its range into the Yamuna floodplain and parts of Rajasthan , India . It may breed around rice paddies and other fields , or human habitations , provided that there is enough cover and suitable nesting sites . In winter , it moves away from its main riverine habitat , and into drier thickets characterised by Salvadora and Capparis bushes , but never moves too far from water .
= = Behaviour = =
The Sind sparrow is gregarious , generally forming small groups of four to six birds while feeding . It tends to breed in loose colonies of a few pairs , and non @-@ breeding birds may gather to roost in acacias or tamarisks near water . During winter , the non @-@ breeding season , it forms larger flocks of as many as 30 birds , and joins flocks with other seed @-@ eating birds , such as house sparrows and red avadavats . The Sind sparrow feeds mainly on the seeds of grasses and other plants such as Polygonum plebeium . It may also forage for insects such as caterpillars , especially to feed nestlings . Flocks forage on flats alongside rivers , flying into nearby bushes and continuing to forage when disturbed .
Nesting occurs during a period of several months between April to September , the timing depending on rainfall , during which two clutches are raised by most pairs . Sind sparrows build nests in the upper branches of thorny trees or the ends of thin branches hanging over water . The nest is an untidy dome of grass and other plant matter , such as tamarisk twigs , roots , and reeds , with a diameter of about 9 to 18 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 to 7 @.@ 1 in ) . The nest has an entrance located higher up on the sides , is somewhat flat on top , and is lined with softer plant material and feathers . The birds may sometimes build below the nests of egrets or extend the nest of a baya weaver or pied myna . Both the male and female take part in nest building and incubation . Clutches typically contain three to five eggs . Scrope Doig described the eggs as being markedly smaller than the house sparrow 's , measuring 0 @.@ 7 × 0 @.@ 5 in ( 1 @.@ 3 × 1 @.@ 8 cm ) and similarly greenish or greyish with highly variable blotches , striations , and other markings .
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= History of paleontology =
The history of paleontology traces the history of the effort to understand the history of life on Earth by studying the fossil record left behind by living organisms . Since it is concerned with understanding living organisms of the past paleontology can be considered to be a field of biology , but its historical development has been closely tied to geology and the effort to understand the history of the Earth itself .
In ancient times Xenophanes ( 570 @-@ 480 BC ) , Herodotus ( 484 @-@ 425 BC ) , Eratosthenes ( 276 @-@ 194 BC ) , and Strabo ( 64 BC @-@ 24 AD ) , wrote about fossils of marine organisms indicating that land was once under water . During the Middle Ages , fossils were discussed by the Persian naturalist , Ibn Sina ( known as Avicenna in Europe ) , in The Book of Healing ( 1027 ) , which proposed a theory of petrifying fluids that Albert of Saxony would elaborate on in the 14th century . The Chinese naturalist Shen Kuo ( 1031 – 1095 ) would propose a theory of climate change based on evidence from petrified bamboo .
In early modern Europe , the systematic study of fossils emerged as an integral part of the changes in natural philosophy that occurred during the Age of Reason . The nature of fossils and their relationship to life in the past became better understood during the 17th and 18th centuries , and at the end of the 18th century the work of Georges Cuvier ended a long running debate about the reality of extinction and led to the emergence of paleontology , in association with comparative anatomy , as a scientific discipline . The expanding knowledge of the fossil record also played an increasing role in the development of geology , particularly stratigraphy .
In 1822 the word " paleontology " was invented by the editor of a French scientific journal to refer to the study of ancient living organisms through fossils , and the first half of the 19th century saw geological and paleontological activity become increasingly well organized with the growth of geologic societies and museums and an increasing number of professional geologists and fossil specialists . This contributed to a rapid increase in knowledge about the history of life on Earth , and progress towards definition of the geologic time scale largely based on fossil evidence . As knowledge of life 's history continued to improve , it became increasingly obvious that there had been some kind of successive order to the development of life . This would encourage early evolutionary theories on the transmutation of species . After Charles Darwin published Origin of Species in 1859 , much of the focus of paleontology shifted to understanding evolutionary paths , including human evolution , and evolutionary theory .
The last half of the 19th century saw a tremendous expansion in paleontological activity , especially in North America . The trend continued in the 20th century with additional regions of the Earth being opened to systematic fossil collection , as demonstrated by a series of important discoveries in China near the end of the 20th century . Many transitional fossils have been discovered , and there is now considered to be abundant evidence of how all classes of vertebrates are related , much of it in the form of transitional fossils . The last few decades of the 20th century saw a renewed interest in mass extinctions and their role in the evolution of life on Earth . There was also a renewed interest in the Cambrian explosion that saw the development of the body plans of most animal phyla . The discovery of fossils of the Ediacaran biota and developments in paleobiology extended knowledge about the history of life back far before the Cambrian .
= = Prior to the 17th century = =
As early as the 6th century BC , the Greek philosopher Xenophanes of Colophon ( 570 @-@ 480 BC ) recognized that some fossil shells were remains of shellfish , which he used to argue that what was at the time dry land was once under the sea . Leonardo da Vinci ( 1452 – 1519 ) , in an unpublished notebook , also concluded that some fossil sea shells were the remains of shellfish . However , in both cases , the fossils were complete remains of shellfish species that closely resembled living species , and were therefore easy to classify .
In 1027 , the Persian naturalist , Ibn Sina ( known as Avicenna in Europe ) , proposed an explanation of how the stoniness of fossils was caused in The Book of Healing . He modified an idea of Aristotle 's , which explained it in terms of vaporous exhalations . Ibn Sina modified this into the theory of petrifying fluids ( succus lapidificatus ) , which was elaborated on by Albert of Saxony in the 14th century and was accepted in some form by most naturalists by the 16th century .
Shen Kuo ( Chinese : 沈括 ) ( 1031 – 1095 ) of the Song Dynasty used marine fossils found in the Taihang Mountains to infer the existence of geological processes such as geomorphology and the shifting of seashores over time . Using his observation of preserved petrified bamboos found underground in Yan 'an , Shanbei region , Shaanxi province , he argued for a theory of gradual climate change , since Shaanxi was part of a dry climate zone that did not support a habitat for the growth of bamboos .
As a result of a new emphasis on observing , classifying , and cataloging nature , 16th century natural philosophers in Europe began to establish extensive collections of fossil objects ( as well as collections of plant and animal specimens ) , which were often stored in specially built cabinets to help organize them . Conrad Gesner published a 1565 work on fossils that contained one of the first detailed descriptions of such a cabinet and collection . The collection belonged to a member of the extensive network of correspondents that Gesner drew on for his works . Such informal correspondence networks among natural philosophers and collectors became increasingly important during the course of the 16th century and were direct forerunners of the scientific societies that would begin to form in the 17th century . These cabinet collections and correspondence networks played an important role in the development of natural philosophy .
However , most 16th @-@ century Europeans did not recognize that fossils were the remains of living organisms . The etymology of the word fossil comes from the Latin for things having been dug up . As this indicates , the term was applied to wide variety of stone and stone @-@ like objects without regard to whether they might have an organic origin . 16th @-@ century writers such as Gesner and Georg Agricola were more interested in classifying such objects by their physical and mystical properties than they were in determining the objects ' origins . In addition , the natural philosophy of the period encouraged alternative explanations for the origin of fossils . Both the Aristotelian and Neoplatonic schools of philosophy provided support for the idea that stony objects might grow within the earth to resemble living things . Neoplatonic philosophy maintained that there could be affinities between living and non @-@ living objects that could cause one to resemble the other . The Aristotelian school maintained that the seeds of living organisms could enter the ground and generate objects resembling those organisms .
= = 17th century = =
During the Age of Reason , fundamental changes in natural philosophy were reflected in the analysis of fossils . In 1665 Athanasius Kircher attributed giant bones to extinct races of giant humans in his Mundus subterraneus . In the same year Robert Hooke published Micrographia , an illustrated collection of his observations with a microscope . One of these observations was entitled " Of Petrify 'd wood , and other Petrify 'd bodies " , which included a comparison between petrified and ordinary wood . He concluded that petrified wood was ordinary wood that had been soaked with " water impregnated with stony and earthy particles " . He then suggested that several kinds of fossil sea shells were formed from ordinary shells by a similar process . He argued against the prevalent view that such objects were " Stones form 'd by some extraordinary Plastick virtue latent in the Earth itself " . Hooke believed that fossils provided evidence about the history of life on Earth writing in 1668 :
... if the finding of Coines , Medals , Urnes , and other Monuments of famous persons , or Towns , or Utensils , be admitted for unquestionable Proofs , that such Persons or things have , in former times had a being , certainly those Petrifactions may be allowed to be of equal Validity and Evidence , that there have formerly been such Vegetables or Animals ... and are true universal Characters legible to all rational Men .
Hooke was prepared to accept the possibility that some such fossils represented species that had become extinct , possibly in past geological catastrophes .
In 1667 Nicholas Steno wrote a paper about a shark head he had dissected . He compared the teeth of the shark with the common fossil objects known as tongue stones . He concluded that the fossils must have been shark teeth . Steno then took an interest in the question of fossils , and to address some of the objections to their organic origin he began studying rock strata . The result of this work was published in 1669 as Forerunner to a Dissertation on a solid naturally enclosed in a solid . In this book , Steno drew a clear distinction between objects such as rock crystals that really were formed within rocks and those such as fossil shells and shark teeth that were formed outside of those rocks . Steno realized that certain kinds of rock had been formed by the successive deposition of horizontal layers of sediment and that fossils were the remains of living organisms that had become buried in that sediment . Steno who , like almost all 17th century natural philosophers , believed that the earth was only a few thousand years old , resorted to the Biblical flood as a possible explanation for fossils of marine organisms that were far from the sea .
Despite the considerable influence of Forerunner , naturalists such as Martin Lister ( 1638 – 1712 ) and John Ray ( 1627 – 1705 ) continued to question the organic origin of some fossils . They were particularly concerned about objects such as fossil Ammonites , which Hooke claimed were organic in origin , that did not resemble any known living species . This raised the possibility of extinction , which they found difficult to accept for philosophical and theological reasons . In 1695 Ray wrote to the Welsh naturalist Edward Lluyd complaining of such views : " ... there follows such a train of consequences , as seem to shock the Scripture @-@ History of the novity of the World ; at least they overthrow the opinion received , & not without good reason , among Divines and Philosophers , that since the first Creation there have been no species of Animals or Vegetables lost , no new ones produced . "
= = 18th century = =
In his 1778 work Epochs of Nature Georges Buffon referred to fossils , in particular the discovery of fossils of tropical species such as elephants and rhinoceros in northern Europe , as evidence for the theory that the earth had started out much warmer than it currently was and had been gradually cooling .
In 1796 Georges Cuvier presented a paper on living and fossil elephants comparing skeletal remains of Indian and African elephants to fossils of mammoths and of an animal he would later name mastodon utilizing comparative anatomy . He established for the first time that Indian and African elephants were different species , and that mammoths differed from both and must be extinct . He further concluded that the mastodon was another extinct species that also differed from Indian or African elephants , more so than mammoths . Cuvier made another powerful demonstration of the power of comparative anatomy in paleontology when he presented a second paper in 1796 on a large fossil skeleton from Paraguay , which he named Megatherium and identified as a giant sloth by comparing its skull to those of two living species of tree sloth . Cuvier ’ s ground @-@ breaking work in paleontology and comparative anatomy led to the widespread acceptance of extinction . It also led Cuvier to advocate the geological theory of catastrophism to explain the succession of organisms revealed by the fossil record . He also pointed out that since mammoths and wooly rhinoceros were not the same species as the elephants and rhinoceros currently living in the tropics , their fossils could not be used as evidence for a cooling earth .
In a pioneering application of stratigraphy , William Smith , a surveyor and mining engineer , made extensive use of fossils to help correlate rock strata in different locations . He created the first geological map of England during the late 1790s and early 19th century . He established the principle of faunal succession , the idea that each strata of sedimentary rock would contain particular types of fossils , and that these would succeed one another in a predictable way even in widely separated geologic formations . At the same time , Cuvier and Alexandre Brongniart , an instructor at the Paris school of mine engineering , used similar methods in an influential study of the geology of the region around Paris .
= = Early to mid @-@ 19th century = =
= = = The age of reptiles = = =
In 1808 , Cuvier identified a fossil found in Maastricht as a giant marine reptile that would later be named Mosasaurus . He also identified , from a drawing , another fossil found in Bavaria as a flying reptile and named it Pterodactylus . He speculated , based on the strata in which these fossils were found , that large reptiles had lived prior to what he was calling " the age of mammals " . Cuvier 's speculation would be supported by a series of finds that would be made in Great Britain over the course of the next two decades . Mary Anning , a professional fossil collector since age eleven , collected the fossils of a number of marine reptiles from the Jurassic marine strata at Lyme Regis . These included the first ichthyosaur skeleton to be recognized as such , which was collected in 1811 , and the first two plesiosaur skeletons ever found in 1821 and 1823 . Many of her discoveries would be described scientifically by the geologists William Conybeare , Henry De la Beche , and William Buckland . It was Anning who observed that stony objects known as " bezoar stones " were often found in the abdominal region of ichthyosaur skeletons , and she noted that if such stones were broken open they often contained fossilized fish bones and scales as well as sometimes bones from small ichthyosaurs . This led her to suggest to Buckland that they were fossilized feces , which he named coprolites , and which he used to better understand ancient food chains .
In 1824 , Buckland found and described a lower jaw from Jurassic deposits from Stonesfield . He determined that the bone belonged to a carnivorous land @-@ dwelling reptile he called Megalosaurus . That same year Gideon Mantell realized that some large teeth he had found in 1822 , in Cretaceous rocks from Tilgate , belonged to a giant herbivorous land @-@ dwelling reptile . He called it Iguanodon , because the teeth resembled those of an iguana . All of this led Mantell to publish an influential paper in 1831 entitled " The Age of Reptiles " in which he summarized the evidence for there having been an extended time during which the earth had teemed with large reptiles , and he divided that era , based in what rock strata different types of reptiles first appeared , into three intervals that anticipated the modern periods of the Triassic , Jurassic , and Cretaceous . In 1832 Mantell would find , in Tilgate , a partial skeleton of an armored reptile he would call Hylaeosaurus . In 1841 the English anatomist Richard Owen would create a new order of reptiles , which he called Dinosauria , for Megalosaurus , Iguanodon , and Hylaeosaurus .
This evidence that giant reptiles had lived on Earth in the past caused great excitement in scientific circles , and even among some segments of the general public . Buckland did describe the jaw of a small primitive mammal , Phascolotherium , that was found in the same strata as Megalosaurus . This discovery , known as the Stonesfield mammal , was a much discussed anomaly . Cuvier at first thought it was a marsupial , but Buckland later realized it was a primitive placental mammal . Due to its small size and primitive nature , Buckland did not believe it invalidated the overall pattern of an age of reptiles , when the largest and most conspicuous animals had been reptiles rather than mammals .
= = = Paleobotany and the origin of the word paleontology = = =
In 1828 Alexandre Brongniart 's son , the botanist Adolphe Brongniart , published the introduction to a longer work on the history of fossil plants . Adolphe Brongniart concluded that the history of plants could roughly be divided into four parts . The first period was characterized by cryptogams . The second period was characterized by the appearance of the conifers . The third period brought emergence of the cycads , and the fourth by the development of the flowering plants ( such as the dicotyledons ) . The transitions between each of these periods was marked by sharp discontinuities in the fossil record , with more gradual changes within the periods . Brongniart 's work is the foundation of paleobotany and reinforced the theory that life on earth had a long and complex history , and different groups of plants and animals made their appearances in successive order . It also supported the idea that the Earth 's climate had changed over time as Brogniart concluded that plant fossils showed that during the Carboniferous the climate of Northern Europe must have been tropical .
The increasing attention being paid to fossil plants in the first decades of the 19th century would trigger a significant change in the terminology for the study of past life . The editor of the influential French scientific journal , Journal de Physique , a student of Cuvier 's named Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville , coined the term " paleozoologie " in 1817 to refer to the work Cuvier and others were doing to reconstruct extinct animals from fossil bones . However , Blainville began looking for a term that could refer to the study of both fossil animal and plant remains . After trying some unsuccessful alternatives , he hit on " palaeontologie " in 1822 . Blainville 's term for the study of the fossilized organisms quickly became popular and was anglicized into " paleontology " .
= = = Catastrophism , uniformitarianism and the fossil record = = =
In Cuvier 's landmark 1796 paper on living and fossil elephants , he referred to a single catastrophe that destroyed life to be replaced by the current forms . As a result of his studies of extinct mammals , he realized that animals such as Palaeotherium had lived before the time of the mammoths , which led him to write in terms of multiple geological catastrophes that had wiped out a series of successive faunas . By 1830 , a scientific consensus had formed around his ideas as a result of paleobotany and the dinosaur and marine reptile discoveries in Britain . In Great Britain , where natural theology was very influential in the early 19th century , a group of geologists that included Buckland , and Robert Jameson insisted on explicitly linking the most recent of Cuvier 's catastrophes to the biblical flood . Catastrophism had a religious overtone in Britain that was absent elsewhere .
Partly in response to what he saw as unsound and unscientific speculations by William Buckland and other practitioners of flood geology , Charles Lyell advocated the geological theory of uniformitarianism in his influential work Principles of Geology . Lyell amassed evidence , both from his own field research and the work of others , that most geological features could be explained by the slow action of present @-@ day forces , such as vulcanism , earthquakes , erosion , and sedimentation rather than past catastrophic events . Lyell also claimed that the apparent evidence for catastrophic changes in the fossil record , and even the appearance of directional succession in the history of life , were illusions caused by imperfections in that record . For instance he argued that the absence of birds and mammals from the earliest fossil strata was merely an imperfection in the fossil record attributable to the fact that marine organisms were more easily fossilized . Also Lyell pointed to the Stonesfield mammal as evidence that mammals had not necessarily been preceded by reptiles , and to the fact that certain Pleistocene strata showed a mixture of extinct and still surviving species , which he said showed that extinction occurred piecemeal rather than as a result of catastrophic events . Lyell was successful in convincing geologists of the idea that the geological features of the earth were largely due to the action of the same geologic forces that could be observed in the present day , acting over an extended period of time . He was not successful in gaining support for his view of the fossil record , which he believed did not support a theory of directional succession .
= = = Transmutation of species and the fossil record = = =
Jean Baptiste Lamarck used fossils in his arguments for his theory of the transmutation of species in the early 19th century . Fossil finds , and the emerging evidence that life had changed over time , fueled speculation on this topic during the next few decades . Robert Chambers used fossil evidence in his 1844 popular science book Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation , which advocated an evolutionary origin for the cosmos as well as for life on earth . Like Lamarck 's theory it maintained that life had progressed from the simple to the complex . These early evolutionary ideas were widely discussed in scientific circles but were not accepted into the scientific mainstream . Many of the critics of transmutational ideas used fossil evidence in their arguments . In the same paper that coined the term dinosaur Richard Owen pointed out that dinosaurs were at least as sophisticated and complex as modern reptiles , which he claimed contradicted transmutational theories . Hugh Miller would make a similar argument , pointing out that the fossil fish found in the Old Red Sandstone formation were fully as complex as any later fish , and not the primitive forms alleged by Vestiges . While these early evolutionary theories failed to become accepted as mainstream science , the debates over them would help pave the way for the acceptance of Darwin 's theory of evolution by natural selection a few years later .
= = = Geological time scale and the history of life = = =
Geologists such as Adam Sedgwick , and Roderick Murchison continued , in the course of disputes such as The Great Devonian Controversy , to make advances in stratigraphy . They described new geological epochs such as the Cambrian , the Silurian , the Devonian , and the Permian . Increasingly , such progress in stratigraphy depended on the opinions of experts with specialized knowledge of particular types of fossils such as William Lonsdale ( fossil corals ) , and John Lindley ( fossil plants ) who both played a role in the Devonian controversy and its resolution . By the early 1840s much of the geologic time scale had been developed . In 1841 , John Phillips formally divided the geologic column into three major eras , the Paleozoic , Mesozoic , and Cenozoic , based on sharp breaks in the fossil record . He identified the three periods of the Mesozoic era and all the periods of the Paleozoic era except the Ordovician . His definition of the geological time scale is still used today . It remained a relative time scale with no method of assigning any of the periods ' absolute dates . It was understood that not only had there been an " age of reptiles " preceding the current " age of mammals " , but there had been a time ( during the Cambrian and the Silurian ) when life had been restricted to the sea , and a time ( prior to the Devonian ) when invertebrates had been the largest and most complex forms of animal life .
= = = Expansion and professionalization of geology and paleontology = = =
This rapid progress in geology and paleontology during the 1830s and 1840s was aided by a growing international network of geologists and fossil specialists whose work was organized and reviewed by an increasing number of geological societies . Many of these geologists and paleontologists were now paid professionals working for universities , museums and government geological surveys . The relatively high level of public support for the earth sciences was due to their cultural impact , and their proven economic value in helping to exploit mineral resources such as coal .
Another important factor was the development in the late 18th and early 19th centuries of museums with large natural history collections . These museums received specimens from collectors around the world and served as centers for the study of comparative anatomy and morphology . These disciplines played key roles in the development of a more technically sophisticated form of natural history . One of the first and most important examples was the Museum of Natural History in Paris , which was at the center of many of the developments in natural history during the first decades of the 19th century . It was founded in 1793 by an act of the French National Assembly , and was based on an extensive royal collection plus the private collections of aristocrats confiscated during the French revolution , and expanded by material seized in French military conquests during the Napoleonic Wars . The Paris museum was the professional base for Cuvier , and his professional rival Geoffroy Saint @-@ Hilaire . The English anatomists Robert Grant and Richard Owen both spent time studying there . Owen would go on to become the leading British morphologist while working at the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons .
= = Late 19th century = =
= = = Evolution = = =
Charles Darwin 's publication of the On the Origin of Species in 1859 was a watershed event in all the life sciences , especially paleontology . Fossils had played a role in the development of Darwin 's theory . In particular he had been impressed by fossils he had collected in South America during the voyage of the Beagle of giant armadillos , giant sloths , and what at the time he thought were giant llamas that seemed to be related to species still living on the continent in modern times . The scientific debate that started immediately after the publication of Origin led to a concerted effort to look for transitional fossils and other evidence of evolution in the fossil record . There were two areas where early success attracted considerable public attention , the transition between reptiles and birds , and the evolution of the modern single @-@ toed horse . In 1861 the first specimen of Archaeopteryx , an animal with both teeth and feathers and a mix of other reptilian and avian features , was discovered in a limestone quarry in Bavaria and described by Richard Owen . Another would be found in the late 1870s and put on display at a Museum in Berlin in 1881 . Other primitive toothed birds were found by Othniel Marsh in Kansas in 1872 . Marsh also discovered fossils of several primitive horses in the Western United States that helped trace the evolution of the horse from the small 5 @-@ toed Hyracotherium of the Eocene to the much larger single @-@ toed modern horses of the genus Equus . Thomas Huxley would make extensive use of both the horse and bird fossils in his advocacy of evolution . Acceptance of evolution occurred rapidly in scientific circles , but acceptance of Darwin 's proposed mechanism of natural selection as the driving force behind it was much less universal . In particular some paleontologists such as Edward Drinker Cope and Henry Fairfield Osborn preferred alternatives such as neo @-@ Lamarckism , the inheritance of characteristics acquired during life , and orthogenesis , an innate drive to change in a particular direction , to explain what they perceived as linear trends in evolution .
There was also great interest in human evolution . Neanderthal fossils were discovered in 1856 , but at the time it was not clear that they represented a different species from modern humans . Eugene Dubois created a sensation with his discovery of Java Man , the first fossil evidence of a species that seemed clearly intermediate between humans and apes , in 1891 .
= = = Developments in North America = = =
A major development in the second half of the 19th century was a rapid expansion of paleontology in North America . In 1858 Joseph Leidy described a Hadrosaurus skeleton , which was the first North American dinosaur to be described from good remains . However , it was the massive westward expansion of railroads , military bases , and settlements into Kansas and other parts of the Western United States following the American Civil War that really fueled the expansion of fossil collection . The result was an increased understanding of the natural history of North America , including the discovery of the Western Interior Sea that had covered Kansas and much of the rest of the Midwestern United States during parts of the Cretaceous , the discovery of several important fossils of primitive birds and horses , and the discovery of a number of new dinosaur genera including Allosaurus , Stegosaurus , and Triceratops . Much of this activity was part of a fierce personal and professional rivalry between two men , Othniel Marsh , and Edward Cope , which has become known as the Bone Wars .
= = Overview of developments in the 20th century = =
= = = Developments in geology = = =
Two 20th century developments in geology had a big effect on paleontology . The first was the development of radiometric dating , which allowed absolute dates to be assigned to the geologic timescale . The second was the theory of plate tectonics , which helped make sense of the geographical distribution of ancient life .
= = = Geographical expansion of paleontology = = =
During the 20th century , paleontological exploration intensified everywhere and ceased to be a largely European and North American activity . In the 135 years between Buckland 's first discovery and 1969 a total of 170 dinosaur genera were described . In the 25 years after 1969 that number increased to 315 . Much of this increase was due to the examination of new rock exposures , particularly in previously little @-@ explored areas in South America and Africa . Near the end of the 20th century the opening of China to systematic exploration for fossils has yielded a wealth of material on dinosaurs and the origin of birds and mammals . Also study of the Chengjiang fauna , a Cambrian fossil site in China , during the 1990s has provided important clues to the origin of vertebrates .
= = = Mass extinctions = = =
The 20th century saw a major renewal of interest in mass extinction events and their effect on the course of the history of life . This was particularly true after 1980 when Luis and Walter Alvarez put forward the Alvarez hypothesis claiming that an impact event caused the Cretaceous – Paleogene extinction event , which killed off the non @-@ avian dinosaurs along with many other living things . Also in the early 1980s Jack Sepkoski and David M. Raup published papers with statistical analysis of the fossil record of marine invertebrates that revealed a pattern ( possibly cyclical ) of repeated mass extinctions with significant implications for the evolutionary history of life .
= = = Evolutionary paths and theory = = =
Throughout the 20th century new fossil finds continued to contribute to understanding the paths taken by evolution . Examples include major taxonomic transitions such as finds in Greenland , starting in the 1930s ( with more major finds in the 1980s ) , of fossils illustrating the evolution of tetrapods from fish , and fossils in China during the 1990s that shed light on the dinosaur @-@ bird relationship . Other events that have attracted considerable attention have included the discovery of a series of fossils in Pakistan that have shed light on whale evolution , and most famously of all a series of finds throughout the 20th century in Africa ( starting with Taung child in 1924 ) and elsewhere have helped illuminate the course of human evolution . Increasingly , at the end of the 20th century , the results of paleontology and molecular biology were being brought together to reveal detailed phylogenetic trees .
The results of paleontology have also contributed to the development of evolutionary theory . In 1944 George Gaylord Simpson published Tempo and Mode in Evolution , which used quantitative analysis to show that the fossil record was consistent with the branching , non @-@ directional , patterns predicted by the advocates of evolution driven by natural selection and genetic drift rather than the linear trends predicted by earlier advocates of neo @-@ Lamarckism and orthogenesis . This integrated paleontology into the modern evolutionary synthesis . In 1972 Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould used fossil evidence to advocate the theory of punctuated equilibrium , which maintains that evolution is characterized by long periods of relative stasis and much shorter periods of relatively rapid change .
= = = Cambrian explosion = = =
One area of paleontology that has seen a lot of activity during the 1980s , 1990s , and beyond is the study of the Cambrian explosion during which many of the various phyla of animals with their distinctive body plans first appear . The well @-@ known Burgess Shale Cambrian fossil site was found in 1909 by Charles Doolittle Walcott , and another important site in Chengjiang China was found in 1912 . However , new analysis in the 1980s by Harry B. Whittington , Derek Briggs , Simon Conway Morris and others sparked a renewed interest and a burst of activity including discovery of an important new fossil site , Sirius Passet , in Greenland , and the publication of a popular and controversial book , Wonderful Life by Stephen Jay Gould in 1989 .
= = = Pre @-@ Cambrian fossils = = =
Prior to 1950 there was no widely accepted fossil evidence of life before the Cambrian period . When Charles Darwin wrote The Origin of Species he acknowledged that the lack of any fossil evidence of life prior to the relatively complex animals of the Cambrian was a potential argument against the theory of evolution , but expressed the hope that such fossils would be found in the future . In the 1860s there were claims of the discovery of pre @-@ Cambrian fossils , but these would later be shown not to have an organic origin . In the late 19th century Charles Doolittle Walcott would discover stromatolites and other fossil evidence of pre @-@ Cambrian life , but at the time the organic origin of those fossils was also disputed . This would start to change in the 1950s with the discovery of more stromatolites along with microfossils of the bacteria that built them , and the publication of a series of papers by the Soviet scientist Boris Vasil 'evich Timofeev announcing the discovery of microscopic fossil spores in pre @-@ Cambrian sediments . A key breakthrough would come when Martin Glaessner would show that fossils of soft bodied animals discovered by Reginald Sprigg during the late 1940s in the Ediacaran hills of Australia were in fact pre @-@ Cambrian not early Cambrian as Sprigg had originally believed , making the Ediacaran biota the oldest animals known . By the end of the 20th century , paleobiology had established that the history of life extended back at least 3 @.@ 5 billion years .
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= Doomsday ( 2008 film ) =
Doomsday is a 2008 English @-@ language science fiction action film written and directed by Neil Marshall . The film takes place in the future in Scotland , which has been quarantined because of a deadly virus . When the virus is found in London , political leaders send a team led by Major Eden Sinclair ( Rhona Mitra ) to Scotland to find a possible cure . Sinclair 's team runs into two types of survivors : marauders and medieval knights . Doomsday was conceived by Marshall based on the idea of futuristic soldiers facing medieval knights . In producing the film , he drew inspiration from various movies , including Mad Max , Escape from New York and 28 Days Later .
Marshall had a budget three times the size of his previous two films , The Descent and Dog Soldiers , and the director filmed the larger @-@ scale Doomsday in Scotland and South Africa . The film was released on 14 March 2008 in the United States and Canada and in the United Kingdom on 9 May 2008 . Doomsday did not perform well at the box office , and critics gave the film mixed reviews .
= = Plot = =
In 2008 , an unknown killer virus , dubbed " The Reaper Virus " infected Scotland . Unable to contain the outbreak or cure the infected , The UK government built a massive 60 @-@ foot wall that isolated Scotland from the rest of Britain . The quarantine was deemed a success ; however , the extreme method employed by the government destroyed diplomatic and economic relations between the UK and the rest of the world . This led to massive unemployment , civil unrest and extreme economic turmoil , causing the UK to collapse into a dystopia .
In 2035 , 27 years after the quarantine , during a raid , police discover several people infected with Reaper Virus . The Prime Minister John Hatcher shares with domestic security chief Captain Nelson satellite footage of survivors in Scotland . Believing a cure may exist , Hatcher orders Nelson to send a team into Scotland to find medical researcher Dr. Kane , who was working on a cure when Scotland was quarantined . Nelson chooses Major Eden Sinclair to lead the team .
Sinclair 's team crosses the wall and goes to Glasgow , Dr. Kane 's last known location . In Glasgow , while searching the local hospital for survivors , Sinclair and her team are ambushed by a group of marauders . Sgt. Norton and Dr. Stirling manage to escape , while the team suffers heavy casualties . Sinclair and Dr. Talbot are captured by what turns out to be a huge gang of brutal cannibals . Sinclair is interrogated by the gang 's leader , Sol , who plans to use her as leverage to cross the wall and leave Scotland . He leaves and joins the rest of the gang , who grill Dr. Talbot and eat him . With the help of Cally , another prisoner , Sinclair escapes and kills Viper , Sol 's lover . After meeting with Norton and Stirling , they escape on a train . Cally reveals that she and Sol are Kane 's children . Unsatisfied with Kane 's rule , Sol left to create his own army .
Meanwhile , Hatcher plans secretly to isolate the central London area because of the infection . However , an infected man breaks into his office and tries to kill him . Nelson shoots and kills the man , but his blood splatters on Hatcher . Michael Canaris , Hatcher 's right hand man , quarantines him and takes his place as de facto Prime Minister . Hatcher later commits suicide .
After leaving the train , Sinclair 's group are arrested by soldiers armed with archaic weapons and armor . They are taken to a medieval castle and imprisoned . Their leader , Marcus Kane , tells Sinclair the truth : there is no cure , only people with a natural immunity . Originally a medical researcher , he was devastated when his family was left behind during the quarantine . After losing his wife , Kane became a twisted , sadistic leader . He sentences Sinclair and her group to death , pitting Sinclair against Telamon , his executioner , in a small fighting ground to entertain his followers . Sinclair subdues and kills Telamon . During the duel , the rest of the group escapes , retrieves their equipment and rescue Sinclair .
Sinclair , Norton , Stirling and Cally escape to a fallout shelter entrance on horseback . They locate an underground facility in the forest and find an intact 2007 Bentley Continental GT , which they fuel up . Kane 's medieval knights arrive and kill Norton . Sinclair and the others drive the Bentley back to the quarantine wall . On the way , they are intercepted by Sol 's gang , who seeks to avenge Viper 's death . After a high @-@ speed chase , Sol and many of his men are killed and Sinclair 's group escape .
The car is tracked down by a government gunship . Canaris arrives and reveals he will let the virus continue as a form of population control and profit . Cally 's blood is to be used as a vaccine for the virus . Calley and Stirling board the gunship , while Sinclair chooses to stay behind . Nelson flies into the quarantine zone to speak with Sinclair and she gives him a recording of the conversation , the evidence to bring down Canaris . The recording is later broadcast to the rest of the country . Sinclair retrieves Sol 's head and returns to his gang . Looking at the head , they cheer , accepting Sinclair as their new leader .
= = Cast = =
Rhona Mitra as Major Eden Sinclair of the Department of Domestic Security , selected to lead a team to find a cure . The heroine was inspired by the character Snake Plissken . Mitra worked out and fight trained for eleven weeks for the film . Marshall described Mitra 's character as a soldier who has been rendered cold from her military indoctrination and her journey to find the cure for the virus is one of redemption . The character was originally written to have " funny " lines , but the director scaled back on the humor to depict Sinclair as more " hardcore " .
Bob Hoskins as Bill Nelson , Eden Sinclair 's boss . Marshall sought to have Hoskins emulate his " bulldog " role from the 1980 film The Long Good Friday .
Malcolm McDowell as Marcus Kane , a former scientist who now lives as a feudal lord in an abandoned castle , having medieval army under his command and controlling parts of the country . McDowell described his character as a King Lear . According to Marshall , Kane is based on Kurtz from Joseph Conrad 's Heart of Darkness . The director originally sought to bring Sean Connery out of retirement to play Kane but was unsuccessful .
Alexander Siddig as Prime Minister John Hatcher . Marshall originally wrote Hatcher as a sympathetic character misguided by Canaris , but revised the character to be more like Canaris in embracing political manipulation .
David O 'Hara as Michael Canaris , a senior official within the British government whose position is never stated , who acts as Hatcher 's puppeteer . Canaris was depicted to have a fascist background , speaking lines that paralleled Adolf Hitler 's mindset of cleansing .
Craig Conway as Sol , Kane 's son and the leader of the marauders . He has a biohazard sign tattooed on his back and a large scar across his chest . Even though he is Kane 's son , he distanced himself from him and formed his own army . He was a young child in the original 2008 quarantine .
Lee @-@ Anne Liebenberg as Viper , the wild woman who is Sol 's lover and his second @-@ in @-@ command .
Also cast as part of Eden Sinclair 's team were Adrian Lester as Sergeant Norton , Chris Robson as Miller , and Leslie Simpson as Carpenter . The names Miller and Carpenter were nods to directors George Miller and John Carpenter , whose films influenced Marshall 's Doomsday . Sean Pertwee and Darren Morfitt portrayed the team 's medical scientists , Dr Talbot and Dr Stirling , respectively . MyAnna Buring portrayed Kane 's daughter Cally . Emma Cleasby played Eden 's mother at the start of the film .
= = Production = =
= = = Conception = = =
Director Neil Marshall lived near the ruins of Hadrian 's Wall , a Roman fortification built to defend England against Scotland 's tribes . The director fantasised about what conditions would cause the Wall to be rebuilt and imagined a lethal virus would work . Marshall had also visualised a mixture of medieval and futuristic elements : " I had this vision of these futuristic soldiers with high @-@ tech weaponry and body armour and helmets — clearly from the future — facing a medieval knight on horseback . " The director favoured the English / Scottish border as the location for a rebuilt wall , finding the location more plausible than a lengthy boundary between the United States and Canada . Additionally , Scotland is the home to multiple castles , which fit Marshall 's medieval aspect .
The lethal virus in Doomsday differs from contemporary films like 28 Days Later and 28 Weeks Later by being an authentic plague that actually devastates the population , instead of infecting people so they become aggressive cannibals or zombies . Marshall intended the virus as the backdrop to the story , having survivors scavenge for themselves and set up a primitive society . The director drew from tribal history around the world to design the society . Though the survivors are depicted as brutal , Marshall sought to have " shades of gray " by characterising some people in England as selfishly manipulative .
The director intended Doomsday as a tribute to post @-@ apocalyptic films from the 1970s and 1980s , explaining , " Right from the start , I wanted my film to be an homage to these sorts of movies , and deliberately so . I wanted to make a movie for a new generation of audience that hadn 't seen those movies in the cinema — hadn 't seen them at all maybe — and to give them the same thrill that I got from watching them . But kind of contemporise it , pump up the action and the blood and guts . " Cinematic influences on Doomsday include :
Mad Max ( 1979 ) , The Road Warrior ( 1981 ) , and Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome ( 1985 ) : Marshall drew inspiration from the punk style of the films and also shaped Rhona Mitra 's character after Max Rockatansky as a police officer with a history .
Escape from New York ( 1981 ) : The director drew from the concepts of gang warfare and the experience of being walled @-@ in . Rhona Mitra 's character has an eye patch like Snake Plissken ( the eye patch is not in the last part of the film ) , though the director sought to create a plot point for the eye of Mitra 's character to reinforce its inclusion .
Excalibur ( 1981 ) : Marshall enjoyed John Boorman 's artistry in the film and sought to include its medieval aspects in Doomsday .
The Warriors ( 1979 ) : The director enjoyed the tough and violent films of Walter Hill , including the " visual style of the gang warfare " .
No Blade of Grass ( 1970 ) : Marshall perceived the film as a predecessor to 28 Days Later and 28 Weeks Later , though he sought to make Doomsday less straight @-@ faced .
The Omega Man ( 1971 ) : The director was inspired by the " empty city " notion of the film and drew upon its dark and gritty nature .
A Boy and His Dog ( 1974 ) : Marshall created a homage to the 1974 film 's ending by including a scene of a human being cooked in Doomsday .
Waterworld ( 1995 ) : The director enjoyed the gritty atmosphere and how people scavenge to survive and adapt in their new world .
Gladiator ( 2000 ) : Like in Gladiator , Marshall sought to put Mitra 's character through a trial by combat .
Children of Men ( 2006 ) : With the film coming out during the development of Doomsday , the director realised the similarity of the premises and sought to make his film " more bloody and more fun " .
Marshall also cited Metalstorm ( 1983 ) , Zulu ( 1964 ) , and works of director Terry Gilliam like The Fisher King ( 1991 ) as influences in producing Doomsday . Marshall acknowledged that his creation is " so outrageous you 've got to laugh " . He reflected , " I do think it 's going to divide audiences ... I just want them to be thrilled and enthralled . I want them to be overwhelmed by the imagery they 've seen . And go back and see it again . "
= = = Filming = = =
Rogue Pictures signed Marshall to direct Doomsday in October 2005 , and in November 2006 , actress Rhona Mitra was signed to star in Doomsday as the leader of the elite team . Production was budgeted at £ 17 million , an amount that was triple the combined total of Marshall 's previous two films , Dog Soldiers ( 2002 ) and The Descent ( 2005 ) . The increase in scale was a challenge to the director , who had been accustomed to small casts and limited locations . Marshall described the broader experience : " There 's fifty or more speaking parts ; I 'm dealing with thousands of extras , logistical action sequences , explosions , car chases — the works . "
Production began in February 2007 in South Africa , where the majority of filming took place . South Africa was chosen as a primary filming location for economic reasons , costing a third of estimated production in the United Kingdom . Shooting in South Africa lasted 56 days out of 66 days , with the remaining ten taking place in Scotland . Marshall said of South Africa 's appeal , " The landscape , the rock formations , I thought it was about as close to Scotland as you 're likely to get , outside of Ireland or Wales . " In Scotland , secondary filming took place in the city of Glasgow , including Haghill in the city 's East End , and at Blackness Castle in West Lothian , the latter chosen when filmmakers were unable to shoot at Doune Castle . The entire shoot , involving thousands of extras , included a series of complex fight scenes and pyrotechnical displays . The director sought to minimise the use of computer @-@ generated elements in Doomsday , preferring to subscribe to " old @-@ school filmmaking " . In the course of production , several sequences were dropped due to budgetary concerns , including a scene in which helicopter gunships attacked a medieval castle .
A massive car chase scene was filmed for Doomsday , described by Marshall to be one part Mad Max , one part Bullitt ( 1968 ) , and one part " something else entirely different " . Marshall had seen the Aston Martin DBS V12 used in the James Bond film Casino Royale ( 2006 ) and sought to implement a similarly " sexy " car . Since the car company did not do product placement , the filmmakers purchased three new Bentley Continental GTs for US $ 150 @,@ 000 each . The film also contains the director 's trademark gore and violence from previous films , including a scene where a character is cooked alive and eaten . The production was designed by Simon Bowles who had worked previously with Marshall on " Dog Soldiers " and " The Descent " . Paul Hyett , the prosthetic make @-@ up designer who worked on The Descent , contributed to the production , researching diseases including sexually transmitted diseases to design the make @-@ up for victims of the Reaper virus .
= = = Visual effects = = =
The visual effects for Doomsday stemmed from the 1980s stunt @-@ based films , involving approximately 275 visual effects shots . While filmmakers did not seek innovative visual effects , they worked with budget restrictions by creating set extensions . With most shots taking place in daylight , the extensions involved matte paint and 2D and 3D solutions . The visual effects crew visited Scotland to take reference photos so scenes that were filmed in Cape Town , South Africa could instead have Scottish backgrounds . Several challenges for the visual effects crew included the illustration of cow overpopulation in line with a decimated human population and the convincing creation of the rebuilt Hadrian Wall in different lights and from different distances . The most challenging visual effects shot in Doomsday was the close @-@ up in which a main character is burned alive . The shot required multiple enhancements and implementations of burning wardrobe , burning pigskin , and smoke and fire elements to look authentic .
Neil Marshall 's car chase sequence also involved the use of visual effects . A scene in which the Bentley crashes through a bus was intended to implement pyrotechnics , but fire marshals in the South African nature reserve , the filming location for the scene , forbade their use due to dry conditions . A miniature mock @-@ up was created and visual effects were applied so the filming of the mock @-@ up would overlay the filming of the actual scene without pyrotechnics . Other visual effects that were created were the Thames flood plain and a remote Scottish castle . A popular effect with the visual effects crew was the " rabbit explosion " scene , depicting a rabbit being shot by guns on automatic sensors . The crew sought to expand the singular shot , but Neil Marshall sought to focus on one shot to emphasize its comic nature and avoid drawing unnecessary sympathy from audiences .
= = = Music = = =
Marshall originally intended to include 1980s synth music in his film , but he found it difficult to combine the music with the intense action . Instead , composer Tyler Bates composed a score using heavy orchestra music . The film also included songs from the bands Adam and the Ants , Fine Young Cannibals , Siouxsie and the Banshees , Frankie Goes to Hollywood , and Kasabian . The song " Two Tribes " by Frankie Goes to Hollywood was the only song to remain in the film from the first draft of the screenplay . " Spellbound " by Siouxsie and the Banshees was a favorite song of the director , who sought to include it . Marshall also hoped to include the song " Into the Light " by the Banshees , but it was left out due to the producer disliking it and the cost being too high to license it .
= = Release = =
= = = Theatrical run = = =
For its theatrical run , the film was originally intended to be distributed by Focus Features under Rogue Pictures , but the company transferred Doomsday among other films to Universal Pictures for larger @-@ scale distribution and marketing beginning in 2008 . Doomsday was commercially released on 14 March 2008 in the United States and Canada in 1 @,@ 936 theatres , grossing US $ 4 @,@ 926 @,@ 565 in its opening weekend and ranking seventh in the box office , which Box Office Mojo reported as a " failed " opening . Its theatrical run in the United States and Canada lasted 28 days , ending on 10 April 2008 , having grossed US $ 11 @,@ 008 @,@ 770 . The film opened in the United Kingdom , Republic of Ireland , and Malta on 9 May 2008 , grossing a total of US $ 2 @,@ 027 @,@ 749 in its entire run . The film 's performance in the UK was considered a " disappointing run " . The film premiered in Italy in August 2008 , grossing an overall US $ 500 @,@ 000 . Worldwide , Doomsday has grossed US $ 22 @,@ 211 @,@ 426 .
= = = Critical response = = =
Doomsday was not screened for critics in advance of its commercial opening in cinemas . The film received mixed reviews from critics . Rotten Tomatoes reported that 50 % of critics gave the film positive write @-@ ups , based on a sample of 68 , with an average score of 5 @.@ 2 / 10 . The website 's consensus reads , " Doomsday is a pale imitation of previous futuristic thrillers , minus the cohesive narrative and charismatic leads . " At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film has received an average score of 51 , based on 14 reviews .
Alison Rowat of The Herald perceived Doomsday as " decidedly everyday " for a thriller , with Marshall 's script having too many unanswered questions and characters not fully developed despite a decent cast . Rowat said , " In his previous films , Marshall made something out of nothing . Here he does the opposite " . The critic acknowledged the attempted homages and the B @-@ movie approach but thought that " there has to be something more " . Steve Pratt of The Northern Echo weighed in , " As a writer , Marshall leaves gaping holes in the plot while as a director he knows how to extract maximum punch from car chases , beatings and fights without stinting on the gore as body parts are lopped off with alarming frequency and bodies squashed to a bloody pulp . " Philip Key of the Liverpool Daily Post described the film , " Doomsday is a badly thought @-@ out science fiction saga which leaves more questions than answers . "
Alonso Duralde of MSNBC described Doomsday : " It 's ridiculous , derivative , confusingly edited and laden with gore , but it 's the kind of over @-@ the @-@ top grindhouse epic that wears down your defenses and eventually makes you just go with it . " Duralde believed that Mitra 's character would have qualified as a " memorable fierce chick " if the film was not so silly . David Hiltbrand of The Philadelphia Inquirer rated Doomsday at 2 @.@ 5 out of 4 stars and thought that the film was better paced than most fantasy @-@ action films , patiently building up its action scenes to the major " fireworks " where other films would normally be exhausted early on .
Reviewer James Berardinelli found the production of Doomsday to be a mess , complaining , " The action sequences might be more tense if they weren 't obfuscated by rapid @-@ fire editing , and the backstory is muddled and not all that interesting . " Berardinelli also believed the attempted development of parallel storylines to be too much for the film , weakening the eventual payoff . Dennis Harvey of Variety said Neil Marshall 's " flair for visceral action " made up for Doomsday 's lack of originality and that the film barely had a dull moment . He added , " There 's no question that Doomsday does what it does with vigor , high technical prowess and just enough humor to avoid turning ridiculous . " Harvey considered the conclusion relatively weak , and found the quality of the acting satisfactory for the genre , while reserving praise for the " stellar " work of the stunt personnel . Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle also praised the film 's stunts , noting that it was reminiscent of " the beauty of the exploitation film era " . Hartlaub said of the effect , " Hire a couple of great stuntmen and a halfway sober cinematographer , and you didn 't even need a screenwriter . "
Matt Zoller Seitz of The New York Times saw Rhona Mitra 's character as a mere impersonation of Snake Plissken and considered the film 's major supporting characters to be " lifeless " . Seitz described his discontent over the lack of innovation in the director 's attempted homages of older films : " Doomsday is frenetic , loud , wildly imprecise and so derivative that it doesn ’ t so much seem to reference its antecedents as try on their famous images like a child playing dress @-@ up . "
= = = Scottish response = = =
Scotland 's tourism agency VisitScotland welcomed Doomsday , hoping that the film would attract tourism by marketing Scotland to the rest of the world . The country 's national body for film and television , Scottish Screen , had contributed £ 300 @,@ 000 to the production of Doomsday , which provided economic benefits for the cast and crew who dwelt in Scotland . A spokesperson from Scottish Screen anticipated , " It 's likely to also attract a big audience who will see the extent to which Scotland can provide a flexible and diverse backdrop to all genres of film . "
In contrast , several parties have expressed concern that Doomsday presents negativity in England 's latent view of Scotland based on their history . Angus MacNeil , member of the Scottish National Party , said of the film 's impact : " The complimentary part is that people are thinking about Scotland as we are moving more and more towards independence . But the film depicts a country that is still the plaything of London . It is decisions made in London that has led to it becoming a quarantine zone . "
Doomsday was not nominated nor considered as a possible contender at the BAFTA Scotland awards despite being one of the largest productions in Scotland in recent memory ; £ 2 million was spent on local services . Director Neil Marshall applied for membership with the organisation to add " fresh blood " , but Doomsday was not mentioned during jury deliberations . According to a spokesperson from the organisation , the film was not formally submitted for consideration , and no one directly invited the filmmakers to discuss a possible entry . Several of BAFTA Scotland 's jury members believed that the criteria and procedures for a Scottish film were unclear and could have been more formalised .
= = = Haunted house = = =
Doomsday was used as inspiration in building a haunted house for Halloween Horror Nights in Orlando .
= = = Home media = = =
Doomsday was the first Blu @-@ ray title released by Universal Pictures after the studio 's initial support of the now @-@ folded HD DVD format . The unrated version was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray on 29 July 2008 in the United States , containing an audio commentary and bonus materials covering the film 's post @-@ apocalyptic scenario , visual effects , and destructive vehicles and weapons . IGN assessed the unrated DVD 's video quality , writing , " For the most part , it 's a crisp disc that 's leaps above standard def . " The audio quality was considered up to par with the film 's loud scenes , though IGN found volume irregularity between the loud scenes and the quiet scenes . IGN called the commentary " a pretty straight @-@ up behind @-@ the @-@ scenes take on the movie and a bit over @-@ congratulatory " . It found the " most fascinating " featurette to be about visual effects , while deeming the other featurettes skippable .
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= Nouvelles Extraordinaires de Divers Endroits =
Nouvelles Extraordinaires de Divers Endroits ( English : " Extraordinary News from Various Places " ) or Gazette de Leyde ( Gazette of Leiden ) was the most important newspaper of record of the international European newspapers of the late 17th to the late 18th century . In the last few decades of the 18th century it was one of the main political newspapers in the Western world .
It was published in French in Leiden , Netherlands . At that time the Netherlands enjoyed a significant freedom of the press . Its circulation likely exceeded 10 @,@ 000 , and it may have reached even up to 100 @,@ 000 .
= = Background = =
The Netherlands ( United Provinces ) were , in the 18th century , very tolerant in matters of freedom of the press and religious freedom . Compared to most contemporary countries , such as France , Great Britain or the Holy Roman Empire , there was little government interference ( censorship or monopolies ) . Many Huguenots fled France for the Netherlands during the reign of Louis XIV , particularly after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685 . Several of them began publishing French @-@ language newspapers ( French being both their language and internationally used - see lingua franca ) in a number of European cities covering political news in France and Europe . Read by the European elite , these papers were known in France as the " foreign gazettes " ( fr. gazettes étrangères ) .
= = Contents and history = =
The paper was founded by a Huguenot family , the de la Fonts , and passed into the hands of another Huguenot family , the Luzacs , in 1738 . Sources vary on the exact date it was founded , suggesting 1660 , 1667 1669 or 1680 ; they all agree the publication continued to 1798 ( or 1811 under a different name ) .
It was published twice a week ( on Tuesdays and Thursdays ) in Leiden ( hence its popular unofficial name , Gazette de Leyde ) . The newspaper usually contained eight pages arranged as a four @-@ page booklet . The size varied ; surviving examples are generally 11 @.@ 6 centimetres ( 4 @.@ 6 in ) by 19 @.@ 4 centimetres ( 7 @.@ 6 in ) or 12 @.@ 3 centimetres ( 4 @.@ 8 in ) by 19 @.@ 8 centimetres ( 7 @.@ 8 in ) , in which the text is organized into two columns . A four @-@ page , single column supplement was published from 1753 . The paper quality varied , war time conditions often enforced use of low quality stock , and the print was small and cramped . Subscriptions from France amounted to over 2 @,@ 500 by 1778 , at an annual cost of 36 livres .
Despite being a French @-@ language publication , the gazette was seen as independent of France . Its production was tolerated and even encouraged by the authorities , who often used Gazette de Leyde and other similar publications for their own ends , when wishing to publicize information that could not be released via the official channels . The paper also gave voice to institutions like the Parliament of France that were finding it difficult to publish in the official French newspaper , the Gazette de France .
Nouvelles Extraordinaires , like other newspapers of its time , gave primarily political and commercial information , classified by source and date of arrival ( the oldest , from the most distant lands , coming first ) . It offered reports on international politics , such as wars and diplomatic relations , as well as coverage of major domestic affairs . The newspaper also contained trivia , editorials and advertising . Like many other early newspapers , it offered judgments and prognostications , and was in the main a juxtaposition of rumors and announcements from various sources , presented without much unification .
It is distinguished by its position against the French absolute monarchy , support for religious tolerance , including for Jansenism , support for democratic reforms such as the introduction of parliaments , support for the American independence and the Polish Constitution of May 3 , 1791 . The newspaper preferred to praise the changes in Poland ( the Polish – Lithuanian Commonwealth ) more than those in France , criticizing the violence of the French Revolution , and contrasting it with the peaceful transformation in Poland . This relative lack of support for the French Revolution may explain why the paper was abolished on 23 April 1798 , three years after the invasion of the Netherlands by France and the Batavian Revolution . It reappeared as the Nouvelles politiques publiées à Leyde in October , but it was seen as no longer independent . Under a new name — Journal politique publié à Leyde — it lasted from 1804 until 1811 , but it never regained its audience and its quality , and disappeared after the annexation of Holland by the French Empire . A new Leyden Gazette briefly appeared after the liberation of Holland in 1814 .
= = Impact = =
Its circulation reached several thousand , with the highest estimates of about 10 @,@ 000 issues , and copies of it were found from Moscow and Istanbul to Madrid and the United States . With unlicensed copies and shared subscriptions its circulation might have even been several times higher , reaching at the highest estimates close to 100 @,@ 000 .
Nouvelles Extraordinaires was the most popular of about 20 French @-@ language newspapers published mainly outside France , most in the Netherlands and Germany ( in terms of popularity , it was followed by Gazette d 'Amsterdam and later , Courier du Bas @-@ Rhin ) . Thomas Jefferson referred to it as " the best in Europe " and " the only one worth reading " and it was said to be the only journal read by Louis XVI . The paper 's impact and recognition on the 18th century has been compared to that of the London Times in the 19th century , and the New York Times in the 20th .
= = Editors = =
The newspaper editors were :
Jean Alexandre de la Font ( 1677 – 1685 )
Claude Jordan ( 1685 ? -1688 ? )
Anthony de la Font ( 1689 – 1738 )
Etienne Luzac ( 1738 – 1772 )
Jean Luzac ( 1772 – 1798 )
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= Furry convention =
A furry convention ( also furry con or fur con ) is a formal gathering of members of the furry fandom — people who are interested in the concept of fictional non @-@ human characters with human characteristics . These conventions provide a place for fans to meet , exchange ideas , transact business and engage in entertainment and recreation centered on this concept . Originating in California , USA during the mid @-@ 1980s , there are now over 40 annual furry conventions worldwide , mostly in North America and Europe . The largest furry convention is Anthrocon which is held each year in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania .
Furry conventions offer a range of volunteer @-@ led programming , usually focusing on anthropomorphic art , crafts , music and literature . Some raise money for charity . Attendees often dress up and wear artistic name badges for identification , though the majority do not bring fursuits . They may also spend money on the work of amateur and professional artists , both directly and at auction .
= = Origin and growth = =
Furry conventions started in mid @-@ 1986 with parties at popular science fiction conventions , such as Westercon and BayCon in the San Francisco Bay Area . Over time , these parties split off into conventions of their own , starting with ConFurence 0 in 1989 . Attendance at furry conventions has been growing , with the number of conventions , total attendance of all conventions and maximum size of a single convention all doubling over the period 2000 – 2006 .
Furry conventions sometimes start out as furmeets , where groups of local fans meet at a regular location , often on a scheduled basis . As the local community grows , these groups may put on events which attract dealer attention or significant fan activity and which become recognized as fully @-@ fledged conventions . Other conventions spring up in the wake of discontinued events ; for example , Califur was founded in 2004 following the final ConFurence in 2003 , in order to keep a furry convention in the Los Angeles Basin and Furpocalypse was founded in 2014 , after FurFright hosted their last event in 2013 .
= = Activities = =
Convention programming includes presentations , panels , workshops and tutorials on anthropomorphic culture , from literature , fiction and art to science , technology and spirituality . The convention will often provide space for stand @-@ up comedy routines by entertainers like Uncle Kage and 2 , filk music , many kinds of gaming , and roleplaying sessions , as well as numerous puppeteering and performing arts events . A unifying theme is common for larger events .
Most conventions will feature some kind of an art show , in which artists ' work is displayed , often for direct purchase or auction during the convention . There will often be a Dealers Den where art and comic book distributors and other merchants can sell their wares for a fee , and an Artists ' Alley where individual artists are given space for no fee or a token fee , usually on the condition that they only sell their own work . Artists may also trade art between each other using sketchbooks . Erotic art is typically allowed if kept separate from other pieces , and only shown to adult attendees ; a few conventions are rated strictly PG @-@ 13 . Individual transactions are relatively small ( usually around US $ 10 – $ 50 for sketches or badges , $ 10 – $ 200 for auction pieces ) , but the total can approach US $ 100 @,@ 000 at the largest events ( excluding professional dealers ) .
Major conventions tend to have a rave on at least one evening . Often there is a " fursuit @-@ friendly " dance prior to the main event , with raised lighting and slower music to offset fursuiters ' reduced vision and mobility . The use of glowsticks and illuminated poi are popular once the lights are dimmed . A furry convention is also an opportunity to socialize , and private parties for subgroups of the fandom are common .
Conventions with significant numbers of fursuiters may offer an event known as the furry games , furry races , or critterlympics . These focus on feats of dexterity suited to multiple players in teams , such as dragging a sled filled with plush toys or other fursuiters around a marked track , or racing back and forth while tethered to one another with a hula hoop .
Some conventions have established charity auctions , which ( in the US ) usually raise several thousand dollars for the convention 's yearly charity , typically a wildlife refuge , nature reserve , animal shelter , sanctuary or rescue group . Organizers may also donate from the convention 's own funds . In total , furry conventions raised over US $ 50 @,@ 000 for charity in 2006 , with Further Confusion and Anthrocon raising over US $ 60 @,@ 000 throughout their history .
= = Attendees = =
Attendees include artists and dealers offering products and services for sale to fans , and those wish to buy them . Others come for the programming , or to meet friends or other furry fans in general . Many attend for all of these reasons . Some later publish a con report detailing their experiences .
Attendees of major conventions receive a bag with the convention book ( or conbook ) , a lavishly illustrated volume featuring themed artwork , fiction and articles submitted by members and the Guests of Honor , along with a description of the event 's programming , staff , rules , guests and any charity being supported by the convention . Local restaurant information and a combination pocket schedule and map may also be included . Sponsors often receive additional items such as T @-@ shirts , pins or ribbons , as well as faster registration badge pick @-@ up and on @-@ site meals ( some conventions provide a con suite with basic refreshments for all members ) . They may also be displayed prominently in convention publications .
Fans may wear a full or partial fursuit or other costume to express their identity and entertain others , though typically less than 15 % of attendees bring a costume , and few of these wear them all the time . Others may wear accessories such as ears or a tail , particularly outside the main convention area . Nearly all will wear one or more custom convention badges featuring a depiction of their anthropomorphic persona , some with attached ribbons providing an indicator of social status , such as a notice of affiliation , or sponsorship of the convention . Sales of such accessories form a part of the commerce at furry conventions .
Attendees under the age of majority are commonly allowed to attend with a notarized parental permission slip or accompanied by an adult . Eurofurence is one exception , only admitting those above 18 . Underage attendees are usually given a distinctive badge to allow staff and dealers to restrict access to mature content . Government @-@ issued photo ID is usually required .
= = Organization and staffing = =
Furry conventions are run and staffed by volunteers , though venues may require certain activities to be contracted out . Event funding typically relies on convention registrations . Many of the larger conventions are incorporated as non @-@ profit organizations , usually to achieve tax @-@ exempt status and safeguard the organizers ' personal assets - in the US , some are 501 ( c ) ( 3 ) charities , while others are registered as recreational clubs . The largest events may require up to a hundred volunteers , not including gofers . Volunteers are thanked for their participation during the closing ceremonies , which are usually well @-@ attended , and often receive T @-@ shirts or other benefits .
= = Timing and duration = =
Most furry conventions take place over a weekend , with events scheduled between Friday evening and Sunday afternoon . Saturday is typically the busiest day , as most fans must return home on Sunday . One @-@ day passes are sometimes sold at a reduced price .
Reasons for this include :
Most fans would have to take a vacation from work or study to attend an event held during the work week .
Transportation costs are often lower for weekend travelers .
Hotels have few business travelers during the weekend , making it much easier to reserve a block of rooms and secure space for programming at a reduced price . Many fans are students and have little discretionary income , so hotel and convention fees are important factors .
As a given convention expands in growth over the years , increased demand for programming often results in events scheduled late into the night . Convention activities may also be extended to Thursday and early Friday for early arrivals . Unofficial activities are frequently coordinated by groups of people on Sunday evening and Monday morning , usually open to anyone who wishes to join , and may include bowling , bar hopping , visits to arcades , shopping malls , theme parks , zoos , dinner or morning brunch .
= = Media and public perception = =
While small , and often avoiding media coverage , furry conventions have increasingly become a topic of attention for the news and mass media :
The Commercial Appeal covered Mephit FurMeet 7 in September 2003 . Two years later , The Memphis Flyer did a piece about MFM 2005 .
An October 2003 episode of CSI featured PafCon , a fictional furry convention held in Las Vegas . Reactions to the show were varied .
A CBC Newsworld episode of Culture Shock about furries spent much of its time covering Howloween 2003 in November .
The News Tribune of Tacoma wrote a short article about Conifur Northwest 2004 .
The Financial Times Weekend Magazine took a look at Anthrocon 2005 .
The Corner News of Auburn , Alabama covered Rocket City FurMeet 2006 .
Several newspapers were invited to attend Anthrocon 2006 , including the Pittsburgh Tribune @-@ Review , the Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette , and the Pittsburgh City Paper , which printed both a preview and an extensive review . When local television station KDKA @-@ TV showed up , chairman Samuel Conway gave a short television interview outside the convention hotel . There was similar coverage in 2007 .
The Montreal Gazette covered Anthrofest 2007 .
Eurofurence 13 received extensive coverage by several regional newspapers in Thuringia .
An undercover reporter from Hartford Advocate attended FurFright 2007 and published her findings
A suspected chlorine gas attack on December 7 , 2014 , resulted in nineteen Midwest FurFest attendees being sent to the hospital . MSNBC " Morning Joe " host Mika Brzezinski was so amused that she had walk off the set of the show due to uncontrollable laughter .
One public misconception — popularized by the CSI episode " Fur and Loathing " — is that furry conventions are places for people to dress up as animals and perform sexual acts with each other . In an article about furries , Vanity Fair described some hotel guests as " stunned " , with some calling convention @-@ goers " freaks " , " blatant homosexuals " , and various derogatory terms . Some U.S. Army personnel present during the same convention described attendees as " a little unusual " and " people that have problems " , while others considered the event " something nice to bring kids to . "
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= History of Dallas ( 1874 – 1929 ) =
The history of Dallas , Texas , United States from 1874 to 1929 documents the city 's rapid growth and emergence as a major center for transportation , trade and finance . Originally a small community built around agriculture , the convergence of several railroads made the city a strategic location for several expanding industries . During the time , Dallas prospered and grew to become the most populous city in Texas , lavish steel and masonry structures replaced timber constructions , Dallas Zoo , Southern Methodist University , and an airport were established . Conversely , the city suffered multiple setbacks with a recession from a series of failing markets ( the " Panic of 1893 " ) and the disastrous flooding of the Trinity River in the spring of 1908 .
= = Shift to industry = =
The shift towards manufacturing and heavy industry in Dallas formed partially out of problems hurting Dallas area cotton farmers . After purchasing supplies on credit during the year , farmers owed merchants most of their crop , whose price was lowered by the high shipping costs to the port of Galveston . Worldwide cotton prices were low , due to overproduction . The Farmers ' Alliance , created in 1877 , hoped to help farmers by setting up a Dallas warehouse to ship cotton to St. Louis . However , bankers refused to finance the warehouse , and the venture failed within twenty months .
There was little manufacturing in Dallas . The city began to light its streets with gas lamps in 1874 and began to brick over dirt lanes . In 1880 , the first telephone switchboard came to Dallas , linking the water company and the fire station . In 1885 , the Main Street was lit with electricity . In 1888 , the Dallas Zoo opened as the first zoo in the state . In 1890 , Dallas annexed the geographically @-@ larger city of East Dallas , making it the most populous city in Texas .
= = Panic of 1893 = =
Following the national financial " Panic of 1893 " , numerous business failed , including five local banks . Cotton prices dipped below five cents a pound , and the lumber and flour markets weakened .
By 1898 however , the city began to recover and grow again . Restored growth invigorated the skilled workers , who joined trade unions afficiated with the American Federation of Labor , which granted a charter to the Trades Assembly of Dallas in 1899 to coordinate local activity and prevent jurisdictional disputes .
In 1894 , Parkland Memorial Hospital opened just west of Oak Lawn . In 1903 , Oak Cliff , a city across the Trinity River , was annexed . The same year , the Wilson Building , patterned after Paris ' Grand Opera House , opened on Main Street in downtown .
By the turn of the century Dallas was the leading wholesale market in the entire Southwestern United States for many products . More important it became the world center for the cotton trade . It led the world in the manufacturing of saddlery and cotton gin machinery . As it further entered the 20th century , Dallas built up a major presence in banking and insurance .
= = Progressive reform = =
Progressive Era reformers sought to improve municipal government by such changes as the commission system , city planning , and zoning controls . The interests of white business and residential districts were protected , but sometimes at the expense of blacks who lived in segregated neighborhoods . Fairbanks ( 1999 ) explores the changing assumptions about city planning and government among the city 's leaders . Dissatisfied with its haphazard development they endorsed centralized planning and wrote and secured the adoption of a new charter and set up a board of commissioners . The commission structure , however , caused government officials to view the city in separate parts rather than as a whole . By the 1920s supporters of comprehensive planning were calling for a program that included adoption of council @-@ manager government , a citywide zoning policy , and public funds for improvements in parks , sewers , schools , and city streets . Voters approved the bond proposals and charter amendments in 1927 and 1930 . Dallas thus achieved a more coordinated government which was theoretically more aware of the city 's needs and more able to treat those needs equally for the benefit of the city as a whole .
= = Self image = =
The city 's fathers originally depicted Dallas as southern in order to rationalize slavery and opposition to Reconstruction , but this discouraged Northern investment and the political support of wealthy northern migrants to the city . From the 1870s on , Dallas leaders portrayed the city as southwestern , or later as part of the " Sunbelt " , in order to incorporate wealthy non @-@ southern whites , including Jews , into society . For example , between 1852 and 1925 the seven Sanger brothers built successful mercantile businesses along developing railroad lines , including the Sanger Bros. department store , and occupied numerous city and state government posts . White blue collar workers were marginalized , and even more so the Mexican Americans , and blacks .
= = Gender = =
Women did much to establish the fundamental elements of the social structure of the city , focusing their energies on families , schools , and churches during the city 's pioneer days . Many of the organizations which created a modern urban scene were founded and led by middle class women . Through voluntary organizations and club work , they connected their city to national cultural and social trends . By the 1880s women in temperance and suffrage movements shifted the boundaries between private and public life in Dallas by pushing their way into politics in the name of social issues .
During 1913 @-@ 19 , advocates of woman suffrage drew on the educational and advertising techniques of the national parties and the lobbying tactics of the women 's club movement . They also tapped into popular culture , successfully using popular symbolism and traditional ideals to adapt community festivals and social gatherings to the task of political persuasion . The Dallas Equal Suffrage Association developed a suffrage campaign based on social values and community standards . Community and social occasions served as recruiting opportunities for the suffrage cause , blunting its radical implications with the familiarity of customary events and dressing it in the values of traditional female behavior , especially propriety .
Women of color usually operated separately . Juanita Craft ( 1902 – 85 ) was a leader in the civil rights movement through the Dallas NAACP . She focused on working with black youths , organizing them as the vanguard in protests against segregation practices in Texas .
= = 1908 flood = =
The relationship between Dallas and the Trinity River was never as healthy as Dallasites had hoped for . Dallas 's establishment on the banks of the Trinity was done with hopes that navigation south to the Trinity and Galveston Bays , and ultimately the Gulf of Mexico , would be realized . However , attempts to even move paddleboats up and down the river proved futile , and plans to transform the river into a canal never came to fruition . The Trinity also suffered from chronic flooding : floods occurred in 1844 , 1866 , 1871 , and 1890 , but none were as severe as the flood of 1908 . On May 26 , 1908 , the Trinity River reached a depth of 52 @.@ 6 feet ( 16 @.@ 03 m ) and a width of 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) . Five people died , 4 @,@ 000 were left homeless , and property damages were estimated at $ 2 @.@ 5 million .
Dallas was without power for three days , all telephone and telegraph service was down , and rail service was canceled . The only way to reach Oak Cliff was by boat . West Dallas was hit harder than any other part of the city — the Dallas Times Herald said " indescribable suffering " plagued the area . Much to the horror of residents , thousands of livestock drowned in the flood and some became lodged in the tops of trees — the stench of their decay hung over the city as the water subsided .
= = Flood control = =
After the disastrous flood , the city wanted to find a way to control the reckless Trinity and to build a bridge linking Oak Cliff and Dallas . The immediate reaction was citizens and the city clamoring to build an indestructible , all @-@ weather crossing over the Trinity . This had already been attempted following the 1890 flood — the result was the " Long Wooden Bridge , " that connected Jefferson Boulevard in Oak Cliff and Cadiz in Dallas , but the unstable wooden structure was washed swiftly away by the 1908 flood . George B. Dealey , publisher of the Dallas Morning News , proposed a 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) concrete bridge similar to one crossing the Missouri River in Kansas City . Ultimately a US $ 650 @,@ 000 bond election was approved and in 1912 , the Oak Cliff viaduct ( now the Houston Street viaduct ) was opened among festivities drawing 58 @,@ 000 spectators . The bridge , at the time , was the longest concrete structure in the world .
Efforts beyond this had begun in 1911 when George Kessler , a city planner , created a plan for both the Trinity and the city . His plans included using levees to divert the river , removing railroad lines on Pacific Avenue , consolidating train depots into a central station , new parks and playgrounds , and the straightening and widening of several streets . Most of his plans lay unimplemented , but in later years , many began to see its importance . In 1920 , Kessler was brought back to update his plan and by the 1930s many of his plans had been realized .
= = Financial center = =
Efforts began in 1910 to have Southwestern University in Georgetown relocate to Dallas . The school refused , but this action brought Dallas to the attention of the Methodists . They voted in 1911 to establish a university in Dallas , after the city offered $ 300 @,@ 000 and 666 @.@ 5 acres ( 2 @.@ 70 km2 ) of land for the campus . In 1915 , Southern Methodist University opened and is still operational today .
In 1911 , Dallas became the location of the eleventh regional branch of the Federal Reserve Bank . The city had campaigned to have it located in Dallas for years , and the bank 's arrival assured Dallas 's place as a major financial center .
In 1912 , The Adolphus Hotel was constructed in downtown Dallas . The Beaux Arts style building , at twenty @-@ one stories and 312 feet ( 95 m ) was the tallest building in Texas at the time . It officially opened on October 5 , 1912 . In August 1922 , the 29 @-@ story Magnolia Petroleum Building ( now the Magnolia Hotel ) opened next door and took the title of tallest @-@ in @-@ Texas .
Aviation became a popular topic in World War I. Love Field was established as an aviation training ground , and Fair Park was the home of Camp Dick , a training facility as well . The city purchased Love Field in 1927 to use as a municipal airport .
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= House at 130 Mohegan Avenue =
The House at 130 Mohegan Avenue , also known as the House of Steel or Steel House , is a prefabricated , modular , International Style house in New London , Connecticut , United States . The House was designed by Howard T. Fisher , who founded General Houses , Inc. in 1932 . Winslow Ames , a professor of art history at Connecticut College and the art director of the Lyman Allyn Museum , had the home built after attending the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago . The House is a single story 21 feet ( 6 @.@ 4 m ) by 37 feet ( 11 m ) rectangular steel prefabricated home that rests upon a concrete slab . It originally had a flat roof and included an attached garage . Throughout the years , the house has undergone significant alteration , including the addition of a gable roof .
The house was used by Ames , and later by Connecticut College , as a rental property , until the structure was slated for demolition in 2004 . The push to restore the house is credited to Doug Royalty , who worked with the college 's Abigail Van Slyck . Completed in 2013 , restoration cost $ 500 @,@ 000 and involved several phases , including the dismantling , transportation , and reassembly of the house . The house was added to the Connecticut Historic Register in July 2007 and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 28 , 2009 .
= = Construction and use = =
The house was designed by Howard T. Fisher , who founded General Houses , Inc . , and commissioned by Winslow Ames , a professor of art history at Connecticut College and the art director of the Lyman Allyn Museum . In 1933 , Ames decided to construct two houses on the museum @-@ owned property after seeing prefabricated homes at the Century of Progress Exposition in Chicago . Ames had a strong interest in the Modernism movement and believed such houses would become predominant .
Completed in November 1933 and costing about $ 4 @,@ 500 in total , the House is a single story 21 feet ( 6 @.@ 4 m ) by 37 feet ( 11 m ) rectangular steel prefabricated home that rests upon a concrete slab . The house is frameless , with the weight borne by 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) by 9 feet ( 2 @.@ 7 m ) steel panels ; the exterior panels are flanged and vertically bolted through wooden T @-@ shaped pieces . The interior wall panels are made of steel and filled with insulation . Originally the house had a flat roof , but it changed to a gable roof at an unknown time . The house has two bedrooms , one bathroom , and an open living @-@ dining @-@ kitchen space . The house also has an attached garage .
After its completion , Winslow Ames used the house as a rental property until 1949 when he went to work in a museum in Springfield , Missouri . The house was sold to Connecticut College . Connecticut College continued to rent it to staff and students until 2004 , when plans were made to demolish the house . Changing the flat roof to a gable roof was a significant alteration from the original plan ; the date of the alteration is unknown , but it preceded 1995 .
= = Restoration = =
In 2008 , an article in The Day stated that the push to restore the house came from conservation specialist Doug Royalty , who was researching prefabricated homes from the 1920s and 1930s . Royalty approached Abigail Van Slyck , the chairwoman of Connecticut College 's art history department and architectural studies program about the house . The Day referred to the house 's historic value as a new discovery , but its history was included in the Winslow Ames House National Register of Historic Places nomination in 1995 . The Winslow Ames House nomination detailed the House 's origin , but criticized its gable roof modification . After its re @-@ discovery , Connecticut College began collecting grants to restore the house under the direction of Royalty and Van Slyck . Royalty stated that the House and Winslow Ames House are very rare , with only a few surviving examples in the United States .
In April 2007 , the leaking roof was repaired . In December 2007 , the House received a $ 28 @,@ 500 grant from the Dr. Scholl Foundation . The grant was used to complete lead @-@ paint abatement , which would make conducting other restoration work safer . By 2010 , the Dr. Scholl Foundation granted another $ 50 @,@ 000 and a family foundation provided another $ 50 @,@ 000 for the restoration . It was reported that other college grants totaling $ 15 @,@ 500 were given for preservation planning , in part by the Connecticut Trust for Historic Preservation . It was reported in May 2010 that a matching grant of $ 101 @,@ 500 was given to Connecticut College from the Connecticut Commission on Culture and Tourism , which provided the funding for the next phase of renovations for restoring the House .
The celebration for the House 's completed restoration was held in October 2013 . The cost of restoration totaled around $ 500 @,@ 000 . The building was dismantled , transported to Philadelphia for restoration and treatment for rust resistance , and then reassembled on the campus . The work was performed by Milner + Carr , a conservation company . The house was added to the Connecticut Historic Register on July 2007 and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places on October 28 , 2009 .
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= Confidence Man ( Lost ) =
" Confidence Man " is the eighth episode of the first season of Lost . The episode was directed by Tucker Gates and written by Damon Lindelof . It first aired on November 10 , 2004 , on ABC . The character of James " Sawyer " Ford ( Josh Holloway ) is featured in the episode 's flashbacks . Sawyer is accused of stealing Shannon Rutherford 's ( Maggie Grace ) inhaler , and Sayid Jarrah ( Naveen Andrews ) tortures him in an attempt to find out where it is . In the flashbacks , Sawyer 's life before the crash is revealed , showing his scams as a confidence man .
The episode was intended to make Sawyer look like less of a belligerent , as he had generally acted as the antagonist in previous episodes . It also set the stage for the love triangle between Kate , Sawyer , and Jack . The episode was first broadcast in the United States on November 10 , 2004 , earning 18 @.@ 44 million viewers . It received mostly positive reviews , although a few reviewers discussed aspects of the episode that they felt did not blend in well with the rest of the episode and series .
= = Plot = =
= = = Flashbacks = = =
Sawyer is in bed with a young woman , Jessica ( Kristin Richardson ) . After he declares his love for her , she realizes he is late for a meeting . As he rushes to leave , his briefcase falls open , revealing thousands of dollars in cash he claims she was not supposed to have seen . Sawyer then informs her that he is meeting someone to get money for an investment that will triple his cash in two weeks , and Jessica tells him that she will get additional money from her husband , David ( Michael DeLuise ) , so that she and Sawyer can split the profit . Later , Sawyer is revealed to be a con artist in debt with a loan shark , Kilo ( Billy Mayo ) , who demands his money back , plus fifty percent , by the next day . Sawyer goes to Jessica 's house to finalize the deal , but reconsiders upon seeing a small boy ( Jim Woitas ) emerge from another room . He suddenly calls off the con , drops his briefcase of money , and rushes out of their house .
= = = On the island = = =
It is Day 9 , September 30 , 2004 . On the beach , Sawyer catches Boone Carlyle ( Ian Somerhalder ) searching through his stash of items he salvaged from the crash , and Jack Shephard ( Matthew Fox ) attends to a wound on the head of Sayid . Sayid reports his failure in triangulating the distress signal , and the destruction of the transceiver by his attacker . Shannon brings a bloody Boone to the caves , where he explains to Jack that Sawyer beat him , and that his sister Shannon 's asthma has become a problem . Many of the survivors become convinced that Sawyer is hoarding some inhalers from the wreck . Jack unsuccessfully demands the inhalers from Sawyer , and when Kate does the same , Sawyer says he will give up the inhaler if Kate kisses him . Kate calls his bluff and challenges him about the letter he often reads . Sawyer makes Kate read the letter aloud . The letter is addressed to " Mr. Sawyer " and explains that Mr. Sawyer had sex with the letter writer 's mother and stole all of the letter writer 's father 's money , resulting in the father killing his wife and himself .
As Sayid and John Locke ( Terry O 'Quinn ) discuss the attack on Sayid , Locke suggests that Sawyer is the culprit , since he is doing well for himself on the island , hoarding other people 's possessions , and also seems to dislike Sayid . Meanwhile , Shannon begins to have trouble breathing due to her lack of medication and panic resulting from this problem . Jack tries beating answers out of Sawyer by punching him , but stops when he sees others ' disapproval . Then with Jack 's approval , Sayid ties Sawyer to a tree and tortures him for answers , revealing that he has tortured people before .
Sawyer finally agrees to give up the inhalers , but only to Kate . He again says he will hand over the medication if she kisses him , which she reluctantly does , only to be told by him that he does not have the medication after all . Kate elbows Sawyer , and an enraged Sayid attacks him , stabbing him in the arm and hitting an artery . Jack arrives to stop the bleeding and save Sawyer 's life .
Sawyer wakes up the next day , October 1 , 2004 , with his arm bandaged up , while Kate looks on . She tells Sawyer that she knows the letter was written when Sawyer was a kid , and also works out that the letter wasn 't written to Sawyer , but by him . He tells Kate that his real name isn 't Sawyer and that the letter was written to the real Sawyer , a con man , who ruined his family . He ended up becoming a con man himself , so he took the name Sawyer as an alias . He snatches the letter from Kate and tells her not to feel sorry for him and to leave .
Despite pleas from Kate , Sayid sets off to explore the island 's shoreline in self @-@ imposed isolation , needing time to come to terms with his actions in torturing Sawyer , while Sun @-@ Hwa Kwon ( Yunjin Kim ) helps Shannon by making a eucalyptus salve to clear her bronchial passages . Charlie Pace ( Dominic Monaghan ) convinces Claire Littleton ( Emilie de Ravin ) to move to the caves , because they made a deal that if Charlie found peanut butter , she would move ; Charlie shares an imaginary jar of peanut butter with her . Sawyer attempts to burn the letter he wrote , but he finds himself unable to go through with it .
= = Production = =
The episode was written to humanize Sawyer and set up the love triangle between him , Kate and Jack . Kate was meant to look at Sawyer in a new way , and , according to Lindelof , think , " wow , this guy is not just a belligerent . " The episode also shows the moral ambiguity of some characters by revealing more of their personalities , with the ones introduced as protagonists doing things that are generally not viewed as protagonist @-@ like – an example being Jack beating Sawyer and eventually asking Sayid to torture him ; and an antagonistic character , Sawyer , proving not to be solely antagonist @-@ like – an example being his backstory and flashback , which show that he is not exclusively evil . Lindelof explained that he wanted Sawyer to " come out of his shell a little , and say to the audience , ' you 're supposed to like this guy ' " , further explaining , " the root of him being an asshole is that these horrible things happened to him when he was a little kid , and he 's really really angry . "
Sawyer and Jin @-@ Soo Kwon ( Daniel Dae Kim ) were the least @-@ liked characters by viewers during the first few episodes , because , according to Lindelof , " they were just really obnoxious , bad guys " . In later episodes , however , Sawyer and Jin changed to be more likable . Towards the beginning of " Confidence Man " , Sawyer is seen reading the novel Watership Down by Richard Adams ( this is the book that caused Boone to think that Sawyer took Shannon 's inhaler ) . The novel has numerous similarities to Lost , including " letting go " , and building a society . Furthermore , the protagonists of Watership Down are rabbits – a recurring motif in Lost . The episode ends with a montage of various characters performing different activities , featuring the song " I Shall Not Walk Alone " , written by Ben Harper and performed by The Blind Boys of Alabama . One lyric from the song is , " I just reach for mother Mary " ; Sawyer 's mother 's name is Mary , and , according to reviewer Therese Odell from the Houston Chronicle , the lyric may be alluding to this . Also , percussionist Ryan McKinnie of The Blind Boys of Alabama said of many members of the group 's blindness , " Our disability doesn ’ t have to be a handicap . It 's not about what you can 't do . It 's about what you do . And what we do is sing good gospel music . " This quotation is very similar to the oft @-@ repeated quotation by many characters ( especially Locke ) , " Don 't tell me what I can 't do . "
= = Reception = =
" Confidence Man " first aired in the United States on November 10 , 2004 . 18 @.@ 44 million people in America watched the episode live , a slight decrease from the previous episode , " The Moth " , which garnered 18 @.@ 73 million viewers . The episode received mixed @-@ to @-@ positive reviews . Chris Carabott of IGN gave the episode an 8 @.@ 4 / 10 and called it " a well @-@ written , fascinating character piece that does an excellent job of bringing Sawyer into the spotlight " , later praising Josh Holloway 's performance , writing that " The success of this episode begins and ends with Josh Holloway . So far , we know that he 's good at playing Sawyer : The Tough Guy , but now he has to sell a multilayered fragment of a human being who hates himself for becoming the man who destroyed his family . Holloway succeeds in creating a character that quickly unravels throughout the episode as his terrible secret is revealed . " The website later ranked " Confidence Man " the 47th best episode of Lost , praising how it " change [ d ] your entire perspective of a character " in revealing how Sawyer came to be , which made a starting point for " one of the greatest character arcs not only in Lost , but in all of modern television . "
Ryan McGee of Zap2it also had a positive review of the episode , writing that " Confidence Man " was " A taut , tense , character @-@ based episode which excelled on the Island and paid off in the flashback as well . " Robin Pierson of The TV Critic gave the episode a 82 / 100 , praising Sawyer 's performance , and writing that it was a " a very well written story " , but criticized the music montage at the end as being a crutch , explaining that " It ’ s as if the directors can ’ t think of any other way to finish the show . " Myles McNutt of The A.V. Club gave " Confidence Man " a B and wrote that " Sawyer ’ s flashback is really well done " , but adds that " Lost — at least at this point in its run — is not calibrated for one of its characters to torture another one . The episode simply doesn ’ t do enough to get us to the point where we can understand why this event was necessary , and why cooler heads couldn ’ t have prevailed . " Todd VanDerWerff of The Los Angeles Times ranked the episode as the 83rd best of Lost ( excluding the finale ) , writing the episode is " Not bad , but giving Sawyer a big , epic origin story feels kind of beside the point . "
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= Out from Under =
" Out from Under " is a song by American recording artist Britney Spears , taken from her sixth studio album , Circus ( 2008 ) . The song was written by Shelly Peiken , Arnthor Birgisson , and Wayne Hector , initially for the soundtrack of Bratz : The Movie , featuring vocals of American recording artist Joanna Pacitti . After approaching Spears and Guy Sigsworth in 2008 , the songwriters suggested the singer to re @-@ record the song for her album . " Out from Under " is a soft rock song that alludes to the ending of Spears ' marriage with Kevin Federline , and blends the singer 's breathy vocals with acoustic guitars in the background .
Despite not being released as a single , " Out from Under " managed to peak at number nineteen on Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles , following the release of Circus , and at number thirty @-@ two in Sweden . The song was featured on the fifth season of MTV 's The Hills .
= = Background = =
In early 2007 , songwriters Shelly Peiken , Arnthor Birgisson , and Wayne Hector wrote a song titled " Out from Under " for the soundtrack of Bratz : The Movie . The song was recorded by Joanna Pacitti in Stockholm , Sweden . In 2008 , it was confirmed that Spears was in the process of recording her sixth studio album . Her manager Larry Rudolph confirmed the singer would spend " her summer in the recording studio " to work on it . Despite no official album confirmation at the time , Rudolph revealed they were happy with her progress and that she had been working with a range of producers , such as Sean Garrett , Guy Sigsworth , Danja and Bloodshy & Avant . Sigsworth and Spears were approached by the songwriters of " Out from Under " , who suggested the singer to re @-@ record the song for the album . Spears recorded her vocals for the song at Conway Recording Studios in Los Angeles , California , while audio mixing and vocal recording was done by Andy Page . Background vocals were provided by Leah Haywood . The song appeared on a six @-@ song mix of Circus that was released on November 13 , 2008 . In an interview included on the deluxe edition of Circus , Spears revealed that she " [ has ] always loved ballads . It 's like , there is always a time on the show , a transition where you can gather your thoughts , and [ ... ] just chill " . The singer also said she wrote " My Baby " during the recording sessions of " Out from Under " .
= = Music and lyrics = =
" Out from Under " is a soft rock song that alludes to the ending of Spears ' marriage with Kevin Federline which is perceived in lines such as " We tried everything we could try / So let 's just say goodbye forever " . Poppy Cosyns of The Sun noted that " a starker vocal and acoustic guitar backing herald " the song , while considering its lyrical content as " a sincere story of a suffocating relationship " . " Out from Under " lasts for three minutes and fifty @-@ three seconds , and features Spears singing the song with breathy vocals , over a background with acoustic guitars . Anna Dimond of TV Guide noted the song 's lyrics also relates to Spears ' conservatorship , from which the singer was " becoming more independent every day " . Caryn Ganz of Rolling Stone noted that Spears vocals aren 't heavily processed , saying , " Britney 's vocals on Blackout sounded phoned in , but on Circus , she put in real studio time , actually singing some slow jams " , naming " Out from Under " as an example .
= = Critical reception = =
The song has received mixed reviews from music critics . Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times noted that " Out from Under " and the other ballads from Circus " have [ Spears ] hiccuping emotion from deep in the back of her throat " . Chris Richards of The Washington Post commented that the singer " emerges from her media bender hoping to forget the past " with the song , and Caryn Ganz of Rolling Stone considered it " Spears ' best ballad since ' I 'm Not a Girl , Not Yet a Woman ' " . Jon Pareles of The New York Times said " Out from Under " " gleam with acoustic guitars " , and that the song , " My Baby " and " Unusual You " , " are the album 's only attempts at warmth . " Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic considered the song , along with " My Baby " , " a couple of not @-@ good @-@ at @-@ all ballads " , while Dave Donnelly of Sputnikmusic said both " subtly evoke the Britney of old : airy pop ballads that benefit from the former Frou Frou producer 's sophisticated , layered arrangements . " While comparing Circus to Blackout , Alexis Petridis of The Guardian noted , " the ballads are back , bringing with them the inevitable sprinkling of tedium " . Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club felt that both songs " are about five years out of date , and [ Spears ] vocals seem anemic and distracted in spite of the confessional lyrics . " Steve Jones of USA Today commented that " Spears tosses in a couple of ballads along [ Circus ] , but these really aren 't her forte . The slew of top @-@ flight producers [ ... ] bolsters her vocal variety of echoes and gimmicky effects , but they don 't really help the breathy ' Out From Under ' or saccharin ' Unusual You ' " . Mike Newmark of PopMatters described the song as " nearly @-@ emo " along with " Unusual You , " saying both " try for heartfelt and come off flabby . "
= = Commercial performance = =
Following the release of Circus , " Out from Under " peaked at number nineteen on Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles , on the dated week of December 20 , 2008 . The song became a radio hit on commercial radio stations in Sweden , and also entered the Swedish Singles Chart on the dated week of August 14 , 2009 , at number forty , peaking at number thirty @-@ two the following week . " Out from Under " stayed over a month on the chart , peaking at number forty @-@ one in the last week of its appearance .
= = Appearances in media = =
" Out from Under " was featured on the fifth season of MTV 's The Hills , during a scene where Lauren Conrad comforts Heidi Montag .
= = Live performances = =
" Out from Under " was performed Live A Winter Circus Promo Tour
= = Credits and Personnel = =
Credits for " Out from Under " are adapted from Circus liner notes .
Technical
Published by ROR Songs ( BMI ) , Maratone Publishing ( ASCAP ) , Sony / ATV Tunes LLC ( ASCAP ) .
Vocal recording and audio mixing at Conway Recording Studios in Los Angeles , California .
Personnel
= = Charts = =
= = Cover versions = =
The song was released as a single in Europe with rewritten lyrics as " Now Or Never " by Swedish pop singer Emilia de Poret in 2009 . A video for " Now Or Never " can be found on de Poret 's official YouTube channel . That same year , reggae singer and former UB40 frontman Ali Campbell released his version as a single .
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= DuPont Manual High School =
duPont Manual High School is a public magnet high school located in the Old Louisville neighborhood of Louisville , Kentucky , USA and serving students in grades 9 – 12 . It is a part of the Jefferson County Public School District . DuPont Manual is recognized by the United States Department of Education as a Blue Ribbon School .
Manual opened in 1892 as an all @-@ male manual training school . It was the second public high school in Louisville . Manual merged with its rival , Male High School , into a consolidated school from 1915 to 1919 . Manual permanently merged with the Louisville Girls High School in 1950 and moved into their Gothic @-@ style three @-@ story building , built in 1934 . In 2004 , after conducting a poll , Louisville 's Courier @-@ Journal newspaper listed Manual as one of Louisville residents ' ten favorite buildings . As a coeducational school , Manual experienced a decline in discipline and test scores in the 1970s . In 1984 , Manual became a magnet school , allowing students from throughout the district to apply to five specialized programs of study , or magnets .
Manual and Male High School have the oldest football rivalry in the state , dating back to 1893 . Manual 's football team has won five state titles and claims two national championships . In the 1980s and 1990s Manual became a prominent academic school and has been included several times in lists of America 's top high schools in Redbook and Newsweek magazines .
= = History = =
= = = duPont Manual Training High School = = =
In 1892 , Louisville factory owner Alfred Victor du Pont donated $ 150 @,@ 000 to the board of Louisville Public Schools to establish a training school to teach young men industrial arts ( " manual " ) skills that would fit them for their duties in life . The Victorian building was built on the corner of Brook and Oak Streets by the firm of Clark and Loomis , which also designed the Speed Art Museum and Waverly Hills Sanatorium . After Manual moved out of the building it was used as a Middle School until 1974 when it was converted to apartments . Manual 's first principal , Henry Kleinschmid , was a favorite of du Pont but was unpopular with the school board , which conspired to replace him in 1895 . Despite a summer of controversy and protest from the du Pont family , Manual 's first two graduating classes and the four major local newspapers , the board replaced him with Harry Brownell on July 2 .
Manual was initially a three @-@ year school with some general academic classes and an emphasis on mechanical and industrial training . Although graduates recall the school being viewed as blue @-@ collar and academically inferior to Male High School in its early days , numerous early graduates went on to become medical doctors , and students published a literary magazine called The Crimson from 1899 to 1955 . In order to accommodate newly added French and Latin classes , Manual was expanded to a four @-@ year school in 1901 . In 1911 , Manual became the first school in Kentucky to serve lunches to students .
In 1913 , Louisville Public Schools announced a plan to merge Manual and its rival Male High School into Louisville Boys High so that the two schools could share a new $ 300 @,@ 000 facility . The plan took effect in 1915 . Industrial training classes continued at the old Manual building . Parents objected to their children having to travel between the two buildings and the consolidation did not save the school board any money , so they voted to end the experiment in 1919 . The new building became Male 's home for the next 70 years and Manual returned to its old building at Brook and Oak . In 1923 an expansion added new laboratories , a cafeteria , and the largest gym ever built in Louisville at the time . The addition eventually burned and had to be destroyed in 1991 .
Manual 's enrollment numbers , which had hovered around 400 since the 1890s , soared from 429 in 1919 to 1 @,@ 039 in 1925 . The Manual Crimsons football team , which had also been consolidated with Male 's from 1915 to 1918 , had great success in the 1920s , beating Male two years in a row for the first time in its history . Manual shared athletic facilities with Male for many years , but in the early 1920s alumni raised funds to construct Manual Stadium . The stadium opened in 1924 with 14 @,@ 021 permanent seats . It was one of the largest high school stadiums in America at the time . The original structure was condemned and closed in 1952 after years of heavy use and minimal upkeep , and was reopened after being rebuilt in 1954 . Its modern capacity is 11 @,@ 463 .
= = = Louisville Girls High School = = =
The Louisville Girls High School opened as Female High School in 1856 at what became the intersection of Armory Place and Muhammad Ali Boulevard . It was the female counterpart to Male High School , also opened in 1856 , and they were the first two public high schools in Louisville . Female High School moved to a location on First Street north of Chestnut in 1864 and remained there until 1899 when it moved to a location at Fifth and Hill Streets . It changed its name to Louisville Girls High School in 1911 .
In 1934 , the school moved into Reuben Post Halleck Hall , which had just been completed . The building was initially home to the Girls High School on the second and third floors , and Louisville Junior High School on the first . Over 12 @,@ 000 women graduated from the school in its 94 years of operation .
= = = Merger = = =
By the 1940s , budget concerns and national trends made it clear that Louisville Girls High School and duPont Manual would merge into one coeducational school . They finally did so in September 1950 and remained in the old Louisville Girls High School building . This fusion of institutions resulted in the birth of the modern duPont Manual High School - dropping ' Training ' from its previous name . The same school building remains in use today , although two major additions have since been made . The middle school located on the building 's first floor became Manly Junior High and moved to Manual 's old building at Brook and Oak .
The merged school began developing traditions such as Homecoming in 1951 , and Red and White Day in 1953 . Red and White Day eventually became a full week of school spirit related activities preceding the annual Male @-@ Manual football game . Two traditions of the sexually segregated past , sororities and the all @-@ male Mitre Club , persisted into the 1950s as unofficial organizations but gradually faded away . Students began publishing a newspaper , The Crimson Record , in 1955 .
Following the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision , Manual became racially integrated without controversy and graduated its first two black students in 1958 . Starting in the 1960s , Manual began to face problems associated with inner city schools in the United States as economically advantaged families moved towards Louisville 's suburbs . Manual was exempt from court @-@ ordered busing in the 1970s because its racial makeup already met federal guidelines .
On November 11 , 1976 , what school board members referred to as a race @-@ related riot occurred on campus , injuring 16 and leading to six arrests and 60 suspensions . Students and school administrators agreed that there was an atmosphere of racial tension brewing at Manual in the 1970s that lead to the riot . In his 2005 book on the history of Manual , Mike McDaniel wrote that November 11 , 1976 was " quite probably the worst day in the history of Manual . "
The late 1960s and 1970s were a time of major change at Manual . A new wing featuring a gym with a seating capacity of 2 @,@ 566 opened in 1971 . The school had as many as 3 @,@ 360 students in the 1971 – 72 school year , necessitating 17 portable classrooms in the front and rear courtyards . Manual still had grades seven through twelve at this time , and overcrowding gradually began to improve after Manual dropped the seventh and eight grades when Noe Middle School opened in 1974 . Throughout the decade the administration gradually dropped the last vestiges of its manual training emphasis as the number of shop classes dwindled from 16 in 1971 to three in 1979 . The Youth Performing Arts School , actually a magnet school within Manual , opened in 1978 and , along with the changing curriculum , presaged Manual 's transition to an academically intensive magnet school in the 1980s .
= = = Magnet school = = =
Manual became a magnet school in 1984 , creating specialty programs and allowing students from around the district to apply to attend . The change initially met with a mixed reaction , especially as most freshman and sophomores were to be transferred to other schools . One critic in the black community called the plan " one @-@ way busing " . A few days after the proposal was announced , about 300 students walked out of class at Manual and marched to Central High School , where most of them were being transferred , in protest . The protest succeeded in persuading the school board to modify the proposal to exclude sophomores from being transferred .
The magnet programs succeeded in attracting applicants and by the mid @-@ 1990s only about a third of students who applied were accepted . In the midst of the transition to magnet school , Manual underwent a $ 1 @.@ 9 million building improvement plan which added computer and science labs . Also in 1991 , the United States Department of Education recognized Manual as a Blue Ribbon School , the highest honor the department can bestow on a school .
Many interior shots of the 1999 film The Insider were shot at Manual . Dr. Jeffrey Wigand , the subject of the film , taught science and Japanese at Manual after he was fired by tobacco company Brown & Williamson in 1993 .
= = Building and campus = =
Manual classrooms and offices are located in three buildings spread over two city blocks . The main building was originally called Reuben Post Halleck Hall and was home to the Louisville Girls High School before it merged with Manual . The Gothic @-@ style building was completed in 1934 at a cost of $ 1 @.@ 1 million . The 9 @-@ acre ( 36 @,@ 000 m2 ) tract it was built on had previously been the site of the old Masonic Widows and Orphans Home .
In 1967 an urban renewal program demolished a residential block east of the main building to create a running track and various athletic fields . The project doubled Manual 's campus to its modern size of 17 acres ( 69 @,@ 000 m2 ) . This was a part of a larger city @-@ funded effort which created Noe Middle School north of Manual and increased the size of the University of Louisville campus , which was originally touted as a plan to create a continuous chain of schools over many blocks . Manual even became a home for two of the university 's women 's athletic teams . In the 1980s , the U of L women 's basketball team used Manual 's gym as a part @-@ time home , playing a total of 40 games in eight seasons there . The U of L volleyball team used the Manual gym as its primary home from 1977 through 1990 , after which the team moved into the newly built Cardinal Arena on its own campus . In 1992 , Manual began a $ 3 @.@ 5 million renovation of the main building which included a new roof and a glass @-@ enclosed cafeteria for juniors and seniors .
The Youth Performing Arts School has its own building a half @-@ block from Manual 's main building . It was completed in 1978 at a cost of $ 1 @.@ 5 million as the final stage of the same plan that expanded Manual 's campus and built Noe . Noe had been built without an auditorium in anticipation of a theater @-@ oriented school being built on site . The YPAS building includes production facilities , a costume shop and an 886 @-@ seat proscenium @-@ style theater . The YPAS building did not contain extensive classroom space , however , and for many years teachers conducted YPAS classes in hallways and on loading docks if other space wasn 't available . Since 1993 , YPAS has used an adjacent facility , built in 1899 and formerly home to Cochran Elementary , as an annex .
= = Academics = =
Manual focused on industrial training early in its history , but by the late 1970s it had a standard curriculum . In 1980 , Iowa Test of Basic Skills scores ranked Manual 23rd out of the 24 high schools in the county . Under principal Joe Liedtke , academics improved , especially after Manual became a magnet school in 1984 and could attract students from throughout the county .
All students enroll in one of five magnet programs . The High School University ( HSU ) magnet offers a traditional college preparatory curriculum with electives . The Math / Science / Technology ( MST ) magnet specifically prepares students for college programs in engineering , science and math . Minimal requirements for MST students include courses in algebra , trigonometry , calculus ( including mandatory AP Calculus ) , biology , chemistry and computer programming . The Journalism & Communication ( J & C ) magnet focuses on journalism , publishing , and media production . To earn class credit , J & C students can participate in production of the school 's national award @-@ winning yearbook ( The Crimson ) , student newspaper ( The Crimson Record ) , multimedia website ( RedEye ) or a weekly morning television show called Manual AM , which is broadcast to all classrooms . The J & C program was formerly known as CMA ( Communications and Media Arts ) , but the name was changed so that the Manual program would stand out from others in the district with similar names .
Admission to the HSU , MST and J & C magnets are decided by a committee of Manual teachers based on academic performance as measured by prior school grades and the Commonwealth Accountability Testing System , although extracurricular involvement is also considered . J & C applicants also participate in an on @-@ demand writing assessment . The acceptance rate to each magnet varies with the number of applicants in any given year ; in the mid @-@ 1990s about a third of applicants to these three magnets were selected each year . Admission the other two magnets , Visual Arts and the Youth Performing Arts School , are decided based primarily on auditions .
The Visual Arts magnet is located in a wing of art classrooms and features an art show each year for graduating seniors . The Visual Arts magnet provides students with the opportunity to work with a variety of medium , including clay / sculpture , fibers , printmaking , painting , drawing and graphic design . The Math / Science / Technology program and the Youth Performing Arts School have achieved national recognition on multiple occasions .
In 1994 , Manual began offering Advanced Placement ( AP ) courses . In 2001 it offered 45 AP courses , more than any other school in the state . Qualifying students may take college courses free of charge at the University of Louisville , which is located directly south of Manual . In 2000 , Manual implemented block scheduling , which allowed students to take eight classes per year , which are scheduled four per day on alternating days .
Since 2000 , Manual has held Kentucky 's state record of 52 National Merit Semifinalists , ranking third in the United States for that year . Manual 's academic team won state titles at Governor 's Cup , Kentucky 's top high school academic competition , in 1993 , 1994 , 2005 , and 2013 . Matt Morris , a Manual graduate who was on the 1993 and 1994 teams , was the 1994 Teen Champion on Jeopardy ! . Three other Manual students have competed on Jeopardy . Manual 's academic teams have also won both National Science Bowl and National Academic League championships , and achieved 7th place at the NAQT 's High School National Championships . Manual has a history of one of the top policy debate programs in the state . In the 1990s Manual students won the Jefferson County championships most years and qualified teams for the National Forensic League tournament and the TOC Tournament of Champions . Manual has been mentioned several times in lists of America 's top high schools in Redbook and Newsweek magazines . In 2002 , Manual was separated from the rest of the schools in its district and made to hold its own regional science fair .
In 2015 , duPont Manual had the distinction of being the high school that sent the most students to the INTEL International Science and Engineering Fair ( ISEF ) .
= = = Youth Performing Arts School = = =
The Youth Performing Arts School ( YPAS ) is one of only two programs in Kentucky allowing high school students to major in performing arts . Between 1995 and 2005 , 90 % of YPAS students received college scholarships totaling an average of over one million dollars per year . YPAS has its own building a half @-@ block from Manual 's main building , which includes classrooms , production facilities , a costume shop and an 886 @-@ seat proscenium @-@ style theater . Since 1993 , YPAS has used an adjacent facility , built in 1899 and formerly home to Cochran Elementary , as an annex .
YPAS is one of Manual 's magnet programs and YPAS students take their academic classes at Manual and must complete the same academic requirements as any public school student in Kentucky . Unlike the other magnets , YPAS is semi @-@ autonomous ; it has its own assistant principals , counselor , administrative staff , and parents ' organization . Many Manual students take classes at YPAS , even if it is not their academic major .
Students at YPAS major in vocal music , instrumental music ( band , orchestra or piano ) , dance , theater design and production , or musical theatre . YPAS instructors are school teachers recruited from around the district for their backgrounds in the arts . The YPAS choir was the only chorus to perform at the January 2001 inauguration of President George W. Bush .
= = Athletics = =
= = = Football = = =
Manual students first organized a football team in 1892 . The team won the state championship five times : 1925 , 1938 , 1948 , 1959 and 1966 . The 1925 and 1938 teams claimed to be national champions due to their undefeated records and defeats of other top national teams , but the 1925 claim is considered a mythical national championship because there was no tournament . The National Sports News Service gave the 1938 High School Football National Championship to Manual . That year , Manual defeated New Britain , Connecticut in a national championship game in Baton Rouge , Louisiana . The game was sponsored by the Louisiana Sports Association , which was affiliated with the Sugar Bowl .
Manual 's rivalry with the Male Bulldogs , dubbed the " Old Rivalry , " dates directly to 1893 and is the oldest high school rivalry in Kentucky . The most recent winning team holds a trophy referred to as " The Barrel . " The rivalry was fueled in its early years by class differences between college @-@ bound Male students and " blue collar " Manual students . The Louisville Post wrote in 1897 that " [ Male 's school colors ] have always waved triumphant over the Red of the ' blacksmiths ' as their more cultured opponents are wont to dub them " . The game , traditionally played on Thanksgiving Day , was hotly contested and widely attended , with 10 @,@ 000 spectators attending as early as 1909 . The rivalry paused when the schools ( and football teams ) were consolidated from 1915 to 1918 but was renewed in 1919 after Manual reformed and built its own stadium . Attendance averaged 14 @,@ 000 from the 1920s through 1957 , when crowds were so large that the schools began holding the game at Cardinal Stadium , with a capacity of over 20 @,@ 000 . The record attendance was 22 @,@ 000 in 1966 . Due to changes in the state athletics schedules the Thanksgiving Day game tradition ended in 1980 amid protests from fans , and the game was moved to late October .
= = = Other sports = = =
John Reccius , an early Major League Baseball player , organized Manual 's first baseball team in 1900 . An early baseball star was Ferdie Schupp , who would go on to pitch in the 1917 World Series , but left Manual two months before graduating . Manual claims seven " mythical " state baseball championships and has won six official ones , most recently in 1962 . A total of ten Manual players have played in Major League Baseball , most notably Pee Wee Reese .
The varsity cheerleaders have won several NCA National Championship titles . In 1997 , 1998 , 2004 , and 2005 , they won the Large Varsity Division , and in 2003 and 2006 they won the Medium Varsity Division title . Varsity Boys ' Soccer was second at states in 2005 and third in 2004 .
In 2006 , the Manual Girls ' Cross Country team finally won the school 's first team title after placing second in 2004 and 2005 . The 2006 win was the first championship for a Jefferson County , Kentucky Class AAA Public School since 1980 . In 2007 , the Manual Boys ' Cross Country team attained a Class AAA state championship , matching the feat that the Girls ' team earned the previous year .
The swim team maintained state titles from 2003 — 2008 . From 2004 through 2008 , Manual has won the Combined Girls and Boys State Championship , and the girls alone have maintained their own state championship from 2005 through 2008 .
The boys ' tennis team achieved their best finish at the KHSAA State Tennis Tournament in 2008 by winning the team title . Previously , their best result had come in 2006 when they tied rival St. Xavier High School for second place . The boys ' team also won the state doubles title in 2006 , which was the first state title in Ram Tennis history on the boys ' side . The team had five consecutive runner up positions from the 2001 — 2002 year until the 2005 — 2006 year . In 2008 , the Manual boys ' tennis team went on to win the first ever regional tournament in Manual history . The state team won the state title in 2008 , making Manual the second public school to ever win the title .
Manual 's boys ' track team has won 15 state titles , more than any other in the state . The boys ' bowling team won the state title in 2010 . The school also offers basketball , dance ( called the Dazzlers ) , field hockey , golf , lacrosse , and volleyball among other sports teams . The varsity field hockey team won the state title in 2011 for the first time in the history of the program . DuPont Manual Girls ' Lacrosse has won many state titles and tournament trophies since the year 2001 when the sport was developed .
= = Notable alumni = =
James Gilbert Baker , astronomer and optician
Michelle Banzer , 2007 Miss Kentucky USA
Chad Broskey , actor , most often on the Disney Channel
Bud Bruner , boxing trainer and manager
Keenan Burton , NFL football player
Nathaniel Cartmell , Olympic gold medalist
James S. Coleman , sociologist
Paige Davis ( 1987 ) theater performer , host of Trading Spaces on TLC from 2001 to 2005 .
Bremer Ehrler , Jefferson County Judge @-@ Executive and sheriff
Sara Gettelfinger ( 1995 ) , Broadway performer .
Ray Grenald ( 1945 ) , architectural lighting designer
Bruce Hoblitzell , former Mayor of Louisville
Sherman Lewis , Heisman Trophy runner @-@ up
Victor M. Longstreet , U.S. Assistant Secretary of the Navy ( Financial Management ) , 1962 – 65
Mitch McConnell , United States senator , Senate majority leader
John Jacob Niles , " Dean of American Balladeers " .
Travis Prentice , college and professional football player
Pee Wee Reese ( 1937 ) , baseball player
Nicole Scherzinger ( 1996 ) , lead singer of The Pussycat Dolls .
Joseph D. Scholtz , former Mayor of Louisville
Gene Snyder , former member of the House of Representatives
Josh Whelchel , award @-@ winning video game composer and entrepreneur
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= Excellence in Broadcasting =
" Excellence in Broadcasting " is the second episode of the ninth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . It originally aired on Fox in the United States on October 3 , 2010 . The episode features anthropomorphic dog Brian , an adamant liberal , confronting conservative radio talk show host Rush Limbaugh at a book signing in Quahog , and ultimately having a political change of heart when Limbaugh convinces him to read his latest book . Brian eventually decides to become a devoted member of the Republican Party , and soon begins criticizing liberals . This leads Brian to become roommates with Limbaugh , and begins following him everywhere , before Limbaugh convinces Brian of his true political convictions .
The episode was written by Patrick Meighan and directed by John Holmquist . It received mixed reviews from critics for its storyline and many cultural references , in addition to receiving both praise and criticism from conservative news outlets . According to Nielsen ratings , it was viewed in 7 @.@ 94 million homes in its original airing . As well as Limbaugh , the episode featured guest performances by Gary Cole , Christine Lakin , Phil LaMarr , Shelley Long , Nana Visitor and Rainn Wilson , along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . " Excellence in Broadcasting " was released on DVD along with three other episodes from the season on December 13 , 2011 .
= = Plot = =
In light of " And Then There Were Fewer " , the Griffins watch on the news where Tom Tucker reveals that Diane Simmons committed the murders at James Woods ' mansion and is now dead . Tom then introduces Diane 's successor , Joyce Kinney . As Lois reads the newspaper , she discovers that conservative radio talk show host Rush Limbaugh is holding a book signing in Quahog , causing Brian to decide to confront Limbaugh about his political beliefs . At the signing , Limbaugh is criticized by Brian , he asks him whether he has read any of his books , leaving Brian dumbfounded and angry . Brian is mugged by a gang ; Limbaugh defeats them all . Thankful , Brian agrees to read Limbaugh 's book , and overnight becomes a conservative Republican . Lois questions Brian 's conviction , citing his past liberalism , while Brian defends his ability to change his mind based on new information . Lois mentions that Brian goes out of his way to not agree with the general consensus on many things ( for example , he hated Slumdog Millionaire and Titanic but defends the movie Cocktail ) , and accuses him of being a " contrarian " rather than a genuine believer . Brian meets with Limbaugh to thank him for helping his political conversion , and the two travel to the Republican National Headquarters , where they are greeted by former President of the United States George W. Bush and United States Senator John McCain .
Returning home , Brian informs Lois that Limbaugh will be coming over for dinner . That night , Lois and Peter begin arguing and challenging Limbaugh politically . Deciding to confront Limbaugh for brainwashing Brian , Lois demands for their dog to go back to the way he used to be . Limbaugh insists Brian became a conservative on his own terms , and the two sing a number based on " The Company Way " , " Republican Town " . Angered , Brian decides to move out and become roommates with a reluctant Limbaugh . Brian begins to irritate Limbaugh with his blind devotion . He replaces lots of Limbaugh 's possessions with American @-@ Made versions , which all go wrong . Deciding to follow Limbaugh to his radio show , Brian attempts to voice his own political opinions on the air about Speaker of the House Nancy Pelosi , causing Limbaugh to become frustrated and throw him out . Deciding to prove his devotion to the conservative cause , Brian attempts to waterboard Pelosi before being apprehended and arrested . After being bailed out by Limbaugh later that day , Brian continues to assert his conservatism . Limbaugh attempts to convince Brian he is only fighting against the Establishment due to his desire of being the underdog . He tells Brian that a child was executed in Texas and Brian is visibly horrified ; Limbaugh then says that he made up the story , but Brian 's honest reaction to it shows he is a liberal at heart . Reassuring Brian of his liberal convictions , Rush leaves the jail , making a Grapes of Wrath @-@ like pledge to " be around " wherever conservative causes need help . Outside , they heckle each other with reassurance , and the episode ends with Limbaugh then transforming into a bald eagle and flying away into the skyline .
= = Production and development = =
First announced by series creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane in an interview on August 13 , 2009 , the episode was written by series regular Patrick Meighan , and directed by series regular John Holmquist shortly after the conclusion of the production of the eighth season . In the interview , with The Hollywood Reporter , MacFarlane conceded that " Family Guy tends to be very liberal because " it 's written by liberals . " In choosing the conservatives who would be featured in the episode , MacFarlane stated , " we put it out there to a lot of Republicans — ' we 're doing this show , who wants in ? ' — and we got some bites . " Series regulars Peter Shin and James Purdum served as supervising director , with Andrew Goldberg , Alex Carter , Elaine Ko and Spencer Porter serving as staff writers for the episode . Composer Walter Murphy , who has worked on the series since its inception , returned to compose the music for " Excellence in Broadcasting " . It is the first episode to feature a high @-@ definition opening credit sequence .
On The Rush Limbaugh Show on September 27 , 2010 , Limbaugh explained that he agreed to do the episode based on his continuing friendly relationship with Family Guy creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane , commenting , " Seth appreciates and has a great affection for professionals , and we 're all professionals here . " Limbaugh went on to reveal that he was in the studio 's sound booth for " three or four days at four hours at a time , " while recording his lines for the episode , as well as for the accompanying musical number , which Limbaugh admitted to being something of a challenge . Later on his radio show , Limbaugh went on to criticize 20th Century Fox 's public relations department , following a comment by author and commentator Andrew Breitbart , accusing the Fox Broadcasting Company of " burying " the episode . Limbaugh also admitted , however , that " there was nothing in the script that [ he ] would want them to edit out . "
" Excellence in Broadcasting " , along with the two other episodes from Family Guy 's ninth season , was released on a three @-@ disc DVD set in the United States on December 13 , 2011 . The sets include brief audio commentaries by various crew and cast members for several episodes , a collection of deleted scenes and animatics , a special mini @-@ feature which discussed the process behind animating " And Then There Were Fewer " , a mini @-@ feature entitled " The Comical Adventures of Family Guy – Brian & Stewie : The Lost Phone Call " , and footage of the Family Guy panel at the 2010 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International .
In addition to the regular cast and Limbaugh , actor Gary Cole , actress Christine Lakin , voice actor Phil LaMarr , actress Shelley Long , actress Nana Visitor and actor Rainn Wilson guest starred in the episode . Recurring guest voice actors Chris Cox , actor Ralph Garman , and writers Danny Smith , Alec Sulkin , John Viener and Wellesley Wild also made minor appearances .
= = Cultural references = =
In the opening scene of the episode , the Griffin family are shown watching the syndicated television show The Brady Bunch , with Mike and Carol Brady then appearing in bed with one another . After Lois discovers that Limbaugh will be appearing at a book signing in Quahog , Chris references a previous episode , " FOX @-@ y Lady " , in which Limbaugh appeared as a character created by actor Fred Savage , which was subsequently reported on by Lois for Fox News . The episode featured a brief cameo appearance of conservative character Stan Smith from Seth MacFarlane 's second show , American Dad ! .
The scene of Limbaugh rescuing Brian is an almost shot @-@ for @-@ shot homage to the scene of Mr. Miyagi rescuing Daniel in The Karate Kid . Returning home after being saved by Limbaugh , Brian begins watching the NBC comedy series The Office , featuring actor and comedian Rainn Wilson . Deciding to thank Limbaugh for his newfound conservatism , Brian is taken by Limbaugh to the National Republican Party headquarters in Washington , D.C. , in order to meet former President of the United States George W. Bush and United States Senator John McCain from Arizona . McCain then recalls when he and Limbaugh solved mysteries together . A parody of the animated television series Scooby @-@ Doo is then shown , including McCain and Limbaugh capturing United States Congressman Barney Frank from Massachusetts , disguised as a mummy .
After deciding to sing a song entitled " Republicantown , " several political figures are shown and parodied , including former Vice President of the United States Dick Cheney , President of the United States Barack Obama , and former Presidents of the United States Jimmy Carter , Ronald Reagan and Bill Clinton . Actors Mickey Rourke , Chuck Norris and Jon Voight also appear , while Voight 's " pretty hot at one time " daughter is Angelina Jolie . The song " Republicantown " is a parody of the song " The Company Way " from the musical How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying .
= = Reception = =
" Excellence in Broadcasting " was broadcast on October 3 , 2010 , as a part of an animated television night on Fox , and was preceded by The Simpsons , and Family Guy creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane 's spin @-@ off , The Cleveland Show , and followed by the 100th episode of American Dad ! . It was watched by 7 @.@ 94 million viewers , according to Nielsen ratings , despite airing simultaneously with Desperate Housewives on ABC , the season premiere of Undercover Boss on CBS and Sunday Night Football on NBC . The episode also acquired a 3 @.@ 9 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , beating American Dad ! and The Cleveland Show in addition to significantly edging out both shows in total viewership . The episode 's ratings decreased significantly from the show 's season premiere .
Television critics reacted mostly mixed to " Excellence in Broadcasting " , calling the storyline " funny , " but " toothless . " In a simultaneous review of the episodes of The Simpsons and The Cleveland Show that preceded the show , and the broadcast of American Dad ! that followed it , The A.V. Club reviewer Rowan Kaiser noted , " most of the episode was spent justifying its existence as a Rush Limbaugh episode of Family Guy , " and that the episode " failed to do that . " In the conclusion of his review Kaiser praised Family Guy for its past political humor , but ultimately rated it as a D , the second worst rating , behind The Simpsons episode " Loan @-@ a Lisa " and the American Dad ! episode " 100 A.D. " , beating only The Cleveland Show 's F @-@ grade episode " Cleveland Live ! " . In a slightly more positive review , Jason Hughes of TV Squad praised Limbaugh 's appearance in the episode , commenting Limbaugh " certainly deserves credit for his willingness to participate and lend his own voice . " Hughes went on to comment positively on the episode 's debut of the high @-@ definition opening sequence , and its introduction of Joyce Kinney as a replacement for news anchor Diane Simmons , who was killed off in " And Then There Were Fewer . " Adam Markovitz of Entertainment Weekly wrote , " The show definitely skewered Brian ’ s hardcore conservative conversion , but overall it seemed like a pretty fair fight . "
Limbaugh 's appearance in the episode has drawn both praise and criticism from news outlets , including Daniel Foster of National Review who commented , " It is to Mr. Limbaugh 's credit that he can make fun of himself . But Seth MacFarlane , the whiskey @-@ soaked Dada creator of Family Guy , is responsible for more sophomoric cartooning than the combined patrons of America ’ s truck stop and dive bar bathrooms . " Foster went on to add , " I can only look at the Limbaugh @-@ MacFarlane mash @-@ up with a wary eye . " Columnist Matt Lewis of Politics Daily also questioned Limbaugh 's appearance on Family Guy , citing his support for former Governor of Alaska Sarah Palin , whose daughter , Bristol Palin , has openly criticized MacFarlane and called the show 's writers " heartless jerks . " In contrast , John Nolte of Andrew Breitbart 's Big Hollywood wrote , " What MacFarlane ’ s doing fits exactly into our template . He ’ s entitled to his opinion , worked very hard to reach the top of the most difficult business there is to succeed in , and in turn uses that forum to further his own agenda — that ’ s how it ’ s supposed to work . But at the same time he doesn ’ t completely shut us out . " Prior to the episode 's official broadcast on television in the United States , Jarett Wieselman of the New York Post called Limbaugh 's guest appearance in the episode " genuinely funny , " and David Weigel of Slate commented , " I 'm not at all surprised that Limbaugh would embrace the show and answer its mockery of conservatives ; the plotline [ ... ] is a perfect conservative narrative . "
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= G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero ( Marvel Comics ) =
G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero ( also known as G.I. Joe or A Real American Hero ) is a comic book that was published by Marvel Comics from 1982 to 1994 . Based on Hasbro , Inc . ' s G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero line of military @-@ themed toys , the series has been credited for making G.I. Joe into a pop @-@ culture phenomenon . G.I. Joe was also the first comic book to be advertised on television , in what has been called a " historically crucial moment in media convergence . "
The series was written for most of its 155 @-@ issue run by comic book writer , artist , and editor Larry Hama , and was notable for its realistic , character @-@ based storytelling style , unusual for a toy comic at the time . Hama wrote the series spontaneously , never knowing how a story would end until it was finished , but worked closely with the artists , giving them sketches of the characters and major scenes . While most stories involved the G.I. Joe Team battling against the forces of Cobra Command , an evil terrorist organization , many also focused on the relationships and background stories of the characters . Hama created most characters in collaboration with Hasbro , and used a system of file cards to keep track of the personalities and fictional histories of his characters , which later became a major selling point for the action figure line .
G.I. Joe was Marvel 's top @-@ selling subscription title in 1985 , and was receiving 1200 fan letters per week by 1987 . The series has been credited with bringing in a new generation of comic book readers , since many children were introduced to the comic book medium through G.I. Joe , and later went on to read other comics . The comic book has been re @-@ printed several times , and also translated in multiple languages . In addition to direct spin @-@ offs of the comic book , several revivals and reboots have been published throughout the 2000s .
= = Publication history = =
= = = Background = = =
In the early 1980s , Hasbro noted the success of Kenner Products ' Star Wars action figures , and decided to re @-@ launch their long @-@ running G.I. Joe property as G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero with 3 @.@ 75 inches ( 9 @.@ 5 cm ) scale action figures rather than the traditional 12 inches ( 30 cm ) scale . Hasbro also decided that they wanted the new figures to have a back story . In 1981 , Hasbro CEO Stephen Hassenfeld and Marvel Comics President Jim Galton met by coincidence at a charity fundraiser and Hassenfeld shared Hasbro 's plans for the G.I. Joe relaunch . Galton offered Marvel 's services as creative consultants , and Hassenfeld agreed to allow Marvel attempt to design a concept for G.I. Joe .
Coincidentally Larry Hama , then an editor at Marvel , had begun to design characters and background for a series concept he was pitching that would be entitled Fury Force , about a team of futuristic super @-@ soldiers affiliated with S.H.I.E.L.D. , an existing Marvel Universe property combining military and science fiction genre elements . As Hama tells it , he got the job of writing for the series because Marvel had asked every other available creator to write it and no one else would . Unable to find other writing work , he later said that , " If they had asked me to write Barbie , I would have done that , too . "
Soon after this , Hasbro hosted a meeting with Hama , Jim Shooter , Tom DeFalco , Archie Goodwin , and Nelson Yomtov to discuss the future of the property . It was at this meeting that Goodwin suggested the idea of Cobra Command as a recurring enemy for G.I. Joe to fight ( similar to the HYDRA terrorist organization - recurring enemies to the aforementioned S.H.I.E.L.D. organization ) . Prior to this , Hasbro had not considered giving G.I. Joe an enemy . Based on the results of this meeting , Hasbro contracted Marvel to produce a comic book series featuring the toys .
= = = Early development = = =
The first issue was published in June 1982 , containing two stories , both of which were written by Hama . The first story , " Operation : Lady Doomsday " , was drawn by Herb Trimpe , who drew most of the early issues and also wrote issue # 9 , and the second story , " Hot Potato " , was drawn by Don Perlin . This issue introduced many basic concepts of the G.I. Joe universe , such as the Joes having a base under a motor pool , and introduced the iconic " original 13 " G.I. Joe Team members . The issue also introduced two recurring villains , Cobra Commander and the Baroness . Whereas Cobra Commander and the various Joes already had action figures issued , The Baroness is the earliest example of a G.I. Joe character whose first appearance in the comics predated the conception of their action figure .
Most of the early stories were completed in one issue , but multi @-@ part stories began to appear by the middle of the series ' first year of publication , and there were hints of the ongoing storylines that would later characterize the series . In May 1983 , issue # 11 introduced many new characters , including most of the 1983 action figure line and the villain Destro , who would become a frequently recurring character . Many subsequent storylines involved the machinations and power struggles between him , Cobra Commander , and the Baroness . Issue # 11 established a pattern for the series in which every so often Marvel would publish an issue introducing a group of characters and vehicles that represented the new year 's toy offerings .
An early highlight was 1984 's " Snake Eyes : The Origin " Parts I & II , published in issues # 26 @-@ 27 . This issue established Snake Eyes ' complicated background , and tied his character into many other characters , both G.I. Joe and Cobra . Hama considers it to be his favorite storyline from the Marvel run . In 1986 , echoing events portrayed in the TV series , G.I. Joe # 49 was published , introducing the character of Serpentor , a genetically created amalgam of history 's greatest warriors . Serpentor played a significant role in the Cobra Civil War , which occurred in issues # 73 @-@ 76 , a landmark story event that involved nearly every G.I. Joe and Cobra character vying for control of Cobra Island .
= = = Later years and cancellation = = =
When G.I. Joe began , most toy tie @-@ in comics lasted an average of two years , so G.I. Joe , lasting for 12 years , was considered a runaway success . Through the years , the comic book series chronicled the adventures of G.I. Joe and Cobra , using a consistent storyline . In the early 1990s , however , it began to drop in quality , and was canceled by Marvel in 1994 with issue # 155 due to low sales . Hasbro canceled the A Real American Hero toy line in the same year . Between the lack of new toys and the cancellation of the second TV series three years earlier , the comic book could not count on the same cross @-@ platform support it had enjoyed in the past . The target demographic had also changed considerably . According to Hama :
It reached the end of its half @-@ life . Until G.I. Joe and Transformers , toy books had a life expectancy of 1 @-@ 2 years – 3 years was considered a long time . Hasbro didn ’ t expect the toy @-@ line to have that much life in it . Also , the market had changed completely . When I first started doing store signings , there were lines around the block and it was all 10 @-@ year @-@ old boys . The last time I did a story signing in New York City , everybody was over 30 , and two of the guys who showed up were mailmen who had skipped off their routes to get their books signed .
The final issue featured a stand @-@ alone story titled " A Letter from Snake Eyes . " Narrating from his perspective , Snake Eyes tells his story through recollections of his many comrades @-@ in @-@ arms who have died over the years .
Shortly after the final issue , G.I. Joe Special # 1 was released in February 1995 , containing alternate art for issue # 61 by Todd McFarlane . McFarlane was the original penciller for issue # 61 , but his artwork had been rejected by Larry Hama as unacceptable , and so Marshall Rogers was brought in to pencil the final published version . In the years following , McFarlane became a superstar comic artist , and Marvel eventually decided to print the unpublished work .
= = Promotion = =
Hasbro used television advertising to publicize the series , and when the first one aired in 1982 featuring G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero # 1 , it was the first time a commercial had ever been used to promote a comic book . Since the commercials were technically promoting the comic books rather than the toys , they allowed Hasbro to circumvent television regulations mandating that toy commercials could not contain more than ten seconds of animation . By not showcasing any characters and toys outside of the comic book context , they were able to include a full thirty seconds of animation . Marvel was paid $ 5 million by Hasbro to produce the commercials through its animation division Marvel Productions . Larry Hama relates the genesis of the commercials :
There were only a few seconds of animation you could have in a toy commercial , and you had to show the toy , so people wouldn ’ t get totally deluded . Somebody at Hasbro ( who was actually sort of a genius ) named Bob Pruprish , realized that a comic book was protected under the first amendment , and there couldn 't be restrictions based on how you advertised for a publication .
Between the toy line , comic books , commercials and subsequent cartoon series , Hasbro 's marketing plan was highly successful and eventually became an industry standard , an early example of a practice that would years later be described by Jenkins as a " transmedia narrative . " Although the adolescent male demographic was the traditional comic book reader , an unintended result of the TV advertising tie @-@ ins was that they attracted people who were not traditional comic book readers . In an interview , Hama stated :
I think [ the commercials have ] also opened it up to a very different type of audience . I get a lot of letters from girls . I get a lot of letters from young housewives who sort of started watching the cartoons with their kids and sort of started getting into the characters , and then somewhere along the line they picked up the comic book and they started following the stories and got caught up in the continuity .
The comic book 's popularity with women has also been attributed to the strong female characters featured in the comic , such as Scarlett and Lady Jaye . Since very few of the G.I. Joe action figures were female , Hama tended to frequently use all of the female characters , including those that were created as recurring characters in the comics .
= = Writing style = =
Many readers praised the series for its attention to detail and realism in the area of military tactics and procedures . Much of this was due to Hama 's military experience ( he was drafted into the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers during the Vietnam war ) , but he also did a large amount of research in order to be as up @-@ to @-@ date as possible . He frequented Sky Books , a military @-@ oriented bookstore in New York , and read many U.S. Army field manuals and technical manuals , and also credits his friend Lee Russel , a military historian , for helping him with research .
In style and plot structure , the comic often made use of overlapping story threads . According to Hama :
We ’ ve been following one basic storyline pretty much in the comic for fifty issues . It ’ s sort of like an extended soap opera , although I try to have a real solid resolution at the end of each book . But I like to keep some plot threads going . There 's a sort of episodic quality to some of the earlier books , like one episode will last six issues . That will resolve completely , but two issues into it another thread may have started . At any given time there ’ s probably about three overlapping threads .
The story arcs coincided with each of the new lines of G.I. Joe toys that Hasbro was producing , however the comic book was not directly influenced by the toy products . Of the Hasbro / Marvel relationship , Hama observed that the toy company did not demand the book to be written a certain way :
We 're the final word on what happens with the book . Hasbro has been extremely open about it , [ and ] I don 't write this as a kiddie book . I don 't write G.I. Joe any differently from the way I write Wolverine .
Hama wrote out page @-@ by @-@ page plots for all of the issues he wrote , with most pages having four to six panels . He worked very closely with the artists in plotting the book , and wrote the series spontaneously , never knowing how an issue would end until he got to the last page .
= = Characterization = =
In the first issue , it is revealed that the team ’ s official moniker is Special Counter @-@ Terrorist Unit Delta . G.I. Joe featured an ensemble cast , with the original thirteen characters being Hawk , Stalker , Breaker , Clutch , Scarlett , Snake Eyes , Rock ‘ n Roll , Steeler , Grand Slam , Flash , Short @-@ Fuze , Grunt and Zap . This reflected their origins in the Hasbro toy line , with the initial characters being the same as the action figures in the original 1982 release of the toy line . The team roster expanded as additional action figures were released .
Hama created most characters in collaboration with Hasbro . Hasbro would send him character sketches and brief descriptions of each character 's military specialties , and Hama would create detailed dossiers on each characters , giving them distinct personalities and background stories . Hama kept track of each character on file cards , and eventually Hasbro decided to reprint shortened versions of these dossiers as file cards on the packaging for the action figures . The file cards themselves became a selling point for the toy line , and appealed to both children and adults . Hama noted that :
... it has to be read on two levels ... A ten @-@ year @-@ old kid has to be able to read it and think it 's absolutely straight [ but ] there should be a joke in there for the adult . One of the factors that helped sell G.I. Joe [ figures ] was that the salesmen who sold it to retailers used the dossiers as a selling point .
Hama tended to base the personalities of the characters on people that he knew , and he credits this technique for the realism of his characterization . He later said that , " Events and continuity never meant anything to me . The important thing was the characters . "
= = Reception = =
Initially , the response to the new comic book was muted due to its low status as a " toy book . " However its popularity eventually grew , and is credited with bringing in a new generation of comic readers . Within two months of the toy line 's launch , " some 20 per cent of boys from ages five to twelve had two or more G.I. Joe toys " , and by 1988 / 89 a survey conducted by Hasbro found that " two out of every three boys between the ages of five and eleven owned at least one G.I. Joe figure . " These boys were drawn to the G.I. Joe comic book through its association with the toy line , and then went on to other comics . As Hama puts it :
It was a toy book . Very uncool to the fan @-@ boys at the time . It never got reviewed in the fan press . Totally ignored . The kids who bought G.I. Joe were a totally new crowd who were coming into the comic shops for the first time because they had the toys and they saw the commercials . Many of them started to buy other comics while they were there .
According to comic book historian John Jackson Miller , Hasbro 's promotion of the comic resulted in dramatic sales increases , from 157 @,@ 920 copies per month in 1983 to 331 @,@ 475 copies per month in 1985 , making it one of Marvel 's " strongest titles . " According to Jim Shooter , G.I. Joe was Marvel 's number one subscription title in 1985 . By 1987 , the main title was getting 1200 letters every week . Hama read every one , and sent out fifty to one hundred hand @-@ written replies every week .
An early issue that attracted much attention , both positive and negative , was G.I. Joe # 21 , titled " Silent Interlude " , which was told entirely without words or sound effects . In a 1987 interview , Hama explained that the motivation for the story was that he " ... wanted to see if [ he ] could do a story that was a real , complete story — beginning , middle , end , conflict , characterization , action , solid resolution — without balloons or captions or sound effects . " At first , the issue was controversial ; some readers felt cheated that it had no words and could be " read " so quickly . However , it eventually became one of the series ' most enduring and influential issues . Issue # 21 has been recognized as a modern comic classic , and has become a prime example of comics ' visual storytelling power . Comic book artist and theorist Scott McCloud ( author of Understanding Comics ) describes " Silent Interlude " as " ... a kind of watershed moment for cartoonists of [ our ] generation . Everyone remembers it . All these things came out of it . It was like 9 / 11 . " The issue would eventually be ranked # 44 in Wizard Magazine 's listing of the " 100 Best Single Issues Since You Were Born " , and # 6 on io9 's " 10 Issues of Ongoing Comics that Prove Single Issues Can Be Great . "
= = Spin @-@ offs = =
In 1985 , G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero spawned an annual publication called G.I. Joe : Yearbook . G.I. Joe : Yearbook differed from the typical comic book annual publication in that it was more like a magazine . Each issue contained articles about the animated TV program , a summary of the comic book 's plot to date , and one or two original stories written by Larry Hama . G.I. Joe : Yearbook ran until 1988 .
In 1986 , the success of A Real American Hero lead Marvel to produce a second title : G.I. Joe : Special Missions which lasted 28 issues . Herb Trimpe was the artist for most of the run , with Dave Cockrum providing pencils on several issues . Spinning out of G.I. Joe # 50 and set in the same continuity , the series presented more intense violence and a more ambiguous morality than the main title , and the Joes faced enemies who were not related to Cobra . Each issue usually featured a stand @-@ alone mission focusing on a small group of Joes .
Two mini @-@ series were also produced . The first , G.I. Joe : Order of Battle , was a 4 @-@ issue mini @-@ series running from December 1986 to March 1987 , reprinting the data found on the action figures ' file cards with some edits . Written by Hama , with all @-@ new artwork by Trimpe , the first two issues featured G.I. Joe members , while the third issue focused on the members of Cobra Command , and the fourth highlighted the vehicles and equipment used by both organizations . A trade @-@ paperback edition , which included material from all four issues , was published in 1987 .
The second , G.I. Joe and The Transformers , was a 4 @-@ issue mini @-@ series running from January to April 1987 . The story had the Joes and the Autobots joining forces to stop the Decepticons and Cobra from destroying the world . A trade paperback later collected all four issues .
= = Reprints and revivals = =
The first 37 issues of the main series were released in thirteen digests titled G.I. Joe Comic Magazine . Subsequently , Tales of G.I. Joe reprinted the first fifteen issues of G.I. Joe on a higher quality paper stock than that used for the main comic . Four Yearbooks ( 1985 – 1988 ) also collected some previous stories , summarized events , and published new stories that tied into the main title , aside from the first Yearbook , which re @-@ printed the seminal first issue . The series was also translated into several languages , including German , Spanish , Portuguese , Polish , French ( Canada ) , Swedish , Norwegian , Finnish , Danish , Japanese , Arabic , and Indonesian .
G.I. Joe European Missions was published monthly from June 1988 until August 1989 . The European Missions series are all reprints of Action Force Monthly , which was published in the UK . Unlike the weekly Action Force series , these were all original stories , never before seen in the U.S. They were not written by Larry Hama .
In July 2001 , Devil 's Due Publishing acquired the rights to G.I. Joe and released a four @-@ issue limited series entitled G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero ( Reinstated ) . Strong sales led to Reinstated being upgraded to ongoing , and it lasted for 43 issues , before being relaunched as a new series G.I. Joe : America 's Elite , which lasted for 36 issues . Devil 's Due 's license with Hasbro expired in 2008 and was not renewed .
Building on the success of the Devil 's Due Comics run of G.I. Joe , Marvel Comics collected the first 50 issues in five trade paperbacks , with ten issues in each book . All covers for the trade paperbacks were drawn by J. Scott Campbell .
In 2009 , IDW Publishing began to re @-@ publish the original series again as Classic G.I. Joe , and like Marvel before it , collects ten issues in each volume ; the last few collections have slightly more issues in order to conclude with the 15th paperback volume , which was published in August , 2012 . Other collections for the spin @-@ off Special Missions and assorted Annuals also appeared . In November 2012 , IDW restarted their reprint series with the hardcover G.I. JOE : The Complete Collection , Vol . 1 , intending to reprint all the stories in reading order . IDW also revived the original G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero as an ongoing series in 2010 , with a special # 155 ½ issue released on Free Comic Book Day , followed by issue # 156 onwards in July 2010 .
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= Hermann Fegelein =
Hans Georg Otto Hermann Fegelein ( 30 October 1906 – 28 April 1945 ) was an SS @-@ Gruppenführer ( general ) of the Waffen @-@ SS in Nazi Germany . He was a member of Adolf Hitler 's entourage and brother @-@ in @-@ law to Eva Braun through his marriage to her sister , Gretl .
Fegelein joined the Reiter @-@ Regiment 17 ( Cavalry Regiment 17 ) in 1925 and transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 . He became a leader of an SS equestrian group , and was in charge of preparation of the courses and facilities for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games in 1936 . He tried out for the Olympic equestrian team himself , but was eliminated in the qualifying rounds .
In September 1939 , after the successful Invasion of Poland , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Death 's @-@ Head Horse Regiment ) . They were garrisoned in Warsaw until December . In May and June 1940 , he participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS @-@ Verfügungstruppe ( later renamed the Waffen @-@ SS ) . For his service in these campaigns he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . Units under his command on the Eastern Front in 1941 were responsible for the deaths of over 17 @,@ 000 civilians during the Pripyat swamps punitive operation in the Byelorussian SSR . As commander of the 8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer in 1943 , he was involved in operations against partisans as well as defensive operations against the Red Army , for which he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze .
Fegelein was seriously wounded in September 1943 , and was reassigned by Heinrich Himmler to Hitler 's headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitler 's life on 20 July 1944 . He was on duty at Hitler 's Führerbunker in Berlin in the closing months of the war , and was shot for desertion on 28 April 1945 , two days before Hitler 's suicide . Historians William L. Shirer and Ian Kershaw characterise him as cynical and disreputable . Albert Speer called him " one of the most disgusting people in Hitler 's circle " . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who granted him the best assignments and rapid promotions .
= = Career = =
Fegelein was born in Ansbach , Bavaria , to the retired Oberleutnant Hans Fegelein . As a boy working at his father 's equestrian school in Munich , he became proficient in riding skills and participated in jumping events . During this period he met Christian Weber , an original member of the Nazi Party . Weber later sponsored Fegelein 's entry into the Schutzstaffel ( SS ) .
In 1925 , after studying for two terms at Munich University , Fegelein joined the Reiter @-@ Regiment 17 ( Cavalry Regiment 17 ) . On 20 April 1927 , he joined the Bavarian State Police in Munich as an officer cadet . In 1929 he left the police service when he was caught stealing examination solutions from a teaching superior 's office . The official communication at the time was that he resigned for " family reasons " . Fegelein later stated that he had left the police on " his own account " to better serve the Nazi Party and SS . His father had started the Reitinstitut Fegelein ( Riding Institute Fegelein ) in 1926 . In Munich Fegelein came into contact with National Socialism and the SS . His father had made the institute available to the SS as a meeting place , and the training facilities and horses were used by equestrian units of the Sturmabteilung ( SA ) and SS .
Fegelein joined the Nazi Party ( membership number 1 @,@ 200 @,@ 158 ) and the SA in 1930 . He transferred to the SS on 10 April 1933 , with membership number 66 @,@ 680 . He worked as an instructor at the Reitinstitut Fegelein and became the leader of the SS @-@ Reitersturm , the SS equestrian group based at the facility . By the mid @-@ 1930s he took over administration of the school from his father . He was promoted to the Allgemeine @-@ SS rank of SS @-@ Untersturmführer that year and to SS @-@ Obersturmführer on 20 April 1934 and to SS @-@ Hauptsturmführer on 9 November 1934 . Beginning in November 1935 , Fegelein oversaw the preparation of the courses and facilities for the equestrian events of the Berlin Olympic Games . He was promoted to the rank of SS @-@ Sturmbannführer on 30 January 1936 . He participated in the selection process for the German equestrian team , but was unable to prevail against the strong competition from the Kavallerieschule Hannover ( cavalry school Hanover ) , who went on to win all the equestrian gold medals .
Fegelein won the Deutsches Spring- und Dressurderby international tournament in 1937 , as did his brother , Waldemar , in 1939 . He was promoted to the rank of SS @-@ Obersturmbannführer on 30 January . On 25 July 1937 Reichsführer @-@ SS Himmler , by special order of the SS @-@ Oberabschnitt Süd , created the Haupt @-@ Reitschule München ( SS Main Riding School ) in Munich . The school was started from his father 's stud farm . Fegelein was named its commander and promoted to SS @-@ Standartenführer the same day . Funding for the very expensive horses came in part from then SS @-@ Brigadeführer Weber , who supported the school with more than 100 @,@ 000 Reichsmarks annually . Fegelein won the " Braunes Band von Deutschland " ( Brown Ribbon of Germany ) , an annual horse race which in 1938 was held on the premises of the riding school in Munich . Fegelein at the time had strong ambitions to participate in the 1940 Summer Olympics . With the help of his friend Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer ( HSSPF ; Higher SS and Police Leader ) Karl von Eberstein , he arranged the transfer of all the Bavarian State Police horses to the SS riding school in case of mobilization . His fear was that the horses would be handed to the Wehrmacht .
= = = World War II = = =
In September 1939 , Fegelein commanded the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte ( Death 's @-@ Head Horse Regiment ) , which arrived in Poland shortly after the end of the Polish Campaign . The unit was placed under the command of the Ordnungspolizei ( Orpo ; order police ) and was split into small groups assigned to support police activities at posts throughout the Poznan district . On 15 November , Himmler ordered the expansion of the regiment from four to thirteen squadrons and renamed it as 1 . SS @-@ Totenkopf @-@ Reiterstandarte ( 1st Death 's Head Cavalry Regiment ) . Additional men were recruited from ethnic Germans living in the General Government and further afield . Many of the officers , including Fegelein , had never attended officer training school , so much of the training provided to new recruits was rudimentary . However , it was rigorous , and the men developed a strong camaraderie . Fegelein 's unit was involved alongside the Orpo in the extermination , ordered by Hitler , of members of the Polish elite such as intellectuals , aristocrats , and clergy , in an action called Intelligenzaktion . On 7 December 1939 Fegelein 's unit was involved in the mass shooting of 1 @,@ 700 such people in the Kampinos Forest .
On 15 December , the unit was split into two Standarten ( regiments ) , with Fegelein commanding the 1 . Standarte under the overall command of Höherer SS- und Polizeiführer @-@ Ost Friedrich @-@ Wilhelm Krüger . The unit was short of basic supplies such as weapons , food , and uniforms , which led to deteriorating morale and ill health . Incidents of corruption and theft took place , particularly among members of the regimental staff in Warsaw . On 23 April 1941 , Fegelein faced court @-@ martial charges for an incident in 1940 where he and his unit had been caught stealing money and luxury goods for transportation back to Germany . Fegelein 's court @-@ martial was quashed by direct order of Himmler . The allegations brought forward against Fegelein had included " murder motivated by greed " . Apparently he had ordered arrests and executions in the Gestapo prison in Warsaw . In addition to this , Fegelein was charged with having had an unlawful sexual relationship with a Polish woman . The woman had become pregnant and Fegelein forced her to have an abortion . Reinhard Heydrich attempted multiple times to investigate the accusations against Fegelein , but each time the attempt was put down by Himmler .
Fegelein 's unit took part in anti @-@ partisan fighting against a group of about 100 former Polish soldiers in the area of Kammienna – Konsky – Kielce in March and April 1940 . They killed about half the partisans , and the remainder escaped . On 8 April , Fegelien 's unit killed 250 Polish men in villages in the area . While in his report he described the behaviour of his troops as " clean and decent " , there were many incidents in this period where his men behaved in an undisciplined way , killing and robbing civilians without any orders .
In May and June 1940 , Fegelein , who had been promoted to SS @-@ Obersturmbannführer of the Reserves in the Waffen @-@ SS on 1 March 1940 , participated in the Battle of Belgium and France as a member of the SS @-@ Verfügungstruppe . For his service in these campaigns he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 15 December 1940 . In March 1941 the SS Totenkopf Reiterstandarte 1 was renamed to 1st SS Cavalry Regiment .
= = = War against the Soviet Union = = =
With the start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union , which began on 22 June 1941 , Fegelein saw active service on the Eastern Front . His unit was assigned on the 87th Infantry Division on 23 June to cover a gap in the lines of the 9th Army near Białystok . The motorized elements of the 1st SS Cavalry reached the right flank of the operational area on 24 June , but the mounted elements were unable to maintain the pace . The exhausted horses had to be left behind and the men transported to the combat zone in lorries , while the horse @-@ drawn artillery pieces were towed using any available vehicles . The first units to arrive crossed the Narew near Wizna and engaged the Soviets but were unable to break through . They were ordered to retreat and move further north . Infantry elements of the 87th Division captured Osowiec Fortress on 26 June , and Fegelein 's cavalry was sent on a reconnaissance mission to the south @-@ east . Himmler , not keen to have his SS units under Wehrmacht control or used in combat other than as reserves , withdrew the SS cavalry from control of the 87th Division on 27 June . The ambitious Fegelein stressed in his reports that he believed his unit was combat ready and had played a bigger role in the operation than they actually had . Ten of his men received the Iron Cross , Second Class for their efforts , and Fegelein was awarded the Iron Cross , First Class .
The engagement had demonstrated the shortcomings of the cavalry units in modern mobile warfare , which requires quick redeployments in ever @-@ changing conditions . Fegelein sought to improve this by asking Himmler to combine the 1st and 2nd SS cavalry regiments into a brigade , with additional support units . As a temporary measure , Himmler assigned Fegelein to be in charge of both regiments . Fegelein 's unit was one of several that undertook field training and political indoctrination in the coming weeks . Himmler himself addressed the 1st Cavalry on 5 July , offering the opportunity for any men unwilling to participate in the upcoming " special tasks " to transfer to another unit . Nobody took advantage of this offer , at least partly because it was not made clear that the upcoming work would include the mass shooting of unarmed civilians .
On 19 July 1941 Himmler assigned Fegelein 's regiments to the general command of HSSPF Erich von dem Bach @-@ Zelewski for the " systematic combing " of the Pripyat swamps , an operation designed to round up and exterminate Jews , partisans , and civilians in that area of Byelorussian SSR . Himmler 's orders for the operation were passed to Fegelein via SS @-@ Brigadefuhrer Kurt Knoblauch , who met with him and Bach @-@ Zelewski on 28 July in their new quarters at Liakhovichi in Byelorussia . General instructions were given to " cleanse " the area of partisans and Jewish collaborators . Jewish women and children were to be driven away . Fegelein interpreted these orders as follows : Enemy soldiers in uniform were to be taken prisoner , and those found out of uniform were to be shot . Jewish males , with the exception of a few skilled workers such as doctors and leather workers , would be shot . Fegelein split the territory to be covered into two sections divided by the Pripyat River , with the 1st Regiment taking the northern half and the 2nd Regiment the south . The regiments worked their way from east to west through their assigned territory , and filed daily reports on the number of people killed and taken prisoner . In a meeting with Bach @-@ Zelewski on 31 July , Himmler announced the amalgamation of the two regiments into the SS Cavalry Brigade . Additional units such as a bicycle reconnaissance detachment were formed and added to the brigade 's complement . On 5 August Himmler assigned leadership of the brigade to Fegelein .
Himmler notified Fegelein by telegram on 1 August that the numbers killed were far too low . A few days later , Himmler issued regimental order no . 42 , which called for all male Jews over the age of 14 to be killed . The women and children were to be driven into the swamps and drowned . Thus Fegelein 's units were among the first in the Holocaust to wipe out entire Jewish communities . As the water in the swamps was too shallow and some areas had no swamps , it proved impractical to drown the women and children , so they were shot . Fegelein 's final report on the operation , dated 18 September 1941 , states that they killed 14 @,@ 178 Jews , 1 @,@ 001 partisans , 699 Red Army soldiers , with 830 prisoners taken and losses of 17 dead , 36 wounded , and 3 missing . The historian Henning Pieper estimates the actual number of Jews killed was closer to 23 @,@ 700 .
Fegelein received the Infantry Assault Badge on 2 October . Four days later , he was again brought before a court for peculation of captured goods . Again the prosecution was halted by Himmler . In mid @-@ October 1941 the brigade left Byelorussia and moved first to Toropets and then on to Rogachev by train , where they were subordinated to Army Group Centre . The new operational area had more partisan activity than the Pripyat swamps , with guerrillas who were well organised and difficult to find . Fegelein 's report for the period between 18 October and 18 November 1941 shows 3 @,@ 018 partisans and Red Army soldiers killed and 122 taken prisoner . However , as fewer than 200 weapons were captured , historians Martin Cüppers and Henning Pieper conclude that the majority of those killed must have been unarmed civilians . Brigade losses were seven dead and nine wounded .
Army Group Centre renewed their offensive on Moscow in mid @-@ November . Fegelein and the SS Cavalry Brigade were held back as an operational reserve in the rearward area of the 9th Army . Massive counter @-@ attacks by the Red Army led to a weakening of the entire German line , and the brigade was called in to fight at the front on 28 December . While Fegelein reported that his forces were the equivalent to one or two divisions , in reality he had only 4 @,@ 428 men in total at this point , of which 1 @,@ 800 were ready for combat . The brigade was deployed at the south @-@ eastern sector of the XXIII Army Corps , where it defended against attacks in the rearward area of the 206th Infantry Division in the Battles of Rzhev . The SS Cavalry Brigade took serious losses , with casualties of up to 60 per cent in some squadrons .
On 1 February 1942 Fegelein was promoted to SS @-@ Standartenführer in the Waffen @-@ SS and transferred from the reserve force to active service . Four days later , on 5 February , Fegelein on his own initiative led an attack on a strong enemy group northwest of Chertolino . The attack , carried out in difficult weather conditions , secured an important road junction and the railway station at Chertolino . In a nocturnal attack on 9 February , the brigade encircled and destroyed enemy forces at Chertolino , killing 1 @,@ 800 Red Army combatants . Yershovo was captured on 14 February , leading to the annihilation of the enemy units in the Rzhev area . For his leadership in these battles , Fegelein was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross on 2 March 1942 . Fegelein was then granted home leave and was appointed Inspector of Cavalry and Transportation ( Inspekteur des Reit- und Fahrwesens ) in the SS @-@ Führungshauptamt on 1 May 1942 . In this position he was awarded the Eastern Front Medal and the War Merit Cross 2nd Class with Swords , both on 1 September 1942 . The SS Cavalry Brigade was disbanded in March 1942 and the remaining men and equipment were formed into a battalion @-@ strength unit called Kampfgruppe Zehender , commanded by SS @-@ Sturmbannführer August Zehender .
Fegelein was sent back to the front line on 1 December 1942 and on the same day promoted to SS @-@ Oberführer . He was given command of Kampfgruppe " Fegelein " , based in the great bend of the Don . He was wounded in action by Soviet snipers on 21 December and 22 December 1942 .
On 20 April 1943 he was appointed commander of the SS Cavalry Division . Fegelein and his division were involved in operations against partisans in May to July 1943 , which included Operation Weichsel , Operation Zeithen , and Operation Seydlitz . On 17 May they annihilated a partisan group south west of Novoselki . He personally blew up a bunker in the attack . A week later , on 24 May , the division attacked another partisan strongpoint , and no prisoners were taken . During Weichsel ( 27 May – 10 June 1943 ) he reported the unit had killed 4 @,@ 018 persons and deported 18 @,@ 860 , confiscated 21 @,@ 000 cattle , and destroyed 61 villages southwest of Gomel . During Zeithen ( 13 – 16 June 1943 ) they destroyed a further 63 villages and ( under direct orders from Hitler ) killed all suspected partisans . During Seydlitz ( 26 June – 27 July 1943 ) he reported the destruction of 96 additional villages , with 5 @,@ 016 killed and 9 @,@ 166 deported , and 19 @,@ 941 cattle confiscated .
The division was then deployed in defensive operations against massed Soviet attacks . From 26 August to 15 September the division repulsed five attacks of divisional strength and a further 85 attacks of battalion strength . The heaviest combat occurred on 26 August near Bespalovka and on 28 August , when the division halted a Soviet breakthrough at Bol 'shaya Gomol 'sha . Fegelein led a counterattack on 8 September , recapturing the height 199 @,@ 0 at Verkhniy Bishkin . On 11 September 1943 , during these defensive battles , he was awarded the Close Combat Clasp in bronze . Fegelein was severely wounded on 30 September 1943 and was hospitalized for a few weeks . He received the German Cross in gold on 1 November 1943 . Following his convalescence he was appointed chief of Amt VI — Office for Rider and Driver Training — in the SS @-@ Führungshauptamt on 1 January 1944 .
At the same time , Himmler assigned him to Hitler 's headquarters staff as his liaison officer and representative of the SS . He was promoted to the rank of SS @-@ Gruppenführer und Generalleutnant der Waffen @-@ SS on 10 June 1944 . On 20 July 1944 Fegelein was present at the failed attempt on Hitler 's life at the Wolf 's Lair headquarters in Rastenburg , East Prussia , and received a minor wound to his left thigh from the bomb blast . Fegelein often showed around the photographs of the hanged men who had been executed as a result of this failed assassination attempt .
= = = Marriage = = =
Fegelein 's politically motivated marriage to Gretl Braun , Eva Braun 's sister , took place on 3 June 1944 in Salzburg . Historians Kershaw and Shirer believe he courted Braun as a way to advance his career . Hitler , Himmler , and Martin Bormann acted as witnesses at the ceremony . A two @-@ day celebration was then held at Hitler 's and Bormann 's Obersalzberg mountain homes and the Eagle 's Nest . Fegelein was a known playboy and had many extramarital affairs . Hitler 's secretaries , Christa Schroeder and Traudl Junge , state Fegelein was popular socially , particularly with women . He could be funny , amusing , and charming . After his marriage to Gretl , Eva was glad to have someone in the entourage with whom she could dance and flirt , as Hitler was distant in social situations and refrained from publicly showing affection . Thereafter , Fegelein worked hard to develop a friendship with Hitler 's powerful private secretary , Martin Bormann . Fegelein " never missed " Bormann 's drinking parties and told Junge that the only things that mattered were " his career and a life full of fun . "
= = Death = =
By early 1945 , Germany 's military situation was on the verge of total collapse . Hitler , presiding over a rapidly disintegrating Third Reich , retreated to his Führerbunker in Berlin on 16 January 1945 . To the Nazi leadership , it was clear that the battle for Berlin would be the final battle of the war . Berlin was bombarded by Soviet artillery for the first time on 20 April 1945 ( Hitler 's birthday ) . By the evening of 21 April , Red Army tanks reached the outskirts of the city . By 27 April , Berlin was cut off from the rest of Germany .
On 27 April 1945 , Reichssicherheitsdienst ( RSD ) deputy commander SS @-@ Obersturmbannführer Peter Högl was sent out from the Reich Chancellery to find Fegelein who had abandoned his post at the Führerbunker after deciding he did not want to " join a suicide pact " . Fegelein was caught by the RSD squad in his Berlin apartment , wearing civilian clothes and preparing to flee to Sweden or Switzerland . He was carrying cash — German and foreign — and jewellery , some of which belonged to Braun . Högl also uncovered a briefcase containing documents with evidence of Himmler 's attempted peace negotiations with the Western Allies . According to most accounts , he was intoxicated when arrested and brought back to the Führerbunker . He was kept in a makeshift cell until the evening of 28 April . That night , Hitler was informed of the BBC broadcast of a Reuters news report about Himmler 's attempted negotiations with the western Allies via Count Bernadotte . Hitler flew into a rage about this apparent betrayal and ordered Himmler 's arrest . Sensing a connection between Fegelein 's disappearance and Himmler 's betrayal , Hitler ordered SS @-@ Gruppenführer Heinrich Müller to interrogate Fegelein as to what he knew of Himmler 's plans . Thereafter , according to Otto Günsche ( Hitler 's personal adjutant ) , Hitler ordered that Fegelein be stripped of all rank and to be transferred to Kampfgruppe " Mohnke " to prove his loyalty in combat . However , Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would only desert again . Hitler then ordered Fegelein court @-@ martialed .
Journalist James P. O 'Donnell , who conducted extensive interviews in the 1970s , provides one account of what happened next . SS @-@ Brigadeführer Wilhelm Mohnke , who presided over the court martial for desertion , told O 'Donnell that Hitler ordered him to set up a tribunal . Mohnke arranged for a court martial panel , which consisted of generals Wilhelm Burgdorf , Hans Krebs , SS @-@ Gruppenführer Johann Rattenhuber , and himself . Fegelein , still drunk , refused to accept that he had to answer to Hitler , and stated that he was responsible only to Himmler . Fegelein was so drunk that he was crying and vomiting ; he was unable to stand up , and even urinated on the floor . Mohnke was in a quandary , as German military and civilian law both require a defendant to be of sound mind and to understand the charges against them . Although Mohnke was certain Fegelein was " guilty of flagrant desertion " , it was the opinion of the judges that he was in no condition to stand trial , so Mohnke closed the proceedings and turned the defendant over to General Rattenhuber 's security squad . Mohnke never saw Fegelein again .
An alternative scenario of Fegelein 's death is based on the 1948 / 49 Soviet NKVD dossier of Hitler written for Joseph Stalin . The dossier is based on the interrogation reports of Günsche and Heinz Linge ( Hitler 's valet ) . This dossier differs in part from the accounts given by Mohnke and Rattenhuber . After the intoxicated Fegelein was arrested and brought back to the Führerbunker , Hitler at first ordered Fegelein to be transferred to Kampfgruppe " Mohnke " to prove his loyalty in combat . Günsche and Bormann expressed their concern to Hitler that Fegelein would desert again . Hitler then ordered Fegelein to be demoted and court @-@ martialed by a court led by Mohnke . At this point the accounts differ , as the NKVD dossier states that Fegelein was court @-@ martialed on the evening of 28 April , by a court headed by Mohnke , SS @-@ Obersturmbannführer Alfred Krause , and SS @-@ Sturmbannführer Herbert Kaschula . Mohnke and his fellow officers sentenced Fegelein to death . That same evening , Fegelein was shot from behind by a member of the Sicherheitsdienst . Based on this stated chain of events , author Veit Scherzer concluded that Fegelein , according to German law , was deprived of all honours and honorary signs and must therefore be considered a de facto but not de jure recipient of the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross .
Fegelein 's wife was then in the late stages of pregnancy ( the baby was born in early May ) . Hitler considered releasing him without punishment or assigning him to Mohnke 's troops . Junge — an eye @-@ witness to bunker events — stated that Braun pleaded with Hitler to spare her brother @-@ in @-@ law and tried to justify Fegelein 's actions . However , he was taken to the garden of the Reich Chancellery on 28 April , and was " shot like a dog " . Rochus Misch , who was the last survivor from the Führerbunker , disputed aspects of this account in a 2007 interview with Der Spiegel . According to Misch , Hitler did not order Fegelein 's execution , only his demotion . Misch claimed to know the identity of Fegelein 's killer , but refused to reveal his name .
= = Assessment = =
Historians William L. Shirer and Ian Kershaw characterise Fegelein as cynical and disreputable ; Albert Speer called him " one of the most disgusting people in Hitler 's circle " . Fegelein was an opportunist who ingratiated himself with Himmler , who in return granted him the best assignments — mostly related to cavalry — and rapid promotion through the ranks . The historian Henning Pieper , who studied the period up until March 1942 , notes Fegelein 's lack of formal training as an officer led to deficiencies in the way the SS Cavalry Brigade was prepared for combat . Fegelein repeatedly over @-@ stated the combat readiness of his troops and exaggerated their accomplishments , in Pieper 's opinion in order to be seen as a leader worthy of promotion and honours . Fegelein 's faulty analysis of his brigade 's readiness led to their use in December 1941 through March 1942 in combat situations for which they were unsuitable and untrained . ( However , as the military situation was deteriorating , they would eventually have been thrown into this role regardless . ) By the end of March 1942 , the brigade had suffered casualties of 50 per cent , much higher than army units deployed in the same area .
Fegelein 's parents and his brother Waldemar survived the war . Gretl , who inherited some of Eva 's valuable jewellery , also survived the war . She gave birth to a daughter ( named Eva Barbara Fegelein , after her late aunt ) on 5 May 1945 . Eva Fegelein committed suicide on 25 April 1971 after her boyfriend was killed in a car accident . Gretl Braun @-@ Fegelein moved to Munich and remarried in 1954 . She died in 1987 , aged 72 .
= = Awards and decorations = =
Olympic Games Decoration ( 1st Class )
German Equestrian Badge ( gold )
German Sports Badge ( bronze )
SA Sports Badge ( bronze )
Nazi Party Long Service Award ( bronze )
General Assault Badge ( silver )
Infantry Assault Badge ( silver )
Close Combat Clasp ( silver )
Wound Badge ( silver )
Wound Badge of 20 July 1944 ( silver )
Iron Cross ( 1939 )
2nd Class ( 15 December 1940 )
1st Class ( 28 June 1941 )
German Cross in Gold on 1 November 1943 as SS @-@ Brigadeführer and Generalmajor of the Waffen @-@ SS in the SS @-@ Kavallerie @-@ Division
Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Knight 's Cross on 2 March 1942 as SS @-@ Standartenführer and commander of the SS @-@ Kavallerie @-@ Brigade
157th Oak Leaves on 22 December 1942 as SS @-@ Oberführer and commander of a Kampfgruppe
83rd Swords on 30 July 1944 as SS @-@ Gruppenführer and Generalleutnant of the Waffen @-@ SS and commander of the 8 . SS @-@ Freiwilligen @-@ Kavallerie @-@ Division Florian Geyer
The death sentence on 28 April resulted in the loss of all orders , awards , and honorary signs .
= = Dates of rank = =
Fegelein held various ranks in both the Allgemeine @-@ SS and Waffen @-@ SS . The following table shows that progression was not synchronous .
= = = Explanatory notes = = =
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= Green Day =
Green Day is an American punk rock band formed in 1986 by vocalist / guitarist Billie Joe Armstrong and bassist Mike Dirnt . For much of the group 's career , the band has been a trio with drummer Tré Cool , who replaced former drummer John Kiffmeyer in 1990 prior to the recording of the band 's second studio album , Kerplunk ( 1992 ) . In 2012 , guitarist Jason White became a full @-@ time member after having performed with the band as a session and touring member since 1999 .
Green Day was originally part of the punk scene at the DIY 924 Gilman Street club in Berkeley , California . The band 's early releases were with the independent record label Lookout ! Records . In 1994 , its major label debut Dookie ( released through Reprise Records ) became a breakout success and eventually shipped over 10 million copies in the U.S. Green Day was widely credited , alongside fellow California punk bands Sublime , Bad Religion , The Offspring and Rancid , with popularizing and reviving mainstream interest in punk rock in the United States .
Green Day 's three follow @-@ up albums , Insomniac ( 1995 ) , Nimrod ( 1997 ) , and Warning ( 2000 ) did not achieve the massive success of Dookie , though they were still successful , with Insomniac and Nimrod reaching double platinum and Warning achieving platinum status . The band 's rock opera , American Idiot ( 2004 ) , reignited the band 's popularity with a younger generation , selling six million copies in the U.S. The band 's eighth studio album , 21st Century Breakdown , was released in 2009 and achieved the band 's best chart performance to date . 21st Century Breakdown was followed up by a trilogy of albums called ¡ Uno ! , ¡ Dos ! , and ¡ Tré ! , which were released in September , November and December 2012 respectively .
Green Day has sold more than 75 million records worldwide . The group has won five Grammy Awards : Best Alternative Album for Dookie , Best Rock Album for American Idiot , Record of the Year for " Boulevard of Broken Dreams " , Best Rock Album for the second time for 21st Century Breakdown and Best Musical Show Album for American Idiot : The Original Broadway Cast Recording . In 2010 , a stage adaptation of American Idiot debuted on Broadway . The musical was nominated for three Tony Awards : Best Musical , Best Scenic Design and Best Lighting Design , losing only the first . Also in 2010 , Green Day was ranked no . 91 in the VH1 list of the " 100 Greatest Artists of All Time " . On April 18 , 2015 , the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a part of the 2015 class , in the band 's first year of eligibility .
= = History = =
= = = Formation and Lookout ! years ( 1986 – 1993 ) = = =
In 1986 , friends Billie Joe Armstrong and Mike Dirnt , 14 years old at the time , formed a band called Sweet Children . The group 's first live performance took place on October 17 , 1987 , at Rod 's Hickory Pit in Vallejo , California . In 1988 , Armstrong and Dirnt began working with former Isocracy drummer John Kiffmeyer , also known as " Al Sobrante " . Sean Hughes left the band in 1988 , and Dirnt took over on bass duties . As said in the film Punk 's Not Dead , Armstrong cites the band Operation Ivy ( which featured Tim Armstrong and Matt Freeman of Rancid ) as a major influence , and a group that inspired him to form a band .
In 1988 , Larry Livermore , owner of Lookout ! Records , saw the band play an early show and signed the group to his label . In 1989 , the band recorded its debut extended play , 1 @,@ 000 Hours . Before 1 @,@ 000 Hours was released , the group dropped the name Sweet Children ; according to Livermore , this was done to avoid confusion with another local band Sweet Baby . The band adopted the name Green Day , due to the members ' fondness for cannabis .
Lookout ! released Green Day 's debut studio album , 39 / Smooth in early 1990 . Green Day recorded two extended plays later that year , Slappy and Sweet Children , the latter of which included older songs that the band had recorded for the Minneapolis independent record label Skene ! Records . In 1991 , Lookout ! Records re @-@ released 39 / Smooth under the name 1 @,@ 039 / Smoothed Out Slappy Hours , and added the songs from the band 's first two EPs , Slappy , and 1 @,@ 000 Hours . In late 1990 , shortly after the band 's first nationwide tour , Kiffmeyer left the East Bay area to attend Humboldt State University in Arcata , California . The Lookouts drummer Tré Cool began filling in as a temporary replacement and later Cool 's position as Green Day 's drummer became permanent , which Kiffmeyer " graciously accepted " . The band went on tour for most of 1992 and 1993 , and played a number of shows overseas in Europe . The band 's second studio album Kerplunk sold 50 @,@ 000 copies in the U.S.
= = = Breakthrough success ( 1994 – 1996 ) = = =
Kerplunk 's underground success led to a number of major record labels being interested in signing Green Day , and the band eventually left Lookout ! and signed to Reprise Records after attracting the attention of producer Rob Cavallo . The group was impressed by his work with fellow Californian band The Muffs , and later remarked that Cavallo " was the only person we could really talk to and connect with " . Reflecting on the period , Armstrong told Spin magazine in 1999 , " I couldn 't go back to the punk scene , whether we were the biggest success in the world or the biggest failure ... The only thing I could do was get on my bike and go forward . " After signing with Reprise , the band went to work on recording its major label debut , Dookie .
Recorded in three weeks , and released in February 1994 , Dookie became a commercial success , helped by extensive MTV airplay for the videos of the songs " Longview " , " Basket Case " , and " When I Come Around " , all of which reached the number one position on the Modern Rock Tracks charts . At a performance on September 9 , 1994 at Hatch Memorial Shell in Boston , mayhem broke out during the band 's set ( cut short to seven songs ) and by the end of the rampage , 100 people were injured and 45 arrested . The band also joined the lineups of both the Lollapalooza festival and Woodstock ' 94 , where the group started an infamous mud fight . During the concert , a security guard mistook bassist Mike Dirnt for a stage @-@ invading fan and punched out some of his teeth . Viewed by millions by pay @-@ per @-@ view television , the Woodstock 1994 performance further aided Green Day 's growing publicity and recognition , and helped push its album to eventual diamond status . In 1995 , Dookie won the Grammy Award for Best Alternative Album and the band was nominated for nine MTV Video Music Awards including Video of the Year .
In 1995 , a new single for the Angus soundtrack was released , entitled " J.A.R. " . The single debuted at number one on the Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart . The song was followed by the band 's fourth studio album , Insomniac , which was released in the fall of 1995 . Insomniac was a much darker and heavier response to the band 's newfound popularity , compared to the more melodic Dookie . The album opened to a warm critical reception , earning 4 out of 5 stars from Rolling Stone , which said " In punk , the good stuff actually unfolds and gains meaning as you listen without sacrificing any of its electric , haywire immediacy . And Green Day are as good as this stuff gets . " The singles released from Insomniac were " Geek Stink Breath " , " Stuck with Me " , " Brain Stew / Jaded " , and " Walking Contradiction " .
Though the album did not approach the success of Dookie , it sold two million copies in the United States . In addition , the album won the band award nominations for Favorite Artist , Favorite Hard Rock Artist , and Favorite Alternative Artist at the 1996 American Music Awards , and the video for " Walking Contradiction " got the band a Grammy nomination for Best Video , Short Form , in addition to a Best Special Effects nomination at the MTV Video Music Awards . After that , the band abruptly cancelled a European tour , citing exhaustion .
= = = Middle years and decline in commercial success ( 1997 – 2002 ) = = =
After a brief hiatus in 1996 , Green Day began to work on a new album in 1997 . From the outset , both the band and Cavallo agreed that the album had to be different from its previous albums . The result was Nimrod , an experimental deviation from the band 's standard pop @-@ punk brand of music . The new album was released in October 1997 . It provided a variety of music , from pop @-@ punk , surf rock , and ska , to an acoustic ballad . Nimrod entered the charts at number 10 . The success of " Good Riddance ( Time of Your Life ) " won the band an MTV Video Award for Best Alternative Video . The song was also used in the second " clip show " episode of Seinfeld and on two episodes of ER .
The other singles released from Nimrod were " Nice Guys Finish Last " , " Hitchin ' a Ride " and " Redundant " . The band made a guest appearance in an episode of King of the Hill entitled " The Man Who Shot Cane Skretteberg " , which aired in 1997 . In late 1997 and most of 1998 , Green Day embarked on a tour in support of Nimrod . In 1999 , guitarist Jason White began supporting the band during concerts as rhythm guitarist .
In 2000 , Green Day released its sixth studio album Warning . In support of the album , the band participated in the Warped Tour in 2000 . The band also had an independent tour to support the album in 2001 . Critics ' reviews of the album were varied . AllMusic gave it 4 @.@ 5 / 5 saying " Warning may not be an innovative record per se , but it 's tremendously satisfying . " Rolling Stone was more critical , giving it 3 / 5 , and saying " Warning ... invites the question : Who wants to listen to songs of faith , hope and social commentary from what used to be snot @-@ core 's biggest @-@ selling band ? " Though it produced the hit " Minority " and a smaller hit with " Warning " , some observers were coming to the conclusion that the band was losing relevance , and a decline in popularity followed . While all of Green Day 's previous albums had reached a status of at least double platinum , Warning was only certified platinum .
At the 2001 California Music Awards , Green Day won all eight of the awards for which the group was nominated . The group won the awards for Outstanding Album ( Warning ) , Outstanding Punk Rock / Ska Album ( Warning ) , Outstanding Group , Outstanding Male Vocalist , Outstanding Bassist , Outstanding Drummer , Outstanding Songwriter , and Outstanding Artist .
The release of two compilation albums , International Superhits ! and Shenanigans , followed Warning . International Superhits and its companion collection of music videos , International Supervideos ! . Shenanigans contained some of the band 's b @-@ sides , including " Espionage " , which was featured in the film Austin Powers : The Spy Who Shagged Me and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance .
In the spring of 2002 , Green Day co @-@ headlined the Pop Disaster Tour with Blink @-@ 182 , which was documented on the DVD Riding in Vans with Boys .
= = = American Idiot and renewed success ( 2003 – 2006 ) = = =
In the summer of 2003 , the band went into a studio to write and record new material for a new album , tentatively titled Cigarettes and Valentines . After completing 20 tracks , the master recordings were stolen from the studio . Instead of re @-@ recording the stolen tracks , the band decided to abandon the entire project and start over , considering the taken material to be unrepresentative of the band 's best work . It was then revealed that a band called The Network was signed to Armstrong 's record label Adeline Records with little fanfare and information . After the mysterious band released an album called Money Money 2020 , it was rumored that The Network was a Green Day side project , due to the similarities in the bands ' sounds . However , these rumors were never addressed by the band or Adeline Records , except for a statement on the Adeline website discussing an ongoing dispute between the two bands .
Green Day collaborated with Iggy Pop on two tracks for his album Skull Ring in November 2003 . On February 1 , 2004 , a new song , a cover of " I Fought the Law " made its debut on a commercial for iTunes during NFL Super Bowl XXXVIII . American Idiot ( 2004 ) , debuted at number one on the Billboard charts , the band 's first album to reach number one , backed by the success of the album 's first single , " American Idiot " . The album was labeled as a punk rock opera which follows the journey of the fictitious " Jesus of Suburbia " . The album depicts modern American life under the control of an idiot ruler who let people be misinformed by the media and a " redneck agenda " . It gives different angles on an everyman , modern icons , and leaders . Released two months before U.S. President George W. Bush was reelected , the album became protest art . American Idiot won the 2005 Grammy for Best Rock Album . The band also won a total of seven out of eight awards for which the group was nominated , including the Viewer 's Choice Award at the MTV Video Music Awards in 2005 .
Through 2005 , the band toured in support of the album with nearly 150 dates , which was the longest tour in the band 's career , visiting Japan , Australia , South America and the United Kingdom . While touring for American Idiot , the group filmed and recorded the two concerts at the Milton Keynes National Bowl in England , which was voted " The Best Show On Earth " in a Kerrang ! Magazine Poll . These recordings were released as a live CD and DVD called Bullet in a Bible on November 15 , 2005 . This CD / DVD featured songs from American Idiot as well as songs from all its previous albums , except Kerplunk and 1 @,@ 039 / Smoothed Out Slappy Hours . The DVD featured behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage of the band , and showed how the band prepared to put on the show . The final shows of its 2005 world tour were in Sydney and Melbourne in Australia , on December 14 and 17 , respectively .
On August 1 , 2005 Green Day announced that it had rescinded the master rights to its pre @-@ Dookie material from Lookout ! Records , citing a continuing breach of contract regarding unpaid royalties , a complaint shared with other Lookout ! bands . On January 10 , 2006 , the band was awarded a People 's Choice Award as favorite musical group or band .
= = = 21st Century Breakdown and American Idiots stage adaptation ( 2007 – 2010 ) = = =
Green Day engaged in a number of other smaller projects in the time following the success of American Idiot . The group released an album under the name Foxboro Hot Tubs entitled Stop Drop and Roll ! ! ! In 2008 , the Foxboro Hot Tubs went on a mini @-@ tour to promote the record , hitting tiny Bay Area venues including the Stork Club in Oakland and Toot 's Tavern in Crockett , California .
In an interview with Carson Daly , Garbage lead singer Shirley Manson revealed that Butch Vig would be producing Green Day 's forthcoming album . The span of nearly five years between American Idiot and 21st Century Breakdown was the longest gap between studio albums in Green Day 's career . The band had been working on new material since January 2006 . By October 2007 , Armstrong had 45 songs written , but the band showed no further signs of progress until October 2008 , when two videos showing the band recording in the studio with producer Butch Vig were posted on YouTube . The writing and recording process , spanning three years and four recording studios , was finally finished in April 2009 .
21st Century Breakdown , was released on May 15 , 2009 . The album received a mainly positive reception from critics , getting an average rating between 3 and 4 stars . After the release , the album reached number one in fourteen countries , being certified gold or platinum in each . 21st Century Breakdown achieved Green Day 's best chart performance to date . The band started playing shows in California in April and early May . These were the group 's first live shows in about three years . Green Day went on a world tour that started in North America in July 2009 and continuing around the world throughout the rest of 2009 and early 2010 .
Wal @-@ Mart refused to carry the album as it contains a Parental Advisory sticker and requested that Green Day release a censored edition . The band members did not wish to change any lyrics on the album and responded by stating , " There 's nothing dirty about our record ... They want artists to censor their records in order to be carried in there . We just said no . We 've never done it before . You feel like you 're in 1953 or something . "
In 2009 , the band met with award @-@ winning director Michael Mayer and many cast and crew members of the Tony Award @-@ winning musical Spring Awakening to create a stage version of the album American Idiot . American Idiot opened in the Berkeley Repertory Theatre during the end of 2009 . The show features an expanded story of the original album , with new characters such as Will , Extraordinary Girl , and Favorite Son . On April 20 , 2010 , American Idiot opened on Broadway , and Green Day released the soundtrack to the musical , featuring a new song by Green Day entitled " When It 's Time " . In June 2010 the iTunes released " When It 's Time " as a single .
During the Spike TV Video Game Awards 2009 , it was announced that Green Day was set to have its own Rock Band video game titled Green Day : Rock Band , as a follow @-@ up to the last band specific Rock Band game , The Beatles : Rock Band . The game features the full albums of Dookie , American Idiot , and 21st Century Breakdown as well as select songs from the rest of Green Day 's discography .
During the second leg of the 21st Century Breakdown World Tour the band members stated that they were writing new material . In an interview with Kerrang ! magazine , Armstrong spoke about the possible new album : " We did some demos in Berlin , some in Stockholm , some just outside of Glasgow and some in Amsterdam . We wanted get [ the songs ] down in some early form . " The band members also stated that the group was recording a live album of the tour , featuring the previously unreleased song " Cigarettes and Valentines " . In October 2010 , Dirnt was interviewed by Radio W , mentioning that the group had completed the writing process of the ninth studio album . In the interview , Dirnt also mentioned that a new live album would " most likely " be released . The live CD / DVD and CD / Blu @-@ ray entitled Awesome as Fuck was released on March 22 , 2011 .
= = = ¡ Uno ! ¡ Dos ! ¡ Tré ! ( 2011 – 2014 ) = = =
During the end of 2011 , the band played several secret shows ( under the name Foxboro Hot Tubs ) whose setlists consisted almost entirely of previously unheard songs . Green Day entered the studio and began recording new material in February 2012 , later announcing a trilogy of albums titled ¡ Uno ! , ¡ Dos ! , and ¡ Tré ! which would be released in the fall of 2012 . The trilogy marked longtime touring guitarist Jason White 's induction as the fourth member of the band . That summer Green Day played several festivals and promotional shows including the Rock en Seine festival in France , the Rock am See festival in Germany , and the Reading Festival in the United Kingdom .
¡ Uno ! , ¡ Dos ! , and ¡ Tré ! were released on September 21 , November 9 , and December 7 , 2012 , respectively and were met with generally positive reviews . On January 22 , 2013 , the band announced that ¡ Cuatro ! , a documentary about the making of ¡ Uno ! , ¡ Dos ! and ¡ Tré ! , would premiere on January 26 in Aspen , Colorado as part of the X Games FILM showcase , and would be released on DVD April 9 , 2013 . Another documentary was announced called Broadway Idiot which focuses on the creation on the American Idiot musical and Armstrong 's run as playing the character of St. Jimmy . On March 10 , 2013 , Green Day began its 99 Revolutions Tour to support the trilogy . In June , Green Day broke Emirates Stadium attendance record with 60 @,@ 000 tickets sold . The band played Dookie from start to finish on several dates on the tour 's European leg , including during the Reading Festival 2013 headline show .
Demolicious , a compilation album that contains alternate versions and demos of songs from ¡ Uno ! , ¡ Dos ! and ¡ Tré ! recorded during the studio sessions of these albums , was released on April 19 , 2014 , for Record Store Day . It also contains a previously unreleased song called " State of Shock " and an acoustic version of " Stay the Night " , from ¡ Uno ! .
= = = Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and twelfth studio album ( 2015 – present ) = = =
Green Day performed its first concert in a year on April 16 , 2015 . The group first played a set as Sweet Children with John Kiffmeyer , followed by a set as Green Day . On April 18 , 2015 , Green Day were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by Fall Out Boy .
On April 24 , 2015 , Rob Cavallo revealed Green Day are recording a twelfth studio album . Cavallo claims to have heard " five new songs that Billie has written and demoed " , and that the fans should be " sure that when they do return , the music will be amazing . "
On December 24 , 2015 , Green Day released a Christmas song , " Xmas Time of the Year " .
= = Musical style and influences = =
Green Day 's sound is often compared to first wave punk rock bands such as the Ramones , The Clash , Sex Pistols , The Jam , and the Buzzcocks . Stylistically , the group is characterized as punk rock , pop punk and alternative rock . Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described Green Day as " punk revivalists who recharged the energy of speedy , catchy three @-@ chord punk @-@ pop songs . " While Armstrong is the primary songwriter , he looks to the other band members for organizational help . Billie Joe Armstrong has mentioned that some of his biggest influences are seminal alternative rock bands Hüsker Dü and The Replacements , and that their influence is particularly noted in the band 's chord changes in songs . Green Day has covered Hüsker Dü 's " Don 't Want to Know If You Are Lonely " as a b @-@ side to the " Warning " single , and the character " Mr. Whirly " in the group 's song " Misery " is a reference to the Replacements song of the same name . Among other influences , Green Day have also cited The Kinks , The Who and power pop pioneers Cheap Trick . English rock musician Noel Gallagher of Oasis complained about the band semi @-@ jokingly , claiming that the band had ripped off his song " Wonderwall " with its song " Boulevard of Broken Dreams " .
= = Related projects = =
Since 1991 , members of the band have branched out past Green Day , starting other projects with various musicians . Notable projects related to Green Day include Billie Joe Armstrong 's Pinhead Gunpowder with Jason White , The Frustrators with Mike Dirnt , and The Network , a collaboration between Green Day and members of the band , Devo in which all members play under fake stage names . Green Day has also released an album titled Stop Drop and Roll ! ! ! on May 20 , 2008 , under the name Foxboro Hot Tubs , which the band uses to book secret shows . In late December 2011 , Armstrong formed a new side band called The Boo along with his wife Adrienne and their two sons .
In September 2006 , Green Day collaborated with U2 and producer Rick Rubin to record a cover of the song " The Saints Are Coming " , originally recorded by The Skids , with an accompanying video . The song was recorded to benefit Music Rising , an organization to help raise money for musicians ' instruments lost during Hurricane Katrina , and to bring awareness on the eve of the one @-@ year anniversary of the disaster . In December 2006 , Green Day and NRDC opened a web site in partnership to raise awareness on America 's dependency on oil .
Green Day released a cover of the John Lennon song " Working Class Hero " , which was featured on the album Instant Karma : The Amnesty International Campaign to Save Darfur . The band performed the song on the season finale of American Idol . The song was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2008 but lost to The White Stripes ' " Icky Thump " . That summer , the band appeared in a cameo role in The Simpsons Movie , where the band performs the show 's theme song ; Green Day 's version was released as a single on July 23 , 2007 .
In 2009 , the band collaborated with theater director Michael Mayer to adapt the group 's rock opera American Idiot into a one @-@ act stage musical that premiered at the Berkeley Rep on September 15 , 2009 . The show then moved to Broadway on April 20 , 2010 . The reviews of American Idiot : The Musical have been positive to mixed . Charles Isherwood of The New York Times wrote an enthusiastic review for the Broadway production . He called the show " a pulsating portrait of wasted youth that invokes all the standard genre conventions ... only to transcend them through the power of its music and the artistry of its execution , the show is as invigorating and ultimately as moving as anything I ’ ve seen on Broadway this season . Or maybe for a few seasons past . " Jed Gottlieb of the Boston Herald enjoyed the premise of the show but found that " the music and message suffer in a setting where the audience is politely , soberly seated " .
Michael Kuchiwara of the Associated Press found the show to be " visually striking [ and ] musically adventurous " , but noted that " the show has the barest wisp of a story and minimal character development " . Paul Kolnik in USA Today enjoyed the contradiction that Green Day 's " massively popular , starkly disenchanted album ... would be the feel @-@ good musical of the season " . Time magazine 's Richard Zoglin opined that the score " is as pure a specimen of contemporary punk rock as Broadway has yet encountered , [ yet ] there 's enough variety . ... Where the show fall short is as a fully developed narrative . " He concluded that " American Idiot , despite its earnest huffing and puffing , remains little more than an annotated rock concert . ... Still , [ it ] deserves at least two cheers – for its irresistible musical energy and for opening fresh vistas for that odd couple , rock and Broadway . " Peter Travers from Rolling Stone , in his review of American Idiot , wrote " Though American Idiot carries echoes of such rock musicals as Tommy , Hair , Rent and Spring Awakening , it cuts its own path to the heart . You won ’ t know what hit you . American Idiot knows no limits — it 's a global knockout . " The musical has been nominated for three Tony Awards , including Best Musical and Best Scenic Design . It was also nominated for a number of Drama Desk Awards and Outer Critics Circle Awards .
In October 2009 , a Green Day art project was exhibited at StolenSpace Gallery in London . The exhibition showed artworks created for each of the songs on 21st Century Breakdown , was supported by the band , and led by the group 's manager Pat Magnarella . He explained in an interview that " [ Artists are ] basically like rock bands . Most are creating their art , but don 't know how to promote it . " For Billie Joe Armstrong , " Many of the artists ... show their work on the street , and we feel a strong connection to that type of creative expression . "
On April 13 , 2011 , a film version of American Idiot was confirmed . Michael Mayer , director of the Broadway musical , will be directing the film . It will be produced by Green Day , Pat Magnarella ( Green Day 's manager who also produced Bullet in a Bible , Awesome as Fuck , and Heart Like a Hand Grenade ) , Playtone ( Tom Hanks and Gary Goetzman ) and Tom Hulce .
On January 23 , 2013 , it was announced that a documentary showing Armstrong 's journey from punk rock to Broadway was to be released . Called Broadway Idiot and showing a lot of behind @-@ the @-@ scenes of the American Idiot musical production , the movie was directed by Doug Hamilton , veteran television journalist for CBS News ' 60 Minutes and PBS documentaries such as Nova , Frontline and American Masters . A trailer was released on January 30 , 2013 . The documentary premiered at the South by Southwest Film Festival on March 15 , 2013 .
= = Controversy = =
The band has generated controversy over whether the band 's musical style and major @-@ label status constitutes " true punk " . In reaction to both the style of music and the background of the band , John Lydon , former front man of the 1970s punk band the Sex Pistols commented :
So there we are fending off all that and it pisses me off that years later a wank outfit like Green Day hop in and nick all that and attach it to themselves . They didn 't earn their wings to do that and if they were true punk they wouldn 't look anything like they do .
Armstrong himself has discussed the group 's status of being a punk band on a major record label , saying " Sometimes I think we 've become totally redundant because we 're this big band now ; we 've made a lot of money – we 're not punk rock any more . But then I think about it and just say , ' You can take us out of a punk rock environment , but you can 't take the punk rock out of us . ' "
On September 21 , 2012 , while Green Day was performing at the iHeartRadio music festival , Armstrong stopped while performing " Basket Case " , because he believed the group 's time was being shortened , possibly in order to extend R & B artist Usher 's performance . Angered , Armstrong began ranting while a screen in the rear of the audience was labeled " 1 Minutes Left " , saying " You 're not gonna give me one fucking minute ? You 've gotta be fucking kidding me ! " . He also told the crowd he was not Justin Bieber and labeled the festival as a " joke " . When the screen went blank , Armstrong smashed his guitar , while bassist Mike Dirnt smashed his bass . Armstrong then gave the finger , and declared that Green Day would be back before throwing his microphone down and walking off the stage . Two days later , the band 's representative apologized for the incident on the group 's behalf stating that " Green Day would like everyone to know that their set was not cut short by Clear Channel and to apologize to those they offended at the iHeartRadio Festival in Las Vegas " also adding that Armstrong will be headed to rehab , for abuse of alcohol and prescription pills . However , Dirnt would later say in an interview with Rolling Stone that he agreed with what Armstrong meant by his rant .
= = Band members = =
= = = Timeline = = =
= = Awards and nominations = =
= = Discography = =
39 / Smooth ( 1990 )
Kerplunk ( 1992 )
Dookie ( 1994 )
Insomniac ( 1995 )
Nimrod ( 1997 )
Warning ( 2000 )
American Idiot ( 2004 )
21st Century Breakdown ( 2009 )
¡ Uno ! ( 2012 )
¡ Dos ! ( 2012 )
¡ Tré ! ( 2012 )
|
= Great North of Scotland Railway =
The Great North of Scotland Railway ( GNSR / GNoSR ) was one of the two smallest of the five major Scottish railway companies prior to the 1923 Grouping , operating in the north @-@ east of the country . Formed in 1845 , it carried its first passengers the 39 miles ( 63 km ) from Kittybrewster , in Aberdeen , to Huntly on 20 September 1854 . By 1867 it owned 226 1 ⁄ 4 route miles ( 364 @.@ 1 km ) of line and operated over a further 61 miles ( 98 km ) .
The early expansion was followed by a period of forced economy , but in the 1880s the railway was refurbished , express services began to run and by the end of that decade there was a suburban service in Aberdeen . The railway operated its main line between Aberdeen and Keith and two routes west to Elgin , connections could be made at both Keith and Elgin for Highland Railway services to Inverness . There were other junctions with the Highland Railway at Boat of Garten and Portessie , and at Aberdeen connections for journeys south over the Caledonian and North British Railways . Its eventual area encompassed the three Scottish counties of Aberdeenshire , Banffshire and Moray , with short lengths of line in Inverness @-@ shire and Kincardineshire .
Fish from the North Sea ports and whisky from the distilleries of Speyside became important goods traffic . The Royal Family used the Deeside Line for travel to and from Balmoral Castle and when they were in residence a daily special ' Messenger Train ' ran from Aberdeen ; for most of the railway 's life this was its only Sunday service . The company ran three hotels , and a network of feeder bus services was developed in the early 20th century . In 1923 , it became part of the London and North Eastern Railway as its Northern Scottish area , passing on 333 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 536 @.@ 7 km ) of line and 122 steam locomotives , most of them 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 tender locomotives . Although the railway had several branches , its remoteness has resulted in only its main line remaining today as part of the Aberdeen to Inverness Line .
= = History = =
= = = Half way to Inverness , 1845 – 1858 = = =
= = = = Establishment and construction = = = =
In 1845 the Great North of Scotland Railway was formed to build a railway from Aberdeen to Inverness . The proposed 108 1 ⁄ 4 @-@ mile ( 174 @.@ 2 km ) route , which needed few major engineering works , followed the River Don to Inverurie , via Huntly and Keith to a crossing of the River Spey , and then to Elgin and along the coast via Nairn to Inverness . Branch lines to Banff , Portsoy , Garmouth and Burghead would total 30 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 49 @.@ 1 km ) . At the same time the Perth & Inverness Railway proposed a direct route over the Grampian Mountains to Perth , and the Aberdeen , Banff & Elgin Railway suggested a route that followed the coast to better serve the Banffshire and Morayshire fishing ports . Three private bills were presented to Parliament seeking permission to build a railway , but the Aberdeen , Banff & Elgin failed to raise funds , and the Perth & Inverness Railway was rejected because the railway would be at altitudes that approached 1 @,@ 500 feet ( 460 m ) and needed steep gradients . The Great North of Scotland Railway Act received Royal Assent on 26 June 1846 .
In the aftermath of the railway mania railway companies became an unpopular investment and the necessary finance could not be raised . The company suggested at a meeting in November 1849 that whereas £ 650 @,@ 000 was needed for a double @-@ track railway from Aberdeen to Inverness , only £ 375 @,@ 000 would be needed for a single @-@ track railway from Kittybrewster , 1 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) from Aberdeen , to Keith , half way to Inverness . The meeting recommended that the bridges and works be built wide enough for a second track when this was needed . Construction eventually began in November 1852 , albeit to Huntly , 12 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 20 @.@ 1 km ) short of Keith , with William Cubitt as engineer . The severe winter the following year delayed work . Between Inverurie and Aberdeen the line took over the Aberdeenshire Canal , the purchase of which delayed construction as it was necessary to settle the claims of each shareholder individually .
= = = = Opening = = = =
After an inspection by the Board of Trade , the railway opened to goods on 12 September 1854 and approval for the carriage of passengers was given two days later . The railway was officially opened on 19 September , and two locomotives hauling twenty @-@ five carriages carrying 400 passengers left Kittybrewster at 11 am . The number of passengers had grown to about 650 by the time the train arrived to a celebration at Huntly at 1 : 12 pm . Public services began the following day .
There were stations at :
Kittybrewster
Buxburn ( Bucksburn after 1897 )
Dyce
Kinaldie ( open after 1 December )
Kintore
Inverury ( Inverurie after 1866 )
Pitcaple
Oyne
Buchanstone ( open after 1 December )
Insch
Wardhouse ( open after 1 December )
Kennethmont
Gartly
Huntly
The railway was single track with passing loops at the termini and at Kintore , Inverurie and Insch ; the loop at Kittybrewster was clear of the platform to allow the locomotive to run round the carriages and push them into the station . A daily goods train took up to 3 hours 40 minutes for the 39 miles ( 63 km ) , the goods to Aberdeen also carried passengers and mail and spared cattle a two @-@ day drive to market . Initially there were three passenger services a day taking two hours , fares being 1 3 ⁄ 4 old pence ( d ) a mile for first class and 1 1 ⁄ 4d for third ; on one train a day in each direction it was possible to travel for the statutory fare of 1d a mile . Although cheaper than travelling by coach , these fares and the charges for the transport of goods were considered high but not reduced for thirty years .
The railway opened short of rolling stock as only half of the twelve locomotives and twenty @-@ four of forty passenger carriages ordered had arrived . The carriage builders , Brown , Marshall & Co of Birmingham , stated that based on their experience they had expected the line to open at least two months late . The third day after opening to passengers , on 23 September , there was a collision between two trains at Kittybrewster that resulted in the death of a passenger and several serious injuries . The inquiry found that the driver , attempting to make up time after a late start , had over @-@ run previous stations and been approaching the terminus with excessive speed . The driver attempted to select reverse gear to slow the train but had failed to hold on to the lever , which slipped into forward , propelling the train into carriages waiting at the platform . The report also criticised the station staff , who should not have allowed the carriages to be waiting at the station . The layout at Kittybrewster was altered after the accident .
= = = = Waterloo , Keith and Inverness = = = =
The Aberdeen Railway ( AR ) opened from the south to Ferryhill , south of Aberdeen , in April 1850 . It had been previously arranged that the Aberdeen and Great North would amalgamate , but this was annulled that year and the Aberdeen was seeking alliances with railways to the south . In 1854 the AR opened its Guild Street terminus in Aberdeen and the Great North sought and obtained powers for a 1 3 ⁄ 4 @-@ mile ( 2 @.@ 8 km ) branch that followed the Aberdeenshire Canal from Kittybrewster to a terminus at Waterloo by the docks . The line was opened to goods traffic on 24 September 1855 and passengers on 1 April 1856 . Kittybrewster station was rebuilt with through platforms and the offices moved to Waterloo station from premises at 75 Union Street . The stations were 1 ⁄ 2 mile ( 800 m ) apart and a goods line was built though the docks linking the two railways , worked by horses as steam locomotives were prohibited .
The Inverness & Nairn Railway was authorised in 1854 to build a railway from Inverness to Nairn . The Great North , still seeking to reach Inverness , had objected but withdrew after running rights over the railway were promised . The 15 @-@ mile ( 24 km ) line was opened on 6 November 1855 , and Inverness & Elgin Junction Railway was formed to extend this line to Elgin . The Great North objected again , this time citing the expense of crossing the Spey , but withdrew after it was suggested that the cost of a bridge would be shared . The new company changed its name to Inverness & Aberdeen Junction Railway , but no final undertaking on running rights was made .
The 12 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ mile ( 20 @.@ 1 km ) extension of the Great North to Keith was opened on 10 October 1856 , with two intermediate stations at Rothiemay and Grange . Initially five services a day ran between Aberdeen and Keith , taking between 2 hours 40 minutes and 3 hours 5 minutes , although the number of services was later reduced to four . The route between Nairn and Keith authorised on 21 July 1856 required less earthwork , reducing cost , but had steeper gradients than had originally been proposed , and the Great North contributed £ 40 @,@ 000 towards a bridge over the Spey . The line reached Dalvey ( near Forres ) in 1857 , and Keith on 18 August 1858 . Three services a day ran the 108 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 174 @.@ 6 km ) between Aberdeen and Inverness , increasing to five a day east of Keith , and the journey to Inverness took between 5 hours and 55 minutes and 6 hours 30 minutes . The Great North did not insist on running rights west of Keith , but through carriages were probably provided from the start .
= = = Expansion , 1854 – 1866 = = =
= = = = Formartine and Buchan Railway = = = =
Permission to build a line to serve the fishing ports at Peterhead and Fraserburgh was received in 1846 , but this lapsed during the financial collapse that had followed . Two rival bills were presented in 1856 , one by the Formartine and Buchan Railway and backed by the Great North , and another by the Aberdeen , Peterhead & Fraserburgh Railway . Both companies failed to obtain permission for two years , but in 1858 the Formartine and Buchan Railway was successful . A 29 @-@ mile ( 47 km ) long railway from Dyce to Old Deer ( renamed Mintlaw in 1867 ) opened on 18 July 1861 and the main line between Kittybrewster and Dyce was doubled . The branch was extended the 9 miles ( 14 km ) to a station at Peterhead the following year and a 16 @-@ mile ( 26 km ) long branch north from Maud to Fraserburgh station opened on 24 April 1865 . Three or four services a day ran between Aberdeen , Fraserburgh and Peterhead , with the trains dividing at Maud ; travel times were between 2 1 ⁄ 2 and 2 3 ⁄ 4 hours . The railway was absorbed by the Great North of Scotland Railway on 1 August 1866 .
= = = = Alford Valley Railway = = = =
The Alford Valley Railway left the main line at Kintore for Alford . The railway was authorised in 1856 with the backing of the Great North ; most of the company 's directors were also on the board of the Great North . The line was steeply graded over a summit at Tillyfourie , at between 1 in 70 and 1 in 75 . The line opened in 1859 with a service of four trains a day calling at Kemnay , Monymusk and Whitehouse . In 1862 the Great North guaranteed the company 's debts and it was subsequently absorbed by the Great North of Scotland Railway on 1 August 1866 .
= = = = Inverury and Old Meldrum Junction Railway = = = =
The branch from Inverurie , backed by local residents with funding from the Great North , was authorised on 15 June 1855 . The official opening took place on 26 June 1856 with public services starting on 1 July . Journeys took from 18 to 20 minutes to cover the 5 3 ⁄ 4 miles ( 9 @.@ 3 km ) to Old Meldrum with a stop at Lethenty ; a further station opened in 1866 at Fingask . In June 1858 the line was leased to the Great North for a rental of £ 650 per year . The railway was absorbed by the Great North of Scotland Railway on 1 August 1866 .
= = = = Banff , Macduff and Turriff Railways = = = =
Plans to reach fishing ports at Macduff and Banff from Inverurie were proposed when the Great North was first suggested , but failed because of the lack of financial support . A different route , from Milton Inveramsay , allowed for a shorter route with easier gradients . Unable to raise sufficient money for a line to the coast , a shorter 18 @-@ mile ( 29 km ) line to Turriff was built . The Great North invested in the railway , and directors sat on the board of the Junction Railway . The new line , together with a junction station at Inveramsay , opened on 5 September 1857 . A separate company , the Banff , Macduff and Turriff Extension Railway , built an extension to a station called Banff and Macduff . The line was operated by the Great North from 4 June 1860 , and served an inconvenient terminus high on a hill 3 ⁄ 4 mile ( 1 @.@ 2 km ) from Macduff and 1 ⁄ 4 mile ( 400 m ) from the bridge across the River Deveron to Banff . Four trains a day ran from Inveramsay , taking between 1 hour 30 minutes and 1 hour 50 minutes , with connections with services to Aberdeen . Both railways were absorbed by the Great North of Scotland Railway on 1 August 1866 , and the line was extended 1 ⁄ 2 mile ( 800 m ) to a new Macduff station in 1872 .
= = = = Banff , Portsoy and Strathisla Railway = = = =
The railway was authorised in 1857 from Grange , on the Great North main line , 16 1 ⁄ 4 miles ( 26 @.@ 2 km ) to Banff , with a 3 1 ⁄ 4 @-@ mile ( 5 @.@ 2 km ) branch from Tillynaught to Portsoy . The chairman of the company , Thomas Bruce , was also deputy chairman of the Inverness & Aberdeen Junction Railway , with the other directors being made up of local men ; most of the investments were raised locally and in small amounts . Most of the line was built with gradients up to 1 in 70 , but the half @-@ mile of 1 in 30 goods line to the harbour at Portsoy was restricted to one locomotive and four wagons . The railway opened on 30 July 1859 , with public services starting on 2 August following a derailment on the opening day . Services connected with the Great North at Grange . With the railway struggling to pay the interest on its debt , in 1863 the Great North took over running the services and the line renamed the Banffshire Railway . The Great North provided three trains a day between Grange and Banff that connected at Tillynaught for Portsoy , and two trains a day along the coast between Banff and Portsoy . Permission for a 14 1 ⁄ 4 @-@ mile ( 22 @.@ 9 km ) extension from Portsoy to Portgordon was given , but the necessary investment could not be found . Amalgamation with the Great North was authorised in 1866 , but financial problems delayed this until 12 August 1867 , and the Portgordon extension was abandoned .
= = = = Keith and Dufftown Railway = = = =
The Great North sought to have its own route west of Keith , with Grantown @-@ on @-@ Spey as an objective , where it hoped to meet any possible line between Perth and Inverness . To this end , it invested in the Keith and Dufftown Railway ; this company was incorporated on 27 July 1857 , but lack of money slowed progress . Powers for a longer , but cheaper , route between the two towns were secured on 25 May 1860 . The revised route included steeper gradients than those planned in 1857 ; the maximum gradient was now 1 in 60 instead of 1 in 70 . There was a viaduct over the Fiddich of two spans , and there were three intermediate stations : Earlsmill ( renamed Keith Town in 1897 ) , Botriphnie ( renamed Auchindachy in 1862 ) and Drummuir . When the line opened on 21 February 1862 , the trains were worked by the Great North under an agreement dating from the formation of the company . The railway was absorbed by the Great North of Scotland Railway on 1 August 1866 .
= = = = Strathspey Railway = = = =
With promises of substantial goods traffic of iron and timber and from the local whisky distilleries , extension of the line to Dufftown into Strathspey was sought and obtained on 17 May 1861 . The Sprathspey Railway was sponsored by the Keith & Dufftown and Great North of Scotland Railways , who appointed directors to the board , and the Great North undertook to run the services . The 32 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ mile ( 52 @.@ 3 km ) line first headed north to meet an extension of the Morayshire Railway at Strathspey Junction ( called Craigellachie from 1864 ) , before following the River Spey to Abernethy . The Act also permitted a branch to the proposed Inverness & Perth Junction Railway at Grantown @-@ on @-@ Spey . The gradients were not severe , but the route required the Spey and its tributaries to be crossed many times , with three bridges built over the river itself . The line was placed in cuttings greater than 50 feet ( 15 m ) deep , and there was one 68 @-@ yard ( 62 m ) long tunnel . The line was opened on 1 July 1863 to Abernethy ( later called Nethy Bridge ) . The line between Dufftown and Craigellachie became the main line and services continued over the Morayshire Railway , opening up a route between Keith and Elgin independent of the Inverness & Aberdeen Junction Railway ( IAJR ) . The IAJR kept most of the through traffic as its line was more direct , only 18 miles ( 29 km ) instead of 27 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 44 @.@ 3 km ) via the Great North route . The Great North ran four trains a day from Elgin to Keith via Craigellachie , with through carriages or connections for three trains for Aberdeen at Keith . Connections at Elgin were poor because travel over the two routes took a different length of time .
The line from Craigellachie became a branch with three trains a day calling at all stations at an average speed of about 16 miles per hour ( 26 km / h ) . The link to Grantown @-@ on @-@ Spey was not built , but on 1 August 1866 services were extended to meet the IAJR ( now the Highland Railway ) at Boat of Garten . The railways met 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) north of Boat and conflict arose over the manning of the signalbox at the junction , with the Highland refusing to make any contribution . For a while between March and June 1868 Great North services terminated at Nethy Bridge , after which separate tracks side by side were provided for both companies to Boat . Prompt connections were available with the Great North at Craigellachie , but there was usually a long wait for connections with the Highland at Boat . The railway 's was absorbed by the Great North of Scotland Railway on 1 August 1866 , and the line 's main source of income came from the local distilleries .
= = = = Morayshire Railway = = = =
A 16 @-@ mile ( 26 km ) double @-@ track railway had been proposed from Lossiemouth to Craigellachie in 1841 and necessary permissions granted in 1846 , the route having changed to take advantage of the proposed Great North of Scotland Railway between Elgin and Orton . The financial situation delayed construction , but work eventually started on the section from Lossiemouth to Elgin in 1851 . The 5 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ mile ( 8 @.@ 9 km ) line opened on 10 August 1852 with a special train from Elgin to festivities in Lossiemouth . Public services started the next day with five services a day , each taking 15 minutes with two request stops . First and second class accommodation was provided at 1 1 ⁄ 2d and 1d a mile . However , it was the Inverness & Aberdeen Junction Railway ( IAJR ) who was to build the line from Elgin to Orton ; permission to build a branch from this line to Rothes was granted to the Morayshire on 14 July 1856 . The IAJR built its own station at Elgin , linked to the Morayshire 's station by a junction to the east . The IAJR opened on 18 August 1858 and the Morayshire Railway started running services on 23 August .
Initially the Morayshire ran trains over the IAJR , but its lightweight locomotives struggled with the gradients and proved unreliable , and after six weeks carriages were attached and detached from IAJR trains at Elgin and Orton . Conflict arose over through ticketing , and the directors of the Morayshire responded with plans to build its own line between the two stations . The Great North sponsored the new line and offered to provide services after the lines had been physically connected . Permission was granted on 3 July 1860 , goods were carried from 30 December 1861 and passengers from 1 January 1862 , reducing the travel time from 55 minutes to 45 minutes . The Morayshire station at Elgin was enlarged in anticipation of Great North services , albeit in wood .
In 1861 permission was granted to the Morayshire Railway to cross the Spey and join with the Strathspey Railway at Craigellachie . The Morayshire extension and the Strathspey both opened on 1 July 1863 and the Great North provided a service of four trains a day over the line , which gave an alternative route between Keith and Elgin . On 30 July 1866 permission was given to the Morayshire and Great North to amalgamate with agreement , and the loss @-@ making services between Orton and Rothes were withdrawn without notice the following day . It would be August 1881 before the Morayshire became fully part of the Great North .
= = = = Aberdeen joint station = = = =
The wooden station building at Waterloo was a 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ mile ( 800 m ) from the Aberdeen and Deeside 's Guild Street station and passengers were conveyed between the termini by omnibus , paid for in the through fare and with forty five minutes being allowed for the transfer . The Great North refused to hold its trains to connect with those arriving at Guild Street and insisted that tickets were purchased at least five minutes before the train was due to depart . The mail train would be held until the Post Office van had arrived and the mail was on board , but the station locked at the advertised departure time to prevent connecting passengers further delaying the train . This inconvenienced passengers , as was pointed out to the general manager during a parliamentary committee meeting by a Member of Parliament who had missed a connection , although his family and luggage had been sent on . The Great North promoted onward traffic by sea and approached the Aberdeen Steam Navigation Company to see if rates could be reduced for through traffic and through ticketing by rail was not available until 1859 , when the Great North joined the Railway Clearing House .
A joint line through the Denburn Valley to link the Great North to the south had been planned , and the Great North had approached the railways using the Guild Street station in 1853 and 1857 but were unhappy with the assistance that had been offered . Permission was granted in 1861 to the Inverness & Perth Junction Railway to build a line from Forres , on the Inverness & Aberdeen Junction Railway , direct to Perth . The Great North protested , and won the right for a booking office in Inverness . The line opened in 1863 and in 1865 the Inverness & Perth Junction and Inverness & Aberdeen Junction merged to become the Highland Railway . The Aberdeen Railway , which had now been absorbed by the Scottish North Eastern Railway ( SNER ) , approached the Great North , concerned that the new line had bypassed Aberdeen , but no agreement was reached .
The Limpet Mill Scheme was a line presented in an 1862 bill by the nominally independent Scottish Northern Junction Railway , but supported by the SNER . This proposed a 22 @-@ mile ( 35 km ) long railway between Limpet Mill , to the north of Stonehaven on the SNER , to the Great North at Kintore . A junction with the Deeside Railway was also planned , over which the SNER unsuccessfully tried to obtain running rights . Unpopular , this was given permission by parliament , but the Great North succeeded in inserting a clause that this would be suspended if it obtained an Act by 1 September 1863 . The Great North proposed a route , known locally as the Circumbendibus , that was longer but cheaper than the direct route through the Denburn Valley . Despite local opposition , the route was approved by parliament in 1863 , but was revoked the following year when the SNER obtained permission for a railway through the Denburn Valley . The Great North contributed the £ 125 @,@ 000 that its Circumbendibus line would have cost and the SNER contributed £ 70 @,@ 000 out of the £ 90 @,@ 000 it had been prepared to advance the Limpet Mill Scheme . The SNER built the double @-@ track railway , culverting the Denburn and digging two short tunnels . The joint station opened on 4 November 1867 and consisted of three through tracks , one with a long platform , together with two bay platforms for terminating trains at either end . Two lines to the west were provided for goods traffic , and the stations at Waterloo and Guild Street closed to passengers and became goods terminals . The line to the north of the station passed to the Great North and the 269 @-@ yard ( 246 m ) long Hutcheon Street tunnel became its longest .
= = = = Deeside Railway = = = =
A railway to serve Deeside was authorised on 16 July 1846 , but it was decided to wait for the Aberdeen Railway to open first . The company survived after the railway mania as the Aberdeen Railway bought a large number of shares . Interest in the line was restored after Prince Albert purchased Balmoral Castle , to which the Royal Family made their first visit in 1848 , and the Aberdeen Railway was able to sell its shares . Investors were still hard to find , but a 16 3 ⁄ 4 @-@ mile ( 27 @.@ 0 km ) line as far as Banchory was ceremonially opened on 7 September 1853 ; public services began the following day with three trains a day that took about an hour . First class accommodation was available for 1 1 ⁄ 2d a mile , reduced to 1d a mile for third class . Initially services were operated by the Aberdeen Railway to its terminus at Ferryhill , and the Deeside Railway used a horse to shunt wagons at Banchory . In 1854 the Deeside introduced its own rolling stock and ran through to the Aberdeen 's Guild Street station which opened the same year .
A new company , the Aboyne Extension , was formed to reach Aboyne . Instead of building two bridges across the Dee , as had been proposed in 1846 , the railway instead took a cheaper but 2 @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) longer route through Lumphanan , and services were extended over the new line on 2 December 1859 . The Aboyne & Braemar Railway was formed to build a line from Aboyne the 28 miles ( 45 km ) to Braemar . The line was to follow the Dee before crossing it 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) from Braemar , but the plans were modified to terminate the line at Bridge of Gairn with the passenger terminus 1 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) short at Ballater . This 12 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ mile ( 20 @.@ 1 km ) route opened to Ballater on 17 October 1866 , and the line to Bridge of Gairn remained unfinished . By 1855 there five services a day over the 43 1 ⁄ 4 @-@ mile ( 69 @.@ 6 km ) long line , taking between 1 hour 50 minutes and 2 1 ⁄ 2 hours .
The Royal Family used the line from 1853 to travel to Balmoral Castle ; in September 1866 the British Royal Train used Ballater station nearly a month before public services reached the station . At first Queen Victoria visited once a year , this becoming twice a year after Albert died in 1861 . The number of visits returned to one a year after Edward VII became king in 1901 . From 8 October 1865 a daily ' Messenger Train ' ran when the Royal Family was at Balmoral . First class accommodation was available on these trains ; accompanying servants were charged third class fares . In the late 1850s and early 1860s the Great North and the Scottish North Eastern Railway ( SNER ) were in conflict over the joint station in Aberdeen . Frustrated with lack of progress , the SNER proposed a new line that crossed the Deeside Railway . Whilst in discussions with the SNER about a link from this new line to the Deeside , a lease for the Deeside Railway was offered to the Great North , which was rapidly accepted . The Deeside board accepted the lease by a majority vote on 13 May 1862 , and it was approved by Parliament on 30 July 1866 . The Aboyne & Braemar remained independent , although services were operated by the Great North .
= = = = Amalgamation = = = =
After opening to Keith in 1854 the Great North of Scotland Railway operated over 54 miles ( 87 km ) of line . Ten years later this had almost quadrupled but more than three @-@ quarters was over leased or subsidiary railways . Eventual amalgamation with many of these railways had been prompted from the start . The necessary authority was sought and on 30 July 1866 the Great North of Scotland Railway ( Amalgamation ) Act received Royal Assent , this Act also permitting the Great North to lease the Deeside Railway . The other companies merged two days later , except the Banffshire and Morayshire , which had started as separate undertakings and were not included in the 1866 Act , although permission for the Banffshire to merge was gained the following year . After the extension of the Deeside opened in 1866 and the merger of the Banffshire the following year the Great North of Scotland Railway owned 226 1 ⁄ 4 route miles ( 364 @.@ 1 km ) of line and operated over a further 61 miles ( 98 km ) .
= = = Austerity , 1866 – 1879 = = =
In 1855 , the first full year after opening , the Great North of Scotland declared a dividend of 1 1 ⁄ 4 per cent , which rose to 4 1 ⁄ 4 the following year and 5 per cent in 1859 . The dividend reached a maximum of 7 1 ⁄ 4 per cent in 1862 before dropping to 7 per cent the following year and 5 per cent in 1864 , but in 1865 the directors could not pay any dividend on ordinary shares . At the directors ' suggestion a committee was set up to look into their actions ; the report 's main recommendation was the abandonment of the Port Gordon extension . The opening of direct route over the Highland Railway to the south had lost the through mail business , resulting in the withdrawal of Sunday services , and had lost revenue equivalent to a five per cent dividend . Joining the Clearing House system had resulted in the loss of twenty @-@ five per cent of goods traffic income and the conflict over the joint station in Aberdeen had been expensive and resulted in an overpriced lease on the Deeside . The collapse of Overend , Gurney and Company Bank in 1866 meant that for three months the bank rate rose to 10 per cent , making the company 's financial situation worse .
The whole board resigned and six members did not seek re @-@ appointment . At the beginning of 1867 the company owed £ 800 @,@ 000 and the new board imposed austerity measures . It would be 1874 before most of the company 's debt was settled and it became possible to pay a dividend again . The only line built in the early 70s was the 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ mile ( 800 m ) to Macduff and few carriages and no locomotives were built until 1876 . The Deeside Railway merged in 1875 , the Aboyne & Braemar extension to Ballater in January 1876 , and the Morayshire Railway was absorbed in 1880 . After an engine boiler exploded at Nethy Bridge in September 1878 , the inquiry found the testing of boilers infrequent and inadequate . It was sixteen months before the locomotive was repaired .
= = = Renaissance , 1879 – 1899 = = =
= = = = Renewal and extension = = = =
In 1879 the Chairman , Lord Provost Leslie , died and was replaced by William Ferguson of Kinmundy . The following year both the Secretary and General Manager resigned and William Moffatt was appointed to both posts , and A.G. Reid became Superintendent of the Line . The railway was now paying a dividend and seeing increased traffic , but rolling stock , track , signals and stations all needed replacing in a project that was to cost £ 250 @,@ 000 . By June 1880 the main line was doubled as far as Kintore , and over the next five years 142 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 229 @.@ 3 km ) of iron rail track , much of it without fishplates , was replaced with steel rails and the main line doubled to Inveramsay . The railway had acquired a reputation for running slow trains on a perverse timetable and ill @-@ treating its passengers , and now resolved to address this . By the mid @-@ 1880s services were faster , there was upholstery in third class and the branches saw an accelerated service as a result of running fewer mixed trains .
On 27 November 1882 Inverythan Bridge on the Macduff Branch near Auchterless collapsed as a locomotive hauling five goods wagons , a brake van and four carriages crossed . The locomotive and tender crossed the bridge , but the wagons and carriages fell 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) to the road below , killing five people who had been travelling in the first and second carriages and injuring fifteen others . The Board of Trade report found that the collapse was due to an internal fault in a cast iron beam that had been fitted when the bridge had been built in 1857 .
A bill was introduced to parliament in 1881 to extend the line from Portsoy along the Moray Firth to Buckie , to be opposed by the Highland and rejected . The following year both the Great North and Highland railways applied to parliament , the Great North for a 25 1 ⁄ 4 @-@ mile ( 40 @.@ 6 km ) line from Portsoy along the coast through Buckie to Elgin , and the Highland for a branch from Keith to Buckie and Cullen . Authority was granted , but in the case of the Highland Railway only for a line as far as Portessie , with running rights over the Great North coast line between Buckie and Portsoy and the Great North obtaining reciprocal rights over the Highland railway between Elgin and Forres . The coast line opened in stages , the outer sections from Portsoy to Tochieneal and Elgin to Garmouth opening in 1884 . The centre section , which involved heavy engineering , with a long viaduct with a central span of 350 feet ( 110 m ) over the Spey at Garmouth and embankments and viaducts at Cullen , opened in May 1886 . The line was served by four trains a day and a fast through train from Aberdeen that reached Elgin in 2 3 ⁄ 4 hours . The Highland Portessie branch had opened in 1884 and the Highland did not exercise its running rights over the Coast Line , thus preventing the Great North running over its lines west of Elgin .
The Great North had opened using a system of telegraphic train orders , and as the signalling was being upgraded this was being replaced with electric tablet working over the single line sections . Now express trains had to slow to exchange tokens in a process that frequently left railwaymen injured , so James Manson , the locomotive superintendent , designed an automatic token exchange system based on apparatus used to move cotton in a factory . At first tokens were exchanged at 15 miles per hour ( 24 km / h ) , but soon they were exchanged at line speed . After trialling on the Fraserburgh line , the system was installed on the coast route in May 1889 , and by 1 January 1893 it was in operation on all single @-@ line sections .
= = = = Aberdeen to Inverness = = = =
The Great North and Highland had agreed in 1865 that Keith would be the exchange point for traffic between the two railways , but in 1886 the Great North had two lines to Elgin that , although longer than the Highland 's direct line , served more populous areas . The coastal route between Keith and Elgin was 87 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 140 @.@ 8 km ) long but had easier gradients than the 80 3 ⁄ 4 miles ( 130 @.@ 0 km ) via Craigellachie . The Highland 's main line south from Inverness was via Forres , the Great North believing that their competitors treated the line to Elgin as a branch . In 1883 a shorter route south from Inverness was promoted by an independent company , the bill defeated in parliament only after the Highland had promised to request authority for a shorter line . The following year , as well as the Highland 's more direct line from Aviemore , the Great North proposed a branch from its Speyside Section to Inverness . The Highland Railway route was chosen , but the Great North won a concession that goods and passengers that could be exchanged at any junction with through bookings and with services conveniently arranged .
In 1885 the Great North re @-@ timed the 10 : 10 am Aberdeen service to reach Keith at 11 : 50 am with through carriages that reached Elgin via Craigellachie at 1 pm . This connected with a Highland service at both Keith and Elgin , until the Highland re @-@ timed the train and broke the connection at Elgin . The Great North applied to the Board of Trade for an order for two connections a day at Elgin . This was refused , but in 1886 the Great North and Highland railways came to an agreement to pool receipts from the stations between Grange and Elgin and refer any disputes to an arbiter . The midday Highland train was re @-@ timed to connect with the Great North at Keith and Elgin , and a service connected at Elgin with an Aberdeen train that had divided en route to travel via the coast and Craigellachie .
In 1893 the Highland cancelled the traffic agreement and withdrew two connecting trains , complaining that they were unprofitable . One of the trains was reinstated after an appeal was made to the Railway & Canal Commissioners and a frustrated Great North applied to parliament in 1895 for running powers to Inverness , but withdrew after it was agreed that the Railway & Canal Commissioners would arbitrate in the matter . With no judgement by 1897 , the Great North prepared to apply again for running powers over the Highland to Inverness , this time agreeing to double track the line , but the commissioners published their finding before the bill was submitted to parliament . Traffic was to be exchanged at both Elgin and Keith , the services exchanged at Elgin needed to include through carriages from both the Craigellachie and the coast routes , and the timetable had to be approved by the commissioners . The resulting Commissioners ' Service started in 1897 with eight through services , four via the Highland to Keith taking between 4 1 ⁄ 2 and 5 hours , and four with carriages exchanged at Elgin with portions that travelled via Craigellachie and the coast , two of these taking 3 1 ⁄ 2 hours . The 3 pm from Inverness to Aberdeen via Keith took 3 hours 5 minutes . Initially portions for the coast and Craigellachie divided at Huntly , but Cairnie Platform was opened at Grange Junction in summer 1898 . The main line was double track to Huntly in 1896 and Keith in 1898 , except for a single @-@ track bridge over the Deveron between Avochie and Rothiemay , which was replaced by a double @-@ track bridge in 1900 .
= = = = Subbies and hotels = = = =
In 1880 an express was introduced on the Deeside Line , taking 90 minutes to travel from Aberdeen to Ballater ; by 1886 this had reduced to 75 minutes . In 1887 the service between Aberdeen and Dyce had improved with more local trains and new stations ; by the end of that year there were twelve trains a day , eventually becoming twenty trains a day calling at nine stops in twenty minutes . The trains were initially called the Jubilees , as it was Queen Victoria 's Golden Jubilee , but became known as the Subbies . Suburban services were also introduced between Aberdeen and Culter on the Deeside Line in 1894 , after the track had been doubled , starting with ten down and nine up trains calling at seven stops in twenty @-@ two minutes . The number of trains was eventually doubled and an additional station provided .
In 1891 the company offices were moved from Waterloo to a new building in Guild Street with direct access to the station . The same year the Great North took over the Palace Hotel ( closed after a fire in 1941 ) , near the joint railway station in Aberdeen and modernised it , installing electric lighting and building a covered way between the hotel and station . Encouraged by its success , the company obtained permission in 1893 to build an hotel and golf course at Cruden Bay , about 20 miles ( 32 km ) north of Aberdeen . The hotel was linked to the Great North by the Boddam Branch , a new 15 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ mile ( 24 @.@ 9 km ) single @-@ track branch from Ellon , on the Buchan section , which served Cruden Bay and fishing town at Boddam . The line opened in 1897 with services from Ellon taking about forty minutes . The hotel opened in 1899 , connected to the railway station by the Cruden Bay Hotel Tramway . This was nearly 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) long , with a gauge of 3 feet 6 inches ( 1 @.@ 07 m ) and operated by electric tramcars that took power from an overhead line . Seasonal through services to Aberdeen began in 1899 with an up service in the morning ; for some years an afternoon up service returned in the evening . Excursions for tourists had operated on the Deeside Line from 1881 , later joined by special services on the Strathspey Line and the Coast Line alongside the Moray Firth , promoted as the Scottish Riviera .
= = = Maturity , 1900 – 1914 = = =
There was interest at the end of the 19th century in using the new Light Railways Act 1896 to approve lines to serve rural areas . The 17 @-@ mile ( 27 km ) long Aberdeenshire Light Railway was independently promoted in 1896 to serve Skene and Echt , with tracks laid along the public roads in Aberdeen . The Great North proposed an alternative Echt Light Railway and a line to Newburgh that would both use the Aberdeen tramway tracks in the city . In 1897 a line from Echt to Aberdeen was approved , but only as far the city outskirts after opposition to laying tracks in the public roads or using the tramways for goods traffic . The plans were changed to connect the line with the Great North at Kittybrewster , but the scheme abandoned after the costs had started to rise .
The Great North was granted a Light Railway Order on 8 September 1899 for a 5 1 ⁄ 8 @-@ mile ( 8 @.@ 2 km ) light railway from Fraserburgh to St Combs . The Order included a clause , unusual for the time , permitting the use of electric traction ; but the company opted for steam traction , and the locomotives were fitted with cowcatchers as the line was unfenced . Services started on 1 July 1903 , with six trains a day that took 17 minutes to complete the journey . A light railway was proposed to cover the 4 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 7 @.@ 2 km ) from Fraserburgh to Rosehearty , but the scheme was abandoned after opposition to laying tracks on the public road .
Finding its locomotive works at Kittybrewster cramped and inadequate , the Great North began construction on a new works at Inverurie in 1898 , electric lighting being provided in the buildings . The carriage and wagon department moved in 1901 , the locomotive department in 1902 , the offices the following year and the permanent way department in 1905 ; the buildings still stand and are listed Category B. Inverurie station was rebuilt nearer the works in 1902 , and is similarly a Category B building . The Great North built houses nearby for its staff , lit by electricity generated at the works , and the Inverurie Loco Works Football Club was formed by staff in 1902 .
The Great North rebuilt Elgin station in 1902 to replace a temporary wooden building dating from the 1860s , a joint structure with the adjacent station having been declined by the Highland Railway . Following negotiations , amalgamation of the Highland and the Great North of Scotland Railways was accepted by the Great North shareholders in early 1906 , but the Highland board withdrew after opposition from a minority of its shareholders . The Aberdeen and Inverness trains were jointly worked after 1908 and locomotives were no longer exchanged at Keith or Elgin ; between 1914 and 1916 the Highland paid the Great North to provide locomotives for all of the services through to Inverness .
In spring 1904 the Great North began a motor omnibus service to Braemar , connecting with trains at Ballater . These early buses had solid tyres and a legal speed limit of 12 miles per hour ( 19 km / h ) , but were faster than the horse @-@ drawn coaches they replaced . By 1907 buses connected with Great North train services and conveyed passengers to Strathdon , Midmar , Echt , Cluny Castle and Aberchirden , between Cock Bridge and Tomintoul a horse @-@ drawn coach was used as the motor buses could not ascend the steep road . Services from Aberdeen connected with trains at Schoolhill , where a refreshment room was built . In 1914 the railway had 35 passenger road vehicles that , together with 15 five @-@ ton lorries , worked 159 miles ( 256 km ) daily .
Aberdeen joint station was congested , resulting in delayed trains , and the low , open platforms were frequently covered in oily slime due to the large quantities of fish that passed through . Agreement with the Caledonian Railway over rebuilding the station had been reached in 1899 , but the companies fell out over widening the line to the south . Moving the goods station to the east was similarly complex , with conflicts with the harbour commissioners and the town council . In 1908 new platforms on the western side opened and the adjoining station hotel was bought in 1910 . Foundations for the new building were laid in 1913 and the station was largely complete by July 1914 , although outbreak of war delayed further progress and the station was finally completed in 1920 .
= = = War and grouping , 1914 – 1922 = = =
With Britain 's declaration of war on the German Empire on 4 August 1914 , the government took control of the railways under the Regulation of the Forces Act 1871 . Day @-@ to @-@ day operations were left in the control of local management , but movements necessary for the war were coordinated by a committee of general managers . The Great North of Scotland 's main role was providing a relief route when the Highland Railway route south to Perth was congested , on one Sunday conveying twenty @-@ one troop specials from Keith to Aberdeen . Timber from the forests of the north of Scotland were carried from sidings at Kemnay , Knockando and Nethy Bridge . A total of 609 staff left to serve in the war , and a memorial to the 93 who died in action was erected at the offices in Aberdeen . Services were maintained until 1916 , when staff shortages reduced services , although no lines were closed .
The railways were in a poor state after the war , costs having increased , with higher wages , the introduction of an eight @-@ hour day and increased price of coal . A scheme was devised whereby the railways would be grouped into four large companies ; this was approved by parliament as the Railways Act 1921 . At the start of the 20th century the company 's shares had been restructured ; the final dividends were 3 per cent on preferred stock , unaltered from previously , and 1 1 ⁄ 2 per cent on ordinary stock , slightly above average . Before grouping the Great North of Scotland Railway operated 333 1 ⁄ 2 route miles ( 536 @.@ 7 km ) of track .
= = = London and North Eastern Railway = = =
On 1 January 1923 the Great North of Scotland became an isolated part of the Scottish division of the London and North Eastern Railway ( LNER ) , the Caledonian to the south and Highland to the west both becoming part of a different group , the London , Midland and Scottish Railway . That summer a sleeping carriage operated between Lossiemouth and London Kings Cross , and a through carriage ran from Edinburgh Waverley to Cruden Bay on Fridays . Sunday services were re @-@ introduced ; from 1928 Aberdeen suburban services ran hourly during the afternoon and evenings . Afterwards the economic situation deteriorated and the railway companies advised the trade unions in 1928 that wages would need to be cut ; this was implemented in August 1930 after the Wall Street Crash the previous year . Economy measures were introduced and unprofitable passenger services withdrawn , the Oldmeldrum branch closing on 2 November 1931 and the branch to Cruden Bay and Boddam on 31 October 1932 . Road transport was arranged for guests at the Cruden Bay hotel , from Ellon for the first summer season , and then from Aberdeen .
Carriages were transferred in to replace the older four @-@ wheelers , former North Eastern Railway vehicles in 1924 – 25 and fifty former Great Eastern Railway six @-@ wheelers between 1926 and 1929 for the Aberdeen suburban services . By 1936 more up to date Gresley bogie carriages were used on the primary trains . Optimism returned and traffic increased after 1933 , and a luxury rail land cruise , the " Northern Belle " , ran over former Great North lines . However , the Aberdeen subbies had been losing money for some time as a result of competition from the local buses , and from 5 April 1937 the local services between Aberdeen , Dyce and Culter were withdrawn and most of the intermediate stations closed .
The railways were again placed under government control on 1 September 1939 , and Britain was at war two days later . The Cruden Bay Hotel was used as an army hospital and the tramway ceased operating in 1941 . Handed back to the railway in 1945 , it never reopened . The Palace Hotel burnt down in 1941 . The Station Hotel was used as an admiralty administrative centre , and reopened in 1950 after refurbishment .
= = = British Railways = = =
Britain 's railways were nationalised on 1 January 1948 and the former Great North of Scotland Railway lines were placed under the control of the Scottish Region of British Railways . To reduce costs the Alford branch was closed to passengers on 2 January 1950 , followed by the Macduff Branch on 1 October 1951 .
The 1955 Modernisation Plan , known formally as the " Modernisation and Re @-@ Equipment of the British Railways " , was published in December 1954 , and with the aim of increasing speed and reliability the steam trains were replaced with electric and diesel traction . In 1958 a battery @-@ electric railcar was introduced on the Deeside Line and a diesel railbus on the Speyside Section . Diesel Multiple Units ( DMU ) took over services to Peterhead and Fraserburgh in 1959 and from 1960 cross @-@ country types were used on an accelerated Aberdeen to Inverness service that allowed 2 1 ⁄ 2 hours for four stops . By 1961 the only service still using steam locomotives was the branch from Tillynaught to Banff .
In 1963 Dr Beeching published his report " The Reshaping of British Railways " , which recommended closing the network 's least used stations and lines . Only the Aberdeen to Keith main line survived , albeit without its stopping services and the remaining former Great North lines closed to passengers . The Lossiemouth and Banff branch closed in 1964 and the following year the St Combs branch , line from Dyce to Peterhead and Fraserburgh and the Speyside section closed and local services to Inverurie were withdrawn . Attempts to save the Deeside section to Banchory failed and it closed in 1966 . On 6 May 1968 services were withdrawn on the Coast Line , the former Great North line via Craigellachie and the local services between Aberdeen and Elgin . The Beeching Report had recommended Inverurie and Insch stations for closure , but these were saved by the subsequent inquiry .
The goods service at individual stations was also withdrawn after Beeching 's report . A freightliner depot opened at Aberdeen in 1966 , allowing the Peterhead line to close completely on 7 September 1970 . In 1969 – 70 the line between Aberdeen and Keith was singled , with passing loops , the line to Fraserburgh closing completely in 1979 and that from Keith to Dufftown in 1985 . In the 1969 timetable there were early morning trains between Aberdeen and Inverurie , and five services a day between Aberdeen to Inverness , supplemented by two Aberdeen to Elgin services that by the late 1970s were running through to Inverness . The cross @-@ country DMUs were replaced in 1980 by diesel locomotives hauling Mark I compartment coaches , later Mark II open saloons . These were similarly replaced in the late 1980s and early 1990s by newer DMUs , first the Class 156 Super Sprinter and then Class 158 Express and Class 170 units .
= = = Legacy = = =
The Aberdeen to Inverness Line currently uses the former Great North of Scotland Railway line as far Keith with stations at Dyce , Inverurie , Insch , Huntly and Keith . Eleven trains a day run between Aberdeen and Inverness , taking about 2 1 ⁄ 4 hours , supplemented between Aberdeen and Inverurie by approximately the same number of local trains . In a project scheduled for completion in 2030 , the line is to be improved to allow a regular hourly Aberdeen to Inverness service , additional commuter trains into Inverness and Aberdeen and new stations at Kintore and Dalcross , near Inverness airport .
Heritage and tourist railways also use the former Great North of Scotland Railway alignment . The Keith and Dufftown Railway runs seasonal services over the 11 miles ( 18 km ) between Keith Town and Dufftown using Class 108 diesel multiple units . The Strathspey Railway operates seasonal services over the former Highland Railway route from Aviemore to Grantown @-@ on @-@ Spey via the joint Highland and Great North Boat of Garten station . The Royal Deeside Railway operates over 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) of former Deeside Railway at Milton of Crathes near Banchory during summer weekends and in December , and based at Alford railway station is the Alford Valley Railway , which seasonally operates a 3 ⁄ 4 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 2 km ) narrow gauge railway .
Former alignments have been opened as long distance rail trails for pedestrians , cyclists and horses . The 53 @-@ mile ( 85 km ) Formartine and Buchan Way runs from Dyce to Maud before dividing to follow the two branches to Peterhead and Fraserburgh . The Deeside Way is open between Aberdeen and Kincardine O 'Neil and Aboyne and Ballater .
Nestrans ( The North East of Scotland Transport Partnership ) , the organization responsible for local transport strategy , consider that building new railways along these routes would not be beneficial at the moment but the alignments are protected from development . The Speyside Way , one of Scotland 's Long Distance Routes , mostly follows the route of the Speyside section between Craigellachie and Ballindalloch and Grantown and Nethy Bridge .
= = Rolling stock = =
= = = Locomotives = = =
= = = = Early locomotives = = = =
The first locomotives were 2 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 tender engines , built by Wm Fairbairn in Manchester to the design of the locomotive superintendent Daniel Kinnear Clark . Twelve were ordered for the opening of the first line , seven passenger and five goods . They were all fitted with Clark 's patent smoke preventing system that improved fuel economy and painted green with black borders , and red buffer beams . There was no protection for the driver or fireman and braking was by wooden blocks on the four wheels of the tender . The railway opened with only five locomotives , and within days one had been seriously damaged in the collision at Kittybrewster and a second had a mechanical fault . Two more locomotives had arrived by the end of 1854 , and the order was complete by summer 1855 . Four more passenger locomotives were ordered in 1857 , weatherboards and sanding equipment had been fitted by 1860 , and cabs added in the 1880s . John Folds Ruthven replaced Clark in 1855 and an order was placed with Beyer , Peacock & Co. for two 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 tank engines to bank trains on the line to Waterloo near Aberdeen harbour . After William Cowan became locomotive superintendent nine more locomotives arrived in 1859 – 61 . These were followed by nine 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0s , also built by R. Stephenson & Co . , and delivered between 1862 and 1864 . Six more powerful 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 locomotives arrived from Neilsons in 1866 , and were fitted with a more modern bogie . Three passed to the London and North Eastern Railway after the 1923 Grouping , and No. 45 hauled a train at the Railway Centenary celebrations in 1925 before being scrapped .
In 1863 the Great North took over the operation of the Banffshire and Morayshire Railways and absorbed their locomotives . The Banffshire had four locomotives , two 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 2 tanks , named " Banff " and " Portsoy " , built by Hawthorns of Leith for the line 's opening in 1859 . The other two locomotives were 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 2 tender engines , one bought secondhand from the Scottish Central Railway , having been built in 1848 by the Vulcan Foundry in Warrington and named " Keith " , and a similar tender engine built by Hawthorns . The Morayshire Railway had started services in 1852 with two 2 @-@ 2 @-@ 0 engines designed by James Samuel and built by Neilsons . The locomotives had proved inadequate and were replaced by two larger 2 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 tank engines . The Great North took over the operation of the Deeside Railway in 1866 . Its first two locomotives were 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 2 tank engines , built by Hawthorns and arrived in 1854 . No. 3 , a tender locomotive , was delivered in 1854 from Dodds & Son of Rotherham , but this had mechanical defects and was never satisfactory . Between 1857 and 1866 four 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 2 tender locomotives arrived from Hawthorns ; these were similar to the Banffshire 's Nos. 3 and 4 ; the Deeside also bought the Banffshire 's No. 4 in 1864 . One of these locomotives was given a large six @-@ wheeled tender to allow it to haul the Royal Trains from Aberdeen to Ballater without stopping . The tender locomotives were found to be unstable at high speeds were all withdrawn by 1880 .
The company 's financial difficulties after 1866 had precluded the purchasing of any more locomotives until six 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 locomotives were built in 1876 by Neilson 's , partly to replace the Deeside locomotives . These had larger boilers and fireboxes than previous locomotives and were the first to be built with cabs . The next twelve locomotives had rounded splashers over the trailing driving wheels , meaning the shape of the cab was different , but retained the brass dome on the firebox , copper capped chimney and had brass bands joining the firebox and boiler . After James Manson became locomotive superintendent in 1883 he introduced a more contemporary design of locomotive , with inside cylinders and doors on the side of cabs and without brass domes or copper chimneys . The first six were built by Kitson & Co in Leeds in 1884 , followed by three similar but lighter in 1885 . The railway had inherited most of its tank engines from the Deeside , Morayshire and Banffshire Railways and these needed replacing , so six arrived in 1884 and three slightly larger the following year . The first tank engines in the country to be fitted with doors on the cabs , these worked on the suburban services and one was fitted with a cowcatcher to work the St Combs Light Railway at Fraserburgh . In 1887 two locomotives were built at Kittybrewster works . Although there was only space for four locomotives in the cramped repair shops the board expected to save £ 300 to £ 400 by building the locomotives themselves . Nine express locomotives with six @-@ wheeled tenders were built by Kitsons in 1888 and these were followed by six more with eight @-@ wheeled tenders built by Stephenson & Co , one of which was successfully trialled in 1914 with a superheater . Most of Manson 's later locomotives were subsequently fitted with superheaters , the eight @-@ wheeled tenders being replaced in most cases with six @-@ wheeled tenders during the rebuild .
= = = = Class S and later = = = =
In 1890 Manson was replaced as locomotive superintendent by James Johnson , the son of Samuel W. Johnson , then locomotive superintendent at the Midland Railway . In 1893 Neilsons delivered six new 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 tender locomotives that were more powerful any previous Great North locomotive and the first not to have Clark 's smoke prevention apparatus . Classified as Class S and known for rapid acceleration and sustained high speed , these were the blueprint for the later Great North tender locomotives . Manson had left a design for a 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 4 tank locomotive and Johnson changed the firebox , boiler and value gear so they were the same as the Class S tender locomotives before ordering nine to work the Deeside Line . These arrived in 1893 and most were transferred to the Aberdeen suburban services in 1900 .
William Pickersgill replaced Johnson in 1894 , and between 1895 and 1898 twenty @-@ six new locomotives were purchased from Neilsons . Similar to Johnson 's Class S , they were recorded at speeds of 79 @.@ 66 miles per hour ( 128 @.@ 20 km / h ) and running the 26 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 42 @.@ 6 km ) from Kennethmont to Dyce in 23 minutes 46 seconds . A further order for ten was placed in 1899 , but train mileage had been reduced and five were sold to the South Eastern & Chatham Railway . Pickersgill saw the works move from Kittybrewster to Inverurie before Thomas Heywood took over in 1914 , three months before the outbreak of war . The railway took over the working of the Aberdeen harbour railway and in 1915 purchased four 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 2 tank locomotives from Manning Wardle . After the war , six more locomotives were built in 1920 by the North British Locomotive Company , and two locomotives the following year at Inverurie . Similar to the 1899 locomotives but with Robinson superheaters , these were given names . Heywood changed the livery during the war , and the traditional green being replaced by black lined with yellow and red .
On 1 January 1923 the Great North of Scotland became a part of the Scottish division of the London and North Eastern Railway ( LNER ) , who received a total of 122 locomotives , 100 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 tender locomotives and 22 tank engines , all capable of being used on either passenger or goods trains . Forty @-@ four locomotives were still in service when the railway was nationalised in 1948 , and the last two Great North locomotives to be withdrawn were two of the Aberdeen harbour tanks in 1960 . No. 49 , Gordon Highlander was restored to Great North green in 1958 , although it had not previously carried the green livery as it appeared in Heywood 's lined black . It was used on special trains before becoming a static exhibit at the Glasgow Transport Museum in 1965 , and is currently on loan to the Scottish Railway Museum at Bo 'ness .
= = = Carriages = = =
The first carriages were 9 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 9 @.@ 1 t ) four @-@ wheelers , 21 feet 9 inches ( 6 @.@ 63 m ) long . Painted a dark brown with yellow lining and lettering , they had Newall 's chain brake and a seat for the guard on the roof . Two classes of accommodation were provided : the first class carriages were divided into three compartments each with six upholstered seats and lit by two oil lamps hung between the partitions . Third class passengers were seated on wooden benches in a carriage seating 40 passengers sharing one oil lamp . The Great North never owned any second class carriages . Built by Brown , Marshall & Co , only half the number of carriages ordered had arrived for the start of public services in 1854 . Later the guard 's seat was removed and longer vehicles with six wheels were built . Accommodation for third class passengers was improved in the 1880s and the seats were upholstered .
The Westinghouse air brake was trialled on carriages in the 1880s and this became standard in 1891 . As the Highland Railway used vacuum brakes , carriages used on the Aberdeen to Inverness were dual @-@ fitted . The livery changed in the late 1890s , when the upper half was painted cream and the lower purple lake , with gold lining and lettering . Corridor carriages , 36 @-@ foot ( 11 m ) long on six wheels , lit with electric lamps using Stone 's system and with both classes having access to a lavatory appeared in 1896 . Bogie corridor carriages , 48 @-@ foot ( 15 m ) long and weighing 25 long tons ( 25 t ) were built for the Aberdeen to Inverness express in 1898 with provision for vestibule connections . The Great North also had Royal Saloon carriage that , unusually for the Great North , was built with a clerestory roof . This was 48 @-@ foot ( 15 m ) long , lit by electric lamps and with steam heating , and divided into a first class compartment and an attendant 's coupe , which was fitted with a cooking stove . Later , shorter six @-@ wheeled and bogie compartment carriages were built for secondary services , and communication cords and steam heating were fitted in the early years of the twentieth century . No. 34 , a 6 @-@ wheel carriage built in the 1890s is preserved at the Embsay & Bolton Abbey Steam Railway as part of the Stately Trains collection .
In 1905 the Great North introduced two articulated steam railcars . The locomotive unit was mounted on four 3 feet 7 inches ( 1 @.@ 09 m ) wheels , one pair driven and with the Cochran patent boiler that was common on stationary engines , but an unusual design for a locomotive . The saloon carriage accommodated 46 third class passengers on reversible lath @-@ and @-@ space seats and a position for the driver with controls using cables over the carriage roof . The cars were introduced on the Lossiemouth branch and the St Combs Light Railway , but when in motion there was considerable vibration that was uncomfortable for the passengers and caused problems for the steam engine . Before they were withdrawn in 1909 – 10 , one was tried on Deeside suburban services , but had insufficient accommodation and was unable to maintain the schedule .
= = Constituent railways = =
The Great North of Scotland Railway absorbed the following railways in 1866 :
Aberdeen and Turriff Railway had been the Banff , Macduff and Turriff Junction Railway prior to 1859 . The Great North supported the railway , operated the services from opening and was guarantor from 1862 .
Banff , Macduff and Turriff Extension Railway extended the Aberdeen and Turriff from Turriff . Services were extended by the Great North over the new line from opening .
Most of the Alford Valley Railway 's directors also served on the board of the Great North , who operated services from opening and was guarantor from 1862 .
Formartine and Buchan Railway was worked by the Great North from opening in 1861 , with services from Aberdeen . The Great North was guarantor from 1863 .
Inverury and Old Meldrum Junction Railway opened in 1856 , the line was leased to the Great North from 1858 .
Keith and Dufftown Railway was worked as an extension of the main line , services operated by the Great North from opening in 1862 .
Strathspey Railway was sponsored by the Great North , who operated services from opening .
These companies operated by the Great North in 1866 were merged later :
Banffshire Railway had been Banff , Portsoy and Strathisla Railway when it opened in 1859 , the Great North taking over the operation of services from 1863 and the company renamed . Amalgamation was authorised in an 1867 Act .
Deeside Railway leased from 1 September 1866 , merged 1 August 1875 .
Aboyne & Braemar Railway was the extension of the Deeside to Ballater , and was operated by the Great North from its opening on 17 October 1866 . Merged 31 January 1876 .
Morayshire Railway was opened in 1852 , worked by the Great North from 1863 when the extension to Craigellachie opened . The 1866 Act provided for the merging of the two companies when terms where agreed , and the companies were merged in 1880 .
= = = Books = = =
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= Final Fantasy VII =
Final Fantasy VII is a role @-@ playing video game developed and published by Square ( now Square Enix ) for the PlayStation platform . Released in 1997 , it is the seventh installment in the Final Fantasy series and the first in the series to use 3D computer graphics , featuring fully rendered characters on pre @-@ rendered backgrounds . It was also the first game in the main series to be released in Europe . The story follows Cloud Strife , a mercenary who joins the eco @-@ terrorist rebel organization AVALANCHE to stop the world @-@ controlling megacorporation Shinra from draining the life of the planet to use as an energy source . Cloud and his allies become involved in a larger world @-@ threatening conflict and face off against Sephiroth , the main antagonist .
Development of Final Fantasy VII began in 1994 . It was originally developed for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , but was moved to the Nintendo 64 ; since the Nintendo 64 's cartridges lacked the required storage capacity for substantial prerendered movie footage , Square moved the game to the CD @-@ ROM based PlayStation . It was directed by Yoshinori Kitase , written by Kazushige Nojima and Kitase , and produced by Hironobu Sakaguchi . The music was composed by Final Fantasy veteran Nobuo Uematsu , while the series ' long @-@ time character designer , Yoshitaka Amano , was replaced by Tetsuya Nomura .
Helped by a large pre @-@ release promotional campaign , Final Fantasy VII was a critical and commercial success . It was released in 1997 for the Sony PlayStation , in 1998 for Windows , in 2009 on the PlayStation Network , in 2012 on PC Digital Download , and in 2013 on Steam . In 2014 , the game was released for Android and iPhone devices through the Japan @-@ only streaming service " Dive In " . On December 6 , 2014 , it was announced that Final Fantasy VII would be released on the PlayStation 4 , with upscaled graphics . It has continued to sell solidly , with more than 11 million copies sold by 2015 , making it the best @-@ selling title in the series . Final Fantasy VII has been praised for its graphics , gameplay , music and story . Criticism has primarily pertained to its English localization . The iOS version of Final Fantasy VII was released on August 19 , 2015 , adding touch controls , an auto @-@ save feature and the ability to disable random encounters . This was followed by the PlayStation 4 port with high speed mode finally releasing in December 2015 and on Android in July 2016 .
The game is acknowledged for having boosted the sales of PlayStation consoles and popularizing Japanese role @-@ playing video games outside Japan . It is widely considered to be one of the greatest games of all time . The game 's popularity has led to a series of prequels and sequels under the collective title Compilation of Final Fantasy VII . Square Enix announced a high @-@ definition remake of the game at E3 2015 for the PlayStation 4 .
= = Gameplay = =
As with previous installments of the Final Fantasy series , Final Fantasy VII consists primarily of three major areas : an overworld map , field maps , and a battle screen . The overworld map is a 3D model , featuring a scaled @-@ down version of the game 's fictional world , across which the player travels between the game 's locations . As with preceding games in the series , the world map can be traversed by foot , on chocobos and in an airship or sea vessel ( in this case , a submarine and a plane used as a boat ) . It also includes an additional means of transportation — a buggy .
On field maps , characters are directed across realistically scaled environments , consisting of 2D pre @-@ rendered backgrounds which represent locations such as towns or forests . Initially , the player is restricted to the city of Midgar , but as the game progresses the entire world becomes accessible . Progression through the game 's storyline is largely developed by way of scripted sequences , although pre @-@ rendered cinematic cutscenes are also used .
= = = Battle system = = =
Battles , which either occur randomly on the field or are triggered by certain events , pit the player 's party against one or more enemies . Winning the battle by means of defeating all the enemies earns experience , gil , and items . However , if all party members are simultaneously KO 'd or are otherwise unable to battle ( such as by petrification ) , the game ends and the player must resume from their last save file . The battle screen is a 3D representation of an area , such as a building 's interior or an open grassland , in which the player commands the characters in battles against CPU @-@ controlled enemies . While characters are super deformed on maps , the character models are more realistic and normal @-@ scaled in combat . Final Fantasy VII is the first game in the series to have character models with fully rendered polygons , rather than 2D sprites . During battle sequences , the game uses the series ' traditional Active Time Battle ( ATB ) system first featured in Final Fantasy IV . Unlike previous games in the series , which allow 4 @-@ 5 playable characters to participate in battle , Final Fantasy VII only allows three characters per battle .
Final Fantasy VII 's skill system is built around the use of Materia — magical orbs composed of condensed Mako ( life energy from the Planet ) , that are placed in special slots on weapons and armor , allowing players to customize their party 's ability to use magic , summons , and special abilities . Materia is divided into five categories ; Green Magic Materia for performing offensive and defensive spells , Yellow Skill Materia which grants new abilities , Red Summon Materia , which lets the character summon powerful deities to aid in battle , Purple Support Materia which gives the equipped character stat boosts , and Blue Junction Materia , which enhances other Materia when placed in connecting slots ( for example , linking Fire Materia with All Materia allows the player to attack all enemies with the Fire spell simultaneously ) . However , most magic @-@ based Materia also lowers an equipped character 's physical attributes . Like the characters , Materia can level up with experience , opening up stronger abilities and functionality , with new Materia created once they reach the maximum level . Summon spells feature in the game , equippable as Materia , with elaborately animated attacks . A modified form of Final Fantasy VI 's " Desperation Attacks " appears in Final Fantasy VII as the " Limit Break . " Every playable character has a bar that gradually fills up as they suffer damage in battle . When the bar is completely filled , the character is able to unleash his or her Limit Break , a special attack which generally inflicts significantly more damage on enemies than normal attacks , or otherwise aids the party in battle . Unlike Materia , each character has their own unique set of Limit Breaks , which are divided into four levels of strength , although one character , Cait Sith , has only two levels .
= = Plot = =
= = = Setting = = =
The game 's setting is similar to that of Final Fantasy VI insofar as it is a world with considerably more advanced technology than the first five games in the series . Overall , the game 's technology and society approximates that of an industrial or post @-@ industrial science fiction milieu . The world of Final Fantasy VII , referred to in the game as " The Planet " , but retroactively named " Gaia " , is composed of three main land masses . The eastern continent is home to the city of Midgar , an industrial metropolis that serves as the capital city and hosts the headquarters of the Shinra Electric Power Company , which operates as much of the world 's de facto government . Other locations on the eastern continent are Junon ( Shinra 's major military base ) , Fort Condor ( a fort with a huge condor covering up a Mako reactor on top of it ) , a Chocobo ranch , and Kalm ( a small town inspired by medieval Europe ) .
The western continent features the Gold Saucer ( an amusement park with Corel Prison below ) , Costa Del Sol ( a seaside resort ) , Gongaga ( a small town containing the remains of a destroyed Mako reactor ) , Nibelheim ( a town residing at the base of Mt . Nibel ) , Rocket Town ( the location of Shinra 's failed space rocket launch ) , and Cosmo Canyon . The tribe inhabiting Cosmo Canyon emphasize living in harmony with nature and dedicating themselves to the planet 's well @-@ being . Their settlement features an observatory and serves as a research facility for those who wish to participate in a philosophy known as the " Study of Planet Life " , a lifestyle that encourages deference for nature and teaches that the planet has a life and energy of its own .
Wutai , a village inspired by pre @-@ modern Japan and China , is located on a large island off the western continent . The northernmost continent is a heavily glaciated landmass , and its few settlements include Bone Village ( an excavation site ) , Icicle Inn ( a ski resort town ) , the mythical " City of the Ancients " , and the Northern Crater , where the game 's climax takes place . There are also underwater locations accessible only by submarine ; for example , a sunken Shinra plane transporter .
= = = Characters = = =
The nine main playable characters in Final Fantasy VII are Cloud Strife , an unsociable mercenary who claims to be a former 1st Class member of Shinra 's SOLDIER unit ; Barret Wallace , the leader of the anti @-@ Shinra rebel group AVALANCHE ; Tifa Lockhart , a martial artist and a member of AVALANCHE , also a childhood friend of Cloud 's ; Aerith Gainsborough , a flower merchant who has been pursued by Shinra 's special operations unit , the Turks , since childhood ; Red XIII , a wise lion @-@ like creature who was experimented on by Shinra scientists ; Cait Sith , a fortune @-@ telling robotic cat who rides an animated moogle doll ; Cid Highwind , a pilot whose dreams of being the first man in outer space were not realized ; Yuffie Kisaragi , a young ninja and a skillful thief ; and Vincent Valentine , a former member of Shinra 's Turks unit , who was experimented on 30 years prior to the start of the game . The game 's main antagonist is Sephiroth , a former member of SOLDIER who reappears several years after he was thought dead .
= = = Story = = =
The game begins with Cloud Strife , working as a mercenary for hire , helping the eco terrorist group AVALANCHE in a raid against the Mako reactors surrounding the city of Midgar , which is governed by a company known as Shinra . Barret , the group 's leader , believes the Mako energy the reactors consume to be the planet 's lifeblood , and the reactors are killing the planet . Cloud 's childhood friend , Tifa , is also in the group . Although the first mission is successful , AVALANCHE is ambushed at the next reactor during a subsequent raid . When the reactor explodes , Cloud drops down into Midgar 's slums . He is found by Aerith ( aka Aeris ) , a girl he briefly met selling flowers after his first mission with AVALANCHE . Prompted by the arrival of the Turks , who have been sent to capture Aerith , Cloud agrees to act as her bodyguard and defends her from their assault . Meanwhile , Shinra learns the location of AVALANCHE 's hideout in Sector 7 and subsequently destroys it by dropping the upper plate of Sector 7 onto the slums , killing its population . The Turks also capture Aerith , who is revealed to be the last surviving " Cetra " , an ancient near @-@ dead tribe closely attuned with the planet . President Shinra and Professor Hojo believe Aerith is the key to finding the " Promised Land " , a mythical land of fertility they see as an abundant source of Mako . The remaining AVALANCHE members — Cloud , Barret and Tifa — infiltrate Shinra to rescue Aerith , in the process encountering a specimen simply labeled " Jenova " . Joined by Red XIII , a sentient tiger @-@ like creature on whom Hojo had been conducting experiments , the party rescues Aerith but is captured by the Turks while trying to escape and detained within the building . In the morning , they find their cells open and most of the personnel , including President Shinra , killed : the perpetrator appears to be Sephiroth , a legendary SOLDIER leader who was presumed dead several years ago.The group discovers that the Jenova specimen is also missing , presumed stolen by Sephiroth .
While the president 's son , Rufus Shinra , assumes control of the company , the party leaves Midgar and pursues Sephiroth across the planet . They are joined by Cait Sith , a cat @-@ robot secretly controlled by repentant Turk Reeve Tuesti ; Yuffie Kisaragi , a teenage ninja from Wutai ; Vincent Valentine , a former Turk ; and Cid Highwind , a chain @-@ smoking pilot . At a Cetra temple , the party encounters Sephiroth , who reveals his plan : if the world is significantly damaged , the Lifestream , made of pure Mako energy , will gather in an attempt to heal the wound . Sephiroth intends to use the legendary Black Materia to cast a spell called " Meteor " to cause a massive injury , enabling him to merge with the planet 's Mako energy and be reborn as a god . The party drives off Sephiroth , acquiring the Black Materia , but Sephiroth manipulates Cloud into giving him the Materia . While the party recovers from the encounter , Aerith sets off to stop Sephiroth on her own , following him to an ancient Cetra city . The party follows and finds Aerith praying to the planet for aid . Just as they reach her , Sephiroth kills her . Cloud and his allies track Sephiroth to the North Crater . During their journey , they find out that Jenova is an interstellar creature who crashed on the planet roughly two thousand years ago , intent on taking over completely . Attempting to defend itself , the planet created giant monsters called Weapons . While most humans fled , the Cetra managed to defeat Jenova and entomb its remains . A few decades before the present , the remains of Jenova were unearthed by Professor Gast , a researcher for Shinra . Mistaking Jenova for a Cetra , Gast attempted to clone Jenova , assisted by Hojo . Even though Gast abandoned the project , Hojo successfully managed to use his assistant 's unborn child for the experiment : the baby was Sephiroth . Approximately five years before the present day , while on a Shinra mission with Cloud to Cloud 's and Tifa 's hometown of Nibelheim , Sephiroth encountered Hojo 's failed test subjects and learned of his origins . Mistakenly believing that Jenova and he were Cetra , he was driven insane and destroyed Nibelheim as an act of vengeance on the normal human population . Cloud and Tifa confronted Sephiroth during the massacre , after which Sephiroth vanished , presumed dead until his reappearance in the present day .
When the party reaches the Northern Crater to confront Sephiroth for killing Aerith , they learn he is but one among many Jenova clones Hojo created from both animals and humans . Upon reaching Sephiroth , who has been killing and absorbing the Jenova clones to instantiate the " Reunion " of Jenova 's cells , Cloud is manipulated into delivering The Black Materia to a legless Sephiroth chimera ( all such apparitions being the shape @-@ shifter Jenova employing his spectre to achieve this goal ) . The act proves Cloud himself a Jenova clone and unwitting Reunion participant , evidence of which Sephiroth exhibits in memories of the Nibelheim incident featuring a black @-@ haired SOLDIER in Cloud 's place . Instantly Sephiroth summons Meteor , activating the planet 's Weapons , but he blinds them to his posing its prime threat , despite being physically right before their eyes ; the Weapons disperse in search of its source . The ensuing earthquake separates Cloud from his companions and he tumbles into the Lifestream . The rest of the party and the Turks that had followed them to the Crater escape on the airship , the Highwind , where the party members are placed under arrest . As Meteor approaches the planet , the Weapons turn on humanity in an attempt to return as much Mako energy to the Lifestream as possible to aid the planet . Shinra focuses its efforts on protecting humanity from the Weapons and attempting to destroy Meteor directly , which eventually costs the lives of the majority of Shinra 's personnel . Tifa , Barret and the others are sentenced to be executed , but escape . They find a catatonic Cloud at a hospital in a tropical resort , where he washed up following the events at the North Crater . Tifa stays behind to help Cloud recover while the rest of the party continue their fight against Shinra . An attack by the Weapons destroys the island , and Cloud and Tifa both fall into the Lifestream . There , Tifa helps Cloud reconstruct his memories and learns the truth about his past .
It is revealed that Cloud was not accepted into SOLDIER and that the SOLDIER in Sephiroth 's visions was Aerith 's first love and Cloud 's friend , Zack Fair . The two were present during the Nibelheim incident , with Cloud managing to critically wound Sephiroth , who only survived through Jenova 's cells : Zack and Cloud were severely wounded and later taken and used by Hojo to perfect his SOLDIER and Jenova experiments . Zack tried escaping with Cloud but was killed by Shinra soldiers . Cloud recovered , took Zack 's sword and made his way to Midgar : Cloud 's aspirations to SOLDIER and Zack 's memories and stories combined , with the help of the Jenova treatment , to create a false personality . Realizing and accepting his past , Cloud is able to recover . After Cloud and Tifa emerge from the Lifestream , the party regroup and learn that Aerith , in her final moments , was attempting to use the White Materia to cast the spell " Holy " , the only means of opposing Meteor . It turns out she was successful in casting the spell , but Sephiroth has been preventing its release . The group decides first to stop the rampage of the Weapons . Alongside this , the party confronts Hojo , revealed to be Sephiroth 's father , as the scientist attempts to aid his son by feeding Mako energy to him . After mutating himself with Jenova cells , he is killed in combat . After this , they launch their final assault on Sephiroth , who is defeated by Cloud after a series of battles . The party escapes from the crater as Holy is released . Holy attempts to block Meteor above Midgar , but Meteor has drawn too close for Holy to combat it alone . Just before Meteor 's impact , the Lifestream rises from the planet to aid Holy in destroying Meteor . Five hundred years later , Red XIII is seen with two cubs looking out over the ruins of Midgar , which are now covered in greenery , showing the planet has healed .
= = Development = =
Planning sessions for Final Fantasy VII began in 1994 after the release of Final Fantasy VI . At the time , the game was intended to be another 2D project for the Super NES . Series creator Hironobu Sakaguchi originally planned for the story to take place in New York in the year 1999 , and as such , the original script of Final Fantasy VII , which was written by Sakaguchi , was completely different from the finished product . Tetsuya Nomura recalled how Sakaguchi " wanted to do something like a detective story . " The first part of the story involved a " hot blooded " character named " Detective Joe " who was in pursuit of the main characters , after they had blown up the city of Midgar , which had already been developed for the story . The final scenario was written by Kazushige Nojima and Yoshinori Kitase , based on the story by Sakaguchi and Nomura . Masato Kato was brought into the project later and wrote three scenes for the game .
However , several of the staff members were working in parallel on Chrono Trigger , and development for Final Fantasy VII was interrupted when the other project became significant enough to require the help of Kitase and other designers . Some of the ideas originally considered for Final Fantasy VII ultimately ended up in Chrono Trigger instead . Other ideas , such as the New York setting and the sorceress character Edea , were kept unused until the later projects Parasite Eve and Final Fantasy VIII respectively .
Development resumed in late 1995 , and required the efforts of approximately 120 artists and programmers , using PowerAnimator and Softimage 3D software . The group worked out of both Japan and Square 's new American office in Los Angeles , with the American team primarily responsible for city backgrounds . It was the most expensive video game of its time , with a development budget of around US $ 45 million , equivalent to $ 67 million in 2015 . Kitase was concerned the franchise might be left behind if it did not catch up to the 3D graphics being used in other games , and production began after the completion of a short , experimental tech demo called Final Fantasy SGI for Silicon Graphics Onyx workstations . The demo featured polygon @-@ based 3D renderings of characters from Final Fantasy VI in a real time battle .
The experimental SGI demo led the development team to integrate some of the design mechanics into Final Fantasy VII . However , due to the high quantity of motion data , only the CD @-@ ROM format had the capacity for the project 's needs . Nintendo , for whom Square had developed previous titles in the Final Fantasy series , had decided to continue to use cartridges for its upcoming Nintendo 64 console . This eventually led to a dispute that resulted in Square ending its relationship with Nintendo . Instead , they announced on January 12 , 1996 that they would be developing Final Fantasy VII exclusively for Sony 's PlayStation console . Square officials explained that even the 64DD lacked sufficient storage for Final Fantasy VII , as more than thirty 64DD discs would be needed to hold all the game 's data .
= = = Design = = =
For the first time since having worked on Final Fantasy on the Famicom , Sakaguchi made the gameplay systems a priority over the story , as the team 's main concern during the development of the game was how to implement the 3D . The transition from 2D graphics to 3D environments overlaid on pre @-@ rendered backgrounds was accompanied by a focus on a more realistic presentation . While the extra storage capacity and computer graphics gave the team the means to implement more than 40 minutes of full motion video ( FMV ) movies , this innovation brought with it the added difficulty of ensuring that the inferiority of the in @-@ game graphics in comparison to the FMV sequences was not too obvious . Kitase has described the process of making the in @-@ game environments as detailed as possible to be " a daunting task . " The series ' long @-@ time character designer , Yoshitaka Amano , was opening art workshops and exhibitions in France and New York , which limited his involvement in the game . As a result , Tetsuya Nomura was appointed as the project 's character designer , while Amano aided in the design of the game 's world map .
Several of Nomura 's designs changed during development from their initial conceptions . For example , Cloud 's original design of slicked @-@ back black hair with no spikes was intended to serve as a contrast to Sephiroth 's long , flowing silver hair . Nomura feared , however , that such masculinity could prove unpopular with fans , and therefore he changed Cloud 's design to feature a shock of spiky , bright blond hair . Vincent changed from researcher to detective to chemist , and finally to the figure of a former Turk with a tragic past . Nomura has indicated that Cid Highwind 's fighting style resembles that of a Dragoon Knight , a character class which was chosen because his last name is the same as that of two previous Dragoon Knights featured in the Final Fantasy series , Ricard Highwind of Final Fantasy II and Kain Highwind of Final Fantasy IV .
= = = Music = = =
The music for Final Fantasy VII was composed , arranged , and produced by Nobuo Uematsu . Instead of using recorded music and sound effects for the game , Uematsu opted for sequenced audio ( similar to MIDI ) , using the PlayStation 's internal sound chip . Final Fantasy VII was the second game in the series ( after Final Fantasy VI ) to include a track with sampled vocals ; with " One @-@ Winged Angel " , which has been described as Uematsu 's " most recognizable contribution " to the music of the Final Fantasy series . Uematsu said the soundtrack has a feel of " realism " , which prevented him from using " exorbitant , crazy music . "
The game 's soundtrack was released as a four @-@ disc set on February 10 , 1997 . A single @-@ disc album of selected tracks from the original soundtrack and three arranged tracks , entitled Final Fantasy VII Reunion Tracks , was released separately . Piano Collections Final Fantasy VII , a piano arrangement of selected tracks , was released in 2003 . Several tracks from the game have been remixed in subsequent Square productions , including Final Fantasy IX , Final Fantasy VII : Advent Children , Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII and Kingdom Hearts . In 2012 , music from the soundtrack entered the Classic FM Hall of Fame at number 16 .
= = Release = =
In early August 1996 , a demonstration disc called " Square 's Preview " was released in Japan as a bonus pack @-@ in with the PlayStation game Tobal No. 1 . The disc contained the earliest playable demo of Final Fantasy VII and previews of other upcoming games such as Bushido Blade and SaGa Frontier . The demo allowed players to play through the first part of Midgar . However , there were some noticeable differences from the final version , namely that Aerith was featured in the initial party and the ability to use Summons had not yet been implemented .
The game 's release in North America was preceded by a massive three @-@ month marketing campaign , which consisted of three 30 @-@ second television commercials on major networks , a one @-@ minute long theatrical commercial , a holiday promotion with Pepsi , and printed ads in publications such as Rolling Stone , Details , Spin , Playboy and comic books published by Marvel and DC Comics . Several additions to gameplay and story were made for the game 's North American release , such as easier exchange of materia , arrows highlighting exits on field screens , and an extra cutscene , prompting a re @-@ release in Japan under the title Final Fantasy VII International . On December 18 , 2012 this version was re @-@ released as part of the Final Fantasy 25th Anniversary Ultimate Box Japanese package .
In 1998 , Final Fantasy VII was ported to Windows @-@ based PCs . This re @-@ release featured smoother graphics , and also fixed translation and spelling errors , as well as gameplay @-@ related glitches . However , the PC version suffered from diminished audio quality due to its use of the MIDI format and errors in the display of some FMVs when rendering in hardware mode on certain graphics chipsets . Since the original PC release of the game , fans have created hundreds of mods for the PC version of the game . The most prominent community being the Qhimm.com forum community , featuring various mods including game patches ( for better compatibility with modern Windows and graphics cards ) , PC @-@ PS save game converter , save game editor , game trainers , character models , world map , cutscenes , music , and battle stages .
In addition to the PlayStation and PC releases , the game was released onto the PlayStation Network in Japan on April 10 , 2009 , in North America on June 2 , 2009 , and in Europe and Australia on June 4 , 2009 . The Japanese release is the International version . The PSN release of the game was downloaded 100 @,@ 000 times during its first two weeks of release , making it the fastest @-@ selling PlayStation game on the PlayStation Network .
On July 4 , 2012 , Square Enix revealed that a PC re @-@ release was forthcoming . It was subsequently released on August 14 . The game features 36 new achievements to be unlocked , optional " Cloud Saves " , and a " Character Booster " feature . This enhanced release for modern PCs was developed by DotEmu and was available exclusively via the Square Enix store . The game can be played at Full HD ( 1920x1080 ) resolution with upscaled original graphics . The release is primarily aimed to port the classic game into a downloadable game to be run on modern Windows OSs ( XP / Vista / 7 ) and DirectX 9.0c. On July 4 , 2013 , the game was released on the Steam digital distribution platform for Windows PCs . This version of the game was released for iOS devices in mid @-@ 2015 and for PlayStation 4 in December 5 , 2015 and added in a cheats , a feature that is missing on the PC release .
= = Reception = =
= = = Initial reception and sales = = =
Final Fantasy VII was both a critical and commercial success , and set several sales records . Within three days of its release in Japan , the game had sold 2 @.@ 3 million copies . This popularity inspired thousands of retailers in North America to break street dates in September to meet public demand for the title . In the game 's debut weekend in North America , it sold 330 @,@ 000 copies , and had reached sales of 500 @,@ 000 units in less than three weeks . The momentum established in the game 's opening weeks continued for several months ; Sony announced the game had sold one million copies in North America by early December , prompting business analyst Edward Williams from Monness , Crespi , Hardt & Co. to comment , " Sony redefined the role @-@ playing game ( RPG ) category and expanded the conventional audience with the launch of Final Fantasy VII . " As of December 25 , 2005 , the game had sold over 9 @.@ 8 million copies worldwide , making it the highest @-@ selling game in the Final Fantasy series . By the end of 2006 , the bargain reissue of the International version of the game alone had sold over 158 @,@ 000 copies in Japan . Final Fantasy VII is credited as " the game that sold the PlayStation , " as well as allowing role @-@ playing games to find a place in markets outside Japan . As of May 2010 , it had sold 10 million copies worldwide , making it the most popular title in the series in terms of units sold . As of 2015 , the Steam version has sold over 1 million copies , and the game has sold over 11 million units in total .
Upon release , the game received widespread acclaim from critics . It was referred to by GameFan as " quite possibly the greatest game ever made , " a quote which continues to feature prominently on the back cover of the game 's jewel case . GameSpot commented that " never before have technology , playability , and narrative combined as well as in Final Fantasy VII , " expressing particular favor toward the game 's graphics , audio , and story . IGN 's Jay Boor insisted the game 's graphics were " light years beyond anything ever seen on the PlayStation , " and regarded its battle system as its strongest point . Computer and Video Games 's Alex C praised the story , stating that the " many characters that come and go throughout the story are well developed , and players will feel the ups and downs of the protagonists as if it were a film , " and that the " structure of the story is such that , just when you think you 've seen it all , something even more awesome comes along to totally knock your socks off . " Edge noted , " The ‘ interactive movie ’ has long been a dirty term to anyone who values a playable videogame , but FFVII succeeds in coming closer than any title yet , " with the " highly complex , melodramatic story and excellently orchestrated chip music " combining " to make players feel real empathy with the characters , " a " task usually shied away from by the action / comedy @-@ orientated western graphic adventures . " RPGamer praised the game 's soundtrack , both in variety and sheer volume , stating that " Uematsu has done his work exceptionally well " and " is perhaps at his best here . " Electronic Gaming Monthly 's panel of four reviewers gave the game scores of 9 @.@ 5 out of 10 each , adding up to a score of 38 out of 40 in total .
Reviewers also praised the game 's PC conversion , but criticized it for its lower @-@ quality pre @-@ rendered visuals and audio , and for its framerate and installation problems . Computer Games Magazine said that " [ no ] game in recent memory " had such a " tendency to fail to work in any capacity on multiple [ computers ] . " Computer Gaming World complained that the " music , while beautifully composed , is butchered by being dependent on your sound card , " and Next Generation Magazine found the game 's pre @-@ rendered backgrounds significantly less impressive than those of the PlayStation version . However , the latter magazine found the higher @-@ resolution battle visuals " absolutely stunning , " and Computer Games Magazine said that they " [ show ] off the power of [ a ] PC equipped with a 3D card . " All three magazines concluded by praising the game despite its technical flaws , and PC Gamer summarized that , while " Square apparently did only what was required to get its PlayStation game running under Windows , " Final Fantasy VII is " still a winner on the PC . "
Final Fantasy VII has received some negative criticism as well . Square 's announcement that it would be produced for Sony rather than Nintendo and that it would not be based on the Final Fantasy SGI demo was met with discontent among some gamers . Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine ( OPM ) and GameSpot questioned the game 's linear progression . OPM considered the game 's translation " a bit muddy " and felt the summon animations were " repetitive . " RPGamer cited its translation as " packed with typos and other errors which further obscure what is already a very confusing plot . " GamePro also considered the Japanese @-@ to @-@ English translation a significant weakness in the game , and IGN regarded the ability to use only three characters at a time as " the game 's only shortcoming . "
= = = Awards and accolades = = =
Final Fantasy VII was given numerous Game of the Year awards in 1997 . It won in the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences ' first annual Interactive Achievement Awards in the categories " Console Adventure Game of the Year " and " Console Role Playing Game of the Year " ( it was also nominated in the categories " Interactive Title of the Year " , " Outstanding Achievement in Art / Graphics " and " Outstanding Achievement in Interactive Design " ) . In the Origins Award , it won in the category " Best Roleplaying Computer Game of 1997 . " It was also awarded the " Readers ' Choice All Systems Game of the Year " , " Readers ' Choice PlayStation Game of the Year " and " Readers ' Choice Role @-@ Playing Game of the Year " by EGM , which also gave it other awards for " Hottest Video Game Babe " ( for Tifa Lockheart ) , " Most Hyper for a Game " , " Best Ending " and " Best Print Ad " .
Since 1997 , it has been selected by many game magazines as one of the top video games of all time , including as 91st in EGM 's 2001 " 100 Best Games of All Time " , and as fourth in Retro Gamer 's " Top 100 Games " in 2004 . In 2005 , it was ranked as 88th in IGN 's " Top 100 Games of All Time " and as third in PALGN 's " The Greatest 100 Games Ever " . Final Fantasy VII was included in the " The Greatest Games of All Time " list by GameSpot in 2006 , and ranked as second in Empire 's 2006 " 100 Greatest Games of All Time " , as third in Stuff 's " 100 Greatest Games " in 2008 and as 15th in Game Informer 's 2009 " Top 200 Games of All Time " ( down five places from its previous best games of all time list ) . GameSpot placed it at the top of its list of the most influential games ever made in 2001 , and as second in 2002 ; in 2007 , GamePro ranked it 14th on the list of the most important games of all time , and in 2009 it finished in the same place on their list of the most innovative games of all time . In 2012 , Time named it one of " All @-@ TIME 100 Video Games " .
It has also appeared in numerous other greatest game lists . In 2007 , Dengeki PlayStation gave it the " Best Story " , " Best RPG " and " Best Overall Game " retrospective awards for games on the original PlayStation . GamePro named it the best RPG title of all time in 2008 , and featured it in their 2010 article " The 30 Best PSN Games . " In 2012 , GamesRadar also ranked it as the sixth saddest game ever . On the other hand , GameSpy ranked it seventh on their 2003 list of the most overrated games ( in 2011 , Destructoid argued " why Final Fantasy VII is not overrated " ) .
Final Fantasy VII has often placed at or near the top of many reader polls of all @-@ time best games . It was voted the " Reader 's Choice Game of the Century " in an IGN poll in 2000 and placed second in the " Top 100 Favorite Games of All Time " by Japanese magazine Famitsu in 2006 ( it was also voted as ninth in Famitsu 's 2011 poll of most tear @-@ inducing games of all time ) . Users of GameFAQs voted it the " Best Game Ever " in 2004 and in 2005 , and placed it second in 2009 . In 2008 , readers of Dengeki magazine voted it the best game ever made , as well as the ninth most tear @-@ inducing game of all time .
= = Legacy = =
In addition to the PlayStation and PC releases , the game was released onto the PlayStation Network in Japan on April 10 , 2009 , in North America on June 2 , 2009 , and in Europe and Australia on June 4 , 2009 . The Japanese release is the International version . The PSN release of the game was downloaded 100 @,@ 000 times during its first two weeks of release , making it the fastest @-@ selling PlayStation game on the PlayStation Network . The game has also inspired an unofficial version for the NES by Chinese company Shenzhen Nanjing Technology . This port features the Final Fantasy VII game scaled back to 2D , with some of the side quests removed . On the 5th of December 2015 , an upscaled version of the original game , complete with trophies and integrated cheats , was released on the PS4 . It is based on the enhanced PC version released on Steam in 2013
The game 's popularity and open @-@ ended nature also led director Kitase and scenario writer Nojima to establish a plot @-@ related connection between Final Fantasy VII and Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 . The character Shinra from Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 proposes the concept of extracting the life energy from within the planet Spira . Nojima has stated that Shinra and his proposal are a deliberate nod to the Shinra Company , and that he envisioned the events of Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 as a prequel to those in Final Fantasy VII . The FMV sequences and computer graphics used in Final Fantasy VII allowed Sakaguchi to begin production on the first Final Fantasy film , Final Fantasy : The Spirits Within . The game also introduced settings suffused with modern @-@ to @-@ advanced technology into the Final Fantasy series , a theme continued by Final Fantasy VIII and The Spirits Within . Re @-@ releases of Square games in Japan with bonus features would occur frequently after the release of Final Fantasy VII International . Later titles that would be re @-@ released as international versions include Final Fantasy X ( as " International " ) , Final Fantasy X @-@ 2 ( as " International + Last Mission " ) , Kingdom Hearts ( as " Final Mix " ) , Kingdom Hearts II ( as " Final Mix " ) , and Final Fantasy XII ( as " International Zodiac Job System " ) .
Several characters from Final Fantasy VII have also made cameo appearances in other Square Enix titles , most notably the fighting game Ehrgeiz and the popular Final Fantasy @-@ Disney crossover series Kingdom Hearts . Additionally , fighting video game Dissidia Final Fantasy includes Final Fantasy VII characters such as Cloud and Sephiroth , and allows players to fight with characters from throughout the Final Fantasy series , and its follow @-@ up , Dissidia 012 Final Fantasy , included Tifa as well . On the November 12 , 2015 , Nintendo Direct , it was announced that Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U would receive Cloud as a downloadable content character in 2015 , along with a stage based on Midgar . Aerith 's death in the game has often been referred as one of the most emotional moments from any video game , while Sephiroth remains one of the most popular villains in video game history .
= = = Related media and merchandise = = =
Compilation of Final Fantasy VII is the formal title for a series of games , animated features and short stories based in the world of Final Fantasy VII . The series consists of several titles across various platforms , all of which are extensions of the original story . The first title in the Compilation is the mobile game Before Crisis : Final Fantasy VII , a prequel focusing on the Turks ' activities six years prior to the original game , including their first encounter with AVALANCHE . The CGI film sequel Final Fantasy VII : Advent Children , set two years after the events of the game , was the first title announced in the series , but it was the second to be released . Special DVD editions of the film included Last Order : Final Fantasy VII , an original video animation that recounts the destruction of Nibelheim . Dirge of Cerberus : Final Fantasy VII and its mobile phone counterpart , Dirge of Cerberus Lost Episode : Final Fantasy VII , are third @-@ person shooters set three years after the events of Final Fantasy VII and one after the events of Advent Children . Dirge focuses on Vincent Valentine , and goes into more detail regarding his backstory than the original Final Fantasy VII . The most recent title is the PlayStation Portable game Crisis Core : Final Fantasy VII , an action role @-@ playing game that revolves around Zack 's past . Also included in the Compilation is On the Way to a Smile , a collection of seven short stories written by Kazushige Nojima , and set between the end of Final Fantasy VII and the beginning of Advent Children . Originally only three stories were released : " Case of Barret " , " Case of Tifa " and " Case of Denzel " , but with the release of Advent Children Complete , four more stories were written ; " Case of Nanaki " , " Case of Yuffie " , " Case of Shinra " and " Case of Lifestream - White & Black " .
Releases not under the Compilation label include , Maiden Who Travels the Planet , which follows Aerith 's journey in the Lifestream after her death at the hands of Sephiroth , taking place concurrently with the second half of the original game . Final Fantasy VII Snowboarding is a mobile port of the snowboard minigame featured in Final Fantasy VII , which contains different course than the original minigame . The game is downloadable on V Cast @-@ compatible mobile phones , and was first made available in 2005 in Japan and North America . Final Fantasy VII G @-@ Bike is a mobile game released for iOS and Android in December 2014 , based on the motorbike minigame featured in FFVII .
= = = Remake = = =
With the announcement and development of the Compilation of Final Fantasy VII , speculation spread that an enhanced remake of the original Final Fantasy VII would be released for the PlayStation 3 . This speculation was sparked at the 2005 E3 convention by the release of a video featuring the opening sequence of Final Fantasy VII recreated using the PlayStation 3 's graphical capabilities . A high definition remake was officially confirmed at E3 2015 , for the PS4 . The game will be more than a high definition remaster , with director Tetsuya Nomura stating that the game will have changes made to its story and combat system .
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= Gropecunt Lane =
Gropecunt Lane / ˈɡroʊpkʌnt ˈleɪn / was a street name found in English towns and cities during the Middle Ages , believed to be a reference to the prostitution centred on those areas ; it was normal practice for a medieval street name to reflect the street 's function or the economic activity taking place within it . Gropecunt , the earliest known use of which is in about 1230 , appears to have been derived as a compound of the words grope and cunt . Streets with that name were often in the busiest parts of medieval towns and cities , and at least one appears to have been an important thoroughfare .
Although the name was once common throughout England , changes in attitude resulted in its replacement by more innocuous versions such as Grape Lane . A variation of Gropecunt was last recorded as a street name in 1561 .
= = Toponymy = =
Variations include Gropecunte , Gropecountelane , Gropecontelane , Groppecountelane and Gropekuntelane . There were once many such street names in England , but all have now been bowdlerised . In the city of York , for instance , Grapcunt Lane — grāp is the Old English word for grope — was renamed as the more acceptable Grape Lane .
The first record of the word grope being used in the indecent sense of sexual touching appears in 1380 ; cunt has been used to describe the vulva since at least 1230 , and corresponds to the Old Norse kunta , although its etymology is uncertain .
= = Prostitution = =
Under its entry for the word cunt , the Oxford English Dictionary reports that a street was listed as Gropecuntlane in about 1230 , the first appearance of that name . According to author Angus McIntyre , organised prostitution was well established in London by the middle of the 12th century , initially mainly confined to Southwark in the southeast , but later spreading to other areas such as Smithfield , Shoreditch , Clerkenwell , and Westminster . The practice was often tolerated by the authorities , and there are many historical examples of it being dealt with by regulation rather than by censure : in 1393 the authorities in London allowed prostitutes to work only in Cocks Lane , and in 1285 French prostitutes in Montpellier were confined to a single street .
It was normal practice for medieval street names to reflect their function , or the economic activity taking place within them ( especially the commodities available for sale ) , hence the frequency of names such as The Shambles , Silver Street , Fish Street , and Swinegate ( pork butchers ) in cities with a medieval history . Prostitution may well have been a normal aspect of medieval urban life ; in A survey of London ( 1598 ) John Stow describes Love Lane as " so called of Wantons " . The more graphic Gropecunt Lane , however , is possibly the most obvious allusion to sexual activity .
= = Changing sensibilities = =
The Oxford English Dictionary defines the word cunt as " The female external genital organs " and notes " Its currency is restricted in the manner of other taboo @-@ words : see the small @-@ type note s.v. FUCK v. " During the Middle Ages the word may often have been considered merely vulgar , having been in common use in its anatomical sense since at least the 13th century . In The Miller 's Tale , Geoffrey Chaucer writes " And prively he caughte hire by the queynte " ( and intimately he caught her by her crotch ) , and Philotus ( 1603 ) mentions " put doun thy hand and graip hir cunt . " Gradually though the word became used more as the obscenity it is generally considered to be today . In John Garfield 's Wandring Whore II ( 1660 ) the word is applied to a woman , specifically a whore — " this is none of your pittiful Sneakesbyes and Raskalls that will offer a sturdy C — but eighteen pence or two shillings , and repent of the business afterwards " . Francis Grose 's A Classical Dictionary of The Vulgar Tongue ( 1785 ) lists the word as " C * * t . The chonnos of the Greek , and the cunnus of the Latin dictionaries ; a nasty name for a nasty thing : un con Miege . "
Although some medieval street names such as Addle Street ( stinking urine , or other liquid filth ; mire ) and Fetter Lane ( once Fewterer , meaning " idle and disorderly person " ) have survived , others have been changed in deference to contemporary attitudes . Sherborne Lane in London was in 1272 – 73 known as Shitteborwelane , later Shite @-@ burn lane and Shite @-@ buruelane ( possibly due to nearby cesspits ) . Pissing Alley , one of several identically named streets whose names survived the Great Fire of London , was called Little Friday Street in 1848 , before being absorbed into Cannon Street in 1853 – 54 . Petticoat Lane , the meaning of which is sometimes misinterpreted as related to prostitution , was in 1830 renamed as Middlesex Street , following complaints about the street being named after an item of underwear . More recently , Rillington Place , where John Christie murdered his victims , was renamed Ruston Close . Selous Street in London was renamed as a mark of respect for Nelson Mandela , as it may have been perceived to have been named in honour of the colonialist Frederick Selous , although it was actually named after the artist Henry Courtney Selous .
As the most ubiquitous and explicit example of such street names , with the exception of Shrewsbury and possibly Newcastle ( where a Grapecuntlane was mentioned in 1588 ) the use of Gropecunt seems to have fallen out of favour by the 14th century . Its steady disappearance from the English vernacular may have been the result of a gradual cleaning @-@ up of the name ; Gropecuntelane in 13th @-@ century Wells became Grope Lane , and then in the 19th century , Grove Lane . The ruling Protestant conservative elite 's growing hostility to prostitution during the 16th century resulted in the closure of the Southwark stews in 1546 , replacing earlier attempts at regulation .
= = Locations = =
London had several streets named Gropecunt Lane including one in the parishes of St Pancras , Soper Lane and St Mary Colechurch , between Bordhawelane ( bordello ) and Puppekirty Lane ( poke skirt ) near present @-@ day Cheapside . First recorded in 1279 as Gropecontelane and Groppecountelane , it was part of a collection of streets which appears to have survived as a small island of prostitution outside Southwark , where such activities were normally confined during the medieval period .
The name was also used in other large medieval towns across England , including Bristol , York , Shrewsbury , Newcastle upon Tyne , Worcester , Hereford , and Oxford . Norwich 's Gropekuntelane ( now Opie Street ) was recorded in Latin as turpis vicus , the shameful street . In 1230 Oxford 's Magpie Lane was known as Gropecunt Lane , renamed Grope or Grape Lane in the 13th century , and then Magpie Lane in the mid @-@ 17th century . It was again renamed in 1850 as Grove Street , before once again assuming the name Magpie Lane in the 20th century . Newcastle and Worcester each had a Grope Lane close to their public quays . In their 2001 study of medieval prostitution , using the Historic Towns Atlas as a source , historian Richard Holt and archaeologist Nigel Baker of the University of Birmingham studied sexually suggestive street names around England . They concluded that there was a close association between a street with the name Gropecunt Lane , which was almost always in the centre of town , and that town 's principal market @-@ place or high street . This correlation suggests that these streets not only provided for the sexual gratification of local men , but also for visiting stall @-@ holders .
Such trade may explain the relative uniformity of the name across the country . Streets named Gropecunt Lane are recorded in several smaller market towns such as Banbury , Glastonbury and Wells , where a street of that name existed in 1300 , regularly mentioned in legal documents of the time . Parsons Street in Banbury was first recorded as Gropecunt Lane in 1333 , and may have been an important thoroughfare , but by 1410 its name had been changed to Parsons Lane . Grape Lane in Whitby may once have been Grope Lane , or Grapcunt Lane . Gropecunte Lane in Glastonbury , later known as Grope lane , now St Benedicts Court , was recorded in 1290 and 1425 A street called Grope Countelane existed in Shrewsbury as recently as 1561 , connecting the town 's two principal marketplaces . At some date unrecorded the street was renamed Grope Lane , a name it has retained . In Thomas Phillips ' History and Antiquities of Shrewsbury ( 1799 ) the author is explicit in his understanding of the origin of the name as a place of " scandalous lewdness and venery " , but Archdeacon Hugh Owen 's Some account of the ancient and present state of Shrewsbury ( 1808 ) describes it as " called Grope , or the Dark Lane " . As a result of these differing accounts , some local tour guides attribute the name to " feeling one 's way along a dark and narrow thoroughfare " .
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= JC 's Girls =
JC 's Girls ( short for Jesus Christ 's Girls , also called the JC 's Girls Girls Girls Ministry ) is an Evangelical Christian women 's organization in the United States whose members evangelize to female workers in the sex industry . The organization supports women wishing to leave the industry , but does not try to persuade them to do so . The group does not focus upon conversion but rather on communicating its message that Christians exist who are not judging female sex workers and are willing to accept them . The organization also helps both women and men seeking to overcome pornography addiction .
The organization was founded by Heather Veitch , who worked as a stripper for four years before becoming a Christian and leaving the sex industry in 1999 . She founded JC 's Girls on Good Friday in March 2005 ; it was based at Sandals Church in Riverside , California , with the support of the California Southern Baptist Convention . In January 2006 , JC 's Girls went to Las Vegas to operate a booth at the AVN Adult Entertainment Expo that received much traffic and news coverage . By 2008 , Veitch had moved to Las Vegas and based the organization at Central Christian Church in nearby Henderson , Nevada . Former stripper and call girl Theresa Scher and social worker Sheri Brown founded the San Diego chapter of JC 's Girls at The Rock Church in 2007 . Veitch , Scher , and Brown resigned from JC 's Girls in 2011 , 2012 , and 2014 respectively , leaving the leadership of the organization to Laura Bonde . As of 2014 , the sole chapter of JC 's Girls is in San Diego .
Terry Barone , spokesman of the California Southern Baptist Convention , said that JC 's Girls members " are doing what Jesus did ... He ministered to prostitutes and tax collectors . " JC 's Girls members have been criticized for dressing like sex workers , a look that Veitch said is intended to help women in the sex industry identify with the group . A Baptist minister from San Bernardino , California criticized JC 's Girls for not explicitly encouraging women in the sex industry to quit , and quoted Matthew 6 : 24 , a Bible verse that states that a person cannot serve two masters . In response to the idea that strippers should quit their jobs before attending a church , Veitch said , " Do we ask gluttons to stop eating too much before they come to church ? " Philip Sherwell of the Calgary Herald called the evangelism of JC 's Girls " America 's most unusual Christian outreach operation " .
= = Ideology = =
JC 's Girls , also called the JC 's Girls Girls Girls Ministry , is an Evangelical organization that calls itself " a biblically @-@ based Christian ministry " . JC 's Girls is less focused on seeking conversions than on communicating the message to women in the sex industry that Christians exist who are willing to non @-@ judgmentally accept them . Initially , the organization focused on evangelizing to strippers and erotic dancers , but later began to engage with women in other areas of the sex industry , such as softcore pornographic models and call girls . The organization also diversified to support people with pornography addiction . Members of the organization evangelize at adult entertainment conventions and strip clubs .
Out of a belief that many women in the sex industry have been spiritually abused by Christians trying to frighten them out of the sex industry with warnings of damnation , JC 's Girls focuses on telling these women that God loves them . JC 's Girls volunteers tell the women about the gospel but do not try to persuade them to leave the sex industry ; the organization recognizes that is often not financially viable for women in the sex industry to immediately sacrifice their employment . JC 's Girls connects female sex workers with churches the organization believes to be non @-@ judgmental , hoping that the women will experience the love of Christ through these churches and that they will thereby eventually have the support and strength they need to leave the industry . Prior to referring a woman to a church , JC 's Girls puts the church through a formal approval process to ensure that the church will not be judgmental . If women express a desire to leave the sex industry , JC 's Girls attempts to support them in doing so .
JC 's Girls aims to convey to women in the sex industry that Jesus loves them , that they are beautiful , and that they have dignity . Its volunteers often style themselves with eyelash extensions , stiletto heels , skinny jeans , skin @-@ tight T @-@ shirts , and backcombed hair to convey the message that such things are , in their view , not sinful . Founder Heather Veitch said , " Our desire is for people to see that Christianity is anything but boring and restrictive . In Christ , we are free to experience adventure , pleasure , forgiveness , hope and peace . "
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
Veitch worked as a stripper for four years in the Las Vegas area and California . After she had appeared in four pornographic films in the softcore and fetish genres — trample fetish specifically — public discussion about the Year 2000 problem and the end of the world caused her to think that she might experience divine judgment for her lifestyle . She then became a Christian , married her boyfriend Jon , started and completed a course in cosmetology , left the sex industry , and became a hairdresser all by September 1999 . In 2003 , Veitch discovered that a friend of hers who was working as a stripper had died as a result of alcoholism . Veitch began to evangelize to strippers because she wished she had told her friend about the gospel before she died .
By 2005 , Veitch was working as a hairdresser in Riverside , California . One of her clients was Lori Albee , a housewife with two children and no experience with the sex industry . Veitch told Albee about her friend who had died and to whom she wished she had evangelized . Albee suggested that they start telling other strippers about Jesus . Matt Brown , Veitch 's pastor at Sandals Church , arrived for a haircut and Veitch asked him for help to start an organization to minister to sex workers . He was interested . Veitch and Brown started Matthew 's House , an organization they founded as " a ministry to help people working in or addicted to the sex industry " . They chose the name " Matthew 's House " in reference to the Calling of Matthew , a gospel episode in which Jesus eats with sinners at the home of Matthew the Apostle .
By 2011 , JC 's Girls chapters were based in Las Vegas , Nevada ; Riverside , California ; San Diego , California ; Austin , Texas ; and Sioux Falls , South Dakota . As of 2014 , the San Diego chapter is the sole chapter that remains .
= = = Riverside chapter = = =
On Good Friday in March 2005 , Veitch , Albee and six other women went to a strip club in Riverside and paid for lap dances . Instead of accepting the dances , they talked with the strippers , telling them that they were loved and accepted by God , that churches were composed entirely of sinners , and that they would be welcome there . One of the lap dancers cried and told Albee she had often wanted to go to a church but had never done so because she had thought that she would be rejected . The woman accepted a prayer from Albee and hugged her . Albee would later say that talking with women at the strip club that first day changed her life . Because the volunteers received more positive responses than they had expected , they decided to continue to evangelize at strip clubs . To organize these activities , Veitch and Albee founded JC 's Girls , with " JC " standing for Jesus Christ . They made Matthew 's House the parent organization , but decided to operate primarily under the name " JC 's Girls " because Veitch believed that strippers would not understand the meaning of the name " Matthew 's House " .
Veitch became the head of JC 's Girls and the 17 @,@ 000 @-@ member Sandals Church became the organization 's base of operations . The church is part of the California Southern Baptist Convention , which supports JC 's Girls . The church gave JC 's Girls a $ 10 @,@ 000 budget in its first year . The organization 's members continued visiting strip clubs across California , paying for private dances and then evangelizing the strippers . Within six months of its founding , the organization 's members had persuaded several strippers to start attending a church and were only once asked to stop . One of these women was fired from a strip club because she started attending Sandals Church , but she continued attending the church , saying that Brown 's preaching helped her get through the week .
By December 2005 , Veitch , Albee , and teacher Tanya Huerter had become the organization 's leaders . Two months later , Huerter , who also had no experience with the sex industry , said , " I have a heart for these girls . I believe God created sex for marriage . But God will meet these girls where they are . " Veitch , Albee , and Huerter invited Christian women from other churches in the area to volunteer with JC 's Girls and approximately 90 churches responded with interest . JC 's Girls received public attention in December 2005 , when UK newspaper The Daily Telegraph published an article about the organization 's activities . The article prompted additional media coverage from other newspapers , television programs , and radio stations both across the United States and internationally , including news outlets as far away as France and India . Veitch began dividing her time between managing JC 's Girls , appearing in the media , and serving as a caregiver for her terminally @-@ ill husband , who had brain cancer .
In January 2006 , JC 's Girls went to Las Vegas to operate a booth at the AVN Adult Entertainment Expo — the largest trade fair for pornography in the United States . The booth was decorated in the style of the booths advertising strip clubs ; the women wore sleeveless shirts with the organization 's name in sequins . When men attending the convention visited the booth thinking that JC 's Girls was a strip club , the women asked them to guess what " JC " meant and gave attendees a sticker reading : " I 've been booby @-@ trapped by JC 's Girls . " JC 's Girls told thousands of male attendees about the gospel , distributed more than 200 Bibles wrapped in T @-@ shirts reading " Holy Hottie " , and gave out DVDs of a sermon by Brown about pornography addiction . Jesse Jane was one of the women who accepted a Bible . Many convention attendees wished to take pictures with the JC 's Girls volunteers . Veitch was interviewed for a variety of media , including a CNN news broadcast and a documentary film by Bill Day , who had previously made the film Missionary Positions about XXXchurch.com , another Christian organization that was operating a booth at the trade fair .
Also in January 2006 , Brown approved a $ 50 @,@ 000 budget for JC 's Girls for the year . By April , seven strippers had attended Sandals Church because of JC 's Girls and strippers from across the United States had contacted the organization looking for local churches . In an attempt to dispel accusations that the JC 's Girls message might be motivated by jealousy , Veitch lost weight and became more physically fit . She said that she wanted strippers " to know that if I wanted to , I could be a stripper again , but I choose to live my life for the Lord . "
= = = Original website = = =
Within the first few months of founding JC 's Girls , Veitch and Albee launched the organization 's first official website , which initially received little traffic . Three months later , it had received 40 @,@ 000 hits . By December 2005 , the organization had received messages through its website from pornographic film actors and men with pornography addiction who said that JC 's Girls had changed their lives . A slogan on the main page of the website read , " If you are a CHRISTIAN ... See us in ACTION ... " . Without asking for payment , Veitch 's friend , pornographic film director James DiGiorgio , took glamour photographs of Veitch , Albee , and Huerter for the JC 's Girls website . DiGiorgio was not a Christian , but said that he was helping these organizations in order to support their freedom of speech ; he said that the sex industry is " always trying to preach freedom of speech [ so ] anyone in this industry who has a problem with [ JC 's Girls ' ] message is a fucking hypocrite . You can 't have it both ways . " Within a year of the organization 's founding , Veitch , Albee , and Huerter were maintaining Myspace pages that they used to offer support , counsel , and advice . By 2008 , the JC 's Girls website , which included a blog , was receiving around 15 @,@ 000 hits per day .
= = = Las Vegas chapter = = =
In 2008 , Veitch told Brown that she believed that the JC 's Girls ministry needed to move to Las Vegas , and he responded supportively . By 2008 , Veitch had moved to Las Vegas and based the new chapter of JC 's Girls at Central Christian Church in nearby Henderson , Nevada , leaving the leadership of the Riverside chapter to Albee . That year , Veitch collaborated with Annie Lobert , a former call girl working with Hookers for Jesus , an organization similar to JC 's Girls . The organizations were both represented at that year 's AVN Adult Entertainment Expo . The PussyCat Preacher , a documentary film about Veitch 's experiences starting JC 's Girls , was released that February . The following month , pornographic film actor Sophia Lynn left the sex industry after becoming a Christian ; she underwent more than a year of counselling with Veitch through JC 's Girls . Veitch had flown to Sioux Falls , South Dakota , to spend a weekend educating Celebrate Community Church about the sex industry . The church soon gave Lynn a job in its office , a scholarship to go to college , and a place to live . Lynn said , " I hope I don 't have to wake up from this . I feel like my life has been saved . "
= = = San Diego chapter = = =
In San Diego , Theresa Scher , a stripper and call girl , was looking for a way out of the sex industry when she watched a CNN interview with Albee about her work with JC 's Girls in Riverside . Scher contacted Albee , who allowed Scher to establish a new chapter of JC 's Girls in San Diego . Scher founded the chapter in 2007 with Sheri Brown , a former social worker . Brown had previously hated strippers , but , once she had accepted a job helping teenage mothers finish high school and the first four teens she worked with were strippers , she said that she developed " an overwhelming passion to reach out to these precious women in love and without condemnation . " She has described being sexually abused as a child and later being a teenage mother ; Brown found that both of these experiences helped her to relate to strippers , as many of the strippers she encountered also had those experiences .
The San Diego chapter of JC 's Girls is based at The Rock Church , a 10 @,@ 000 @-@ member church with a majority of members under the age of 30 . In the first year , several strippers left the sex industry and began volunteering with the chapter . Many of the chapter 's members do not personally visit strip clubs but help in other ways . Scher said the former strippers were the most effective JC 's Girls volunteers because they understand from personal experience the situations of the women they are trying to help . By 2011 , members of the San Diego chapter of JC 's Girls were visiting strip clubs twice each month . They pray before , during , and after each visit and a team of other members pray for them from another location .
Carrie Prejean started volunteering with the San Diego chapter of JC 's Girls in 2008 and became Miss California USA the following year . At the Miss USA 2009 competition , Prejean became the subject of a controversy because of her response to a question about same @-@ sex marriage . Scher said that the controversy would not affect Prejean 's involvement with the organization and that the issue of same @-@ sex marriage was not relevant to the group 's activities . Prejean said that in volunteering with JC 's Girls , she encountered pornographic models who , through exploitation and abuse , had developed very low self @-@ esteem but who had regained a sense of their own dignity because of their interaction with JC 's Girls volunteers .
By 2009 , approximately 40 women were on the chapter 's active evangelism team , and they had given pink Bibles to most of the strippers in San Diego County . They paired these Bibles with other gifts including lip gloss , necklaces , and lotions in order to pique the strippers ' interest . In August 2010 , Brown went to Warsaw , Ohio , to briefly join forces with Anny Donewald , a former stripper and founder of Eve 's Angels , an organization similar to JC 's Girls . Together , Brown and Donewald negotiated a peace accord between women working at a strip club and members of a local church who had been picketing the club for four years . The strippers had been counter @-@ protesting by dancing in bikinis in front of the church during Sunday services while Tommy George , the club 's owner , played music from his car . Brown and Donewald spoke at the church , urging them to stop protesting at the strip club and saying , " It 's not our job to tell these women that it 's time to get out of there ... Just love them . Let the Holy Spirit draw them out . " Brown and Donewald also visited the strip club and spoke with the strippers , two of whom became Christians while continuing to work at the club . The peace accord received much publicity , but the church 's members , led by their pastor Bill Dunfee , resumed picketing once Brown had returned to San Diego . George and his club 's strippers returned to their counter @-@ protesting .
By 2011 , several of the strippers JC 's Girls members had spoken with in San Diego had begun attending a Bible study hosted by the organization and the chapter had helped one stripper leave the sex industry and gain unrelated employment . In March 2011 , the chapter sent a delegation to Adultcon at the Los Angeles Convention Center , where Scher and Brown spoke with conference attendees and offered them prayer . That July , Veitch resigned from JC 's Girls so she could spend more time with her family , handing the leadership of the organization to Scher and Brown . In June 2012 , Scher gave up her co @-@ leadership of the organization to focus on her family , leaving the leadership to Brown . By 2013 , the organization had established guidelines regulating the transition of women from the sex industry into participation in the evangelistic activities of JC 's Girls . The woman must consistently attend a Bible study for four months , read Francine Rivers ' book Redeeming Love , and be interviewed by the chapter 's leaders , who then decide whether the woman should join the organization 's outreach team . These guidelines were established because some women who had quickly gone from working in the sex industry to evangelizing with JC 's Girls soon left the organization and returned to the sex industry . Brown left JC 's Girls in April 2014 and Laura Bonde took over leadership of the organization .
= = Reception = =
When JC 's Girls first started receiving funds from Sandals Church in 2005 , some of the church 's members were displeased that their tithes and offerings were being given to strip clubs . In 2006 , Brown said that funding the activities of JC 's Girls was worthwhile because the sex industry " has been largely ignored by the evangelical church " and the budget allotted to JC 's Girls is small compared to the money made by the sex industry . Sandals Church members were also concerned that ministering to strippers would be ineffective . Brown responded by referring to Veitch 's conversion , suggesting that other strippers could have similar experiences . Terry Barone of the California Southern Baptist Convention asserted that JC 's Girls members " are doing what Jesus did ... He ministered to prostitutes and tax collectors . "
Brown said that the most common complaint that he received about JC 's Girls was " the way Heather Veitch looks ... her breasts are too big and she looks too much like a stripper " , a complaint to which he responded that " God can use any individual to change the world " . Veitch said in 2008 that Christians commonly say that JC 's Girls dress like sex workers , but she said that the look is intended to help women in the sex industry identify with the group . Annie Lobert of Hookers for Jesus , a similar group that collaborates with JC 's Girls , said around the same time that Christians make the same kind of comments about her and her ministry — " They say my T @-@ shirt is too tight " , said Lobert , " but , hey , when in Vegas , do as Vegas does " .
Controversy regarding his involvement with JC 's Girls threatened to lose Brown his church facility on the California Baptist University campus , but the church united in support of JC 's Girls and remained in the same location . Barone said that Baptists might find viewing the JC 's Girls website awkward , but that it was not intended for them . Stephen Clark of the Los Angeles Times called it " an edgy website [ with ] provocative appeals . " Sarah Sumner , author of Men and Women in the Church , said in Bill Day 's 2008 documentary film The Pussycat Preacher that some Christians might oppose the female @-@ led JC 's Girls because of 1 Timothy 2 : 12 , a Bible verse that can be interpreted as restricting positions of authority in church to men . Brown said elsewhere in the film that it made more sense for women to lead JC 's Girls " because a woman would be the most welcome in the industry " .
In its first year , JC 's Girls was criticized for allowing DiGiorgio to take glamour photographs of Veitch , Albee , and Huerter for their website . Veitch responded to this criticism with the assertion that " it is not a sin to be attractive or dress cute , " and that the photographs were intended to persuade women in the sex industry to dismiss the idea that Christianity is about " being locked up in a house with a Bible . " DiGiorgio said that JC 's Girls is correct in believing that many women in the sex industry need to be rescued from self @-@ destructive behavior , but he did not think that encouraging the women to become Christians would necessarily help them .
The Family Research Council , an American Christian lobbying organization , has endorsed JC 's Girls . Documentary filmmaker Bill Daly said that members of JC 's Girls are " fighting false glamour with real spiritual beauty . " In his 2013 book Evangelicals and the Arts in Fiction , writer John Weaver writes that science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein wrote about Evangelicals as being sexually repressed and eventually undergoing a sexual revolution . Weaver offers JC 's Girls and XXXchurch.com as evidence that Heinlein 's fiction is becoming a reality . By 2007 , adherents of UFO religion Raëlism had responded to JC 's Girls by forming " Raël 's Girls " , an organization with a similar outreach program but a very different message , encouraging sex workers to try to maximise their own sexual pleasure while serving clients .
In 2006 , a Baptist minister from San Bernardino , California criticized JC 's Girls for not explicitly encouraging women in the sex industry to quit . He commended Veitch " for her zeal and desire to reach the lost for Christ " , but asked , " How can you stay in the industry and have a relationship with God ? " , and quoted Matthew 6 : 24 , a Bible verse that states that a person cannot serve two masters . In response to the idea that strippers should quit their jobs before attending a church , Veitch said , " Do we ask gluttons to stop eating too much before they come to church ? " At the 2006 AVN Adult Entertainment Expo , photographer Michael Grecco photographed Veitch , Albee , and Huerter and included the image in his 2007 book Naked Ambition : An R Rated Look at an X Rated Industry . In the image caption , he called the trio a " devout Christian trinity " . Philip Sherwell of the Calgary Herald called the organization 's evangelism " America 's most unusual Christian outreach operation " . A journalist for UK newspaper The Observer compared JC 's Girls to XXXchurch.com , writing in 2006 that both of " these ministries are in some way reforming the church as well as their would @-@ be followers . "
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= Ion Heliade Rădulescu =
Ion Heliade Rădulescu or Ion Heliade ( also known as Eliad or Eliade Rădulescu ; Romanian pronunciation : [ ˈi.on heliˈade rəduˈlesku ] ; January 6 , 1802 – April 27 , 1872 ) was a Wallachian @-@ born Romanian academic , Romantic and Classicist poet , essayist , memoirist , short story writer , newspaper editor and politician . A prolific translator of foreign literature into Romanian , he was also the author of books on linguistics and history . For much of his life , Heliade Rădulescu was a teacher at Saint Sava College in Bucharest , which he helped reopen . He was a founding member and first president of the Romanian Academy .
Heliade Rădulescu is considered one of the foremost champions of Romanian culture from the first half of the 19th century , having first risen to prominence through his association with Gheorghe Lazăr and his support of Lazăr 's drive for discontinuing education in Greek . Over the following decades , he had a major role in shaping the modern Romanian language , but caused controversy when he advocated the massive introduction of Italian neologisms into the Romanian lexis . A Romantic nationalist landowner siding with moderate liberals , Heliade was among the leaders of the 1848 Wallachian revolution , after which he was forced to spend several years in exile . Adopting an original form of conservatism , which emphasized the role of the aristocratic boyars in Romanian history , he was rewarded for supporting the Ottoman Empire and clashed with the radical wing of the 1848 revolutionaries .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life = = =
Heliade Rădulescu was born in Târgovişte , the son of Ilie Rădulescu , a wealthy proprietor who served as the leader of a patrol unit during the 1810s , and Eufrosina Danielopol , who had been educated in Greek . Three of his siblings died of bubonic plague before 1829 . Throughout his early youth , Ion was the focus of his parents ' affectionate supervision : early on , Ilie Rădulescu purchased a house once owned by the scholar Gheorghe Lazăr on the outskirts of Bucharest ( near Obor ) , as a gift for his son . At the time , the Rădulescus were owners of a large garden in the Bucharest area , nearby Herăstrău , as well as of estates in the vicinity of Făgăraş and Gârbovi .
After basic education in Greek with a tutor known as Alexe , Ion Heliade Rădulescu taught himself reading in Romanian Cyrillic ( reportedly by studying the Alexander Romance with the help of his father 's Oltenian servants ) . He subsequently became an avid reader of popular novels , especially during his 1813 sojourn in Gârbovi ( where he had been sent after other areas of the country came to be ravaged by Caragea 's plague ) . After 1813 , the teenaged Rădulescu was a pupil of the Orthodox monk Naum Râmniceanu ; in 1815 , he moved on to the Greek school at Schitu Măgureanu , in Bucharest , and , in 1818 , to the Saint Sava School , where he studied under Gheorghe Lazăr 's supervision .
Between his 1820 graduation and 1821 , when effects of the Wallachian uprising led to the School ceasing its activities , he was kept as Lazăr 's assistant teacher , tutoring in arithmetics and geometry . It was during those years that he adopted the surname Heliade ( also rendered Heliad , Eliad or Eliade ) , which , he later explained , was a Greek version of his patronymic , in turn stemming from the Romanian version of Elijah .
= = = Under Grigore Ghica = = =
In 1822 , after Gheorghe Lazăr had fallen ill , Heliade reopened Saint Sava and served as its main teacher ( initially , without any form of remuneration ) . He was later joined in this effort by other intellectuals of the day , such as Eufrosin Poteca , and , eventually , also opened an art class overseen by the Croat Carol Valştain . This re @-@ establishment came as a result of ordinances issued by Prince Grigore IV Ghica , who had just been assigned by the Ottoman Empire to the throne of Wallachia upon the disestablishment of Phanariote rule , encouraging the marginalization of ethnic Greeks who had assumed public office in previous decades . Thus , Prince Ghica had endorsed education in Romanian and , in one of his official firmans , defined teaching in Greek as " the foundation of evils " ( temelia răutăţilor ) .
During the late 1820s , Heliade became involved in cultural policies . In 1827 , he and Dinicu Golescu founded Soţietatea literară românească ( the Romanian Literary Society ) , which , through its program ( mapped out by Heliade himself ) , proposed Saint Sava 's transformation into a college , the opening of another such institution in Craiova , and the creation of schools in virtually all Wallachian localities . In addition , Soţietatea attempted to encourage the establishment of Romanian @-@ language newspapers , calling for an end to the state monopoly on printing presses . The grouping , headquartered on central Bucharest 's Podul Mogoşoaiei , benefited from Golescu 's experience abroad , and was soon joined by two future Princes , Gheorghe Bibescu and Barbu Dimitrie Ştirbei . Its character was based on Freemasonry ; around that time , Heliade is known to have become a Freemason , as did a large section of his generation .
In 1828 , Heliade published his first work , an essay on Romanian grammar , in the Transylvanian city of Hermannstadt ( which was part of the Austrian Empire at the time ) , and , on April 20 , 1829 , began printing the Bucharest @-@ based paper Curierul Românesc . This was the most successful of several attempts to create a local newspaper , something Golescu first attempted in 1828 . Publishing articles in both Romanian and French , Curierul Românesc had , starting in 1836 , its own literary supplement , under the title of Curier de Ambe Sexe ; in print until 1847 , it notably published one of Heliade 's most famous poems , Zburătorul . Curierul Românesc was edited as a weekly , and later as a bimonthly , until 1839 , when it began to be issued three or four times a week . Its best @-@ known contributors were Heliade himself , Grigore Alexandrescu , Costache Negruzzi , Dimitrie Bolintineanu , Ioan Catina , Vasile Cârlova , and Iancu Văcărescu .
In 1823 , Heliade met Maria Alexandrescu , with whom he fell passionately in love , and whom he later married . By 1830 , the Heliades ' two children , a son named Virgiliu and a daughter named Virgilia , died in infancy ; subsequently , their marriage entered a long period of crisis , marked by Maria 's frequent outbursts of jealousy . Ion Heliade probably had a number of extramarital affairs : a Wallachian Militia officer named Zalic , who became known during the 1840s , is thought by some , including the literary critic George Călinescu , to have been the writer 's illegitimate son . Before the death of her first child , Maria Heliade welcomed into her house Grigore Alexandrescu , himself a celebrated writer , whom Ion suspected had become her lover . Consequently , the two authors became bitter rivals : Ion Heliade referred to Alexandrescu as " that ingrate " , and , in an 1838 letter to George Bariţ , downplayed his poetry and character ( believing that , in one of his fables , Alexandrescu had depicted himself as a nightingale , he commented that , in reality , he was " a piteous rook dressed in foreign feathers " ) . Despite these household conflicts , Maria Heliade gave birth to five other children , four daughters and one son ( Ion , born 1846 ) .
= = = Printer and court poet = = =
In October 1830 , together with his uncle Nicolae Rădulescu , he opened the first privately owned printing press in his country , operating on his property at Cişmeaua Mavrogheni , in Obor ( the land went by the name of Câmpul lui Eliad — " Eliad 's Field " , and housed several other large buildings ) . Among the first works he published was a collection of poems by Alphonse de Lamartine , translated by Heliade from French , and grouped together with some of his own poems . Later , he translated a textbook on meter and Louis @-@ Benjamin Francoeur 's standard manual of Arithmetics , as well as works by Enlightenment authors — Voltaire 's Mahomet , ou le fanatisme , and stories by Jean @-@ François Marmontel . They were followed , in 1839 , by a version of Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau 's Julie , or the New Heloise .
Heliade began a career as a civil servant after the Postelnicie commissioned him to print the Official Bulletin , and later climbed through the official hierarchy , eventually serving as Clucer . This rise coincided with the establishment of the Regulamentul Organic regime , inaugurated , upon the end of the Russo @-@ Turkish War of 1828 – 1829 , by an Imperial Russian administration under Pavel Kiselyov . When Kiselyov placed an order with Heliade for the printing of official documents , including the Regulament , the writer and his family were made prosperous by the sales . Nevertheless , Heliade maintained contacts with the faction of reformist boyars : in 1833 , together with Ion Câmpineanu , Iancu Văcărescu , Ioan Voinescu II , Constantin Aristia , Ştefan and Nicolae Golescu , as well as others , he founded the short @-@ lived Soţietatea Filarmonică ( the Philharmonic Society ) , which advanced a cultural agenda ( and was especially active in raising funds for the National Theater of Wallachia ) . Aside from its stated cultural goals , Soţietatea Filarmonică continued a covert political activity .
In 1834 , when Prince Alexandru II Ghica came to the throne , Heliade became one of his close collaborators , styling himself " court poet " . Several of the poems and discourses he authored during the period are written as panegyrics , and dedicated to Ghica , whom Heliade depicted as an ideal prototype of a monarch . As young reformists came into conflict with the prince , he kept his neutrality , arguing that all sides involved represented a privileged minority , and that the disturbances were equivalent to " the quarrel of wolves and the noise made by those in higher positions over the torn @-@ apart animal that is the peasant " . He was notably critical of the radical Mitică Filipescu , whom he satirized in the poem Căderea dracilor ( " The Demons ' Fall " ) , and later defined his own position with the words " I hate tyrants . I fear anarchy " .
It was also in 1834 that Heliade began teaching at the Soţietatea Filarmonică 's school ( alongside Aristia and the musician Ioan Andrei Wachmann ) , and published his first translations from Lord Byron ( in 1847 , he completed the translation of Byron 's Don Juan ) . The next year , he began printing Gazeta Teatrului Naţional ( official voice of the National Theater , published until 1836 ) , and translated Molière 's Amphitryon into Romanian . In 1839 , Heliade also translated Miguel de Cervantes ' Don Quixote from a French source . The first collection of his own prose and poetry works saw print in 1836 . Interested in the development of local art , he contributed a brochure on drawing and architecture in 1837 , and , during the same year , opened the first permanent exhibit in Wallachia ( featuring copies of Western paintings , portraits , and gypsum casts of various known sculptures ) .
By the early 1840s , Heliade began expanding on his notion that modern Romanian needed to emphasize its connections with other Romance languages through neologisms from Italian , and , to this goal , he published Paralelism între limba română şi italiană ( " Parallelism between the Romanian language and Italian " , 1840 ) and Paralelism între dialectele român şi italian sau forma ori gramatica acestor două dialecte ( " Parallelism between the Romanian and Italian Dialects or the Form or Grammar of These Two Dialects " , 1841 ) . The two books were followed by a compendium , Prescurtare de gramatica limbei româno @-@ italiene ( " Summary of the Grammar of the Romanian @-@ Italian Language " ) , and , in 1847 , by a comprehensive list of Romanian words that had originated in Slavic , Greek , Ottoman Turkish , Hungarian , and German ( see Romanian lexis ) . By 1846 , he was planning to begin work on a " universal library " , which was to include , among other books , the major the philosophical writings of , among others , Plato , Aristotle , Roger Bacon , René Descartes , Baruch Spinoza , John Locke , Gottfried Leibniz , David Hume , Immanuel Kant , Johann Gottlieb Fichte and Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel .
= = = 1848 Revolution = = =
Before Alexandru Ghica was replaced with Gheorghe Bibescu , his relations with Heliade had soured . In contrast with his earlier call for moderation , the writer decided to side with the liberal current in its conspiratorial opposition to Bibescu . The so @-@ called " Trandafiloff affair " of early 1844 was essential in this process — it was provoked by Bibescu 's decision to lease all Wallachian mines to a Russian engineer named Alexander Trandafiloff , a measure considered illegal by the Assembly and ultimately ending in Bibescu 's decision to dissolve his legislative . These events made Heliade publish a pamphlet titled Măceşul ( " The Eglantine " ) , which was heavily critical of Russian influence and reportedly sold over 30 @,@ 000 copies . It was centered on the pun alluding to Trandafiloff 's name — trandafir cu of în coadă ( lit . " a rose ending in -of " , but also " a rose with grief for a stem " ) . Making additional covert reference to Trandafiloff as " the eglantine " , it featured the lyrics :
In spring 1848 , when the first European revolutions had erupted , Heliade was attracted into cooperation with Frăţia , a secret society founded by Nicolae Bălcescu , Ion Ghica , Christian Tell , and Alexandru G. Golescu , and sat on its leadership committee . He also collaborated with the reform @-@ minded French teacher Jean Alexandre Vaillant , who was ultimately expelled after his activities were brought to the attention of authorities . On April 19 , 1848 , following financial setbacks , Curierul Românesc ceased printing ( this prompted Heliade to write Cântecul ursului , " The Bear 's Song " , a piece ridiculing his political enemies ) .
Heliade progressively distanced himself from the more radical groups , especially after discussions began on the issue of land reform and the disestablishment of the boyar class . Initially , he accepted the reforms , and , after the matter was debated within Frăţia just before rebellion broke out , he issued a resolution acknowledging this ( the document was probably inspired by Nicolae Bălcescu ) . The compromise also set other goals , including national independence , responsible government , civil rights and equality , universal taxation , a larger Assembly , five @-@ year terms of office for Princes ( and their election by the National Assembly ) , freedom of the press , and decentralization . On June 21 , 1848 , present in Islaz alongside Tell and the Orthodox priest known as Popa Şapcă , he read out these goals to a cheering crowd , in what was to be the effective start of the uprising ( see Proclamation of Islaz ) . Four days after the Islaz events , the revolution succeeded in toppling Bibescu , whom it replaced with a Provisional Government which immediately attracted Russian hostility . Presided over by Metropolitan Neofit , it included Heliade , who was also Minister of Education , as well as Tell , Ştefan Golescu , Gheorghe Magheru , and , for a short while , the Bucharest merchant Gheorghe Scurti .
Disputes regarding the shape of land reform continued , and in late July , the Government created Comisia proprietăţii ( the Commission on Property ) , representing both peasants and landlords and overseen by Alexandru Racoviţă and Ion Ionescu de la Brad . It too failed to reach a compromise over the amount of land to be allocated to peasants , and it was ultimately recalled by Heliade , who indicated that the matter was to be deliberated once a new Assembly had been voted into office . In time , the writer adopted a conservative outlook in respect to boyar tradition , developing a singular view of Romanian history from a consideration of property and rank in Wallachia . In the words of historian Nicolae Iorga : " Eliad had wanted to lead , as dictator , this movement that added liberal institutions to the old society that had been almost completely maintained in place " .
Like most other revolutionaries , Heliade favored maintaining good relations with the Ottoman Empire , Wallachia 's suzerain power , hoping that this policy could help counter Russian pressures . As Sultan Abdülmecid I was assessing the situation , Süleyman Paşa was dispatched to Bucharest , where he advised the revolutionaries to carry on with their diplomatic efforts , and ordered the Provisional Government to be replaced by Locotenenţa domnească , a triumvirate of regents comprising Heliade , Tell , and Nicolae Golescu . Nonetheless , the Ottomans were pressured by Russia into joining a clampdown on revolutionary forces , which resulted , during September , in the reestablishment of Regulamentul Organic and its system of government . Together with Tell , Heliade sought refuge at the British consulate in Bucharest , where they were hosted by Robert Gilmour Colquhoun in exchange for a deposit of Austrian florins .
= = = Exile = = =
Leaving his family behind , he was allowed to pass into the Austrian @-@ ruled Banat , before moving into self @-@ exile in France while his wife and children were sent to Ottoman lands . In 1850 – 1851 , several of his memoirs of the revolution , written in both Romanian and French , were published in Paris , the city where he had taken residence . He shared his exile with Tell and Magheru , as well as with Nicolae Rusu Locusteanu .
It was during his time in Paris that he met with Pierre @-@ Joseph Proudhon , the anarchist philosopher who had come to advance a moderate small @-@ scale property project ( to counter both economic liberalism and socialism ) . Heliade used this opportunity to make the Romanian cause known to the staff of Proudhon 's La Voix de Peuple . Major French publications to which he contributed included La Presse , La Semaine , and Le Siècle , where he also helped publicize political issues pertaining to his native land . Heliade was credited with having exercised influence over historian Élias Regnault ; Nicolae Iorga argued that Regnault 's discarded his own arguments in favor of a unified Romanian state to include Transylvania ( a concept which Heliade had come to resent ) , as well amending his earlier account of the 1848 events , after being exposed to " Eliad 's propaganda " .
While claiming to represent the entire body of Wallachian émigrés , Heliade had by then grown disappointed with the political developments , and , in his private correspondence , commented that Romanians in general were " idle " , " womanizing " , as well as having " the petty and base envies of women " , and argued that they required " supervision [ and ] leadership " . His fortune was declining , especially after pressures began for him to pay his many debts , and he often lacked the funds for basic necessities . At the time , he continuously clashed with other former revolutionaries , including Bălcescu , C. A. Rosetti , and the Golescus , who resented his ambiguous stance in respect to reforms , and especially his willingness to accept Regulamentul Organic as an instrument of power ; Heliade issued the first in a series of pamphlets condemning young radicals , contributing to factionalism inside the émigré camp . His friendship with Tell also soured , after Heliade began speculating that the revolutionary general was committing adultery with Maria .
In 1851 , Heliade reunited with his family on the island of Chios , where they stayed until 1854 . Following the evacuation of Russian troops from the Danubian Principalities during the Crimean War , Heliade was appointed by the Porte to represent the Romanian nation in Shumen , as part of Omar Pasha 's staff . Again expressing sympathy for the Ottoman cause , he was rewarded with the title of Bey . According to Iorga , Heliade 's attitudes reflected his hope of " recovering the power lost " in 1848 ; the historian also stressed that Omar never actually made use of Heliade 's services .
Later in the same year , he decided to return to Bucharest , but his stay was cut short when the Austrian authorities , who , under the leadership of Johann Coronini @-@ Cronberg , had taken over administration of the country as a neutral force , asked for him to be expelled . Returning to Paris , Heliade continued to publish works on political and cultural issues , including an analysis of the European situation after the Peace Treaty of 1856 and an 1858 essay on the Bible . In 1859 , he published his own translation of the Septuagint , under the name Biblia sacră ce cuprinde Noul şi Vechiul Testament ( " The Holy Bible , Comprising the New and Old Testament " ) .
As former revolutionaries , grouped in the Partida Naţională faction , advanced the idea of union between Wallachia and Moldavia in election for the ad hoc Divan , Heliade opted not to endorse any particular candidate , while rejecting outright the candidature of former prince Alexandru II Ghica ( in a private letter , he stated : " let them elect whomever [ of the candidates for the throne ] , for he would still have the heart of a man and some principles of a Romanian ; only don 't let that creature [ Ghica ] be elected , for he is capable of going to the dogs with this country " ) .
= = = Final years = = =
Later in 1859 , Heliade returned to Bucharest , which had become the capital of the United Principalities after the common election of Alexandru Ioan Cuza and later that of an internationally recognized Principality of Romania . It was during that period that he again added Rădulescu to his surname . Until his death , he published influential volumes on a variety of issues , while concentrating on contributions to history and literary criticism , and editing a new collection of his own poems . In 1863 , Domnitor Cuza awarded him an annual pension of 2 @,@ 000 lei .
One year after the creation of the Romanian Academy ( under the name of " Academic Society " ) , he was elected its first President ( 1867 ) , serving until his death . In 1869 , Heliade and Alexandru Papiu @-@ Ilarian successfully proposed the Italian diplomat and philologist Giovenale Vegezzi Ruscalla as honorary member of the Academy . By then , like most other 1848 Romantics , he had become the target of criticism from the younger generation of intellectuals , represented by the Iaşi @-@ based literary society Junimea ; in 1865 , during one of its early public sessions , Junimea explicitly rejected works by Heliade and Iancu Văcărescu .
During the elections of 1866 , Heliade Rădulescu won a seat in the Chamber as a deputy for the city of Târgovişte . As Cuza had been ousted from power by a coalition of political groupings , he was the only Wallachian deputy to join Nicolae Ionescu and other disciples of Simion Bărnuţiu in opposing the appointment of Carol of Hohenzollern as Domnitor and a proclamation stressing the perpetuity of the Moldo @-@ Wallachian union . Speaking in Parliament , he likened the adoption of foreign rule to the Phanariote period . The opposition was nevertheless weak , and the resolution was passed with a large majority .
Among Ion Heliade Rădulescu 's last printed works were a textbook on poetics ( 1868 ) and a volume on Romanian orthography . By that time , he had come to consider himself a prophet @-@ like figure , and the redeemer of his motherland , notably blessing his friends with the words " Christ and Magdalene be with you ! " His mental health declining , he died at his Bucharest residence on Polonă Street , nr . 20 . Heliade Rădulescu 's grandiose funeral ceremony attracted a large number of his admirers ; the coffin was buried in the courtyard of the Mavrogheni Church .
= = Heliade and the Romanian language = =
= = = Early proposals = = =
Heliade 's most influential contributions are related to his interest in developing the modern Romanian language , in which he synthesized Enlightenment tenets and Romantic nationalist ideals of the 1848 generation . At a time when Romanian was being discarded by the educated in favor of French or Greek , he and his supporters argued in favor of adapting Romanian to the requirements of modernization ; he wrote : " Young people , preoccupy yourselves with the national language , speak and write in it ; prepare yourselves for its study , for its cultivation , — and cultivating a language means to write in it about all sciences and arts , about all eras and peoples . The language alone unites , strengthens and defines a nation ; preoccupy yourselves with it first and foremost , as , through this , you shall be carrying out the most fundamental of policies , you shall be laying the foundation of nationality " .
Heliade inaugurated his series of proposals for reforming the language in 1828 , when his work on Romanian grammar called for the Cyrillic script to be reduced to 27 letters , reflecting phonetic spelling ( for this rule , Heliade cited the example of the Latin alphabet as used in Ancient Rome ) . Soon after , he began a campaign in favor of introducing Romance neologisms , which he wanted to adapt to Romanian spelling . By that time , Romanians in various regions had grown aware of the need to unify the varieties of Romanian and create a standard Romanian lexis : this notion was first supported by the Transylvanians Gheorghe Şincai and Petru Maior , whose proposal was to unite Romanians around the issue of the choice of liturgical language , both Orthodox and Greek @-@ Catholic ( see Transylvanian School ) . Heliade , who first proposed a language regulator ( an idea which was to be employed in creating the Romanian Academy ) , expanded on this legacy , while stressing that the dialect spoken in Muntenia , which had formed the basis of religious texts published by the 16th century printer Coresi , serve as the standard language .
In addition , he advocated aesthetical guidelines in respect to the standard shape of Romanian , stressing three basic principles in selecting words : " proper wording " , which called for vernacular words of Latin origin to be prioritized ; " harmony " , which meant that words of Latin origin were to be used in their most popular form , even in cases where euphony had been altered by prolonged usage ; and " energy " , through which Heliade favored the primacy of the shortest and most expressive of synonyms used throughout Romanian @-@ speaking areas . In parallel , Heliade frowned upon purist policies of removing widely used neologisms of foreign origin — arguing that these were " a fatality " , he indicated that the gains of such a process would have been shadowed by the losses .
These early theories exercised a lasting influence , and , when the work of unifying Romanian was accomplished in the late 19th century , they were used as a source of inspiration : Romania 's major poet of the period , Mihai Eminescu , himself celebrated for having created the modern literary language , gave praise to Heliade for " writing just as [ the language ] is spoken " . This assessment was shared by Ovid Densusianu , who wrote : " Thinking of how people wrote back then , in thick , drawly , sleepy phrases , Heliade thus shows himself superior to all his contemporaries , and ... we can consider him the first prose writer who brings in the note of modernity " .
= = = Italian influence = = =
A second period in Heliade 's linguistic researches , inaugurated when he adopted Étienne Condillac 's theory that a language could be developed from conventions , eventually brought about the rejection of his own earlier views . By the early 1840s , he postulated that Romanian and Italian were not distinct languages , but rather dialects of Latin , which prompted him to declare the necessity of replacing Romanian words with " superior " Italian ones . One of his stanzas , using his version of the Romanian Latin alphabet , read :
Primi auḑi @-@ vor quel sutteranu resunetu
Şi primi salta @-@ vor afara din grôpa
Sacri Poeţi que prea uşorâ ţêrinâi
Copere , şi quâror puţin d 'uman picioarele împlumbă .
Approximated into modern Romanian and English , this is :
The target of criticism and ridicule , these principles were dismissed by Eminescu as " errors " and " a priori systems of orthography " . During their existence , they competed with both August Treboniu Laurian 's adoption of strong Latin mannerisms and the inconsistent Francized system developed in Moldavia by Gheorghe Asachi , which , according to the 20th century literary critic Garabet Ibrăileanu , constituted " the boyar language of his time " . Ibrăileanu also noted that Asachi had come to admire Heliade 's attempts , and had praised them as an attempt to revive the language " spoken by Trajan 's men " — in reference to Roman Dacia .
While defending the role Moldavian politicians in the 1840s had in shaping modern Romanian culture , Ibrăileanu argued that practices such as those of Heliade and Laurian carried the risk of " suppressing the Romanian language " , and credited Alecu Russo , more than his successors at Junimea , with providing a passionate defense of spoken Romanian . He notably cited Russo 's verdict : " The modern political hatred aimed at [ Russia ] has thrown us into Italianism , into Frenchism , and into other -isms , that were not and are not Romanianism , but the political perils , in respect to the enslavement of the Romanian soul , have since passed ; true Romanianism ought to hold its head up high " . The literary critic George Călinescu also connected Heliade 's experimentation to his Russophobia , in turn reflecting his experiences as a revolutionary : " Hating Slavism and the Russians , who had striven to underline [ Slavic influences in Romanian ] , he said to himself that he was to serve his motherland by discarding all Slavic vestiges " . Călinescu notably attributed Heliade 's inconsistency to his " autodidacticism " , which , he contended , was responsible for " [ his ] casual implication in all issues , the unexpected move from common sense ideas to the most insane theories " .
Overall , Heliade 's experiments had marginal appeal , and their critics ( Eminescu included ) contrasted them with Heliade 's own tenets . Late in his life , Heliade seems to have acknowledged this , notably writing : " This language , as it is written today by people who can speak Romanian , is my work " . One of the few authors to be influenced by the theory was the Symbolist poet Alexandru Macedonski , who , during his youth , wrote several pieces in Heliade 's Italian @-@ sounding Romanian . Despite Heliade 's thesis being largely rejected , some of its practical effects on everyday language were very enduring , especially in cases where Italian words were borrowed as a means to illustrate nuances and concepts for which Romanian had no equivalent . These include afabil ( " affable " ) , adorabil ( " adorable " ) , colosal ( " colossal " ) , implacabil ( " implacable " ) , inefabil ( " ineffable " ) , inert ( " inert " ) , mistic ( " mystical " ) , pervers ( " perverse " or " pervert " ) , suav ( " suave " ) , and venerabil ( " venerable " ) .
= = Literature = =
= = = Tenets = = =
Celebrated as the founder of Wallachian Romanticism , Heliade was equally influenced by Classicism and the Age of Enlightenment . His work , written in a special cultural context ( where Classiciasm and Romanticism coexisted ) , took the middle path between two opposing camps : the Romantics ( Alecu Russo , Mihail Kogălniceanu and others ) and the Classicists ( Gheorghe Asachi , Grigore Alexandrescu , George Baronzi etc . ) . George Călinescu defined Heliade as " a devourer of books " , noting that his favorites , who all played a part in shaping his style and were many times the subject of his translations , included : Alphonse de Lamartine , Dante Aligheri , Ludovico Ariosto , Torquato Tasso , Voltaire , Jean @-@ François Marmontel , Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau , and François @-@ René de Chateaubriand .
His poetic style , influenced from early on by Lamartine , was infused with Classicism during his middle age , before he again adopted Romantic tenets . Initially making use of guidelines set by Nicolas Boileau @-@ Despréaux in respect to poetry , he came to oppose them after reading Victor Hugo 's Romantic preface to Cromwell ( without ever discarding them altogether ) .
Like the Classicists , Heliade favored a literature highlighting " types " of characters , as the union of universal traits and particular characteristics , but , like the Romantics , he encouraged writers to write from a subjective viewpoint , which he believed to be indicative of their mission as " prophets , ... men who criticize , who point out their society 's plagues and who look on to a happier future , waiting for a savior " . Through the latter ideal of moral regeneration , Heliade also complimented the Romantic stress on " national specificity " , which he adopted in his later years . At the same time , he centered much of his own literary work on non @-@ original material , either by compiling it from various translations or by translating from a single source — having his focus on creating the basis for further development by introducing samples of untapped literary genres and styles to Romanian literature .
While several of Heliade 's contributions to literature have been considered to be of low importance , many others , above all his Romantic poem Zburătorul , are hailed as major accomplishments . Zburătorul , borrowing from Romanian mythology its main character ( the eponymous incubus @-@ like being who visits nubile girls at night ) also serves to depict the atmosphere of a Wallachian village from that period . According to George Călinescu , the poem 's value partly relies on its depiction of lust through the girls ' eyes : " lacking the rages of Sappho and Phaedra . The puberty crisis is explained through mythology and cured through magic " .
An 1837 essay of his , centered on a debate regarding the translation of Homer 's works into Romanian , featured a series of counsels to younger writers : " This is not the time for criticism , children , it is the time for writing , so write as much and as good as you can , but without meanness ; create , do not ruin ; for the nation receives and blesses the maker and curses the destroyer . Write with a clear conscience " . Paraphrased as " Write anything , boys , as long as you go on writing ! " ( Scrieţi , băieţi , orice , numai scrieţi ! ) , this quote became the topic of derision in later decades , and was hailed as an example of Heliade 's failure to distinguish between quality and quantity . The latter verdict was considered unfair by the literary historian Şerban Cioculescu and others , who argued that Ion Heliade Rădulescu 's main goal was to encourage the rapid development of local literature to a European level . Although he recognized , among other things , Heliade 's merits of having removed pretentious boyar discourse from poetry and having favored regular rhyme , Paul Zarifopol accused him and Gheorghe Asachi of " tastelessness " and " literary insecurity " . He elaborated : " Rădulescu was arguably afflicted with this sin more than Asachi , given his unfortunate ambitions of fabricating a literary language " .
Heliade 's name is closely connected with the establishment of Romanian @-@ language theater , mirroring the activities of Asachi in Moldavia . Ever since he partook in creating Soţietatea Filarmonică and the Bucharest Theater , to the moment of his death , he was involved in virtually all major developments in local dramatic and operatic art . In August 1834 , he was one of the intellectuals who organized the first show hosted by Soţietatea Filarmonică , which featured , alongside a cavatina from Vincenzo Bellini 's Il pirata , Heliade 's translation of Voltaire 's Mahomet . In subsequent years , members of the association carried out the translation of French theater and other foreign pieces , while encouraging Romanian @-@ language dramatists , an effort which was to become successful during and after the 1840s ( when Constantin Aristia and Costache Caragiale entered their most creative periods ) . Heliade himself advocated didacticism in drama ( defining it as " the preservation of social health " ) , and supported professionalism in acting .
= = = Historical and religious subjects = = =
Ion Heliade Rădulescu made extensive use of the Romantic nationalist focus on history , which he initially applied to his poetry . In this instance as well , the goal was to educate his public ; he wrote : " Nothing is worthy of derision as much as someone taking pride in his parents and ancestors and nothing more worthy of praise than when the ancestors ' great deeds serve as a model and an impulse for competition among descendants " . The main historical figure in his poetry is the late 16th century Wallachian Prince Michael the Brave , the first one to rally Wallachia , Moldavia and Transylvania under a single rule : celebrated in Heliade 's poem O noapte pe ruinele Târgoviştii ( " A Night on the Ruins of Târgovişte " ) , he was to be the main character of a lengthy epic poem , Mihaiada , of which only two sections , written in very different styles , were ever completed ( in 1845 and 1859 respectively ) . Other historical poems also expanded on the ideal of a single Romanian state , while presenting the 1848 generation as a model for future Romanian politicians .
Throughout the 1860s , one of Heliade 's main interests was an investigation into the issues involving Romanian history during the origin of the Romanians and the early medieval history of the Danubian Principalities . At a time when , in Moldavia , the newly surfaced Chronicle of Huru traced a political lineage of the country to the Roman Empire through the means of a narrative which was later proven to be entirely fictional , Heliade made use of its theses to draw similar conclusions regarding Wallachia . His conservative views were thus expanded to the level of historiographic thesis : according to Heliade , boyars had been an egalitarian and permeable class , which , from as early as the times of Radu Negru , had adopted humane laws that announced and welcomed those of the French Revolution ( he notably claimed that the county @-@ based administration was a democratic one , and that it had been copied from the Israelite model as depicted in the Bible ) .
The ideal he expressed in a work of the period , Equilibru între antithesi ( " A Balance between Antitheses " ) was moderate progressivism , with the preservation of social peace . In Tudor Vianu 's view , partly based on earlier assessments by other critics , Equilibru , with its stress on making political needs coincide with social ones through the means of counterweights , evidenced strong influences from Pierre @-@ Joseph Proudhon 's thought , as well as vaguer ones from that of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel . Nonetheless , his system parted with Hegelianism in that , instead of seeking a balance between the Geist and existence , it considered the three states of human progress ( Thesis , antithesis , synthesis ) the reflection of a mystical number favored throughout history .
In parallel , Heliade worked on a vast synthesis of his own philosophy of history , based on his interpretation of Biblical theology . His 1858 work , Biblice ( " Biblical Writings " ) , was supposed to form the first of four sections in a Christian history of the world . Referring to this project , Călinescu defined Heliade 's ideas as " interesting , no matter how naïve at times , in general Voltairian and Freemason [ in shape ] " . Biblicele partly evidenced Heliade 's interests in the Talmud and Zohar @-@ like gematria — with emphasis placed on the numbers 3 , 7 , and 10 — , as well as ample references to the Sephirot . One of his original thoughts on the matter was a reference to " deltas " ( triangles ) of deities — Elohim @-@ Spirit @-@ Matter and Spirit @-@ Matter @-@ the Universe . A portion of Heliade Rădulescu 's poems also draw on religious themes and discourse . According to George Călinescu , the poet had attempted to create a parallel to both The Divine Comedy and the Bible , from Genesis to Revelation , with a style influenced by Lamartine and Victor Hugo .
= = = Satire and polemics = = =
Heliade was aware of the often negative response to his work : in a poem dedicated to the memory of Friedrich Schiller , he expanded on the contrast between creation and social setting ( in reference to mankind , it stressed Te iartă să faci răul , iar binele nici mort — " They forgive the evil committed against them , but never the good " ) . A noted author of satire , he used it as a vehicle to criticize social customs of his day , as well as to publicize personal conflicts and resentments . As a maverick , he attacked political figures on both sides : conservatives who mimicked liberalism were the subject of his Areopagiul bestielor ( " The Areopagus of the Beasts " ) , while many other of his post @-@ 1848 prose and poetry pieces mocked people on the left wing of liberalism , most notably C. A. Rosetti and his supporters . During and after his exile , his conflicts with Cezar Bolliac and Ion Ghica also made the latter two the target of irony , most likely based on Heliade 's belief that they intended to downplay his contributions to the Wallachian Revolution of 1848 .
His autobiographical pieces , marked by acid comments on Greek @-@ language education , and , in this respect , similar to the writings of his friend Costache Negruzzi , also display a dose of self @-@ irony . The enduring polemic with Grigore Alexandrescu , as well as his quarrel with Bolliac , formed the basis of his pamphlet Domnul Sarsailă autorul ( " Mr. Old Nick , the Author " ) , an attack on what Heliade viewed as writers whose pretentions contrasted with their actual mediocrity . In other short prose works , Ion Heliade Rădulescu commented on the caricature @-@ like nature of parvenu Bucharesters ( the male prototype , Coconul Drăgan , was " an ennobled hoodlum " , while the female one , Coconiţa Drăgana , always wished to be the first in line for the unction ) .
In various of his articles , he showed himself a critic of social trends . During the 1830s , he reacted against misogyny , arguing in favor of women 's rights : " Who has made man create himself unfair laws and customs , in order for him to cultivate his spirit and forsake [ women ] into ignorance ... ? " . In 1859 , after the Jewish community in Galaţi fell victim to a pogrom , he spoke out against Antisemitic blood libel accusations : " Jews do not eat children in England , nor do they in France , nor do they in Germany , nor do they do so wherever humans have become humans . Where else are they accused of such an inhumane deed ? Wherever peoples are still Barbaric or semi @-@ Barbaric " .
A large portion of Heliade 's satirical works rely on mockery of speech patterns and physical traits : notable portraits resulting from this style include mimicking the manner of Transylvanian educators ( with their strict adherence to Latin etymologies ) , and his critique of the exophthalmos Rosetti ( with eyes " more bulged than those of a giant frog " ) . Without sharing Heliade 's views on literature , the younger Titu Maiorescu drew comparisons with his predecessor for launching into similar attacks , and usually in respect to the same rivals .
= = In cultural reference = =
A monument to Ion Heliade Rădulescu , sculpted by the Italian artist Ettore Ferrari , stands in front of the University building in central Bucharest . In addition to naming a lecture room after him , the Romanian Academy has instituted the Ion Heliade Rădulescu Award — in 1880 , it was awarded to Bogdan Petriceicu Hasdeu , for his Cuvinte den bătrâni , and worth 5 @,@ 000 gold lei . Ten years after , the prize was the center of a scandal , involving on one side the dramatist Ion Luca Caragiale and , on the other , the cultural establishment formed around members of the National Liberal Party , including Hasdeu and Dimitrie Sturdza . The latter disapproved of Caragiale 's anti @-@ Liberal stance and his association with Junimea , as well as to his anti @-@ nationalism , dislike of didacticism , and alleged cosmopolitanism . They thus refused to grant him the prize .
A high school in his native Târgovişte bears the name Ion Heliade Rădulescu , as does a village in the commune of Ziduri , Buzău County . The grave of Take Ionescu , an influential political figure and one @-@ time Prime Minister of Romania who was Heliade 's descendant , is situated in Sinaia Monastery , in the immediate vicinity of a fir tree planted by Heliade and his fellow 1848 revolutionaries .
In his 1870 poem Epigonii ( " The Epigones " ) , Mihai Eminescu paid tribute to early Romanian @-@ language writers and their contributions to literature . An entire stanza is dedicated to Heliade :
During the early 1880s , Alexandru Macedonski and his Literatorul attempted to preserve Heliade 's status and his theories when these were faced with criticism from Junimea ; by 1885 , this rivalry ended in defeat for Macedonski , and contributed to the disestablishment of Literatorul .
Although a Junimist for a large part of his life , Ion Luca Caragiale himself saw a precursor in Heliade , and even expressed some sympathy for his political ideals . During the 1890s , he republished a piece by Heliade in the Conservative Party 's main journal , Epoca . One of Caragiale 's most significant characters , the Transylvanian schoolteacher Marius Chicoş Rostogan , shares many traits with his counterparts in Heliade 's stories . Developing his own theory , he claimed that there was a clear difference between , on one hand , the generation of Heliade Rădulescu , Ion Câmpineanu , and Nicolae Bălcescu , and , on the other , the National Liberal establishment formed around Pantazi Ghica , Nicolae Misail and Mihail Pătârlăgeanu — he identified the latter grouping with hypocrisy , demagogy , and political corruption , while arguing that the former could have found itself best represented by the Conservatives .
Comments about Heliade and his Bucharest statue feature prominently in Macedonski 's short story Nicu Dereanu , whose main character , a daydreaming Bohemian , idolizes the Wallachian writer . Sburătorul , a modernist literary magazine of the interwar period , edited by Eugen Lovinescu , owed its name to Zburătorul , making use of an antiquated variant of the name ( a form favored by Heliade ) . During the same years , Camil Petrescu made reference to Heliade in his novel Un om între oameni , which depicts events from Nicolae Bălcescu 's lifetime .
In his Autobiography , the Romanian philosopher Mircea Eliade indicated that it was likely that his ancestors , whose original surname was Ieremia , had adopted the new name as a tribute to Heliade Rădulescu , whom they probably admired .
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= New Multitudes =
New Multitudes is a Woody Guthrie tribute album performed by Jay Farrar , Will Johnson , Anders Parker , and Jim James to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Guthrie 's birth , released through Rounder Records on February 28 , 2012 . The project was initiated by Woody 's daughter Nora Guthrie to have Farrar add music to her father 's lyrics — specifically , his earliest songwriting years in Los Angeles . Over the course of several years , he invited the others to collaborate and recorded at a variety of locations across the United States . Each artist wrote music to lyrics that inspired him and presented it to the collaborators for recording . The result is an album with diverse musical genres that has garnered positive reviews from critics for its varied styles and instrumentation . The quartet promoted the album with a small promotional tour that took them to record stores , radio programs , theaters , and folk festivals . The group has plans for releasing a second volume .
= = Development and recording = =
New Multitudes is one of several tribute albums for American folk singer @-@ songwriter Woody Guthrie . Guthrie died in 1967 after an extended battle with Huntington 's disease , but his relatively brief career [ how does a 26 year career count as brief ] helped to inspire innumerable musicians during his lifetime as well as in the 1960s folk revival movement . Initially , this project was announced as a Farrar solo album with Johnson as a contributor . It was intended to follow previous efforts to elaborate on the archives of the Foundation by Billy Bragg and Wilco with the albums Mermaid Avenue ( 1998 ) and Mermaid Avenue Vol . II ( 2000 ) , Blackfire 's Woody Guthrie Singles ( 2003 ) , Jonatha Brooke 's The Works ( 2008 ) , and the various artists compilation Note of Hope : A Celebration of Woody Guthrie ( 2011 ) . Farrar was initially invited to collaborate with Bragg on the Mermaid Avenue sessions in 1995 , but felt uncomfortable working on the material with someone else . Warner Bros. Records wanted all of Son Volt to collaborate with Bragg , but after Farrar declined , he kept the idea in mind . In 2006 , he approached Nora Guthrie about returning to her father 's lyrics and she agreed .
To write his own batch of songs , Farrar looked through several of the over 3 @,@ 000 handwritten lyrics that Guthrie 's estate has preserved before incidentally focusing on his California period . The connection to Guthrie 's Los Angeles years was accidental — Farrar simply chose lyrics that he found compelling and Nora pointed out that they came from a relatively brief period of her father 's life when he lived in Los Angeles . He also made a conscious decision to write instrumentation in a style more similar to Guthrie 's than other tribute projects , such as The Klezmatics ' klezmer @-@ based Woody Guthrie 's Happy Joyous Hanukkah and Wonder Wheel . Farrar had never listened to the Bragg and Wilco material to ensure that his songwriting would not be influenced by it .
Immediately before going to the Archives in autumn 2006 , Farrar invited his Gob Iron collaborator Anders Parker to come with him and look over potential material and the two returned several times over a period of months gathering lyrics for composition before recording together starting on July 14 , 2007 . As they found lyrics that interested them , they had reproductions mailed to their homes from the Archives to work on the material at their leisure . The duo finished recording several songs throughout the year but did not have enough material to complete the album . The recordings were also made without a budget or record contract for release .
Nora Guthrie played some of the 2009 recordings for Yames and Farrar invited him to join the duo after discovering that he had visited the Archives as well . Yames wrote the tune for " Hoping Machine " and suggested that fellow Monsters of Folk collaborator Johnson accompany them . Farrar mailed Johnson some lyrics and he composed " Chorine My Sheba Queen " that afternoon , while Yames was attracted to the lyrics of " Empty Bed Blues " while recovering from an injury . Once the entire quartet had composed songs , they entered studios in Brooklyn and East St. Louis throughout 2009 and 2010 , recording songs with live vocals in one or two takes , crowding around a single microphone . The group attempted to have the recordings ready for a 2011 release , but had to finish the album too late in the year .
Farrar has characterized the songwriting process for this album as easier than his typical work composing new lyrics as it allowed him to be less self @-@ conscious .
= = Tour = =
The quartet toured the United States to support the album , playing all of the groups ' Guthrie compositions as well as some solo work . Bobby Bare , Jr. and Sarah Jaffe opened for them . Early in the tour , the group discussed reconvening for further dates , but decided to cap their initial outing with the Newport Folk Festival .
The performers also released a four @-@ track 10 " single " Let 's Multiply " exclusive for Record Store Day .
= = = Line @-@ up = = =
Jay Farrar – lead guitar , vocals
Will Johnson – drums , rhythm guitar , vocals
Anders Parker – drums , rhythm guitar , vocals
Yim Yames – bass guitar , vocals
= = = Dates = = =
Additionally , Parker performed some of the New Multitudes material at the initial benefit concert SwitchPoint hosted by IntraHealth International in Saxapahaw , North Carolina on April 20 .
= = = Response = = =
The tour was well @-@ received , with The New York Times critic Nate Chinen describing their Webster Hall performance as familiar , but with a unique confluence of styles from each lyricist , from Yames ' " hazy magnetism " to Parker 's " straightforward folk @-@ rock earnestness . " The Philadelphia Inquirer 's review by Sam Adams praised the performers by concluding that " all four musicians are worthy of following in Guthrie 's footsteps , each in his own distinctive way . "
= = Reception = =
The album has received generally positive reviews from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 81 , based on 13 reviews , which indicates " generally favorable reviews " . MusicOMH 's Max Raymond has praised the album as being " engrossing " due to the emotional depth of the lyrics as well as the warm and relaxed sound of the studio recording . Will Hermes of Rolling Stone gave the album a mixed review , praising the vocal harmonies . The diversity in sound was highlighted by AbsolutePunk 's Gregory Robson , Jason Schneider of Exclaim ! and the A.V. Club 's Chris Martins , ranging from electric blues to psychedelia as well as the atypical lyrics from Guthrie — focusing on the city of Los Angeles rather than his communist @-@ leaning politics and Dustbowl tragedy narratives . American Songwriter 's Evan Schlansky noted the same apolitical tone of the lyrics , but qualified that with Yames ' delivery on " My Revolutionary Mind " . He praised the album 's diversity as a strength , allowing each vocalist an opportunity to display his unique talents . Writing for Los Angeles Times , Randy Lewis agrees that the songwriting diversity is a strength , comparing individual tracks with R.E.M. , The Velvet Underground , Richard Thompson , and John Mellencamp . Graham Reid of The New Zealand Herald also notes similarities to R.E.M. , fellow Guthrie admirer Bob Dylan , The Byrds , and Eagles . The PopMatters review by Jeff Strowe points out the blues influences in the album , adding to its emotional depth . About.com 's Kim Ruehl has criticized the diversity and complexity of the album as contrary to the simplicity of Guthrie 's actual recordings , concluding that " If this weren 't presented so staunchly as being at least part ' Woody Guthrie album , ' it might be a little easier to swallow . " Doug Collette of All About Jazz also reviewed the deluxe edition bonus disc , comparing it favorably to the proper album as well as the previous Farrar – Parker collaboration Gob Iron . The album topped American publication Billboard 's Heatseekers .
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by Woody Guthrie , all lead vocals by co @-@ writer
" Hoping Machine " ( Farrar ) – 4 : 52
" Fly High " ( Parker ) – 3 : 45
" My Revolutionary Mind " ( Yames ) – 4 : 43
" VD City " ( Johnson ) – 4 : 05
" Old L.A. " ( Parker ) – 3 : 03
" Talking Empty Bed Blues " ( Yames ) – 4 : 09
" Chorine My Sheba Queen " ( Johnson ) – 4 : 50
" Careless Reckless Love " ( Farrar ) – 5 : 01
" Angel 's Blues " ( Parker ) – 4 : 38
" No Fear " ( Johnson ) – 3 : 36
" Changing World " ( Yames ) – 3 : 48
" New Multitudes " ( Farrar ) – 2 : 47
Limited edition bonus disc
All music written and performed by Farrar and Parker .
" Around New York " – 0 : 51
" Jake Walk Blues " – 1 : 59
" Whereabouts Can I Hide " – 2 : 51
" Old Kokaine " – 3 : 04
" I Was a Goner " – 3 : 42
" San Antone Meat House " – 3 : 59
" Dopefiend Robber " – 4 : 41
" World 's On Fire " – 3 : 12
" When I Get Home " – 3 : 51
" Atom Dance " – 2 : 34
" Your Smile Cured Me " – 2 : 41
= = Personnel = =
Woody Guthrie – artwork , lyrics
Jay Farrar – vocals , guitar , composition , production
Will Johnson – vocals , guitar , saw on " Chorine My Sheba Queen " , composition , production
Anders Parker – vocals , guitar , composition , production
Yim Yames – vocals , guitar , bass guitar , composition , production
Technical personnel
John Agnello – mixing
Larissa Collins – art direction , package design
Mike Martin – engineering
Matt Pence – mixing
Kevin Ratterman – mixing
Brad Sarno – mastering
Mark Spencer – mixing
Anna Webber – photography
Additional musicians
Buck Carter
Jimmy Griffin
Creston Lea
Konrad Meissner
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= Chetham 's School of Music =
Chetham 's School of Music ( / ˈtʃiːtəmz / or occasionally / ˈtʃɛtəmz / ) familiarly known as " Chets " , is a specialist independent co @-@ educational music school in Manchester city centre in North West England . It was established in 1969 , incorporating Chetham 's Hospital School , founded as a charity school by Humphrey Chetham in 1653 . After becoming a boys ' grammar school in 1952 , the school turned to music as its speciality , and became an independent school . There are approximately 290 pupils on roll , making it the largest music school in the United Kingdom . The oldest parts of the school date to the 1420s , when the building was constructed as a residence for priests of the church ( now Manchester Cathedral ) ; these parts are listed buildings , along with other parts of the complex . The site houses Chetham 's Library , the oldest free public reference library in the United Kingdom . A new building to replace the Victorian Palatine building and allow easier access for visitors was completed in 2012 , and a 480 @-@ seat concert hall , The Stoller Hall , will open within the new school building in April 2017 as a home for both school and professional music and other genres of performance . The school is a registered charity under English law .
Chetham 's educates students between the ages of 8 and 18 . 90 % of students receive full or partial funding for their education and boarding through the UK Government 's Music and Dance scheme , ensuring that admission is based solely on musical potential and not on ability to pay . The school regularly obtains good exam results in both music and academic subjects . It maintains links to Manchester Cathedral by educating its choristers and holding regular concerts , and many Chetham 's students have become professional musicians . Its ensembles , such as the Big Band and Symphony Orchestra , and many students have won awards for their music and progressed to highly successful careers , both in music and in other sectors .
In February 2013 , the school 's former Director of Music Michael Brewer was convicted of having indecently assaulted a pupil , Frances Andrade , who committed suicide during his trial . Investigations began into allegations against others associated with the school in the past , and in May 2013 the Greater Manchester Police reported that over 30 women had reported incidents of abuse relating to the school . An Independent Schools Inspectorate report published in 2014 praised the school 's current leadership , including its safeguarding provisions .
= = History = =
= = = Beginnings = = =
The school is built on the site of Manchester Castle , a fortified manor house owned by the Grelleys after the Norman Conquest , at the confluence of the River Irwell and the River Irk . Medieval Manchester grew around the manor house and the parish church , which eventually became Manchester Cathedral .
In the early 14th century , the de la Warre family acquired the land through marriage . Thomas de la Warre refounded the church as a collegiate church in 1421 . De la Warre gave the site of his manor house for the construction of a college , where eight priests , four clerks and six lay choristers lived in the care of a warden . It is likely that building began between 1424 and 1429 , and the main hall and cloister rooms finished by 1458 . It remains the most complete building of its kind in the country , and at the time of its construction , was the second largest building in Manchester , surpassed only by the church .
The college was dissolved during the English Reformation in 1547 , and purchased by Edward Stanley , 3rd Earl of Derby . It was re @-@ founded by Queen Mary , before Elizabeth I refounded it as " Christ 's College " in 1578 . This arrangement lasted until the foundation of Manchester Cathedral in 1847 . The college buildings remained the property of the Stanleys , and wardens ( including the Elizabethan astronomer and mathematician John Dee ) lived on the premises with their families and servants . During the English Civil War , the college was used as a gunpowder factory and a prison . Lord James Stanley , a Royalist , was executed in 1651 , and Parliament confiscated his property , including the college .
= = = Humphrey Chetham = = =
Humphrey Chetham ( 1580 – 1653 ) was an unmarried and childless financier , philanthropist and cloth merchant from Manchester . In the 1640s , he provided money for the maintenance and education of fourteen poor boys from Manchester , six from Salford , and two from Droylsden . In March 1649 he wrote to the Earl of Derby about his intention to establish a school . He attempted unsuccessfully to acquire the buildings of the Manchester College , which were " spoyld and ruin 'd and become like a dunghill " , to provide a hospital , school and library . In his will , Chetham left over £ 8 @,@ 000 from his estate ( which was worth about £ 14 @,@ 000 in total ) to establish a hospital school for 40 poor local boys , between the ages of six and ten from " honest " families , who should be taught and cared for until they were 14 . His executors obtained the lease of the college where Chetham wished to house the school and library in 1654 .
= = = Charity school = = =
After repairs to the college were completed in mid @-@ 1656 , the first admissions were made . The first headmaster , Richard Dutton , was appointed in 1655 , and in 1665 the institution became an incorporated charity . The number of pupils grew , with admissions rising to 100 by the 1870s . Boys were admitted based on the parish they lived in , and on need , health and background of the family . Illegitimate boys were not admitted , and all boys had to be able to read to a certain standard that meant they were not hard to teach . In 1878 , a new schoolroom designed by architect Alfred Waterhouse ( who designed Manchester Town Hall ) was built in a Tudor style . The number of boys admitted was reduced to 75 in 1908 to save money , though three years later admissions increased to 99 . In 1916 , no boys were admitted due to lack of funding caused by World War I , and in 1918 the number was limited to 70 . Successful public appeals resulted in the numbers rising to 97 in 1929 . In 1926 a scheme was set up which allowed boys to apply for scholarships to join a grammar school , which meant that while they lived at Chetham 's , they were educated elsewhere during the day . Further , they would stay at grammar school until at least the age of 16 and sometimes 18 .
= = = World War II and aftermath : 1939 to 1952 = = =
During World War II , the boys were evacuated to the seaside town of Cleveleys , Lancashire , where they shared accommodation with a primary school . Chetham 's was damaged by an explosion in December 1940 , when most of the windows were shattered and the roof was set alight . The boys relocated to Chapel @-@ en @-@ le @-@ Frith , Derbyshire , in 1943 where all 41 boys were together . Thirteen boys attending grammar school moved to Buxton College . By 1944 the governors believed that it would not be appropriate for the school to return to Manchester , and it was proposed the site become a religious education centre . However , after years of discussion , it was decided to return the school to Manchester . The Education Act 1944 , which stipulated that schools should be classified as primary or secondary , complicated matters , since Chetham 's went across the middle . It was decided in 1950 that Chetham 's should become a grammar school , and this change took place two years later . In 1950 , Chetham 's amalgamated with Nicholls ' Hospital School , a similar school based in Ardwick which had been established in 1863 . While it could take up to 100 boys , by the end of the war there were only 22 and it was considered beneficial for the schools to merge .
= = = Later history : since 1952 = = =
After the change in organisation , Chetham 's could no longer afford to provide education based on scholarships and other allowances , and charged fees . In 1952 , the school buildings were considered insufficient so a new block was built , which opened in 1955 . Numbers of boys admitted increased significantly while the number of boarders remained about the same , day pupils increasing the number on roll in 1960 to 230 , 64 of which were boarders .
Before becoming a specialist school , Chetham 's had a good reputation for music , and on this basis the decision was made to become a co @-@ educational music school in 1969 . The former Palatine Hotel , which housed offices and shops , was converted into extra teaching space and practice rooms . In 1969 , 50 students were admitted based on musical potential and by 1972 this had risen to 150 , more than half of the entire school . In 1977 the school changed to its present name . In 1978 the Long Millgate building , the original home of Manchester Grammar School , was purchased to provide additional space .
A new school building adjacent to the existing site was opened in 2012 by the Earl of Wessex ( Patron of the school ) . This includes space for a 400 @-@ seat concert hall although this remains to be completed . Old classrooms will be converted to other uses , and the Palatine building will be demolished to reveal the currently hidden medieval buildings and allow easier access to the library .
= = = 2013 sex abuse scandal = = =
In February 2013 , Michael Brewer , Director of Music from the late 1970s to the early 1990s , and his ex @-@ wife , were convicted of indecently assaulting a pupil , Frances Andrade , between 1978 and 1982 . She committed suicide after giving evidence at their trial . Prosecutors claimed Brewer was forced to resign in the 1990s after an inappropriate relationship with a 16 @-@ year @-@ old girl . The school 's statement said the current staff were " shocked ... to the core " by the revelations of " the most appalling acts which took place during his time at the school ... " . In March 2013 Brewer was found guilty of indecent assault , and was sentenced to six years imprisonment .
It was reported that allegations of assault were made against another teacher in the 1980s . On 12 February , Professor Malcolm Layfield , Head of Strings at the Royal Northern College of Music resigned from the RNCM Board after claims of his previous sexual misconduct were brought up during the Brewer hearing . Before he was appointed Head of Strings , Layfield had admitted to having relationships with six Chetham 's pupils aged between 16 and 18 whilst he taught there , leading two RNCM teachers to resign in protest at his appointment in 2002 , including Professor Martin Roscoe , Head of Keyboard Studies . In October 2013 he was arrested on suspicion of raping and indecently assaulting an 18 @-@ year @-@ old woman between 1988 and 1999 .
On 14 February , Professor Wen Zhou Li , a violin teacher at the Royal Northern College of Music and former teacher at Chetham 's , was arrested on charges of rape that allegedly occurred whilst he taught at the school . This case was dropped in 2016 before coming to trial , and Wen Zhou Li told that he left court " without a stain on his character . " Allegations of sexual abuse were also made against the pianist Ryszard Bakst , who died in 1999 , and former violin teacher Christopher Ling . Ling , who had moved to Los Angeles in the 1990s , shot himself at his home when US marshals arrived in September 2015 with a provisional arrest warrant .
On 8 May 2013 , the Greater Manchester Police reported that over 30 women had reported incidents of abuse , relating to the school . Their investigation was known as Operation Kiso . Allegations against 39 individuals in total had been assessed ; of those , ten cases were proactively investigated . The police said that those cases " have or have had connections with either Chetham 's and / or Royal Northern College of Music and / or have taught music privately . " The school issued a statement that they were assisting the police with their inquiries , and that they had instigated an action plan to review their safeguarding processes and procedures . An Independent Schools Inspectorate report published in 2014 praised the school 's current leadership , including its safeguarding provisions . The lawyer representing some of the claimants , Liz Dux , said that she had been told that abuse had been " rife " at the school , and that teachers had allegedly been involved in " rape and habitual indecent assault " .
= = Academics and pastoral care = =
= = = Admissions = = =
Students are admitted to the school on musical ability and talent . The application process involves an audition , and advance ' advice auditions ' are offered to help potential applicants to prepare . In addition to competency in playing an instrument , qualities such as aural awareness , creativity and ability to sight @-@ read are sought . Grades and exam results are not required ( with the exception of Grade 5 theory for sixth form ) ; as musical potential is considered most important . Students between the ages of 8 and 18 can apply for a place studying any western instrument . Funding for up to 100 % of study and boarding fees is available to most students through the UK Government 's Music and Dance Scheme . Open Days are held twice each year .
= = = Curriculum = = =
As a specialist music school , Chetham 's requires all students to study a curriculum that concentrates on music and other subjects in accordance with the National Curriculum . Students taking GCSEs and A @-@ levels study music . All students study at least two instruments and choir practice is compulsory . Voice is available as an area of study only in the sixth form . Despite entry being solely through musical audition , the school regularly obtains good exam results , in comparison to other local schools and nationally .
Chetham 's educates choristers from the cathedral who follow a similar curriculum to other students and study an instrument . However , they do not apply in an audition . When a chorister reaches Year 8 ( age 12 or 13 ) , or their voice breaks , they can apply to join Chetham 's via the usual audition process .
Ensembles form an important part of the musical curriculum , with all students taking part in at least one . The ensembles include Chetham 's Symphony Orchestra , which has performed all over the world , including Germany , Spain and the United States , and on BBC Radio 3 . The award @-@ winning Big Band played an integral part in the creation of a Jazz Studies programme , and has won many prizes , including The Daily Telegraph Young Jazz Competition , and the junior section of the BBC Radio 2 Big Band of the Year Competition three times . The Chamber Choir has performed on Songs of Praise and the BBC Proms and the Symphonic Wind Band and Orchestra have won prizes at the Boosey and Hawkes National Concert Festival .
= = = School life = = =
Chetham 's admits boarding and day students to one of three houses : Victoria House , a mixed @-@ gender house for students aged 8 – 12 ; Boys ' House , for boys over the age of 12 ; and Girls ' House for girls over the age of 12 . In senior houses , boarding students share rooms for four people , and in the sixth form students either have single rooms or share with one other person . Students have a personal tutor to discuss their progress , and boarding students have a house parent who communicates with parents at home .
The school offers extra @-@ curricular activities during free time . It has a swimming pool , and offers trampolining , aerobics and fencing , as well as computer games , board games and Scalextric . Weekend trips are sometimes organised for climbing and mountain biking , or to the cinema or theatre .
= = Campus = =
Chetham 's is situated in Manchester City Centre , close to Manchester Victoria railway station , The National Football Museum and Manchester Cathedral . There are several buildings on the site , many of which are listed . They surround a large open space , the north part is a car park and courtyard , and the south part is a playground .
= = = College House = = =
College House , the original 15th @-@ century college , is a Grade I listed building built of sandstone in the shape of a lowercase ' b ' with a slate roof . It is accessed by the original gatehouse ; which was constructed on a plinth and contains the original timbers . The upper storey is accessed by an external staircase . Baronial Hall , once the Great Hall , contains many of its original features , such as its timber roof , dais and canopy . There is a large fireplace dating from the 19th century , and three windows likely to date from the 16th century . The Audit Room , originally a common room , contains a panelled ceiling with decorations suggesting it was installed by the Stanley family . The upper room , originally the warden 's chamber , is now the library reading room , and contains a large bay window within an elaborate Tudor arch , as well as original 17th @-@ century doors . The west part of the building surrounding the cloister courtyard contained accommodation known as sets , for people who lived in college . There were two rooms in each set on two floors , the lower floor being used as a study . Historian Clare Hartwell , describes the cobbled courtyard which has a restored well as " one of the most atmospheric spaces in the building " . It is surrounded by many windows , which were probably originally unglazed . Inside there are several corridors and passages containing open beams and original stonework . To the east is the kitchen and associated rooms , and further east are rooms used for administration offices , most of which have been substantially altered .
= = = New building = = =
A new building opposite Victoria Station was opened in 2012 . This contains most academic teaching rooms and all music teaching rooms , as well as two performance spaces . The Carole Nash Recital Room is used regularly for recitals and masterclasses , including free Lunchtime Concerts which take place three times each week during the school term . A second concert hall is currently under construction and will house larger scale performances for audiences of up to 500 . In September 2015 it was announced that this would be named The Stoller Hall , after its chief benefactor Sir Norman Stoller , and would open in April 2017 . Meanwhile , the old Palatine Building will be demolished to open up the medieval site and create a new access to Chetham 's Library .
= = = Other buildings = = =
Millgate Building , the former Manchester Grammar School , is a Grade II listed building designed by Alfred Waterhouse in the 1870s . Attached to it is Nicholl 's building . They contain the school hall , gym , swimming pool , dining room , art department , kitchen , and Boys ' House . The old classrooms inside them are being refurbished into boarding facilities . Vallins Arts Centre , which was designed by Alfred Waterhouse in 1878 and contains a performance space , is Grade II listed . Waterhouse was responsible for much of the alterations made to College House in the 19th century . The Nicholls Building contains Victoria House , and New College House contains Girls ' House , with the sixth form common room attached . There is also a small chapel which houses the drama department .
= = Notable former pupils = =
Chetham 's , as a music school , has produced dozens of notable alumni . Many of its students become professional musicians , as well as conductors , teachers and actors . This is a partial list of alumni :
Max Beesley – actor
Jiafeng Chen - violinist
Jon Christos – singer
Gary Cooper – harpsichordist , fortepianist , and conductor
Peter Donohoe – pianist
Daniel Harding – conductor
David Hill – choral director
Tim Horton - pianist , chamber musician . Ensemble 360
Stephen Hough – pianist
Guy Johnston – cellist
Paul Lewis – pianist
Mike Lindup – rock musician ( Level 42 )
Grant Llewellyn – conductor
Leon McCawley – pianist
Kevin Mallon conductor and violinist
Murray McLachlan – pianist
Wayne Marshall – pianist , organist and conductor
Jennifer Pike – violinist
Dominic Seldis – double bassist
Gwilym Simcock – jazz pianist , composer
David Thornton – euphonium player
Adam Walker – flautist
Andrew Wilde – pianist
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= Eorpwald of East Anglia =
Eorpwald ; also Erpenwald or Earpwald , ( reigned from c . 624 , assassinated c . 627 or 632 ) , succeeded his father Rædwald as ruler of the independent Kingdom of the East Angles . Eorpwald was a member of the East Anglian dynasty known as the Wuffingas , named after the semi @-@ historical king Wuffa .
Little is known of Eorpwald 's life or of his short reign , as little documentary evidence about the East Anglian kingdom has survived . The primary source for Eorpwald is the Ecclesiastical History of the English People , written by Bede in the 8th century . Soon after becoming king , Eorpwald received Christian teaching and was baptised in 627 or 632 . Soon after his conversion he was killed by Ricberht , a pagan noble , who may have succeeded him and ruled for three years . The motive for Eorpwald 's assassination was probably political as well as religious . He was the first early English king to suffer death as a consequence of his Christian faith and was subsequently venerated by the Church as a saint and martyr .
In 1939 , a magnificent ship @-@ burial was discovered under a large mound at Sutton Hoo , in Suffolk . Although Rædwald is usually considered to have been buried with the ship ( or commemorated by it ) , another possibility is Eorpwald . Alternatively , he might also have had his own ship @-@ burial nearby .
= = Background and family = =
By the beginning of the 7th century , southern England was almost entirely under the control of the Anglo @-@ Saxons . These peoples , who are known to have included Angles , Saxons , Jutes and Frisians , began to arrive in Britain in the 5th century . By 600 , a number of kingdoms had begun to form in the conquered territories , including the Kingdom of the East Angles , an Anglo @-@ Saxon kingdom which today includes the English counties of Norfolk and Suffolk . Almost no documentary sources exist about the history of the kingdom before the reign of Rædwald , who reigned until about 624 . Sources of information include the names of a few of the early Wuffing kings , mentioned in a short passage in Bede 's Ecclesiastical History of the English People , written in the 730s .
In 616 , Rædwald defeated and killed Æthelfrith of Northumbria in the Battle of the River Idle and then installed Edwin as the new Deiran king . Whilst Edwin had been an exile at Rædwald 's court , he had had a dream where he was told that if he converted to Christianity , he would become greater than any that had ruled before him . Steven Plunkett relates that , according to the version of events as told in the Whitby Life of St Gregory , it was Paulinus who visited Edwin and obtained his promise to convert to Christianity in return for regal power . After Edwin emerged as the ruler of Deira , with its centre at York , he became accepted as king of the northern Northumbrian province of Bernicia . Following his victory over the Northumbrians , Rædwald was not only king of the East Angles , but also the most powerful king amongst the rulers of the various English kingdoms , occupying the role which was later described by the term Bretwalda . He is thought by many to have been buried in the sumptuous ship burial at Sutton Hoo .
Eorpwald was the son of Rædwald by a wife whose name is not recorded . He had at least one brother , Rægenhere , and another sibling , Sigeberht , may also have been his brother . Rædwald used the letters R and E when naming two of his own sons , ( as did his own father when he and his younger brother Eni were named ) , which suggests that Eorpwald was the younger sibling and would only have become Rædwald 's heir after his elder brother Rægenhere was slain in battle in 616 . It is unclear whether , as Bede understood , Sigebert and Eorpwald were brothers , or whether they shared the same mother but not the same father , as was stated by the 12th century chronicler William of Malmesbury . According to the historian Barbara Yorke , Sigebert may have been a member of a different line of Wuffings who as his rival was forced into exile , in order to ensure that Eorpwald became king .
= = Accession and conversion to Christianity = =
Eorpwald was still a pagan when he became king of the East Angles , following the death of Rædwald in around 624 . D. P. Kirby maintains that Sigeberht fled from East Anglia to Gaul during the internal strife that followed Eorpwald 's accession and that the new king 's paganism created tension between Christian and pagan factions within the kingdom , which resulted in a reduction in his influence . In 627 , Edwin undertook the conversion of the peoples of Northumbria , Lindsey and East Anglia and at his prompting Eorpwald was , according to Bede , " persuaded to accept the Christian faith and sacraments " . It can be calculated that this event occurred in 627 , taking in account the years that Felix of Burgundy was known to have held the East Anglian bishopric . In contrast , the Anglo @-@ Saxon Chronicle recorded that Eorpwald 's baptism took place during 632 : " Her wæs Eorpwald gefullod " , ( " Here Eorpwald was baptized " ) .
It is not known whether Eorpwald was baptised in East Anglia , Northumbria or Kent , but it is very likely that Edwin , now the senior ruler , was present as his sponsor . Higham suggests that because of the lack of proper facilities in East Anglia , it is likely that he was baptised by Paulinus at Edwin 's centre of authority in Northumbria . The manner of Eorpwald 's conversion indicated that he was a subordinate king and that Edwin was his overlord .
Following his baptism , Edwin 's Northumbrian priests were in a position to be able to suppress pagan practices in Eorpwald 's kingdom and convert the East Anglians . The conversion had the general political benefit of bringing the entire eastern seaboard from Northumbria to Kent , with the exception of Essex , under the dominion of Edwin and his Christian allies .
= = Death and sainthood = =
The conversion of Eorpwald 's kingdom did not result in the establishment of any ecclesiastical infrastructure , such as the establishment of a see within the kingdom . Bede reported that soon after his conversion , Eorpwald was slain ( occisus ) by a heathen ( uiro gentili ) named Ricberht and that after he was killed , the kingdom reverted to heathen rule ( in errore uersata est ) for three years .
Eorpwald was the first English king to be killed because of his Christian faith . The circumstances are not recorded , so that it is not known whether Ricberht was representative of an internal East Anglian opposition to Christian rule , or if he was an emissary from abroad wishing to diminish Edwin of Northumbria 's influence over the East Angles . The return of East Anglia to pagan rule does not necessarily mean that there was an overt struggle between the worship of the Anglo @-@ Saxon gods and the worship of Christ , but could express a reaction away from Christianity amongst the East Angles , prompted by Edwin 's rise to power and his subsequent dominance over their king . The ancestry of Ricberht is unknown and it is unclear as to whether he ever ruled after he killed Eorpwald , but in 630 or 631 , three years after Eorpwald 's assassination , Sigeberht returned from exile in Gaul and became king of the East Angles .
At Sutton Hoo ( near Woodbridge , in Suffolk ) is the site of two 6th @-@ 7th century Anglo @-@ Saxon cemeteries , where it is believed that members of the Eorpwald 's dynasty were entombed under large earth mounds . Several East Anglian kings , including Eorpwald , have been suggested as possible candidates for the occupant of the burial site under Mound 1 , discovered in 1939 . Martin Carver has speculated that historians could use regal lists and other sources of information to identify the occupants , whilst acknowledging that no material evidence exists to support the theory that Eorpwald or other members of his family are buried there . He has used Eorpwald 's relationship as the son of Rædwald to place him in either Mound 1 or 2 .
According to Fleming 's Complete History of the British Martyrs , published in 1904 , King Eorpwald was venerated as a saint and a martyr by the English Church . His feast day is not known .
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= McDonald Ranch House =
The McDonald Ranch House , also known as Trinity Site , in the Oscura Mountains of Socorro County , New Mexico , was the location of assembly of the world 's first nuclear weapon . The active components of the Trinity test " gadget " , a plutonium Fat Man @-@ type bomb similar to that later dropped on Nagasaki , Japan , were assembled there on July 13 , 1945 . The completed bomb was winched up the test tower the following day and detonated on July 16 , 1945 as the Trinity nuclear test .
The McDonald Ranch House was built in 1913 by Franz Schmidt , a German immigrant , and acquired by the McDonald family in the 1930s . The ranch was vacated by the McDonald family under protest in 1942 , when the United States Army took over the land as part of the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range to use in training bomber crews during World War II .
The family hoped that the ranch would be returned after the war , but it was not , and in 1970 , the Army announced that it would be kept permanently . The McDonald Ranch House was empty and deteriorating until 1982 , when it was stabilized by the Army . In 1984 it was restored by the National Park Service to appear as it did on July 12 , 1945 . The site is now open to visitors once a year , on the first Saturday in April .
= = Early history = =
The George McDonald Ranch House sits within an 85 @-@ by @-@ 85 @-@ foot ( 26 by 26 m ) low stone wall . The house was built in 1913 by Franz Schmidt , a German immigrant , whose old house a mile away burned down in 1912 . An addition was constructed on the north side by the McDonald family , who had moved into area in the late 1870s or early 1880s , and acquired the ranch house in the 1930s .
The ranch house is a one @-@ story , 1 @,@ 750 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 163 m2 ) building . It is built of adobe , which was plastered and painted . An ice house is located on the west side , along with an underground cistern which stored rain water running off the roof . At one time , the north addition contained a toilet and bathtub , which drained into a septic tank northwest of the house . There is a large , divided water storage tank and a Chicago Aermotor windmill east of the house . The scientists and support people used the north tank as a swimming pool during the summer of 1945 . South of the windmill are the remains of a bunkhouse and a barn which was part garage . Further to the east are corrals and holding pens . The buildings and fixtures east of the house have been stabilized to prevent further deterioration .
The ranch was vacated by the McDonald family under protest in 1942 , when the Alamogordo Bombing and Gunnery Range took over the land to use in training bomber crews during World War II . Area lands were condemned and ranchers simply told to leave . The occupants were given the option of going to court or accepting a settlement , but had to leave in either case . The McDonalds chose to go to court , and were awarded about $ 60 @,@ 000 for their patented land .
= = Manhattan Project = =
The house stood empty until the Manhattan Project support personnel arrived in early 1945 . The northeast room ( the master bedroom ) was designated the assembly room . Workbenches and tables were installed . To keep dust and sand out of instruments and tools , the windows were covered with plastic . Tape was used to fasten the edges of the plastic and to seal doors and cracks in the walls .
The plutonium hemispheres for the pit of the Trinity nuclear test " gadget " ( bomb ) were delivered to the McDonald Ranch House on July 11 , 1945 . Brigadier General Thomas F. Farrell , the Deputy Director of the Manhattan Project , signed for them , and handed them over to Louis Slotin , the head of the Pit Assembly Team . The active components of the bomb were assembled in the assembly room on July 13 , 1945 , The bomb was winched up the test tower the following day . The Trinity test occurred on July 16 , 1945 . A plutonium Fat Man @-@ type bomb was detonated , similar to the bomb later dropped on Nagasaki .
The explosion only 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) away blew most of the home 's windows out but did not significantly damage the structure ; years of rain water intrusion through the roof were responsible for decades of subsequent deterioration . The barn roof was bowed inward by the blast and some of its roofing was blown away ; it collapsed some time thereafter .
= = 1960s – 1980s = =
On December 21 , 1965 , the Trinity Site was declared a National Historic Landmark district , and , on October 15 , 1966 , the McDonald House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places .
The McDonalds had expected that the ranch would be returned after the war , but this did not occur . In the 1970s it was announced that the land would not be returned . Dave McDonald and his niece , Mary McDonald , staged an armed reoccupation of the ranch in protest in 1982 .
The house stood empty and deteriorating until 1982 . White Sands Missile Range commander United States Army Major General Niles J. Fulwyler , who had directed the restoration of the White Sands V @-@ 2 Launching Site , ordered the structure stabilized to prevent any further damage . Shortly after , Fulwyler acquired funding from the Department of Energy and the Army for the National Park Service to completely restore the house to the way it appeared on July 12 , 1945 . Work was completed in 1984 .
Fulwyler buried a 25 @-@ year time capsule describing the restoration . It was opened during an open house on October 3 , 2009 . Its artifacts are now in display inside the home . On the back of a photograph of himself Fulwyler wrote :
Greetings to you of 2009 . When I came to White Sands Missile Range in 1982 I took as my command project the restoration of the MacDonald Ranch House . It was my great privilege to be the catalyst for this restoration , ably assisted by Mr. Al Johnson , who died shortly after its dedication . This is a most historic structure , in a most historic area . I hope you and succeeding generations appreciate what we have done . Take care of it . It is part of our heritage .
= = Access = =
For many years the site was open on the first Saturday in April and October . Admission is free . There is a display on the Schmidt family in the house during each open house . In 2014 , the White Sands Missile Range announced that due to budgetary constraints , the site would only be open once a year , on the first Saturday in April . In 2015 , this decision was reversed , and two events were scheduled , in April and October .
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= Tim Duncan =
Timothy Theodore " Tim " Duncan ( born April 25 , 1976 ) is an American retired professional basketball player who played his entire 19 @-@ year career with the San Antonio Spurs of the National Basketball Association ( NBA ) . Widely considered to be the greatest power forward of all time , he is a five @-@ time NBA champion , two @-@ time NBA MVP , three @-@ time NBA Finals MVP , and NBA Rookie of the Year . He is also a 15 @-@ time NBA All @-@ Star and the only player ever to be selected to both the All @-@ NBA and All @-@ Defensive Teams in every one of his first 13 seasons .
Duncan started out as a swimmer and only began playing basketball in ninth grade after Hurricane Hugo destroyed the only Olympic @-@ sized pool on his home of Saint Croix , U.S. Virgin Islands . He soon became a standout for St. Dunstan 's Episcopal High School , and had an illustrious college career with the Wake Forest University Demon Deacons , winning the Naismith College Player of the Year , USBWA College Player of the Year and John Wooden awards in his final year . Duncan graduated from college before entering the 1997 NBA draft as the number one pick .
Off the court , Duncan is known for his quiet and unassuming ways , as well as his active philanthropy . He holds a degree in psychology and created the Tim Duncan Foundation to raise general health awareness and fund education and youth sports in various parts of the United States .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early life = = =
Duncan is the only son of Ione Duncan , a midwife , and William Duncan , a mason , and has two older sisters , Cheryl and Tricia . He was born and raised in Christiansted , a town on Saint Croix , one of the main islands composing the United States Virgin Islands . In school , Duncan was a bright pupil and dreamt of becoming an Olympic @-@ level swimmer like his sister Tricia . His parents were very supportive and Duncan excelled at swimming , becoming a teenage standout in the 50 , 100 and 400 meters freestyle and aiming to make the 1992 Olympic Games as a member of the United States Team .
When Hurricane Hugo destroyed the island 's only Olympic @-@ sized swimming pool in 1989 , Duncan was forced to swim in the ocean and he quickly lost his enthusiasm for swimming because of his fear of sharks . Duncan was dealt another emotional blow when his mother was diagnosed with breast cancer and died one day before his 14th birthday . In her last days , she made Duncan and his sisters promise to finish college with a degree , which would later explain Duncan 's refusal to leave college early . Duncan never swam competitively again , but was inspired by his brother @-@ in @-@ law to turn to basketball .
Duncan initially had difficulties adapting to the game he thought would help relieve his pain and frustration . Nancy Pomroy , the athletic director of the St. Croix Country Day School was quoted : " [ Duncan ] was so huge . So big and tall , but he was awfully awkward at the time . " He overcame this to become a standout for the St. Dunstan 's Episcopal High School , averaging 25 points per game as a senior . His play attracted the attention of several universities , despite having only picked up the game in ninth grade . Wake Forest University basketball coach Dave Odom in particular grew interested in Duncan after the 16 @-@ year @-@ old allegedly played NBA star Alonzo Mourning to a draw in a 5 @-@ on @-@ 5 pick @-@ up game . Odom was searching for a tall , physical player to play near the basket . Given the weak level of basketball in the Virgin Islands , Odom was wary about Duncan at first , especially after first meeting him and thinking him to be inattentive ; Duncan stared blankly at Odom for most of the conversation . However , after the first talk , Odom understood that this was just Duncan 's way of paying attention , and discovered that he was not only athletically talented , but also a quick learner . Eventually , despite scholarship offers by the University of Hartford , the University of Delaware and Providence College , Duncan joined Odom 's Wake Forest Demon Deacons .
= = = Wake Forest University ( 1993 – 1997 ) = = =
In the year before Duncan 's arrival at Wake Forest University , the Demon Deacons reached the Sweet 16 , but then lost main scorer Rodney Rogers , who entered the 1993 NBA draft . In the 1993 – 94 NCAA season , Coach Dave Odom was considering redshirting Duncan , but was forced to play him after fellow freshman big man Makhtar N 'Diaye was ruled out due to NCAA rules violations and eventually transferred to Michigan . Duncan struggled with early transition problems and was even held scoreless in his first college game , but as the year progressed , he and teammate Randolph Childress led the Deacons to a 20 – 11 win @-@ loss record . Duncan 's style of play was simple but effective , combining an array of low @-@ post moves , mid @-@ range bank shots and tough defense . He was chosen to represent the U.S. in the 1994 Goodwill Games . Meanwhile , Duncan worked towards a degree in psychology and also took classes in anthropology and Chinese literature . Despite focusing heavily on basketball , Wake Forest psychology department chairperson Deborah Best was quoted : " Tim [ ... ] was one of my more intellectual students . [ ... ] Other than his height , I couldn 't tell him from any other student at Wake Forest . " Duncan also established his reputation as a stoic player , to the extent that opposing fans taunted him as " Mr. Spock " , the prototypical logical , detached character from Star Trek .
In the 1994 – 95 NCAA season , the sophomore was soon called one of the best eligible NBA prospects , along with his peers Joe Smith , Rasheed Wallace and Jerry Stackhouse . Los Angeles Lakers general manager Jerry West suggested that Duncan might become the top pick in the 1995 NBA draft if he went early , but Duncan assured everyone he had no intention of going pro until he graduated , even though the NBA was planning to add a rookie salary cap in 1996 . He was giving up a lot of money , but was determined to stay in school . In that season , he led the Demon Deacons into the Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) championship game against a Rasheed Wallace @-@ led North Carolina Tar Heels . During that game , Duncan neutralized the threat of Wallace , while Childress sealed the win with a jump shot with four seconds left in overtime . In the NCAA Tournament , the Demon Deacons reached the Sweet 16 , and playing against Oklahoma State , Duncan scored 12 points to go with 22 rebounds and eight blocks , outplaying Bryant Reeves , but his team lost 71 – 66 . Still , Duncan ended the year averaging 16 @.@ 8 points and 12 @.@ 5 rebounds per game , was named Defensive Player of the Year and became the third @-@ best shot @-@ blocker in NCAA history with 3 @.@ 98 blocks per game . He was also voted All @-@ ACC First Team , a feat he would repeat in each of his two remaining years at Wake Forest .
In the following 1995 – 96 NCAA season , Wake Forest had to deal with the loss of Childress , who graduated the previous season and entered the NBA . This provided an opportunity for Duncan to show his leadership qualities , and his inexperienced team lost only four games in the entire ACC season . The Demon Deacons won the ACC Finals again , but in the Sweet 16 , Duncan came down with the flu , and his team missed the Final Four by one win . He completed another remarkable season with averages of 19 @.@ 1 points and 12 @.@ 3 rebounds per game , and was again voted ACC Defensive Player of the Year and won his first ACC Player of the Year award . At the season 's end the Wake Forest star was rumored to enter the 1996 NBA draft , but in the end , he stayed in college .
In the 1996 – 97 NCAA season , Duncan was helped by the addition of future NBA player Loren Woods , a 7 ' 1 " player who eased the pressure on Duncan close to the basket . The Demon Deacons won their first 13 games , but then got into a slump and failed to win a third ACC title . The NCAA campaign was just as frustrating , as Stanford University , led by future NBA point guard Brevin Knight , eliminated Duncan 's team with a 72 – 66 win . Duncan finished with an individually impressive season though , averaging 20 @.@ 8 points , 14 @.@ 7 rebounds and 3 @.@ 2 assists per game while shooting .606 from the field and winning the Defensive Player of the Year for a third straight season . He earned first @-@ team All @-@ America honors for the second time , and was a unanimous pick for both USBWA and Naismith College Player of the Year . Duncan led the 1996 – 97 NCAA Division I in rebounding , was 10th in blocked shots ( 3 @.@ 3 bpg ) and 28th in scoring ( 20 @.@ 8 ppg ) . He was voted ACC Player of the Year again and won the 1997 John Wooden Award as the NCAA 's best overall male player based on the votes of sportscasters and newswriters .
In contrast to contemporary prep @-@ to @-@ pro players like Kevin Garnett , Jermaine O 'Neal , Tracy McGrady or Kobe Bryant , Duncan stayed at college for a full four years . During that period , he was a two @-@ time ACC Player of the Year , and a three @-@ time NABC Defensive Player of the Year . The center also made the All @-@ ACC Tournament between 1995 and 1997 , the All @-@ ACC First Team between 1995 and 1997 , and was named Most Valuable Player of the 1996 ACC Tournament . Further , 1996 was the year where he led the conference in scoring , rebounding , field goal percentage and blocked shots , becoming the first player in conference history to lead all four of those categories . Overall , Duncan led his team to a 97 – 31 win – loss record and finished his college career as the all @-@ time leading rebounder in NCAA history in the post @-@ 1973 era ( later surpassed by Kenneth Faried ) . He remains one of only ten players with more than 2 @,@ 000 career points and 1 @,@ 500 career rebounds . He was also the first player in NCAA history to reach 1 @,@ 500 points , 1 @,@ 000 rebounds , 400 blocked shots and 200 assists . He left college as the all @-@ time leading shot @-@ blocker in ACC history with 481 blocks — at the time second in NCAA annals behind Colgate 's Adonal Foyle and third on the ACC career rebounding list with 1 @,@ 570 rebounds . After earning his college degree , Duncan became automatically eligible for the 1997 NBA draft .
= = Professional career = =
= = = " Twin Towers " ( 1997 – 2003 ) = = =
In the 1997 NBA draft , the San Antonio Spurs drafted Duncan with the first draft pick . The Spurs were coming off an injury @-@ riddled 1996 – 97 season ; their best player , David Robinson — himself a number one draft pick in 1987 — was sidelined for most of the year , and they had finished with a 20 – 62 win – loss record . However , as the 1997 – 98 season approached , the Spurs were considered a notable threat in the NBA . With an experienced center in Robinson and the number one pick in Duncan , the Spurs featured one of the best frontcourts in the league . Duncan and Robinson became known as the " Twin Towers " , having earned a reputation for their exceptional defense close to the basket , forcing opponents to take lower percentage shots from outside . From the beginning , Duncan established himself as a quality player : in his second @-@ ever road game , he grabbed 22 rebounds against opposing Chicago Bulls Hall of Fame power forward Dennis Rodman , a multiple rebounding champion and NBA Defensive Player of the Year . Duncan was voted to the 1998 NBA All @-@ Star Game by coaches . Later , when Duncan played against opposing Houston Rockets Hall of Fame power forward Charles Barkley , Barkley was so impressed he said : " I have seen the future and he wears number 21 . " In his rookie season , Duncan lived up to expectations of being the number one draft pick , starting in all 82 regular @-@ season games , averaging 21 @.@ 1 points , 11 @.@ 9 rebounds , 2 @.@ 7 assists and 2 @.@ 5 blocks per game , and earning All @-@ NBA First Team honors . His defensive contributions ensured that he was elected to the All @-@ Defensive Second Team and was also named NBA Rookie of the Year , having won the NBA Rookie of the Month award every single month that season . Spurs coach Gregg Popovich lauded Duncan 's mental toughness , stating his rookie 's " demeanor was singularly remarkable " , Duncan always " put things into perspective " and never got " too upbeat or too depressed . " Center Robinson was equally impressed with Duncan : " He 's the real thing . I 'm proud of his attitude and effort . He gives all the extra effort and work and wants to become a better player . "
The Spurs qualified for the 1998 NBA Playoffs as the fifth seed , but Duncan had a bad first half in his first playoff game against the Phoenix Suns , causing Suns coach Danny Ainge to play Duncan with less defensive pressure . The rookie capitalized on this by finishing Game 1 with 32 points and 10 rebounds and replicating the performance in Game 2 , contributing to a 3 – 1 victory over the Suns . However , the Spurs lost in the second round to the eventual Western Conference Champions Utah Jazz . In this series , Duncan was pitted against Hall @-@ of @-@ Fame power forward Karl Malone . Duncan outscored Malone in the first two games which the Spurs lost , but as the series progressed , the more experienced Malone shut Duncan down on defense and dominated on offense , outscoring the young power forward in Games 3 to 5 18 – 10 , 34 – 22 and 24 – 14 respectively .
During the lockout @-@ shortened 1998 – 99 season , the Spurs started with a lackluster 6 – 8 record and Popovich came under fire from the press . However , Duncan and Robinson stood behind their coach , and finished the season with a 31 – 5 run . The sophomore averaged 21 @.@ 7 points , 11 @.@ 4 rebounds , 2 @.@ 4 assists and 2 @.@ 5 blocks in the regular season , making both the All @-@ NBA and All @-@ Defense First Teams . In the 1999 NBA Playoffs , the Spurs defeated the Minnesota Timberwolves 3 – 1 , swept the Los Angeles Lakers and the Portland Trail Blazers 4 – 0 , and defeated the Cinderella story New York Knicks 4 – 1 in the Finals . In this series , a large contingent of Virgin Islanders flew over to support their local hero , and were not disappointed . In the first two games , the " Twin Towers " outscored their Knicks counterparts Chris Dudley / Larry Johnson with 41 points , 26 rebounds and nine blocks versus five points , 12 rebounds and zero blocks . After a Game 3 loss in which Duncan was held scoreless in the third quarter and committed three turnovers in the last quarter , Duncan bounced back with 28 points and 18 rebounds in a Game 4 win , and in Game 5 , the Spurs protected a 78 – 77 lead seconds from the end with the ball in the Knicks ' possession . Double teamed by Duncan and Robinson , Knicks swingman Latrell Sprewell missed a last @-@ second desperation shot , and after closing out the series with a strong 31 @-@ point and 9 @-@ rebound showing in Game 5 , Duncan was named Finals MVP , bringing San Antonio their first @-@ ever NBA championship . The accolades for the Spurs soon arrived , with Sports Illustrated reporting that the San Antonio " monkey has been shed " , and that the Spurs were no longer known as the " San Antonio softies " . The magazine praised Finals MVP Duncan , who was later quoted : " This is incredible . We kept our focus and we pulled it out . " Sports Illustrated journalist and retired NBA player Alex English added : " Duncan came up big each time they went to him with that sweet turnaround jumper off the glass . He was the man tonight [ in Game 5 ] . " And Popovich later said to losing coach Jeff Van Gundy : " I 've got Tim [ Duncan ] and you don 't . That 's the difference . "
In the 1999 – 2000 season , Duncan further cemented his reputation . He averaged 23 @.@ 2 points , 12 @.@ 4 rebounds , 3 @.@ 2 assists and 2 @.@ 2 blocks per game , earned another pair of All @-@ NBA and All @-@ Defense First Team call @-@ ups , and was co @-@ MVP with Shaquille O 'Neal of the NBA All @-@ Star Game . However , the Spurs had a disappointing post @-@ season . Duncan injured his meniscus shortly before the end of the regular season and was unable to play in even one post @-@ season game . Consequently , the Spurs were eliminated in the first round of the 2000 NBA Playoffs , losing 3 – 1 to the Phoenix Suns . Nonetheless , Duncan rebounded in the next season , and with strong regular @-@ season averages of 22 @.@ 2 points , 12 @.@ 2 rebounds , 3 @.@ 0 assists and 2 @.@ 3 blocks , earned himself yet another pair of All @-@ NBA and All @-@ Defensive First Team call @-@ ups . In the 2001 NBA Playoffs , the Spurs eliminated the Timberwolves 3 – 1 , defeated the Dallas Mavericks 4 – 1 , but then bowed out against the Lakers led by superstars Shaquille O 'Neal and Kobe Bryant , losing in four straight games . Sports Illustrated described the series as a " [ m ] erciless mismatch " , and Duncan was criticized as " silent when the Spurs need him most " .
On the back of two consecutive playoff disappointments , Duncan improved statistically in the 2001 – 02 season . He averaged career highs in scoring ( 25 @.@ 5 points per game , including a league @-@ leading 764 field goals and 560 attempted free throws ) and rebounding ( 12 @.@ 7 boards per game , and his accumulated 1042 boards again led the league ) , and also averaged 3 @.@ 7 assists and 2 @.@ 5 blocks per game , both career highs . Coupled with another pair of All @-@ NBA and All @-@ Defensive First Team call @-@ ups , he was named the league 's Most Valuable Player , joining teammate David Robinson as the only Spurs members to earn the honor . On the other hand , Duncan 's team struggled with the fact that the aging Robinson was no longer able to sustain his level of performance , and backup center @-@ forward Malik Rose had to step in more often . In the 2002 NBA Playoffs , the Spurs were again outmatched by the Lakers . Up against star center O 'Neal once more , the Spurs were defeated 4 – 1 by the eventual champions . Duncan , who managed 34 points and a franchise @-@ high 25 rebounds in Game 5 , stated his frustration : " I thought we really had a chance at this series . The Lakers proved to be more than we could handle . Again , we had a ( heck ) of a run at it . We had opportunities to win games and make it a different series , but that 's just the way the ball rolls sometimes . " Nevertheless , NBA.com praised Duncan as " phenomenal " and criticized his supporting cast , stating Duncan " made 11 @-@ of @-@ 23 shots and 12 @-@ of @-@ 14 free throws , adding four assists and two blocks [ a ] nd once again , he did not have enough help . " Also , Robinson said " Tim [ Duncan ] was like Superman out there " , and conceded that the Lakers were simply better , just like in the last playoffs campaign .
The 2002 – 03 season saw Duncan enjoy another standout season in which he averaged 23 @.@ 3 points , a career @-@ high 12 @.@ 9 rebounds , 3 @.@ 9 assists and 2 @.@ 9 blocks per game , and yet another dual All @-@ NBA and All @-@ Defense First Team call @-@ up , resulting in his second NBA Most Valuable Player Award . At age 37 , Robinson announced that year as his last season , and his playing time was cut by coach Popovich to save his energy for the playoffs . The Spurs qualified easily for the playoffs , concluding the regular season as the Conference number one seed with a 60 – 22 record . Although San Antonio now had new offensive threats in Tony Parker and Manu Ginóbili , during the playoffs , it was Duncan 's performance in the semi @-@ finals against the Los Angeles Lakers which was singled out for praise by Popovich , who stated : " I thought in Game 5 and Game 6 , he [ Duncan ] was astounding in his focus . He pulled everyone along these last two games . " In the series , Duncan was matched up against forward Robert Horry , and was able to dominate him the entire series and closed out the series in style ; Duncan finished Game 6 with 37 points and 16 rebounds , allowing Spurs coach Popovich to call timeout with 2 : 26 left to instruct his team not to celebrate excessively . The Spurs made it to the finals , and defeated the New Jersey Nets 88 – 77 in Game 6 to win another NBA championship . Helped by an inspired Robinson , Duncan almost recorded a quadruple double in the final game , and was named the NBA Finals MVP . Duncan said of the victory : " We were all confident that something would happen , that we would turn the game to our favor , and it did " , but felt sad that Robinson retired after winning his second championship ring . Following this successful Spurs campaign , Robinson and Duncan were named Sports Illustrated 's 2003 " Sportsmen of the Year " .
= = = Leader of the Spurs ( 2003 – 2007 ) = = =
Before the 2003 – 04 season began , the Spurs lost their perennial captain David Robinson to retirement . Embracing the lone team leader role , Duncan led a reformed Spurs team which included Slovenian center Rasho Nesterovič , defensive stalwart Bruce Bowen , Argentinian shooting guard Ginóbili and young French point guard Parker . Coming off the bench were clutch shooting power forward Robert Horry , versatile Hedo Türkoğlu and veterans Malik Rose and Kevin Willis . In retrospect , Robinson commented that at first , Duncan was reluctant to step into the void , still needing some time to truly develop his leadership skills . Statistically though , Duncan remained strong ; after another convincing season with averages of 22 @.@ 3 points , 12 @.@ 4 rebounds , 3 @.@ 1 assists and 2 @.@ 7 blocks , he led the Spurs into the Western Conference Semifinals . There , they met the Los Angeles Lakers again , split the series 2 – 2 , and in Game 5 , Duncan made a toughly defended jump shot which put the Spurs ahead by one point with 0 @.@ 4 seconds left to play . Despite the little time remaining , Lakers point guard Derek Fisher hit a buzzer beater for an upset Lakers win . In the end , the Spurs lost the series 4 – 2 , and Duncan attributed the strong Lakers defense as one of the reasons for the loss .
Duncan and his Spurs looked to re @-@ assert themselves in the next 2004 – 05 season . Despite their new captain 's slight statistical slump ( 20 @.@ 3 points , 11 @.@ 1 rebounds , 2 @.@ 7 assists , 2 @.@ 6 blocks per game ) , the Spurs won the second seed for the 2005 NBA Playoffs by winning 59 games . In the first round , the Spurs eliminated the Denver Nuggets four games to one , and met the Seattle SuperSonics in the semi @-@ finals . After splitting the first four games , Duncan led his team to two decisive victories , setting up a meeting with the Phoenix Suns , known for their up @-@ tempo basketball . The Spurs managed to beat the Suns at their own game , defeating them 4 – 1 and earning a spot in the 2005 NBA Finals against the Detroit Pistons . In the Finals , Duncan was pitted against Detroit 's defensively strong frontcourt anchored by multiple NBA Defensive Player of the Year Ben Wallace . After two convincing Game 1 and 2 wins for the Spurs , the Pistons double teamed Duncan and forced him to play further from the basket . Detroit won the next two games and the series was eventually tied at 3 – 3 , but Duncan was instrumental in Game 7 , recording 25 points and 11 rebounds as the Spurs defeated the Pistons . NBA.com reported that " with his unique multidimensional talent , Duncan depleted and dissected the Pistons ... He was the fulcrum of virtually every key play down the stretch " , and coach Popovich added : " [ Duncan 's ] complete game is so sound , so fundamental , so unnoticed at times , because if he didn 't score , people think , ' Well , he didn 't do anything ' . But he was incredible and he was the force that got it done for us . " Pistons center Ben Wallace remarked : " He put his team on his shoulders and carried them to a championship [ ... t ] hat 's what the great players do . " Duncan won his third NBA Finals MVP Award , joining Michael Jordan , Shaquille O 'Neal , and Magic Johnson as the only players in NBA history to win it three times .
During the 2005 – 06 season , Duncan suffered from plantar fasciitis for most of the season , which was at least partly responsible for his sinking output ( 18 @.@ 6 points , 11 @.@ 0 rebounds , 3 @.@ 2 assists and 2 @.@ 0 blocks per game ) , and also for his failure to make the All @-@ NBA First Team after eight consecutive appearances . The big man came back strong in the 2006 NBA Playoffs against the Dallas Mavericks , where he outscored rival power forward Dirk Nowitzki 32 @.@ 2 to 27 @.@ 1 points , with neither Nowitzki nor Mavericks center Erick Dampier able to stop Duncan with their man @-@ to @-@ man defense . But after splitting the first six games , Duncan became the tragic hero of his team in Game 7 . Despite scoring 39 points in regulation time and fouling out both Dampier and Keith Van Horn , Duncan only made one of seven field goal attempts in overtime against Mavericks reserve center DeSagana Diop , and the Spurs lost Game 7 .
The following season , however , was another championship year for Duncan and the Spurs . Duncan averaged 20 @.@ 0 points , 10 @.@ 6 rebounds , 3 @.@ 4 assists and 2 @.@ 4 blocks per game in the regular season , and was selected as a Western Conference starter for the 2007 NBA All @-@ Star Game , his ninth appearance in the event . In the playoffs , he led the Spurs to a 4 – 1 series win over the Denver Nuggets in the opening round of the 2007 NBA Playoffs , a 4 – 2 win over the Phoenix Suns in the second round , and a 4 – 1 win against the Utah Jazz in the Western Conference Finals , setting up a meeting with the Cleveland Cavaliers in the Finals . There , the Spurs swept the Cavaliers 4 – 0 , earning Duncan his and San Antonio 's fourth ever championship . Duncan proclaimed that that championship was " the best " of his four championships ; however , he also acknowledged he played " sub @-@ par " and thus received only one vote for NBA Finals MVP from a panel of ten . His colleagues were more appreciative of Duncan ; among others , ex @-@ teammate David Robinson referred to the Spurs titles as the " Tim Duncan era " , and lauded his leadership . Coach Popovich also praised Duncan : " Tim is the common denominator . He 's [ had ] a different cast around him [ in ] ' 99 , ' 03 and ' 05 . He 's welcomed them all . [ ... ] But he is that easy to play with , and his skills are so fundamentally sound that other people can fit in . " Then @-@ NBA commissioner David Stern added : " [ Duncan ] is a player for the ages . I 'm a tennis fan , and Pete Sampras is one of the greats . OK , he wasn 't Andre Agassi or John McEnroe . He just happens to be one of the greatest players of all time . You take great players as you find them . "
= = = Playoff consistency ( 2007 – 2013 ) = = =
With Duncan being healthy for 78 games and posting typical 20 / 10 numbers , San Antonio concluded the 2007 – 08 regular season with a 56 – 26 record , finishing behind the Lakers and New Orleans Hornets in the Western Conference and setting up themselves for a first @-@ round contest against the Suns . The Suns — defeated by the Spurs in three of the past four seasons of playoffs — were out for revenge and featured a new player in four @-@ time NBA champion Shaquille O 'Neal . In Game 1 , Duncan set the tone with a 40 @-@ point game and a rare three @-@ pointer that sent the game into double overtime . The trio of Duncan , Ginóbili and Parker continued playing to form for the remainder of the series , and the Spurs eliminated the Suns in five games . In the first game of the next round against the Chris Paul @-@ led Hornets , San Antonio was badly defeated 101 – 82 as Duncan played one of the worst playoff games in his career , recording only 5 points and 3 rebounds . The Spurs dropped the next game as well , but recovered in Games 3 and 4 , with Duncan putting up a team @-@ high 22 point / 15 rebound / 4 block performance in the game that tied the series . Duncan then recorded 20 points and 15 rebounds in Game 6 , and the Spurs relied on their experience to seal the series in Game 7 . However , arch @-@ rivals Los Angeles Lakers defeated San Antonio in five games in the Conference Finals , and the Spurs once again failed to capture back @-@ to @-@ back NBA championships .
Duncan started the 2008 – 09 season with strong showings in points and rebounds per game . However , by mid @-@ season , his performance declined and he was subsequently diagnosed with chronic knee tendinosis . Despite Duncan having problems with his knee and the team losing the services of shooting guard Ginóbili for most of the season , San Antonio qualified for the playoffs as the third seed with a 54 – 28 record . Coupled with an aging supporting cast ( Bowen , Michael Finley and Kurt Thomas were all in their late 30s ) , however , the Spurs were only considered fringe contenders for the championship . As it turned out , Duncan and Parker were not enough to help the Spurs avoid a 4 – 1 defeat by Dallas , and the Spurs were eliminated in the first round of the playoffs for the first time since 2000 .
With the Spurs looking to provide a more solid supporting cast in the 2009 – 10 season , they acquired Richard Jefferson , Theo Ratliff , Antonio McDyess , DeJuan Blair , and Keith Bogans . The team got off to a 5 – 6 start , but a series of double double performances by Duncan gave them a 9 – 6 record by the end of November . Duncan was subsequently named the Western Conference Player of the Week for the last week of November . Even at 34 years of age , he remained a constant 20 – 10 threat , being only one of three players in the league at the mid @-@ season to average at least 20 points and 10 rebounds a game . On January 21 , 2010 , Duncan was named as the starting forward for the West for the 2010 NBA All @-@ Star Game . After securing yet another 50 @-@ win season , the Spurs qualified for the playoffs as the seventh seed , and defeated Dallas 4 – 2 in the first round , only to lose 4 – 0 to Phoenix in the next round .
Eleven games into the 2010 – 11 season , Duncan became the Spurs ' all @-@ time leader in points scored and games played . Along the way , the Spurs compiled a 12 @-@ game winning streak to go 13 – 2 after 15 games . On November 30 , 2010 , Duncan recorded his third career triple @-@ double against the Golden State Warriors . 12 days later , in a game against the Portland Trail Blazers , Duncan became the 94th player in NBA history to play 1 @,@ 000 games . Through his 1,000th game , the Spurs have been 707 – 293 ; only Scottie Pippen ( 715 – 285 ) had a better record with his team through his first 1 @,@ 000 games . The Spurs were 29 – 4 after 33 games — one of the ten best starts in NBA history – and led the league at 35 – 6 halfway through the season . Although Duncan produced career @-@ lows in points and rebounds per game , the Spurs ended the regular season as the first seed in the West for the 2011 NBA Playoffs , and were second in the league ( to Chicago ) . Despite finishing with a 61 – 21 record , however , the Spurs could not avoid being upset in the first round , 4 – 2 , by the eighth @-@ seeded Memphis Grizzlies .
The Spurs again finished the 2011 – 12 season as the number one seed in the West — it was a lockout @-@ shortened 66 @-@ game season — tying with the Chicago Bulls for a league @-@ best 50 – 16 record . Prior to a game against the Philadelphia 76ers on March 24 , 2012 , head coach Gregg Popovich decided to give Duncan a night off by listing him on the official scorecard as " DNP @-@ OLD " , poking fun at his 36 @-@ year @-@ old body . Overall , Duncan 's numbers remained at par with the previous season . The triumvirate of Duncan @-@ Parker @-@ Ginóbili entered the 2012 NBA Playoffs well @-@ rested and healthy , and the Spurs swept the Utah Jazz and the Los Angeles Clippers 4 – 0 in the first two rounds . On May 31 , 2012 , in the third game of the Western Conference Finals against the Oklahoma City Thunder , Duncan set the record for most career blocks in playoffs history , surpassing Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar . The Spurs ' playoff run came to an end when the Thunder defeated them 4 – 2 .
On July 11 , 2012 , Duncan agreed to re @-@ sign with the Spurs . Helped by a supporting cast comprising Danny Green , Tiago Splitter , Gary Neal and Kawhi Leonard that had been maturing steadily over the last two seasons , Duncan and the Spurs would again make the playoffs with a 58 – 24 regular season record . Duncan also returned to the All @-@ Star line @-@ up and was named to the All @-@ NBA First Team . He finished the regular season with 23 @,@ 785 career points , which broke George Gervin 's record for most points in a Spurs uniform ( 23 @,@ 602 ) . In the playoffs , the Spurs swept the Los Angeles Lakers , beat Golden State in six games and defeated the Memphis Grizzlies in the Western Conference Finals in a 4 – 0 sweep to reach the NBA Finals . In game 2 of the Western Conference Finals , Duncan recorded his 500th playoff block , becoming the first player in NBA history to reach that milestone , although the NBA did not track blocks prior to the 1973 – 74 season . The Spurs met defending NBA champions Miami Heat in the NBA Finals in a tightly contested series . Miami had home court advantage , but San Antonio took the first game and headed into game 6 with a 3 – 2 lead . In that game , Duncan scored 25 points in the first half , his biggest haul in a half of an NBA Finals game . However , the Spurs lost the game in overtime , and then lost the deciding seventh game .
= = = Fifth championship ( 2013 – 2014 ) = = =
On December 2 , 2013 , Duncan became the oldest player to record a 20 – 20 game in NBA history , finishing with 23 points and 21 rebounds and the game @-@ winning jump shot against the Atlanta Hawks . The Spurs went on to conclude the 2013 – 14 regular season with a league @-@ best 62 wins . The Spurs defeated Dallas in seven games in the First Round of the playoffs , Portland in five games in the conference Semifinals , and Oklahoma City in six games , where game 6 went into overtime , as the Spurs won 112 – 107 . They setup a Finals rematch against the Miami Heat , which they won 4 – 1 , setting a record margin for a win in the NBA Finals , for games 3 and 4 . Along the way , the Duncan @-@ Ginóbili @-@ Parker trio broke the record for most wins in NBA Playoffs history . After winning the Finals in five games , Duncan joined John Salley as the only players to win a championship in three different decades .
= = = Final years ( 2014 – 2016 ) = = =
On June 23 , 2014 , Duncan exercised his $ 10 @.@ 3 million player option for the 2014 – 15 season . On November 14 , 2014 , Duncan scored his 25,000th point in the first half of the Spurs ' 93 – 80 win over the Los Angeles Lakers , becoming the 19th player in NBA history to reach the milestone . On February 19 , 2015 , he passed Alex English to move into 16th place on the NBA 's all @-@ time scoring list with 30 points against the Los Angeles Clippers . On March 4 , he recorded six rebounds against the Sacramento Kings , breaking his tie with Nate Thurmond for ninth in career rebounding . Two days later , he recorded three blocks against the Denver Nuggets to surpass Patrick Ewing for sixth overall in career blocks . On April 12 , he played his 1,330th career game against the Phoenix Suns , which passed Moses Malone for 11th all @-@ time . He also scored 22 points and passed Kevin Garnett to move into 14th place on the NBA 's all @-@ time scoring list . The Spurs finished sixth in the Western Conference after 82 games and faced the Los Angeles Clippers in the first round of the playoffs . Their quest for back @-@ to @-@ back championships was ended May 2 as they lost to the Clippers in seven games . Duncan was later named to the All @-@ Defensive second team on May 20 for the seventh time in his career .
On July 9 , 2015 , Duncan re @-@ signed with the Spurs to a two @-@ year deal . On November 2 , 2015 , in a win over the New York Knicks , Duncan recorded 16 points , 10 rebounds and six assists in his NBA @-@ record 954th victory with one team , surpassing John Stockton 's 953 wins with the Utah Jazz . On November 11 , he pulled down rebound number 14 @,@ 716 for his career against the Portland Trail Blazers to pass Robert Parish for seventh place on the NBA 's all @-@ time rebounding list . On November 14 , in a win over the Philadelphia 76ers , Duncan had five blocked shots to become the Spurs ' franchise leader with 2 @,@ 955 blocks , surpassing former teammate David Robinson 's career total of 2 @,@ 954 . Duncan also moved info fifth all @-@ time on the NBA 's blocks list . After missing the Spurs ' last three games of December due to rest and right knee soreness , Duncan returned to action on January 2 , 2016 against the Houston Rockets . In his return game , Duncan was held scoreless for the first time in his 19 @-@ year career ; giving him the most consecutive games with at least one point , at 1 @,@ 359 . Four days later , Duncan scored a then season @-@ high 18 points in a 123 – 98 win over the Utah Jazz , helping the Spurs extend its franchise @-@ record home winning streak to 30 straight regular @-@ season games dating to 2014 – 15 . On February 10 , he returned to the starting lineup after missing eight games with a sore knee . On February 27 , in a win over the Houston Rockets , he became the fifth player in NBA history to reach 3 @,@ 000 blocks . In addition , with six rebounds in the game , Duncan reached 14 @,@ 971 for his career , passing Karl Malone ( 14 @,@ 968 ) for sixth place in league history . On March 10 , Duncan became the sixth player in league history with 15 @,@ 000 rebounds , completing the feat midway through the first quarter of the Spurs ' 109 – 101 win over the Chicago Bulls . On March 19 , he came off the bench for only the third time in his career to counter the smaller lineup of the Golden State Warriors . With a win over the Warriors , the Spurs recorded their 35th straight home win of the season and their 44th straight at home dating to 2014 – 15 , tied for the second @-@ longest streak in NBA history with the 1995 – 96 Chicago Bulls . On April 5 , in a win over the Utah Jazz , he became the third player with 1 @,@ 000 victories in the regular season , following Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar and Robert Parish . Duncan extended his mark as the NBA 's career leader in victories with one team . On April 8 , he scored a season @-@ high 21 points in a losing effort to the Denver Nuggets . Having already locked up second seed in the West with a franchise best record ( 65 – 13 prior to Nuggets game ) , all four of Duncan 's starting teammates were rested . The Spurs went on to lose to the Oklahoma City Thunder in the second round of the playoffs .
On June 28 , 2016 , Duncan opted into his $ 5 @.@ 6 million contract for the 2016 – 17 season . However , on July 11 , 2016 , he announced his retirement from the NBA after 19 seasons with San Antonio . The Spurs in turn has waived Duncan , in a move to pay out the rest of his current contract worth $ 6 @.@ 4 million .
= = NBA career statistics = =
= = = Regular season = = =
= = = Playoffs = = =
= = United States national team = =
In 1998 , Duncan was selected as one of the last two players for the United States national team for the World Basketball Championship . However , this team was later replaced with CBA and college players because of the NBA lockout . Duncan 's first chance at playing for the national team came in 1999 when he was called up to the Olympic Qualifying Team . He averaged 12 @.@ 7 ppg , 9 @.@ 1 rpg and 2 @.@ 4 bpg and led the team to a 10 – 0 finish en route to a qualifying berth for the 2000 Sydney Olympics , but a knee injury forced him to stay out of the Olympic Games themselves .
In 2003 , Duncan was also a member of the USA team that recorded ten wins and qualified for the 2004 Summer Olympics . He started all the games he played in and averaged team bests of 15 @.@ 6 ppg , 8 @.@ 0 rpg , 1 @.@ 56 bpg , while shooting 60 @.@ 7 percent from the field . At the Olympics itself , the team lost three games on its way to a bronze medal . The record represented more losses in a single year than in the 68 previous years combined . It was also the first time since NBA professionals became eligible that the U.S. men 's basketball team returned home without gold medals at the Olympics . After the tournament , Duncan commented , " I am about 95 percent sure my FIBA career is over . I 'll try not to share my experiences with anyone . " In total , Duncan was a member of five USA Basketball teams and played in 40 games .
= = Player profile = =
Standing at 6 feet 11 inches tall ( 2 @.@ 11 m ) and weighing 250 pounds ( 113 kg ) , Duncan was a power forward who could also play center . With a double @-@ double career average in points and rebounds , he was considered one of the most consistent players in the NBA throughout his career . Regarded as one of the league 's best interior defenders , Duncan also ranked consistently as one of the top scorers , rebounders and shot @-@ blockers in the league . At the end of his final season in 2015 – 16 , he was ranked first in regular season point @-@ rebound double @-@ doubles among active players , while he led the charts in post @-@ season point @-@ rebound double @-@ doubles ( 158 as of 2013 – 14 ) . His main weakness for much of his career was his free throw shooting , with a career average of less than 70 % .
Apart from his impressive statistics , Duncan has gained a reputation as a good clutch player , as evidenced by his three NBA Finals MVP awards and his playoff career averages being higher than his regular season statistics . Eleven @-@ time NBA champion Bill Russell further compliments Duncan on his passing ability , and rates him as one of the most efficient players of his generation , a view shared by 19 @-@ time NBA All @-@ Star Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar . Because of his versatility and success , basketball experts have spoken of Duncan as one of the greatest power forwards in NBA history , while coach Popovich and teammates Parker and Ginóbili have also credited much of San Antonio 's success to him . Duncan 's detractors , however , label him as " boring " because of his simple but effective style of play ( thus earning him the nickname " The Big Fundamental " ) . Following his first championship ring in 1999 , Sports Illustrated described him as a " quiet , boring MVP " , a characterization which persists today .
Duncan himself commented on his " boring " image , stating : " If you show excitement , then you also may show disappointment or frustration . If your opponent picks up on this frustration , you are at a disadvantage . " Sports journalist Kevin Kernan commented on his ability to relax and stay focused , stating that having a degree in psychology , Duncan often not only outplays , but out @-@ psychs his opponents . Duncan has also stated that he especially likes his bank shot , saying : " It is just easy for me . It just feels good . " Additionally , Duncan 's close and longstanding relationship with Spurs coach Gregg Popovich has been described as " the greatest love story in sports " .
= = = Honors = = =
In his basketball career , Duncan collected a number of individual and team honors , including being a two @-@ time MVP ( 2002 , 2003 ) , five @-@ time NBA champion ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2014 ) and three @-@ time NBA Finals MVP ( 1999 , 2003 , 2005 ) . As a college player , he was honored by the House of Representatives , named the ACC Male Athlete of the Year , won the John R. Wooden Award and Adolph Rupp Trophy , and was selected as the Naismith College Player of the Year in addition to player of the year honors from the United States Basketball Writers Association ( USBWA ) , National Association of Basketball Coaches ( NABC ) and Sporting News ( all 1997 ) . In 2002 , Duncan was named to the ACC 50th Anniversary men 's basketball team honoring the 50 greatest players in ACC history . In his debut year in the NBA ( 1998 ) , he was voted Rookie of the Year and elected into the All @-@ Rookie Team . He has been named to 15 NBA All @-@ Star Teams ( 1997 – 98 ; 1999 – 2000 to 2010 – 11 ; 2012 – 13 and 2014 – 15 ) , 15 All @-@ NBA Teams ( 1997 – 98 to 2009 – 10 , 2012 – 13 , 2014 – 15 ; ten First Team nominations ) , and 15 All @-@ Defensive Teams ( 1997 – 98 to 2009 – 10 ; 2012 – 13 , 2014 – 15 ; eight First Team nominations ) . With these impressive performances , Duncan is one of only four players to receive All @-@ NBA First Team honors in each of his first eight seasons ( 1998 – 2005 ) , along with Hall of Famers Bob Pettit ( ten seasons ) , Larry Bird ( nine seasons ) , and Oscar Robertson ( nine seasons ) , and is the only player in NBA history to receive All @-@ NBA and All @-@ Defensive honors in his first 13 seasons ( 1997 – 98 to 2009 – 10 ) .
Duncan was also named by the Association for Professional Basketball Research as one of " 100 Greatest Professional Basketball Players of The 20th Century " , the youngest player on that list . In the 2001 – 02 season , he won the IBM Player Award and The Sporting News ( TSN ) MVP Award , becoming the third player to ever win the NBA MVP , IBM Player and TSN Player Awards in the same season . On February 18 , 2006 , he was named one of the Next 10 Greatest Players on the tenth anniversary of the release of the NBA 's 50th Anniversary All @-@ Time Team by the TNT broadcasting crew . In 2009 , Duncan was ranked 8th by Slam Magazine in their list of the Top 50 NBA players of All Time , while Sports Illustrated named him its NBA Player of the Decade .
= = Off the court = =
Tim Duncan has two older sisters , Cheryl and Tricia . Like their younger brother , they were talented athletes : Cheryl was a champion swimmer before she became a nurse , and Tricia swam for the U.S. Virgin Islands at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul .
In college , Duncan co @-@ authored a chapter in the social psychology book Aversive Interpersonal Behaviors .
Duncan married Amy Sherrill in July 2001 and the couple had their first child , daughter Sydney , in the summer of 2005 . They had a second child , son Draven , during the summer of 2007 . It was reported that the Duncans were divorcing in May 2013 , but the divorce was not finalized until November 23 , 2013 .
The Tim Duncan Foundation was established to serve the areas of health awareness / research , education , and youth sports / recreation in San Antonio , Winston @-@ Salem , and the United States Virgin Islands . The foundation 's major events have included the Tim Duncan Bowling for Dollar $ Charity Bowl @-@ A @-@ Thon and the Slam Duncan Charity Golf Classic . Between 2001 and 2002 , the foundation raised more than $ 350 @,@ 000 for breast and prostate cancer research . In those two years , Duncan was named by Sporting News as one of the " Good Guys " in sports . The Spurs captain also supports the Children 's Bereavement Center , the Children 's Center of San Antonio and the Cancer Therapy and Research Center .
Duncan cites his late mother Ione as his main inspiration . Among other things , she taught him and his sisters the nursery rhyme " Good , Better , Best . Never let it rest / Until your Good is Better , and your Better is your Best , " which he adopted as his personal motto . On and off the court , he believes that the three most important values are dedication , teamwork and camaraderie . The Spurs captain has also stated that he chose # 21 for his jersey because that was his brother @-@ in @-@ law 's college number , since he was Duncan 's main basketball inspiration , and cites Hall @-@ of @-@ Fame Los Angeles Lakers point guard Magic Johnson as his childhood idol .
For his mixture of success and low @-@ key personality , Duncan was honored with the Virgin Islands Medal of Honor , the highest award bestowed by the Virgin Islands territorial government , and has been celebrated in several " Tim Duncan Day " ceremonies . In 2000 , Legislature of the Virgin Islands President Vargrave Richards of St. Croix said : " He is a quiet giant . His laid @-@ back attitude is the embodiment of the people of St. Croix , doing things without fanfare and hoopla . "
Regarding his own personality , Duncan compares himself to Will Hunting of the movie Good Will Hunting , which centers on the genial and antagonistic character of Will Hunting , portrayed by Matt Damon . He stated : " I 'm just a taller , slightly less hyperactive version of the Damon character in the movie . I really enjoyed how he probed people and found out their weaknesses just by asking questions and stating outlandish remarks . " He also admitted shunning the limelight because " [ fame ] is not me . " Off the court , he has stated that his best friend is former Spurs colleague Antonio Daniels , who describes Duncan as a cheerful , funny person off the hardwood .
Duncan loves Renaissance fairs and the fantasy role playing game Dungeons & Dragons . An avid video game player , he acknowledges a certain joy of playing " himself " on basketball video games . Duncan states if he had the chance , he would challenge NBA legends Wilt Chamberlain and Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar to a one @-@ on @-@ one game .
The satirical fake newspaper The Onion has featured many articles poking fun at Duncan 's straight @-@ laced , studious image , such as : " Citing Battle of Agincourt , Tim Duncan Urges Lakers Not To Get Too Discouraged By Game 1 Loss " , and " Tim Duncan Around If Any Spurs Have Questions About Sequester " .
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= Norman , Oklahoma =
Norman / ˈnɔːrmən / is a city in the U.S. state of Oklahoma 20 miles ( 30 km ) south of downtown Oklahoma City in its metropolitan area . The population was 110 @,@ 925 at the 2010 census . Norman 's estimated population of 118 @,@ 040 in 2014 makes it the third @-@ largest city in Oklahoma , and the city serves as the county seat of Cleveland County .
Norman was settled during the Land Run of 1889 , which opened the former Unassigned Lands of Indian Territory to American pioneer settlement . The city was named in honor of Abner Norman , the area 's initial land surveyor , and was formally incorporated on May 13 , 1891 . Economically the city has prominent higher education and related research industries , as it is the home to the University of Oklahoma , the largest university in the state , with approximately 30 @,@ 000 students enrolled . The university is well known for its sporting events by teams under the banner of the nickname " Sooners , " with over 80 @,@ 000 people routinely attending football games . The university is home to several museums , including the Fred Jones Jr . Museum of Art , which contains the largest collection of French Impressionist art ever given to an American university , as well as the Oklahoma Museum of Natural History .
The National Weather Center , located in Norman , houses a unique collection of university , state , federal , and private sector organizations that work together to improve the understanding of events related to the Earth 's atmosphere . Norman lies within Tornado Alley , a geographic region where tornadic activity is particularly frequent and intense . The Oklahoma City metropolitan area , including Norman , is the most tornado @-@ prone area in the world . The Storm Prediction Center ( SPC ) , a branch of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ( NOAA ) is located at the NWC . SPC forecasts severe storm and tornado outbreaks nationwide . Additionally , research is conducted at the co @-@ located National Severe Storms Laboratory ( NSSL ) , which includes field research and operates various experimental weather radars .
In 2008 CNN 's Money Magazine ranked Norman as the sixth best small city within the United States in which to live .
= = History = =
The Oklahoma region became part of the United States with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 . Prior to the American Civil War the United States government began relocating the Five Civilized Tribes – the five Native American tribes that the United States officially recognized via treaty – to Oklahoma . Treaties of 1832 and 1833 assigned the area known today as Norman to the Creek Nation .
Following the Civil War , the Creeks were accused of aiding the Confederacy and as a result they ceded the region back to the United States in 1866 . In the early 1870s , the federal government undertook a survey of these unassigned lands . Abner Ernest Norman , a 23 @-@ year @-@ old surveyor from Kentucky , was hired to oversee part of this project . Norman 's work crew set up camp near what is today the corner of Classen and Lindsey streets ; it was there that the men , perhaps jokingly , carved a sign on an elm tree that read " Norman 's Camp , " in honor of their young boss . In 1887 , the Atchison , Topeka and Santa Fe Railway began service to the area , which was later opened to settlement as part of the Land Run of 1889 ; early settlers decided to keep the name " Norman " .
On April 22 , 1889 , the Land Run saw the founding of Norman , with at least 150 residents spending the night in makeshift campsites ; by the next morning a downtown was already being constructed . Almost immediately two prominent Norman businessmen , former Purcell railroad freight agent Delbert Larsh and railroad station chief cashier Thomas Waggoner , began lobbying for the territorial government to locate its first university in Norman . The two were interested in growing the city and had reasoned that , rather than try to influence legislatures to locate the heavily contested territory capital in Norman , it made sense to attempt to secure the state 's first university instead ( a move that would be far less controversial ) . On December 19 , 1890 , Larsh and Waggoner were successful with the passage of Council Bill 114 , establishing the University of Oklahoma in Norman approximately 18 years before Oklahoma statehood .
The City of Norman was formally incorporated on May 13 , 1891 . The city has continued to grow throughout the decades . By 1902 the downtown district contained two banks , two hotels , a flour mill , and other businesses ; by 1913 there were over 3 @,@ 700 residents living in Norman when the Oklahoma Railway Company decided to extend its interurban streetcar running from Oklahoma City to Moore into Norman , spurring additional population growth . The rail lines eventually transitioned to freight during the 1940s as the United States Numbered Highway system developed . The city population reached 11 @,@ 429 in 1940 .
In 1941 , the University of Oklahoma and Norman city officials established Max Westheimer Field , a university airstrip , and then leased it to the U.S. Navy as a Naval Flight Training Center in 1942 . The training center was used for training combat pilots during World War II . A second training center , known as Naval Air Technical Training Center , and a naval hospital were later established to the south . In the years following World War II the airstrip was transferred back to the university 's control . Today the airstrip is called the University of Oklahoma Westheimer Airport . Following the war the remaining military presence and post @-@ war veterans who came to Norman to get an education again grew the city 's population , which was 27 @,@ 006 by 1950 . The Navy again utilized the bases in a lesser capacity from 1952 to 1959 in support of the Korean War effort .
With the completion of Interstate 35 in June 1959 , Norman found its role as a bedroom community to Oklahoma City increasing rapidly ; in 1960 Norman 's population was 33 @,@ 412 but by the end of the decade had grown to 52 @,@ 117 . Throughout the 1960s Norman 's land mass increased by 174 square miles ( 450 km2 ) by annexing surrounding areas . The city 's growth trends have continued early in the 21st century , with the population reaching 95 @,@ 694 in 2000 and 110 @,@ 925 in 2010 .
= = Law and government = =
A council @-@ manager government has been in place in Norman since the adoption of its city charter on June 28 , 1919 . A councilor from each of the city 's eight council wards is elected to office every two years , each serving a term of two years . Councilors are elected from their own respective wards based on a plurality voting system ; a councilor from each ward serves on the Norman City Council . A mayor is elected by the entire voting population of Norman and serves as an at @-@ large councilor ; the mayor serves for a term of three years . As a whole , the council acts as the legislative body of city government ; it aims to pass laws , approve the city budget , and manage efficiency in the government . The City Council appoints a professional City Manager who is responsible for the day @-@ to @-@ day administrative activities of the city . The City of Norman has approximately 650 employees working in eleven departments and 31 boards and commissions that help oversee and implement the policies and services of the city . The City Council meets bi @-@ weekly in City Hall located at 201 W. Gray Street in downtown Norman ; various boards and commissions meet in accordance with their own schedules . The present mayor of Norman is Lynne Miller ( elected in 2016 ) , and the city manager is Steve Lewis ( appointed in 2007 ) . In accordance with the charter of the city of Norman , all city elected positions are nonpartisan .
Municipal and state laws are enforced by the Norman Police Department . In 2010 , Norman 's crime index was 33 % less than the national average . There were two murders , 47 rapes , 36 robberies , 53 assaults , and 811 burglaries in 2010 .
The city serves as the county seat of Cleveland County .
= = = Twin towns – Sister cities = = =
In accordance with Sister Cities International , an organization that began under President Dwight Eisenhower in 1956 , Norman has been given four international sister cities in an attempt to foster cross @-@ cultural understanding :
Arezzo , Italy
Clermont @-@ Ferrand , France
Colima , Col. , Mexico
Seika , Japan
= = Geography = =
The U.S. Census Bureau reported Norman 's geographical coordinates as 35 @.@ 240577 ° N 97 @.@ 345306 ° W / 35 @.@ 240577 ; -97.345306 ( 35 ° 14 ' 26 " N 97 ° 20 ' 43 " W ) . This appears to be the geographical center of the city limits , which include all of Lake Thunderbird . Virtually all of Norman 's development is well to the west of this point .
In the Geographic Names Information System of the United States Geological Survey , the city 's geographical coordinates are shown as 35 @.@ 2225668 ° N 97 @.@ 4394777 ° W / 35 @.@ 2225668 ; -97.4394777 ( 35 ° 13 ' 21 " N 97 ° 26 ' 22 " W ) . This is a location in downtown Norman .
As of 2010 , the city has a total area of 189 @.@ 42 square miles ( 490 @.@ 6 km2 ) , of which 178 @.@ 77 square miles ( 463 @.@ 0 km2 ) is land and 10 @.@ 65 square miles ( 27 @.@ 6 km2 ) is water .
The center of this large incorporated area is 20 miles ( 30 km ) from the center of Oklahoma City and , separated primarily by Moore , is in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area .
= = = Topography = = =
Norman and the surrounding areas are mostly flat with an elevation near 1 @,@ 171 feet ( 357 m ) . The terrain in the western section of Norman is prairie , while the eastern section , including the area surrounding Lake Thunderbird , consists of some 6 @,@ 000 acres ( 24 km2 ) of lakes and Cross Timbers forest . The lowest point within city limits is approximately 970 feet ( 296 m ) above sea level ( located at 35.20388N , 97.17735W ) . The highest point is approximately 1 @,@ 245 feet ( 379 m ) above sea level ( located at 35.21266N , 97.39000W ) .
= = = Climate = = =
Norman falls within a temperate , humid subtropical climate region that is identified as " Cfa " class on the Köppen climate classification . On average Norman receives about 38 inches ( 970 mm ) of precipitation per year ; May and June are the wettest months . Temperatures average 61 ° F ( 16 ° C ) for the year . Average daytime highs range from 50 ° F ( 10 ° C ) in January to nearly 93 ° F ( 34 ° C ) in August ; average lows range from 28 ° F ( − 2 ° C ) in January to 71 ° F ( 22 ° C ) in July and August . Summers can be extremely hot , as was evident in the historically @-@ hot summer of 1980 , and again in 2011 , when temperatures climbed above 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) over most days from mid @-@ June through early September ( see http : / / www.nws.noaa.gov / climate / index.php ? wfo = oun , look up June , July and August 2011 data ) . Consistent winds , averaging near 10 mph ( 16 km / h ) and usually from the south to southeast , help to temper hotter weather during the summer and intensify cold periods during the winter .
Norman averages a growing season of 209 days , but plants that can withstand short periods of colder temperatures may have an additional three to six weeks . Winter months tend to be cloudier than summer months , with the percentage of possible sunshine ranging from an average of about 55 % in winter to nearly 80 % in summer .
Norman lies within Tornado Alley , the region of the United States where tornadic activity is most frequent . The city has a tornado season lasting from March through June with over 80 % of all reported tornadoes occurring during these months . The Oklahoma City metropolitan area , including Norman , is the most tornado @-@ prone area in the United States . As recently as May 10 , 2010 , a tornado outbreak occurred in southeastern Norman that resulted in the loss of multiple homes and businesses . Again on Friday April 13 , 2012 Norman was struck by a weak tornado . On Wednesday May 6 , 2015 , the northwestern part of Norman was hit by a weak tornado .
= = Demographics = =
As of the census of 2010 , there were 110 @,@ 925 people , 44 @,@ 661 households , and 24 @,@ 913 families residing within the city . By population , Norman was the third @-@ largest city in Oklahoma and the 225th @-@ largest city in the United States . The population density was 616 people per square mile ( 208 @.@ 7 / km ² ) . The racial makeup of the city was 84 @.@ 7 % White , 4 @.@ 3 % African American , 4 @.@ 7 % Native American , 3 @.@ 8 % Asian , 0 @.@ 1 % Pacific Islander , 1 @.@ 9 % from other races , and 5 @.@ 5 % from two or more races . Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6 @.@ 4 % of the population .
Of the 44 @,@ 661 households , 25 @.@ 0 % had children under the age of 18 , 41 @.@ 5 % were married couples living together , 10 @.@ 1 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 44 @.@ 2 % were non @-@ families . Individuals living alone made up 30 @.@ 7 % of all households ; 7 @.@ 3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2 @.@ 33 and the average family size was 2 @.@ 94 .
The age distribution was 5 @.@ 8 % under the age of 5 , 5 @.@ 7 % from 5 to 9 , 5 @.@ 2 % from 10 to 14 , 8 @.@ 9 % from 15 to 19 , 16 @.@ 0 % from 20 to 24 , 9 @.@ 0 % from 25 to 29 , 6 @.@ 6 % from 30 to 34 , 5 @.@ 6 % from 35 to 39 , 5 @.@ 3 % from 40 to 44 , 5 @.@ 9 % from 45 to 49 , 5 @.@ 9 % from 50 to 54 , 5 @.@ 4 % from 55 to 59 , 4 @.@ 6 % from 60 to 64 , 3 @.@ 2 % from 65 to 69 , 2 @.@ 3 % from 70 to 74 , 1 @.@ 8 % from 75 to 79 , 1 @.@ 4 % from 80 to 84 , and 1 @.@ 3 % over 85 years of age . The median age was 29 @.@ 6 years . Males made up 49 @.@ 7 % of the population while females made up 50 @.@ 3 % .
The median household income in the city was $ 44 @,@ 396 , and the median income for a family was $ 62 @,@ 826 . Males had a median income of $ 41 @,@ 859 versus $ 35 @,@ 777 for females . The per capita income for the city was $ 24 @,@ 586 . About 11 @.@ 8 % of families and 19 @.@ 2 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 18 @.@ 9 % of those under age 18 and 8 @.@ 9 % of those age 65 or over .
Although religious information is not collected by the U.S. census , according to a 2000 survey by Dale E. Jones of the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies , 50 @.@ 2 % of the population in Norman is affiliated with a religious institution . Of those 43 @.@ 6 % were Southern Baptist , 15 @.@ 0 % Catholic Church , 13 @.@ 0 % United Methodist , 3 @.@ 3 % Assembly of God , 2 @.@ 8 % Churches of Christ , 2 @.@ 1 % Latter @-@ day Saint ( Mormon ) , 2 @.@ 1 % Christian Churches and Churches of Christ , 1 @.@ 9 % Disciples of Christ , 1 @.@ 7 % Presbyterian Church , and 14 @.@ 6 % other Christian denominations or religions .
= = Economy = =
The University of Oklahoma employs over 10 @,@ 700 personnel across three campuses , making it a significant driver of Norman 's economy . The campus is a center for scientific and technological research , having contributed over $ 277 million to such programs in 2009 .
Norman is also home of the National Weather Center , a cooperative research effort between the University of Oklahoma and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that houses a number of weather- and climate @-@ related organizations ; the city is also the proposed location of a future National Weather Museum . As a result of this on @-@ going academic and public weather research , several private meteorological businesses are present in the city , including Weathernews Americas , Inc . , Vieux and Associates , Inc . , Weather Decision Technologies , WeatherBank , Inc . , and Computational Geosciences , Inc .
In addition to weather Norman is a center for other scientific ventures – public and private . The Oklahoma Geological Survey , which conducts geological research , and the Oklahoma Renewable Energy Council , which is a public @-@ private alliance that fosters renewable energy technology with the aim of establishing more viable applications , make the city their home . SouthWest NanoTechnologies is a producer of single @-@ walled carbon nanotubes . Bergey Windpower is a supplier of small wind turbines .
Other major employers in the city include Norman Regional Health System , Norman Public Schools , Johnson Controls , Griffin Memorial Hospital , Hitachi , Astellas Pharma Technologies , Albon Engineering , Xyant Technology , MSCI , Office Max National Sales Center , SITEL , the United States Postal Service National Center for Employee Development , Sysco Corporation , and AT & T.
University North Park , a lifestyle center with planned development on over 12 million square feet ( 1 @.@ 1 km2 ) of land , is on 24th Ave NW along the I @-@ 35 corridor between Robinson Street and Tecumseh Road . Begun in 2006 , the project will feature 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) of parks , offices , and high @-@ end retail once completed .
In 2008 , CNN 's Money Magazine ranked Norman as the sixth best small city within the United States to live in , the highest ranking of any city in Oklahoma .
= = = Fair trade = = =
In 2010 , Norman became the 17th city in the United States to adopt a council resolution giving it status as a Fair Trade Town . The resolution states that the city of Norman supports the purchasing of goods from the local community ; when goods cannot be purchased locally the city will support buying from producers abroad who meet Fair Trade standards . These standards include supporting quality of life in developing countries and planning for environmental sustainability .
= = Neighborhoods = =
Norman has a wide variety of neighborhoods . Downtown Norman is an area of approximately 2 square miles ( 5 km2 ) surrounded by University Blvd . , Symmes St. , Porter Ave . , and Daws St. ; primary streets include Main St. and Gray Ave . The area consists of restaurants , art galleries , and other businesses ; it is home to some of the oldest buildings in Oklahoma .
Hall Park is an area northeast of downtown Norman that was originally an independent township ; in 2005 it was annexed into Norman , becoming one of its neighborhoods . The area is home to many middle @-@ class suburban homes and is historically important in that it was advertised as the United States ' first " all @-@ electric town . " President Ronald Reagan , then an executive with General Electric , attended Hall Park 's grand opening ceremonies in 1962 where he was named the town 's honorary first mayor .
The University of Oklahoma and the area surrounding it are home to many historically significant neighborhoods . The university itself has a unique Gothic @-@ inspired architecture known as " Cherokee Gothic , " so named by architect Frank Lloyd Wright . Churches and houses in the surrounding neighborhoods can be described as neo @-@ Gothic or Queen Anne in style . Norman has two city @-@ designated historic preservation districts in the area : the Miller Historic District , bounded by Symmes St. , Classen Ave . , and Miller Ave . ; and the Chautauqua Historic District , bounded by Symmes St. , Brooks St. , Chautauqua Ave . , and Lahoma Ave . Both of these residential neighborhoods contain houses designed from a mixture of architectural styles dating from 1903 to 1935 , with the majority of the Miller neighborhood being of the Bungalow or American Craftsman style homes . Any external changes or repairs to homes in these areas must be approved by the Norman Historic Preservation Commission .
The area immediately north of the university is known as Campus Corner and contains a mixture of businesses , bars , and restaurants . The neighborhoods to the east of the campus are home to many students , both in residential housing and high @-@ rise condos / apartments .
Norman enjoys many tree @-@ lined landscapes , participating in the ReLeaf Norman and Tree City USA programs .
= = Education = =
= = = Higher education = = =
= = = = Colleges and universities = = = =
The University of Oklahoma is the largest university in the state of Oklahoma , with approximately 30 @,@ 000 students enrolled . The university was founded in 1890 , prior to Oklahoma statehood . The university includes both Norman and Oklahoma City campuses with the main campus located in Norman . In 2007 , The Princeton Review named the University of Oklahoma one of its " Best Value " colleges . The school is ranked first per capita among public universities in enrollment of National Merit Scholars and has seen 28 Rhodes Scholars graduate since the program 's inception in 1902 . PC Magazine and the Princeton Review rated it one of the " 20 Most Wired Colleges " in both 2006 and 2008 , while the Carnegie Foundation classifies it as a research university with " high research activity . "
The school is well known for its athletic programs , having won many awards including seven NCAA Division I National Football Championships .
= = = = CareerTech = = = =
The city of Norman is served by the Moore Norman Technology Center . The school was established in 1972 and has been awarded the Oklahoma Association of Technology Center 's Gold Star School Award on multiple occasions . The Franklin Road Campus consists of six buildings totaling 323 @,@ 500 square feet ( 30 @,@ 100 m2 ) of classroom , meeting , and office space . The school has a full @-@ time staff of 207 .
= = = Primary and secondary schools = = =
= = = = Public schools = = = =
Public school districts in Oklahoma are independent of other local governments . Several districts overlap the municipal boundaries of the City of Norman .
Norman Public Schools is the largest district serving Norman ; there are 15 elementary schools , four middle schools , and two high schools in the district . More than 17 @,@ 000 students are enrolled in the district , making it one of the largest in the state .
Noble Public Schools is a school district that serves southeastern portions of Norman , the adjoining cities of Noble and Slaughterville , and parts of Cleveland County . It consists of two elementary schools , an intermediate school , a middle school , and a high school .
Little Axe Public Schools serves the eastern area of Norman . It consists of an elementary , junior , and high school .
Other school districts with territory within the city are the Robin Hill Public School District and the Moore Public School District .
= = = = Private schools = = = =
Several private schools also serve the area :
All Saints Catholic School – pre @-@ kindergarten through 8th grade
Blue Eagle Christian Academy – kindergarten through 10th grade
Community Christian School – kindergarten through 12th grade
Norman Christian Academy – pre @-@ kindergarten through 7th grade
Robinson Street Academy – kindergarten through 12th grade
Rose Rock School – pre @-@ kindergarten through kindergarten
Terra Verde Discovery School – kindergarten through 2nd grade
Trinity Lutheran School – pre @-@ kindergarten through 6th grade
Veritas Classical Christian Academy – pre @-@ kindergarten through 12th grade
= = = Libraries = = =
Norman is served by the Norman Public Library , which is part of the Pioneer Library System spanning many of the southern suburbs of Oklahoma City . The library has an inter @-@ library agreement with the Metropolitan Library System of Oklahoma City . This allows patrons of the Norman Public Library to check out books from any library in the Pioneer Library System or in the Metropolitan Library System . Books can be reserved and shipped to a local library free of charge . In addition to books , the library maintains a collection of periodicals , videos , audio books , and research materials .
The Bizzell Memorial Library at the University of Oklahoma is the largest library in the state of Oklahoma , containing more than five million volumes . In addition to books , the library maintains over 17 @,@ 000 feet ( 5 @,@ 200 m ) in length of manuscripts and archives , 1 @.@ 6 million photographs , and more than 1 @.@ 5 million maps . The library also houses more than 50 books printed before the year 1500 .
= = Culture = =
= = = Museums and theater = = =
Norman enjoys many cultural attractions that are funded by the university . The Fred Jones Jr . Museum of Art made national and international news in 2000 when it was given the Weitzenhoffer Collection , the largest collection of French Impressionist art ever given to an American university . The collection includes works by Mary Cassatt , Claude Monet , Vincent van Gogh , Paul Gauguin , Pierre @-@ Auguste Renoir , and Camille Pissarro .
The Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History is a museum containing over 50 @,@ 000 square feet ( 5 @,@ 000 m2 ) of exhibits ranging from archaeology , paleontology , ethnology , herpetology , ornithology , and Native American studies . Its exhibits are intended to immerse visitors in the state 's long history . The museum features many complete collections of dinosaur fossils and is also noted for its Paleozoic collection , considered to be one of the largest and most important in existence .
The Moore @-@ Lindsay House is a Queen Anne @-@ style home built prior to 1900 by prominent Norman home builder William Moore ; it was purchased by the city of Norman in 1973 and today serves as the city and Cleveland County 's historical museum . Located at 508 N. Peters , the Moore @-@ Lindsay House 's architecture is representative of Norman during the Victorian era . The Cleveland County Historical Society maintains a collection of over 5 @,@ 000 rare books , documents , and other artifacts in its archives located inside the house .
Catlett Music Center at the University of Oklahoma features many orchestral and jazz performances and the Weitzenhoffer Family College of Fine Arts ' Schools of Dance , Drama , and Musical Theatre offer many student programs throughout the year .
The city is also home to many privately funded galleries and performance sites .
= = = Parks and recreation = = =
Norman 's Parks and Recreation Department facilitates 55 neighborhood and community parks , three recreation centers , a golf course and driving range , three disc golf courses , a complete swim complex with waterslides , a wading pool , 32 tennis courts , and three special services centers ( that offer cultural arts and senior citizen activities ) . Griffin Community Park Sports Complex includes 16 soccer fields , 14 baseball / softball fields , and four football fields .
= = = Media = = =
The Norman Transcript is the most widely circulated Norman @-@ based newspaper in the city . It is a daily newspaper covering events in Cleveland and McClain counties . It is the oldest continuous business in Norman and was founded shortly after the Land Run of April 1889 on July 13 , 1889 .
The Oklahoma Daily is a student @-@ run newspaper at the University of Oklahoma . It was first published in 1897 , several years after the university 's founding . The paper has received numerous awards for journalism excellence including the Associated Collegiate Press ' Pacemaker Award .
KGOU is a full @-@ service public radio station licensed to the University of Oklahoma . The station serves Norman and the greater Oklahoma City metropolitan area with a news / talk / jazz format , using programs from National Public Radio , Public Radio International , and others .
Norman TV is a government @-@ access television station airing on Cox Communications cable television channel 20 . It broadcasts programming provided by the City of Norman , including video from city council meetings .
= = = Sports = = =
The University of Oklahoma sponsors many collegiate sporting events in Norman . The school is well known for its football program , having won seven NCAA Division I National Football Championships . In addition , it has the best winning percentage of any Division I FBS team since the introduction of the AP Poll in 1936 and has played in four BCS National Championship Games since 1998 .
During football season , the Oklahoma Sooners football program contributes significantly to Norman 's economy . During game day weekends , Norman sees an influx out of town traffic from all over the country with over 80 @,@ 000 people routinely attending football games . Norman 's local businesses , especially areas around campus and Campus Corner , benefit greatly from the game day traffic alone . The program ranks in the top 10 of ESPN 's top college football money @-@ makers with home games generating revenues at approximately $ 59 million and game day operating expenses at about $ 6 @.@ 1 million .
In 1951 and 1994 its baseball team won the NCAA national championship , and the women 's softball team won the national championship in 2000 . The gymnastics teams have won four national championships since 2001 .
Other university men 's sports include : basketball , cross country , golf , gymnastics , football , Ultimate Frisbee , tennis , track and field , and wrestling . Women 's sports include : basketball , cross country , golf , gymnastics , football , Ultimate Frisbee , rowing , soccer , softball , tennis , track and field , and volleyball .
The Golf Coaches Association of America ( GCAA ) , a non @-@ profit professional association of men 's collegiate golf coaches , is located in Norman .
= = = Community events = = =
Norman hosts many free festivals and community events that occur throughout the year .
The Norman Medieval Fair is a celebration of medieval @-@ themed games , art , and culture , with highlights of jousting , human chessmatch combats & other combat shows , and several musical & dance acts . The event is typically held during the last weekend of March or first weekend of April in Reaves Park , near the University . It has been held annually in Norman since 1976 and was originally a forum for the English Department at the University of Oklahoma . It is the largest weekend event held in the state of Oklahoma , with over 325 @,@ 000 people in attendance in 2006 and growing yearly . Events Media Network has named Medieval Fair one of the top 100 events in the United States .
Norman Music Festival is an annual weekend music festival held in April in downtown Norman . Established in 2008 , the event had over 26 @,@ 000 people in attendance during the 2009 festival . Originally a one @-@ day event , the festival has quickly grown so large that it is now an all @-@ weekend concert series . The festival highlights both local musicians and internationally acclaimed artists and features many forms and styles of music .
Groovefest is a music festival hosted annually at Andrews Park . On the last Sunday in September , the music festival is held to help raise awareness about human rights . The event was established in 1986 by the University of Oklahoma chapter of Amnesty International .
The Chocolate Festival , the only fundraiser of the year for the city 's Firehouse Arts Center , was ranked # 3 for food festivals across America by the Food Network . This festival offers various chocolate tasting sessions , chocolate art competitions and exhibits , chocolate dessert competitions and more . It has been an annual tradition since 1983 .
Jazz in June is a music festival held the last full weekend in June at various venues across Norman . The festival features both jazz and blues musical performances as well as jazz educational clinics taught by professional musicians appearing in the festival and post @-@ concert jam sessions at local venues which bring headliners and local artists together . Jazz in June , one of the major cultural events in the state as well as the City of Norman , attracts a combined concert audience of 50 @,@ 000 drawn from throughout the state , region and nation . Another 100 @,@ 000 or more enjoy these same performances through post @-@ festival broadcasts on KGOU Public Radio as well as other public radio stations throughout the state , region and nation .
May Fair is an arts festival held every year during the first weekend in May at Andrews Park . It features top area performers , fine art , crafts , and food .
Summer Breeze Concert Series is a series of concerts held from Spring to Fall at various park venues across Norman . The series is sponsored by the Performing Arts Studio .
Midsummer Nights ' Fair is a nighttime arts festival held during two evenings in June . The fair features art , music , and food and is held outside the Firehouse Art Center located in Lions Park .
The Norman Mardi Gras parade is a celebration of Mardi Gras occurring on the Saturday closest to Fat Tuesday . The parade is held in downtown Norman and features themed costumes and floats .
The Main Street Christmas Holiday Parade is a celebration of Christmas and the holiday season held every December in downtown Norman . The parade features holiday @-@ themed costumes and floats .
= = Infrastructure = =
= = = Health systems = = =
Norman Regional Health System is a multi @-@ campus system that provides medical services in Norman and throughout south central Oklahoma . Its Porter Avenue campus , located north of downtown Norman , is a 337 @-@ bed general hospital providing a wide range of services including acute care . In October 2009 , the Norman Regional HealthPlex campus opened in west Norman . It provides a 152 @-@ bed state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art facility specializing in cardiology , cardiovascular services , as well as women 's and children 's services .
= = = Transportation = = =
= = = = Airports = = = =
Scheduled air transport , major commercial air transportation is available at Will Rogers World Airport in Oklahoma City , located approximately 20 miles ( 30 km ) northwest of Norman . The airport serves more than 3 @.@ 78 million passengers per year .
Norman is served locally by Max Westheimer Airport , a general aviation airport run by the University of Oklahoma . The airport is one of only two airports in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area designated as a reliever airport to Will Rogers World Airport . Max Westheimer Airport is capable of handling aircraft up through and including executive class jet aircraft .
= = = = Buses = = = =
The Cleveland Area Rapid Transit , operated by the University of Oklahoma , provides bus service throughout the 191 @-@ square @-@ mile ( 490 km2 ) Norman area . CART also provides service to the Social Security Administration offices in Moore , OK , as well as to Oklahoma City 's Metro Transit hub in downtown Oklahoma City . Metro Transit maintains a fleet of buses and trolleys serving the greater Oklahoma City area , including Will Rogers World Airport .
In 2008 , CART became the 39th public transportation system in the United States to be featured on Google Transit , a website that allows transportation users to electronically plan their travel routes . In 2010 , CART buses were modified to include a GPS tracking system that allows riders to see the location of buses and their predicted arrival times via the CART and Google websites . CART buses transport more than 1 @.@ 3 million travelers annually .
= = = = Rail = = = =
Inter @-@ city passenger train service is available via Amtrak at Norman Depot . Amtrak 's Heartland Flyer provides daily round trip service to downtown Oklahoma City and Fort Worth , Texas .
Although Norman currently has no light rail or commuter rail service , there is growing interest in incorporating such services into the city 's future transportation plans as part of the Oklahoma City metro area 's regional transit system .
= = = = Roads and highways = = = =
The predominant form of transportation in Norman is roads and highways with 80 @.@ 0 % of all residents driving alone to work , 9 @.@ 0 % carpooling , and just 1 @.@ 3 % taking public transportation . As of 2007 , Interstate 35 alone was handling over 99 @,@ 000 vehicles per day . Other major highways include State Highway 9 , a portion of which serves 28 @,@ 000 vehicles per day , and U.S. Highway 77 , which serves more than 25 @,@ 000 vehicles per day . The busiest roads in Norman are Berry Road ( 29 @,@ 700 vehicles per day ) , 12th Avenue Northwest ( 28 @,@ 000 vehicles per day ) , and Alameda Street ( 26 @,@ 400 vehicles per day ) .
Norman is served by two major federal highways :
Interstate 35
U.S. Highway 77
Norman is served by two major Oklahoma state highways :
State Highway 9
State Highway 77H
= = = Utilities = = =
Electric utility companies servicing Norman include Oklahoma Gas & Electric , which is headquartered in Oklahoma City , and Oklahoma Electric Cooperative ( a utility cooperative ) . Natural gas is provided by Oklahoma Natural Gas . The city 's Utility Department offers water , wastewater , and recycling services to parts of the city as well as solid waste pickup citywide .
Telephone networks , broadband internet , and cable television service are available from several companies including Cox Communications and AT & T.
= = = = Drinking water controversy = = = =
In a study published in 2007 , the National Institutes of Health deemed hexavalent chromium VI ( chromium @-@ 6 ) to be a likely carcinogen in lab animals when consumed in large quantities in drinking water . Prior to the NIH study , a World Health Organization study found that chromium @-@ 6 was a likely cause of lung cancer when inhaled by humans . In 2010 , test results released from a California non @-@ profit group known as the Environmental Working Group showed that Norman 's tap water has a chromium @-@ 6 concentration level of 12 @.@ 90 parts per billion ( ppb ) , which was the highest level detected among 35 U.S. cities sampled in the study . The group is studying chromium @-@ 6 levels in water supplies in an attempt to prove a causal link between the element 's ingestion and cancer in humans , and as a result improve the country 's water standards .
The United States Environmental Protection Agency does not currently require testing for or set limits on chromium @-@ 6 levels in American cities ' water supplies ( but it does require total chromium @-@ 3 and chromium @-@ 6 levels not exceed 100 ppb ) . The EPA has recently completed studies of the element on lab animals and was expected to make a determination on chromium @-@ 6 maximum allowed levels in June 2012 ; however , the current status of assessment milestones and completion dates is now listed as " TBD " on the EPA website . The official total chromium @-@ 3 / chromium @-@ 6 level present in Norman 's drinking water has ranged from 20 to 80 ppb . It has been proposed that the source of the chromium @-@ 6 is the Garber @-@ Wellington Aquifer , which is known to have elevated levels of heavy metals .
The issue of chromium @-@ 6 levels gained national attention with the 2000 film release of Erin Brockovich , which detailed a California woman 's legal fight against Pacific Gas and Electric Company for allegedly contaminating her hometown with excessive levels of the element .
In the past the Norman water supply has also been criticized for the presence of excessive levels of arsenic . The city is attempting to combat this problem by building new wells and removing older ones .
= = Notable people = =
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= International Phonetic Alphabet =
The International Phonetic Alphabet ( unofficially — though commonly — abbreviated IPA ) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet . It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of oral language . The IPA is used by lexicographers , foreign language students and teachers , linguists , speech @-@ language pathologists , singers , actors , constructed language creators , and translators .
The IPA is designed to represent only those qualities of speech that are part of oral language : phones , phonemes , intonation , and the separation of words and syllables . To represent additional qualities of speech , such as tooth gnashing , lisping , and sounds made with a cleft palate , an extended set of symbols called the Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet may be used .
IPA symbols are composed of one or more elements of two basic types , letters and diacritics . For example , the sound of the English letter 〈 t 〉 may be transcribed in IPA with a single letter , [ t ] , or with a letter plus diacritics , [ t ̺ ʰ ] , depending on how precise one wishes to be . Often , slashes are used to signal broad or phonemic transcription ; thus , / t / is less specific than , and could refer to , either [ t ̺ ʰ ] or [ t ] , depending on the context and language .
Occasionally letters or diacritics are added , removed , or modified by the International Phonetic Association . As of the most recent change in 2005 , there are 107 letters , 52 diacritics , and four prosodic marks in the IPA . These are shown in the current IPA chart , posted below in this article and at the website of the IPA .
= = History = =
In 1886 , a group of French and British language teachers , led by the French linguist Paul Passy , formed what would come to be known from 1897 onwards as the International Phonetic Association ( in French , l ’ Association phonétique internationale ) . Their original alphabet was based on a spelling reform for English known as the Romic alphabet , but in order to make it usable for other languages , the values of the symbols were allowed to vary from language to language . For example , the sound [ ʃ ] ( the sh in shoe ) was originally represented with the letter 〈 c 〉 in English , but with the digraph 〈 ch 〉 in French . However , in 1888 , the alphabet was revised so as to be uniform across languages , thus providing the base for all future revisions . The idea of making the IPA was first suggested by Otto Jespersen in a letter to Paul Passy . It was developed by A.J. Ellis , Henry Sweet , Daniel Jones , and Passy .
Since its creation , the IPA has undergone a number of revisions . After major revisions and expansions in 1900 and 1932 , the IPA remained unchanged until the IPA Kiel Convention in 1989 . A minor revision took place in 1993 with the addition of four letters for mid @-@ central vowels and the removal of letters for voiceless implosives . The alphabet was last revised in May 2005 with the addition of a letter for a labiodental flap . Apart from the addition and removal of symbols , changes to the IPA have consisted largely in renaming symbols and categories and in modifying typefaces .
Extensions to the IPA for speech pathology were created in 1990 and officially adopted by the International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association in 1994 .
= = Description = =
The general principle of the IPA is to provide one letter for each distinctive sound ( speech segment ) , although this practice is not followed if the sound itself is complex . This means that :
It does not normally use combinations of letters to represent single sounds , the way English does with 〈 sh 〉 , 〈 th 〉 and 〈 ng 〉 , or single letters to represent multiple sounds the way 〈 x 〉 represents / ks / or / ɡz / in English .
There are no letters that have context @-@ dependent sound values , as do " hard " and " soft " 〈 c 〉 or 〈 g 〉 in several European languages .
Finally , the IPA does not usually have separate letters for two sounds if no known language makes a distinction between them , a property known as " selectiveness " .
Among the symbols of the IPA , 107 letters represent consonants and vowels , 31 diacritics are used to modify these , and 19 additional signs indicate suprasegmental qualities such as length , tone , stress , and intonation . These are organized into a chart ; the chart displayed here is the official chart as posted at the website of the IPA .
= = = Letter forms = = =
The letters chosen for the IPA are meant to harmonize with the Latin alphabet . For this reason , most letters are either Latin or Greek , or modifications thereof . Some letters are neither : for example , the letter denoting the glottal stop , 〈 ʔ 〉 , has the form of a dotless question mark , and derives originally from an apostrophe . A few letters , such as that of the voiced pharyngeal fricative , 〈 ʕ 〉 , were inspired by other writing systems ( in this case , the Arabic letter ﻉ ‘ ain ) .
Despite its preference for harmonizing with the Latin script , the International Phonetic Association has occasionally admitted other letters . For example , before 1989 , the IPA letters for click consonants were 〈 ʘ 〉 , 〈 ʇ 〉 , 〈 ʗ 〉 , and 〈 ʖ 〉 , all of which were derived either from existing IPA letters , or from Latin and Greek letters . However , except for 〈 ʘ 〉 , none of these letters were widely used among Khoisanists or Bantuists , and as a result they were replaced by the more widespread symbols 〈 ʘ 〉 , 〈 ǀ 〉 , 〈 ǃ 〉 , 〈 ǂ 〉 , and 〈 ǁ 〉 at the IPA Kiel Convention in 1989 .
Although the IPA diacritics are fully featural , there is little systemicity in the letter forms . A retroflex articulation is consistently indicated with a right @-@ swinging tail , as in 〈 ɖ ʂ ɳ 〉 , and implosion by a top hook , 〈 ɓ ɗ ɠ 〉 , but other pseudo @-@ featural elements are due to haphazard derivation and coincidence . For example , all nasal consonants but uvular 〈 ɴ 〉 are based on the form 〈 n 〉 : 〈 m ɱ n ɲ ɳ ŋ 〉 . However , the similarity between 〈 m 〉 and 〈 n 〉 is a historical accident , 〈 ɲ 〉 and 〈 ŋ 〉 are derived from ligatures of gn and ng , and 〈 ɱ 〉 is an ad hoc imitation of 〈 ŋ 〉 .
Some of the new letters were ordinary Latin letters turned 180 degrees , such as ɐ ɔ ə ɟ ɥ ɯ ɹ ʇ ʌ ʍ ʎ ( turned a c e f h m r t v w y ) . This was easily done in the era of mechanical typesetting , and had the advantage of not requiring the casting of special type for IPA symbols .
= = = = Capital letters ( wildcards , archiphonemes and voice quality symbols ) = = = =
Full capital letters are not used as IPA symbols . They are , however , often used for archiphonemes and for natural classes of phonemes ( that is , as wildcards ) . Such usage is not part of the IPA or even standardized , and may be ambiguous between authors , but it is commonly used in conjunction with the IPA . ( The extIPA chart , for example , uses one or two wildcards in its illustrations . ) Capital letters are also basic to the Voice Quality Symbols sometimes used in conjunction with the IPA .
As wildcards , C for { consonant } and V for { vowel } are ubiquitous . Other common capital @-@ letter symbols are T for { tone } , N for { nasal } , F for { fricative } ( also S for { voiceless fricative } and Z for { voiced fricative } ) , G for { glide } or for { semivowel / liquid } , P for { plosive } ( stop ) ( also T for { voiceless stop } and D for { voiced stop } ) , S for { sibilant } , L for { liquid } ( or R for { rhotic } and L for { lateral } ) , # or Ʞ for { click } , A for { low vowel } , U for { rounded vowel } and B , D , J or Ɉ , K , Q , Φ , H for { labial } , { alveolar } , { post @-@ alveolar } or { palatal } , { velar } , { uvular } , { pharyngeal } and { glottal } , respectively , and X for anything . For example , the possible syllable shapes of Mandarin can be abstracted as ranging from V ( atonic vowel ) to CVNᵀ ( consonant @-@ vowel @-@ nasal syllable with tone ) . The letters can be modified with IPA diacritics , for e.g. Cʼ for { ejective } , Ƈ for { implosive } , N ͡ C or ᴺC for { prenasalized consonant } , Ṽ for { nasal vowel } , S ̬ for { voiced sibilant } , N ̥ for { voiceless nasal } , P ͡ F or PF for { affricate } and D ̪ for { dental consonant } . In speech pathology , they may represent indeterminate sounds , and superscripted when weakly articulated : ᴰ a weak indeterminate alveolar , ᴷ a weak indeterminate velar , etc .
Typical examples of archiphonemic use of capital letters are I for the Turkish harmonic vowel set { i y ɯ u } and D for the conflated flapped middle consonant of American English writer and rider .
V , F and C have different meanings as Voice Quality Symbols , where they stand for ' voice ' , ' falsetto ' and ' creak ' . They may take diacritics that indicate what kind of voice quality an utterance has , and may be used to extract a suprasegmental feature that occurs on all susceptible segments in a stretch of IPA . For instance , the transcription of Scots Gaelic [ kʷʰuˣʷt ̪ ʷs ̟ ʷ ] ' cat ' and [ kʷʰʉˣʷt ͜ ʃʷ ] ' cats ' ( Islay dialect ) can be made more economical by extracting the suprasegmental labialization of the words : Vʷ [ kʰuˣt ̪ s ̟ ] and Vʷ [ kʰʉˣt ͜ ʃ ] .
= = = Typography and iconicity = = =
The International Phonetic Alphabet is based on the Latin alphabet , using as few non @-@ Latin forms as possible . The Association created the IPA so that the sound values of most consonant letters taken from the Latin alphabet would correspond to " international usage " . Hence , the letters 〈 b 〉 , 〈 d 〉 , 〈 f 〉 , ( hard ) 〈 ɡ 〉 , ( non @-@ silent ) 〈 h 〉 , ( unaspirated ) 〈 k 〉 , 〈 l 〉 , 〈 m 〉 , 〈 n 〉 , ( unaspirated ) 〈 p 〉 , ( voiceless ) 〈 s 〉 , ( unaspirated ) 〈 t 〉 , 〈 v 〉 , 〈 w 〉 , and 〈 z 〉 have the values used in English ; and the vowel letters from the Latin alphabet ( 〈 a 〉 , 〈 e 〉 , 〈 i 〉 , 〈 o 〉 , 〈 u 〉 ) correspond to the ( long ) sound values of Latin : [ i ] is like the vowel in machine , [ u ] is as in rule , etc . Other letters may differ from English , but are used with these values in other European languages , such as 〈 j 〉 , 〈 r 〉 , and 〈 y 〉 .
This inventory was extended by using small @-@ capital and cursive forms , diacritics and rotation . There are also several symbols derived or taken from the Greek alphabet , though the sound values may differ . For example , 〈 ʋ 〉 is a vowel in Greek , but an only indirectly related consonant in the IPA . For most of these , subtly different glyph shapes have been devised for the IPA , namely 〈 ɑ 〉 , 〈 ꞵ 〉 , 〈 ɣ 〉 , 〈 ɛ 〉 , 〈 ɸ 〉 , 〈 ꭓ 〉 , and 〈 ʋ 〉 , which are encoded in Unicode separately from their parent Greek letters , though one of them – 〈 θ 〉 – is not , while Greek 〈 β 〉 and 〈 χ 〉 are generally used for 〈 ꞵ 〉 and 〈 ꭓ 〉 .
The sound values of modified Latin letters can often be derived from those of the original letters . For example , letters with a rightward @-@ facing hook at the bottom represent retroflex consonants ; and small capital letters usually represent uvular consonants . Apart from the fact that certain kinds of modification to the shape of a letter generally correspond to certain kinds of modification to the sound represented , there is no way to deduce the sound represented by a symbol from its shape ( as for example in Visible Speech ) nor even any systematic relation between signs and the sounds they represent ( as in Hangul ) .
Beyond the letters themselves , there are a variety of secondary symbols which aid in transcription . Diacritic marks can be combined with IPA letters to transcribe modified phonetic values or secondary articulations . There are also special symbols for suprasegmental features such as stress and tone that are often employed .
= = = Types of transcription = = =
There are two principal types of brackets used to set off IPA transcriptions :
[ square brackets ] are used with phonetic notations , possibly including details of the pronunciation that may not be used for distinguishing words in the language being transcribed , but which the author nonetheless wishes to document .
/ slashes / are used for phonemic notations , which note only features that are distinctive in the language , without any extraneous detail .
For example , while the / p / sounds of pin and spin are pronounced slightly differently in English ( and this difference would be meaningful in some languages ) , the difference is not meaningful in English . Thus phonemically the words are / pɪn / and / spɪn / , with the same / p / phoneme . However , to capture the difference between them ( the allophones of / p / ) , they can be transcribed phonetically as [ pʰɪn ] and [ spɪn ] .
Other conventions are less commonly seen :
Double slashes / / ... / / , pipes | ... | , double pipes | | ... | | , or braces { ... } may be used around a word to denote its underlying structure , more abstract even than that of phonemes . See morphophonology for examples .
Double square brackets ⟦ ... ⟧ are used for extra @-@ precise transcription . They indicate that a letter has its cardinal IPA value . For example , ⟦ a ⟧ is a low front vowel , rather than the perhaps slightly different value ( such as low central ) that " [ a ] " may be used to transcribe in a particular language . Thus two vowels transcribed for easy legibility as 〈 [ e ] 〉 and 〈 [ ɛ ] 〉 may be clarified as actually being ⟦ e ̝ ⟧ and ⟦ e ⟧ ; 〈 [ ð ] 〉 may be more precisely ⟦ ð ̠ ̞ ˠ ⟧ .
Angle brackets are used to clarify that the letters represent the original orthography of the language , or sometimes an exact transliteration of a non @-@ Latin script , not the IPA ; or , within the IPA , that the letters themselves are indicated , not the sound values that they carry . For example , 〈 pin 〉 and 〈 spin 〉 would be seen for those words , which do not contain the ee sound [ i ] of the IPA letter 〈 i 〉 . Italics are perhaps more commonly used for this purpose when full words are being written ( as pin , spin above ) , but may not be sufficiently clear for individual letters and digraphs .
{ Braces } are used for prosodic notation . See Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet for examples in that system .
( Parentheses ) are used for indistinguishable utterances . They are also seen for silent articulation ( mouthing ) , where the expected phonetic transcription is derived from lip @-@ reading , and with periods to indicate silent pauses , for example ( ... ) .
Double parentheses indicate obscured or unintelligible sound , as in ( ( 2 syll . ) ) or ⸨ 2 syll . ⸩ , two audible but unidentifiable syllables .
= = = Handwritten forms = = =
IPA letters have handwritten forms designed for use in manuscripts and when taking field notes ; they are occasionally seen in publications when the printer did not have fonts that supported IPA , and the IPA was therefore filled in by hand .
= = Modifying the IPA chart = =
The International Phonetic Alphabet is occasionally modified by the Association . After each modification , the Association provides an updated simplified presentation of the alphabet in the form of a chart . ( See History of the IPA . ) Not all aspects of the alphabet can be accommodated in a chart of the size published by the IPA . The alveolo @-@ palatal and epiglottal consonants , for example , are not included in the consonant chart for reasons of space rather than of theory ( two additional columns would be required , one between the retroflex and palatal columns and the other between the pharyngeal and glottal columns ) , and the lateral flap would require an additional row for that single consonant , so they are listed instead under the catchall block of " other symbols " . The indefinitely large number of tone letters would make a full accounting impractical even on a larger page , and only a few examples are shown .
The procedure for modifying the alphabet or the chart is to propose the change in the Journal of the IPA . ( See , for example , August 2008 on a low central vowel and August 2011 on central approximants . ) Reactions to the proposal may be published in the same or subsequent issues of the Journal ( as in August 2009 on the low central vowel ) . A formal proposal is then put to the Council of the IPA – which is elected by the membership – for further discussion and a formal vote .
Only changes to the alphabet or chart that have been approved by the Council can be considered part of the official IPA . Nonetheless , many users of the alphabet , including the leadership of the Association itself , make personal changes or additions in their own practice , either for convenience in working on a particular language ( see " Illustrations of the IPA " for individual languages in the Handbook , which for example may use 〈 c 〉 for [ tʃ ] ) , or because they object to some aspect of the official version .
= = Usage = =
Although the IPA offers over 160 symbols for transcribing speech , only a relatively small subset of these will be used to transcribe any one language . It is possible to transcribe speech with various levels of precision . A precise phonetic transcription , in which sounds are described in a great deal of detail , is known as a narrow transcription . A coarser transcription which ignores some of this detail is called a broad transcription . Both are relative terms , and both are generally enclosed in square brackets . Broad phonetic transcriptions may restrict themselves to easily heard details , or only to details that are relevant to the discussion at hand , and may differ little if at all from phonemic transcriptions , but they make no theoretical claim that all the distinctions transcribed are necessarily meaningful in the language .
For example , the English word little may be transcribed broadly using the IPA as [ ˈlɪtəl ] , and this broad ( imprecise ) transcription is a more or less accurate description of many pronunciations . A narrower transcription may focus on individual or dialectical details : [ ˈɫɪɾɫ ] in General American , [ ˈlɪʔo ] in Cockney , or [ ˈɫɪːɫ ] in Southern US English .
It is customary to use simpler letters , without many diacritics , in phonemic transcriptions . The choice of IPA letters may reflect the theoretical claims of the author , or merely be a convenience for typesetting . For instance , in English , either the vowel of pick or the vowel of peak may be transcribed as / i / ( for the pairs / pik , piːk / or / pɪk , pik / ) , and neither is identical to the vowel of the French word pique which is also generally transcribed / i / . That is , letters between slashes do not have absolute values , something true of broader phonetic approximations as well . A narrow transcription may , however , be used to distinguish them : [ pʰɪk ] , [ pʰiːk ] , [ pikʲ ] .
= = = Linguists = = =
Although IPA is popular for transcription by linguists , American linguists often alternate use of the IPA with Americanist phonetic notation or use the IPA together with some nonstandard symbols , for reasons including reducing the error rate on reading handwritten transcriptions or avoiding perceived awkwardness of IPA in some situations . The exact practice may vary somewhat between languages and even individual researchers , so authors are generally encouraged to include a chart or other explanation of their choices .
= = = Language study = = =
Some language study programs use the IPA to teach pronunciation . For example , in Russia ( and earlier in the Soviet Union ) and mainland China , textbooks for children and adults for studying English and French consistently use the IPA . English teachers and textbooks in Taiwan tend to use the Kenyon and Knott system , a slight typographical variant of the IPA .
= = = Dictionaries = = =
= = = = English = = = =
Many British dictionaries , including the Oxford English Dictionary and some learner 's dictionaries such as the Oxford Advanced Learner 's Dictionary and the Cambridge Advanced Learner 's Dictionary , now use the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent the pronunciation of words . However , most American ( and some British ) volumes use one of a variety of pronunciation respelling systems , intended to be more comfortable for readers of English . For example , the respelling systems in many American dictionaries ( such as Merriam @-@ Webster ) use 〈 y 〉 for IPA [ j ] and 〈 sh 〉 for IPA [ ʃ ] , reflecting common representations of those sounds in written English , using only letters of the English Roman alphabet and variations of them . ( In IPA , [ y ] represents the sound of the French 〈 u 〉 ( as in tu ) , and [ sh ] represents the pair of sounds in grasshopper . )
= = = = Other languages = = = =
The IPA is also not universal among dictionaries in languages other than English . Monolingual dictionaries of languages with generally phonemic orthographies generally do not bother with indicating the pronunciation of most words , and tend to use respelling systems for words with unexpected pronunciations . Dictionaries produced in Israel use the IPA rarely and sometimes use the Hebrew script for transcription of foreign words . Monolingual Hebrew dictionaries use pronunciation respelling for words with unusual spelling ; for example , the Even @-@ Shoshan Dictionary respells תָּכְנִית as תּוֹכְנִית because this word uses kamatz katan . Bilingual dictionaries that translate from foreign languages into Russian usually employ the IPA , but monolingual Russian dictionaries occasionally use pronunciation respelling for foreign words ; for example , Ozhegov 's dictionary adds нэ ́ in brackets for the French word пенсне ( pince @-@ nez ) to indicate that the е does not iotate the н .
The IPA is more common in bilingual dictionaries , but there are exceptions here too . Mass @-@ market bilingual Czech dictionaries , for instance , tend to use the IPA only for sounds not found in the Czech language .
= = = Standard orthographies and case variants = = =
IPA letters have been incorporated into the alphabets of various languages , notably via the Africa Alphabet in many sub @-@ Saharan languages such as Hausa , Fula , Akan , Gbe languages , Manding languages , Lingala , etc . This has created the need for capital variants . For example , Kabiyè of northern Togo has Ɖ ɖ , Ŋ ŋ , Ɣ ɣ , Ɔ ɔ , Ɛ ɛ , Ʋ ʋ . These , and others , are supported by Unicode , but appear in Latin ranges other than the IPA extensions .
In the IPA itself , however , only lower @-@ case letters are used . The 1949 edition of the IPA handbook indicated that an asterisk 〈 * 〉 may be prefixed to indicate that a word is a proper name , but this convention has not been included in recent editions .
= = = Classical singing = = =
IPA has widespread use among classical singers for preparation , especially among English @-@ speaking singers who are expected to sing in a variety of foreign languages . Opera librettos are authoritatively transcribed in IPA , such as Nico Castel 's volumes and Timothy Cheek 's book Singing in Czech . Opera singers ' ability to read IPA was used by the site Visual Thesaurus , which employed several opera singers " to make recordings for the 150 @,@ 000 words and phrases in VT 's lexical database . ... for their vocal stamina , attention to the details of enunciation , and most of all , knowledge of IPA . "
= = Letters = =
The International Phonetic Association organizes the letters of the IPA into three categories : pulmonic consonants , non @-@ pulmonic consonants , and vowels .
Pulmonic consonant letters are arranged singly or in pairs of voiceless ( tenuis ) and voiced sounds , with these then grouped in columns from front ( labial ) sounds on the left to back ( glottal ) sounds on the right . In official publications by the IPA , two columns are omitted to save space , with the letters listed among ' other symbols ' , and with the remaining consonants arranged in rows from full closure ( occlusives : stops and nasals ) , to brief closure ( vibrants : trills and taps ) , to partial closure ( fricatives ) and minimal closure ( approximants ) , again with a row left out to save space . In the table below , a slightly different arrangement is made : All pulmonic consonants are included in the pulmonic @-@ consonant table , and the vibrants and laterals are separated out so that the rows reflect the common lenition pathway of stop → fricative → approximant , as well as the fact that several letters pull double duty as both fricative and approximant ; affricates may be created by joining stops and fricatives from adjacent cells . Shaded cells are judged to be implausible .
Vowel letters are also grouped in pairs — of unrounded and rounded vowel sounds — with these pairs also arranged from front on the left to back on the right , and from maximal closure at top to minimal closure at bottom . No vowel letters are omitted from the chart , though in the past some of the mid central vowels were listed among the ' other symbols ' .
Each character is assigned a number , to prevent confusion between similar letters ( such as ɵ and θ , ɤ and ɣ , or ʃ and ʄ ) in such situations as the printing of manuscripts . The categories of sounds are assigned different ranges of numbers .
= = = Consonants = = =
= = = = Pulmonic consonants = = = =
A pulmonic consonant is a consonant made by obstructing the glottis ( the space between the vocal cords ) or oral cavity ( the mouth ) and either simultaneously or subsequently letting out air from the lungs . Pulmonic consonants make up the majority of consonants in the IPA , as well as in human language . All consonants in the English language fall into this category .
The pulmonic consonant table , which includes most consonants , is arranged in rows that designate manner of articulation , meaning how the consonant is produced , and columns that designate place of articulation , meaning where in the vocal tract the consonant is produced . The main chart includes only consonants with a single place of articulation .
Notes
In rows where some letters appear in pairs ( the obstruents ) , the letter to the right represents a voiced consonant ( except breathy @-@ voiced [ ɦ ] ) . However , [ ʔ ] cannot be voiced , and the voicing of [ ʡ ] is ambiguous . In the other rows ( the sonorants ) , the single letter represents a voiced consonant .
Although there is a single letter for the coronal places of articulation for all consonants but fricatives , when dealing with a particular language , the letters may be treated as specifically dental , alveolar , or post @-@ alveolar , as appropriate for that language , without diacritics .
Shaded areas indicate articulations judged to be impossible .
The letters [ ʁ , ʕ , ʢ ] represent either voiced fricatives or approximants .
In many languages , such as English , [ h ] and [ ɦ ] are not actually glottal , fricatives , or approximants . Rather , they are bare phonation .
It is primarily the shape of the tongue rather than its position that distinguishes the fricatives [ ʃ ʒ ] , [ ɕ ʑ ] , and [ ʂ ʐ ] .
Some listed phones are not known to exist as phonemes in any language .
= = = = Affricates and co @-@ articulated consonants = = = =
Co @-@ articulated consonants are sounds that involve two simultaneous places of articulation ( are pronounced using two parts of the vocal tract ) . In English , the [ w ] in " went " is a coarticulated consonant , being pronounced by rounding the lips and raising the back of the tongue . Similar sounds are [ ʍ ] and [ ɥ ] .
Affricates and doubly articulated stops are represented by two letters joined by a tie bar , either above or below the letters . The six most common affricates are optionally represented by ligatures , though this is no longer official IPA usage , because a great number of ligatures would be required to represent all affricates this way . Alternatively , a superscript notation for a consonant release is sometimes used to transcribe affricates , for example tˢ for t ͡ s , paralleling kˣ ~ k ͡ x . The letters for the palatal plosives c and ɟ , are often used as a convenience for t ͡ ʃ and d ͡ ʒ or similar affricates , even in official IPA publications , so they must be interpreted with care .
Note
On browsers that use Arial Unicode MS to display IPA characters , the following incorrectly formed sequences may look better due to a bug in that font : ts ͡ , tʃ ͡ , tɕ ͡ , dz ͡ , dʒ ͡ , dʑ ͡ , tɬ ͡ , kp ͡ , ɡb ͡ , ŋm ͡ .
[ ɧ ] is described as a " simultaneous [ ʃ ] and [ x ] " . However , this analysis is disputed . ( See voiceless palatal @-@ velar fricative for discussion . )
Multiple tie bars can be used : 〈 a ͡ b ͡ c 〉 or 〈 a ͜ b ͜ c 〉 . For instance , if a prenasalized stop is transcribed 〈 m ͡ b 〉 , and a doubly articulated stop 〈 ɡ ͡ b 〉 , then a prenasalized doubly articulated stop would be 〈 ŋ ͡ m ͡ ɡ ͡ b 〉
= = = = Non @-@ pulmonic consonants = = = =
Non @-@ pulmonic consonants are sounds whose airflow is not dependent on the lungs . These include clicks ( found in the Khoisan languages of Africa ) , implosives ( found in languages such as Sindhi , Saraiki , Swahili and Vietnamese ) , and ejectives ( found in many Amerindian and Caucasian languages ) .
Notes
Clicks have traditionally been described as double articulation of a forward ' release ' and a rear ' accompaniment ' , with the click letters representing only the release . Therefore , all clicks require two letters for proper notation : 〈 k ͡ ǂ , ɡ ͡ ǂ , ŋ ͡ ǂ , q ͡ ǂ , ɢ ͡ ǂ , ɴ ͡ ǂ 〉 etc . , or 〈 ǂ ͡ k , ǂ ͡ ɡ , ǂ ͡ ŋ , ǂ ͡ q , ǂ ͡ ɢ , ǂ ͡ ɴ 〉 . When the dorsal articulation is omitted , a [ k ] may usually be assumed . However , recent research disputes the concept of ' accompaniment ' and the idea that clicks are doubly articulated , with the rear occlusion instead simply being part of the airstream mechanims . In these approaches , the click letter represents both articulations , with the different letters representing different click ' types ' , there is no velar @-@ uvular distinction , and the accompanying letter represents the manner , phonation , or airstream contour of the click : 〈 ǂ , ᶢǂ , ᵑǂ 〉 etc .
Letters for the voiceless implosives 〈 ƥ , ƭ , ƈ , ƙ , ʠ 〉 are no longer supported by the IPA , though they remain in Unicode . Instead , the IPA typically uses the voiced equivalent with a voiceless diacritic : 〈 ɓ ̥ , ʛ ̥ 〉 , etc ..
Although not confirmed as contrastive in any language , and therefore not explicitly recognized by the IPA , a letter for the retroflex implosive , 〈 ᶑ 〉 , has been assigned an IPA number .
The ejective diacritic often stands in for a superscript glottal stop in glottalized but pulmonic sonorants , such as [ mˀ ] , [ lˀ ] , [ wˀ ] , [ aˀ ] . These may also be transcribed as creaky [ m ̰ ] , [ l ̰ ] , [ w ̰ ] , [ a ̰ ] .
= = = Vowels = = =
The IPA defines a vowel as a sound which occurs at a syllable center . Below is a chart depicting the vowels of the IPA . The IPA maps the vowels according to the position of the tongue .
The vertical axis of the chart is mapped by vowel height . Vowels pronounced with the tongue lowered are at the bottom , and vowels pronounced with the tongue raised are at the top . For example , [ ɑ ] ( the first vowel in father ) is at the bottom because the tongue is lowered in this position . However , [ i ] ( the vowel in " meet " ) is at the top because the sound is said with the tongue raised to the roof of the mouth .
In a similar fashion , the horizontal axis of the chart is determined by vowel backness . Vowels with the tongue moved towards the front of the mouth ( such as [ ɛ ] , the vowel in " met " ) are to the left in the chart , while those in which it is moved to the back ( such as [ ʌ ] , the vowel in " but " ) are placed to the right in the chart .
In places where vowels are paired , the right represents a rounded vowel ( in which the lips are rounded ) while the left is its unrounded counterpart .
= = = = Diphthongs = = = =
Diphthongs are typically specified with a non @-@ syllabic diacritic , as in 〈 uɪ ̯ 〉 or 〈 u ̯ ɪ 〉 , or with a superscript for the on- or off @-@ glide , as in 〈 uᶦ 〉 or 〈 ᵘɪ 〉 . Sometimes a tie bar is used , especially if it is difficult to tell if the diphthong is characterized by an on @-@ glide , an off @-@ glide or is variable : 〈 u ͡ ɪ 〉 .
Notes
〈 a 〉 officially represents a front vowel , but there is little distinction between front and central open vowels , and 〈 a 〉 is frequently used for an open central vowel . However , if disambiguation is required , the retraction diacritic or the centralized diacritic may be added to indicate an open central vowel , as in 〈 a ̠ 〉 or 〈 ä 〉 .
= = Diacritics and prosodic notation = =
Diacritics are used for phonetic detail . They are added to IPA letters to indicate a modification or specification of that letter 's normal pronunciation .
By being made superscript , any IPA letter may function as a diacritic , conferring elements of its articulation to the base letter . ( See secondary articulation for a list of superscript IPA letters supported by Unicode . ) Those superscript letters listed below are specifically provided for by the IPA ; others include 〈 tˢ 〉 ( [ t ] with fricative release ) , 〈 ᵗs 〉 ( [ s ] with affricate onset ) , 〈 ⁿd 〉 ( prenasalized [ d ] ) , 〈 bʱ 〉 ( [ b ] with breathy voice ) , 〈 mˀ 〉 ( glottalized [ m ] ) , 〈 sᶴ 〉 ( [ s ] with a flavor of [ ʃ ] ) , 〈 oᶷ 〉 ( [ o ] with diphthongization ) , 〈 ɯᵝ 〉 ( compressed [ ɯ ] ) . Superscript diacritics placed after a letter are ambiguous between simultaneous modification of the sound and phonetic detail at the end of the sound . For example , labialized 〈 kʷ 〉 may mean either simultaneous [ k ] and [ w ] or else [ k ] with a labialized release . Superscript diacritics placed before a letter , on the other hand , normally indicate a modification of the onset of the sound ( 〈 mˀ 〉 glottalized [ m ] , 〈 ˀm 〉 [ m ] with a glottal onset ) .
Notes
^ a With aspirated voiced consonants , the aspiration is usually also voiced ( voiced aspirated – but see aspirated voiced ) . Many linguists prefer one of the diacritics dedicated to breathy voice over simple aspiration , such as 〈 b ̤ 〉 . Some linguists restrict this diacritic to sonorants , and transcribe obstruents as 〈 bʱ 〉 .
^ b The overstruck tilde is not recommended where it would be typographically unclear . It is also deprecated in Unicode , with precomposed letters preferred . ( See pharyngealization for available combinations . )
Subdiacritics ( diacritics normally placed below a letter ) may be moved above a letter to avoid conflict with a descender , as in voiceless 〈 ŋ ̊ 〉 . The raising and lowering diacritics have optional forms 〈 ˔ 〉 , 〈 ˕ 〉 that avoid descenders .
The state of the glottis can be finely transcribed with diacritics . A series of alveolar plosives ranging from an open to a closed glottis phonation are :
Additional diacritics are provided by the Extensions to the IPA for speech pathology .
= = = Suprasegmentals = = =
These symbols describe the features of a language above the level of individual consonants and vowels , such as prosody , tone , length , and stress , which often operate on syllables , words , or phrases : that is , elements such as the intensity , pitch , and gemination of the sounds of a language , as well as the rhythm and intonation of speech . Although most of these symbols indicate distinctions that are phonemic at the word level , symbols also exist for intonation on a level greater than that of the word . Various ligatures of tone letters are used in the IPA Handbook despite not being found on the simplified official IPA chart .
Finer distinctions of tone may be indicated by combining the tone diacritics and tone letters shown above , though not all IPA fonts support this . The four additional rising and falling tones supported by diacritics are high / mid rising ɔ ᷄ , ɔ ˧ ˥ , low rising ɔ ᷅ , ɔ ˩ ˧ , high falling ɔ ᷇ , ɔ ˥ ˧ , and low / mid falling ɔ ᷆ , ɔ ˧ ˩ . That is , tone diacritics only support contour tones across three levels ( high , mid , low ) , despite supporting five levels for register tones . For other contour tones , tone letters must be used : ɔ ˨ ˦ , ɔ ˥ ˦ , etc . For more complex ( peaking and dipping ) tones , though it is theoretically possible to combine the three tone diacritics in any permutation , in practice only generic peaking ɔ ᷈ and dipping ɔ ᷉ combinations are used . For finer detail , tone letters are again required ( ɔ ˧ ˥ ˧ , ɔ ˩ ˨ ˩ , ɔ ˦ ˩ ˧ , ɔ ˨ ˩ ˦ , etc . ) The correspondence between tone diacritics and tone letters is therefore only approximate .
A work @-@ around for diacritics sometimes seen when a language has more than one rising or falling tone , and the author wishes to avoid the poorly legible diacritics ɔ ᷄ , ɔ ᷅ , ɔ ᷇ , ɔ ᷆ but does not wish to completely abandon the IPA , is to restrict generic rising ɔ ̌ and falling ɔ ̂ to the higher @-@ pitched of the rising and falling tones , say ɔ ˥ ˧ and ɔ ˧ ˥ , and to use the old ( retired ) IPA subscript diacritics ɔ ̗ and ɔ ̖ for the lower @-@ pitched rising and falling tones , say ɔ ˩ ˧ and ɔ ˧ ˩ . When a language has four or six level tones , the two mid tones are sometimes transcribed as high @-@ mid ɔ ̍ ( non @-@ standard ) and low @-@ mid ɔ ̄ .
A stress mark typically appears before the stressed syllable , and thus marks the syllable break as well as stress . Where the syllable onset is a geminate consonant , e.g. in Italian , the consonant is commonly split by the stress mark , which means that the length sign is not used for gemination . ( Thus 〈 avˈvɔlse 〉 not * 〈 aˈvvɔlse 〉 , * 〈 aˈvːɔlse 〉 , or * 〈 avˈːɔlse 〉 . ) However , occasionally the stress mark is placed immediately before the stressed vowel , after any syllable onset ( 〈 avvˈɔlse 〉 or 〈 avːˈɔlse 〉 ) . In such transcriptions , the stress mark does not function as a mark of the syllable boundary .
Tone letters generally appear after each syllable , for a language with syllable tone ( 〈 a ˧ vɔ ˥ ˩ 〉 ) , or after the phonological word , for a language with word tone ( 〈 avɔ ˧ ˥ ˩ 〉 ) . However , in older versions of the IPA , ad hoc tone marks were placed before the syllable , the same position as used to mark stress , and this convention is still sometimes seen ( 〈 ˧ a ˥ ˩ vɔ 〉 , 〈 ˧ ˥ ˩ avɔ 〉 ) .
= = = Comparative degree = = =
IPA diacritics may be doubled to indicate an extra degree of the feature indicated . This is a productive process , but apart from extra @-@ high and extra @-@ low tones 〈 ə ̋ , ə ̏ 〉 being marked by doubled high- and low @-@ tone diacritics , and the major prosodic break 〈 ‖ 〉 being marked as a double minor break 〈 | 〉 , it is not specifically regulated by the IPA . ( Note that transcription marks are similar : double slashes indicate extra ( morpho ) -phonemic , double square brackets especially precise , and double parentheses especially unintelligible . )
For example , the stress mark may be doubled to indicate an extra degree of stress such prosodic stress in English . An example in French , with a single stress mark for normal prosodic stress at the end of each prosodic unit ( marked as a minor prosodic break ) , and a double stress mark for contrastive / emphatic stress : [ ˈˈɑ ̃ ːˈtre | məˈsjø | | ˈˈvwala maˈdam | | ] Entrez monsieur , voilà madame . Similarly , a doubled secondary stress mark 〈 ˌˌ 〉 is commonly used for tertiary stress .
Length is commonly extended by repeating the length mark , as in English shhh ! [ ʃːːː ] , or for " overlong " segments in Estonian :
vere / vere / ' blood [ gen.sg. ] ' , veere / veːre / ' edge [ gen.sg. ] ' , veere / veːːre / ' roll [ imp . 2nd sg . ] '
lina / linɑ / ' sheet ' , linna / linːɑ / ' town [ gen. sg . ] ' , linna / linːːɑ / ' town [ ine. sg . ] '
( Normally additional degrees of length are handled by the extra @-@ short or half @-@ long diacritics , but in the Estonian examples , the first two cases are analyzed as simply short and long . )
Occasionally other diacritics are doubled :
Rhoticity in Badaga / be / " mouth " , / be ˞ / " bangle " , and / be ˞ ˞ / " crop " .
Aspiration , for example contrasting Korean mild aspiration [ kʰ ] with strong aspiration [ kʰʰ ] .
Nasalization , as in Palantla Chinantec / ẽ / vs / e ͌ / .
Weak vs strong ejectives , [ kʼ ] , [ k ” ]
Especially lowered , e.g. [ t ̞ ̞ ] for / t / as a weak fricative in some pronunciations of register .
Especially retracted ( at least on a vowel ) , e.g. [ ø ̠ ̠ ] , though , depending on the font , on a consonant this could be confused with alveolar or alveolarized notation from the extIPA .
The transcription of strident and harsh voice as extra @-@ creaky / a ᷽ / may be motivated by the similarities of these phonations .
= = Obsolete and nonstandard symbols = =
The IPA once had parallel symbols from alternative proposals , but in most cases eventually settled on one for each sound . The rejected symbols are now considered obsolete . An example is the vowel letter 〈 ɷ 〉 , rejected in favor of 〈 ʊ 〉 . Letters for affricates and sounds with inherent secondary articulation have also been mostly rejected , with the idea that such features should be indicated with tie bars or diacritics : 〈 ƍ 〉 for [ zʷ ] is one . In addition , the rare voiceless implosives , 〈 ƥ ƭ ƈ ƙ ʠ 〉 , have been dropped and are now usually written 〈 ɓ ̥ ɗ ̥ ʄ ̊ ɠ ̊ ʛ ̥ 〉 . A retired set of click letters , 〈 ʇ , ʗ , ʖ 〉 , is still sometimes seen , as the official pipe letters 〈 ǀ , ǃ , ǁ 〉 may cause problems with legibility , especially when used with brackets ( [ ] or / / ) , the letter 〈 l 〉 , or the prosodic marks 〈 | , ‖ 〉 ( for this reason , some publications which use the current IPA pipe letters disallow IPA brackets ) .
Individual non @-@ IPA letters may find their way into publications that otherwise use the standard IPA . This is especially common with :
Affricates , such as the Americanist barred lambda 〈 ƛ 〉 for [ t ͜ ɬ ] or 〈 č 〉 for [ t ͡ ʃ ] . Some authors find the tie bars displeasing but the lack of tie bars confusing ( i.e. 〈 č 〉 for / t ͡ ʃ / as distinct from / tʃ / ) , while others simply prefer to have one letter for each segmental phoneme in a language .
Digits for tonal phonemes that have conventional numbers in a local tradition , such as the four tones of Chinese . This may be more convenient for comparison between languages and dialects than a phonetic transcription because tones often vary more than segmental phonemes do .
Digits for tone levels , though the lack of standardization can cause confusion ( with e.g. " 1 " for high tone in some languages but for low tone in others ) .
Iconic extensions of standard IPA letters that can be readily understood , such as retroflex 〈 ᶑ 〉 and 〈 ꞎ 〉 .
In addition , there are typewriter substitutions for when IPA support is not available , such as capital 〈 I , E , U , O , A 〉 for [ ɪ , ɛ , ʊ , ɔ , ɑ ] .
= = IPA extensions = =
The " Extensions to the IPA " , often abbreviated as " extIPA " and sometimes called " Extended IPA " , are symbols whose original purpose was to accurately transcribe disordered speech . At the IPA Kiel Convention in 1989 , a group of linguists drew up the initial extensions , which were based on the previous work of the PRDS ( Phonetic Representation of Disordered Speech ) Group in the early 1980s . The extensions were first published in 1990 , then modified , and published again in 1994 in the Journal of the International Phonetic Association , when they were officially adopted by the ICPLA . While the original purpose was to transcribe disordered speech , linguists have used the extensions to designate a number of unique sounds within standard communication , such as hushing , gnashing teeth , and smacking lips . The extensions have also been used to record certain peculiarities in an individual 's voice , such as nasalized voicing .
The Extensions to the IPA do not include symbols used for voice quality ( VoQS ) , such as whispering .
= = Segments without letters = =
The remaining blank cells on the IPA chart can be filled without too much difficulty if the need arises . Some ad hoc letters have appeared in the literature for the retroflex lateral flap , the voiceless lateral fricatives , the epiglottal trill , and the labiodental plosives . ( See the grey letters in the PDF chart . ) Diacritics can supply much of the remainder . If a sound cannot be transcribed , an asterisk 〈 * 〉 may be used , either as a letter or as a diacritic ( as in 〈 k * 〉 sometimes seen for the Korean ' fortis ' velar ) .
= = = Consonants = = =
Representations of consonant sounds outside of the core set are created by adding diacritics to letters with similar sound values . The Spanish bilabial and dental approximants are commonly written as lowered fricatives , [ β ̞ ] and [ ð ̞ ] respectively . Similarly , voiced lateral fricatives would be written as raised lateral approximants , [ ɭ ˔ ʎ ̝ ʟ ̝ ] . A few languages such as Banda have a bilabial flap as the preferred allophone of what is elsewhere a labiodental flap . It has been suggested that this be written with the labiodental flap letter and the advanced diacritic , [ ⱱ ̟ ] .
Similarly , a labiodental trill would be written [ ʙ ̪ ] ( bilabial trill and the dental sign ) , and labiodental stops [ p ̪ b ̪ ] rather than with the ad hoc letters sometimes found in the literature . Other taps can be written as extra @-@ short plosives or laterals , e.g. [ ɟ ̆ ɢ ̆ / ʀ ̆ ʟ ̆ ] , though in some cases the diacritic would need to be written below the letter . A retroflex trill can be written as a retracted [ r ̠ ] , just as retroflex fricatives sometimes are . The remaining consonants , the uvular laterals ( ʟ ̠ etc . ) and the palatal trill , while not strictly impossible , are very difficult to pronounce and are unlikely to occur even as allophones in the world 's languages .
= = = Vowels = = =
The vowels are similarly manageable by using diacritics for raising , lowering , fronting , backing , centering , and mid @-@ centering . For example , the unrounded equivalent of [ ʊ ] can be transcribed as mid @-@ centered [ ɯ ̽ ] , and the rounded equivalent of [ æ ] as raised [ ɶ ̝ ] or lowered [ œ ̞ ] . True mid vowels are lowered [ e ̞ ø ̞ ɘ ̞ ɵ ̞ ɤ ̞ o ̞ ] or raised [ ɛ ̝ œ ̝ ɜ ̝ ɞ ̝ ʌ ̝ ɔ ̝ ] , while centered [ ɪ ̈ ʊ ̈ ] and [ ä ] ( or , less commonly , [ ɑ ̈ ] ) are near @-@ close and open central vowels , respectively . The only known vowels that cannot be represented in this scheme are vowels with unexpected roundedness , which would require a dedicated diacritic , such as 〈 ʏʷ 〉 and 〈 uᵝ 〉 ( or 〈 ɪʷ 〉 and 〈 ɯᵝ 〉 ) .
= = Symbol names = =
An IPA symbol is often distinguished from the sound it is intended to represent , since there is not necessarily a one @-@ to @-@ one correspondence between letter and sound in broad transcription , making articulatory descriptions such as ' mid front rounded vowel ' or ' voiced velar stop ' unreliable . While the Handbook of the International Phonetic Association states that no official names exist for its symbols , it admits the presence of one or two common names for each . The symbols also have nonce names in the Unicode standard . In some cases , the Unicode names and the IPA names do not agree . For example , IPA calls ɛ " epsilon " , but Unicode calls it " small letter open E " .
The traditional names of the Latin and Greek letters are usually used for unmodified letters . Letters which are not directly derived from these alphabets , such as [ ʕ ] , may have a variety of names , sometimes based on the appearance of the symbol or on the sound that it represents . In Unicode , some of the letters of Greek origin have Latin forms for use in IPA ; the others use the letters from the Greek section .
For diacritics , there are two methods of naming . For traditional diacritics , the IPA notes the name in a well known language ; for example , é is acute , based on the name of the diacritic in English and French . Non @-@ traditional diacritics are often named after objects they resemble , so d ̪ is called bridge .
Pullum and Ladusaw list a variety of names in use for IPA symbols , both current and retired , in addition to names of many other non @-@ IPA phonetic symbols . Their collection is extensive enough that the Unicode Consortium used it in the development of Unicode .
= = Fonts = =
IPA font support is increasing , and is now included in several fonts such as the Times New Roman versions that come with various recent computer operating systems . Diacritics are not always properly rendered , however . IPA fonts that are freely available online include Gentium , several from the SIL ( such as Charis SIL , and Doulos SIL ) , DejaVu Sans , and TITUS Cyberbit , which are all freely available ; as well as commercial typefaces such as Brill , available from Brill Publishers , and Lucida Sans Unicode and Arial Unicode MS , shipping with various Microsoft products . These all include several ranges of characters in addition to the IPA . Modern Web browsers generally do not need any configuration to display these symbols , provided that a font capable of doing so is available to the operating system .
= = ASCII and keyboard transliterations = =
Several systems have been developed that map the IPA symbols to ASCII characters . Notable systems include Kirshenbaum , Arpabet , SAMPA , and X @-@ SAMPA . The usage of mapping systems in on @-@ line text has to some extent been adopted in the context input methods , allowing convenient keying of IPA characters that would be otherwise unavailable on standard keyboard layouts .
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= Linda November =
Linda Ellen November ( born October 16 , 1944 ) is an American singer who has sung tens of thousands of commercial jingles . She was the voice of the singing cat in the Meow Mix commercials , sang the jingle " Galaxy Glue " in the 1981 film The Incredible Shrinking Woman , the " Coke and a Smile " jingle in the classic Mean Joe Greene Super Bowl commercial , and has won many Clio Awards for her work on television and radio . Her voice can also be heard on many pop songs , as she was a regular backup singer for artists such as Frankie Valli , Burt Bacharach , Engelbert Humperdinck , and Neil Diamond . In the 1970s , she was one of the main singers in the disco group Wing and a Prayer Fife and Drum Corps , which charted with the Top 40 hit " Baby Face " in 1976 . In the 1980s and 1990s she was a regular performer in Atlantic City at The Grand and Harrah 's , with her husband , composer and arranger Artie Schroeck . As of 2011 , she works as a piano accompanist in Las Vegas , Nevada .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early years ( 1940s – 1960s ) = = =
November was born in Brooklyn , the older of two children to Eleanore and Julius November . Her father was an attorney to clients such as boxer Floyd Patterson , and her younger brother Philip became an attorney as well . She started her career in music as a concert pianist , playing piano from the age of five . However , she lost interest in the piano as a teenager and turned to singing instead , helped by the fact that she learned she had perfect pitch . She attended Thomas Jefferson High School , then The High School of Music & Art , and then from the age of 15 began studying voice with Beverly Johnson at Juilliard . She developed a strong soprano voice , described by The Dallas Morning News as " high , strong , and unwontedly pure " .
At the age of 16 , she got a lucky break because of a visit to a podiatrist . The doctor had an office at Broadway and 42nd Street , in what had been a fashionable Knickerbocker Hotel suite in the early 1900s , the New York residence of opera singer Enrico Caruso ( 1873 – 1921 ) . So the doctor would often entertain visitors who were there to see the Caruso memorabilia . While she herself was at the office , November met another patient who had contacts in the music industry , and she sang an impromptu audition . The patient was impressed , and put her in touch with one of his contacts , manager Gus Schirmer ( of the Schirmer Music publishing family ) , who was looking for " pretty sopranos " for his summer musicals . Schirmer introduced her to Broadway composer Richard Rodgers , who became her mentor , and through Schirmer , November also auditioned for other producers such as Lawrence Kasha . She obtained work as a performer in the 1963 summer musical season in Dallas , Texas , but despite many auditions , could never land a job in Broadway theatre ( according to November , this was because she never had the exact look that a particular show was looking for ) . Then Schirmer got her a job singing at an industrial musical for Ford Motor Company , where she met many other successful musicians , singers , and composers such as Ray Charles . He began incorporating her into sessions with the Ray Charles Singers , a group of performers with a rotating membership that would sing in close harmonies , often on productions with singer and television personality Perry Como , or as backup singers for other recordings . This launched November 's career as a studio singer , as she worked on a contract basis for many different productions . From 1962 to 1967 November would rotate in and out as part of the Ray Charles Singers , sometimes seen on Perry Como 's Kraft Music Hall variety program . She can also be heard as a backup singer on some Frank Sinatra recordings , such as the soprano voice in the background of the 1967 song , " The World We Knew " .
= = = Jingle singer ( 1960s – 1990s ) = = =
Over the course of her 32 years as a jingle singer , November sang approximately 22 @,@ 000 jingles which were played on the television and radio . In the 1970s , it was estimated that 75 % of the jingles that could be heard on the airways were sung by no more than 30 people , and November was known as the " Jingle Queen " . In several unusual jingles , she had to sing with different voices . She once sang as a person underwater , and for Chicken of the Sea , a brand of tuna , she sang like a chicken underwater . Her most notable commercial was in an ad campaign for Meow Mix , where she was the voice ( " Meow meow meow meow ... " ) of a singing cat . The idea came from Ron Travisano at the advertising agency of Della Femina Travisano and Partners , who had the account with Ralston Purina in 1976 . Travisano put together film footage with editor Jay Gold , looping images of a cat to make it look like it was singing . Working from the film , Tom McFaul of the jingle house Lucas / McFaul composed music to fit , and Linda November sang the meowing melody . The campaign was a major success , spawned 81 other different commercials , and hundreds of thousands of dollars in residuals . Linda November was also one of the singers for Coca @-@ Cola 's " Have a Coke and a Smile " campaign , heard most famously on the 1979 Mean Joe Greene commercial , considered one of the top Super Bowl commercials of all time .
= = = Other projects ( 1970s – present ) = = =
In the 1970s , along with providing her voice for commercials , November also recorded pop songs on the radio . She , Tony Orlando , and Toni Wine sang " Candida " , in a group surreptitiously entitled " Dawn " . Tony Orlando was a recording industry executive at the time , for a competing label , April @-@ Blackwood . So to avoid a conflict , the group was entitled " Dawn " without Orlando 's name . However , the song became a major hit , along with its followup " Knock Three Times " ( also featuring backup by November and Toni Wine ) . To go on tour , Orlando then asked two other session singers , Telma Hopkins and Joyce Vincent Wilson , to become the official backup singers , in their own " Dawn " group , so they could tour as Tony Orlando and Dawn , though the voices on the songs of the original album were still of November and Toni Wine , not Hopkins and Vincent . A few years later , November was again on the charts as part of the group Wing and a Prayer Fife and Drum Corps , an assemblage of studio musicians put together by Harold Wheeler . They released two albums , with their biggest hit being a disco version of the 1926 song " Baby Face " . It reached # 14 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in late 1976 , and # 12 in the UK .
In the 1980s and 1990s , November could often be found singing in Atlantic City , such as at Gatsby 's at The Grand , and then starting in 1990 , at the Harrah 's Atrium Lounge , with Artie Schroeck . They had met in the 1960s while working on Frankie Valli recordings , but had both been married to other people at the time . In 1988 they became a couple , and on January 17 , 1997 , they married . Linda November then retired from her career as a jingle singer , and she and Schroeck directed a production saluting quirky band leader Spike Jones , " The New City Slickers Present a Tribute to Spike Jones " .
In 2001 , November and her husband moved to Las Vegas . As of 2011 , she continues to work there as a piano and keyboard accompanist , performing the occasional show with Schroeck .
= = Awards = =
1972 , " Most Valuable Studio Player " , NARAS , New York Chapter
1974 , Taystee Bread ( Best Radio , Clio Award , 1974 )
1976 , Lady Long Legs ( Best Radio , Clio Award , 1976 )
1978 , United States Army ( Best Television / Cinema , Clio Award , 1978 )
1979 , " Mean Joe Greene " commercial for Coca @-@ Cola ( Best Television / Cinema , Clio Award , 1980 )
= = Notable works = =
Linda November has sung tens of thousands of jingles , with her most notable one being the Meow Mix Theme ( " Meow meow meow meow . . . . " ) in 1976 for Meow Mix cat food . She has also worked in many other parts of the industry as a backup singer , and contributed many solo efforts , such as singing the lullaby in the 1971 animated film , The World of Hans Christian Andersen , the main theme " I 'm Comin ' Home " in the 1973 film The Devil in Miss Jones , and the " Galaxy Glue " jingle in the 1981 film The Incredible Shrinking Woman .
= = = Jingles = = =
Drinks
Coca @-@ Cola , 1979 , " Coke and a smile " ( see also Mean Joe Greene ad )
Coca @-@ Cola , " I ’ d like to teach the world to sing "
Diet Coke " Just for the joy of it "
Diet Pepsi , " Now you see it , now you don 't , Diet Pepsi , 1 small calorie , now you see it , now you don 't "
Miller beer , " You 've got the time , we 've got the beer "
Budweiser , " When you say Bud , you 've said it all "
Foods
Burger King , " Have It Your Way "
Chef Boyardee , " Boy oh Boyardee , boy oh boyardee "
Chicken of the Sea
Doublemint , " Single most favorite double in the world is double good doublemint gum "
Kraft Foods , " America spells cheese K @-@ R @-@ A @-@ F @-@ T "
" M & M is a world of fun , a world of chocolate joy "
McDonald 's , " You Deserve a Break Today " , " Two all @-@ beef patties , special sauce , lettuce , cheese ... "
" Nabisco "
Hellmann 's and Best Foods , " Bring out the Hellmann 's , bring out the best "
" Snickers , Satisfies you "
" Wrigley 's Spearmint Gum gum gum "
Transportation
Buick , " Wouldn 't you really rather have a Buick ? "
Chevrolet , " The heartbeat of America "
Ford Motor Company , " Have you driven a Ford lately ? "
Greyhound Lines , " Go Greyhound , and leave the driving to us "
Other products
AT & T , " Reach out and touch someone "
Exxon , " Running smooth and silent "
General Electric , “ We bring good things to life ”
Prudential Financial , " Get a piece of the rock "
Windex , " Shine Windex Shine , Windex lets you bring all the sun in "
= = = Notable songs as backup singer = = =
1964 , with The Ray Charles Singers , " Love Me with All Your Heart "
1967 , with Frank Sinatra , " The World We Knew "
1968 , with Valerie Simpson and Dionne Warwick , " Do You Know the Way to San Jose "
1969 , with B. J. Thomas , " Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head "
1970 , with Tony Orlando , ( " Candida " , " Knock Three Times " )
1971 ( uncredited ) , with Barbra Streisand , " Stoney End "
1975 , with Jimi Hendrix ( posthumously ) ( Crash Landing )
1976 , with Gloria Gaynor , ( " I 've Got You Under My Skin " ) , on the I 've Got You album ( arranged by Meco Monardo )
1976 , with Engelbert Humperdinck ( " After the Lovin ' " )
1976 , as part of the Wing and a Prayer Fife and Drum Corps , " Baby Face "
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= Quatermass 2 =
Quatermass 2 ( US title : Enemy From Space ) is a 1957 black @-@ and @-@ white British science fiction horror film from Hammer Film Productions , produced by Anthony Hinds , directed by Val Guest , and starring Brian Donlevy , John Longden , Sid James , Bryan Forbes , William Franklyn and Vera Day . Quatermass 2 is a sequel to Hammer 's earlier film The Quatermass Xperiment ( 1955 ) . Like its predecessor , it is based on the BBC Television serial Quatermass II written by Nigel Kneale . Brian Donlevy reprises his role as the eponymous Professor Bernard Quatermass , making him the only actor to twice play the character on the silver screen .
The story concerns Quatermass 's investigation of reports of hundreds of meteorites landing only in the Winnerden Flats area of the UK . His inquiries lead him to a huge industrial complex , strikingly similar to his own plans for a Moon colony . This top @-@ secret facility is in fact the centre of a conspiracy involving the alien infiltration of the highest echelons of the British Government . Quatermass and his allies must now do whatever is necessary to defeat the alien threat before it is too late .
= = Plot = =
As Professor Bernard Quatermass ( Brian Donlevy ) struggles to gain government support for his Moon colonisation project , his interest becomes focused on reports of hundreds of meteorites landing in Winnerden Flats . Travelling there with Marsh , his colleague ( Bryan Forbes ) , Quatermass finds a huge complex under construction , based on his lunar colony plans . Marsh finds an undamaged meteorite is shaped like a small stone rocket . It then cracks open , releasing a gas , leaving him with an odd V @-@ shaped mark on his face . Black @-@ clad guards from the complex arrive , armed with machine guns and sporting similar V @-@ shaped marks , and take Marsh away , knocking down Quatermass and ordering him to leave .
Trying to discover what happened to Marsh , Quatermass contacts Inspector Lomax ( John Longden ) , who had previously assisted him ( see The Quatermass Xperiment ) . Lomax puts him in touch with Vincent Broadhead ( Tom Chatto ) , a Member of Parliament , who has been trying to uncover the veil of secrecy surrounding Winnerden Flats . Quatermass joins Broadhead on an official tour of the complex , which he is told has been built to manufacture artificial food . Slipping away from the visiting party , Broadhead attempts to get inside one of the large domes that dominate the skyline . Quatermass later finds him dying , covered in a poisonous black slime .
Shot at by guards as he exits , Quatermass rushes to Inspector Lomax , explaining that he believes that the complex is indeed making food but not for human consumption . Its purpose is to provide a suitable living environment for small alien creatures being housed inside the huge domes . Lomax attempts to alert his superiors , but when he meets the Commissioner of Police , he notices that he , too , is sporting the V @-@ shaped mark ; the aliens have taken control of the government .
Quatermass and Lomax then turn to journalist Jimmy Hall ( Sid James ) , who is skeptical of their story but asks to visit Winnerden Flats . At the local community centre , they receive a hostile reception from locals employed to do heavy construction and other work at the complex . The mood changes , however , when one of the meteorite @-@ missiles crashes through the building roof , injuring barmaid Sheila ( Vera Day ) . Armed guards arrive and gun down Hall after he telephones the press . The villagers form a mob that marches on the complex . Rushing the gates , Quatermass , Lomax , and the villagers barricade themselves in the pressure control room .
Realising that earth 's atmosphere must be poisonous to the aliens , Quatermass sabotages their life support system , pumping oxygen into the large domes . Simultaneously , Quatermass ' assistant , Brand ( William Franklyn ) , sacrifices his life by launching a Quatermass rocket at an asteroid believed to be the invasion 's staging point . The individual creatures combine their small bodies to create huge 150 @-@ foot tall creatures that soon burst from the domes . The rocket destroys the asteroid with a nuclear explosion . Their base gone and now fully exposed to earth 's atmosphere , the giant masses of combined creatures collapse and die . The V @-@ shaped marks disappear from those affected , leaving them with no memory of having been under alien control . As they head back to the village , Lomax wonders aloud how he 'll make a believable report on all that 's happened . More pointedly , Quatermass questions just how final will that report be ...
= = Production = =
The first Quatermass film had been a major success for Hammer and , eager for a sequel , they purchased the rights to Nigel Kneale 's follow @-@ up before the BBC had even begun transmission of the new serial . For this adaptation , Nigel Kneale himself was allowed to write the first draft of the screenplay , although subsequent drafts were worked on by director Val Guest . The plot is a condensed but largely faithful retelling of the original television serial . The main difference between the two versions is at the climax : in the television version Quatermass blasts off in a rocket to confront the aliens in outer space , whereas in the film the rocket is fired , unmanned , to destroy the aliens ' asteroid base . Returning director Val Guest once again employed many cinema vérité techniques to present the fantastic elements of the plot with the greatest degree of realism . Nigel Kneale was critical of the final film , mainly on account of the return of Brian Donlevy in the lead role . Kneale was unhappy with Donlevy 's interpretation of the character and also claimed the actor 's performance was marred by his alcoholism , a claim denied by Val Guest .
Although Quatermass 2 was financially successful , its box office performance was eclipsed by the massive success of another Hammer film , The Curse of Frankenstein , which was to be the first of their many Gothic horror films . As a result it would be ten years before Hammer adapted the next Quatermass serial for the cinema with Quatermass and the Pit in 1967 . Quatermass 2 was , however , the first film for which Hammer pre @-@ sold the distribution rights in the United States , a financial model that would quickly become the norm for subsequent Hammer productions .
= = = Origins = = =
= = = Writing = = =
Nigel Kneale had been unhappy with Hammer 's adaptation of The Quatermass Experiment , partly because he received no extra remuneration from the sale of the film rights and partly because of the changes made in the film to his original television script . In the wake of his dissatisfaction , Kneale exerted pressure on the BBC to allow him to be more involved in the sale of the rights to his work . Despite being in the final months of his BBC contract , Kneale was allowed to collaborate with Hammer on the adaptation of Quatermass II . The first draft of the screenplay was written by Kneale with input from producer Anthony Hinds . Subsequent drafts were worked on by director Val Guest , as he had done before on The Quatermass Xperiment . Guest recalled of Kneale 's script that there was “ lots of philosophising and very down @-@ to @-@ earth thinking but it was too long , it would not have held screenwise . So , again , I had to tailor it and sharpen it and hopefully not ruin it ” . The script was submitted to the British Board of Film Censors ( BBFC ) in April 1956 . BBFC reader Audrey Field commented , “ There should be the customary general caution that the sky is not the limit , either in sights or sounds ” . The BBFC 's main objection was to a scene in which a guard from the Winnerden Flats complex murders a family having a picnic . This scene was omitted from the final film , although it is present in the original television presentation .
As with The Quatermass Xperiment , the screenplay for Quatermass 2 condenses many of the events of the original . The most significant change is at the climax : in the television version Quatermass and his assistant , Pugh , use Quatermass 's rocket to travel to the asteroid to take on the aliens on their home turf whereas in the film the rocket is fired , unmanned , at the asteroid to destroy it . Several characters from the television version do not appear in the film , most notably Quatermass 's daughter , Paula , and his assistant , Leo Pugh . Conversely , the character of Inspector Lomax reappears in the film version , having previously been in The Quatermass Xperiment , but does not appear in the television version . The character of Sheila the barmaid also appears only in the film version .
= = = Casting = = =
Brian Donlevy as Professor Bernard Quatermass : Donlevy reprised his role as the eponymous professor , much to the despair of Nigel Kneale , who had heavily criticised his interpretation of the role in The Quatermass Xperiment . As had been the case on The Quatermass Xperiment , Donlevy 's alcoholism presented challenges for the production . Nigel Kneale recalled visiting the set one day : “ He [ Donlevy ] was so full of whiskey he could hardly stand up . He staggered over to the set and looked dazedly around . They held up an idiot board with his lines on and he said , “ What 's this movie called ? ” and they said , “ Well , it 's called Quatermass 2 ” . He said , “ I 've got to say all that ? There 's too much talk . Cut down some of the talk ” . He tried to read it and he had to have go after go after go , so crippled with drink he hardly knew who he was ” . Val Guest has denied Kneale 's claims , saying “ So many stories have been concocted since , about how he was a paralytic [ drunk ] . It 's absolute balls , because he was not paralytic . He wasn 't stone cold sober either , but he was a pro and he knew his lines ” . Guest also recalled , “ By after lunch he would come to me and say “ Give me a breakdown of the story so far . Where have I just been before this scene ? ” We used to feed him black coffee all morning but then we discovered he was lacing it . But he was a very professional actor and very easy to work with ” .
John Longden as Inspector Lomax : The role of Lomax had originally been played by Jack Warner in The Quatermass Xperiment . When Warner proved unavailable for the sequel , the role was recast and the part given to John Longden . Longden had been a major star of British silent films and had also appeared in several early Alfred Hitchcock films including Blackmail ( 1929 ) , Elstree Calling ( 1930 ) and The Skin Game ( 1931 ) . Nigel Kneale greatly preferred Longden 's authoritative take on the character to Jack Warner 's more comedic " breezy sergeant " in the first film .
Sid James ( credited as " Sydney James " ) as Jimmy Hall : At the time , James was known as a character actor , specialising mainly in " tough guy " roles , with credits in films such as No Orchids for Miss Blandish ( 1948 ) , The Lavender Hill Mob ( 1951 ) and Hell Drivers ( 1957 ) . James plays the character of Jimmy Hall in a much more comedic manner than Roger Delgado 's interpretation of the equivalent journalist character Hugh Conrad in the television version ; Guest cast James in order to " lighten the story a bit " . He later went on to enjoy widespread fame in many comedy roles including Hancock 's Half Hour ( 1956 – 60 ) , the Carry On series of films , and sitcoms such as George and the Dragon ( 1966 ) , Two in Clover ( 1969 – 70 ) and Bless This House ( 1971 – 76 ) .
Bryan Forbes as Marsh : Forbes had appeared in a number of supporting roles in films , including The Small Back Room ( 1949 ) , An Inspector Calls ( 1954 ) and The Colditz Story ( 1955 ) . However he later became better known as a director , with films such as Whistle Down the Wind ( 1961 ) , The L @-@ Shaped Room ( 1962 ) and The Stepford Wives ( 1975 ) among his best @-@ known credits . Forbes later recalled of the film : “ I was one of the people attacked by the alien pods . This pod exploded and I ended up with what was supposed to be a terrible alien growth on my face . Come lunchtime and we all went off to the pub . Of course , I couldn 't take this stuff off , the makeup was too complex ; the landlord refused to serve me . ”
William Franklyn as Brand : Franklyn later became well known for his voiceovers for a series of advertisements for Schweppes tonic water . In 2004 he took over from the late Peter Jones as the Voice of the Book in the radio version of The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy . He died in 2006 .
Vera Day as Sheila : Vera Day was first spotted by Val Guest in the musical Wish You Were Here at the London Hippodrome . He subsequently cast her in Dance , Little Lady ( 1955 ) and then Quatermass 2 . She later appeared in Guest 's Up the Creek ( 1958 ) .
Other actors appearing in the film include Charles Lloyd @-@ Pack , Tom Chatto , John Van Eyssen , Percy Herbert and Michael Ripper .
= = = Filming = = =
Val Guest , who had directed The Quatermass Xperiment , returned for Quatermass 2 . Guest once again sought to create a film that felt as real as possible , using many cinema vérité techniques such as hand @-@ held cameras . He was assisted in this respect by the moody , overcast cinematography of director of photography Gerald Gibbs , who also made extensive use of day for night photography for the film 's climactic scenes . Guest planned each day ’ s shooting carefully , creating meticulous storyboards detailing all the shots he wanted to make that day .
Filming took place between 28 May and 13 July 1956 . The film 's budget , at £ 92 @,@ 000 , was much larger than that of The Quatermass Xperiment . The bigger budget was achieved by the advance sale of the distribution rights in the United States to United Artists . United Artists contributed some £ 64 @,@ 000 towards the production of the film , as well as Brian Donlevy 's $ 25 @,@ 000 fee and his airfare to London from the US . The larger budget allowed for greater use of location filming in the making of the film than had been possible for its predecessor . The key location used was the oil refinery at Shell Haven in Stanford @-@ le @-@ Hope , Essex , on the Thames Estuary , which represented the secret Winnerden Flats complex . This was exactly the same location as used in the BBC television production of the story . Despite its size , the plant was run by a relatively small number of personnel , which made Guest 's job of making the plant appear eerily deserted easier . Guest was also surprised at how relaxed the plant 's management were about allowing him to stage the climactic gun battle at such a potentially flammable location . Focus puller Harry Oakes recalled , however , that a Newman @-@ Sinclair clockwork camera had to be used for some scenes because of the danger posed by sparks from electrical equipment . The scenes of Vincent Broadhead emerging from one of the domes covered in the noxious black slime were particularly difficult to realise , necessitating many retakes . Tom Chatto , playing Broadhead , whose wife was a leading casting director , joked after the scene was finally completed , " Remind me to talk to my wife about casting me in this " . The Shell Haven location was further enhanced by the use of matte paintings created by special effects designer Les Bowie to add the giant domes within which the aliens were incubated .
Other locations used included the real @-@ life new town of Hemel Hempstead , Hertfordshire , which was under construction at the time and doubled for the fictional new town of Winnerden Flats . Other scenes were shot in London including Trafalgar Square , where the police agreed to hold up the traffic for just two minutes to allow Guest to take shots of trucks ferrying equipment through London to Winnerden Flats , and in the foyer of the House of Lords for the scene where Quatermass first meets Vincent Broadhead . The climactic scenes of the hurricane caused by the explosion of the Winnerden Flats complex were shot on the South Downs near Brighton . A minor mishap occurred during the filming of this scene when the wind machines blew Brian Donlevy 's toupée off his head and the crew had to chase after it . As well as shooting on location , Guest and his crew made use of Stages 2 and 5 of the New Elstree Studios , the first Hammer production to shoot there . This was production designer Bernard Robinson 's first film for Hammer ; he went on to become their regular set designer , working on many Hammer films .
= = Reception = =
Quatermass 2 received its first public screening at a trade show on 22 March 1957 ; its official première was held two days later at the London Pavilion on 24 May 1957 . It went on general release , with supporting feature And God Created Woman , on 17 June 1957 . The film received an ‘ X ’ Certificate from the BBFC . It was released in the US under the title Enemy From Space .
Quatermass 2 received mixed reviews . Campbell Dixon in The Daily Telegraph found the film “ all good grisly fun , if this is the sort of thing you enjoy ” . The reviewer in The Times remarked that “ the writer of the original story , Mr Nigel Kneale , and the director , Mr Val Guest , between them keep things moving at the right speed , without digressions . The film has an air of respect for the issues touched on , and this impression is confirmed by the acting generally ” . On the other hand , Jympson Harman of the London Evening News wrote : “ Science @-@ fiction hokum can be convincing , exciting or just plain laughable . Quatermass II [ sic ] fails on all these scores , I am afraid ” . Similarly , the reviewer in the Daily Herald felt “ The whole thing is daft and full of stilted dialogue . [ ... ] At the end a detective says : “ How am I going to make a report on all this ? ” I felt the same way ” .
= = Legacy = =
Although commercially successful , Quatermass 2 ’ s release was largely overshadowed by the box @-@ office record @-@ breaking performance of Hammer 's The Curse of Frankenstein , which was also released in May 1957 . Upon this success , Hammer made its priority the production of Gothic horror films . For this reason , although Nigel Kneale had written a new Quatermass serial for the BBC , Quatermass and the Pit ( broadcast December 1958 to January 1959 ) , Hammer did not acquire the rights until 1961 and the film version did not appear until 1967 . Quatermass 2 is notable , however , for being the first film Hammer pre @-@ sold to a major US distributor , in this case United Artists . This new finance and distribution deal would become the norm for subsequent Hammer films and led to them eventually winding down their own distribution arm , Exclusive Films , in the mid @-@ 1960s .
Critical opinion of Quatermass 2 in the years since its release remains divided . Writing in Science Fiction in the Cinema , John Baxter found the film “ a faithful but ponderous adaptation of Kneale 's TV sequel . There are effective sequences , director Guest and cameraman Gerald Gibbs shooting with light lancing up through the shadows in a manner reminiscent of Jacques Tourneur 's Night ( or Curse ) of the Demon . Otherwise the film is indifferent ” . Similarly , John Brosnan , in his book The Primal Screen , wrote that “ Quatermass 2 isn 't as good as the first one , despite a bigger budget . Again the theme is possession ( all four Quatermass stories are variations on the same theme ) with Kneale again cleverly mixing sf with the supernatural . The alien invasion may be sf but it is presented with the trappings of traditional horror , such as the V @-@ shaped " mark of the devil " that all possessed people display ” . On the other hand , Bill Warren , in Keep Watching The Skies ! , found Quatermass 2 to be “ one of the best science fiction films of the 1950s . It is not notably better than [ The Quatermass Xperiment ] , but the story idea is more involving , the production is livelier and there are more events in the unfolding of the story ” . Kim Newman in 1986 praised the film as " extraordinary " and , comparing it to Invasion of the Body Snatchers ( 1956 ) , Newman notes that while Don Siegel ’ s film is " a general allegory " about dehumanisation and conformity , Quatermass 2 is “ a specific attack on the Conservative Government of the time , down to the inclusion of several characters obviously based on real political figures ” .
The League of Gentlemen 's Mark Gatiss mentions on the DVD commentary for the First Series that a scene where two workmen , who have been abducted by Tubs and Edward , escape , covered in tar , was inspired by the scene in which Vincent Broadhead is covered in " Synthetic Food " from one of the labelled storage tanks .
= = Video releases = =
Quatermass 2 was released on Region 2 DVD in 2003 by DD Video . It contained a number of extra features including commentary by director Val Guest and writer Nigel Kneale , as well as an interview with Val Guest and a trailer for Enemy From Space , as the film is known in the US . The film was first released in the US on Region 1 DVD by Anchor Bay Entertainment and is mastered from an archival print that shows every image with razor @-@ sharp clarity and richness ; it contains the same extra features as on the Region 2 UK release . The film had been previously released on both VHS cassette and LaserDisc .
= = In other media = =
The film was adapted into a 15 @-@ page comic strip for the August 1978 issue of the magazine Hammer 's Halls of Horror ( volume 2 , # 23 , published by Top Sellers Limited ) . It was drawn by David Lloyd from a script by Steve Parkhouse . The strip was titled Enemy from Space ( Quatermass II ) .
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= 2013 Chicago Bears season =
The 2013 Chicago Bears season was the franchise 's 94th season in the National Football League . The season was the first year under head coach Marc Trestman , as Lovie Smith was fired on December 31 , 2012 . The team played at Soldier Field for the 11th season since its reconstruction in 2001 . The Bears failed to qualify for the playoffs with an 8 – 8 record , the sixth time in seven years since the Super Bowl XLI loss in 2006 .
The Bears started the regular season by winning their first three games before losing in weeks four and five to the Detroit Lions and New Orleans Saints , respectively . The following game after winning against the New York Giants , quarterback Jay Cutler suffered a groin injury against the Washington Redskins , as the Bears entered the bye week at 4 – 3 . With Cutler out , Josh McCown stepped in against the Green Bay Packers in week nine , leading the Bears to victory . Cutler returned in the next game against the Lions , but injured his ankle in the loss , and McCown filled in for the next four games ; during the four @-@ game span under McCown , the Bears went 2 – 2 , while McCown excelled , throwing thirteen touchdowns and one interception . As a result , when Cutler returned in week fourteen against the Cleveland Browns , controversy arose over who should be the starter . After winning against Cleveland , the Lions lost the following day , allowing the Bears to clinch the NFC North in week sixteen with Packers and Lions losses grouped with a victory over the Philadelphia Eagles . However , the Bears lost 54 – 11 , and in week seventeen against the Packers , the Bears were eliminated from playoff contention with a 33 – 28 loss .
= = Offseason = =
= = = Organizational changes = = =
On December 31 , 2012 , nine @-@ year head coach Lovie Smith was fired . After Smith 's firing , the Bears requested interviews with thirteen coaches , twelve from the NFL and Montreal Alouettes ( of the Canadian Football League ) head coach Marc Trestman . The hunt later narrowed down to Trestman , Seattle Seahawks offensive coordinator Darrell Bevell and Indianapolis Colts offensive coordinator Bruce Arians . Ultimately , Trestman was hired on January 15 .
After Trestman 's hiring , he hired New Orleans Saints ' offensive line coach Aaron Kromer as offensive coordinator , and the Dallas Cowboys later reported that Joe DeCamillis , who had been among the Bears ' 13 head coaching candidates , would join the Bears as the team 's assistant head coach / special teams coordinator . Trestman also hired Andy Bischoff and Michael Sinclair as tight ends and defensive line coaches , respectively ; both coaches had worked with Trestman in Montreal . Alouettes offensive coordinator Pat Meyer also joined the Bears as offensive line coach , along with Purdue defensive coordinator and colleague of Trestman , Tim Tibesar , as linebackers coach . Former Alouettes coaches Brendan Nugent and Carson Walch were hired as offensive quality control assistants .
On January 15 , special teams coordinator Dave Toub announced that he is leaving the Bears for the Kansas City Chiefs . Two days later , it was announced that defensive coordinator Rod Marinelli would not return to the team . Eight assistants were also dismissed : quarterbacks coach Jeremy Bates , running backs coach Tim Spencer , wide receivers coach Darryl Drake , tight ends coach Mike DeBord , offensive line coach Tim Holt , linebackers coach Bob Babich , defensive backs coach Gill Byrd , and offensive coordinator Mike Tice . To replace Bates and Spencer , Chicago hired Matt Cavanaugh and Skip Peete as quarterbacks and running backs coach , respectively . To take Marinelli 's place , the Bears hired Jacksonville Jaguars ' defensive coordinator Mel Tucker . On February 21 , Trestman 's staff was completed after the Bears hired Alabama coach Mike Groh as wide receivers coach .
On January 19 , Bears director of physical development Rusty Jones announced his retirement after 28 years in the NFL . He was eventually replaced by Mike Clark . On January 28 , Chicago hired former Bears safety Chris Harris as defensive quality control , with Sean Desai serving the same position , along with Dwayne Stukes as assistant special teams coordinator .
On May 3 , Bears pro scouting director Chris Ballard , who had been hired by general manager Phil Emery , left the team for the Chiefs , and was replaced by assistant director of college scouting Kevin Turks . Regional scout James Kirkland was also let go . On May 6 , executive director and Southeastern Conference overseer Ted Monago joined the St. Louis Rams . On the same day , Kevin Turks and Dwayne Joseph were promoted to director of pro personnel and assistant director of pro personnel , respectively ; Chiefs area scout Ryan Kessenich was also hired as a scout . Chicago also hired Jay Muraco as scout of the East Coast and Andre Odom as a scouting assistant . The Bears also promoted Breck Ackley to South Central area scout and Sam Summerville to scout the Southeast area and David Williams to player personnel and scout . On May 16 , the Bears promoted Southeast area scout Mark Sadowski to senior national scout .
= = = Roster changes = = =
The Bears entered free agency with 16 unrestricted free agents .
= = = = Acquisitions = = = =
The first addition of 2013 by the Bears was defensive end Cheta Ozougwu on January 2 , followed by Brittan Golden two days later . On January 7 , quarterback Matt Blanchard and receiver Terrence Toliver were signed ; the next three days involved the signings of Patrick Trahan , Brody Eldridge , Fendi Onobun and Lawrence Wilson , respectively . On January 28 and 29 , Cyhl Quarles and Tom Nelson were signed , respectively . The lone acquisition of February occurred on February 11 with cornerback LeQuan Lewis .
NFL free agency opened on March 12 , with the Bears signing New York Giants tight end Martellus Bennett and New Orleans Saints offensive lineman Jermon Bushrod on that day . From March 20 to 24 , the Bears signed at least one player per day , starting with Turk McBride . Steve Maneri ( March 21 ) , D. J. Williams ( March 22 ) , Tom Zbikowski ( March 23 ) , and James Anderson ( March 24 ) . Offensive lineman Matt Slauson was signed on March 29 . On April 9 , Andre Fluellen , Kyle Moore and Taylor Boggs were signed . Offensive lineman Eben Britton was signed on April 16 , followed by kicker Austin Signor three days later . The only signing in May was undrafted rookie Maurice Jones on May 12 . On June 10 , the Bears signed Devin Aromashodu , Jerrell Jackson and Tony Fiammetta , followed by Sedrick Ellis the next day .
= = = = Departures = = = =
The first departure of the team was receiver Johnny Knox on February 12 , who had suffered a serious injury in 2011 and missed the entire 2012 season . On March 13 , tight ends Kellen Davis and Matt Spaeth were waived . The single departure of April occurred on April 2 , with the release of defensive lineman Matt Toeaina . On June 9 , offensive lineman and the team 's first @-@ round draft pick in 2011 Gabe Carimi was traded to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers for a sixth @-@ rounder in the 2014 draft . The following day , Evan Rodriguez , Dale Moss and Demetrius Fields were waived .
Eleven of the Bears ' UFAs did not return , nine of whom joining other teams , starting with linebacker Geno Hayes ' signing with the Jacksonville Jaguars on March 13 . The Bears lost another linebacker in Nick Roach on March 15 , when he joined the Oakland Raiders , and another defensive player was lost when cornerback D. J. Moore was signed by the Carolina Panthers four days later . On March 20 , eight @-@ time Pro Bowler and 13 @-@ year linebacker Brian Urlacher was not retained for the 2013 season . Six days later , Jason Campbell was signed by the Cleveland Browns , and the next day , Lance Louis joined the Miami Dolphins .
= = = 2013 draft class = = =
The Bears entered the draft with needs at positions including offensive lineman , linebacker , defensive lineman and cornerback . In the first round , with the twentieth pick , the Bears selected Oregon offensive tackle Kyle Long . Long , the son of Pro Football Hall of Famer Howie Long and younger brother of St. Louis Rams ' defensive end Chris Long , played in only 21 games while starting 15 with Oregon . In the second round , with the fiftieth pick , the Bears selected Jon Bostic , a linebacker from Florida , who recorded 68 tackles with the nation 's fifth @-@ ranked defense in 2012 . Two rounds later , the Bears used their 117th overall pick on Rutgers linebacker Khaseem Greene , who holds the NCAA record for career forced fumbles with 15 . In the fifth round , the Bears traded down ten spots with the Atlanta Falcons to draft Louisiana Tech offensive tackle Jordan Mills , marking the first time the team selected two offensive linemen in the same draft since 2002 . In the sixth round , Chicago selected Georgia Bulldogs defensive end Cornelius Washington , who led linebackers in the bench press at the NFL Combine with 36 repetitions at 225 pounds . Using a seventh @-@ rounder acquired in the trade with Atlanta , the Bears drafted wide receiver Marquess Wilson , who left the Washington State football team , citing abuse from head coach Mike Leach despite setting team records with 82 receptions for 1 @,@ 388 yards and 12 touchdowns in 2011 , followed by 52 receptions for 813 yards and five touchdowns in 2012 .
The Bears draft class received average grades , with questions from some graders questioning the selections of Long and Bostic , including Jason Cole of Yahoo ! Sports , who gave the class a grade of " C + " . Yahoo ! Sports writer Billy Grayson ESPN draft analyst Mel Kiper , Jr. stated that he " wasn 't in love with the value " of Long 's talent , classifying the draft class as a " C + " , while Sports Illustrated writer Chris Burke asked why Chicago selected Bostic over Kansas State linebacker Arthur Brown . However , Burke praised Washington 's selection as a potential steal , giving a grade of " B- " . Thad Novak of the International Business Times gave Long the lowest grade of the players drafted by Chicago with a " C- " , considering him a " raw " player ; Mills was awarded a " C + " , due to not blocking against many top defenders in college . Washington and Wilson were given a " B- " and " B + " , respectively , the former despite being a linebacker , could adjust into the Bears ' 4 @-@ 3 defense . Linebackers Bostic and Greene were given an " A " and " A + " , the latter being considered a steal that could add depth to the linebacking corps . Vinny Iyer of Sporting News gave the class a " C " , stated Long should start as a guard before switching to tackle , which would be filled by Mills ; Iyer also considered Bostic a " textbook replacement " for Brian Urlacher , while Greene can replace Nick Roach as a strong @-@ side linebacker . After the 2013 season , Kiper improved the Bears ' class to a " B " .
All six players drafted agreed to four @-@ year contracts . Mills and Washington were the first players to sign on May 1 , followed by Greene and Wilson the following day . Bostic was the next player to sign , agreeing to a contract on May 9 , and Long was the final player to sign , signing his contract on May 17 .
Notes
The team traded its third @-@ round selection along with a 2012 third @-@ round selection to the Miami Dolphins in exchange for wide receiver Brandon Marshall .
The team traded its seventh @-@ round selection to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in exchange for defensive tackle Brian Price .
= = = Undrafted free agents = = =
After the draft 's conclusion , the Bears announced that they had come to terms with ten undrafted free agents : LSU running back and center Michael Ford and P. J. Lonergan , respectively , Rutgers receiver Mark Harrison , Oklahoma cornerback and punter Demontre Hurst and Tress Way , respectively , Iowa State receiver Josh Lenz , Montana State linebacker Zach Minter , Memphis receiver Marcus Rucker , Georgia Southern defensive tackle Brent Russell , and NC State cornerback C. J. Wilson .
= = = Offseason activities = = =
On April 2 , the Bears began a voluntary offseason program , and because they had a new head coach , the Bears were given a two @-@ week earlier start than teams that did not hire a new head coach . For the first two weeks of the program , the only activities allowed were strength and conditioning and rehabilitation , and only strength and conditioning coaches are allowed to be on the field with the players . On the third week , a voluntary minicamp was held , and all coaches were permitted to work . From April 16 – 18 , the Bears held two @-@ hour non @-@ contact drills , and held ten organized team activities ( OTAs ) during May 13 – June 6 , followed by a mandatory minicamp from June 11 – 13 .
The Bears started the first of ten OTAs on May 13 . Rookie Kyle Long did not attend due to the University of Oregon having final examinations running through June 14 . Gabe Carimi was the lone eligible player to not attend the workouts on the first day , as he stated that he was training in Arizona . Despite being expected to attend the team 's mandatory minicamp , on June 9 , Carimi was traded to the Buccaneers for an unconditional sixth @-@ round draft pick in the 2014 draft . Long returned to workouts on June 17 .
On the first day of the mandatory minicamp , offensive coordinator Aaron Kromer did not attend the on @-@ field segment due to hip surgery . A. J. Lindeman and Willie Carter tried out with the team during the day . Brandon Marshall and Alshon Jeffery skipped the next day 's workout , due to a hip surgery and a hamstring injury suffered during the previous week 's OTAs , respectively . Lindeman would be signed during the day , while Maurice Jones would be released .
= = = = Rookie minicamp = = = =
The Bears opened rookie minicamp at the Walter Payton Center on March 10 , and concluded on May 12 . A total of 59 players participated , which includes the six draft picks , nine of the ten undrafted free agents ( Mark Harrison was going to be signed , but failed his physical as he was recovering from a broken fifth metatarsal ) , kicker Austin Signor , ten veteran players , and 33 tryout players . Following minicamp , on May 13 , the Bears signed receiver Demetrius Fields , defensive tackles Corvey Irvin and Christian Tupou , and cornerback Maurice Jones , while releasing Dom DeCicco and LeQuan Lewis .
= = = = Training Camp = = = =
Training Camp took place from July 25 to August 14 at Olivet Nazarene University in Bourbonnais , Illinois for the twelfth consecutive year . The team used the newly built Student Life Recreation Center as a weight room , indoor walk @-@ through and personnel meeting building . On August 12 , the Bears and ONU agreed to extend the camp through 2022 . Practice with full pads on was held on July 28 .
On the first day of Training Camp , Sedrick Ellis did not report , and eventually announced his retirement . On June 29 , newcomer Turk McBride suffered a ruptured Achilles tendon , and was out for the season ; McBride would be released two days later . During the day , Jermon Bushrod suffered a mild calf sprain , and was replaced by Jonathan Scott during practices . On the same day , Cheta Ozougwu did not practice due to a hamstring strain . However , Scott eventually injured his calf , so Eben Britton and Cory Brandon took first team reps . Anderson ( knee ) , D. J. Williams ( calf ) and Corey Wootton ( hip ) also were forced to miss practice .
The team hosted the annual Family Fest at Soldier Field on August 3 in front of a crowd of 29 @,@ 000 . At the event , Kelvin Hayden tore his left hamstring , and was ruled out for remainder of the season . Hayden would be placed on injured reserve on August 10 .
The first acquisition of Training Camp occurred on the first day , with Jamaal Anderson being signed to replace Ellis . After McBride 's release , Josh Williams was signed . On August 2 , Austin Signor was released , and Andrew Starks was signed . The next day , the Bears signed Leonard Pope , and released Brody Eldridge .
= = Preseason = =
= = = Transactions = = =
= = = Schedule = = =
The Bears ' preseason opponents and schedule was announced on April 4 . Chicago would open the preseason on the road against the Carolina Panthers , followed by an ESPN @-@ televised game against the San Diego Chargers . The Bears would then visit the Oakland Raiders , for whom head coach Marc Trestman , offensive coordinator / offensive line coach Aaron Kromer and running backs coach Skip Peete worked for during its run to Super Bowl XXXVII , before ending the preseason against frequent preseason opponent Cleveland Browns , the tenth consecutive meeting between the two teams .
= = = Game summaries = = =
Against the Panthers , the Bears ' defense forced three turnovers in the first half , which included a 51 @-@ yard interception return for touchdown by Jon Bostic , followed by Zack Bowman intercepting Derek Anderson and Sherrick McManis forcing Kenjon Barner to fumble ; the Bears recorded a total of four takeaways in the game . However , the offense allowed seven sacks and had three turnovers , one of which was a fumble by Armando Allen . Panthers cornerback Josh Norman had two interceptions , one of which set up the first score of the game via Cam Newton 's three @-@ yard touchdown pass to Brandon LaFell early in the game . Bostic 's pick @-@ six tied up the game , followed by Robbie Gould 's 35 @-@ yard field goal in the second quarter . With 18 seconds left in the first half , Carolina scored again on Kenjon Barner 's 5 @-@ yard touchdown run ; the Panthers scored the lone points of the third quarter after Norman intercepted Matt Blanchard , scoring on the 60 @-@ yard return . Though the Bears retaliated after Blanchard threw a 58 @-@ yard pass to Marquess Wilson to Carolina 's 4 @-@ yard line , followed by Michael Ford 's touchdown run , Graham Gano 's 50 @-@ yard field goal was the final score of the game , as the Panthers triumphed 24 – 17 .
Playing San Diego , Chicago opened with touchdowns by Brandon Marshall and Matt Forte , and led 20 – 0 late in the second quarter . The defense forced four turnovers in the first half off Chris Conte 's interception , Major Wright 's fumble recovery , Blake Costanzo recovering a muffed punt , and Corvey Irvin 's recovery of a blocked punt . The Chargers began to rally , scoring on Fozzy Whittaker 's rushing touchdown in the second quarter , followed by two more touchdowns in the third quarter , which Chicago countered with Michael Ford 's 100 @-@ yard kickoff return to San Diego 's 4 @-@ yard line . Afterwards , Michael Bush ran for a 3 @-@ yard touchdown , and while San Diego managed to score two more touchdowns , but the Bears held on to win 33 – 28 .
Against Oakland , the Bears scored 23 unanswered points in the first half , along with outgaining the Raiders 222 yards to 34 with a little over 10 minutes remaining in the first half . The Bears scored first off Forte 's 32 @-@ yard touchdown , followed by Bush scoring two rushing touchdowns of ten and one yard each , and the first half ended with a 27 – 3 lead for Chicago . Meanwhile , the defense forced four turnovers off Tim Jennings and Isaiah Frey intercepting Matt Flynn and C. J. Wilson and Jerry Franklin intercepting Matt McGloin . As for Oakland , Terrelle Pryor replaced Flynn in the second half , and led the Raiders to two touchdowns and a field goal to narrow the gap to 27 – 20 . The Bears retaliated with Michael Ford scoring a 15 @-@ yard touchdown , and the Raiders responded with McGloin 's 5 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Jaime Olawale , but failed the two @-@ point conversion , and the Bears sealed the game with Franklin 's interception to win 34 – 26 .
In Cleveland , the Bears started strong after Demontre Hurst intercepted Brian Hoyer 's pass , which led to Robbie Gould 's field goal , followed by Jordan Palmer 's touchdown pass to Joseph Anderson , which Cleveland retaliated with James Michael @-@ Johnson intercepting Trent Edwards and scoring . Late in the game , the Bears led 16 – 9 , and Sherrick McManis intercepted Hoyer , who made up for the pick by throwing a touchdown pass to Dan Gronkowski . Later , Armonty Bryant forced Harvey Unga to fumble , which was recovered by Cleveland 's L. J. Foyt , which led to Spencer Lanning kicking the go @-@ ahead field goal to put the Browns up 18 – 16 . With a little over a minute left in the game , Gould missed a 57 @-@ yarder wide left , giving Cleveland the win .
= = Regular season = =
= = = Transactions = = =
= = = Schedule = = =
The Bears ' schedule was released on April 18 , 2013 . Aside from the six games against their NFC North rivals , the Bears had the AFC North and NFC East on the schedule , along with two intraconference games against opponents with the same division placing as the Bears in the previous season . As a result , the Bears were assigned the St. Louis Rams and New Orleans Saints . NFL.com ranked the Bears ' schedule as the sixteenth @-@ strongest in the lead , with all opponents having a combined 2012 record of 128 – 127 – 1 , and a winning percentage total of .502 .
= = = Game summaries = = =
= = = = Week 1 : vs. Cincinnati Bengals = = = =
The Bears kicked off the regular season at home against the Cincinnati Bengals . The game was the teams ' first meeting since 2009 , in which the Bengals won 45 – 10 . Since 2001 , the Bears dropped two of three games to the Bengals , winning 24 – 0 in 2001 , while losing 24 – 7 in 2005 and 45 – 10 in 2009 . The two teams entered with defenses that ranked in the top six in 2012 , but the Bears were ranked 16th in scoring at 23 @.@ 4 points per game and 28th overall on offense , while the Bengals had an average score of 24 @.@ 4 PPG and were 22nd in total offense . Among the Bears ' strategies that should be utilized include trying to protect Jay Cutler , as six of the Bengals ' linemen had combined for 129 career sacks . The Bears ' offensive line allowed 44 sacks in 2012 , and as a result , changed the line by adding veterans Jermon Bushrod and Matt Slauson to supplement Roberto Garza on the left , while rookies Kyle Long and Jordan Mills joined Garza on the right side , marking the first time the Bears offensive line featured two rookies since Jim Covert and Rob Fada in 1983 . The Bears ' defense had to apply pressure to Andy Dalton , whose quick release led to four play @-@ action touchdown passes to A. J. Green in 2013 , the third most in the NFL . Bears ' radio announcer Jeff Joniak wrote , " Marc Trestman owns the element of surprise , a true asset in Week 1 . There is not much tape on Trestman for the Bengals to game plan from . It 's old tape with very different personnel from a different time and place in the NFL . Trestman will try to use this asset to his advantage and a quick strike early in the game will jack up the crowd , and give the team a foundation to build on . " The Bears captains team captains for the season , starting with the Bengals game , were Cutler and Roberto Garza on offense , Lance Briggs and Julius Peppers on defense and Patrick Mannelly on special teams . 2013 was Mannelly 's sixth consecutive season as captain , the fifth season for Cutler , third for Garza , fourth for Peppers and first for Briggs .
Chicago struck first with Charles Tillman intercepting Dalton , which was followed with Cutler 's eight @-@ yard touchdown pass to Martellus Bennett , which the Bengals responded with a two @-@ yard touchdown pass to Green . On the Bengals ' first drive of the second quarter , Green was stripped by Tim Jennings , but the fumble went out of bounds . However , Dalton would be intercepted again by Tillman , his career @-@ high second pick of the game , but the Bears failed to capitalize , and the Bengals scored again on Dalton 's 45 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Greene . The Bears ' Robbie Gould connected on a team record 58 @-@ yard field goal to close out the first half . In the second half , the Bengals scored again , after Tillman was penalized for pass interference , via BenJarvus Green @-@ Ellis ' 5 @-@ yard touchdown run , which the Bears retaliated with Matt Forté 's one @-@ yard touchdown run . In the fourth quarter , Cutler was intercepted by Vontaze Burfict , but the Bears got the ball back after Jennings forced Mohamed Sanu to fumble . On the next drive , the Bears converted a fourth down and Cutler threw the go ahead and eventual game @-@ winning 19 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Brandon Marshall with 8 : 06 remaining . The Bengals failed to score on the next drive with 6 : 38 left , and the Bears clinched the game after Rey Maualuga was called for a personal foul after Michael Bush was stopped on third down . The Bears were able to run out the clock due to Cincinnati mis @-@ using its time @-@ outs .
With the win , Trestman became the fourth head coach in franchise history to win his head coaching debut , after George Halas , Neill Armstrong and Dick Jauron . The Bears comeback in the second half marked the first time since 1980 the Bears came back from an 11 @-@ point deficit to win with two touchdown drives of 80 yards or more . The offense allowed zero sacks , the first time the Bears didn 't allow a sack in a season opener since 1998 against the Jacksonville Jaguars .
= = = = Week 2 : vs. Minnesota Vikings = = = =
In week two , the Bears donned their 1940s alternate uniforms against rival Minnesota , in the second home game of the season , marking the first time since 1999 that the Bears hosted the first two games of the regular season . During the two games played between the rivals last season , the Bears won the first game 28 – 10 , while the Vikings won the second 21 – 14 . Since 2001 , the Bears led the series 16 – 10 . ESPN writes that the Bears could capitalize on the Vikings ' tendency to turn the ball over , as they gave away the ball to the Detroit Lions four times in week one . Chicago 's defense should also prevent NFL MVP Adrian Peterson , who had been struggling when playing the Bears at Soldier Field . Since 2009 , Peterson has been able to record only 73 rushing yards per game .
The Bears fell behind early after Cordarrelle Patterson 's 105 @-@ yard kickoff return for a touchdown . Devin Hester attempted to respond on the ensuing kickoff , but was pushed out of bounds at the Vikings ' 32 @-@ yard line . The Bears fought back with a one @-@ yard touchdown pass by Jay Cutler to Martellus Bennett , which Chicago added to with Cutler 's touchdown pass to Brandon Marshall . In the second quarter , Jared Allen stripped the ball from Cutler , and Brian Robison returned the fumble 61 yards for a touchdown with 7 : 34 to go in the half . Afterwards , Hester returned the kickoff 80 yards to Minnesota 's 23 @-@ yard line . The Bears offense later reached Minnesota 's one @-@ yard line , but Cutler had his pass intercepted by Kevin Williams in the end zone for a touchback . The Vikings failed to capitalize on the turnover after Tim Jennings intercepted Christian Ponder and scored on a 44 @-@ yard interception return . Minnesota retaliated with Ponder 's 20 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Kyle Rudolph with 1 : 11 remaining , and the half ended with the Bears settling for a field goal . In the second half , the Vikings scored two field goals from Blair Walsh to take the 30 – 24 lead . However , the Bears scored on Cutler 's 16 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Bennett , and ultimately prevailed after recovering a fumbled squib kick .
The win marked the second time in franchise history that the Bears won their first two games after trailing in the fourth quarter , the first being in 1971 . During halftime , the team honored the 1963 Bears , two days following the death of running back Rick Casares , who was the team 's leading rusher until Walter Payton surpassed him . When asked about Casares , defensive end Ed O 'Bradovich stated , " Oh my God , I think when you talk to my fellow teammates over here , what was all right , true and good about professional football was embodied in Rick Casares . Nobody loved the game more than him . "
= = = = Week 3 : at Pittsburgh Steelers = = = =
The Bears travelled to Heinz Field to face the winless Pittsburgh Steelers in their first NBC Sunday Night Football matchup of the season . Pittsburgh had lost the previous week to Cincinnati to fall to 0 – 2 for the first time in 11 years . In the last game between the two in 2009 , the Bears triumphed 17 – 14 . The Bears were the 1 @-@ point favorites ; eight CBSSports.com experts voted on their predictions for the game , with a 5 – 3 result favoring Chicago , while four ESPN analysts predicted that the Steelers would win . One of the goals of the defense was to contain Ben Roethlisberger in the passing pocket , especially as the offensive line suffered the loss of center Maurkice Pouncey . Additionally , the Steelers also had the 31st @-@ ranked rushing offense and had yet to score a rushing touchdown , who was expected to regain first @-@ rounder Le 'Veon Bell . Alan Rubenstein of ChicagoNow writes that the Bears should attempt to improve their pass rush , which was only able to record two sacks in the last two games . Marc Trestman cited the weather as a factor for the poor performance , stating , " It ’ s tough to rush the passer in wet weather ... For both sides . It ’ s tough to get a pass rush with a soggy field and a wet field . It ’ s an advantage throwing the football . On a rainy day ( versus ) no rain , really the advantage goes to the offense . Because we can sit back there and protect . And it ’ s really hard to configure a pass rush to get close . " On offense , the Bears should attempt to attack the Steelers ' 14th @-@ ranked rush defense . A key matchup was the WR @-@ CB duel between Brandon Marshall and Ike Taylor ; Taylor contained Bengals receiver A. J. Green , who recorded 162 yards against the Bears in week one , to just six catches for 41 yards in week two .
Chicago started the game with Robbie Gould 's field goal , followed by Matt Forté and Michael Bush 's touchdown runs to take a 17 – 0 lead in the first quarter . Pittsburgh then scored on Shaun Suisham 's 27 @-@ yard field goal , but the Bears then scored after Major Wright returned Roethlisberger 's interception 38 yards for a touchdown for the 24 – 3 lead at halftime . In the second half , the Steelers began to rally with Roethlisberger throwing two touchdown passes of 33 and 21 yards to Antonio Brown , followed by Suisham kicking two more field goals to narrow the margin to 27 – 23 . However , Jay Cutler threw a 17 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Earl Bennett ; the pass was initially ruled as incomplete , but was reversed . Eventually , Lance Briggs stripped Roethlisberger , and Julius Peppers returned the fumble 42 yards for a touchdown . Although the eventual extra point by Gould was blocked by Troy Polamalu , the Bears finished the game with Chris Conte intercepting Roethlisberger with 1 : 39 left in the game for the fifth takeaway by Chicago on the night and the 40 – 23 win , dropping the Steelers to 0 – 3 for the first time since 1986 .
= = = = Week 4 : at Detroit Lions = = = =
The second divisional game of the year for the 3 – 0 Bears , looking for their first 4 – 0 start in seven seasons , took place at Ford Field against the 2 – 1 Detroit Lions . Since 2001 , the Bears had won 17 of the meetings between the two , compared to Detroit 's 9 . The Bears defense , ranked 19th in scoring defense with 24 @.@ 7 points per game and 25th in yards allowed with 383 @.@ 0 , had to keep up with the Lions ' 4th @-@ ranked offense , who recorded 410 @.@ 7 yards per game 27 @.@ 3 PPG , sixth in the league . The Lions also had running back Reggie Bush return from a knee injury ; Bush had recorded 260 yards and a touchdown in the first two games . However , the Lions ' leading receiver Nate Burleson broke his arm in a car accident , which meant additional focus on Calvin Johnson for the Bears . Expectations were for Charles Tillman to cover Johnson , who was limited by Tillman to 15 catches , no touchdowns and an average of 62 @.@ 3 receiving yards in the last three games . Although Tillman had suffered groin and knee injuries that left him questionable for the game , he was later listed as active against the Lions . However , Johnson recorded 40 catches for 20 + yards in 2012 , and the Bears allowed the Steelers to gain 20 yards or more in nine plays . To attempt to combat Johnson , the Bears switched from the pressure defense run in the first three games to the cover 2 . In the battle on the line of scrimmage , the Bears had to contain Ndamukong Suh and Nick Fairley , while the Lions had to protect Matthew Stafford from Julius Peppers and Corey Wootton . Offensively , the Bears also had to survive the crowd , who helped the Bears commit nine false start penalties in 2011 .
Neither team scored a touchdown in the first quarter , instead both scoring field goals , which extended into the first score of the second quarter . Later in the quarter , Matt Forté scored on a 53 @-@ yard run , allowing the Bears to take the 10 – 6 lead . However , after a David Akers field goal , the Lions would score three unanswered touchdowns , all within 3 minutes , 26 seconds : Micheal Spurlock 's 57 @-@ yard punt return led to Matthew Stafford 's 1 @-@ yard run , while Jay Cutler was intercepted by Glover Quin , which set up Stafford 's 2 @-@ yard pass to Calvin Johnson ; finally , the Lions scored after Reggie Bush found a hole and hurdled over Bears ' safety Major Wright en route to a 37 @-@ yard touchdown . The 27 points scored in the quarter was the most by the Lions since September 30 , 2007 against the Bears . The Bears ended the half with a field goal , but continued to trail 30 – 13 . After the Bears kicked a field goal in the third quarter , Cutler was intercepted again , this time by Louis Delmas . However , Chicago regained possession after Stafford 's pass to Johnson was kicked and caught by Wright . Three plays later , Cutler was sacked by Ndamukong Suh , and fumbled ; the ball was picked up by Nick Fairley , who ran four yards for the touchdown . In the fourth quarter , Akers kicked another field goal to put the Lions up 40 – 16 . Afterwards , the Bears began to mount a charge , with Cutler throwing a 14 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Alshon Jeffery with less than four minutes in the game , followed by a two @-@ point conversion on another pass to Jeffery . With 43 seconds remaining , a ten @-@ yard pass to Earl Bennett and a two @-@ point conversion off a throw to Brandon Marshall drew the Bears within eight points , but the eventual onside kick was recovered by Lions receiver Kris Durham , allowing the Lions to clinch the 40 – 32 victory .
Statistically , the Bears offense struggled . Cutler completed 27 of 47 passes for 317 yards , two touchdowns , three interceptions and a 65 @.@ 6 passer rating . Cutler 's three interceptions and fumble tied his turnover amount in the first three games . The offense also had trouble on third down ; despite being ranked ninth in third down efficiency , the Bears failed to convert until there were 47 seconds left in the game to end the game converting just 1 of 13 third downs .
= = = = Week 5 : vs. New Orleans Saints = = = =
The Bears entered week six against the undefeated New Orleans Saints , the team Marc Trestman and offensive coordinator Aaron Kromer worked for . The previous meeting between the two teams occurred in 2012 , with the Saints winning 30 – 13 . As a result , offensively , the two teams were similar conceptually . For the Bears ' offense , a challenge exists in the Saints ' 3 – 4 defense , which ranked sixth in yards allowed at 304 @.@ 5 per game and fifth in points with 13 @.@ 8 . Additionally , Cameron Jordan and Junior Galette had four and three sacks , respectively , while seven other Saints had a combined total of 12 sacks . Also , Saints tight end Jimmy Graham , the defending NFC Player of the Month , had six touchdowns on the season , and was one touchdown away from tying Mike Ditka and Antonio Gates for the most touchdowns in the first five games by a tight end . Jeff Joniak writes that Soldier Field 's Kentucky bluegrass could also serve as an advantage for the Bears , as Drew Brees was 0 – 4 in Chicago , but those losses occurred in December and January , when the climate was much colder . In the last three meetings in Chicago , the Saints committed a total of nine turnovers ( 4 in the 2006 NFC Championship game , 3 in 2007 , and 2 in 2008 ) , which Joniak considered " may be the only thing slowing down the Saints . "
After the Bears punted , Garrett Hartley kicked a 47 @-@ yard field goal . On the ensuing possession , Malcolm Jenkins forced Jay Cutler to fumble , and Cameron Jordan recovered the loose ball and reached the Bears ' 6 @-@ yard line . After failing to score a touchdown , Hartley kicked a 19 @-@ yard field goal . In the second quarter , the Saints scored off Drew Brees ' two @-@ yard screen pass to Pierre Thomas to increase the lead to 13 points . On Chicago 's next drive , the offense traveled 70 yards within eight plays , which ended in Jay Cutler 's three @-@ yard touchdown pass to Alshon Jeffery . The final score of the half was by Thomas , who caught a 25 @-@ yard pass from Brees . In the third quarter , after Hartley kicked a 36 @-@ yard field goal , the Bears traveled 71 yards to the Saints ' 5 @-@ yard line . However , a penalty on Kyle Long for being an ineligible downfield player , followed by three consecutive incomplete passes forced Robbie Gould to kick a 27 @-@ yard field goal . Early in the following quarter , Chicago reached New Orleans ' 25 @-@ yard line , but turned the ball over on downs after Cutler 's pass to Earl Bennett on 4th and 2 was dropped . On the Saints ' next drive , a neutral zone infraction penalty by Lance Briggs on 4th and 1 allowed Hartley to kick a 48 @-@ yard field goal to extend the Saints ' lead to 26 – 10 . However , the Bears attempted to rally , with Cutler throwing three consecutive passes to Jeffery , the final throw going 58 yards to the Saints ' 2 @-@ yard line , where Brandon Marshall scored . Matt Forté 's two @-@ point conversion allowed the Bears to narrow the gap to eight points , but the onside kick was recovered by the Saints . Although the Saints were forced to punt , with 21 seconds remaining , Cutler could only manage to throw a pass to Jeffery which reached the Bears ' 41 @-@ yard line , as time ran out , giving the Saints the 26 – 18 win . The win marked the first time the Saints defeated the Bears in an away game since 2002 , although that game occurred at Memorial Stadium in Champaign , Illinois .
Jeffery broke the franchise record for most receiving yards in franchise history with 218 , which surpassed Harlon Hill 's 214 yards against the San Francisco 49ers in 1954 . Meanwhile , Marshall was targeted only five times during the game ( 15 percent of targets on the Bears ) , the lowest since Marshall 's arrival in Chicago ; the Bears fell to 0 – 4 in games when Marshall 's target percentage is less than 20 percent .
= = = = Week 6 : vs. New York Giants = = = =
In week six , the Bears and the winless New York Giants met on Thursday night . The Bears and Giants had split the last four meetings since 2004 , with Chicago winning the first two in 2004 and 2006 , but losing in 2007 and 2010 ; they had also won the last four games between the teams at Soldier Field . Among the keys to victory for Chicago was to force turnovers , as the Giants led the league in giveaways with 20 , while the Bears were ranked second in forced turnovers with 14 . Additionally , the Giants had the worst third @-@ down offense , and averaged only 3 @.@ 3 yards per carry . Chicago also had to attack Eli Manning , who had 12 interceptions entering the game , and was sacked 15 times , the fourth @-@ most in the league ; Manning also held a 658 passer rating , one of the lowest in the NFL . However , the Bears ' pass defense allowed 278 @.@ 8 yards per game , which is about 65 yards greater than the previous season 's average . The Giants ' offense was also returning from a strong game the previous week against the Philadelphia Eagles after scoring three touchdowns and 383 yards .
On the third play from scrimmage , Zack Bowman intercepted Manning 's pass intended for Rueben Randle at New York 's 36 @-@ yard line and reached the 12 @-@ yard line , but Jay Cutler threw an incomplete pass to Brandon Marshall on fourth @-@ and @-@ two , giving the ball back to the Giants . On the eventual drive for the Giants , Tim Jennings intercepted Manning and scored the first touchdown of the night on a 48 @-@ yard interception return . The Giants eventually scored on Brandon Jacobs ' 4 @-@ yard run after an 80 @-@ yard drive . On the Bears ' next possession , Marshall scored on a 10 @-@ yard touchdown catch , which New York answered with Randle 's 37 @-@ yard touchdown reception . Afterwards , Marshall caught a 3 @-@ yard pass to increase the score to 21 – 14 , which was extended by Robbie Gould 's 40 @-@ yard field goal with two seconds remaining in the half . On the first possession of the second half , Gould scored on a 52 @-@ yarder , his twelfth @-@ consecutive 50 + -yard field goal , tying Viking Blair Walsh 's record . New York later engineered a 91 @-@ yard drive , which ended in Jacobs scoring on a 1 @-@ yard run . Jacobs ended the night with 106 rushing yards , his first 100 @-@ yard rushing game since week fourteen of 2011 . After getting the ball back , the Giants reached the Bears ' 35 @-@ yard line , but with 1 : 35 to go , Manning 's pass to Brandon Myers was overthrown , and was tipped off his fingers towards Jennings for Manning 's third interception of the night . The Bears ran out the clock to claim the victory , snap their two @-@ game losing streak and gave the Giants their first 0 – 6 start since 1976 .
The Bears recorded a season @-@ high 26 first downs , and didn 't allow a sack nor a turnover in a game for the first time since December 23 , 2007 against Green Bay .
= = = = Week 7 : at Washington Redskins = = = =
In week seven , the Bears traveled to Landover , Maryland 's FedExField to play the 1 – 4 Washington Redskins . Since 2001 , the Redskins had won five of the previous seven meetings , including the last four games . However , the Redskins were 0 – 2 at home in 2013 , and were hoping to avoid going 0 – 3 at home since 1998 . The Bears ' third @-@ ranked scoring offense was a potential factor against the Redskins ' defense , which allowed 395 @.@ 0 yards and 28 @.@ 6 points per game , two of the worst percentages in the league . On offense , Jeff Joniak writes that Chicago had to protect Jay Cutler and the ball , as Washington 's 3 – 4 defense led to 75 quarterback blitzes , eight sacks , two interceptions , and four touchdowns . On the defensive side , the Bears looked to contain Redskins quarterback Robert Griffin III and the read option . Additionally , the Redskins recorded 399 @.@ 2 yards per game , the fourth best in the NFL . In the special teams phase , the Bears ' 23 kick returns were a league @-@ high , which led to an NFL @-@ leading 24 @.@ 6 yard starting spot . Meanwhile , the Redskins struggled the previous week against the Dallas Cowboys , allowing Dwayne Harris to score on an 86 @-@ yard punt return , and allowing him to return a kickoff 90 yards ; they ranked last in the league in punt coverage with 19 @.@ 1 yards allowed per return and 28th in kickoff coverage with 26 @.@ 4 . In the punting game , Adam Podlesh showed improvement in his punting hang time , with five of 26 punts returned , the second @-@ fewest in the NFL . For Washington , punter Sav Rocca had the lowest gross and net averages in punting , and was one of seven punters to have a punt blocked in 2013 .
The Redskins struck first with Kai Forbath 's 38 @-@ yard field goal , which was answered by Robbie Gould 's 47 @-@ yarder . On Washington 's ensuing drive , Griffin was intercepted by Charles Tillman , who returned the pick to the Redskins ' 10 @-@ yard line , which set up Matt Forté 's two @-@ yard touchdown run . In the following quarter , Roy Helu scored on a 14 @-@ yard run to tie the game , and Washington pulled ahead after Brian Orakpo intercepted Cutler , scoring on the 29 @-@ yard return . Cutler later tore a groin muscle after getting sacked by Chris Baker , and Josh McCown took his role . Afterwards , Devin Hester returned a punt 81 yards for the touchdown , tying Deion Sanders ' record for the most return touchdowns all @-@ time with 19 . However , the Redskins ended the first half as the leader after Griffin threw a three @-@ yard touchdown pass to Jordan Reed . On the Bears ' first drive of the second half , Gould missed a field goal wide right , but Chicago compensated for the miss with Forté 's 50 @-@ yard touchdown run . Washington ended the third quarter with Helu 's three @-@ yard touchdown run to lead 31 – 24 . On Chicago 's next drive , the Bears were forced to kick a field goal after blitzes rendered the Bears unable to score a touchdown . Afterwards , the Bears successfully converted an onside kick , but were offsides , and were forced to kick off . Forté scored again on a six @-@ yard run , which Griffin answered with a 45 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Aldrick Robinson . The Bears then pulled ahead with McCown 's seven @-@ yard touchdown pass to Martellus Bennett . With 3 : 57 left , the Redskins successfully reached the Bears ' three @-@ yard line , where Helu scored again with 45 seconds remaining . On the final play of the game , McCown was sacked by Barry Cofield and Ryan Kerrigan , ending the game with a 45 – 41 loss .
The game marked the first time in team history that the Bears have allowed 21 points or more in their first seven games , and the first time since 1969 that Chicago has allowed at least 40 points in two consecutive away games . Cutler was projected to be out for the next four weeks , with McCown serving as his replacement .
Statistics @-@ wise , Cutler struggled , completing 3 of 8 passes for 28 yards with one interception and an 8 @.@ 3 passer rating , while McCown completed 14 of 20 passes for 204 yards with one TD and a 119 @.@ 6 passer rating . On the ground , Forté became the first Bears running back since Rashan Salaam to score three rushing touchdowns in a game . On defense , James Anderson was the only Bear to record a sack .
= = = = Week 8 : Bye week = = = =
The Bears entered their bye week in third in the division behind Green Bay and Detroit . The team was attempting to recover from the injuries suffered by seven players in the previous week against the Redskins . Jay Cutler and Lance Briggs were projected to be out for four weeks , while Brandon Marshall , Alshon Jeffery , Charles Tillman , Major Wright and Blake Costanzo , the other five players hurt , used the bye to heal . Marc Trestman preferred to use the week to rest his players , stating , " I think we did a good thing by letting these guys rest . They came back with a lot of energy [ at practice Monday ] . There was very little rust in terms of executing and getting through the practice . " During Trestman 's tenure with the Montreal Alouettes , the Alouettes were 5 – 4 ( .556 ) in games after bye weeks , and 3 – 1 ( .750 ) in the postseason after byes . At practice on October 28 , rookie Khaseem Greene filled in for Briggs , and was expected to start against the Packers . Greene and fellow rookie Jon Bostic eventually started for the Bears against the Packers . Lorin Cox of Pro Football Central predicted the Bears would finish the second half of the season with a 4 – 5 record , and a final record of 8 – 8 .
= = = = Week 9 : at Green Bay Packers = = = =
Coming off their bye week , the Bears traveled to Lambeau Field to play the Green Bay Packers in the 189th meeting between the two rivals . The Bears had struggled regarding scoring against Green Bay in the last nine games between the two prior to 2013 , and including the 2010 NFC title game , had scored 127 points , an average of 14 @.@ 11 points . The two teams entered with among the top three scoring offenses , with Chicago and Green Bay ranked second and third , respectively , with 30 @.@ 4 and 30 @.@ 3 points per game , both of which rank behind the Denver Broncos . Among the weapons of the Packers offense that the Bears must attempt to hinder was the running game , as Green Bay 's rookie running back Eddie Lacy has recorded over 100 yards per game in the previous six during the season , along with quarterback Aaron Rodgers . One of Rodgers ' skills is passing balls longer than 20 yards , and was 16 of 32 on these attempts , which was tied with Russell Wilson of the Seattle Seahawks for the highest percentage in the league ; the Bears allowed 57 percent of opponents to throw for the aforementioned distance , the second @-@ worst score in the NFL . However , both teams ranked in the bottom five in the NFL in pass rush , with the Bears being in last with only nine sacks . For Chicago , Matt Forté had gained 533 yards along with averaging 4 @.@ 6 yards per run , while Josh McCown filled in for Jay Cutler . Since 2009 , Bears quarterbacks besides Cutler had thrown a combined eight touchdowns and 21 interceptions against the Packers ; in McCown 's last start in 2011 against the Packers , he threw for 242 yards , a touchdown and two interceptions in a 35 – 21 losing effort .
On the Packers ' first drive , Rodgers failed to recognize the Bears ' zone defense , having expected a man @-@ to @-@ man defense , and Shea McClellin escaped Don Barclay 's block and , along with Isaiah Frey , pulled Rodgers down , who landed on his shoulder and injured his left collarbone , and was replaced by Seneca Wallace for the remainder of the game . Afterwards , Mason Crosby kicked the 30 @-@ yard field goal to give the Packers the lead . On Chicago 's first drive , McCown escaped pressure from Mike Neal and threw towards Brandon Marshall for the 7 – 3 lead . Once the Packers got the ball back , Wallace 's pass for Jordy Nelson was tipped and intercepted by Julius Peppers , and was returned 14 yards to Green Bay 's 45 @-@ yard line , but after the Bears failed to convert on third down , Adam Podlesh 's punt was blocked by Jamari Lattimore . Eventually , James Starks ran 32 yards for the touchdown . However , the Bears traveled 60 yards on two plays , and Forté scored on the 1 @-@ yard run . The Bears ended the first half with Robbie Gould 's 24 @-@ yard field goal to expand the lead to 17 – 10 . In the third quarter , the Packers forced the Bears to punt , and Lacy ran 56 yards to the Bears ' 1 , and scored on the ensuing play . On the eventual kickoff , the Packers successfully attempted a surprise onside kick , which was recovered by Lattimore . Crosby kicked a 23 @-@ yarder on the drive . On the Bears ' next drive , McCown threw a six @-@ yard pass to Alshon Jeffery , whose size kept the ball from being knocked away by Davon House . After both teams exchanged punts in the fourth quarter , on the Bears ' next drive , began attempting to run out the clock . On 4th and 1 at the Bears ' 32 with 7 : 50 remaining , Forté ran three yards for the conversion and continuing the drive , which ended with Gould 's 27 @-@ yard field goal . The drive lasted 18 plays and took up 8 : 58 , leaving only 50 seconds remaining in the game . Despite a 15 @-@ yard pass by Wallace to Nelson , sacks by Corey Wootton and McClellin ended the game with a 27 – 20 victory for the Bears .
McCown ended the night completing 22 of 41 passes for 272 yards and two touchdowns , while Wallace completed 11 of 19 for 114 yards and an interception . The win marked the first time the Packers lost at home to an NFC North opponent since 2009 , and the first win for the Bears at Lambeau Field since 2007 .
= = = = Week 10 : vs. Detroit Lions = = = =
Week ten featured the Bears attempting to avoid suffering the first sweep by the Lions since 2007 , while also trying to claim the division lead ; the last time the two teams faced each other in a late @-@ season game for the division lead was in 1991 , which ended in a Chicago 20 – 10 win . However , the Bears had won the last five games against the Lions at Soldier Field . On November 7 , Marc Trestman announced that Jay Cutler has been cleared by doctors to return against Detroit , despite having been projected to be out for approximately four weeks . Against the Lions , Cutler was 7 – 2 , and won all four home games . On the offensive side , Jeff Joniak states that the Lions defensive line " are ferocious up the middle , they are physical , and they make you pay for poor technique , " but that " there is growing confidence that the Bears offense is a resilient one ; " the Bears had the fewest pre @-@ snap penalties in the league , and only one false start . The Bears could also seize the Lions ' cornerback corps , which struggled during the season , allowing 11 plays of 40 yards or more , along with 4 @.@ 7 yards per carry . Defensively , Sports Illustrated writers Chris Burke and Doug Farrar wrote the Bears must attempt to hinder Reggie Bush , and improve their performance from the previous week , when the Packers ' running game ran for 190 yards and two touchdowns . The Bears also had to prevent Calvin Johnson from excelling ; against the Dallas Cowboys , Johnson recorded 329 receiving yards .
Chicago scored first after Cutler 's 32 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Brandon Marshall capped a 65 @-@ yard drive that took just 2 : 23 . However , the Lions would travel 85 yards to tie on Matthew Stafford 's 5 @-@ yard pass to Kris Durham . In the following quarter , the Bears reached the Lions ' 4 @-@ yard line , but Cutler 's pass was tipped by Ndamukong Suh , and intercepted by DeAndre Levy in the endzone ; both teams would fail to score in the quarter . During the quarter , Cutler began showing signs of struggling due to an ankle injury . In the third quarter , the Lions would score on Stafford 's four @-@ yard touchdown to Johnson . Afterwards , the Bears were forced to settle for a 25 @-@ yard field goal , narrowing the gap to one point . In the fourth , Stafford was intercepted by Chris Conte , who reached Detroit 's 9 @-@ yard line , and Cutler would then throw a 14 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Alshon Jeffery , which was eventually nullified . After an incomplete pass , Gould kicked a 32 @-@ yard field goal to draw the score to 14 – 13 . However , Johnson would catch a 14 @-@ yard pass from Stafford to increase the lead to 21 – 13 , and with 2 : 22 remaining , Josh McCown entered the game in favor of Cutler , and guided the Bears ' offense 74 yards , culminating in McCown 's 11 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Marshall with 40 seconds to go . On the two @-@ point conversion , McCown 's pass to tight end Dante Rosario fell incomplete , but Willie Young was penalized for roughing the passer , allowing the Bears a second chance , which failed after Matt Forté was tackled by Nick Fairley in the backfield . The Bears ' onside kick would backfire , as Joique Bell recovered , sealing a season sweep for the Lions .
Despite stating he was " 100 percent " healthy after the groin injury suffered two games prior , it appeared the injury was still lingering ; after throwing a pass during the third quarter , Cutler fell down and grabbed his groin , before standing back up . Regarding the injuries , Cutler stated , " It held up OK . It 's all on the same leg so I think that was a problem . But the groin , you take the ankle out of the equation and I would have been fine , I think . " Cutler ended the game having completed 21 of 40 passes for 250 yards with a touchdown , interception and a 69 @.@ 8 passer rating . Despite x @-@ rays on his ankle being negative , Cutler was ruled out of the next week 's game against the Baltimore Ravens with a high ankle sprain . During the second quarter , Charles Tillman was also injured , suffering a torn right triceps brachii muscle , and was placed on injured reserve with the designation to return , allowing him to practice after six weeks and play in games two weeks after ; as a result , Tillman missed the entire regular season .
= = = = Week 11 : vs. Baltimore Ravens = = = =
Against the Baltimore Ravens in week twelve , the Bears wore their 1940s alternate uniforms . The Bears last played the Ravens in 2009 , which ended with a Baltimore 31 – 7 victory . With Jay Cutler still out , Josh McCown continued to play as quarterback for the Bears , who had the eighth @-@ best passing offense in the league with 261 @.@ 7 yards per game , which competed against the Ravens ' 18th @-@ ranked pass defense . On the ground , the Ravens had the tenth @-@ best rushing D with 102 @.@ 6 rushing yards allowed per game , but offensively , had the 30th @-@ ranked rushing offense , averaging just 73 @.@ 1 yards per game , going against Chicago 's defense which allowed 129 @.@ 4 rushing yards per game . Against Joe Flacco , the Bears had the opportunity to force turnovers , as Flacco had thrown eleven interceptions in the previous nine games . For the Bears on offense , a liability was to protect McCown from Terrell Suggs and Elvis Dumervil , who combined for 17 of 32 sacks by the Ravens . Two parties had the majority favoring the Bears for the game : 10 of 13 ESPN analysts predicted a Bears victory , with Ron Jaworski , Seth Wickersham and Cris Carter being the only three to predict a win for Baltimore . CBS Sports analysts predicted the Ravens would win in a 5 – 4 vote .
The Ravens opened the game with Ray Rice gaining a 47 @-@ yard run , his longest of the year up to that point ( his previous highest in 2013 was 14 yards ) , which led to Rice 's 1 @-@ yard run with 9 : 58 in the first . The Ravens added to the score with Justin Tucker 's 52 @-@ yarder , bringing the score to 10 – 0 . With 4 : 51 left in the first quarter , the game was suspended due to inclement weather , which included a tornado watch , which was eventually elevated to a tornado warning . Fans were ordered to evacuate the stands and enter the covered concourses , while the teams returned to the locker rooms . The evacuation marked the first time Soldier Field had an evacuation since the stadium 's opening in 1921 . The game resumed play at 3 : 25 p.m. ET , after a 1 @-@ hour , 53 minute @-@ delay . In the second quarter , Robbie Gould kicked a 20 @-@ yard field goal , and eventually , rookie defensive end David Bass escaped a chop block by Rice and intercepted Flacco , scoring on a 24 @-@ yard return and tying the game . The Ravens eventually scored on Torrey Smith 's five yard touchdown catch , and after Flacco had a pass intercepted by Jon Bostic , Gould ended the half kicking a 46 @-@ yarder . After a scoreless third period , Matt Forté caught a 14 @-@ yard pass from McCown and scored with 10 : 33 in the fourth , the Bears finally taking the lead 20 – 17 . Now behind by three , the Ravens engineered an 82 @-@ yard drive to Chicago 's 2 @-@ yard line , but Rice failed to score twice , and a botched snap from Gino Gradkowski slowed down the Ravens , and Flacco 's pass towards Smith was overthrown . As a result , the Ravens resorted to a 21 @-@ yard field goal with three seconds in regulation to force overtime . In overtime , Flacco 's pass for Tandon Doss fell incomplete , and the Ravens punted to the Bears . McCown then completed a 43 @-@ yard pass to Martellus Bennett , and Gould kicked the game @-@ winning 38 @-@ yard field goal with 8 : 41 remaining to win the game 23 – 20 , which lasted five hours , 16 minutes .
= = = = Week 12 : at St. Louis Rams = = = =
The Bears visited Edward Jones Dome in St. Louis to play the Rams , again without Jay Cutler . However , the Rams were also without starting quarterback Sam Bradford , and instead had Kellen Clemens as backup . The Bears had won four consecutive games against the Rams . Two rookie players the Bears ' defense had to contain were running back Zac Stacy , who recorded an average of 107 @.@ 7 yards and three touchdowns in the previous three games , along with ranking second among rookie running backs with 537 rushing yards ; and receiver Tavon Austin , who recorded 314 yards against the Indianapolis Colts in the previous week . Additionally , the Rams ' offense was ranked fourth in the NFL with 54 @.@ 6 percent of yardage occurring after the catch . For the Bears ' offense , Jeff Joniak wrote they needed to avoid attempting to score in the red zone ; in the previous three games , the Bears had 12 drives in the red zone , but managed to score only four touchdowns , while also allowing a turnover , and was ranked 13th after scoring 55 percent . Meanwhile , the Rams had forced quarterbacks to record only a 45 @.@ 8 passer rating when in the red zone , along with the second lowest completion percentage , and the third fewest completions recorded . Also , St. Louis led the league in red zone interceptions with six . Finally , the Rams led the league in overall sack percentage with 9 @.@ 4 , while defensive end Robert Quinn had the most knockdowns and hurries in the NFL , and was second in sacks with 12 . An advantage Chicago had , however , was the second @-@ most passing touchdowns in the NFL with 15 , while Josh McCown 's average gain per pass is higher than Cutler 's , with a 7 @.@ 47 to 7 @.@ 20 . The Rams also did not have the capable secondary to cover the trio of Martellus Bennett , Alshon Jeffery and Brandon Marshall .
St. Louis scored first on Austin 's 65 @-@ yard run , and would reclaim the ball after James Laurinitis stripped Matt Forté , leading to Stacy 's one @-@ yard touchdown run . The Bears would then score on McCown 's seven @-@ yard touchdown pass to Bennett , but the Rams ended the quarter with a 21 – 7 lead after Clemens ' six @-@ yard touchdown pass to Jared Cook . In the second quarter , McCown threw an incomplete pass , which appeared to be a fumble , and after Rams cornerback Trumaine Johnson picked up the ball , Bears fullback Tony Fiammetta pulled him to the ground by the facemask . Kyle Long would then be involved in an incident with Rams defensive lineman William Hayes , which led to Long kicking Hayes , causing Long 's brother Chris Long to restrain Kyle , who would then be penalized for a personal foul . McCown and Fiammetta would also be penalized , for intentional grounding and facemasking , respectively . Halfway through the quarter , Chicago scored after McCown threw a three @-@ yard pass to Marshall , but Greg Zuerlein would score on a 29 @-@ yard field goal to give the Rams a 24 – 14 lead at halftime . The lone score of the third quarter was Zuerlein 's 40 @-@ yard kick . Early in the fourth quarter , Hester recorded a 62 @-@ yard punt return for a touchdown , which was overruled by Craig Steltz 's holding penalty. the Bears reached the Rams ' one @-@ yard line , but required eight plays : Michael Bush 's run went for no gain ; McCown 's pass to Jeffery was incomplete , but a holding penalty on Brandon McGee gave the Bears a first down ; Bush lost two yards on the following run ; McCown 's touchdown pass to Bennett was nullified by Jermon Bushrod 's holding penalty ; McCown 's 13 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Forté was also nullified , after Forté failed to break the plane , instead placing the Bears back on the one @-@ yard line ; McCown was then sacked by Michael Brockers , but Brockers was penalized for roughing the passer ; Bush failed to gain a yard on the next play ; the Bears finally scored on the drive on Bush 's one @-@ yard run . On the Rams ' ensuing drive , Benny Cunningham gained 27 yards , while the offense gained 48 yards from Clemens ' 19 and 29 yards passes to Chris Givens and Cook , respectively . Four plays later , Cunningham scored on a nine @-@ yard run , while Isaiah Pead scored on the two @-@ point conversion . Devin Hester would fumble on the following kickoff , but recovered at the Bears ' ten @-@ yard line . After the Bears ' offense reached their own 39 @-@ yard line , Quinn stripped McCown , and scored on the following fumble return . The game marked the third time the Bears allowed 40 points during the season for the first time since 1964 .
McCown set the team record for most completions with 36 , two greater than Jim Miller 's and Brian Griese 's 34 set on November 14 , 1999 and September 30 , 2007 , respectively . Forté recorded 77 yards in the game , adding to 6 @,@ 178 career rushing yards , surpassing Neal Anderson to become the second @-@ highest rushing leader in team history . The Bears ' defense recorded the second @-@ worst defensive output in 2013 , with a negative @-@ 11 @.@ 4 , making the team 's defense the second @-@ worst in the NFL .
= = = = Week 13 : at Minnesota Vikings = = = =
In week thirteen , the Bears visited the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome to play the Vikings , whom the Bears trailed 50 – 53 – 2 in the all @-@ time series . Josh McCown was given the start for the third straight week , with an expectation that Jay Cutler would return the following week . McCown entered the game having a 65 @.@ 5 completion percentage for 1 @,@ 106 yards , seven touchdowns , an interception , and a 100 @.@ 8 passer rating . As a result , McCown had an advantage over the Vikings ' pass defense , which ranked 29th in the league with 282 passing yards allowed , while also allowing quarterbacks to record a 65 completion percentage , 40 attempts per game , and a 97 @.@ 7 passer rating . Also , the Vikings allowed 31 @.@ 5 points per game , the worst in the NFL , while recording only 14 turnovers . However , the Bears ' defense was a weakness , ranking last in rushing yards allowed per game ( 145 @.@ 2 ) , total yards ( 1 @,@ 597 ) and first @-@ downs allowed ( 89 ) ; the defense was 31st in the NFL in yards per carry ( 4 @.@ 9 ) , first @-@ down percentage ( 27 @.@ 1 ) and 20 @-@ plus yard runs ( 12 ) . Additionally , the defense allowed running backs in the previous five games to rush for 999 yards , average 5 @.@ 8 yards per carry , and 197 yards per game . Adrian Peterson ran for an average of 108 yards per game in his career against the Bears , including 120 @.@ 6 in the last three meetings between the two . Minnesota 's rushing game also ran for a year @-@ best 232 yards in the previous week . Cutler , Lance Briggs , Major Wright , Anthony Walters , James Brown , Jonathan Scott , and Cornelius Washington were inactive for the Bears .
In the first quarter , McCown had a pass intercepted by Chad Greenway , but an offsides penalty on Robert Blanton nullified the play ; the drive would end with the only score of the first quarter via Robbie Gould 's 30 @-@ yard field goal . In the second quarter , Cordarrelle Patterson 's 33 @-@ yard touchdown run gave the Vikings the lead ; Gould would subsequently kick a 40 @-@ yard field goal . Before the half ended , Christian Ponder suffered from symptoms of a concussion and left . On the Bears ' first drive of the second half , McCown threw an 80 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Alshon Jeffery . After the Vikings responded with Blair Walsh 's 32 @-@ yard field goal , Jeffery caught a 46 @-@ yard touchdown pass over Viking cornerback Chris Cook to give Chicago the lead 20 – 10 ; Cook would eventually be ejected from the game for shoving side judge Laird Hayes . On Minnesota 's first possession of the final quarter , Matt Cassel threw an eight @-@ yard touchdown to Greg Jennings , and on Chicago 's next drive , McCown 's flip pass for Kyle Long was deflected and stripped by Audie Cole , with Marvin Mitchell recovering . Despite starting the drive in the Bears ' red zone and reaching the six @-@ yard line , Cassel 's pass for Rhett Ellison was tipped and intercepted by Khaseem Greene . After the Bears punted , Cassel fumbled on the first play , but recovered . Afterwards , the Vikings drove from their own six @-@ yard line to the Bears ' 12 , where Walsh tied the game with a 30 @-@ yard field goal , making the score 20 – 20 . On the final play of regulation , Gould 's attempted 66 @-@ yard field goal fell short . In overtime , the Bears ' opening drive ended after McCown was sacked by Jared Allen and fumbled , with Jermon Bushrod recovering , prompting the Bears to punt . On the Vikings ' first drive of the period , Walsh 's 39 @-@ yard field goal was overruled by Ellison 's facemasking penalty ; Walsh would miss the eventual 57 @-@ yarder . The Bears would reach the Vikings ' 29 @-@ yard line , and on second down , Gould missed the 47 @-@ yard kick wide right . The Vikings would reach Chicago 's 16 @-@ yard line , allowing Walsh to kick the game @-@ winning 34 @-@ yard field goal .
Marc Trestman received criticism for calling Gould to attempt the 47 @-@ yard field goal on second down , with the Chicago Sun @-@ Times calling the choice " an indefensible case of playing scared . " Trestman responded by stating he did not want to lose a fumble or suffer a penalty . Jeffery set the team record for the most receiving yards in one game with 249 , surpassing his previous record set against the Saints in week 5 .
= = = = Week 14 : vs. Dallas Cowboys = = = =
The Bears announced on May 24 , 2013 , that they would retire former tight end and head coach Mike Ditka 's number 89 jersey at the Bears @-@ Cowboys halftime ceremony . The number was the last to be retired by the organization , with team chairman George McCaskey stating , " If there is going to be a last one , there is no more appropriate one than 89 . " During the ceremony , players from the 1985 Bears congratulated Ditka through messages on the videoboard . Ditka concluded his speech by saying , " Thank you , thank you , thank you . Go Bears ! "
The two teams had split their meetings 2 – 2 since 2004 , Dallas winning in 2004 and 2007 , and Chicago winning in 2010 and 2012 . Among the players the Bears had to contain is Cowboys running back DeMarco Murray , who averaged 5 yards per carry . The Bears had the worst @-@ ranked rushing defense in the league with 153 @.@ 6 yards allowed per game , but the Cowboys ranked last in rushing attempts with 249 . ESPN Chicago 's Michael C. Wright writes that the Bears could use its sixth @-@ ranked passing offense to attack the Cowboys ' 31st @-@ ranked passing defense , which has allowed 294 @.@ 9 yards per game . The Cowboys ' defense also allowed a league @-@ worst 422 yards per game .
Dallas opened the game with a 12 @-@ play , 75 @-@ yard drive ending with Tony Romo 's 2 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Dez Bryant . The Bears scored the final touchdown of the first quarter on Josh McCown 's 4 @-@ yard pass to Earl Bennett , the result of a 78 @-@ yard drive . With 8 : 58 left in the first half , McCown scored on a 7 @-@ yard run to take the lead 14 – 7 , which the Cowboys answered with Romo 's 10 @-@ yard pass to Jason Witten . After Robbie Gould kicked a 27 @-@ yard field goal , the Bears scored again after McCown threw a 25 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Alshon Jeffery , who caught the ball over B. W. Webb in the back of the endzone with 0 : 17 left in the half . On the first drive of the third quarter , Gould kicked a 34 @-@ yard field goal , which was bolstered by Matt Forté 's 5 @-@ yard touchdown catch and Brandon Marshall scoring on a 2 @-@ point conversion to increase the score to 35 – 14 . In the fourth quarter , Michael Bush scored on a 17 @-@ yard touchdown reception , and the Cowboys responded with a 9 @-@ yard touchdown catch by Cole Beasley . Gould eventually kicked a 23 @-@ yarder , while the Cowboys scored Joseph Randle 's 1 @-@ yard run with six seconds to go . On the ensuing onside kick , the ball was recovered by Marshall , and McCown ran the clock out to seal the 45 – 28 win .
= = = = Week 15 : at Cleveland Browns = = = =
Jay Cutler made his return to action against the 4 – 9 Cleveland Browns , a move that was criticized by fans . In November , a poll conducted by the Chicago Sun @-@ Times revealed that fans favored Josh McCown with 66 @.@ 87 percent , with Cutler earning 29 @.@ 31 percent . On December 9 , ESPN analyst Skip Bayless tweeted , " As much as I 've supported Vanderbilt 's own Jay Cutler , I must admit Josh McCown runs this offense like he owns it . " Bleacher Report 's Dilan Ames stated that although Cutler is the better quarterback , his injury tendencies and inability to play a full season since 2009 had affected him , along with the statistics comparison between the two quarterbacks : Cutler has recorded 1 @,@ 908 yards , 13 touchdowns and eight interceptions , while McCown has thrown for 1 @,@ 809 yards , 13 touchdowns and one interception . However , Brandon Marshall defended Cutler 's status as the starter , stating :
McCown also acknowledged his backup position on the team , and told the Chicago Tribune , " The way that I serve my team is to play when the starter is not healthy . Jay is our starting quarterback , there is no doubt about that . "
Seven CBS Sports analysts predicted a Bears victory , with Pete Prisco being the only one to favor the Browns . Jeff Joniak stated that the Bears had to attack the Browns ' 3 – 4 defense , who ranked third in yards per pass attempt allowed at 5 @.@ 32 , with their fifth @-@ ranked passing offense . Chicago 's wide receiver duo of Marshall and Alshon Jeffery should also be utilized , as Joe Haden and Buster Skrine are at a size mismatch ( Marshall is 5 inches and 40 pounds larger than Haden , while Jeffery is 6 inches and 30 pounds heavier than Skrine ) . Browns offensive coordinator Ray Horton commented , " This team , Chicago , is a lot like Detroit in that they have weapons at every position . Brandon Marshall and Alshon Jeffery have the most catches in the league . They have the most combined yards in the league . They are both , in our mind , No. 1 receivers . They present a challenge that you can ’ t double everybody . You can ’ t roll up to one guy because the other guy ’ s open . " On defense , the Bears had to contain Josh Gordon and Jordan Cameron . Gordon ranks second in yards after catch , while leading all receivers with 71 for an average of 19 @.@ 7 yards . Cameron leads all tight ends with 23 third down catches . The Bears ' worst @-@ ranked run defense also has to defend against the Browns , which had the third @-@ fewest rushing attempts in the league with 290 with an average of 3 @.@ 78 yards , which is one of the bottom six in the league .
The Bears ' opening drive ended at Cleveland 's 14 @-@ yard line when Cutler had his pass tipped in the endzone by T. J. Ward and intercepted by Tashaun Gipson . The Browns then scored on Billy Cundiff 's 35 @-@ yard field goal , which was tied by Robbie Gould kicking a 23 @-@ yarder . Eventually , the Bears reached the Browns ' 24 @-@ yard line on another drive , and after a penalty on Alshon Jeffery forced the Bears to kick a 46 @-@ yard field goal , the score was nullified by Corey Wootton 's holding penalty , forcing Chicago to punt . With 8 : 01 in the first half , Cutler was again intercepted by Gipson , who returned the pick 44 yards for a touchdown and the 10 – 3 lead . With 24 seconds remaining in the half , Cutler connected on a 5 @-@ yard touchdown pass with Marshall to close the half at 10 – 10 . Cutler ended the first half with 13 of 19 passes completed for 168 yards , a touchdown and two interceptions . Early in the third quarter , Jason Campbell 's pass for Greg Little was intercepted by Zack Bowman and returned 43 yards for the score . Cleveland 's Edwin Baker eventually scored his first career NFL touchdown on a 2 @-@ yard run , and the Browns added to the score when Billy Winn punched the ball from Martellus Bennett , and Ward returned the fumble 52 yards for the 24 – 17 advantage . Eventually , Cutler guided the Bears from their own 5 @-@ yard line , culminating in a 45 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Jeffery after Gipson made an ill @-@ timed leap and Julian Posey being unable to interrupt the play with 10 : 59 remaining . With 5 : 41 left in the game , Cutler threw a 5 @-@ yard pass to Earl Bennett to take the 31 – 24 lead , which was extended by Michael Bush on a 40 @-@ yard touchdown run . Cutler 's touchdown pass to Bennett was the twenty @-@ ninth passing touchdown of the season , which ties the team record set in 1947 and 1995 . With 1 : 03 to go , Campbell threw a 43 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Josh Gordon , but the Bears recovered the ensuing onside kick to seal the victory , 38 – 31 . The win marked the third time since 1970 that the Bears won all four games against an AFC division , and the first since 1986 .
The following night , the Bears would jump to first place of the NFC North after the Lions were defeated by the Ravens . The Bears had the opportunity to clinch the division in week sixteen by defeating the Philadelphia Eagles , in addition to losses by the Packers and Lions .
= = = = Week 16 : at Philadelphia Eagles = = = =
Chicago entered week sixteen with a chance to clinch the NFC North in the event that the Packers and Lions lost . The Packers and Lions eventually lost to the Steelers and Giants , respectively , putting the Bears in position to win the division by defeating the Eagles . The last game between the Bears and Eagles was in 2011 , when the Bears won 30 – 24 ; the Bears also lead the all @-@ time series 30 – 12 – 1 , though the Eagles had won six of the last ten meetings . However , the Bears had won four of five meetings between the two teams in the last six years , but all by less than six points . One of the Bears ' keys to victory is to prevent LeSean McCoy from dominating ; the Bears had the worst run defense in the league , while McCoy leads the league in rushing . Chicago 's defense also must contain the Eagles ' fast @-@ scoring offense : the Eagles had the lowest average time of possession per drive at 2 : 24 , while the league average is 3 : 27 . Philadelphia also is the only team in the league to score in fewer than seven plays per drive . In the passing game , Chicago had the fourth @-@ best passing offense , while the Eagles were 26th in pass defense . However , the Eagles are ranked sixth in rushing defense .
The Bears fell behind early in the first quarter when Nick Foles threw a 5 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Riley Cooper with 9 : 54 to go , followed by Devin Hester getting the ball stripped on the ensuing kickoff and Cary Williams recovering the loose ball . LeSean McCoy eventually scored on a 1 @-@ yard run with 7 : 44 in the first , and Philadelphia added to the scoring with Foles throwing a 10 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Brent Celek . After Alex Henery kicked a 49 @-@ yard field goal , the Bears scored their first points of the game with Robbie Gould 's 50 @-@ yard field goal on the last play of the first half . In the second half , the Eagles scored off a safety after Cedric Thornton tackled Matt Forté . Philadelphia scored again after McCoy recorded another rushing touchdown . The Bears scored their first touchdown after Jay Cutler threw a 6 @-@ yard pass to Brandon Marshall , followed by a two @-@ point conversion off Cutler 's pass to Earl Bennett . With 11 : 19 remaining , Chris Polk scored on a 10 @-@ yard run to increase the score to 40 – 11 , added by Brandon Boykin intercepting Cutler and scoring on a 54 @-@ yard return . Afterwards , Josh McCown filled in for Cutler . The Eagles scored again after Bryce Brown ran 65 yards for the touchdown to make the final score 54 – 11 , the biggest blowout since a 47 – 0 loss to the Houston Oilers in 1977 and the second @-@ most points allowed in team history , behind a 55 – 20 loss to Detroit in 1997 .
The Bears failed to score 18 points for the first time in 2013 , while allowing a season @-@ high five sacks . Chicago also allowed two 100 @-@ yard rushers in the same game for the first time since 1976 against the Denver Broncos , with Norris Weese ( 120 yards ) and Ottis Anderson ( 116 yards ) guiding the Broncos to 28 – 14 win . After the game , Marc Trestman stated , " We are a team that was ready to play this game and we played a terrible football game for lack of a better word . I 'm not going to use any word other than that . We were terrible in all three phases . We didn 't play well in any phase of football . "
= = = = Week 17 : vs. Green Bay Packers = = = =
In the season @-@ ender against the Packers for the NFC North title , Aaron Rodgers made his return to action for the first time since week 9 against the Bears , who intend to sweep the Packers for the first time since 2007 . The Packers had fallen to 2 – 5 – 1 without Rodgers , and entered the game with a 7 – 7 – 1 record . However , Green Bay did not have Clay Matthews in the lineup , which ESPN wrote could provide an advantage for Jay Cutler , who had a 1 – 8 record against the Packers . The Packers had won seven of the last nine games between the rivals , while winning 21 – 13 in 2012 's game at Soldier Field ; Green Bay had won the last three games at Soldier Field . Rodgers ' absence had improved the Packers ' rushing offense , which ranked seventh with 131 @.@ 7 yards per game , which played against the Bears ' worst @-@ ranked rush defense , having allowed 161 @.@ 5 rushing yards per game , 25 @.@ 6 yards greater than the 31st @-@ ranked team . Also , the Bears had allowed 5 @.@ 4 rushing yards per carry , the worst in the league since the 1961 Vikings . For the Bears ' offense , the team had to utilize Matt Forté against a Packers defense that allowed 4 @.@ 61 yards per run . Quarterbacks against the Packers had a 95 @.@ 5 passer rating , recording 7 @.@ 70 yards per pass , and a 1 @.@ 9 interception percentage . However , the offensive line had to protect Cutler against the pass rush , with Green Bay ranked eighth in the NFL with 43 sacks , with 25 of them from blitzes . The game marked the first time since the NFL realigned with eight divisions in 2002 that the NFC North did not feature a division champion with at least ten wins . The Packers were the favorite by − 3 .
After the Bears punted on the opening drive , the Packers reached Chicago 's five @-@ yard line , but Rodgers was intercepted by Chris Conte . Chicago scored on the following possession with Forté 's four @-@ yard run . In the second quarter , Rodgers was intercepted by Tim Jennings . After the Packers scored on Mason Crosby 's 33 @-@ yard field goal , Devin Hester fumbled on the kickoff , but recovered ; the Bears would be forced to punt . After Green Bay reached Chicago 's 17 @-@ yard line , Rodgers was hit by Julius Peppers , with the ball leaving his hand as his arm went forward ; the players did not attempt to recover the ball , as if it was an incompletion , but the referees did not consider the play dead . Jarrett Boykin subsequently picked up the ball , and scored on the play . On the Bears ' next drive , Cutler 's pass to Alshon Jeffery was stripped by Tramon Williams , and was recovered by Morgan Burnett . Crosby scored the final score of the first half with a 27 @-@ yard field goal . In the third quarter , the Bears regained the lead with Forté 's five @-@ yard touchdown run . Both teams exchanged scores on the next two drives of the game , with the Packers scoring on Rodgers ' seven @-@ yard touchdown throw to Randall Cobb , followed by Forté 's one @-@ yard touchdown run , ending the quarter with the Bears leading 21 – 20 . On the first play of the final quarter , Cutler threw a five @-@ yard touchdown pass to Brandon Marshall , which the Packers retaliated with Eddie Lacy 's six @-@ yard touchdown run . After the Bears punted , the Packers reached the Bears ' 48 @-@ yard line with 48 seconds left . Defensive coordinator Mel Tucker called a blitz , but Conte failed to apply man @-@ to @-@ man coverage , allowing Cobb to score the game @-@ winning touchdown . However , the Packers failed the two @-@ point conversion , making the score 33 – 28 . The Bears received the ball with 38 seconds left , and reached the Packers ' 45 @-@ yard line , where Cutler 's Hail Mary pass for Marshall was intercepted by Sam Shields as time expired .
The season marked the sixth time in the previous seven years the Bears missed the playoffs . Despite forcing two turnovers , the Bears defense allowed the Packers to record 473 yards , convert 9 of 18 third down plays , a 35 : 09 time of possession and run 76 plays in comparison to Chicago 's 49 .
= = = Standings = = =
= = = = Division = = = =
= = = = Conference = = = =
= = Statistics = =
Statistically , the Bears offense greatly improved from its 2012 counterpart . The 2013 offense ended the year with the second @-@ best scoring offense with 445 points , behind the Denver Broncos ; the previous year ranked 16th at 375 total points and 23 @.@ 4 PPG . The 2012 team also was ranked 29th in passing yards with 2999 , while the following year improved to fifth with 4281 yards . The offense also broke team records in total yards ( 6 @,@ 109 ) , passing yards ( 4 @,@ 450 ) , passing touchdowns ( 32 ) , first downs ( 344 ) and passer rating ( 96 @.@ 9 ) , while falling short of the 1985 team 's record of points scored in a season by 11 , ending with 445 . However , the defense struggled mightily throughout the season , ranking 30th in the NFL , with injuries ending the seasons of five players : defensive tackles Henry Melton and Nick Collins , cornerbacks Kelvin Hayden and Charles Tillman , and linebacker D. J. Williams . After having the fifth @-@ ranked defense in the league in 2012 , the team allowed franchise @-@ records in yards allowed with 6 @,@ 313 , rushing yards allowed ( 2 @,@ 583 ) and points with 478 in 2013 ( also ranking 29th in the NFL in points allowed per game with 29 @.@ 9 ) , while allowing a league @-@ worst 5 @.@ 35 rushing yards per carry ; the Bears were the only team in the NFL to allow five yards per carry during the year . In third @-@ down stops , the Bears ranked 25th . Additionally , the defense tied the Jacksonville Jaguars for the fewest sacks in the league with 31 . Regarding the defense , Chicago Tribune writer Steve Rosenbloom wrote , " Under Angelo and Smith , the Bears couldn 't win enough games where they needed only three offensive touchdowns . Under Emery and Trestman , the Bears couldn 't win enough games where they needed to hold opponents to only three offensive touchdowns . "
= = = Position reviews = = =
Together , quarterbacks Jay Cutler and Josh McCown broke team records in touchdown passes , passing yards , completion percentage and passer rating with 32 , 4 @,@ 450 , 64 @.@ 4 and 96 @.@ 9 , respectively . Individually , in eleven games , Cutler completed 63 @.@ 1 percent of his passes for 2 @,@ 621 yards with 19 touchdowns , 12 interceptions and a career @-@ high 89 @.@ 2 passer rating . In the other five games , McCown completed 66 @.@ 8 percent of passes for 1 @,@ 829 yards , 13 touchdowns , an interception and a 109 passer rating , which ranked third in the NFL behind Denver 's Peyton Manning and Philadelphia 's Nick Foles . Running back Matt Forte had 1 @,@ 339 rushing yards , a career @-@ high , while wide receivers Brandon Marshall and Alshon Jeffery had 1 @,@ 200 receiving yards each , as the Bears became the first team to accomplish the feat since the 2002 Buffalo Bills . Marshall was also ranked the best receiver by Pro Football Focus with a score of 37 @.@ 8 , 13 @.@ 1 higher than Green Bay 's Jordy Nelson . The offensive line was also drastically changed from its 2012 counterpart , allowing the fourth @-@ lowest sacks in the league with 30 , compared to allowing the eighth @-@ most in 2012 with 44 .
On special teams , Robbie Gould tied his team record for the highest field goal percentage with 89 @.@ 7 by converting 26 of 29 field goals . Gould also became the second player in franchise history to reach 1 @,@ 000 career points during the season . However , punter Adam Podlesh ranked 33rd in the league in gross average punting yards with 40 @.@ 6 . In comparison with his 2012 stats , Podlesh was 18th in the league in net punting average with 39 @.@ 4 yards , 34 punts landing inside the 20 @-@ yard line with 6 touchbacks . In 2013 , he dropped to 29th in the former category with 37 @.@ 9 yards , 27 punts inside the 20 and four fewer touchbacks . The punting corps also ranked last in the league in gross punting with 40 yards . In the return game , Devin Hester led the league in kickoff return yards with 1 @,@ 442 and was fifth in kickoff return average with 27 @.@ 7 yards . Linebacker Blake Costanzo led all Bears gunners with 17 tackles . Cornerback Sherrick McManis ranked second with 15 , followed by safety Craig Steltz ( 14 ) , receiver Eric Weems ( 13 ) and safety Anthony Walters ( 10 ) . Ultimately , the Bears ' special teams ranked 23rd in the NFL , leading the league in kickoff coverage after allowing 18 @.@ 7 yards per return .
= = Awards and records = =
= = = Awards = = =
On December 27 , Brandon Marshall and Matt Forte were named to the 2014 Pro Bowl , the fewest number of Bears sent since 2009 , when two were also sent , and the first time a Bears defensive player was not invited since 2004 . On January 14 , 2014 , Marshall and Forte were named to the Pro Football Writers Association 's All @-@ NFC Team . On January 3 , 2014 , the Associated Press released its annual All @-@ Pro team , with no Bears named . On January 9 , 2014 , Alshon Jeffery was named to the Pro Bowl after an injury to Calvin Johnson . Jeffery was later named the PFWA 's Most Improved Player on January 17 . On January 20 , Tim Jennings and Kyle Long were named to the Pro Bowl , replacing Richard Sherman of the Seattle Seahawks , who advanced to Super Bowl XLVIII and Mike Iupati suffered an injury , respectively . Long 's invitation marked the first time a Bears rookie was invited since special teamer Johnny Knox in 2009 , and the first offensive rookie since Gale Sayers in 1965 . The four offensive Pro Bowlers are the most sent by the Bears since 1985 , when Jim McMahon , Walter Payton , Jay Hilgenberg and Jim Covert were invited to the game . Forte , Marshall and Jeffery 's invitations also marked the first time since 1985 the Bears sent multiple skill position players , and the most sent by the team since 1963 with Bill Wade , Joe Marconi and Mike Ditka . Forte , Marshall and Jeffery were eventually drafted in the fantasy draft by Team Rice , while Long and Jennings were assigned to Team Sanders . In the 22 – 21 victory for Team Rice , Forte ran for 31 yards on six attempts while catching three passes for 24 yards . Jeffery and Marshall recorded two and one catch for 22 and 21 yards , respectively . For Team Sanders , Jennings recorded three tackles , while Long assisted in shoving Cam Newton into the endzone .
On January 8 , 2014 , Long was named to the Pro Football Focus All @-@ Rookie Team . On January 15 , Gil Brandt named Long to the NFL.com All @-@ Rookie Team . On January 24 , Josh McCown and Matt Slauson were named to the USA Today All @-@ Joe Team , which honors players who have never been invited to a Pro Bowl . Prior to the 3rd Annual NFL Honors , Matt Forte was nominated for FedEx Ground Player of the Year against Philadelphia 's LeSean McCoy and Kansas City 's Jamaal Charles , but lost to McCoy . During the show , Charles Tillman was awarded the Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award for his charitable work in the Chicago area .
= = = = Weekly awards = = = =
In week two against the Vikings , Devin Hester was named NFC Special Teams Player of the Week on September 18 .
In week nine against the Packers , Shea McClellin recorded three sacks , and was named NFC Defensive Player of the Week on November 6 .
After scoring five touchdowns in week fourteen against the Cowboys , the most by a Bears quarterback since Jack Concannon in 1972 , Josh McCown was named the NFC Offensive Player of the Week on December 11 .
= = = Records = = =
= = = = Team = = = =
= = = = = Season = = = = =
The Bears offense broke four team records in 2013 : the most total yards with 6 @,@ 109 , the most passing yards with 4 @,@ 450 , the most passing touchdowns with 32 , and the most first downs with 344 .
The defense set three franchise records during the season , which included allowing the most yards in team history with 6 @,@ 313 , along with the most rushing yards allowed with 2 @,@ 583 , and the most points allowed with 478 .
= = = = Individual = = = =
= = = = = Game = = = = =
In week one against the Bengals , Robbie Gould kicked and made the longest field goal attempt in franchise and Soldier Field history with a 58 @-@ yard attempt made in week one against the Bengals .
In week two , Devin Hester set a franchise record for the most kick return yards in a game with 249 kickoff return yards against the Vikings . The previous record of 225 yards was also held by Hester .
In week thirteen against Minnesota , Alshon Jeffery broke the franchise record for the most receiving yards in a game .
= = Staff = =
= = Final roster = =
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= Narrows Bridge ( Perth ) =
The Narrows Bridge is a freeway crossing of the Swan River in Perth , Western Australia .
Made up of two road bridges and a railway bridge located over a section of water known as The Narrows , located between Mill Point and Point Lewis , it connects the Mitchell and Kwinana Freeways , linking the city 's northern and southern suburbs . The original road bridge was opened in 1959 and was the largest precast prestressed concrete bridge in the world . Construction of the northern interchange for this bridge necessitated the reclamation of a large amount of land from the river .
The bridge formed part of the Kwinana Freeway which originally ran for only 2 @.@ 4 miles ( 3 @.@ 9 km ) . Over the following decades , the freeway system was expanded to the north and south , greatly increasing the volume of traffic using the bridge . As a result , in 2001 , a duplicate traffic bridge was opened to the west of the original bridge , and in 2005 , the railway bridge was constructed in the gap between the two traffic bridges . Passenger trains first traversed the Narrows in 2007 with the opening of the Mandurah railway line .
= = First road bridge : 1959 = =
The close distance between Mill Point and Point Lewis at the foot of Mount Eliza meant the site was suggested as a suitable location for a bridge as early as 1849 . A bridge was proposed for the site in 1899 , but its expected cost of £ 13 @,@ 000 was deemed too high . Preliminary planning for a bridge at the site finally began in 1947 , but was suspended so that a replacement , The Causeway , could be built at Heirisson Island , at the city 's eastern end . The new Causeway bridges were opened in 1952 , and by 1954 traffic using them to enter the city had doubled , renewing calls for a bridge at The Narrows .
Site investigations for the bridge began in August 1954 . The bridge was proposed for The Narrows site by the Town Planning Commission under the chairmanship of Harold Boas . The chosen site drew public protest on the basis that the bridge would spoil the view to and from the city . Also , residents of the wealthy Mill Point area were angry that they would have a major highway running beside their houses . The site also necessitated the reclamation of 60 acres ( 24 ha ) of land from Mounts Bay for the bridge approach and interchange . This land reclamation , which started in October 1954 , saw the addition of 4 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 cubic yards ( 3 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 m3 ) of sand , much of which was dredged from Melville Water .
The State started saving for the new bridge in September 1954 , and the construction of the bridge was approved by the Hawke state Labor government in November 1954 , before the Hepburn @-@ Stephenson metropolitan roads plan had been finalised , such was the urgency of a new traffic link . The construction of the bridge was subsequently endorsed in the 1955 Hepburn – Stephenson plan , which later developed into the Metropolitan Region Scheme .
The river bed at the site of the proposed bridge was not ideal for bridge building , with soft mud extending down up to 80 feet ( 24 m ) , with sand beds below that going a further 40 feet ( 12 m ) down . Ernie Godfrey , a bridge engineer with the Main Roads Department , travelled overseas to inspect bridges in similar geological locations and to source a designer for the proposed bridge . The design contract for the bridge was won by British engineering firm Maunsell & Co .
Construction on the road system began in 1956 , and the contract for construction of the bridge was signed by Commissioner of Main Roads J. Digby Leach on 16 March 1957 . The bridge was built by Danish firm Christiani and Nielsen in conjunction with Western Australian engineering firm J. O. Clough & Son . Leif Ott Nilsen oversaw construction on behalf of Christiani and Nielsen . The first timber pile for the temporary staging for the construction was driven at noon on 8 June 1957 . The first permanent pile for the bridge was driven home on 18 August 1957 . Work on the bridge 's precast concrete beams began in September 1957 , and the first of these was lifted into place by the 60 @-@ foot ( 18 m ) gantry crane in February 1958 . The last river pile was driven home in November 1958 , and the final concrete beam was lowered into position in June 1959 .
During construction on 10 February 1959 , John Tonkin , then the Deputy Premier and Minister for Works , announced that the new bridge was to be named the Golden West Bridge . However , Golden West was also the name for a popular soft drink ; the proposal encountered scorn from commentators and was quietly dropped .
The bridge cost £ 1 @.@ 5 million , as part of a wider road system costing £ 3 @.@ 5 million . Construction on the bridge took 2 years and 5 months . It was officially opened by Governor Charles Gairdner on 13 November 1959 . He unveiled a plaque on the bridge together with Premier Sir David Brand , Commissioner of Main Roads J. Digby Leach and Works Minister Wild . Gairdner was also the first person to drive across the new bridge . It was hoped at this stage that the debt raised to pay for the bridge would be repaid by the Government within 12 months .
The bridge formed part of the new Kwinana Freeway , which originally ran 2 @.@ 4 miles ( 3 @.@ 9 km ) from the Narrows to Canning Highway . This was described as the " most modern highway " in Western Australia , with a speed limit of 50 miles per hour ( 80 km / h ) . The bridge was also the largest precast prestressed concrete bridge in the world at the time of its opening .
= = = Design = = =
The bridge was jointly designed by engineering firm G. Maunsell & Partners and architects William Halford & Partners . The prestressed concrete design was relatively new for Western Australia , where road bridges had traditionally been built from timber frameworks . The bridge is arched along its length , with a vertical curve of up to 4 % grade .
The unusually soft soil conditions at the site forced the use 160 " Gambia piles " for the bridge 's foundations , named after the country in which they were first used . The 31 @-@ inch ( 79 cm ) diameter piles have steel shells and conical noses . The hollow piles were driven by a drop hammer falling within them , then when they had sufficient resistance to driving , they were filled with reinforced concrete .
The piles support two river piers , two shore piers and two abutments . The bridge 's support columns on the piers were designed in a triangular form , larger at the top than at the bottom , each carrying two of the bridge 's beams , so as to not completely obstruct the view through the bridge 's piers . These columns support the bridge 's five spans : a central span of 320 feet ( 98 m ) , two flanking spans of 230 feet ( 70 m ) each and two smaller spans of 160 feet ( 49 m ) at each end passing over roadways . The bridge has eight parallel lines of beams . Each line of beams consists of two cantilever spans 370 feet ( 110 m ) long suspended between the shore and river piers , a central suspended span 140 feet ( 43 m ) long between the two river piers , and two 110 @-@ foot ( 34 m ) spans suspended over roadways at either end . Suspended between the beams of the bridge were 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) of 30 @-@ inch ( 76 cm ) water mains pipes and 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 800 m ) of 10 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 27 cm ) gas and drainage pipes .
Footpaths 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) wide on either side of the bridge were formed by concrete cast in situ and cantilevered out from the adjacent beams . These footpaths were separated from the roadway and the bridge 's edge by lightweight aluminium balustrades and safety fences installed by Bristile . The street lights were integrated into the safety fence .
The deck of the bridge was formed by pre @-@ casting individual concrete units on the southern river shore , then hoisting them into place on temporary timber staging in the river . The units were then structurally joined by strands of high @-@ tensile wire and stretched with a hydraulic jack . These pre @-@ stressing strands were anchored in reinforced concrete blocks at the ends of the spans . The new bridge had a traffic capacity of 6 @,@ 000 cars per hour in each direction , over a total of six traffic lanes .
= = = Post @-@ completion history = = =
Strengthening works were carried out on the bridge by Structural Systems Ltd in 1996 . Also in 1996 , decorative night lighting was installed on each side of the bridge . The bridge was entered on the state 's heritage register on 8 January 1999 , and was named a national engineering landmark by the Institution of Engineers , Australia , in November 1999 .
The opening of the southern regions of Perth to easier central business district access changed the nature of the metropolitan area , prompting dramatic population growth south of the river . This led to increased traffic on the bridge , causing regular traffic jams in peak hour . Over the years , governments suggested various ideas to reduce the traffic using the bridge , including introducing congestion pricing similar to that used in Singapore , charging vehicles to enter the central business district during peak periods . The government also encouraged voluntary car sharing . These efforts were largely unsuccessful , and by the 1990s , the bridge had become the city 's worst traffic bottleneck , despite the addition of an extra traffic lane , bringing the total number of lanes to seven .
= = Second road bridge : 2001 = =
Plans for a second Narrows Bridge were mooted during the 1970s , but did not eventuate . By 1998 , the original bridge was carrying 155 @,@ 000 vehicles per day , with an average of 2 @,@ 700 cars per lane between 7 : 30 am and 8 : 30 am , and was thought to be the busiest section of freeway in the country . This quantity of traffic far outstripped the expected capacity of the bridge when it opened in 1959 . The solution to the traffic problem most favoured by road planners in 1998 was to widen the existing bridge by building a smaller second traffic bridge just west from it and joining their decks to form a contiguous roadway . This would increase the number of traffic lanes from seven to 10 . The widening was expected to cost $ 50 million .
A plan to widen the Narrows Bridge was announced on 13 April 1998 by the Court Liberal State Government . The $ 70 million plan would involve the addition of four extra traffic lanes , and was part of a $ 230 million package upgrading and extending the southern end of the Kwinana Freeway . Alannah McTiernan , then the Opposition Transport spokesperson , attacked the plan , saying that the government should instead build a railway to Rockingham .
Instead of widening the existing structure , Transport Minister Eric Charlton on 15 July 1998 approved the construction of a separate second road bridge alongside the original Narrows Bridge ; this solution would cost $ 15 million less , due to new building techniques , and would be less disruptive to traffic on the existing bridge . The construction of a separate bridge was also deemed necessary because the foundations of any new structure might settle in the soft river bed at a different rate to the existing bridge . Under the plan , there would be six lanes on each bridge , including a bus lane on each . The new bridge would run parallel to the original bridge and be separated from it by a gap of 6 metres ( 20 ft ) , and was designed to look largely the same as the original .
Main Roads called for tenders for the bridge widening in July 1998 , and on 7 March 1999 it was announced that the building contract had been awarded to Leighton Contractors . The negotiated contract price was reduced to $ 49 million owing to the construction method proposed by Leighton . The designers were Connell Wagner .
The bridge was constructed by the incremental launching technique , with 28 @-@ metre ( 92 ft ) segments pre @-@ cast on both shores and pushed out into place as the construction progressed . The bridge was divided into two strips lengthways , with the eastern half launched separately from the western half , and the two decks were later joined at the bridge 's centre line . The first of twelve segments was launched in February 2000 .
As it was being launched , the bridge rested on temporary piles ; only after the structure was fully launched were these piles removed and the bridge allowed to rest on its permanent supports . The construction required the driving of around 250 steel piles ; the first was driven on 10 August 1999 .
Construction of the second bridge was interrupted several times by strikes , as well as by an algal bloom in the Swan River . The bridge was finally opened to traffic on 26 February 2001 , and officially opened by new Transport Minister Alannah McTiernan ( a strident critic of the project ) on 30 May 2001 . The bridge had originally been planned to be opened in August 2000 , and was expected to carry 80 @,@ 000 cars per day . The new traffic bridge carried six lanes of traffic , including one bus lane , and the original bridge was modified at this time to carry six traffic lanes , as designed .
= = Railway bridge : 2005 = =
During the construction of the second road bridge , the construction of a railway through Perth 's southern suburbs to Rockingham and Mandurah became a political issue . The incumbent Liberal State Government proposed building a railway from Kenwick to connect to the Kwinana Freeway , running in the centre of the freeway for only part of its journey . The Labor opposition instead wanted to build the railway across the Narrows Bridge and down most of the length of the freeway .
After the Labor party won the 2001 state election , they reversed the previous government 's position and started planning for the installation of railway tracks across the Narrows Bridge . The construction of a third bridge was needed due to the lack of previous planning provisions when the second bridge was constructed . Leighton Constructions won the contract to build the freeway stage of the railway line and set about constructing a narrow southbound railway bridge in the 6 @-@ metre ( 20 ft ) gap between the existing road bridges . The designers of " Package E " of the Southern Suburbs Railway ( which included the Narrows Rail Bridge ) were GHD , Coffey Geosciences and Wyche Consulting . The eastern side of the existing northbound ( 2001 ) bridge was also strengthened to accommodate the northbound railway track . Construction was due to start in July 2005 and completion was expected by December 2005 . The first passengers traversed the Narrows on 23 December 2007 with the opening of the Mandurah Railway Line .
The railway bridge deck was made from nine steel girders each weighing up to 99 @.@ 5 tonnes ( 219 @,@ 000 lb ) and up to 54 metres ( 177 ft ) long . These girders were built in Kwinana , brought to the site by road and lowered into position with a crane .
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= Mississippi Highway 792 =
Mississippi Highway 792 ( MS 792 ) is a road in eastern Mississippi . It starts at U.S. Route 45 ( US 45 ) , and travels east . Near halfway of the route , SR 792 turns south and continues to its eastern terminus at MS 388 . The highway was designated in 1998 , and no major changes have been made since .
= = Route description = =
MS 792 is located in southern Lowndes and northern Noxubee counties . In 2012 , Mississippi Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) calculated as many as 1 @,@ 800 vehicles traveling west of Trinity Road and Weyerhaeuser Road , and as few as 540 vehicles traveling south of Bluitt Road . It is not included as a part of the National Highway System ( NHS ) , a network of highways identified as being most important for the economy , mobility and defense of the nation . The route is legally defined in Mississippi Code § 65 @-@ 3 @-@ 3 , and is maintained by the Mississippi Department of Transportation .
MS 792 starts at a T @-@ intersection with US 45 , near the Black Prairie wildlife management area . It travels east along Carson Road , going through a small group of trees and farmland . At Gun Club Road , the landscape changes completely into farmland . Near 3 @.@ 5 miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) later , Carson Road intersects Weyerhaeuser Road , that leads to cellulose fiber mills . MS 792 later turns southeastward at Old Macon Road , and crosses over a river . South of Plum Grove Road , the route shifts slightly to the west . Old Macon Road enters Noxubee County , while crossing over a small creek . MS 792 continues south for a few more miles , before ending at MS 388 .
= = History = =
The route was constructed by 1998 , connecting from US 45 to MS 388 . At the point where MS 792 turns south in Lowndes county , it is following the original alignment of U.S. highway 45 . This was the alignment for u.s. 45 from 1926 until 1938 , when the current 45 was completed . MS 792 was fully paved , and no significant changes have happened on the route since .
= = Major intersections = =
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= Bregowine =
Bregowine ( or Bregwine or Bregwin ; died August 764 ) was a medieval Archbishop of Canterbury . Little is known of his origins or his activities as archbishop , although a number of stories were told about his possible origins after the Norman conquest in 1066 . There are no records of him prior to his becoming archbishop . He possibly owed his elevation to the Kentish monarch . The records after his elevation to Canterbury are mainly about disputes over land , but knowledge of his time in office is hampered by the destruction of many of the contemporary records . After his death , he was considered a saint and a life about him was written in the 12th century .
= = Life = =
Various stories have been told about Bregowine 's origins , including that he was a nobleman and a continental Saxon who converted to Christianity and came to Canterbury because of the saintly reputation of Theodore of Tarsus . Others say that he owed his elevation to King Æthelbert II of Kent , but all these stories rest on works that were written after the Norman conquest of England in 1066 . There are no contemporary records of Bregowine before he was archbishop . It does not appear , however , that he was of Mercian origins like his predecessors Tatwin and Nothhelm .
Whatever his upbringing , Bregowine was consecrated as archbishop on 27 September 761 . His election took place in a brief period when Kent was free of Mercian dominance between 756 and 764 , so the story that he owed his election to Æthelbert does fit with the time frame . He wrote letters to Archbishop Lul of Mainz which still exist , and which discuss an earlier meeting between the two men . Other activities as archbishop are recorded in surviving charters . One records that he protested at the loss of a church at Cookham that was confiscated by King Cynewulf of Wessex sometime after 760 . Another surviving charter from Dunwald , a thegn of King Æthelbert , concerning land in Canterbury , records that Bregowine consented to the gift of land . Unfortunately , many of the early charters of the diocese of Canterbury are lost , which restricts knowledge of Bregowine 's activities as archbishop .
Bregowine died in 764 and was originally buried in the baptistry in Canterbury , but his remains were moved to the choir of Canterbury Cathedral in 1123 . This followed an attempt in around 1121 to remove his remains to another monastery , which came to nothing . The remains were placed by the altar of St Gregory in the south transept , after having been briefly placed in the north transept . Bregowine was later considered a saint , with a feast day of 26 August , although Florence of Worcester , a 12th @-@ century writer , recorded his death date as 24 August . Other sources record the death date as 25 August . His life was later written by Eadmer in the 12th century .
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= Homer vs. the Eighteenth Amendment =
" Homer vs. the Eighteenth Amendment " is the eighteenth episode of The Simpsons ' eighth season . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 16 , 1997 . Prohibition is enacted in Springfield and Homer helps fight it by illegally supplying alcohol to the town . It was written by John Swartzwelder , and directed by Bob Anderson . Dave Thomas guest stars as Rex Banner and Joe Mantegna returns as Fat Tony .
= = Plot = =
A prohibitionist movement emerges in Springfield after Bart is accidentally intoxicated during a St. Patrick 's Day celebration . The municipal government discovers alcohol has actually been banned for two centuries , and moves to enforce the law , prompting Moe to disguise his bar as a pet shop . With the town becoming impatient with the police 's incompetence , Chief Wiggum is replaced by Rex Banner , an officer of the U.S. Treasury Department .
In the meantime , Homer figures out a way to keep Moe 's bar operating , by becoming a bootlegger . One night , he and Bart sneak out to the city dump to reclaim the beer that was disposed of when the Prohibition law was enacted . He then sets up shop in his basement pouring the beer into the finger holes of bowling balls . Using an intricate set of pipes under the Bowl @-@ A @-@ Rama , he bowls the balls into Moe 's . Upon discovering it , Marge actually finds it a very good idea ( since Homer is actually using his intellectual faculties and that he 's making enough money to support the family ) , though Lisa doesn 't , prompting Homer , Marge , and Bart to send her to her room . The media realizes someone 's allowing Springfield 's underground alcohol trade to flourish , and they give the still @-@ unknown Homer the nickname " Beer Baron " . Rex Banner fails to catch the Baron and resorts to stopping people in the street to demand if they are the Beer Baron ; he even arrests Ned Flanders who pleads guilty to drinking only root beer .
When his supply of liquor runs out , Homer begins to distill his own homemade liquor . However , his stills start to explode . He is then confronted by a desperate ex @-@ Chief Wiggum . In an attempt to rekindle Wiggum 's career , Homer allows the former Police Chief to turn him in . The punishment that awaits him is expulsion from the town ( and presumably death ) by an archaic catapult , showing how anachronistic the law really was . Marge tells everyone that this law and punishment make no sense and it 's meaningless to punish Homer , especially for their freedom to drink . Rex Banner steps up to lecture the town on the reasons why the law must be upheld . While he lectures the assembled Springfield citizens , Wiggum has him catapulted and gets his job back . The town clerk then finds out that the Prohibition law was actually repealed a year after it was put in place , and so Homer is released . Within five minutes Fat Tony is only too happy to oblige when Mayor Quimby asks him to flood the town with alcohol once more , and Springfield salutes its qualities as Homer announces , " To alcohol ! The cause of ... and solution to ... all of life 's problems . "
= = Production = =
The main plot of the episode is based on the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution , in which alcohol was banned in the United States . As The Simpsons has many episodes that have stories and jokes related to alcohol , the writers thought it was strange that they had never done an episode related to Prohibition , and that the idea seemed " perfect . " The episode features a vast amount of Irish stereotyping at the St. Patrick 's Day celebration . This was a reference to when Conan O 'Brien was a writer for the show and was of Irish descent , and his use of Irish stereotypes . Various writers were very concerned about Bart getting drunk . This was why he drank the beer through a horn , to show that it was only accidental . This was a toned down version of what was in John Swartzwelder 's original script . Originally Chief Wiggum 's first line was " They 're either drunk or on the cocaine " , but it was deemed too old @-@ fashioned . The discovery of " more lines on the parchment " was a simple deus ex machina to get Homer freed and to end the episode .
When Homer first enters Moe 's " Pet Shop " the man that tips his hat to him outside was a background character used in the early seasons . The riot at the beginning of the episode was taken from footage from the end of the season 6 episode " Lisa on Ice " and updated . The line " To alcohol ! The cause of ... and solution to ... all of life 's problems , " was originally the act break line at the end of act two , but was moved to the very end of the episode .
= = Censorship = =
During the riot , a scene where an Irish mob blow @-@ up a British chip shop named " John Bull 's Fish & Chips " was censored on British television . The episode first aired while the conflict in Northern Ireland known as The Troubles was ongoing and four years after the Shankill Road bombing in which ten people were killed by a Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) bomb which exploded prematurely in a chip shop .
= = Cultural references = =
The episode parodies the series The Untouchables , with the character of Rex Banner based on Robert Stack 's portrayal of Eliot Ness , and the voice of the narrator being based on that of Walter Winchell . Barney leaving flowers outside the Duff brewery is , according to show runner Josh Weinstein , a reference to people leaving flowers at the grave sites of various Hollywood figures , with him specifically citing Rudolph Valentino and Marilyn Monroe as examples of this trend . It may also be a direct reference to the Poe Toaster . The shot of the diner is a reference to Edward Hopper 's Nighthawks painting . A sign in Moe 's Bar says " No Irish Need Apply " a reference to Anti @-@ Irish sentiment . One of the persons on the float " The Drunken Irish Novelists of Springfield " bears a resemblance to Irish writer James Joyce .
= = Reception = =
In its original broadcast , " Homer vs. the Eighteenth Amendment " finished 39th in ratings for the week of March 10 – 26 , 1997 , with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 9 , equivalent to approximately 8 @.@ 6 million viewing households . It was the second highest @-@ rated show on the Fox network that week , following The X @-@ Files .
The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , called it " A nice episode in which Homer actually devises a clever plan to keep the beer flowing . " The Toronto Star described the episode as one of Bob Anderson 's " classics . " The Daily Telegraph also characterized the episode as one of " The 10 Best Simpsons TV Episodes . " Robert Canning gave the episode 9 @.@ 8 / 10 calling it his favorite episode of the series .
Homer 's line " To alcohol ! The cause of ... and solution to ... all of life 's problems " was described by Josh Weinstein as " one of the best , most truthful Simpsons statements ever . " In 2008 , Entertainment Weekly included it in their list of " 24 Endlessly Quotable TV Quips " .
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= The Last of the Masters =
The Last of the Masters ( also known as Protection Agency ) is a science fiction novelette by Philip K. Dick . The original manuscript of the story was received by the Scott Meredith Literary Agency on July 15 , 1953 , and the story was published by the Hanro Corporation in the final issue of Orbit Science Fiction in 1954 . It has since been reprinted in several Philip K. Dick story collections , beginning with The Golden Man in 1980 .
" The Last of the Masters " depicts a society 200 years after a global anarchist revolution has toppled the national governments of the world ( the exact year is unstated ) . Civilization has stagnated due to the loss of scientific knowledge and industry during the now @-@ legendary revolt . Elsewhere , the last state , governing a highly centralized and efficient society , conceals itself from the Anarchist League , a global militia preventing the recreation of any government . When three agents of the League are sent to investigate rumors of the microstate 's existence , the government arranges for them to be killed , leading to the death of one and the capture of another . Tensions rapidly escalate after the agents of the state realize that the third has escaped . Assuming he will report the state 's existence , the government mobilizes for total war . In actuality , the surviving anarchist elects to attempt his comrades ' rescue and assassinate the head of state : the last surviving " government robot " .
The primary theme of the story is the conflict between anarchism and statism , the political and ethical dimensions of which are explored through the characters ' dialogue . Though the attention the story received was limited prior to the author 's death in 1982 , it has since seen greater circulation in Philip K. Dick story collections , and has been reviewed and analyzed for its postmodern critique of technology and its political implications .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = The last government = = =
The title character , Bors , a 200 @-@ year @-@ old " government integration robot " — and the last in existence — awakens after a routine maintenance check to learn that his motor system is in a state of decline . An artificially intelligent machine who displays a degree of emotion and even psychological complexity , he is informed by Fowler , a personal mechanic , that his body has begun to break down due to age . His legs no longer work , his motor system will be irreparable in a matter of months , and full paralysis will take place in under a year .
Of his entire body , only five " synapse coils " have not yet begun to degrade . These memory units are irreplaceable due to the lack of skilled technicians and rare components needed to recreate them . Within them , he stores the last records of advanced science and technology , which he uses to guide his society at high efficiency as a benevolent dictator , operating according to utilitarian principles . Though he wields hegemonic control over his society , he views his dictatorship as the last bastion of humanity 's scientific progress , and views himself as a guardian who oversees and protects that progress . This causes him to privately despair that he — and the knowledge only he possesses — will soon die . He also becomes increasingly paranoid , fearing to trust a loyal assistant , Peter Green , and confiding only in Fowler , his personal mechanic .
Hidden in a remote mountain valley , Bors commands the world 's last government . The microstate is tightly centralized around him , and he manages it bureaucratically for optimum efficiency in all sectors of the economy and military . The effect is " an accurate and detailed reproduction of a society two centuries gone . " Bors is immediately established as an utterly necessary figure in his society and is quickly escorted back into service as the leader of the government by Fowler . A personal assistant as well as mechanic to Bors , Fowler maintains a pretension of loyalty to the robot , but privately recognizes that his society is stagnant and that its leader is becoming mentally unbalanced . Pessimistic , he expresses cynicism regarding the subservient role humans in his society play to Bors . He is contrasted with Peter Green , a genuinely loyal assistant to the robot , who is among the few humans trusted to oversee his body while it is unconscious for repair . Though loyal to his leader , Green nonetheless draws Bors ' distrust as the robot 's paranoia steadily grows .
= = = The Anarchist League = = =
Elsewhere , three members of the " Anarchist League " are on a mission to investigate rumors of a government in existence near a remote mountain valley . The League is a global organization dedicated to seeking out and eradicating governments . Established at some unknown point during or after the global revolt , the League is organized around " League camps " which dot the landscape . Members of the League are easily recognized by their " ironite staffs " : metallic walking sticks which they are trained in using as weapons . These tools are a symbol of the League — " the walking Anarchists who patrolled the world on foot , the world 's protection agency . "
The three member team is composed of Edward Tolby , his daughter , Silvia Tolby ( of unspecified age , but vaguely described as an adolescent or young adult ) , and their mutual friend , Robert Penn . While en route to the valley , the team arrives in a small rural town by the name of Fairfax . Fairfax is littered with ancient , decaying gadgets ; the last remnants of the era of governments and high tech society , which none of the locals know how to fix or reproduce . Excited by the strangers , the locals ask about the League . Tolby answers their questions in turn , ending with an explanation of the timeline of events which led up to the great revolt . The event is summarized as having begun with revolts in Europe which overthrow the national governments . After France exists for a month free of government , millions join the by then explicitly anarchist movement to disarm the nuclear powers . At each toppled government center , millions of records are burned and government integration robots are destroyed . These events result in the setting of the story ; a world full of anachronistic high @-@ technology , interspersed in a pre @-@ industrialized , agrarian culture .
= = = Conflict and resolution = = =
While retelling the story of the anarchist revolution , Tolby attracts the attention of a local who invites the trio of anarchists to her home , but who is in secret a government spy ordered to kill them . The ensuing assassination plot is bungled , as the spy dies in the process , but succeeds in killing Penn . Silvia is also badly injured and left unconscious . Her father survives the tragedy largely unscathed , however , and awakens as a patrol of military scouts arrives . The scouts panic after a brief counterattack by Tolby and retreat with Silvia captive . After re @-@ arming himself , Tolby sets out to mount her rescue .
Bors is alerted to the situation and overreacts upon learning that one of the three anarchists has escaped . Fearing that the agent will alert the world to their existence , he initiates plans for a war economy and decides to question Silvia in her hospital room . Their dialogue reveals the story of his escape during the collapse of governments and the establishment of the microstate . He was damaged and in transport for repairs when the anarchist revolution began 200 years prior , allowing him to survive in hiding . Enraged by his calm indifference to the prospect of war , Silvia attacks him and attempts her escape , but is restrained by guards .
Tolby infiltrates the mountain valley , sneaking past the rapidly mobilizing army of the state . After killing and outmaneuvering inexperienced soldiers , he arrives at the government center and encounters Fowler . Fowler alludes to his desire to end the government and spurs Tolby onward . Ultimately , Tolby confronts and kills Bors , sending the building into confusion as the citizens react with hysteria and grief . The condition is implied to spread outward from the city to troops in the hills , resulting in mass desertion . No longer resisted by guards , Tolby reunites with Silvia . The story concludes as Fowler secretly salvages three remaining synapse coils from Bors ' remains , " just in case the times change " .
= = Publication history = =
The exact date Philip K. Dick wrote " The Last of the Masters " is unknown , but the original manuscript of the novelette was received by the Scott Meredith Literary Agency on July 15 , 1953 . 25 years old at the time , Dick was in the habit of submitting a new story to the agency weekly . Just prior to receiving " Last of the Masters " , the agency received " The Turning Wheel " on July 8 , and following the former , the agency received " The Father @-@ thing " on July 21 . " The Last of the Masters " was published over a year later , in the 1954 November / December issue of Orbit Science Fiction no.5. The issue was the last in a science fiction anthology series edited by Donald A. Wollheim . Orbit Science Fiction advertised " The Last of the Masters " on its cover and included Dick among an advertised list of prominent contributing authors , among them August Derleth , Gordon R. Dickson , and Chad Oliver . The novelette was republished in 1958 for the Australian market by Jubilee Publications Pty . , in Space Station 42 and Other Stories , a part of the Satellite Series .
The novelette was not published again until the 1980 release of The Golden Man , the sixth collection of classic stories by Dick . This collection also included the only commentary Dick ever wrote regarding the story . Thereafter , " The Last of the Masters " was included in six more print collections — most of which have seen multiple print runs — and two audiobooks .
= = = Publication list = = =
" The Last of the Masters " has been included in the following publications , listed by publication type :
Pulp magazines
Orbit Science Fiction vol.1 no.5. New York , NY : Hanro Corporation . November – December 1954 .
Space Station 42 and Other Stories . Sydney , NSW : Jubilee Publications Pty . March 1958 .
Philip K. Dick collections
Hardcovers
The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick , Vol . III , The Father @-@ Thing . Lancaster , PA : Underwood @-@ Miller . 1987 . ISBN 0 @-@ 88733 @-@ 053 @-@ 3 .
Paperbacks
The Golden Man . New York , NY : Berkley Books . 1980 . ISBN 0 @-@ 425 @-@ 04288 @-@ X.
Robots , Androids , and Mechanical Oddities . Carbondale , IL : Southern Illinois University Press . 1984 . ISBN 0 @-@ 8093 @-@ 1159 @-@ 3 .
The Father @-@ Thing . London , England : Victor Gollancz Ltd . 1989 . ISBN 0 @-@ 575 @-@ 04616 @-@ 3 .
Second Variety . New York , NY : Citadel Twilight . 1991 . ISBN 0 @-@ 8065 @-@ 1226 @-@ 1 .
The Philip K. Dick Reader . New York , NY : Citadel Twilight . 1997 . ISBN 0 @-@ 8065 @-@ 1856 @-@ 1 .
The Early Work of Philip K. Dick , Volume Two : Breakfast at Twilight & Other Stories . Prime Books . November 2009 . ISBN 1 @-@ 60701 @-@ 203 @-@ 0 .
Audio collections
The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick , Vol . I. Blackstone Audio Ing . November 30 , 2008 . ISBN 1 @-@ 4332 @-@ 2825 @-@ 4 . Read by William Hughes . ( cassette / CD / MP3 )
The Selected Stories of Philip K. Dick , Vol . I. Blackstone Audio Ing . November 30 , 2008 . ISBN 1 @-@ 4332 @-@ 2822 @-@ X. Read by William Hughes . ( iTunes )
= = = Copyright status = = =
= = = = United States = = = =
The Last Of The Masters is in the public domain in the United States because it was published in the United States between January 1 , 1950 and December 31 , 1963 , but copyright was not renewed with the U.S. Copyright Office within a year period beginning on December 31 of the 27th year of the copyright and running through December 31 of the following year . When renewal registration was not made within the statutory time limit , copyright effectively expired at the end of its first term and protection was lost permanently . Copyright protection for Orbit Science Fiction No.5 and its contents was created under registration number B00000497234 .
After the author 's death , a nonexistent story with the same title was included under the new renewal registration number RE0000190631 . This created the appearance that " The Last Of The Masters " was still under copyright protection . This incorrect first publication date has been cited in several Dick anthologies ( e.g. , The Collected Stories of Philip K. Dick & The Selected Stories of Philip K. Dick ) ; these publications falsely list the original publication of the story to have been in Imaginative Tales in November 1955 .
= = Reception = =
While " The Last of the Masters " was little noticed in the years immediately following its publication , it was reviewed after its 1980 publication in The Golden Man collection . Fellow science fiction writer Thomas M. Disch reviewed Dick 's The Golden Man collection among other works in " Fluff and Fizzles " , an essay dated to 1979 , but published in a 1980 edition of The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction . While celebrating several stories in the collection , and proclaiming to readers the " categorical imperative " of buying a copy , he nonetheless derided most of its contents as " turkeys " , citing specifically " The Last of the Masters " as an example . Referring to the story as " a hyperkinetic foray into hairy @-@ chested @-@ style hugger @-@ mugger " , Disch also mocked its " action @-@ packed denouement " involving Edward Tolby as an example of " bogus machismo " .
In her 1982 review of the Golden Man collection , Hazel Pierce lauded the sophistication of the story , summarizing the theme of " The Last of the Masters " as an examination of " the paradoxical cast of human existence . "
= = Thematic analysis = =
= = = Technological critique = = =
In his 1980 commentary on the story , Dick also suggested that his reasoning for making Bors sympathetic was a result of a form of trust he advanced towards robots , as opposed to androids . " Perhaps " , he suggested , " it 's because a robot does not try to deceive you as to what it is " . One of the themes that runs throughout all of Dick 's fiction is the " power of empathy " and he uses it as the " key element defining the authentic human being " . For example , when Silvia meets the robot that runs the government , she exclaims " My God , you have no understanding of us . You run all this , and you 're incapable of empathy . You 're nothing but a mechanical computer . "
Christopher Palmer , of La Trobe University , has written on the postmodern literary themes of Dick 's early short stories , analyzing stories in which " breakdown and ignorance " are the result of social upheaval . Palmer proposed that Dick often created post @-@ apocalyptic scenarios of ruined worlds which held high tech gadgets in an attempt to present a view of postmodern materialism . Common to many of Dick 's short stories were settings in which the outgrowth of modernity is a world where that which is natural is in ruin , and what is artificial is reshaped through science into a fantastically high tech form . Palmer presented " The Last of the Masters " as an example of this , as well as " The Variable Man " and The Penultimate Truth , two other post @-@ apocalyptic works by Dick . Palmer contended that these shared themes were " ... not simply the expression of dystopian malaise , or of Luddism treacherously taking up residence in popular SF ... It points to a coherent interpretation of industrialism and post @-@ industrialism . "
Suggesting that many of the philosophical and political underpinnings of the author 's short stories stemmed from his views on domestic life , Palmer 's focus turned to Dick 's common use of sterility as a metaphor . In " The Gun " , " Second Variety " , The Penultimate Truth , and " The Last of the Masters " , people and sometimes the earth itself have been driven to sterility . As Palmer noted of " The Last of the Masters " , Bors can be interpreted as a symbol of infertility : " It is not clear why he does not replicate himself , or educate his human servants : it is simply a given that he is sterile . The old , technologically advanced , highly organized civilization is a civilization of production , but now under Bors it can do no more than maintain itself . " Following an inspection of other short stories with similar references to sterility , Palmer asserts that Dick 's work presented a social and existential protest . Palmer interpreted Dick 's social critique to be that if the act of creation validates existence , and genuinely expresses a form of individuality , then the process of reproduction is alienating , oppressive , and retards an individual 's liberty . As Palmer explains , " ... this process disempowers consumers , and even technocrats , by making them dependent on a process of which they have become entirely ignorant . " Existentially , Palmer interpreted Dick to further mean that reproduction violated the author 's concept of what made an object unique and valuable : " A thing can 't be a real thing unless it is in some sense an individual thing . "
In writing a biography on the author , Brian Stableford placed several of Dick 's short stories in a context that established their relationship to the author 's personal hardships . " ... it always seemed to him [ Philip K. Dick ] that his career was a catalogue of undeserved disappointments and the record of his published work a travesty of his true ambitions . " The personal problems which Dick struggled throughout his life provided fuel for several of the anxiety driven themes for his short stories . In Dick 's early work , Stableford highlighted recurring themes in those most popular . These included paranoid suspicions ; the dangerous hostility of " seemingly innocent entities " ; and " the mechanization of the environment and the computerization of political decision @-@ making " . Stories in which androids and robots are a danger to the protagonist include " Autofac " , " Colony " , and Vulcan 's Hammer . However , " The Last of the Masters " , Stableford contends , was an exception to Dick 's common dystopic portrayals of technology , given Stableford 's interpretation of Bors as an altruist , who was " benign " in its role .
= = = Political interpretations = = =
In his 1980 commentary , Philip K. Dick pointed out the moral ambiguity of the story , laying out its political implications : " Should we have a leader or should we think for ourselves ? Obviously the latter , in principle . But – sometimes there lies a gulf between what is theoretically right and that which is practical . " This quote became part of a larger political analysis of Dick 's work in How Much Does Chaos Scare You ? by Aaron Barlow , Associate Professor of English at New York City College of Technology . In analyzing Dick 's short fiction , Barlow presented their themes against the backdrop of post @-@ September 11 , 2001 America . In particular , Barlow compared many of the philosophical underpinnings of Neoconservatism , and its rise to prominence during the George W. Bush administration , to the philosophy of Philip K. Dick . " To [ Dick ] , " writes Barlow , " the elites were both alien and dangerous . To him , the focus of vision and of political debate should never be on the rulers , but on the little person , the shopkeeper , the mechanic . " In his dissection of Dick 's work , Barlow compared several stories in which normal humans lose some form of liberty in their society to an elite group . Examples presented include " Autofac " , " Null @-@ O " , and " Some Kinds of Life " . From these stories , Barlow drew three themes important to Dick 's anti @-@ government writings : first , that humanity is often doomed by institutions of power created by the humans themselves ; second , that paranoia is a natural aspect of governance , as " [ n ] o elite can ever completely trust the people it governs , " and this distrust leaves a governed people in perpetual danger ; and third , that the belief that individuality must be sacrificed — either for the sake of social stability or survival — is a constant threat . " To Dick , " Barlow adds , " there are few attitudes more dangerous than this . " Each of these themes would be revisited in " The Last of the Masters " .
Continuing his analysis , Barlow addressed " The Last of the Masters " , contrasting it with an earlier work by Dick , " The Defenders " . In " The Defenders " , humanity has been duped by a noble lie — provided by their robot soldiers — into believing in a war which is not actually taking place . In the latter story , Barlow asserts that Dick surprisingly agreed with such neoconservative theorists as Leo Strauss in the efficacy of the deception . " Here , the [ robots ] have saved mankind ... The ' noble lie ' has served its purpose . " However , Barlow concedes , " [ b ] ut this is an extremely early story and Dick had not yet clarified his own world view ... " Comparing this story to " The Last of the Masters " , Barlow took note of Dick 's commentary from The Golden Man collection ( " ... sometimes there lies a gulf between what is theoretically right and that which is practical . " ) and concluded that the story represented Dick 's understanding of " the problems at the other extreme ... " in politics . Where most of Dick 's stories presented government in skeptical terms to warn the reader of potential abuse , " The Last of the Master " presented an argument for the utility of government .
Barlow dissected the Anarchist League and " the contradictory nature of their organization " which patrolled a " poor and dirty " world , and juxtaposed this with the " opulent organization of the ( state ) " . In particular , he highlighted dialogue by the robot master , Bors , as illustrating the importance of his leadership to the success of the micro @-@ state . In the story , a conversation with a mechanic leads the robot to state , " You know I 'm the only one who can keep all this together . I 'm the only one who knows how to maintain a planned society , not a disorderly chaos ! If it weren 't for me , all this would collapse , and you 'd have dust and ruins and weeds . The whole outside would come rushing in to take over ! " Barlow concluded that while the story ended in triumph for the anarchists , the story did not go so far as to validate their society . " Dick does not vindicate them , " writes Barlow , " keeping it clear that the robot had certainly accomplished something in that valley , though it had eventually gone too far . "
= = = Spiritual allegory = = =
In a commentary made for the 1980 anthology , The Golden Man , Philip K. Dick briefly touched on several themes of the story , including the Christian allegory of the " suffering servant " , manifested in the character of Bors . This was touched upon in the Dick biography Divine Invasions , by memoirist and biographer Lawrence Sutin . Drawing on Dick 's commentary , Sutin sees Bors as part of a religious pattern in Dick 's stories as a " Christ @-@ like robot " , and likens the robot to characters in other stories by Dick who suffer from illness .
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= Me , Myself and I ( Beyoncé song ) =
" Me , Myself and I " is a song recorded by American singer Beyoncé . It was written by Beyoncé , Scott Storch and Robert Waller for her debut solo album Dangerously in Love ( 2003 ) . The recording was produced by Storch with guitars performed by musician Aaron Fishbein . Beyoncé decided that she wanted a deeper and more personal song for the third single ; the song was sent by Columbia Records to US radio on October 19 , 2003 . " Me , Myself and I " is an R & B song about dealing with a philandering boyfriend and learning from the consequences .
" Me , Myself and I " was generally well received by music critics , who complimented the smooth and assertive vocals of Beyoncé and called it a 1980s throwback from Dangerously in Love . The Grammy Award @-@ nominated song earned Beyoncé , Storch and Waller an American Society of Composers , Authors , and Publishers Pop Music Award . " Me , Myself and I " peaked at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart , and became Beyoncé 's fourth consecutive US top five single . It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . The single reached the top 20 in Australia , the UK and in some European countries .
Directed by Johan Renck , the accompanying music video follows the plot of the song 's theme and the events in the video are played in reverse . " Me , Myself and I " was part of Beyoncé 's set list on the Verizon Ladies First Tour , the Dangerously in Love Tour , The Beyoncé Experience , the I Am ... Tour and the Formation World Tour .
= = Background and release = =
After the release of her former group Destiny 's Child 's 2001 album Survivor , Beyoncé worked on her debut solo album , Dangerously in Love . She stated that it was more personal than her previous records because she only had to write for herself . She contacted various musical collaborators , including Storch and Waller . The musical style of " Me , Myself and I " is different from the style of her previous singles ; Beyoncé decided that she wanted a deeper and more personal song for the next single . Following the release of the song , Beyoncé told Corey Moss of MTV News , " [ ' Me , Myself and I ' ] is really powerful . It talks about women basically listening to their inner voice and knowing that they will never disappoint themselves . "
" Me , Myself and I " was the third single released from Dangerously in Love , which followed " Crazy in Love " and " Baby Boy " . It was sent to United States Rhythmic contemporary and Urban contemporary radio on October 19 , 2003 . A CD single was released on October 21 , 2003 in the US , which contained Junior 's dance radio mix of " Krazy in Luv " as its B @-@ side . It officially impacted U.S. Top 40 / Mainstream radio on November 12 , 2003 . On December 16 , 2003 , a 12 @-@ inch single was released in the US . The single was released in selected European countries in January 2004 , including Austria , Belgium , Ireland , the Netherlands , Sweden , and Switzerland .
" Me , Myself and I " was first released in the United Kingdom as a maxi single on January 6 , 2004 . A week later , it was released as a double CD single ; the first disc included a radio edit of the song and " Dangerously in Love 2 " ( 2003 ) , and the second one contained two remixes of " Me , Myself and I " . In 2004 , the single was also released in the UK on a CD that included videos of live performances of " Naughty Girl " and " Work it Out " . In Canada , a CD single was released on December 30 , 2003 , featuring the album version and two remixes of the track . A CD single was released in Australia on January 16 , 2004 , which included the radio edit and three remixes of the track . The song was also released as a maxi single on January 19 , 2003 and later as a three @-@ track single in Germany .
= = Composition = =
According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Alfred Music Publishing , " Me , Myself and I " is an R & B song performed in a moderately slow manner . It is written in the key of D ♭ major ; the tempo is set to eighty @-@ four beats per minute , in common time . The chord follows the E ♭ m9 @-@ Fm7 @-@ G ♭ Maj7 keys , appearing every other bar , and the song has a string arrangement . According to Ryan Schreiber of Pitchfork Media , the song 's instrumentation consists of a blending of funk keyboards , a slippery bass and minimal , programmed R & B percussion instruments .
" Me , Myself and I " is " ... replete with strong woman lyrics about holding one 's head up high after a traumatic break @-@ up . " The lyrics are constructed in the common verse @-@ chorus form , each written in two stanzas . The song includes an intro and a bridge that appears between the second and final choruses . In an interview with Corey Moss of MTV News , Beyoncé explained the lyrical content of the song :
... [ Me , Myself and I ] basically talks about a girl who the guy 's not right for her and he 's cheating and whatever . And usually women feel stupid and silly and they blame themselves ' cause you have all the signs most of the time , but you love the guy so you don 't want to see them go . And in this song , it 's kind of like a celebration of the breakup ...
According to Neil Drumming of Entertainment Weekly , " Me , Myself and I " is similar to " Say My Name " ( 2000 ) , in terms of " ... its specificity and earnestness ... " and the way Beyoncé defends " ... her chastity [ a ] gainst some greedy boy ... . " This was echoed by James Poletti of Yahoo ! Music who wrote that the song hints at what is to come as the warbling begins to move into overdrive on " ... a faintly sickly , if admirably slick , ode to that old Destiny 's Child staple ... " , independence and self @-@ belief in the face of a cheating man .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reception = = =
The song received generally positive response from music critics . Mark Anthony Neal of PopMatters said : " Beyoncé sounds assured " in her singing of the song and " ... lacking any of the ' shrill overboard ' that describes some of the ' melisma fits ' ... that marked earlier vocal efforts . " Ryan Schreiber of Pitchfork Media noted the song as the " most notable 80s throwback " of the album , as its " augmented chords " call to mind Patti Austin and James Ingram 's 1983 single " Baby Come to Me " and Michael Jackson 's 1983 single " Human Nature " , or a decelerated version of " Baby Be Mine " , from Jackson 's 1982 album , Thriller . Neil Drumming of Entertainment Weekly said : Me , Myself , and I rides Storch 's signature gangsta guitar , mellowed for Beyoncé 's lovesick lament ... While reviewing Beyoncé second studio album , B 'Day in 2006 , Andy Kellman of Allmusic remarked that there are no songs with the " ... smooth elegance of ' Me , Myself and I ' " . Spence D. , writing for IGN Music considered " Me , Myself and I " as a typical sounding R & B ballad with a familiar theme , and in which Beyoncé sings with passion .
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
At the 2005 American Society of Composers , Authors , and Publishers Pop Music Awards , Beyoncé received the Songwriter of the Year award , sharing it with Storch and Waller . It was recognized as Most Performed Song in 2005 , alongside Beyoncé 's " Baby Boy " and " Naughty Girl " . Beyoncé 's live version of " Me , Myself and I " from The Beyoncé Experience Live ! gained a nomination for Best Female R & B Vocal Performance at the 2009 Grammy Awards .
= = = Chart performance = = =
" Me , Myself and I " failed to equal the chart @-@ topping performances of " Crazy in Love " and " Baby Boy " . However , like " Baby Boy " and " Naughty Girl " , " Me , Myself and I " attained more immediate and commercial success than its predecessors . After its release , the album ascended the US Billboard 200 chart and was certified as multi @-@ platinum . On November 16 , 2003 , the single debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 78 , while " Baby Boy " was still at number one . 14 weeks after its debut , the single peaked at number four for two weeks , becoming the third consecutive top five release from Dangerously in Love and Beyoncé 's fourth consecutive top five hit . " Me , Myself and I " remained on the Billboard Hot 100 chart for 24 weeks . On January 30 , 2009 , the single was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . By October 6 , 2010 . " Me , Myself and I " had sold 119 @,@ 000 CD copies in the US .
The single was less successful internationally , peaking below the top 10 . It reached number 11 in Australia and the UK , and the top 20 in the New Zealand and the Netherlands . It stayed in the UK Top 100 for seven weeks , and was the second shortest presence on a singles chart , after her 2009 duet with Lady Gaga on the extended remix version of " Video Phone " .
= = Music video = =
Following her first two videos with Jake Nava , Beyoncé hired Johan Renck to direct the music video for " Me , Myself and I " . While premiering the video MTV 's Total Request Live on December 10 , 2003 , Beyoncé described the video 's conception ,
When some of the behind @-@ the @-@ scenes footage was used in a BET Access Granted special , some of the scenes that Beyoncé was shown shooting did not appear in the finished video . Beyoncé said that the video did not turn out the way she wanted it to be and she had to reshoot most of it . In post @-@ production , she decided that it would be more artistic to play the events in reverse .
The footage follows the plot of the song 's theme , in which Beyoncé deals with a cheating boyfriend . From the aftermath of the affair , Beyoncé discards her old possessions that reminds her of her boyfriend . The events in the video are played in reverse . Beyoncé said that this music video was the hardest video she had ever made . Philadelphia 's Patrick DeMarco described the video as " sexy " . In 2004 , the video was nominated for Best R & B Video at the 2004 MTV Video Music Awards . In May 2010 , an alternative version of the video was released ; this does not show the events in reverse and includes some of the scenes that were not included in the first version .
= = Live performances = =
During the Verizon Ladies First Tour which also featured Alicia Keys , Missy Elliott and Tamia , Beyoncé performed " Me , Myself and I " in New York to an audience of over 20 @,@ 000 . Before singing , she told the audience that she was going to sing about " a relationship horror story " . She pulled a pair of red panties out of her purse , saying that these were not hers but belonged to her cheating boyfriend 's mistress . During the performance , Beyoncé held out the microphone for the audience 's response , which was " is all I got in the end " . She shouted that she wanted to hear everybody from front to back , and continued singing , then told the audience that she wrote the song for " each and every one of y 'all ! " .
" Me , Myself and I " was also included on the set list of Beyoncé 's Dangerously in Love World Tour that began in late 2003 . During the tour , Beyoncé appeared suspended from the ceiling of the arena , and was lowered onto a red lounger . The song was performed as part of Beyoncé 's The Beyoncé Experience in Los Angeles and her I Am ... Tour . On August 5 , 2007 , Beyoncé performed the song at the Madison Square Garden in Manhattan . Before the song , Beyoncé told the audience that it was very special to her and that she was going to perform a slower version . She was accompanied by her all @-@ female band . Jon Pareles of The New York Times complimented the performance , stating : " Beyoncé needs no distractions from her singing , which can be airy or brassy , tearful or vicious , rapid @-@ fire with staccato syllables or sustained in curlicued melismas . But she was in constant motion , strutting in costumes ( most of them silvery ) , from miniskirts to formal dresses , flesh @-@ toned bodysuit to bikini to negligee . " Shaheem Reid of MTV News also praised the performance , and wrote : " ... For all the dancing she did , Beyoncé got an equally big — if not more resounding — response for displaying her undeniable vocal ability on the ballads like " Me , Myself and I " . "
In Los Angeles , Beyoncé gave a full @-@ length performance of " Me , Myself and I " without backup dancers and with limited live instrumentation . Beyoncé wore a green belly dancing costume . When Beyoncé performed the song in Sunrise , Florida on June 29 , 2009 , she wore a leotard . As she sang , animated graphics of turntables , faders and other club equipment were projected behind the dancers and musicians . Beyoncé was accompanied by two drummers , two keyboardists , a percussionist , a horn section , three imposing backup vocalists called the Mamas , and lead guitarist Bibi McGill . " Me , Myself and I " was included on Beyoncé 's album The Beyoncé Experience Live ( 2007 )
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Charts and certifications = =
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= Norwegian Public Safety Radio =
The Norwegian Public Safety Radio ( Norwegian : Nødnett ) is a public safety network system based on Terrestrial Trunked Radio ( TETRA ) which is being implemented by the Directorate for Emergency Communication ( Norwegian : Direktoratet for nødkommunikasjon ) throughout Norway . The system will primarily be used for internal communication for the police , fire departments and paramedics , and will later be taken into use for search and rescue , border control , the civil defense , the military and other public agencies . Planning of the system started in 1995 and in 2006 the contract was awarded to Nokia Siemens Networks . As Nokia Siemens Networks was unable to complete the contract , it was passed on to Motorola Solutions .
The system is replacing nearly 300 local and regional systems which are independent for the fire , police and healthcare agencies . The Norwegian Public Safety Radio allows functionality such as authentication , encryption , higher reliability and additional functionality . The network is budgeted to cost 3 @.@ 6 billion Norwegian krone ( NOK ) . Investments are being paid for by the government , but users have to pay for operating costs . In 2009 the first part of the system was taken into use , with all three agencies in Oslo , Akershus , Østfold and Southern Buskerud having taken it into use as of August 2010 , two years after schedule . There have been shortcomings of indoor coverage which has caused some agencies to retain use of the old systems
= = Background and choice of technology = =
Formerly , Norway had three separate systems for telecommunications within the police , fire departments and paramedics , all based on analog radio . The old system had two main downsides : it was not encrypted , and it prohibited communication between agencies . This was particularly problematic in larger disasters and accidents , and in instances where criminals listened to the police radio during police actions . The Norwegian Data Inspectorate has also instructed the agencies to encrypt their communications for reasons of privacy . This would either have to be done through an expensive upgrade to the existing systems , or through the construction of a new , digital network .
Another issue is using standardized technology for communication with other country 's agencies . Norway is a member of the Schengen Agreement , which requires trans @-@ border communication between law enforcement agencies . There were 27 different networks for the police , one for each police district . In Oslo , Akershus and Østfold , the police had also been using Enhanced Digital Access Communication System since 1994 . There were 230 municipal fire department radio systems , and a manual mobile phone system for the health sector . The health network was built by the county municipalities between 1990 and 1995 and covers all parts of the health service , including paramedics , ambulance services , midwives and medical doctors . The various systems had different levels of coverage . In addition , Global System for Mobile Communication ( GSM ) and Nordic Mobile Telephone ( NMT450 ) telephones were being used where encrypted communication was necessary .
Keeping the old systems and converting them to encrypted systems was also considered . This would cost NOK 500 million to install , but could not be guaranteed to work satisfactorily . In particular , encryption would delay communications , which would be a problem for paramedic communications . It was also uncertain if the level of encryption would be sufficient to allow the network to be considered closed and allow personal information to be transmitted .
The government considered using a similar procurement solution to that in Denmark , where the spectrum was licensed to private enterprise , and the agencies purchase services from private telecommunications companies , based on conventional GSM technology . However , in Denmark this had not given the desired results , with only Metropolitan Copenhagen being covered . Instead , the Norwegian Government chose to establish a government agency to build and operate the network . Use of the GSM and NMT450 network was insufficient because of lack of capacity in the conventional network in case of larger amounts of communication , lack of ability of group conversations , lack of priority systems and long dial @-@ up times .
Using conventional GSM systems was rejected also because GSM lacks many of the functionalities of TETRA , such as group conversations , dispatcher centers , and direct communication . In addition , Global System for Mobile Communication – Railway ( GSM @-@ R ) was considered , but rejected because of the lack of trans @-@ border functionality and the need for more base stations , and thus higher investment costs , and longer start @-@ up time for calls . The technology was considered because the Norwegian National Rail Administration was at the time building a GSM @-@ R network to cover the entire Norwegian railway network . Another reason that TETRA was preferred was that at the time of decision there were five manufacturers of TETRA equipment and only two for GSM @-@ R. TETRA also allows a fall @-@ back system , where a base station can allow communication between users within the range of the base station , even if the central parts of the network should break down .
In a parliamentary hearing in 2002 both DNK director Tor Helge Lyngstøl and Minister of Justice , Odd Einar Dørum , stated that the choice of TETRA would provide sufficient data capacity . In a parliamentary decision in 2004 it was decided to opt for the open European Telecommunications Standards Institute ( ETSI ) as a data transmission standard , which is used by all other police TETRA systems in Europe , but this was later changed by the directorate to the proprietary TETRA Enhanced Data Service ( TEDS ) owned by Motorola . The latter would limit the number of supplies and would increase the investment costs .
In 2000 , the annual cost of agency communication was NOK 175 million , while this had increased to NOK 260 million in 2004 . The increase was largely caused by the increase in use of mobile telephones . The costs of the fire department networks was paid for by the municipalities , the health network paid for by the municipalities and the regional health authorities , and the police networks by the respective police districts .
= = Implementation = =
Work with the system started in 1995 , when the Norwegian Board of Health Supervision took initiative for a new mobile telecommunications platform . The issue was coordinated by the Ministry of Justice , and the issue was first discussed politically in 1997 , and in 1998 a project group was created . In 2000 , a pilot project was established in Greater Trondheim , which included all three agencies . The trial was successful and terminated in June 2003 . Later that year , the Parliament of Norway made the principal decision to establish the network . Quality control of the project was concluded in June 2004 , and construction was estimated at NOK 3 @.@ 6 billion . The investment costs would be covered by the Ministry of Justice , while the user agencies would have to pay for the operating and maintenance costs of the network .
The procurement process was initially led by the Ministry of Justice and the Police , in cooperation with the Ministry of Health and Care Services , the National Police Directorate , the Directorate for Health and Social Affairs and the Directorate for Civil Defence and Emergency Planning . The public tender was launched in May 2005 , and on 22 December 2006 the contract was signed with Nokia Siemens Networks . The project is the largest single information technology contract ever awarded in Norway . The Directorate for Emergency Communication was established on 1 April 2007 .
Original plans called for the system to be built between 2007 and 2011 . Implementation was planned in six phases , numbered zero through five . Between phases zero and one , an evaluation of the process was planned . The first phase covers the smallest geographic area , but the largest population .
By June 2007 , the project was delayed by half a year . One of the major delays in the project has been the development of the software for the health sector 's communication centers — which consist of emergency wards , casualty wards , emergency dispatch centers and aircraft coordination centers . The system is being developed by Frequentis in Austria , who have stated that they did not receive sufficient specifications . In December 2009 , the state granted NOK 110 million extra for development of the system . Health workers will therefore be taking the network into use in May 2010 , after the police and fire departments in Follo and Østfold . Representatives for the Police Directorate have criticized the implementation model and stated that in most other countries , the system was implemented first just for the police and afterwards taken into use by the fire and paramedic agencies . For instance , Østfold Police District had installed a new center in February 2008 , but had to wait 21 months to take it into use while waiting for Public Safety Radio .
The Police Directorate sees the use of the encrypted communication as the system 's greatest benefit , and has stated that it sees no reason for the implementation to stop while it is being evaluated , and that there is no alternative to implementing it nationally . The system was first taken into use in Østfold and Follo in December 2009 , and by Oslo in March 2010 . In Oslo , the police chose to close the analog network down before the TETRA system had been installed in all vehicles , and instead give all officers hand @-@ held devices , to speed up the closing of the old network , which is regarded as a security hazard . Traditionally , journalists have learned about events by listening to the police radios . The police have appointed press officers who will inform the press about newsworthy incidents . The alarm center for the fire departments in Østfold and Follo took the system into use in June 2010 .
In August 2010 , the emergency health communication centers in Østfold and the casualty ward at Fredrikstad Hospital took the Norwegian Public Safety Radio into use . This was followed by the emergency rooms in Halden and Aremark , in Rakkestad and Sarpsborg , and in Oslo . For the health sector , phase zero involves 40 communication centers , of which 20 are emergency rooms , 16 are casualty wards at hospitals , one is an air ambulance coordination center and three are emergency health communication centers , in addition to radios in the 150 ambulances that serve in the region . The official opening of the network took place on 17 August 2010 . In October 2010 , Arne Johannesen , the leader of the Norwegian Police Federation , stated that he wanted to place the building of the radio network on hold and instead use the funding for a new information technology system for the police force , named D # 2 .
DNK carried out tests with the system in 2010 for firefighters using self @-@ contained breathing apparatus in structure fires , and found the system to be sufficient . Similar test were carried out by Oslo Fire Department later that year , and they found that the radio system was insufficient for their needs . Oslo Fire Department concluded that the DNK tests were only successful because of the use of additional directional gateway / repeater @-@ radio equipment . Because of this firefighters in Oslo continue to use the old ultra @-@ high frequency radios during indoor fires . Both the Norwegian Police Security Service 's bodyguard service and the service for protection of the royal family have opted to not use the new radio system , citing poor coverage indoors and while lying on the ground , even in downtown Oslo . The services have stated that this does not allow for interoperability with other agencies , which is a drawback in case of major incidents . Also the joint rescue coordination centers , the Norwegian Air Ambulance and the 330 Squadron which operates Westland Sea King search and rescue helicopters have opted out of using the system because of poor coverage . During the 2011 Norway attacks at Utøya , located in northern Buskerud , police officers from surrounding police districts were not able to communicate with local police because the area did not have coverage for the TETRA system .
= = Organization = =
The network is owned by the Directorate for Emergency Communication , which is subordinate to the Ministry of Justice . The ministry signed an agreement with Nokia Siemens Networks to install the system . Nokia Siemens Networks also have the responsibility for operating and maintaining the system for 20 years . Nokia Siemens Networks has subcontracted control room systems to Frequentis , BaneTele for transmission , Relacom for operation and maintenance , and ibruk for training . The directorate is led by Tor Helge Lyngstøl and has its offices in Nydalen in Oslo .
The cost of constructing the network will be covered by the ministry . The costs of operating and maintaining the network will be covered by the users , who will also have to purchase their own terminals . Payment to the directorate is by an annual subscription fee per terminal , based on the terminal 's use . For a terminal only used for stand @-@ by , the annual subscription cost will be NOK 1 @,@ 500 per year , while that for a terminal in a control room will be NOK 40 @,@ 000 . As the cost of running the network is fixed independently of the amount of traffic , there is no cost for using the network . As additional users start implementing the system , the costs per subscriber will be reduced .
= = Network = =
The Terrestrial Trunked Radio network has three components : the core net , which is a centralized computer center based on an Internet Protocol structure ; the transmission net , which connects the core net , the radio net and other connection points with high @-@ capacity lines ; and the radio net , which consists of base stations with antennas in masts , on buildings and in some tunnels . The network is controlled from a center in Oslo , which is operated by Nokia Siemens Network . In case a base station no longer can communicate with the core net , the base station can still relay communication within its range . Should the base station fall out or operations occur in areas without coverage , the terminals can communicate directly with each other .
All communication from mobile terminals to the base stations is encrypted with a key known only to the base station and the terminal . For group conversations , two keys are used , one from the terminal to the base station , and one from the base station to all users . In addition , there are 32 fixed keys used for terminal @-@ to @-@ terminal communication should the base station fall out . In addition , the police can use a user @-@ to @-@ user encryption where the communication is encrypted all the way through the network from the one user to the other .
The system will ensure 100 % coverage of populated and surrounding areas , which exceeds any of the existing GSM networks . This includes good coverage indoors , to aid fire fighters , as well as full coverage of the coastline and coverage up to 2 @,@ 500 meters ( 8 @,@ 000 ft ) height for aircraft . It will give full coverage along all national and county roads . The system also allows interoperability towards the maritime radio . The system also allows for transmission of digital information at a speed of 28 @.@ 8 kb / s . As the system is rolled out , central parts will receive TETRA2 , which includes the TETRA Enhanced Data Services , which allows for transmission speeds of 163 kbit / s .
There has been raised criticism against several fundamental shortcomings in the network system . The most fundamental is the lack of indoor coverage . This has in part been reversed by increasing the signal strength in urban areas and installing repeaters at for instance medical clinics , Oslo Courthouse and Oslo Airport , Gardermoen . Another major shortcoming is that the system does not support any transmission of data . For instance police scanning of fingerprints , sending of blueprints to firefighters and paramedics sending video from an accident for analysis by physicians have been mentioned as technology which could be used if only the radio system allowed for transmission of data . Other shortcomings are that the location of base stations are publicly know , allowing for easy sabotage , and increased investment costs because of the choice of the proprietary TEDS instead of the open ETSI system .
= = Terminals = =
The system has two types of receivers : radio terminals , which can either be hand @-@ held or mounted in vehicles , and desktop equipment for control centers . The system will include 40 @,@ 000 radios throughout the country . Compared to the analog network , the digital radio equipment will be smaller and have options for additional equipment such as hands free , and allow special radios for motorcycles , snowmobiles , boats , undercover activities and smoke diving . Communication can either be performed as one @-@ to @-@ one conversations , group calls for predefined or ad @-@ hoc groups , with radios able to be part of several groups , or as walkie talkies in areas without network coverage . The digital transmission reduced background noise and allows monitoring terminal identity to prohibit unauthorized use . All radios are equipped with an emergency button that will give priority in the network .
Control room terminals will have new functionality including identification of all users and radio terminal positioning , radio and telephone inquiries made on the same equipment , use of either loudspeakers or head sets , and allowing operators to listen to each other 's conversations . Operators have access to telephone books and speed dials , touch screen operations of voice and data traffic , monitoring of other talk groups , simultaneous calls to several talk groups and access to voice logs .
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= Platte Canyon High School hostage crisis =
The Platte Canyon High School hostage crisis was an incident of a hostage taking and shooting that occurred at Platte Canyon High School in Bailey , Colorado , on September 27 , 2006 . The gunman , 53 @-@ year @-@ old Duane Roger Morrison , took six female students hostage and sexually assaulted them , later releasing four . When police broke open the classroom 's door with explosives , Morrison opened fire with a semiautomatic pistol before shooting hostage Emily Keyes in the head . The other remaining hostages escaped unharmed , and paramedics confirmed that Morrison had committed suicide shortly before police were able to enter the classroom . Keyes was pronounced dead at 4 : 32 p.m. MDT ( 23 : 32 UTC ) at Saint Anthony 's Hospital in Denver , Colorado after undergoing emergency surgery .
= = Details = =
= = = Entry and hostage @-@ taking = = =
Note : All times are in Mountain Daylight Time , UTC @-@ 6
At about 11 : 40 a.m. , Morrison entered the school carrying a .40 S & W caliber Glock 22 pistol , a Smith & Wesson .357 @-@ caliber revolver ( which wasn 't used during the incident ) , and a backpack , which he claimed contained " three pounds of C @-@ 4 " . A search of the backpack later recovered duct tape , handcuffs , knives , a stun gun , rope , scissors , massage oil , sex toys , and numerous rounds of ammunition , but no explosives .
A sixteen @-@ year @-@ old student named Katrina Keller reportedly saw Morrison entering the school before the time specified by police . She stated that she had been walking past a vacant classroom and saw a man inside wearing a hooded sweatshirt , apparently angry . Keller did not report the incident to the school office . Other students reported that they witnessed Morrison sitting in a yellow Jeep in the school parking lot at around 10 : 45 a.m. , almost an hour before he entered the school . Morrison was believed to have been living in the car , camping out near Bailey . Videos taken from security cameras outside show that Morrison was in his Jeep for at least 20 minutes , mingling with students as classes changed , 35 minutes before the siege began . Earlier , Morrison had spoken to a male high school student that day and " asked about the identity of a list of female students . "
Morrison entered a classroom on the second floor , room 206 , where teacher Sandra Smith taught Honors English . When Smith asked him what he was doing in the classroom , he pulled out his handgun and ordered her , all of the male students , and several female students to leave . He then fired one shot into the air after Smith tried to speak to him again . After Smith and the male students left the classroom , Morrison instructed the seven remaining students to stand facing the chalkboard . He later released one student at approximately 12 : 15 p.m. , before law enforcement arrived at the scene .
Park County sheriff Fred Wegener ( whose son was in the school building at the time of the incident ) informed the media that all seven girls were molested , though he did not know " how much or to what degree . " Lynna Long , a 15 @-@ year @-@ old sophomore and one of the seven hostages , stated that Morrison lined the girls up facing a chalkboard and then sexually assaulted all of them ; Long stated that she knew that the other hostages were being molested because of " the rustling of clothes and elastic being snapped and zippers being opened and closed . " During the sexual assaults , Morrison reportedly held his gun to the hostages ' heads and threatened to kill them if they did not cooperate . According to the first hostage released , Morrison would systematically take individual hostages from the blackboard and further into the interior of the classroom before sexually assaulting them .
= = = Negotiations and evacuations = = =
A " code white " alert was sounded over the intercom and students were instructed to remain in their classrooms . Negotiations with Morrison began with the goal of allowing the six remaining hostages in the room to be released . Initially , he directly spoke to deputies in the hallway while holding one of the hostages at gunpoint , but later spoke via telephone and used the student hostages as relayers between the negotiators and himself , as he did not want to speak directly with officials . After four of the six girls were released between the hours of 12 : 35 p.m. and 1 : 45 p.m. , negotiators heightened the intensity of their indirect discussions with Morrison . During this time , 16 @-@ year @-@ old junior Emily Keyes , one of the two remaining hostages , managed to send her family a brief text message stating , " I love u guys " in response to a text message ( " R U OK ? " ) her father , John @-@ Michael Keyes , had sent using his cell phone after receiving word that an incident was occurring at the high school . When Keyes ' father sent the message " Where are you ? " , he received no response .
A total of 800 students from both Platte Canyon High School and the nearby Fitzsimmons Middle School were rapidly evacuated . Morrison 's demands were unknown , although police confirmed that his primary concern was a request for the police to back away . All students , except the hostages , were safely evacuated by 12 : 10 p.m. and by 3 : 00 p.m. all had been taken to Deer Creek Elementary School . Parents were able to gain little information from authorities , who remained silent regarding the issue while the crisis continued .
= = = Shooting = = =
By the time the four student hostages were released , a bomb squad , SWAT team from Jefferson County , and agents from the Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco , Firearms and Explosives were sent to the scene . Ambulances parked in the end zone of the high school 's football field . A 4 @-@ mile ( 6 km ) stretch of U.S. Route 285 was closed . At approximately 3 : 32 p.m. , negotiations began to stall . Morrison later explicitly stated that he would stop negotiating at 4 : 00 p.m.
Wegener said that police had chosen to storm the second @-@ floor classroom after the man ended negotiations , stating that " something would happen at 4 p.m. " SWAT team members witnessed Morrison assaulting the girls , and Wegener made the decision to save the hostages by force , stating later , " My decision was either wait — [ and have the ] possibility of having two dead hostages or act and try to save what I feared he would do to them . ... Because I 'd want whoever was in my position to do the same thing , and that is to save lives . "
The police burst through the door at approximately 3 : 45 p.m. and encountered Morrison and the hostages behind a barricade of desks at a far wall . After using the hostages as human shields against the Jefferson County SWAT team , Morrison shot at the policemen , and then at Emily Keyes , who was trying to run . Morrison shot and critically wounded himself soon thereafter , simultaneously being shot by police , and died at the scene at 3 : 57 p.m. Keyes was taken by helicopter to a hospital in Denver , where she was pronounced dead at 4 : 32 p.m. The other hostage survived with no physical injuries . Investigators found no sign of explosives in the man 's backpack , but three additional firearms were recovered outside the school campus : a Colt AR @-@ 15 assault rifle found in a clearing adjacent to a river about a mile north of the school , a Browning bolt @-@ action rifle found north of the campus near U.S. Route 285 , and a Smith & Wesson .44 @-@ caliber revolver found south of the school near a hiking trail .
The coroner of Park County , Sharon Morris , confirmed that the body of Morrison ( which had four bullet wounds , three non @-@ fatal from police and one fatal shot from his own gun ) was still in the second @-@ floor classroom as of 6 : 00 p.m. An autopsy report later revealed that Morrison suffered two gunshot wounds to the head ( including the fatal one fired from his gun ) , two additional in the right shoulder , and a graze wound to his right hand , while Emily Keyes died of a single gunshot wound to the right side of her head . District officials stated that both the high school and Fitzsimmons Middle School would be closed for September 28 and September 29 ; a counseling center set up at a local church would open at 7 : 00 a.m. for students .
= = The perpetrator = =
Duane Roger Morrison ( July 23 , 1953 – September 27 , 2006 ) was eventually identified as the perpetrator of the incident . He was unemployed at the time of the hostage crisis , and had no known connection to Platte Canyon High School or any of the hostages . Initial reports of the gunman described him as a bearded 35 @-@ year @-@ old man with a camouflage backpack and a black hooded sweatshirt . Morrison had been imprisoned in 1973 for larceny and possession of marijuana , and was arrested on a separate occasion for obstructing police in Littleton , Colorado . Police announced that a suicide letter written by Morrison to a family member was being analyzed by the FBI . Morrison 's family gave the letter to police , who then submitted the document to the FBI Behavioral Unit in Quantico , Virginia . In the 14 @-@ page letter , Morrison claimed that he was mentally and physically abused by his father as a child , and had suicidal thoughts since he was 21 years old .
On August 15 , 2006 , about one month prior to the shooting , he pleaded guilty to harassment after leaving a voice message to a local Harley @-@ Davidson dealership on November 22 , 2004 , after receiving a promotional catalog in his mail ; the message contained profanities and a threat to visit their headquarters with an assault rifle . Prior to that , he phoned a similar threatening call . An investigation found that Morrison had purchased a motorcycle from the dealership , but became " extremely dissatisfied " after not receiving certain aftermarket accessories and services promised in his contract , and the dealership reportedly never made any attempt to resolve the dispute . His suicide letter later mentioned the purchase , in which he vaguely claimed that " the matter wasn 't over " . On May 31 , 2005 , Morrison filed a report claiming that fifteen of his firearms were stolen from his residence , and later gained $ 10 @,@ 000 from a fictitious insurance claim initiated after the stolen firearms report . Four of the firearms mentioned in his report were among those recovered on or around the school campus ; the whereabouts of the remaining 11 firearms currently remain unknown .
= = Aftermath = =
Platte Canyon High School reopened a week after the shooting on October 5 . Memorials had been erected along the highway leading to the school that carried messages such as " Be Strong " and " Random Acts of Kindness " . A number of students prayed in front of the school before the day began and students were given donated teddy bears as they left . Fifty counselors were present during the day for students . Superintendent Dr. James Walpole noted that of 460 high school students , only 10 were absent .
The service for Emily Keyes was held on September 30 , the day that Governor Bill Owens later declared " Emily Keyes Day " . About 5 @,@ 000 motorcyclists took part in the " Columbine to Canyon Ride " , which occurred in memory of the victims of both the Columbine and Platte Canyon shootings . The procession of motorcycles was so long that the first to get to Platte Canyon High School arrived as the final motorcyclists departed from Columbine High School , two riding alongside each other .
The efforts initiated toward increased school security had come to a standstill several years after the Columbine High School massacre as federal and state funding toward safety was cut in favor of higher test scores . Although an increase in communication with law enforcement was evident in the Platte Canyon High School shooting , Del Elliot of the University of Colorado noted that " [ the vast majority of school districts ] are so totally absorbed with CSAP and academic requirements that they aren 't spending a lot of time and resources on this issue " .
By October 11 , investigators had conducted 124 interviews and had found 174 pieces of evidence related to the case . They were also investigating the West Nickel Mines School shooting in Pennsylvania , which had occurred five days after the shooting in Bailey . As a result of the September 27 incident , Platte Canyon High School increased its security , leaving only one school entrance unlocked . It plans to install more security cameras . Park County Sheriff Fred Wegener proposed having a guard there during the school day , but he stated that that particular suggestion was outside the current budget .
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= Zach Auguste =
Zachary Elias " Zach " Auguste ( born July 8 , 1993 ) is an American basketball player who currently plays for the Los Angeles Lakers of the National Basketball Association . Born in Cambridge , Massachusetts , Auguste started playing high school basketball for Marlborough . In 2011 he moved to university preparatory New Hampton School , where he was nominated for the 2012 McDonald 's Game . After graduating from New Hampton , Auguste enrolled in the University of Notre Dame to play for the Fighting Irish . Spending his freshman and sophomore seasons mainly as a reserve player , Auguste rose to prominence during his junior season in 2014 – 15 , when the team won the ACC Tournament title and went to the NCAA Elite Eight .
= = High school career = =
Auguste played at Marlborough High School for three seasons , growing 3 inches in each of these seasons . As a junior in 2009 – 10 , Auguste averaged 22 points and received All @-@ Star accolades from the Mid @-@ Wachusett ( Central Massachusetts ) league and local newspapers the Telegram & Gazette and The MetroWest Daily News . He scored a total 631 points throughout his career at Marlborough .
He moved to university preparatory New Hampton School after that season , reclassifying to the class of 2012 . He cited his desire to get academically and physically ready for college as the main factors behind that decision . After adapting to the higher competition level , he improved dramatically in time , putting on 28 pounds and developing his post game to transition from a perimeter player to a forward . He finished with an average of 15 points and 8 rebounds for his senior season . Nominated for the 2012 McDonald 's All @-@ American Boys Game , he didn 't make the final selection .
Soon after joining New Hampton , he was noticed by Atlantic Coast Conference ( ACC ) conference Notre Dame 's assistant coach Anthony Solomon , however he later cut the school from his selection list , which included Division I schools West Virginia , Georgia Tech , Florida and Marquette . Despite this , Solomon 's steadfast attempts to recruit the player , widely ranked a 4 @-@ star recruit , convinced Auguste to visit the campus ; he committed to Notre Dame on the spot in September 2011 .
= = College career = =
He made his debut for Notre Dame in a November 12 , 2012 victory against Monmouth , contributing 4 points and 3 rebounds in 3 minutes . After two ankle sprains during pre @-@ season practice , Auguste had difficulty breaking into the already established team . Finding himself behind Jack Cooley and Garrick Sherman in the rotation , he averaged 10 @.@ 7 minutes per game in 25 games . Notable were games against Kennesaw State ( 12 points and 7 rebounds in 12 minutes ) and Marquette ( a season @-@ high 15 points with 5 rebounds and 3 steals in 21 minutes ) , for a freshman season average of 3 @.@ 7 points and 2 @.@ 7 rebounds .
For the 2013 – 14 season , Auguste was expected to play a larger role after Cooley graduated and coach Mike Brey cited him as a major player . Though he did start 13 games out of 30 , he stayed third choice with Sherman and Tom Knight preferred . He recorded his first college double @-@ double against Clemson having 14 points and 12 rebounds , followed by no @-@ shows . He finished his sophomore season with 6 @.@ 7 points and 4 @.@ 3 rebounds in nearly 17 minutes per game on average .
Tabbed as a starter during the preseason , Auguste , as one of the team 's few post options , established himself as a starter during his junior season with good performances early in the season , albeit against weaker opposition . A memorable December 13 , 2014 game against Florida State , in which he scored a career @-@ high 26 points , started what coach Brey described as a run of key contributions from the forward , with Auguste quickly recouping from his bad performances . In January 2015 , Auguste was sidelined by Notre Dame due to academic issues , with the length of the suspension undisclosed . It would ultimately only last three days , with the unknown reason later described as minor by the player . Auguste was seen as a major contributor to the Irish 's 2015 ACC Tournament title contributing 16 points and 13 rebounds in the final against North Carolina ( for an average of more than 11 points and 9 rebounds in the whole tournament ) .
In the Round of 64 of the following 2015 NCAA Tournament , Auguste scored 25 points against Northeastern , including two under @-@ pressure free @-@ throws in the final minute of a 69 @-@ 65 close @-@ fought win . In the next round tie against Butler , he committed a double dribble that conceded possession with two seconds left on the clock in a tied 55 @-@ 55 game . Butler did not score , and in overtime Auguste blocked a shot before grabbing a rebound - a team @-@ leading 13th - as Notre Dame won to reach the Sweet 16 . A comfortable win over Wichita State followed ( 15 points , 6 rebounds and 1 block for Auguste in 26 minutes ) and Notre Dame qualified to the Elite Eight for the first time since 1979 . Auguste , described as " Notre Dame 's only true post player " , was predicted to play an important role in the game against undefeated Kentucky , who - in Karl @-@ Anthony Towns and Willie Cauley @-@ Stein - had some of the biggest forwards of the tournament . He had 20 points and nine rebounds in the game , while mostly defended by Towns . In defense against the same player , he could not stop him from scoring 25 points in a to @-@ the @-@ wire 66 @-@ 68 loss to the favorites . Auguste finished the tournament with 16 @.@ 8 points and 8 @.@ 3 rebounds per game , with 12 @.@ 9 points and 6 @.@ 5 rebounds in around 24 minutes for the whole 2014 @-@ 15 season .
Auguste was elected captain by his teammates for his senior season . He was also voted to the Preseason All @-@ ACC second team . Seven games into the 2015 @-@ 16 season , Auguste tallied his fifth double @-@ double of the season , tying the total of his first three seasons . He was named as one of ten finalists for the Kareem Abdul @-@ Jabbar Award , also earning third team all @-@ ACC honors for the season .
= = = NCAA Division I statistics = = =
Source :
= = Professional career = =
After going undrafted in the 2016 NBA Draft , Auguste signed a contract with the Los Angeles Lakers , to play in the 2016 NBA Summer League .
= = Personal = =
Auguste was born in Cambridge , Massachusetts , to Jean Bazile Auguste and Lea Tzimoulis . His father , a former semi @-@ professional soccer player , is from Haiti . His mother is of Greek heritage through her grandfather Louis , who immigrated to the U.S. from Agia Sotira , Greece in 1949 . In addition to being part @-@ Greek , his mother is of predominately @-@ American heritage . Auguste has stated that he speaks Greek and Haitian Creole fluently in addition to his native English also .
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= Sejm of Congress Poland =
The Sejm of Congress Poland ( Polish : Sejm Królestwa Polskiego ) was the parliament in the 19th century Kingdom of Poland , colloquially known as Congress Poland . It existed from 1815 to 1831 . In the history of the Polish parliament , it succeeded the Sejm of the Duchy of Warsaw .
= = History = =
After the Congress of Vienna , a small Kingdom of Poland , known as Congress Poland , was recreated , with its king being the Tsar of Russia , Alexander I. Alexander I , an enlightened autocrat , decided to use Congress Poland as an experiment to see if Russian autocratic rule could be mixed with an elective legislative system , and rule Poland as a constitutional monarchy . At that time many hoped that this experiment would be a success and pave way to a liberalization in Russia ; in the end it proved to be a failure .
Tsar Alexander left the administration to his younger brother , Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia , to serve as viceroy . Constantine , with the help of Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev , " Russified " Congress Poland and oversaw secret police investigations of student groups in contravention of the Constitution . Alexander visited the Sejm in 1820 and received such condemnation from the deputies ( members of the Sejm 's lower house ) that he reversed his stance of the Sejm as a liberalization experiment although he was still bound by the Congress of Vienna not to liquidate Russia 's partition of Poland entirely . By 1825 , Alexander I was sufficiently dissatisfied with the Sejm that he decided to bar some of the most vocal opposition deputies from it .
Although the Sejm was supposed to meet every 2 years , only four sessions were called by the Tsar as it became the scene of increased clashes between liberal deputies and conservative government officials . With regards to the years the Sejm met , Bardach gives the dates of 1818 , 1820 , 1823 and 1830 ; Jędruch offers a similar list , however lists 1825 instead of 1823 .
Nicholas , an opponent of Alexander 's liberalization efforts , acceded the throne as Tsar Nicholas I upon Alexander 's death in December of 1825 . Idealistic Russian military officers resisted Nicholas 's takeover in the Decembrist revolt . Some Polish liberals were accused of being connected to the Decembrist plot and were brought before the Sejm for trial in 1828 . Despite heavy political pressure from Moscow , the Sejm Tribunal only found them guilty of belonging to the National Patriotic Society formed by Walerian Łukasiński ( a misdemeanor ) rather than treason . The decision was met with cheers in Poland but infuriated Tsar Nicholas .
In the 1830 session , the Sejm refused to allocate funding for a statue in Warsaw to honor Tsar Alexander , further incensing Moscow . The Tsar 's tightening grip on Poland ran counter to the growing romantic nationalism sweeping Poland 's youth , especially in the universities . These factors led to increasing discontent within Poland culminating in the failed November Uprising in 1830 . An extraordinary Sejm was convened on 18 December 1830 . Despite the danger this failed attempt to assassinate the Grand Duke represented , the Sejm was swept by nationalist fervor and supported the insurgents , thereby appointing a new revolutionary government led by General Józef Chłopicki . On 25 January 1831 , it passed an act introduced by Roman Sołtyk dethroning Tsar Nicholas I and declaring full independence from Russia . Senator Wincenty Krasiński , one of the few votes against the National Patriotic Society members , refused to join the revolt . The overthrow of Russian rule was planned badly and as the fortunes of war turned against the insurgents , the last session of the Sejm @-@ in @-@ exile was held in Płock in September that year . After the uprising was crushed , in an act of vengeance the Tsar not only eliminated the parliamentary institution of the Sejm from the new government of Congress Poland , but ordered the demolition of the Chamber of Deputies in the Castle of Warsaw . Member of the Sejm and noted historian Joachim Lelewel , as well as fellow deputy Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz and countless others , fled the Russian crackdown in what would be termed the " Great Emigration . "
= = Composition and duration = =
The Sejm was composed of the king , the upper house ( Senate ) and the lower house ( Chamber of Deputies or Sejm proper ) . There were 128 members ( called deputies ) , including 77 deputies elected by the nobility ( szlachta ) at local sejmiks , and 51 elected by the non @-@ noble classes . They were chosen for 6 years , with one third of them chosen every 2 years . Sejms were called every 2 years for a period of 30 days , with provisions for extraordinary sessions in time of special need . The king could also dissolve the Sejm before the 30 days elapsed . During the Uprising , on 19 February , 1831 , a new law declared the Sejm in constant session . The Marshal of the Sejm was appointed by the king . Candidates for all offices had to meet specific wealth requirements .
Suffrage was offered to property owners , lease holders , and teachers . Jews were forbidden from voting . Military personnel had no right to vote . Overall , about 100 @,@ 000 people in the Congress Poland population of 2 @.@ 7 million had the right to vote , which made them one of the most enfranchised populations in early 19th @-@ century Europe .
Candidates for Deputy had to be literate males over the age of 30 . The deputies had legal immunity , although that did not prevent two liberal deputies , brothers Bonawentura and Wincenty Niemojowski , from being placed under temporary house arrest to prevent them from joining the Sejm in 1825 .
The Senate had 64 members , including 9 bishops , 18 voivodes and 37 castellans . Candidates for the Senate members ( senators ) were appointed by the king for a lifetime from a list prepared by a Senate , and had to be at least 35 years old .
= = Competences = =
While the Constitution of Congress Poland was relatively liberal in theory , and gave the Sejm significant powers ( wider than those of the Sejm of the Duchy of Warsaw ) , in practice those competences were limited , as they were often not respected by the tsar . Jews and peasants lost rights they had previously enjoyed under the Duchy of Warsaw .
The Sejm had the right to vote on civil , administrative and legal issues ; a simple majority was required to pass laws . With permission from the king , it could vote on matters related to the fiscal system and the military . It had the right to control government officials , and could prepare reviews and reports on them to present to the king . It had legislative competences in court and administrative law . It could issue laws on currency , taxation and budget , deal with issues related to military conscription ( such as its size ) , and amend the constitution . It had no legislative initiative , as that belong only to the king ; however , the Sejm could issue petitions to the monarch with proposed legislation .
The Senate , rather than the judiciary , acted as the tribunal , and could sit in judgement over government officials impeached by the Sejm . The Sejm Tribunal also had competences in cases of crimes against the state . After the Sejm Tribunal 's 1828 acquittal of the National Patriotic Society members , Tsar Nicholas reversed the tribunal 's verdict and permanently removed the Sejm 's competency to hear other such cases .
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= 10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam =
The 10th National Congress of the Communist Party of Vietnam ( Vietnamese : Đại hội đại biểu toàn quốc lần thứ X ) was held in Ba Đình Hall , Hanoi from 18 to 25 April 2006 . The congress occurs every five years . 1 @,@ 176 delegates represented the party 's 3 million members . At the 13th plenum of the Central Committee , held before the congress , it was decided that eight members of the Communist Party 's 9th Politburo had to retire . While certain segments within and outside the Politburo were skeptical , the decision was implemented . Because of party rules , the congress was not empowered to elect the general secretary , and it held a survey on whom the delegates wanted to be appointed General Secretary . The first plenum of the Central Committee , held in the immediate aftermath of the congress , re @-@ elected Nông Đức Mạnh as general secretary .
The congress is noteworthy because of the extent of democratization which took place within the party . The role of the Central Committee in decision @-@ making was strengthened , and the role of the Politburo as a supreme organ was weakened . Inner @-@ party accountability was strengthened . The Eighth Five @-@ Year Plan of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam was approved at the congress , renewed its Marxist – Leninist credentials and emphasized the need to continue to improve the socialist @-@ oriented market economy .
= = Preparations = =
Preparations for the 10th Congress were led by the Personnel Appointments subcommittee of the 9th Central Committee , probably chaired by General Secretary Nông Đức Mạnh . Mạnh worked closely with the Head of the Commission for Organization and Personnel to prepare a list of nominees for the election of the Central Committee at the upcoming congress . The 12th plenum of the 9th Central Committee , held in July 2005 , laid down the principles for the Personnel Appointments subcommittee to work within :
( i ) quality of candidates in terms of qualifications and a " clean " CV
( ii ) reasonable distribution of candidates among different sectors and representations from among the population to ensure total Party leadership in all areas .
After the 12th plenum , the Personnel Appointments subcommittee began discussions with important organizations and individuals within the Party , most notably with the Central Commission for Inspection ( which investigates complaints against Party members ) , party elders Đỗ Mười , Lê Đức Anh , Võ Văn Kiệt , Võ Nguyên Giáp and Nguyễn Đức Tâm , and with the 9th Politburo . The nomination list created in these discussions had to be voted on by the 9th Central Committee . At its 13th plenum , the 9th Central Committee , several changes to the nomination list recommended by Personnel Appointments subcommittee were made ; the Central Committee decided to retire 8 out of 14 Politburo members , the largest number of en masse retirements in the history of the Politburo . However , in official pronouncements , this decision was referred to as a " survey " , and not an election . Even so , the majority believed the eight people mentioned would retire rather than stay for another term . The retirements of Chairman of the National Assembly Nguyễn Văn An , who was considered a strong contender for the general secretaryship at the 11th Congress , and two leading proteges of Mạnh ; the unofficial deputy general secretary Phan Diễn , and the Head of the Commission for Organization and Personnel Trần Đình Hoan , were unexpected .
Some party elders were seeking the removal of Mạnh as general secretary . While Đỗ Mười and Lê Đức Anh supported Mạnh 's re @-@ election , Võ Văn Kiệt and Võ Nguyên Giáp opposed him . However , all four of them agreed on retaining Nguyễn Văn An in the 10th Politburo . One point in Mạnh 's favour was his lack of grave mistakes during his first tenure , and the lack of a credible opponent . Võ Văn Kiệt supported Nguyễn Minh Triết 's candidacy for the general secretaryship , while the retiring prime minister Phan Văn Khải supported a possible candidacy by Nguyễn Văn An , even if the Central Committee had voted for his Politburo retirement in the " survey " . Those who supported Mạnh 's removal based their campaign on the fact that his son @-@ in @-@ law had worked at PMU 18 Department of the Ministry of Transport during the PMU 18 scandal . A more damaging rumour was that Mạnh had included Nguyễn Việt Tiến , the Deputy Minister of Transport who was implicated in the scandal , on the Central Committee nominee list.Also , Dao Đào Đình Bình , the Minister of Transport , was a close associate of Mạnh . Mạnh was accused of nepotism and of establishing a patronage system for himself within the party and state ; his son Nông Quốc Tuấn was elected as Head of Youth Organizations in March 2005 , and was thus entitled to attend the 10th Congress . At a meeting with some veteran politicians , Mạnh was asked by Lê Khả Phiêu and Võ Nguyên Giáp to resign from his post and not to run for a seat in the 10th Central Committee – Mạnh , however , refused to resign .
In a proposal to the 11th plenum of the 9th Central Committee , Võ Văn Kiệt suggested democratizing the political system by giving the delegates to a party congress the power to elect the general secretary , the Central Committee and the Central Commission for Inspection , and giving congress delegates ultimate power on all matters put before them at the congress . He called for the reduction of the Central Committee from one @-@ fourth to one @-@ third , holding the elections of state leaders at the National Assembly in the immediate aftermath of a congress ( and not a year later ) , secret ballots for elections , empowering delegates to self @-@ nominate to the Central Committee and merging the offices of President and General Secretary into one . These suggestions , with the exception of holding the National Assembly elections earlier , were rejected at the 11th plenum of the 9th Central Committee in January 2005 .
At the 14th plenum of the 9th Central Committee , the Politburo proposed that Mạnh would be appointed president and resign from his post as general secretary to be succeeded by Nguyễn Văn An , while Phan Diễn would be retained for the sake of stability . The proposal was rejected in a formal vote by the 9th plenum , and the Central Committee upheld the results of the " survey " . At the unplanned 15th plenum held 14 – 16 April , which was held due to pressure by Nguyễn Minh Triết , Nguyễn Văn An and Phan Văn Khải , it was decided that delegates at the upcoming congress had the right of self @-@ nomination and that there would competing elections for the posts of general secretary , prime minister and chairman of the National Assembly . The loser of the contest for general secretary would be appointed president . Mạnh and Nguyễn Minh Triết were candidates for the general secretaryship , Nguyễn Tấn Dũng and Nguyễn Sinh Hùng for the prime ministership and Nguyễn Phú Trọng and Trương Tấn Sang for the National Assembly chairmanship . For the first time in the party 's history , competing elections were held for offices of power .
= = Delegates = =
1 @,@ 176 delegates participated at the 10th Congress . These candidates were accepted on the basis of the Working Regulations of the party . 146 ( 12 @.@ 37 percent ) of the delegates were members of the 9th Central Committee . 1 @,@ 025 ( 86 @.@ 87 percent ) of the delegates were elected by provincial and local subunits of the party . 9 ( 0 @.@ 76 percent ) of the delegates represented the party 's overseas branches . 136 ( 11 @.@ 56 percent ) delegates were women , and 154 ( 13 @.@ 10 percent ) came from ethnic minorities . There were 18 ( 1 @.@ 53 percent ) delegates who had been awarded the Hero of the People 's Armed Forces , 7 ( 0 @.@ 60 percent ) who had been awarded Hero of Labor , 4 ( 0 @.@ 34 percent ) who had been awarded the title People 's Teacher , 13 ( 1 @.@ 11 percent ) who had been given the title Meritorious Teacher , 4 ( 0 @.@ 34 percent ) with the title of Meritorious Doctor , 27 ( 2 @.@ 30 percent ) with the honorary title 40 years of Party membership , 2 ( 0 @.@ 17 percent ) with the honorary title of 50 years of Party membership . 81 @.@ 29 percent of the delegates had graduated from either college or university , and 16 @.@ 59 percent of these had received PhD or had worked as professors or assistant professors . 96 @.@ 52 percent of the delegates had received a bachelor 's degree in political training courses . The average age of the delegates was 52 @.@ 92 years – Dinh Huy ( 30 years of age ) was the youngest delegate , and Do Quang Hung ( 77 years of age ) was the oldest delegate .
= = The Congress and the 1st plenum = =
The elected 10th Central Committee comprised 81 ( 52 @.@ 5 percent ) members from the 9th Central Committee , and 79 ( 47 @.@ 5 percent ) new members were elected . The candidate with the highest vote received 97 @.@ 88 percent , while the candidate with the lowest vote received 63 @.@ 41 percent . All the provinces , with the exception of Đắk Nông Province , elected officials to the 10th Central Committee . A number of surprises occurred during the election process ; six ministers were not re @-@ elected . Another surprise was that no officials from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs were elected as full members . However , Phạm Bình Minh , the Director of the International Organizations Directorate of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs , was elected as an alternate member . None of the 34 self @-@ nominated candidates at the congress were elected to the 10th Central Committee . It is unknown whether any of the self @-@ nominees for alternate membership in the 10th Central Committee were elected . There was an increase in Central Committee officials working in the central government , the provinces , military and defence officials , public security officials and officials from mass organizations , but there was a decrease in officials from the sectors of information , social and cultural affairs , economics , business and financial affairs , and others .
As the meeting progressed , some delegates publicly demanded that the congress should be given the authority to elect the general secretary and the head of the Central Commission for Inspection . This was approved and a survey form which listed four possible candidates ; Mạnh , Nguyễn Minh Triết , Nguyễn Văn An and Nguyễn Phú Trọng was created . Nguyễn Văn An withdrew his candidacy , knowing he would not be elected to the 10th Politburo because he was not elected to the 10th Central Committee . However , because of party rules which stated that the Central Committee after the congress elected the general secretary , the vote at the congress was considered a survey . Another version of the proceedings , that given by Mạnh at the press conference after the congress , was that the 1 @,@ 176 congress delegates were given a list of the elected members of the 10th Central Committee , and were given a free choice of electing any of them to the general secretaryship . After the congress , on 25 April , the 1st plenum of the Central Committee convened to elect the general secretary . The two leading candidates at the congress survey , Mạnh and Nguyễn Minh Triết , stood for election at the plenum . Mạnh was elected and Nguyễn Minh Triết was appointed state president . However , rumours that Mạnh won narrowly over his rival , and that Nguyễn Minh Triết withdrew his candidature following the party tradition of appointing the general secretary , circulated after the congress .
The 10th Politburo comprised 14 members . As was decided at the first plenum , the ranking given to Politburo members was to be decided by the number of approval votes the official earned during the election . Lê Hồng Anh , the Minister of Public Security , was ranked second in the Politburo because he received the second @-@ most approval votes for his candidacy . Of the 14 members of the Politburo , five were concurrently members of the 10th Secretariat . The Secretariat comprised eight members , amongst whom the highest rank was general secretary .
= = Policy enactments = =
The official Congress communique set 2020 as a date on which Vietnam would reach the status of a modern , industrial society . To reach this goal , the targeted growth for gross domestic product ( GDP ) was set at 7 @.@ 5 – 8 percent for 2006 – 2011 . The congress promised to renew the socialist @-@ oriented market economy , and step up its fight against political corruption . The communique emphasized the party 's goal of a future society without exploitation , based on the ideology of Marxism – Leninism . The Political Report , the Eighth Five @-@ Year Plan ( 2006 – 2010 ) – officially titled the Five Year Socio @-@ economic Development Plan , the report on Party building and the amendment and revision to the Party 's charter , were approved . Mạnh said that the approval of these documents were " the results of the intellect and the will of our entire Party and people , the in @-@ depth practical and theoretical summation of 20 years of Renovation [ Đổi Mới ] and the improvement and development of the policy and philosophy of renovations in the current period of our country 's revolution . "
The Eighth Five @-@ Year Plan is subordinate to the Ten Year Socio @-@ economic Development Strategy ( 2001 – 2010 ) which aims to continue comprehensive reform and achieve fast , sustainable growth rates . The main goal of the Ten Year Plan is to lift Vietnam out of the category of underdeveloped countries and to reach the status of a modern @-@ industrial nation by 2012 . The Eighth Five @-@ Year Plan , while approved by the Congress , had to earn the approval of the National Assembly before being implemented .
The delegates approved the general secretary 's Political Report , Report on Orientations and Tasks for Socio @-@ Economic Development for the 2006 – 10 Period , and the Report on Party building and amendments made to the party statute . These reports ' main objectives were to accelerate the reform process and strengthen the socialist @-@ oriented market economy . The congress allowed existing party members to engage in private ownership . This was a controversial amendment and was a break with the theory of exploitation of man by man . While the amendment was approved , the third plenum of the 10th Central Committee restricted the change to party members who had worked in state @-@ owned enterprises which have been privatized .
= = Democratization = =
An important characteristic of the 10th Congress was the internal democratization of the party leadership , most notably seen in the Politburo 's willingness to follow the " survey " voted by the 13th plenum of the Central Committee . The top five members of the " survey " were rewarded with the five highest government positions in Vietnam . While the leadership selection process was not dramatically altered , the Central Committee as a collective unit was strengthened , and the Central Committee acquired control over personnel appointments and policy @-@ making . In effect , these changes have reduced the roles of powerful individuals , who may be seen as taking too much control .
= = Acknowledgement = =
35 foreign parties congratulated the CPV on holding its 10th Congress . Among these were ruling parties of the remaining socialist states , the Communist Party of Cuba , the Communist Party of China ( CPC ) and the Lao People 's Revolutionary Party . Hu Jintao , the former CPC General Secretary of the Central Committee , personally congratulated Nguyen Van Son , the Chairman of the CPV Commission for External Relations , on the CPV 's holding of the 10th National Congress . Not all the parties which congratulated the CPV were communists , for example the Cambodian People 's Party , the Workers ' Party of Korea , the Social Democratic Party of Germany , the Uri Party and the Bulgarian Socialist Party .
The French Communist Party congratulated the CPV on holding its 10th National Congress , and stated that it " was a milestone and an occasion for the Party to reiterate its orientations and its determination to implement objectives as well as open new visions for the 21st century . " In an official communique from the Central Committee of the Japanese Communist Party ( JCP ) to the CPV 10th Central Committee , the JPC Central Committee stated " The Communist Party of Viet Nam is advancing on the chosen path of building socialism through the market economy . This is a new discovery in the history of mankind . " The Communist Party of India sent its " warmest fraternal greetings to the leadership and delegates to the 10th Congress of the Communist Party of Viet Nam . " The Communist Party USA sent a " warm revolutionary greetings to the delegates and members of the Communist Party of Viet Nam on the occasion of your 10th National Party Congress . We wish you much success in your deliberations at this important event . " The Communist Party of the Russian Federation stated , " Under the leadership of the Communist Party of Viet Nam , the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam has successfully carried out adopted policies . The industrious Vietnamese people have created favourable conditions for progress . The CPV has displayed a creative and principled approach to solving important and sophisticated problems , while remaining persistent in its socialist ideology . "
The Portuguese Communist Party said , " The Tenth Party Congress and the objectives your congress was striving towards , given the present international situation , constitute something significant . " The Communist Party of Brazil said , " We are very impressed by the efforts exerted by the Vietnamese people and Communists in building socialism in line with national development . The renewal process in Viet Nam has helped the country attain great achievements in modernization , industrialization and international integration . " Mahmoud Abbas , Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization extended his greetings , and said " We are proud of our friendship and relationship , and once again reaffirm our determination to strengthen ties and solidarity for the mutual benefit of both our nations " .
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= Ryan Mollett =
Ryan DeForest Mollett ( born November 3 , 1978 ) is a finance executive and a retired lacrosse defenseman who played professional field lacrosse in Major League Lacrosse ( MLL ) . He starred as a member of the Princeton Tigers men 's lacrosse team from 1998 through 2001 , where he was the best NCAA lacrosse defenseman in the nation , the Ivy League player of the year , a two @-@ time United States Intercollegiate Lacrosse Association ( USILA ) All @-@ American ( first team once ) , two @-@ time All @-@ Ivy League first team selection and a member of two national champion teams . During his time at Princeton , the team qualified for the NCAA Men 's Lacrosse Championship all four years , reached the championship game three times , won the championship game twice and won four Ivy League championships . He was a member of Team USA at the 2002 World Lacrosse Championship . He was the first collegiate player ever drafted in the MLL and became an MLL All @-@ Star player .
= = Background = =
In 1997 , Mollett along with teammate John Glatzel led his Boys ' Latin School of Maryland lacrosse team to an undefeated season and the Maryland Interscholastic Athletic Association A Conference championship .
= = College career = =
He served as co @-@ captain of the 2001 team that won the 2001 NCAA Division I Men 's Lacrosse Championship . Mollett won the 2001 Schmeisser Award as the best National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) lacrosse defenseman . He was the 2001 Men 's Ivy League Player of the Year . He was a first team USILA All @-@ American Team selection in 2001 and an honorable mention selection in 2000 . He was a first team All @-@ Ivy League selection in 2000 and 2001 , when he was Ivy League Player of the year . During his four @-@ year career , Princeton went undefeated in Ivy League Conference play with consecutive 6 – 0 records . He was a 2001 USILA Scholar All @-@ American .
= = Professional career = =
In 2001 , the Rochester Rattlers selected Mollett as the first player drafted in the first Major League Lacrosse Collegiate Draft . That same year , the New York Saints of the box lacrosse National Lacrosse League made Mollett the 22nd overall selection in the second round of the 2001 NLL draft . He played for the Rattlers from 2001 to 2005 . Then , he became a member of the Chicago Machine , but never appeared in a game for them . The Machine had drafted him in the 2006 MLL Expansion Draft , but he requested to be traded . In March 2006 , the Machine traded Mollett to the New Jersey Pride . He played with the Pride from 2006 until 2007 . In 2003 , he was selected as an All @-@ Star .
Mollett represented the United States at the 2002 World Lacrosse Championship where they won the championship . After obtaining his M.B.A. in 2007 , he went to work as an associate for BlackRock .
= = Personal = =
Mollet obtained a M.B.A. from Yale School of Management in 2007 . That year , his wedding to Glamour magazine fashion editor Samantha Noelle Bishopp was announced in The New York Times . Mollett is the son of Dorothy Mollett and Richard C. Mollett of Taneytown , Maryland .
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= Dave Sharma =
Devanand " Dave " Sharma ( born 1976 ) is an Australian diplomat with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , currently serving as the Ambassador of Australia to Israel .
He has held a number of senior positions in the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade , including from 2010 to 2012 as the head of the International Division in the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . Since May 2013 he has been serving as the Australian Ambassador to Israel . His appointment , at the age of 37 , makes him the youngest person to be appointed as an Australian Ambassador and the second Australian Ambassador of Indian heritage .
= = Early life and education = =
Sharma is of Indian heritage and was born in Vancouver , Canada in 1976 . His family moved to Parramatta , New South Wales , in 1979 . Reflecting on his initial years in Australia Sharma told the Australian Indian Herald in May 2013 , " we were the only Sharma 's [ sic ] in the whole of white pages of Australia "
Sharma attended secondary school at Turramurra High School in Sydney . He graduated in 1993 topping the state in the Higher School Certificate , with the highest possible Tertiary Entrance Rank of 100 .
Sharma studied a Bachelor of Arts and Master of Arts at Cambridge University between 1994 and 1997 , he initially studied natural sciences but transferred to law in 1995 ( his second year ) and graduated in law with first class honours . He then returned to Sydney and studied medicine at Sydney Medical School . Following a year of studying medicine , he began working as a civil servant for the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade and completed a Masters in International Relations through Deakin University . He is fluent in English , Hebrew and Spanish .
= = Career = =
= = = Early career = = =
Sharma began working for the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade around 1999 and had held posts both in Australia and abroad . From 2004 to 2006 he served in parliament as the legal adviser to Foreign Affairs Minister Alexander Downer and was then appointed to the Australian Embassy in Washington from until 2009 .
Sharma has held appointments at the Australian High Commission in Port Moresby and as a senior civilian adviser with the Peace Monitoring Group on Bougainville in Papua New Guinea .
= = = Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet = = =
From 2010 to 2012 Sharma was the head of the International Division in the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet . He advised the Prime Minister Julia Gillard during G @-@ 20 summits ( including as the Prime Minister 's sous @-@ sherpa ) and East Asia summits and was involved in international diplomatic events which occurred in Australia including the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting in October 2011 and during US President Barack Obama 's visit to Australia in November 2011 .
= = = Africa Branch = = =
Sharma served as the Assistant Secretary , responsible for the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 's Africa Branch between 2012 and 2013 . In November 2012 , Sharma led a visit to Abuja , Nigeria and participated in talks with the Nigerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs and National Security Adviser as well as with officials from the Economic Community of West African States .
= = = Ambassador to Israel = = =
Sharma was appointed the Ambassador to Israel by the Minister for Foreign Affairs , Bob Carr , on 16 May 2013 replacing Andrea Faulkner . Sharma presented his credentials to Israeli President Shimon Peres on 8 August 2013 .
His appointment as an ambassador at the age of 37 makes him the youngest person to be appointed as an Australian Ambassador . He is the second Australian Ambassador of Indian heritage , the first being Peter Varghese .
Sharma , and his wife Rachel , visited casualties of the Syrian civil war in the Ziv Medical Center in Zefat , Israel . This visit made him the first international representative to visit casualties of the war .
= = Personal life = =
Sharma is married to Rachel Lord , a trained lawyer and diplomat with the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade . In 2014 she was the president of the Diplomatic Spouses Club in Israel . Sharma and Lord have three daughters aged 9 to 3 .
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= Doug Fister =
Douglas Wildes Fister ( born February 4 , 1984 ) is an American professional baseball pitcher for the Houston Astros of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He previously played in MLB for the Seattle Mariners , Detroit Tigers and Washington Nationals .
Fister bats left @-@ handed , and throws right @-@ handed . He was born in Merced , California and attended Golden Valley High School . He then attended Merced College , and later Fresno State University . He spent four seasons ( 2006 – 2009 ) in the Seattle Mariners minor league organization before being promoted to their Major League roster in 2009 .
= = Early life = =
Fister was born February 4 , 1984 , to Larry and Jan Fister . Larry Fister is a fire captain who played football at Fresno State University from 1976 to 1977 . Jan is a homemaker . Fister has three siblings ; a brother and two sisters . He grew up in Merced , California where he began playing baseball at the age of six .
He was a fan of both the Oakland Athletics and San Francisco Giants as a child . His favorite player was Cal Ripken , Jr . Fister also played soccer , football and basketball as a child . He shares a middle name ( Wildes ) with both his father and grandfather .
= = Amateur career = =
= = = High school = = =
Fister attended Golden Valley High School where he pitched and was the team 's utility player . He was a two @-@ year letterman and a first @-@ team All @-@ Central California Conference selection in his senior season , batting .456 with a home run and 12 runs batted in ( RBIs ) . He was also named a first team all @-@ conference selection in basketball , averaging over 30 points per game as a senior . He and former MLB catcher Dusty Ryan graduated in the same class .
= = = College = = =
Fister attended Merced College from 2003 to 2004 . At Merced , he was a two @-@ year letterman and participated in the 2003 Junior College All @-@ Star Game . In 2003 , he was a preseason All @-@ American . Fister was drafted by the San Francisco Giants in the 49th round of the 2004 Major League Baseball draft but chose to transfer to Division I Fresno State University , where he played for the Bulldogs . In 2005 , Fister led Fresno State with wins ( 7 ) and was second on the team in innings pitched ( 932 ⁄ 3 ) and strikeouts ( 77 ) . He also appeared in 26 games at first base in 2005 . That season , he was drafted by the New York Yankees in the sixth round but chose to stay at Fresno State for his senior season . In 2006 , Fister had an 8 @-@ 6 record and a 4 @.@ 10 earned run average in 20 games . Following the season , Fister was drafted by the Seattle Mariners in the seventh round of the 2006 Major League Baseball draft .
= = Professional career = =
= = = Seattle Mariners = = =
= = = = 2006 – 2007 seasons = = = =
Fister was selected by the Seattle Mariners in the seventh round of the 2006 Major League Baseball draft , and signed on June 10 , 2006 . He began his professional career that season with the Class @-@ A Short @-@ Season Everett AquaSox of the Northwest League . Fister went 3 – 5 with a 2 @.@ 25 ERA , four saves , and 35 strikeouts in 20 games ; four starts . He was first on the AquaSox in games finished ( 13 ) , and ERA ; tied for second in saves , and wins ; and was third among pitchers in games played ( 20 ) . The next season , 2007 , Fister played with the Double @-@ A West Tenn Diamond Jaxx of the Southern League . That season , he went 7 – 8 with a 4 @.@ 60 ERA , one complete game , and 85 strikeouts in 24 games , all starts . Fister led the Diamond Jaxx pitching staff in wins , and home runs allowed ( 14 ) ; was tied for first in complete games ; was second in hits allowed ( 156 ) ; and was third in losses , games started , innings pitched ( 131 ) , runs allowed ( 78 ) , and earned runs allowed ( 67 ) .
= = = = 2008 season = = = =
Fister continued to play for the Double @-@ A West Tenn Diamond Jaxx in 2008 . On April 23 , Fister was named the Southern League Pitcher of the Week . Fister became the Southern League 's first 10 @-@ game loser on July 10 . On the season , Fister went 6 – 14 with a 5 @.@ 43 ERA , and 104 strikeouts in 31 games ; 23 starts . Fister was first among Diamond Jaxx pitchers in losses , games started , innings pitched ( 1341 ⁄ 3 ) , hits allowed ( 155 ) , runs allowed ( 95 ) , earned runs allowed ( 81 ) , home runs allowed ( 12 ) ; and was second in wins , bases on balls ( walks ) allowed ( 45 ) , and strikeouts . He was also first in the Southern League in runs allowed ; and was second in losses , and earned runs allowed . At the end of the 2008 regular season , Fister played in the Arizona Fall League ( AFL ) with the Peoria Javelinas . In the AFL , Fister was involved in no decisions with a 3 @.@ 32 ERA , and 22 strikeouts in 11 games , all in relief .
= = = = 2009 season = = = =
In 2009 , Fister began the season with the Double @-@ A West Tenn Diamond Jaxx for the third time in his career . However , he was later promoted to the Triple @-@ A Tacoma Rainiers , and eventually the Seattle Mariners .
In just two games with the Diamond Jaxx , Fister went 1 – 0 and gave @-@ up no earned runs . With the Rainiers , Fister went 6 – 4 with a 3 @.@ 81 ERA , and 79 strikeouts in 22 games , 17 starts .
On August 7 , Fister was promoted to the majors . As a result , pitcher Jason Vargas was optioned to Triple @-@ A Tacoma to make room for Fister on the Mariners ' 25 @-@ man roster .
In his major league debut against the Tampa Bay Rays on August 8 , Fister pitched one inning , struck out one , gave up one hit , and gave up one walk . He made his first start on August 11 against the Chicago White Sox and picked up the loss . Fister 's first win came on August 16 against the New York Yankees . Fister finished the season with a major league record of 3 – 4 with a 4 @.@ 13 ERA , and 36 strikeouts in 11 games , 10 starts .
= = = = 2010 season = = = =
In 2010 , Fister started the first game for the Mariners in spring training . Going into the season , Fister , and fellow starting pitchers Garrett Olson , Luke French and Jason Vargas competed for the Mariners ' fifth spot in the starting rotation . Fister ended up getting a job in the rotation ( as did Vargas ) . On April 19 , Fister took a no @-@ hitter into the seventh inning against the Baltimore Orioles until it was broken up by Nick Markakis ' leadoff single . Although the Mariners suffered early season woes , the Seattle Post @-@ Intelligencer praised Fister and fellow starter Jason Vargas as reasons for why the Mariners were not doing worse , stating , " If Doug Fister and Jason Vargas hadn 't been excellent at the back end of the rotation , God knows where this club would be . "
= = = = 2011 season = = = =
In 2011 , Fister was the Mariners ' number three starter behind Félix Hernández and Jason Vargas .
= = = Detroit Tigers = = =
On July 30 , 2011 , Fister was traded to the Detroit Tigers along with relief pitcher David Pauley in exchange for Casper Wells , Charlie Furbush , Francisco Martinez , and a player to be named later . On August 17 , the Tigers sent former first round pick Chance Ruffin to the Mariners to complete the trade . Before being dealt to the Detroit Tigers , Fister had a 3 – 12 record with a 3 @.@ 33 ERA in 21 starts .
After his trade to the Tigers , Fister went 8 – 1 with a 1 @.@ 79 ERA in 10 starts . He finished the 2011 regular season 11 – 13 , with an ERA of 2 @.@ 83 that placed him fourth among American League pitchers .
Fister was named the American League Pitcher of the Month for September after going 5 – 0 with a 0 @.@ 53 ERA in five starts .
Facing the New York Yankees in the American League Divisional Series , Fister bounced back from a rough game 1 outing to earn the win in the decisive game 5 . Fister limited the Yankees to one run on five hits and two walks over five innings in the Tigers 3 – 2 victory , which sent them to the American League Championship Series .
In Game 3 of the American League Championship Series , he held the Texas Rangers ' offense to two runs in 71 ⁄ 3 innings to get the win in a 5 – 2 Tigers victory .
= = = = 2012 season = = = =
On April 7 while pitching against the Red Sox , Fister left the game due to an injury . The next day , Fister was placed on the 15 @-@ day disabled list with a strain of the costochondral muscle in his left side , an injury to the ribcage . Brayan Villarreal was recalled from Triple @-@ A Toledo to take his place on the roster . On September 22 , Fister threw his first career shutout , blanking the Minnesota Twins 8 @-@ 0 on seven hits . In his next start on September 27 , Doug set an American League record by striking out nine batters in a row against the Kansas City Royals . This was just one short of the major league record ( 10 ) set by Tom Seaver in 1970 . He finished the 2012 regular season with a 10 @-@ 10 record and a 3 @.@ 45 ERA in 26 starts .
Fister pitched in the second game of the ALDS against the Oakland A 's , picking up a no decision in a 5 – 4 victory while giving up two runs in seven innings . He also got a no @-@ decision in Game 1 of the 2012 ALCS against the New York Yankees , despite surrendering no runs in 6 1 ⁄ 3 innings of work . Fister was struck in the head by a line drive off the bat of Giants outfielder Gregor Blanco during the second inning of Game 2 of the 2012 World Series . Fister continued to pitch the game , holding the Giants to one run over six innings before turning it over to the bullpen .
= = = = 2013 season = = = =
Fister was injury @-@ free in 2013 , making 32 starts for the Tigers . He set career highs in wins ( 14 ) , win percentage ( 14 @-@ 9 , .609 ) and strikeouts ( 159 ) , while finishing the regular season with a 3 @.@ 67 ERA .
Doug made a start in Game 4 of the 2013 ALDS against the Oakland Athletics , with the Tigers facing elimination . He gave up three runs and seven hits in six innings of work . The Tigers won the game with a late rally , so Fister did not factor in the decision . In Game 4 of the 2013 ALCS against the Boston Red Sox , Fister gave up just one run on eight hits , striking out seven over six innings and earning the win in a 7 @-@ 3 Tigers victory .
Following the 2013 season , Fister was named a finalist for the Gold Glove Award for the pitcher position alongside Mark Buehrle and R.A. Dickey . Fister finished the season with zero errors for a perfect 1 @.@ 000 fielding percentage . Additionally , he led all American League pitchers in putouts ( 23 ) and double plays started ( 5 ) , and was seventh in assists ( 29 ) .
= = = Washington Nationals = = =
On December 2 , 2013 , Doug Fister was traded to the Washington Nationals for utility man Steve Lombardozzi and left handed pitchers Ian Krol and Robbie Ray .
= = = = 2014 season = = = =
During spring training with the Nationals , Doug developed a strained lat muscle on his right side that put him on the disabled list to start the 2014 season . He returned on May 9 against the Oakland Athletics where he gave up 5 earned runs on 9 hits in 4 @.@ 1 innings . He bounced back in his next start , against the Arizona Diamondbacks , Fister gave up just 1 earned run on 5 hits in 7 innings .
Fister would conclude the 2014 season with a 16 @-@ 6 record over 164 IP , tallying 98 strikeouts , a 1 @.@ 08 WHIP ( 5th in the NL among qualified starters ) , and a 2 @.@ 41 ERA ( 4th in the NL ) .
= = = = 2015 season = = = =
Fister pitched in 25 games for the Nationals in 2015 , 15 of which were starts . He posted a 5 – 7 record , 4 @.@ 19 ERA , and 63 strikeouts in 103 innings pitched .
= = = Houston Astros = = =
On January 28 , 2016 , Fister signed a one @-@ year , $ 7 million contract with the Houston Astros .
= = Pitching style = =
Fister throws four pitches , and is mainly a groundball pitcher . His two seam fastball is thrown at 88 – 91 mph . His other pitches are a cutter ( 85 – 87 ) , a curveball ( 73 – 79 ) , and a changeup ( 80 – 84 ) . The curveball is his best swing @-@ and @-@ miss pitch , with a career whiff rate of over 30 % . Fister walks few batters ; he finished third and fourth in 2010 and 2011 , respectively , in lowest walks per nine innings ratio .
Fister runs 10 miles each day that he does not pitch .
Fister stands 6 feet 8 inches tall , and is among the tallest players in the Major Leagues .
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= Tropical Storm Hermine ( 1998 ) =
Tropical Storm Hermine was the eighth tropical cyclone and named storm of the 1998 Atlantic hurricane season . Hermine developed from a tropical wave that emerged from the west coast of Africa on September 5 . The wave moved westward across the Atlantic Ocean , and on entering the northwest Caribbean interacted with other weather systems . The resultant system was declared a tropical depression on September 17 in the central Gulf of Mexico . The storm meandered north slowly , and after being upgraded to a tropical storm made landfall on Louisiana , where it quickly deteriorated into a tropical depression again on September 20 .
Before the storm 's arrival , residents of Grand Isle , Louisiana , were evacuated . As a weak tropical storm , damages from Hermine were light . Rainfall spread from Louisiana through Georgia , causing isolated flash flooding . In some areas , the storm tide prolonged the coastal flooding from a tropical cyclone . Gusty winds were reported . Associated tornadoes in Mississippi damaged mobile homes and vehicles , and inflicted one injury . While Hermine was not of itself a particularly damaging storm , its effects combined with those of other tropical cyclones , and resulted in agricultural damage .
= = Meteorological history = =
On September 5 , 1998 , a tropical wave emerged from the west coast of Africa and entered the Atlantic Ocean . The wave was not associated with any thunderstorm activity until it reached the Windward Islands , when cloud and shower activity began to increase . Continuing westward , the disturbance approached the South American coastline and turned into the northwest Caribbean . The wave interacted with an upper @-@ level low @-@ pressure system and another tropical wave that entered the region . At the time , a large monsoon @-@ type flow prevailed over Central America , part of the Caribbean Sea , and the Gulf of Mexico . An area of low pressure developed over the northwestern Caribbean , and at about 1200 UTC on September 17 , the system was sufficiently organized to be declared a tropical depression in the central Gulf of Mexico .
Initially , the cloud pattern associated with the system featured a tight and well @-@ defined circulation , as well as clusters of deep convection south of the center . Due to the proximity of a large upper @-@ level low @-@ pressure area in the southern Gulf of Mexico , the surrounding environment did not favor intensification . Influenced by the low , the depression moved southward . The system completed a cyclonic loop in the central gulf , and by early on September 18 was drifting northward . As a result of wind shear , the center of circulation was separated from the deep convective activity . Early the next day , deep convection persisted in a small area northeast of the center . Forward motion was nearly stationary , with a gradual drift east @-@ southeastward . Despite the wind shear , the depression attained tropical storm status at 1200 UTC on September 19 ; as such , it was named Hermine by the National Hurricane Center .
Shortly after being upgraded to a tropical storm , Hermine reached its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) . The tropical storm @-@ force winds were confined to the eastern semicircle of the cyclone . Hermine tracked northward and approached the coast , where it nearly stalled . A continually weakening storm , it moved ashore near Cocodrie , Louisiana at 0500 UTC on September 20 with winds of 40 miles per hour ( 64 km / h ) , and then deteriorated into a tropical depression . On its landfall , associated rain bands were deemed " not very impressive " , although there was a rapid increase in thunderstorm activity east of the center . The thunderstorms produced heavy rainfall in parts of southeastern Louisiana and southern Mississippi . The storm progressively weakened as the circulation moved northeastward , and dissipated at 1800 UTC . Initially , it was believed that Hermine 's remnants contributed to the development of Hurricane Karl ; however , this belief was not confirmed .
= = Preparations = =
On September 17 , the National Hurricane Center issued a tropical storm watch from Sargent , Texas to Grand Isle , Louisiana . The following day , the watch was extended southward from Sargent to Matagorda , Texas , and eastward to Pascagoula , Mississippi . A tropical storm warning was posted from Morgan City , Louisiana , eastward to Pensacola , Florida on September 19 . The warning was promptly extended westward from Morgan City to Intracoastal City , Louisiana , and by 1200 UTC on September 20 all tropical cyclone watches and warnings were discontinued . As the storm moved inland , flood advisories were issued for southern Mississippi . On Grand Isle , a mandatory evacuation order was declared for the third time in three weeks , and residents in low @-@ lying areas of Lafourche Parish were ordered to leave . Shelters were opened , but few people used them . Only fifteen people entered the American Red Cross shelter in Larose , Louisiana , which had been designed to hold 500 . Workers were evacuated from oil rigs in the Gulf of Mexico , and energy futures rose substantially in anticipation of the storm , though when Hermine failed to cause significant damage , they retreated . The Coast Guard evacuated its Grand Isle station in preparation .
= = Impact = =
In southern Florida , the combination of rainbands from Hermine and a separate upper @-@ level cyclone in its vicinity produced up to 14 @.@ 14 inches ( 359 mm ) of rainfall . Hermine 's remnants spread showers and thunderstorms across northern parts of the state . The heavy rainfall downed a tree Orlando , and led to several traffic accidents . A man died on U.S. Route 441 after losing control of his vehicle .
Upon landfall in Louisiana , winds were primarily of minimal tropical storm @-@ force and confined to squalls . Offshore , a wind gust of 46 miles per hour ( 74 km / h ) was reported near the mouth of the Mississippi River , and near New Orleans , wind gusts peaked at 32 miles per hour ( 51 km / h ) . Along the coast , storm tides generally ran 1 to 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 30 to 0 @.@ 91 m ) above normal , which prolonged coastal flooding in some areas from previous Tropical Storm Frances . Winds on Grand Isle reached 25 miles per hour ( 40 km / h ) , and storm tides on the island averaged 1 foot ( 0 @.@ 30 m ) . Hermine brought 3 to 4 inches ( 76 to 102 mm ) of rainfall to the state , triggering isolated flash flooding . Near Thomas , part of Louisiana Highway 438 was submerged under flood waters . An oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico reported sustained winds of 48 miles per hour ( 77 km / h ) with gusts to 59 miles per hour ( 95 km / h ) .
At around 8 : 30 AM on September 20 , a man was presumed drowned in Lake Catouatchie , southwest of New Orleans . The man had been shrimping in the lake in choppy waters caused by the storm , and dove into the water without a life vest to untangle a net from his boat 's propeller . After he freed the propeller , the boat was carried away by the current in the lake , and he was last seen swimming after the boat . After the disappearance , the Coast Guard launched a search with rescue boats and search dogs but could not locate him . His body was eventually found on the morning of September 22 . Captain Pat Yoes , of the St. Charles Parish Sheriff 's Office , said that the storm " obviously ... played a part " in the man 's death , but Lieutenant Commander William Brewer of the United States Coast Guard told the press that he did not " think it was directly storm @-@ related . "
Hermine spawned two tornadoes in Mississippi . One destroyed two mobile homes , damaged seven cars , and resulted in one minor injury ; the other caused only minor damage . Rainfall of 4 to 5 inches ( 100 to 130 mm ) caused localized flooding ; in southern Walthall County , parts of Mississippi Highway 27 were under 1 foot ( 0 @.@ 30 m ) of water . Over 6 inches ( 150 mm ) of rainfall was reported in Alabama , resulting in the flooding of apartments and several roads and the closure of several highways . Numerous cars were damaged , and motorists were stranded on Bibb County Route 24 . Floodwaters also covered U.S. Route 11 near Tuscaloosa , Alabama stranding several motorists and a milk truck . Flash flood warnings were issued in Bibb and Shelby counties as northern Alabama experienced its first rainfall in the month of September . The rainfall extended eastward into Georgia , where the rains led the state to lift a fire alert for three northern counties , South Carolina and North Carolina . The remnants of the storm dumped 10 @.@ 5 inches ( 27 cm ) of rain on Charleston , South Carolina and rainfall of up to one foot was reported in other parts of the state . The rain in Charleston led to over five feet of standing water in some neighborhoods , forcing several families to evacuate their mobile homes and stranding a number of vehicles . As a result , the local police closed several roads , including sections of Interstate 526 .
Overall , damage totaled $ 85 @,@ 000 ( 1998 USD ) ; the effects were described as minor . Although the effects from Hermine were small , counties in Louisiana and Texas were declared disaster areas due to damage associated with the earlier Tropical Storm Frances and the Louisiana Office of Emergency Preparedness extended these funds to cover damages from Hermine as well .
= = Aftermath = =
The heavy rains from Hermine combined with those from Frances caused major fish kills in southern Louisiana , the first since those caused by Hurricane Andrew in 1992 . The rain from the two storms flooded the swamps in south Louisiana , where it rapidly lost oxygen due to decaying plant matter . After the swamps began to drain , the low @-@ oxygen water flowed into streams , canals , and bayous in the area , and testing in the days following the storm showed that the water was " almost devoid of oxygen . " Without sufficient oxygen , local fish population died quickly , filling waterways , particularly in the area of Lake Charles and Lafayette , according to the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries . In total , the fish kills affected at least a dozen separate lakes and bayous in the state .
The combined effects of Hermine and other storms caused significant damage to Louisiana agriculture . The standing water after Hermine provided ideal hatching conditions for mosquitoes , who formed swarms large enough to kill livestock in the days after the storm . At least twelve bulls and horses were killed by mosquito bites in the next week , including bulls who drowned after wading into deep water to escape the insects . The rains and standing water from the storm also prevented farmers from drying out soybeans for harvest and ruined sugar cane . According to Louisiana Agriculture Commissioner Bob Odom , the combined effects of Hurricane Earl , Tropical Storm Frances , and Tropical Storm Hermine caused $ 420 million in direct and indirect losses for Louisiana farmers .
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= Bay Freeway ( Seattle ) =
The Bay Freeway , also referred to as the Mercer Street Connection , was a proposed elevated freeway in the South Lake Union neighborhood of Seattle , Washington . The 0 @.@ 7 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 1 @.@ 1 km ) freeway would have run parallel to a section of Mercer Street between Interstate 5 ( I @-@ 5 ) and Aurora Avenue North at the Seattle Center .
Planning for the freeway began in 1954 , with the proposal for a freeway from Elliott Bay to the Central Freeway , later I @-@ 5 , via Broad and Mercer streets added to the city 's comprehensive plan in 1957 . Funded by a bond measure passed by Seattle voters in 1960 , plans were drawn for the newly renamed Bay Freeway to serve a multi @-@ purpose stadium at the Seattle Center via an elevated structure . Citizen groups voiced their opposition to the project at public hearings in 1967 , forcing the Seattle Engineering Department to consider other designs . After determining that a cut @-@ and @-@ cover tunnel would not be feasible , a second series of public hearings to discuss the impact of an elevated option were held in 1970 , leading to widespread controversy and a civil suit launched in opposition to the freeway . The lawsuit ended in November 1971 , with a King County Superior Court judge ruling that a major deviation from the voter @-@ approved 1960 plan occurred , forcing a referendum to be held on whether to continue the project . On February 8 , 1972 , the Bay Freeway project was rejected by a 10 @,@ 000 @-@ vote margin in a municipal referendum , alongside the repeal of the R.H. Thomson Expressway . Mercer Street would later undergo several projects that attempted to provide congestion relief promised by the rejected freeway , culminating in the Mercer Corridor Project in 2012 , which widened the street into a boulevard .
= = Route description = =
The 0 @.@ 7 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 1 @.@ 1 km ) Bay Freeway , as proposed in 1972 , would have been a six @-@ lane elevated freeway on a curved box @-@ beam bridge , measuring 180 feet ( 55 m ) at its widest point . The freeway would have begun at the Seattle Center in Lower Queen Anne , as through lanes for Broad Street under Aurora Avenue North . The roadway would have immediately merged with ramps connecting to the Roy and Mercer couplet and to a parking garage for a multipurpose domed stadium , later relocated and built south of Downtown in 1976 , to form the Bay Freeway . The lanes then would have then turned southeastward next to a park on Lake Union , passing only 16 feet ( 5 m ) over Westlake Avenue North and 25 feet ( 8 m ) over Fairview Avenue North , before splitting into ramps at an interchange with I @-@ 5 . Valley Street , located 175 feet ( 53 m ) north of the planned right @-@ of @-@ way , was to be moved under the Bay Freeway structure and replaced with additional park space .
Earlier plans called for an extension traveling southwest on Broad Street through Belltown , including a tunnel between 5th Avenue and Denny Way , to the proposed Northwest Expressway and an extension of the existing Alaskan Way Viaduct on the Elliott Bay waterfront . The extension was deferred in 1969 , but remained a " possible future plan " until the entire project was canceled .
= = History = =
= = = Mercer Street expansion = = =
The City of Seattle began planning for the Bay Freeway in 1954 , with planning studies determining that Broad and Mercer streets should become the northern east – west link of the proposed Downtown freeway system . The Seattle City Council adopted the city 's comprehensive plan in 1957 , proposing a " major highway " in the vicinity of Broad and Mercer streets from the Northwest Expressway along Elliott Bay to the Central Freeway at the foot of Capitol Hill . In anticipation of the Bay Freeway , underpasses of Aurora Avenue North on Broad and Mercer streets were completed in July 1958 , using funds from a 1954 bond issue for the construction of arterial roadways . A special municipal election concerning a $ 26 @.@ 6 million bond measure for traffic improvement was held on March 8 , 1960 , passed by 71 @,@ 000 of 109 @,@ 000 voters in King County . The funds , matched by $ 31 million from the State of Washington and federal government , were distributed to 12 projects from the Comprehensive Plan of 1957 , including $ 1 @.@ 9 million for the " Mercer Street Connection " between Aurora Avenue and the Central Freeway .
The Century 21 Exposition was hosted at the Seattle Center grounds from April to October 1962 , generating heavy traffic equivalent to rush hour loads on Mercer Street , where a city @-@ owned , 1 @,@ 500 @-@ stall parking garage was located . The use of Mercer Street as one of the primary routes to the fairgrounds and its selection as one of the sites for a proposed multi @-@ purpose stadium convinced city officials that the construction of the Bay Freeway was a necessity . The Mercer exit on I @-@ 5 was partially opened in November 1963 , with the northbound ramps open to traffic and the southbound ramps remaining closed until 1968 . A design team led by Perry Johanson was formed in 1966 for the Bay Freeway project , intending to blend the freeway with its surroundings and encourage mixed @-@ use development to lower its impact on the South Lake Union neighborhood . The first public hearing on the project was held by the Seattle City Council on February 17 , 1967 , where City Engineer Roy Morse said that the " Mercer mess " would be solved with the opening of the Bay Freeway in 1969 . The three proposed elevated alternatives were criticized by the public and local architects Ibsen Nelsen and Victor Steinbrueck for blocking views of Lake Union , forcing Morse to reconsider subsurface designs despite his declaration that " a depressed roadway with the freeway would require excessively steep traffic grades " .
= = = Freeway proposals = = =
The project was officially designated the " Bay Freeway " by the Seattle City Council on April 12 , 1967 , as part of an ordinance that also renamed part of State Route 99 to the Alaskan Freeway and officially named the proposed R.H. Thomson Expressway as the Thomson Freeway . During the second public hearing , held on June 23 , the city council endorsed the $ 5 million elevated option for the Bay Freeway amid appeals from local architects and the Citizens Planning Council . Among the 16 proposals considered , a cut and cover tunnel was rejected because of its $ 16 million cost , steep grades and larger disruption of local businesses and railroads . The Seattle Center was selected as the preferred site of the multi @-@ purpose domed stadium in 1968 , assuming that the Bay Freeway was built to prevent event congestion , forcing the project to be redesigned for the next two years .
The design report for the Bay Freeway project was published on February 10 , 1970 , and was subsequently distributed to the project . The report featured a new design for the freeway , including ramps to a parking garage serving the domed stadium and aesthetic standards meant to complement the existing Seattle Center . Five additional public hearings were held by the Seattle City Council in 1970 , as support for the R.H. Thomson Expressway and other proposed freeways were the subject of highway revolts similar to those in other American cities . During the April hearing , former State Department of Highways director Charles Prahl spoke out against the Bay Freeway and predicted that it would cause traffic to back up onto I @-@ 5 during rush hour . Voters rejected a Forward Thrust initiative that would have built the proposed domed stadium at the Seattle Center on May 19 , removing one of the main reasons to build the freeway and forcing the city council to consider scaling down the proposal . The June hearing resulted in the removal of the R.H. Thomson Freeway from the comprehensive plan as well as the widening of the Bay Freeway to six lanes to support an expected 2 @,@ 610 drivers during rush hour .
The city council approved the $ 28 million Bay Freeway proposal , to be matched by an additional $ 28 million from the federal government , by a 5 – 3 vote on December 21 , 1970 . Right of way acquisition began the following March , with $ 6 million appropriated to purchase and condemn properties on seven blocks between Mercer and Valley streets .
= = = Civil suit and special election = = =
The 6 @-@ lane proposal caused several opposition groups , led by the Citizens Against R.H. Thomson ( CARHT ) , to launch a civil suit to halt further planning for the Bay Freeway . The two citizens groups opposed what they claimed was improper planning and financing , described as " a series of shortcut procedures and hearings to give the design rubber @-@ stamp approval " , and that the project did not conform to the voter @-@ approved 1960 proposal for a " Mercer Street Connection " . CARHT was named the plaintiff in the case , using funds largely from an anonymous single donor that were originally meant for opposing the R.H. Thomson Expressway . King County Superior Court Judge Solie M. Ringold ruled on November 3 , 1971 , that the Bay Freeway was a major deviation from the voter @-@ approved 1960 plan , with its cost increasing seven @-@ fold from the original 1960 proposal to $ 28 million , forcing the city of Seattle to reconsider its plans for the project . The Council Committee of the Whole unanimously voted the following month to hold a special referendum seeking approval of the Bay Freeway , as well as endorsement of the city council 's decision to cancel the R.H. Thomson Expressway , scheduled for February 8 , 1972 .
The final environmental impact statement for the project was published by the City of Seattle Department of Engineering on January 24 , 1972 , two weeks before the election . It included three alternatives , all elevated between Valley and Mercer streets from Aurora Avenue to I @-@ 5 . Construction would begin the following spring , with a completion date in early 1975 . A rapid transit alternative was deemed " not probable in the near future " for the corridor , though express bus service was considered . A depressed roadway was rejected outright , as it could only achieve a grade of 6 % at 3 @,@ 000 feet ( 914 @.@ 40 m ) , required a larger amount of right @-@ of @-@ way acquisition and relocation of utilities , and it was located below the water table , making it too expensive to be feasible .
Referendum 1 , which sought approval of the Bay Freeway , was rejected by a margin of 52 @,@ 748 to 42 @,@ 502 on February 8 , 1972 , effectively cancelling the project . In the aftermath of the vote , opponents of the project urged the city council to look into alternate solutions for the " Mercer Street mess " .
The Seattle City Council officially terminated the Bay Freeway project by passing an ordinance on May 1 , 1972 , to halt condemnation proceedings related to properties in the freeway 's proposed corridor .
= = = Aftermath and subsequent proposals = = =
As a result of the vote in February 1972 , the State Highway Department transferred $ 5 @.@ 7 million in trust funds meant for the Bay Freeway to expanding U.S. Route 195 between Spokane and Pullman in Eastern Washington . State Highway Director George H. Andrews warned that the dual cancellation of the Bay Freeway and R.H. Thomson Expressway , the latter having been defeated on the same day , would overload I @-@ 5 far beyond its design capacity , particularly in serving freight traffic near the Industrial District . Seattle Mayor Wes Uhlman predicted that congestion on Mercer Street would continue to worsen , stating that " there is no real alternative to the Bay Freeway " , criticizing the rejection as a part of a " nationwide reaction to freeways and concrete " .
Mercer Street had previously been split into a couplet , with westbound traffic diverted to Valley Street one block north , as a temporary solution to Seattle Center congestion in 1968 . Between then and 1990 , the city of Seattle has had 58 studies proposing various methods of reducing congestion on Mercer Street , all of them rejected by the Seattle City Council . Among the most notable proposals include a four @-@ block , $ 100 million tunnel that was supported by Mayor Charles Royer in the late 1980s , and the " Broad Street Throughway " plan to lower Broad and Mercer streets and add a park lid at the south end of Lake Union . The failed Seattle Commons levy , which proposed building a 61 @-@ acre ( 0 @.@ 25 km2 ) urban park in the South Lake Union neighborhood in 1995 , included plans for a below @-@ grade freeway along Mercer Street estimated to cost $ 93 @.@ 8 million .
The Seattle Department of Transportation secured $ 190 @.@ 5 million in early 2010 to fund its " Mercer Corridor Project " , which proposed improving traffic flow by restoring westbound lanes on Mercer Street . A groundbreaking ceremony was held the following September , with construction on the project starting shortly thereafter , hoping to reduce congestion on Mercer Street . After two years of construction , the expanded six @-@ lane Mercer Street opened to traffic on August 27 , 2012 , allowing for two @-@ way traffic between Dexter Avenue North and I @-@ 5 to be carried by Mercer Street for the first time in 44 years . The two @-@ way segment was extended west to 9th Avenue North on May 30 , 2014 , removing the final section of one @-@ way traffic on Mercer Street , while also permanently closing Broad Street in preparation for the Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel project .
= = Exit list = =
This list reflects the final incarnation of the Bay Freeway , as proposed before the 1972 referendum . The entire highway was in Seattle , King County .
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= Stapes =
The stapes / ˈsteɪpiːz / or stirrup is a bone in the middle ear of humans and other mammals which is involved in the conduction of sound vibrations to the inner ear . The stirrup @-@ shaped small bone is on and transmits these to the oval window , medially . The stapes is the smallest and lightest named bone in the human body , and is so @-@ called because of its resemblance to a stirrup ( Latin : Stapes ) .
= = Structure = =
The stapes is the third bone of the three ossicles in the middle ear . The stapes is a stirrup @-@ shaped bone , and the smallest in the human body . It rests on the oval window , to which it is connected by an annular ligament . The stapes is described as having a base , resting on the oval window , as well as a head that articulates with the incus . These are connected by anterior and posterior limbs ( Latin : crura ) . The stapes articulates with the incus through the incudostapedial joint . The stapes is the smallest bone in the human body , and measures roughly 3 x 2.5mm , greater along the head @-@ base span .
= = = Development = = =
The stapes develops from the second pharyngeal arch during the sixth to eighth week of embryological life . The central cavity of the stapedius is due to the presence embryologically of the stapedial artery , which later regresses .
= = = Animals = = =
The stapes is one of three ossicles in mammals . In non @-@ mammalian four @-@ legged animals , the bone homologous to the stapes is usually called the columella ; however , in reptiles , either term may be used . In fish , the homologous bone is called the hyomandibular , and is part of the gill arch supporting either the spiracle or the jaw , depending on the species . The equivalent term in amphibians is the pars media plectra .
= = = Variation = = =
The stapes appears to be relatively constant in size in different ethnic groups . In 0 @.@ 01 @-@ 0 @.@ 02 % of people , the stapedial artery does not regress , and persists in the central foramen . In this case , a pulsatile sound may be heard in the affected ear , or there may be no symptoms at all . Rarely , the stapes may be completely absent .
= = Function = =
Situated between the incus and the inner ear , the stapes transmits sound vibrations from the incus to the oval window , a membrane @-@ covered opening to the inner ear . The stapes is also stabilized by the stapedius muscle , which is innervated by the facial nerve .
= = Clinical relevance = =
Otosclerosis is a congenital or spontaneous @-@ onset disease characterized by abnormal bone remodeling in the inner ear . Often this causes the stapes to adhere to the oval window , which impedes its ability to conduct sound , and is a cause of conductive hearing loss . Clinical otosclerosis is found in about 1 % of people , although it is more common in forms that do not cause noticeable hearing loss . Otosclerosis is more likely in young age groups , and females . Two common treatments are stapedectomy , the surgical removal of the stapes and replacement with an artificial prosthesis , and stapedotomy , the creation of a small hole in the base of the stapes followed by the insertion of an artificial prosthesis into that hole . Surgery may be complicated by a persistent stapedial artery , fibrosis @-@ related damage to the base of the bone , or obliterative otosclerosis , resulting in obliteration of the base .
= = History = =
The stapes is commonly described as having been discovered by the professor Giovanni Filippo Ingrassia in 1546 at the University of Naples , although this remains the nature of some controversy , as Ingrassia 's description was published posthumously in his 1603 anatomical commentary In Galeni librum de ossibus doctissima et expectatissima commentaria . Spanish anatomist Pedro Jimeno is first to have been credited with a published description , in Dialogus de re medica ( 1549 ) . The bone is so @-@ named because of its resemblance to a stirrup ( Latin : stapes ) , an example of a late Latin word , probably created in mediaeval times from " to stand " ( Latin : stapia ) , as stirrups did not exist in the early Latin @-@ speaking world .
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= French Sudan =
French Sudan ( French : Soudan Français ; Arabic : السودان الفرنسي as @-@ Sūdān al @-@ Faransī ) was a French colonial territory in the federation of French West Africa from around 1880 until 1960 , when it became the independent state of Mali . The colony was formally called French Sudan from 1890 until 1899 and then again from 1921 until 1958 , and had a variety of different names over the course of its existence . The colony was initially established largely as a military project led by French troops , but in the mid @-@ 1890s it came under civilian administration .
A number of administrative reorganizations in the early 1900s brought increasing French administration over issues like agriculture , religion , and slavery . Following World War II , the African Democratic Rally ( RDA ) under Modibo Keita became the most significant political force pushing for independence .
Mali initially retained close connections with France and joined in a short @-@ lived federation with Senegal in 1959 , but ties to both countries quickly weakened . In 1960 , the French Sudan colony formally became the Republic of Mali and began to distance itself further from Senegal and France .
= = Colonial establishment = =
French Sudan originally formed as a set of military outposts as an extension of the French colony in Senegal . Though the area offered France little economic or strategic gain , the military effectively advocated greater conquest in the region . This was partly due to a fascination with the great empires , such as the Mali Empire and the Songhay Empire that rose to prominence in the area , and partly due to the promotional opportunities that military conquest offered for French military personnel .
French conquest began in 1879 , when Joseph Gallieni was dispatched to the area to establish a fort and survey the land for a railroad from Dakar in Senegal to the Niger River . This was followed with the establishment of a number of French forts and political alliances with specific leaders in the region in the early 1880s . The administrative structure of the area was still largely under control of the French Governor of Senegal , and the most significant colonization were simply the military forts and outposts , including the important one established at Kayes in 1881 by Gustave Borgnis @-@ Desbordes . Though the civilian administration of the French governor of Senegal formally ruled the area , military officers in the region largely bypassed these leaders and answered directly to commanding officers in Paris . Desbordes gradually took over more territory , often using inter @-@ ethnic rivalries and political tension among leaders in the area to appoint French @-@ supportive leaders .
French civilian administrators struggled with the military leaders , and the two forces went through a number of leadership changes over the territory , until Louis Archinard was appointed military governor in 1892 . Archinard led military campaigns against Samori Ture , Ahmadu Tall , and other resistant leaders in the region , with varying success . Archinard 's campaigns were often executed through direct military control , without civilian oversight . As costs increased , the French administration decided to replace Archinard 's control over the area with a civilian governor , Louis Albert Grodet .
= = Administration and jurisdiction = =
The region was governed under a number of different names between 1880 and 1960 . The area was Upper River from 1880 until 18 August 1890 , when it was renamed French Sudan , with its capital at Kayes . On 10 October 1899 , French Sudan was divided , with the southern cercles joining coastal colonies , and the rest split into two administrative areas called Middle Niger and Upper Senegal . In 1902 , the region again was organized as a unified colony under the name Senegambia and Niger ( Sénégambie et Niger ) . The name changed again in 1904 to Upper Senegal and Niger ( Haut Sénégal et Niger ) . Finally , in 1921 , the name changed back to French Sudan ( Soudan Français ) .
Borders and administration of the colony similarly changed a number of times . Originally , and for the initial period , the colony vacillated between military administration and civilian administration from Senegal . In 1893 , French Sudan formally came under civilian administration , which lasted until 1899 . At that point , a reorganization of the colony split 11 southern provinces to other French colonies like French Guinea , the Ivory Coast and Dahomey .
The area that was not reorganized was governed in two administrations linked to other French colonies . Following this , the territory of the colony was reestablished in 1902 . Though the borders shifted slightly , there was little territorial change until 1933 . At that point , the colony of the French Upper Volta ( Haute @-@ Volta , modern Burkina Faso ) dissolved , and the northern territory was added to French Sudan .
In 1947 , Upper Volta was reestablished , and the French Sudan borders became those that eventually became the borders of Mali . Kayes was the original capital city from the 1890s until 1908 , when the capital moved to Bamako , where it remains .
= = Agriculture = =
The colony supported mostly rain @-@ fed agriculture , with limited irrigation for its first 30 years . The only cash crops were nuts gathered close to the railroad between Kayes and Bamako . However , following successful tests of growing Egyptian cotton in West Africa during World War I , Émile Bélime began to campaign for the construction of a large irrigation system along the Niger river . Starting in 1921 , significant irrigation projects around Koulikoro and later at Baguinéda @-@ Camp and the Ségou Cercle began to bring water . The French believed this project could rival the major cotton growing centers of Egypt and the United States .
Unlike other agricultural projects in French West Africa , the French Sudan irrigation project initially relied on families voluntarily resettling along lines established by the colonial authority . Unable to attract enough volunteers , the colonial authorities began to try forced resettlement to the cotton project . The Office du Niger was founded in 1926 as the main organization facilitating planned , irrigated agricultural projects . Farmers resisted forced resettlement and petitioned for permanent land rights to the irrigated land ( which was usually held as property of the Office du Niger ) . Despite these efforts , a significant cash crop economy did not develop in the French Sudan .
= = Religious policy = =
Like much of the rest of French West Africa , the colony had a number of policies regarding Islam and the Muslim communities . The Arabic language and Islamic law were preferred in the colony by the French in the establishment of colonial government , largely because both were codified , and thus easy to standardize .
Though they maintained a formal neutrality policy in regards to religion , the French colonial administration began to regulate Islamic education in the early 1900s . In addition , fear of a pan @-@ Islamism political rise throughout North Africa and the Sahel led the French to adopt policies that aimed to prevent the spread of Islam beyond where it already existed and to prevent Muslim leaders from governing non @-@ Muslim communities . Indigenous religions and Christianity existed under less formal policies , and French efforts often used these to balance the spread of Islam in the region .
In the 1940s , a religious movement called Allah Koura began in the San Cercle based upon the visions of a single person . Local administrators allowed the Allah Koura movement to spread and practice , seeing it as a potential limiting influence on the spread of Islam farther south . In the late 1950s , Muslim protests and riots throughout the colony further contributed to a growing independence movement .
= = Slavery policy = =
Like much of the rest of French West Africa , authorities enforced explicit rules in an attempt to end slavery in the region . In 1903 , the government instructed French administrators to not use slave as an administrative category anymore . This was followed in 1905 by a formal French decree that ended slavery throughout French West Africa .
Almost a million slaves in French West Africa responded to this by moving away from their masters and settling elsewhere . The French supported these efforts by creating settlements around the Niger River and digging wells for communities elsewhere so they could farm away from their former masters .
This process affected the Southern and Western parts of present @-@ day Mali most significantly , but in the Northern and Eastern parts of the colony large numbers of slaves remained in servitude to their masters . According to rough estimates , throughout the area of present @-@ day Mali about one @-@ third of former slaves moved away from the slavery relationship , while two @-@ thirds remained with their masters . In the 1920s , most Tuareg households still had slaves who tended to the house and animals .
Though slavery persisted , some aspects of the relationship changed with the French administration . Escaped slaves could find official protection by French authorities in the cities for a limited time . Slaves could sometimes renegotiate the terms of their servitude in the changed political situation . Some were willing to agree to remain in servitude if they received control over their family life and some land to pass to their children . In addition , the French administration actively worked to end slave raiding and the most clear manifestations of the slave trade , greatly reducing those means of acquiring slaves . However , for many decades after the 1905 abolition of slavery , the practice continued in much of French Sudan .
= = Independence = =
Following the passage of the Loi Cadre by the French National Assembly in 1956 , many of the colonies in French West African began to hold elections to increase the self @-@ determination of their territories . In the first elections held in French Sudan in 1957 , the African Democratic Rally ( Rassemblement Démocratique Africain , commonly known as the RDA ) won the elections in French Sudan , as well as winning majorities in neighboring Ivory Coast , French Guinea , and the Upper Volta . Following the French constitutional referendum of 1958 , of which received an overwhelming majority in support , the République Soudanaise declared itself a republic with internal autonomy on 24 November 1958 . The Sudanese Republic , as the area was now called , was the second colony after Madagascar to join the French Community , which provided it internal autonomy while linking its currency , foreign policy and defense with France .
In early January 1959 , there were plans for a federation linking the Sudanese Republic with Senegal , Dahomey , and the Upper Volta in a federation of autonomous states . By April , however , neither Dahomey 's nor Upper Volta 's legislatures had ratified the federation , and so the Mali Federation was formed with only the Sudanese Republic and Senegal . In 1959 , Modibo Keïta 's RDA party won all 70 seats in the legislative elections in the Sudanese Republic and joined forces with the dominant party in Senegal , headed by Léopold Sédar Senghor . The federation achieved independence on 20 June 1960 within the French Community ; however , divisions between Senghor and Keïta on the governance of the federation resulted in its dissolution on 20 August 1960 . The area of French Sudan formally proclaimed itself the Republic of Mali and , with increasing radicalization of Keita , left the French Community in September 1960 .
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= 2006 New York City plane crash =
The 2006 New York City plane crash occurred on October 11 , 2006 , when a Cirrus SR20 general aviation , fixed @-@ wing , single @-@ engine light aircraft crashed into the Belaire Apartments in New York City at about 2 : 42 p.m. local time ( 18 : 42 UTC ) . The aircraft struck the north side of the building , located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan , causing a fire in several apartments , which was extinguished within two hours .
Both people aboard the aircraft were killed in the accident : New York Yankees pitcher Cory Lidle and his certified flight instructor Tyler Stanger . Twenty @-@ one people were injured , including eleven firefighters . An apartment resident , Ilana Benhuri , was hospitalized for a month with severe burns incurred when the post @-@ impact fire engulfed her apartment .
According to the Federal Aviation Administration ( FAA ) , the Cirrus SR20 aircraft , tail number N929CD , was owned by Lidle . On May 1 , 2007 , the National Transportation Safety Board ( NTSB ) stated that the probable cause of the crash was pilot error . The NTSB was unable to determine which person was flying the aircraft at the time of the crash .
= = Flight = =
The aircraft departed from Teterboro Airport in Teterboro , New Jersey , at 2 : 29 pm local time ( 18 : 29 UTC ) . Lidle planned on flying to Tennessee , where he had a hotel room booked for the night , then to Dallas , Texas , and finally on to his home in California .
Radar measurements show that , immediately before the crash , Lidle 's aircraft was flying at 112 mph ( 180 km / h ) at 700 feet ( 210 m ) altitude in the East River VFR corridor , an area which former NTSB official Peter Goelz described as " very tricky " due to its narrow width and frequent congestion . The VFR corridor ends abruptly at the northern tip of Roosevelt Island . Aircraft must receive an air traffic control clearance to proceed beyond the boundaries of the corridor , or else make a sharp U @-@ turn and return the way they came . Lidle 's plane flew north along the corridor almost to the end before executing a turn and hitting the north face of the building along the river .
= = Crash = =
The airplane struck the Belaire , a 42 @-@ story condominium tower at 524 East 72nd Street , at approximately 30 stories above the ground . The plane hit the apartment owned by Dr. Parviz Benhuri and his wife Ilana , the latter of whom was seated in the room when the plane crashed and sustained shrapnel injuries and burns . Her housekeeper was also present and helped her escape .
There was no indication that the aircraft 's Ballistic Recovery Systems emergency parachute , designed to bring the small plane down safely , was deployed . New York City mayor Michael Bloomberg said the plane circled the Statue of Liberty before flying north up the East River and disappeared from radar near the Queensboro Bridge . The FAA confirmed that the plane was flying under visual flight rules ( VFR ) and had attracted no special attention from air traffic controllers or NORAD before the crash . The aircraft took a hard U @-@ shaped turn before it hit the building .
= = Reactions = =
In an interview Lidle gave about a month earlier , he stated he had been a pilot for seven months and had flown about 95 solo hours . The crash garnered extra attention because of superficial similarities to the September 11 attacks in New York City ( whose fifth anniversary had occurred one month earlier ) . U.S. officials said that NORAD scrambled fighter aircraft over numerous American and Canadian cities for Combat Air Patrol , and that U.S. President George W. Bush was informed about the situation , but that these were precautionary measures only . The FBI quickly announced there was no reason to suspect that the crash was an act of terrorism .
LaGuardia Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport did not experience delays from the crash . Police cordoned off several blocks at the peak of the confusion , but subway and ferry services continued without interruption . The FAA initially imposed a temporary flight restriction on an area within one nautical mile ( 1 @.@ 9 km ) of the scene , from ground level to 1 @,@ 500 feet ( 460 m ) altitude . This restriction was lifted the next day , though New York Governor George Pataki called for permanent restrictions .
On October 13 , 2006 , two days after the crash , the FAA banned all fixed @-@ winged aircraft from the East River corridor unless in contact with local air traffic control . The new rule , which took effect immediately , required all small aircraft ( with the exception of helicopters and certain seaplanes ) to seek the approval of and stay in contact with air traffic control while in the corridor . The FAA cited safety concerns , especially unpredictable winds from between buildings , as the reason for the change .
The news story about the crash produced by WWOR @-@ TV with Joshua Eure as Executive Producer won a 2007 Emmy Award in the Spot News category .
= = Investigation = =
On October 11 , the National Transportation Safety Board dispatched a six @-@ member " Go Team " from Washington , D.C. to New York City , which arrived at the scene in the evening to take fuel samples and examine clues found in the debris . These included the aircraft 's bent propeller , a charred memory chip , the undeployed parachute , and Lidle 's flight log book . The NTSB accident number is DCA07MA003 .
The NTSB 's final hearing on May 1 , 2007 determined that " the pilots ’ inadequate planning , judgment , and airmanship in the performance of a 180 @-@ degree turn maneuver inside of a limited turning space " caused the crash . The investigation was unable to determine whether Lidle or Stanger was at the controls . Although there was 2 @,@ 100 feet ( 640 m ) of space available , the aircraft used only about 1 @,@ 700 feet ( 520 m ) of width in which to make the 180 @-@ degree turn — but this distance was effectively reduced to 1 @,@ 300 feet ( 400 m ) by the 13 @-@ knot ( 24 km / h ) easterly winds that day . A bank angle of at least 53 degrees would be required to successfully execute a 180 @-@ degree turn in this distance . If the required bank was not initiated early then , as the turn progressed , the bank angle would have needed to have been increased , possibly resulting in an aerodynamic stall . The investigation was unable to determine if the plane was stalled at the time of the crash . An animation of the flight path combining radar data with a Coast Guard video of the East River was also presented .
A lawsuit brought by Lidle 's family against the manufacturer of the aircraft , Cirrus Design , alleging faulty design , was rejected by a jury in May 2011 .
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= Eraserhead =
Eraserhead is a 1977 American surrealist body horror film written and directed by filmmaker David Lynch . Shot in black @-@ and @-@ white , Eraserhead is Lynch 's first feature @-@ length film , coming after several short works . The film was produced with the assistance of the American Film Institute ( AFI ) during the director 's time studying there . Starring Jack Nance , Charlotte Stewart , Jeanne Bates , Judith Anna Roberts , Laurel Near , and Jack Fisk , it tells the story of Henry Spencer ( Nance ) , who is left to care for his grossly deformed child in a desolate industrial landscape . Throughout the film , Spencer experiences dreams or hallucinations , featuring his child and the Lady in the Radiator ( Near ) .
Eraserhead spent several years in principal photography because of the difficulty of funding the film ; donations from Fisk and his wife Sissy Spacek kept production afloat . The film was shot on several locations owned by the AFI in California , including Greystone Mansion and a set of disused stables in which Lynch lived . Lynch and sound designer Alan Splet spent a year working on the film 's audio after their studio was soundproofed . The film 's soundtrack features organ music by Fats Waller and includes the song " In Heaven " , penned for the film by Peter Ivers .
Initially opening to small audiences and little interest , Eraserhead gained popularity over several long runs as a midnight movie . Since its release , the film has earned positive reviews . The surrealist imagery and sexual undercurrents have been seen as key thematic elements , and the intricate sound design as its technical highlight . Thematic analysis of the film has also highlighted these issues and has elaborated on Spencer 's fatalism and inactivity . In 2004 , the film was preserved in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress as being " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant " .
= = Plot = =
The Man in the Planet ( Jack Fisk ) pulls levers in his home in space , while the head of Henry Spencer ( Jack Nance ) floats in the sky . A giant spermatozoon @-@ like creature emerges from Spencer 's mouth , floating into the void . The Man in the Planet appears to control the creature with his levers , eventually making it fall into a pool of water .
In an industrial cityscape , Spencer walks home with his groceries . He is stopped outside his apartment by the Beautiful Girl Across the Hall ( Judith Anna Roberts ) , who informs him that his girlfriend , Mary X ( Charlotte Stewart ) , has invited him to dinner with her family . Spencer leaves his groceries in his apartment , which is filled with piles of dirt and dead vegetation . That night , Spencer visits X 's home , conversing awkwardly with her mother ( Jeanne Bates ) . At the dinner table , he is asked to carve a chicken that X 's talkative father , Bill ( Allen Joseph ) has " made " ; the bird writhes on the plate and gushes blood . After dinner , Spencer is cornered by X 's mother , who tries to kiss him . She tells him that X has had his child and that the two must marry . X , however , is not sure if what she bore is a child .
The couple move into Spencer 's one @-@ room apartment and begin caring for the child — a swaddled bundle with an inhuman , snakelike face , resembling the spermatozoon @-@ like creature . The infant refuses all food , crying incessantly and intolerably . The sound drives X hysterical , and she leaves Spencer and the child . Spencer attempts to care for the child , and he learns that it struggles to breathe and has developed painful sores .
Spencer begins experiencing visions , again seeing the Man in the Planet , as well as the Lady in the Radiator ( Laurel Near ) , who sings to him as she stomps upon spermatozoon @-@ like creatures . After a sexual encounter with the Beautiful Girl Across the Hall , Spencer has a vision where he is decapitated by a creature resembling the child , revealing a stump underneath that resembles the child 's face . Soon afterwards , Spencer 's head sinks into a pool of blood and falls from the sky , landing on a street below . A boy finds it , bringing it to a pencil factory to be turned into erasers .
Spencer seeks out the Beautiful Girl Across the Hall , but finds her with another man . Crushed , Spencer returns to his room , where the child is crying . He takes a pair of scissors and for the first time removes the child 's swaddling . It is revealed that the child has no skin ; the bandages held its internal organs together , and they spill apart after the rags are cut . The child gasps in pain , and Spencer cuts its organs with the scissors . The wounds gush a thick liquid , covering the child . The power in the room overloads ; as the lights flicker on and off the child grows to huge proportions . When the lights burn out completely , the child 's head is replaced by the planet . Spencer appears amidst a billowing cloud of eraser shavings . The side of the planet bursts apart , and inside , the Man in the Planet struggles with his levers , which are now emitting sparks . Spencer is embraced warmly by the Lady in the Radiator , as both white light and white noise crescendo before the film suddenly ends .
= = Production = =
= = = Pre @-@ production = = =
Writer and director David Lynch had previously studied for a career as an artist , and he had created several short films to animate his paintings . By 1970 , however , he had switched his focus to film @-@ making , and at the age of 24 he accepted a scholarship at the American Film Institute 's Center for Advanced Film Studies . Lynch disliked the course and considered dropping out , but he changed his mind after he was offered the chance to produce a script of his own devising . He was given permission to use the school 's full campus for film sets ; he converted the school 's disused stables into a series of sets and lived there . In addition , Greystone Mansion , also owned by the AFI , was used for many scenes .
Lynch had initially begun work on a script titled Gardenback , based on his painting of a hunched figure with vegetation growing from its back . Gardenback was a surrealist script about adultery , which featured a continually growing insect representing one man 's lust for his neighbor . The script would have resulted in a roughly 45 @-@ minute @-@ long film , which the AFI felt was too long for such a figurative , nonlinear script . In its place , Lynch presented Eraserhead , which he had developed based on a daydream of a man 's head being taken to a pencil factory by a small boy . Several board members at the AFI were still opposed to producing such a surrealist work , but they were persuaded when Dean Frank Daniel threatened to resign if it were to be vetoed . Lynch 's script for Eraserhead was influenced by his reading as a film student ; Franz Kafka 's 1915 novella The Metamorphosis and Nikolai Gogol 's 1836 short story " The Nose " were strong influences on the screenplay .
The script is also thought to have been inspired by Lynch 's fear of fatherhood ; his daughter Jennifer had been born with " severely clubbed feet " , requiring extensive corrective surgery as a child . Jennifer has said that her own unexpected conception and birth defects were the basis for the film 's themes . The film 's tone was also shaped by Lynch 's time living in a troubled neighborhood in Philadelphia . Lynch and his family spent five years living in an atmosphere of " violence , hate and filth " . The area was rife with crime , inspiring the bleak urban backdrop of Eraserhead . Describing this period of his life , Lynch said , " I saw so many things in Philadelphia I couldn 't believe ... I saw a grown woman grab her breasts and speak like a baby , complaining her nipples hurt . This kind of thing will set you back " . Film critic Greg Olson , in his book David Lynch : Beautiful Dark , posits that this time contrasted starkly with the director 's childhood in the Pacific Northwest , giving the director a " bipolar , Heaven @-@ and @-@ Hell vision of America " which has subsequently shaped his films .
Initial casting for the film began in 1971 , and Jack Nance was quickly selected for the lead role . However , the staff at the AFI had underestimated the project 's scale — they had initially green @-@ lit Eraserhead after viewing a twenty @-@ one page screenplay , assuming that the film industry 's usual ratio of one minute of film per scripted page would reduce the film to approximately twenty minutes . This misunderstanding , coupled with Lynch 's own meticulous direction , caused the film to remain in production for a number of years . In an extreme example of this labored schedule , one scene in the film begins with Nance 's character opening a door — a full year passed before he was filmed entering the room . Nance , however , was dedicated to producing the film and retained the unorthodox hairstyle his character sported for the entirety of its gestation .
= = = Filming = = =
Buoyed with regular donations from Lynch 's childhood friend Jack Fisk and Fisk 's wife Sissy Spacek , production continued for several years . Additional funds were provided by Nance 's wife Catherine E. Coulson , who worked as a waitress and donated her income , and by Lynch himself , who delivered newspapers throughout the film 's principal photography . During one of the many lulls in filming , Lynch was able to produce the short film The Amputee , taking advantage of the AFI 's wish to test new film stock before committing to bulk purchases . The short piece starred Coulson , who continued working with Lynch as a technician on Eraserhead . Eraserhead 's production crew was very small , composed of Lynch ; sound designer Alan Splet ; cinematographer Herb Cardwell , who died during production and was replaced with Frederick Elmes ; production manager and prop technician Doreen Small ; and Coulson , who worked in a variety of roles .
The physical effects used to create the deformed child have been kept secret . The projectionist who worked on the film 's dailies was blindfolded by Lynch to avoid revealing the prop 's nature , and he has refused to discuss the effects in subsequent interviews . The prop — which Nance had nicknamed " Spike " — featured several working parts ; its neck , eyes and mouth were capable of independent operation . Lynch has offered cryptic comments on the prop , at times stating that " it was born nearby " or " maybe it was found " . It has been speculated by The Guardian 's John Patterson that the prop may have been constructed from a skinned rabbit or a lamb 's fetus . The child has been seen as a precursor to elements of other Lynch films , such as John Merrick 's make @-@ up in 1980 's The Elephant Man and the sandworms of 1984 's Dune .
During production , Lynch began experimenting with a technique of recording dialogue that had been spoken phonetically backwards and reversing the resulting audio . Although the technique was not used in the film , Lynch returned to it for " Episode 2 " , the third episode of his 1990 television series Twin Peaks . Lynch also began his interest in Transcendental Meditation during the film 's production , adopting a vegetarian diet and giving up smoking and alcohol consumption .
= = = Post @-@ production = = =
Lynch worked with Alan Splet to design the film 's sound . The pair arranged and fabricated soundproof blanketing to insulate their studio , where they spent almost a year creating and editing the film 's sound effects . The soundtrack is densely layered , including as many as fifteen different sounds played simultaneously using multiple reels . Sounds were created in a variety of ways — for a scene in which a bed slowly dissolves into a pool of liquid , Lynch and Splet inserted a microphone inside a plastic bottle , floated it in a bathtub , and recorded the sound of air blown through the bottle . After being recorded , sounds were further augmented by alterations to their pitch , reverb and frequency .
After a poorly received test screening , in which Lynch believes he had mixed the soundtrack at too high a volume , the director cut twenty minutes of footage from the film , bringing its length to 89 minutes . Among the cut footage is a scene featuring Coulson as the infant 's midwife , another of a man torturing two women — one again played by Coulson — with a car battery , and one of Spencer toying with a dead cat .
= = Soundtrack = =
The soundtrack to Eraserhead was released by I.R.S. Records in 1982 . The two tracks included on the album feature excerpts of organ music by Fats Waller and the song " In Heaven " , written for the film by Peter Ivers . The soundtrack was re @-@ released on August 7 , 2012 , by Sacred Bones Records in a limited pressing of 1 @,@ 500 copies . The album has been seen as presaging the dark ambient music genre , and its presentation of background noise and non @-@ musical cues has been described by Pitchfork Media 's Mark Richardson as " a sound track ( two words ) in the literal sense " .
= = Themes = =
Eraserhead 's sound design has been considered one of its defining elements . Although the film features several hallmark visuals — the deformed infant and the sprawling industrial setting — these are matched by their accompanying sounds , as the " incessant mewling " and " evocative aural landscape " are paired with these respectively . The film features several constant industrial sounds , providing low @-@ level background noise in every scene . This fosters a " threatening " and " unnerving " atmosphere , which has been imitated in works such as David Fincher 's 1995 thriller Seven and the Coen brothers ' 1991 drama Barton Fink . The constant low @-@ level noise has been perceived by James Wierzbicki in his book Music , Sound and Filmmakers : Sonic Style in Cinema as perhaps a product of Henry Spencer 's imagination , and the soundtrack has been described as " ruthlessly negligent of the difference between dream and reality " . The film also begins a trend within Lynch 's work of relating diegetic music to dreams , as when the Lady in the Radiator sings " In Heaven " during Spencer 's extended dream sequence . This is also present in " Episode 2 " of Twin Peaks , in which diegetic music carries over from a character 's dream to his waking thoughts ; and in 1986 's Blue Velvet , in which a similar focus is given to Roy Orbison 's " In Dreams " .
The film has also been noted for its strong sexual themes . Opening with an image of conception , the film then portrays Henry Spencer as a character who is terrified of , but fascinated by , sex . The recurring images of sperm @-@ like creatures , including the child , are a constant presence during the film 's sex scenes ; the apparent " girl next door " appeal of the Lady in the Radiator is abandoned during her musical number as she begins to violently smash Spencer 's sperm creatures and aggressively meets his gaze . David J. Skal , in his book The Monster Show : A Cultural History of Horror , has described the film as " depict [ ing ] human reproduction as a desolate freak show , an occupation fit only for the damned " . Skal also posits a different characterization of the Lady in the Radiator , casting her as " desperately eager for an unseen audience 's approval " . In his book David Lynch Decoded , Mark Allyn Stewart proposes that the Lady in the Radiator is in fact Spencer 's subconscious , a manifestation of his own urge to kill his child , who embraces him after he does so , as if to reassure him that he has done right .
As a character , Spencer has been seen as an everyman figure , his blank expression and plain dress keeping him a simple archetype . Spencer displays a pacifistic and fatalistic inactivity throughout the film , simply allowing events to unfold around him without taking control . This passive behavior culminates in his sole act of instigation at the film 's climax ; his apparent act of infanticide is driven by his life of being domineered and controlled . Spencer 's inactivity has also been seen by film critics Colin Odell and Michelle Le Blanc as a precursor to Lynch 's 1983 – 92 comic strip The Angriest Dog in the World .
= = Release = =
= = = Box office = = =
Eraserhead premièred at the Filmex film festival in Los Angeles , on March 19 , 1977 . On its opening night , the film was attended by twenty @-@ five people ; twenty @-@ four viewed it the following evening . However , Ben Barenholtz , head of distributor Libra Films International , persuaded local theater Cinema Village to run the film as a midnight feature , where it continued for a year . After this , it ran for ninety @-@ nine weeks at New York 's Waverly Cinema , had a year @-@ long midnight run at San Francisco 's Roxie Theater from 1978 to 1979 , and achieved a three @-@ year tenure at Los Angeles ' Nuart Theatre between 1978 and 1981 . The film was a commercial success , grossing $ 7 million in the United States . Eraserhead was also screened as part of the 1978 BFI London Film Festival , and the 1986 Telluride Film Festival .
= = = Home media = = =
Eraserhead was released on VHS on August 7 , 1982 , by Columbia Pictures . The film was released on DVD and Blu @-@ ray by Umbrella Entertainment in Australia ; the former was released on August 1 , 2009 , and the latter on May 9 , 2012 . The Umbrella Entertainment releases include an 85 @-@ minute feature on the making of the film . Other home media releases of the film include DVD releases by Universal Pictures in 2001 , Subversive Entertainment in 2006 , Scanbox Entertainment in 2008 , and a DVD and Blu @-@ ray release by The Criterion Collection in September 2014 .
= = Reception = =
Upon Eraserhead 's release , Variety offered a negative review , calling it " a sickening bad @-@ taste exercise " . The review expressed incredulity over the film 's long gestation and described its finale as unwatchable . Comparing Eraserhead to Lynch 's next film The Elephant Man , Tom Buckley of The New York Times felt that while the latter was a well @-@ made film with an accomplished cast , the former was not . Buckley called Eraserhead " murkily pretentious " , and felt that the film 's horror aspects stemmed solely from the appearance of the deformed child rather than from its script or performances . Writing in 1984 , Lloyd Rose of The Atlantic felt that Eraserhead demonstrated that Lynch was " one of the most unalloyed surrealists ever to work in the movies " . Rose described the film as being intensely personal , finding that unlike previous surrealist films , such as Luis Buñuel 's 1929 work Un Chien Andalou or 1930 's L 'Age d 'Or , Lynch 's imagery " isn 't reaching out to us from his films ; we 're sinking into them " . In a 1993 review for the Chicago Tribune , Michael Wilmington described Eraserhead as unique , feeling that the film 's " intensity " and " nightmare clarity " were a result of Lynch 's attention to detail in its creation due to his involvement in so many roles during its production . In the 1995 essay Bad Ideas : The Art and Politics of Twin Peaks , critic Jonathan Rosenbaum felt that Eraserhead represented Lynch 's best work . Rosenbaum felt that the director 's artistic talent declined as his popularity grew , and contrasted the film with Wild at Heart — Lynch 's most recent feature film at that time — saying " even the most cursory comparison of Eraserhead with Wild at Heart reveals an artistic decline so precipitous that it is hard to imagine the same person making both films " .
Twenty @-@ first century critical opinion of the film is widely positive . Eraserhead holds an average rating of 91 % on review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , representing the distillation of 55 reviews , with the critical consensus " David Lynch 's surreal Eraserhead uses detailed visuals and a creepy score to create a bizarre and disturbing look into a man 's fear of parenthood . " Writing for Empire magazine , Steve Beard rated the film five stars out of five . He felt that it was " a lot more radical and enjoyable than [ Lynch 's ] later Hollywood efforts " and highlighted its mix of surrealist body horror and black comedy . The BBC 's Almar Haflidason awarded Eraserhead three stars out of five , describing it as " an unremarkable feat by [ Lynch 's ] later standards " . Haflidason felt that the film was a gathering of loosely related ideas , adding that it is " so consumed with surreal imagery that there are almost limitless possibilities to read personal theories into it " ; the reviewer 's own take on these themes were that they represented a fear of personal commitment and featured " a strong sexual undercurrent " . A reviewer writing for Film4 rated Eraserhead five stars out of five , describing it as " by turns beautiful , annoying , funny , exasperating and repellent , but always bristling with a nervous energy " . The Film4 reviewer felt that Eraserhead was unlike most films released to that point , save for the collaborations between Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí ; however , Lynch denies having seen any of these before Eraserhead . Writing for The Village Voice , Nathan Lee praised the film 's use of sound , writing " to see the film means nothing — one must also hear it " . He described the film 's sound design as " an intergalactic seashell cocked to the ears of an acid @-@ tripping gargantua " .
The Guardian 's Peter Bradshaw similarly lauded the film , also awarding it five stars out of five . Bradshaw considered it to be a beautiful film , describing its sound design as " industrial groaning , as if filmed inside some collapsing factory or gigantic dying organism " . He highlighted the film 's body horror elements , comparing it to Ridley Scott 's 1979 film Alien . Keith Phipps , writing for AllRovi , also gave the film a rating of five stars out of five ; he highlighted the disturbing sound design of the film and described it as " an open metaphor " . He felt that Eraserhead " sets up the obsessions that would follow [ Lynch ] through his career " , adding his belief that the film 's surrealism enhanced the understanding of the director 's later films . In an article for The Daily Telegraph , film @-@ maker Marc Evans praised both the sound design and Lynch 's ability " to make the ordinary seem so odd " , considering the film an inspiration on his own work . A review of the film in the same newspaper compared Eraserhead to the works of Irish playwright Samuel Beckett , describing it as a chaotic parody of family life . Manohla Dargis , writing for The New York Times , called the film " less a straight story than a surrealistic assemblage " . Dargis felt that the film 's imagery evoked the paintings of Francis Bacon and the Georges Franju 1949 documentary Blood of the Beasts . Film Threat 's Phil Hall called Eraserhead Lynch 's best film , believing that the director 's subsequent output failed to live up to it . Hall highlighted the film 's soundtrack and Nance 's " Chaplinesque " physical comedy as the film 's stand @-@ out elements .
= = Legacy = =
In 2004 , Eraserhead was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry by the United States Library of Congress . Selection for the Registry is based on a film being deemed " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant " . Eraserhead was one of the subjects featured in the 2005 documentary Midnight Movies : From the Margin to the Mainstream , which charted the rise of the midnight movie phenomenon in the late 1960s and 1970s ; Lynch took part in the documentary through a series of interviews . The production covers six films which are credited as creating and popularizing the genre ; also included are Night of the Living Dead , El Topo , Pink Flamingos , The Harder They Come , and The Rocky Horror Picture Show . In 2010 , the Online Film Critics Society compiled a list of the 100 best directorial débuts , listing what they felt were the best first @-@ time feature films by noted directors . Eraserhead placed second in the poll , behind Orson Welles ' 1941 Citizen Kane .
Lynch collaborated with most of the cast and crew of Eraserhead again on later films . Frederick Elmes served as cinematographer on Blue Velvet , 1988 's The Cowboy and the Frenchman , and 1990 's Wild at Heart . Alan Splet provided sound design for The Elephant Man , Dune , and Blue Velvet . Jack Fisk directed episodes of Lynch 's 1992 television series On the Air and worked as a production designer on 1999 's The Straight Story and 2001 's Mulholland Drive . Coulson and Nance appeared in Twin Peaks , and made further appearances in Dune , Blue Velvet , Wild at Heart , and 1997 's Lost Highway .
Following the release of Eraserhead , Lynch attempted to find funding for his next project , Ronnie Rocket , a film " about electricity and a three @-@ foot guy with red hair " . Lynch met film producer Stuart Cornfeld during this time . Cornfeld had enjoyed Eraserhead and was interested in producing Ronnie Rocket ; he worked for Mel Brooks and Brooksfilms at the time , and when the two realized that Ronnie Rocket was unlikely to find sufficient financing , Lynch asked to see some already @-@ written scripts to consider for his next project . Cornfeld found four scripts that he felt would interest Lynch ; on hearing the title of The Elephant Man , the director decided to make it his second film .
While working on The Elephant Man , Lynch met American director Stanley Kubrick , who revealed to Lynch that Eraserhead was his favorite film . Eraserhead also served as an influence on Kubrick 's 1980 film The Shining ; Kubrick reportedly screened the film for the cast and crew to " put them in the mood " that he wanted the film to achieve . Eraserhead is also credited with influencing the 1990 Japanese cyberpunk film Tetsuo : The Iron Man , the experimental 1990 horror film Begotten , and Darren Aronofsky 's 1998 directorial debut Pi . Swiss surrealist H. R. Giger cited Eraserhead as " one of the greatest films [ he had ] ever seen " , and said that it came closer to realizing his vision than even his own films . According to Giger , Lynch declined to collaborate with him on Dune because he felt Giger had " stolen his ideas " .
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= Runaway Scrape =
The Runaway Scrape events took place mainly between September 1835 and April 1836 , and were the evacuations by Texas residents fleeing the Mexican Army of Operations during the Texas Revolution , from the Battle of the Alamo through the decisive Battle of San Jacinto . The ad interim government of the new Republic of Texas and much of the civilian population fled eastward ahead of the Mexican forces . The conflict arose after Antonio López de Santa Anna abrogated the 1824 constitution of Mexico and established martial law in Coahuila y Tejas . The Texians resisted and declared their independence . It was Sam Houston 's responsibility , as the appointed commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the Provisional Army of Texas ( before such an army actually existed ) , to recruit and train a military force to defend the population against troops led by Santa Anna .
Residents on the Gulf Coast and at San Antonio de Béxar began evacuating in January upon learning of the Mexican army 's troop movements into their area , an event that was ultimately replayed across Texas . During early skirmishes , some Texian soldiers surrendered , believing that they would become prisoners of war — but Santa Anna demanded their executions . The news of the Battle of the Alamo and the Goliad massacre instilled fear in the population and resulted in the mass exodus of the civilian population of Gonzales , where the opening battle of the Texian revolution had begun and where , only days before the fall of the Alamo , they had sent a militia to reinforce the defenders at the mission . The civilian refugees were accompanied by the newly forming provisional army , as Houston bought time to train soldiers and create a military structure that could oppose Santa Anna 's greater forces . Houston 's actions were viewed as cowardice by the ad interim government , as well as by some of his own troops . As he and the refugees from Gonzales escaped first to the Colorado River and then to the Brazos , evacuees from other areas trickled in and new militia groups arrived to join with Houston 's force .
The towns of Gonzales and San Felipe de Austin were burned to keep them out of the hands of the Mexican army . Santa Anna was intent on executing members of the Republic 's interim government , who fled from Washington @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Brazos to Groce 's Landing to Harrisburg and New Washington . The government officials eventually escaped to Galveston Island , and Santa Anna burned the towns of Harrisburg and New Washington when he failed to find them . Approximately 5 @,@ 000 terrified residents of New Washington fled from the Mexican army . After a little over a month of training the troops , Houston reached a crossroads where he ordered some of them to escort the fleeing refugees farther east while he took the main army southeast to engage the Mexican army . The subsequent Battle of San Jacinto resulted in the surrender of Santa Anna and the signing of the Treaties of Velasco .
= = Prelude = =
= = = Changes in Mexico : 1834 - 1835 = = =
In 1834 , Mexican president Antonio López de Santa Anna shifted from a Federalist political ideology to creating a Centralist government and revoked the country 's Constitution of 1824 . That constitution had not only established Coahuila y Tejas as a new Mexican state , but had also provided for each state in Mexico to create its own local @-@ level constitution . After eliminating state @-@ level governments Santa Anna had in effect created a dictatorship and put Coahuila y Tejas under the military rule of General Martín Perfecto de Cos . When Santa Anna made Miguel Barragán temporary president , he also had Barragán install him as head of the Mexican Army of Operations . Intending to put down all rebellion in Coahuila y Tejas , he began amassing his army on November 28 , 1835 , soon followed by General Joaquín Ramírez y Sesma leading the Vanguard of the Advance across the Rio Grande in December .
= = = Temporary governments in Texas : November 1835 - March 1836 = = =
Stephen F. Austin was commander of the existing unpaid volunteer Texian army , and at his urging the Consultation of 1835 convened in San Felipe de Austin on November 3 of that year . Their creation of a provisional government based on the 1824 constitution established the General Council as a legislative body with each municipality allotted one representative . Henry Smith was elected governor without any clearly defined powers of the position . Sam Houston was in attendance as the elected representative from Nacogdoches , and also served as commander of the Nacogdoches militia . Edward Burleson replaced Austin as commander of the volunteer army on December 1 .
On December 10 , the General Council called new elections to choose delegates to determine the fate of the region . The Consultation approved the creation of the Provisional Army of Texas , a paid force of 2 @,@ 500 troops . Houston was named commander @-@ in @-@ chief of the new army and issued a recruitment Proclamation on December 12 . The volunteer army under Burleson disbanded on December 20 .
Harrisburg was designated the seat of a deeply divided provisional government on December 30 . Most of the General Council wanted to remain part of Mexico , but with the restoration of the 1824 constitution . Governor Smith supported the opposing faction who advocated for complete independence . Smith dissolved the General Council on January 10 , 1836 , but it was unclear if he had the power to do that . He was impeached on January 11 . The power struggle effectively shut down the government .
The Convention of 1836 met at Washington @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Brazos on March 1 . The following day , the 59 delegates created the Republic of Texas by affixing their signatures to the Texas Declaration of Independence . Houston 's military authority was expanded on March 4 , to include " the land forces of the Texian army both Regular , Volunteer , and Militia . " The delegates elected the Republic 's ad interim government on March 16 , with David G. Burnet as president , Lorenzo de Zavala as vice president , Samuel P. Carson as secretary of state , Thomas Jefferson Rusk as secretary of war , Bailey Hardeman as secretary of the treasury , Robert Potter as secretary of the navy , and David Thomas as attorney general .
= = Battle of Gonzales : October 2 , 1835 = =
The Battle of Gonzales was the onset of a chain of events that led to what is known as the Runaway Scrape . The confrontation began in September 1835 , when the Mexican government attempted to reclaim a bronze cannon that it had provided to Gonzales in 1831 to protect the town against Indian attacks . The first attempt by Corporal Casimiro De León resulted in De León 's detachment being taken prisoners , and the cannon being buried in a peach orchard . James C. Neill , a veteran who had served at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend under Andrew Jackson , was put in charge of the artillery after it was later dug up and wheel mounted . When Lieutenant Francisco de Castañeda arrived accompanied by 100 soldiers and made a second attempt at repossessing the cannon , Texians dared the Mexicans to " come and take it " . John Henry Moore led 150 Texian militia on October 2 in successfully repelling the Mexican troops . A " Come and Take It " flag was later fashioned by the women of Gonzales . The cannon was moved to San Antonio de Béxar and became one of the artillery pieces used by the defenders of the Alamo .
The immediate result of the Texian victory at Gonzales was that two days later the number of volunteers had swelled to over 300 , and they were determined to drive the Mexican army out of Texas . Simultaneously , a company of volunteers under George M. Collinsworth captured the Presidio La Bahía from the Mexicans on October 9 at the Battle of Goliad . The Mexican government 's response to the unrest in Texas was an October 30 authorization of war . On the banks of the Nueces River 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) from San Patricio on November 4 during the Battle of Lipantitlán , volunteers under Ira Westover captured the fort from Mexican troops .
= = Béxar : 1835 - 1836 = =
= = = Siege of Béxar and its aftermath : October 1835 - February 1836 = = =
By October 9 , Cos had taken over San Antonio de Béxar . Stephen F. Austin sent an advance scout troop of 90 men under James Bowie and James Fannin to observe the Mexican forces . While taking refuge at Mission Concepción on October 28 , they repelled an attack by 275 Mexicans under Domingo Ugartechea during the battle . Austin continued to send troops to Béxar . Bowie was ordered on November 26 to attack a Mexican supply train alleged to be carrying a payroll . The resulting skirmish became known as the Grass Fight , after it was discovered that the only cargo was grass to feed the horses . When Austin was selected to join Branch T. Archer and William H. Wharton on a diplomatic mission to seek international recognition and support , Edward Burleson was named as commander . On December 5 , James C. Neill began distracting Cos by firing artillery directly at the Alamo , while Benjamin Milam and Frank W. Johnson led several hundred volunteers in a surprise attack . The fighting at the Siege of Béxar continued until December 9 when Cos sent word he wanted to surrender . Cos and his army were sent back to Mexico , but would later unite with Santa Anna 's forces .
Approximately 300 of the Texian garrison at Béxar departed on December 30 to join Frank W. Johnson and James Grant on the Matamoros Expedition , in a planned attack to seize the port for its financial resources . Proponents of this campaign were hoping Mexican Federalists would oust Santa Anna and restore the 1824 constitution . When Sesma crossed the Rio Grande , residents of the Gulf Coast began fleeing the area in January 1836 . Santa Anna ordered General José de Urrea on February 16 to secure the Gulf Coast . About 160 miles ( 260 km ) north of Matamoros at San Patricio , Urrea 's troops ambushed Johnson and members of the expedition on February 27 at the Battle of San Patricio . Sixteen Texians were killed , six escaped , and 21 were taken prisoner . Urrea 's troops then turned southwest by some 26 miles ( 42 km ) to Agua Dulce Creek and on March 2 attacked a group of the expedition led by Grant , killing all but 11 , six of whom were taken prisoner . Five of the men escaped the Battle of Agua Dulce and joined Fannin who wanted to increase the defense force at Goliad .
= = = Battle of the Alamo : February 23 – March 6 , 1836 = = =
Neill was promoted to lieutenant colonel during his participation in the Siege of Béxar , and 10 days later Houston placed him in charge of the Texian garrison in the city . In January residents had begun evacuating ahead of Santa Anna 's approaching forces . Neill pleaded with Houston for replenishment of troops , supplies and weaponry . The departure of Texians who joined the Matamoros Expedition had left Neill with only about 100 men . At that point Houston viewed Béxar as a military liability and did not want Santa Anna 's advancing army gaining control of any remaining soldiers or artillery . He dispatched Bowie with instructions to remove the artillery , have the defenders abandon the Alamo mission and destroy it . Upon his January 19 arrival and subsequent discussions with Neill , Bowie decided the mission was the right place to stop the Mexican army in its tracks . He stayed and began to help Neill prepare for the coming attack . Lieutenant Colonel William B. Travis arrived with reinforcements on February 3 . When Neill was given leave to attend to family matters on February 11 , Travis assumed command of the mission , and three days later he and Bowie agreed to a joint command . Santa Anna crossed the Rio Grande on February 16 , and the Mexican army 's assault on the Alamo began February 23 . Captain Juan Seguín left the mission on February 25 , carrying a letter from Travis to Fannin at Goliad requesting more reinforcements . Santa Anna extended an offer of amnesty to Tejanos inside the fortress ; a non @-@ combatant survivor , Enrique Esparza , said that most Tejanos left when Bowie advised them to take the offer . In response to Travis ' February 24 letter To the People of Texas , 32 militia volunteers formed the Gonzales Ranging Company of Mounted Volunteers and arrived at the Alamo on February 29 .
If you execute your enemies , it saves you the trouble of having to forgive them .
= = Flight : March – April 1836 = =
= = = Houston begins forming his army = = =
As the closest settlement to San Antonio de Béxar , Gonzales was the rallying point for volunteers who responded to both the Travis letter from the Alamo and Houston 's recruitment pleas . Recently formed groups came from Austin and Washington counties and from the Colorado River area . Volunteers from Brazoria , Fort Bend and Matagorda counties organized after arriving in Gonzales . The Kentucky Rifle company under Newport , Kentucky business man Sidney Sherman had been aided by funding from Cincinnati , Ohio residents .
Alamo commandant Neill was in Gonzales purchasing supplies and recruiting reinforcements on March 6 . When Seguin learned en route that Fannin would be unable to reach the Alamo in time , he immediately began mustering an all @-@ Tejano company of scouts . His men combined with Lieutenant William Smith 's and volunteered to accompany Neill 's recruits . They encountered the Mexican army 18 miles ( 29 km ) from the Alamo on March 7 , and Neill 's men turned back while the Seguin @-@ Smith scouts moved forward . As the scouts neared the Alamo , they met only silence . Andrew Barcena and Anselmo Bergara from Seguin 's other detachment inside the Alamo showed up in Gonzales on March 11 , telling of their escape and delivering news of the slaughter . Their stories were discounted ; Houston , who had arrived that same day , denounced them as Mexican spies .
Smith and Seguin confirmed the fate of the mission upon their return . Houston dispatched orders to Fannin to abandon Goliad , blow up the Presidio La Bahía fortress , and retreat to Victoria , but Fannin delayed acting on those orders . Believing the approach of Urrea 's troops brought a greater urgency to local civilians , he sent 29 men under Captain Amon B. King to help evacuate nearby Refugio .
Houston promptly began organizing the troops at Gonzales into the First Regiment under Burleson who had arrived as part of the Mina volunteers . A second regiment would later be formed when the army grew large enough . As others began to arrive , individual volunteers not already in another company were put under Captain William Hestor Patton . Houston had 374 volunteers and their commanders in Gonzales on March 12 .
Santa Anna sent Susanna Dickinson with her infant daughter Angelina , Travis ' slave Joe , and Mexican Colonel Juan Almonte 's cook Ben to Gonzales , with dispatches written in English by Almonte to spread the news of the fall of the Alamo . Scouts Deaf Smith , Henry Karnes and Robert Eden Handy encountered the survivors 20 miles ( 32 km ) outside of Gonzales on March 13 . When Karnes returned with the news , almost immediately 25 volunteers deserted . Wailing filled the air when Dickinson and the others reached the town with their first @-@ hand accounts .
There was not a soul left among the citizens of Gonzales who had not lost a father , husband , brother or son ... That terrible massacre had , for a time , struck terror into every heart .
Although civilian evacuations had begun in January for the Gulf Coast and San Antonio de Béxar , the Texian military was either on the offensive or standing firm until the smaller Gulf Coast skirmishes happened in February . Houston was now facing a choice of whether to retreat to a safe place to train his new army , or to meet the enemy head @-@ on immediately . He was wary of trying to defend a fixed position – the debacle at the Alamo had shown that the new Texian government was unable to provide sufficient provisions or reinforcements .
= = = The burning of Gonzales = = =
Houston called for a Council of War . The officers voted that the families should be ordered to leave , and the troops would cover the retreat . By midnight , less than an hour after Dickinson had arrived , the combined army and civilian population began a frantic move eastward , leaving behind everything they could not immediately grab and transport . Much of the provisions and artillery were left behind , including two 24 @-@ pounder cannons . Houston ordered Salvador Flores along with a company of Juan Seguin 's men to form the rear guard to protect the fleeing families . Couriers were sent to other towns in Texas to warn that the Mexican army was advancing .
The retreat took place so quickly that many of the Texian scouts did not fully comprehend it until after the town was evacuated . Houston ordered Karnes to burn the town and everything in it so nothing would remain to benefit the Mexican troops . By dawn , the entire town was in ashes or flames .
Volunteers from San Felipe de Austin who had been organized under Captain John Bird on March 5 to reinforce the men at the Alamo had been en route to San Antonio de Béxar on March 13 when approximately 10 miles ( 16 km ) east of Gonzales they encountered fleeing citizens and a courier from Sam Houston . Told of the Alamo 's fall , Bird 's men offered assistance to the fleeing citizens and joined Houston 's army at Bartholomew D. McClure 's plantation on the evening of March 14 .
At Washington @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Brazos , the delegates to the convention learned of the Alamo 's fall on March 13 . The Republic 's new ad interim government was sworn in on March 17 , with a department overseeing military spy operations , and adjourned the same day . The government then fled to Groce 's Landing where they stayed for several days before moving on to Harrisburg on March 21 where they established temporary headquarters in the home of widow Jane Birdsall Harris .
King 's men at Refugio had taken refuge in Mission Nuestra Señora de la Rosario when they were subsequently attacked by Urrea 's forces . Fannin sent 120 reinforcements under William Ward , but the March 14 Battle of Refugio cost 15 Texian lives . Ward 's men escaped , but King 's men were captured and executed on March 16 .
= = = Colorado River crossings = = =
= = = = Burnam 's = = = =
Upon learning of the flight , Santa Anna sent General Joaquín Ramírez y Sesma with 700 men to pursue Houston , and 600 men under General Eugenio Tolsa as reinforcements . Finding only burned remains at Gonzales , Sesma marched his army toward the Colorado River .
The Texian army camped March 15 – 18 on the Lavaca River property of Williamson Daniels where they were joined by combined forces under Joe Bennett and Captain Peyton R. Splane . Fleeing civilians accompanied Houston 's army turning north at the Navidad River as they crossed to the east side of the Colorado River at Burnam 's Crossing . The ferry and trading post , as well as the family home of Jesse Burnam , were all burned at Houston 's orders on March 17 to prevent Santa Anna 's army from making the same crossing .
= = = = Beason 's and DeWees = = = =
Beason 's Crossing was located where Columbus is today . DeWees Crossing was 7 miles ( 11 km ) north of Beason 's . From March 19 through March 26 , Houston split his forces between the two crossings . Additional Texian volunteer companies began arriving at both crossings , including three companies of Texas Rangers , the Liberty County Volunteers and the Nacogdoches Volunteers .
Sesma 's battalion of approximately 725 men and artillery camped on the opposite side of the Colorado , at a distance halfway between the two Texian camps . To prevent Sesma 's troops from using the William DeWees log cabin , Sherman ordered it burned . Three Mexican scouts from Sesma 's army were captured by Sherman 's men , and although Sherman argued for an attack on Sesma 's troops , Houston was not ready .
Fannin had begun evacuating Presidio La Bahía on March 19 . The estimated 320 troops were low on food and water , and the breakdown of a wagon allowed Urrea 's men to overtake them at Coleto Creek , ending in Fannin 's surrender on March 20 . Peter Kerr , who had served with Fannin and claimed to have been held prisoner , arrived at DeWees on March 25 . Houston announced Fannin 's surrender , but would later claim to have uncovered evidence that Kerr was a spy for the Mexicans .
The Texian army was a force of 810 volunteers and staff at this point , but few had any military training and experience . Faced with past desertions , discipline flaws , and individual indecisiveness of volunteers in training , Houston knew they were not yet ready to engage the Mexican army . Compounding the situation were the civilian refugees dependent upon the army for their protection . The news of Fannin 's capture , combined with his doubts about the readiness of the Texian army , led Houston to order a retreat on March 26 . Some of the troops viewed the decision as cowardice with Sesma sitting just on the other side of the Colorado , and several hundred men deserted .
... the only army in Texas is now present ... There are but few of us , and if we are beaten , the fate of Texas is sealed . The salvation of the country depends upon the first battle had with the enemy . For this reason , I intend to retreat , if I am obliged to go even to the banks of the Sabine .
= = = Brazos River training camp = = =
= = = = Groce 's Landing = = = =
Texian survivors of the Battle of Coleto Creek believed their surrender agreement with Urrea would , at worst , mean their deportation . Santa Anna , however , adhered to the 1835 Tornel Decree that stated the insurrection was an act of piracy fomented by the United States , and ordered their executions . Although he personally disagreed with the need to do so , Urrea carried out his commander 's orders on March 27 . Of the estimated 370 Texians being held , a few managed to escape the massacre . The remainder were shot , stabbed with bayonets and lances and clubbed with gun butts . Fannin was shot through the face and his gold watch stolen . The dead were cremated on a pyre .
It would be a week before word of the Goliad massacre reached Sam Houston . The retreating Texian army stopped at San Felipe de Austin on March 28 – 29 to stock up on food and supplies . Houston 's plan to move the army north to Groce 's Landing on the Brazos River was met with resistance from captains Wyly Martin and Moseley Baker , whose units balked at further retreat . Houston reassigned Martin 25 miles ( 40 km ) south to protect the Morton Ferry crossing at Fort Bend , and Baker was ordered to guard the river crossing at San Felipe de Austin .
News of approaching Mexican troops and Houston 's retreat caused panic among the population in the counties of Washington , Sabine , Shelby and San Augustine . Amid the confusion of fleeing residents of those counties , two volunteer groups under captains William Kimbro and Benjamin Bryant arrived to join Houston on March 29 . Kimbro was ordered to San Felipe de Austin to reinforce Baker 's troops , while Bryant 's men remained with the main army .
After an erroneous scouting report of approaching Mexican troops , Baker burned San Felipe de Austin to the ground on March 30 . When Baker claimed Houston had given him an order to do so , Houston denied it . Houston 's account was that the residents burned their own property to keep it out of the hands of the Mexican army . San Felipe de Austin 's residents did as those before them in escaping the Mexican army , and fled to the east .
During a two @-@ week period beginning March 31 , the Texian army camped on the west side of the Brazos River in Austin County , near Groce 's Landing ( also known as Groce 's Ferry ) . As Houston led his army north towards the landing , the unrelenting rainy weather swelled the Brazos and threatened flooding . Groce 's was transformed into a training camp for the troops . Major Edwin Morehouse arrived with a New York battalion of recruits who were immediately assigned to assist Wyly Martin at Fort Bend . Civilian men who were fleeing the Mexicans enlisted at Groce 's , and displaced civilian women in the camp helped the army 's efforts by sewing shirts for the soldiers .
Samuel G. Hardaway , a survivor of Major William Ward 's group who had escaped the Battle of Refugio and re @-@ joined Fannin at the Battle of Coleto , also managed to escape the Goliad massacre . As he fled Goliad , he was eventually joined by three other survivors , Joseph Andrews , James P. Trezevant and M. K. Moses . Spies for the Texian army discovered the four men and took them to Baker 's camp near San Felipe de Austin on April 2 . Several other survivors of the Goliad massacre were found on April 10 by Texian spies . Survivors Daniel Murphy , Thomas Kemp , Charles Shain , David Jones , William Brenan and Nat Hazen were taken to Houston at Groce 's Landing where they enlisted to fight with Houston 's army .
Houston learned of the Goliad massacre on April 3 . Unaware that Secretary of War Rusk was already en route to Groce 's with orders from President Burnet to halt the army 's retreat and engage the enemy , he relayed the Goliad news by letter to Rusk .
The enemy are laughing you to scorn . You must fight them . You must retreat no further . The country expects you to fight . The salvation of the country depends on your doing so .
Empowered to remove Houston from command and take over the army himself , Rusk instead assessed Houston 's plan of action as correct , after witnessing the training at Groce 's . Rusk and Houston formed the Second Regiment on April 8 to serve under Sherman , with Burleson retaining command of the First Regiment .
= = = = Yellowstone steamboat = = = =
The steamboat Yellowstone under the command of Captain John Eautaw Ross was impressed into service for the Provisional Army of Texas on April 2 , and initially ferried patients across the Brazos River when Dr. James Aeneas Phelps established a field hospital at Bernardo Plantation . Three days later , Santa Anna joined with Sesma 's troops , and had them build flatboats to cross the Brazos as the Mexicans sought to overtake and defeat the Texians . Wyly Martin reported on April 8 that Mexican forces had divided and were headed both east to Nacogdoches and southeast to Matagorda . Houston reinforced Baker 's post at San Felipe de Austin on April 9 , as Santa Anna continued moving southeast on April 10 .
The Texian army was transported by the Yellowstone over to the east side of the Brazos on April 12 , where they set up camp at the Bernardo Plantation . After walking 50 miles ( 80 km ) from Harrisburg , future president of the Republic Mirabeau B. Lamar arrived at Bernardo to enlist as a private in Houston 's army and suggested using the steamer for guerilla warfare .
Had it not been for its service , the enemy could never have been overtaken until they had reached the Sabine ... use of the boat enabled me to cross the Brazos and save Texas .
With Baker guarding the crossing at San Felipe de Austin , and Martin guarding the Morton Ferry crossing at Ford Bend , Santa Anna opted on April 12 to cross the Brazos halfway between at Thompson 's Ferry , with Sesma 's men and artillery crossing over the next day . The Mexican army attacked the steamer numerous times in an attempt to capture it , but Ross successfully used cotton bales to protect the steamer and its cargo , and was able to keep the Yellowstone away from Mexican control . Houston released the steamboat from service on April 14 , and it continued to Galveston .
= = = Burning of Harrisburg and the crucial crossroads = = =
The ad interim government departed Harrisburg on the steamboat Cayuga for New Washington ahead of Santa Anna 's April 15 arrival , thwarting his plans to eliminate the entire government of the Republic of Texas . Three printers still at work on the Telegraph and Texas Register told the Mexican army that everyone in the government had already left , and Santa Anna responded by having the printers arrested and the printing presses tossed into Buffalo Bayou . After days of looting and seeking out information about the government , Santa Anna ordered the town burned on April 18 . He later tried to place the blame for the destruction on Houston .
Before the Texian army left Bernardo Plantation , they welcomed the arrival of two cannons cast in November 1835 by Greenwood and Webb in Cincinnati , Ohio , funded entirely by the people of that city as a donation to the Texas Revolution . The idea had arisen as a suggestion from Robert F. Lytle , one of the businessmen who helped fund Sherman 's Kentucky Riflemen . Arriving in New Orleans after a lengthy trip from Ohio on the Mississippi River , the cannons were transported to the Gulf Coast aboard the Pennsylvania schooner . The cannons were nicknamed the " Twin Sisters " , perhaps in honor of the twins Elizabeth and Eleanor Rice traveling aboard the Pennsylvania , who were to present the cannons upon their arrival at Galveston in April 1836 . At Galveston , Leander Smith had the responsibility of transporting the cannons from Harrisburg to Bernardo Plantation in Waller County . Along the way , Smith recruited 35 men into the army . Lieutenant Colonel James Neill was put in charge of the cannons once they arrived in camp .
Martin and Baker abandoned the river crossings on April 14 and re @-@ joined Houston 's army which had marched from Bernardo to the Charles Donoho Plantation near present @-@ day Hempstead in Waller County . As news spread of the Mexican army 's movements , residents of Nacogdoches and San Augustine began to flee east towards the Sabine River . After refusals to continue with the army , Martin was ordered by Houston to accompany displaced families on their flight eastward . Hundreds of soldiers left the army to help their families . The main army parted from the refugees at this point , and acting Secretary of War David Thomas advised Houston to move southward to secure Galveston Bay . Houston , however , was getting conflicting advice from the cabinet members . President Burnet had sent Secretary of State Carson to Louisiana in hopes of getting the United States army and individual state militias involved in the Texas fight for independence . While he attempted to secure such involvement , Carson sent a dispatch to Houston on April 14 advising him to retreat all the way to the Louisiana @-@ Texas border on the Sabine River , and bide his time before engaging the Mexican army .
The Texian army camped west of present @-@ day Tomball on April 15 , at Sam McCarley 's homestead . They departed the next morning and 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) east reached a crucial crossroads . One road led east to Nacogdoches and eventually the Sabine River and Louisiana , while the other road led southeast to Harrisburg . The army was concerned that Houston would continue the eastward retreat . Although Houston discussed his decision with no one , he led the army down the southeast road . Rusk ordered that a small group of volunteers be split from the army to secure Robbins 's Ferry on the Trinity River . Houston 's troops stopped overnight on April 16 at the home of Matthew Burnet , and the next morning continued marching towards Harrisburg , 25 miles ( 40 km ) southeast .
With the refugee families being accorded a military escort eastward and Houston marching southeast , the retreat of the Provisional Army of Texas was over . On the march which would lead to San Jacinto , moving the heavy artillery across rain @-@ soaked terrain slowed down the army 's progress . The army had previously been assisted in moving the Twin Sisters with oxen borrowed from refugee Pamela Martin when she believed the army was fleeing towards Nacogdoches . When she learned the army was headed towards Harrisburg and a confrontation with the Mexican army , she reclaimed her oxen . The Texian army had expanded to twenty @-@ six companies by the time they reached Harrisburg on April 18 and saw the destruction Santa Anna had left behind .
= = = New Washington = = =
On orders of Santa Anna after the burning of Harrisburg , Almonte went in pursuit of the ad interim government at New Washington . During their flight the Republic officials switched from steamer to ferry to skiff . On the final leg of the trip , Almonte finally had them in his sights , but refused to fire after he saw Mrs. Burnet and her children on the skiff . In addition to letting the government get away one more time , Almonte 's spies had misread Houston 's troop movements and Santa Anna was told that the Texian army was still retreating eastward , this time through Lynchburg .
New Washington was looted and burned on April 20 by Mexican troops , and as many as 5 @,@ 000 civilians fled , either by boat or across land . Those attempting to cross the San Jacinto River were bottlenecked for three days , and the vicinity around the crossing transformed into a refugee camp . Burnet ordered government assistance all across Texas for fleeing families .
= = Aftermath = =
In a troop movement that took all night on a makeshift raft , the Texian army crossed Buffalo Bayou at Lynchburg April 19 with 930 soldiers , leaving behind 255 others as guards or for reasons of illness . The idea had been floated of leaving the Twin Sisters behind as protection , but Neill was adamant that the cannons be taken into the battle . In an April 20 skirmish the day before the main battle Neill was severely wounded , and George Hockley took command of the heavy artillery . Estimates of the Mexican army troop strength on the day of the main battle range from 1 @,@ 250 to 1 @,@ 500 .
The Texians attacked in the afternoon of April 21 while Santa Anna was still under the misconception that Houston was actually retreating . He had allowed his army time to relax and feed their horses , while he took a nap . When he was awakened by the attack , he immediately fled on horseback , but was later captured when Sergeant James Austin Sylvester found him hiding in the grass . Houston 's own account was that the battle lasted " about eighteen minutes " , before apprehending prisoners and confiscating armaments . When the Twin Sisters went up against the Mexican army 's Golden Standard cannon , they performed so well that Hockley 's unit was able to capture the Mexican cannon .
The Yellowstone saw war service for the Republic one more time on May 7 , when it transported Houston and his prisoner Santa Anna , along with the government Santa Anna tried to extinguish , to Galveston Island . From there , the government and Santa Anna traveled to Velasco for the signing of the treaties . Houston had suffered a serious wound during the battle , and on May 28 boarded the schooner Flora for medical treatment in New Orleans .
Not until news of the victory at San Jacinto spread did the refugees return to their homesteads and businesses , or whatever was left after the destruction caused by both armies . Throughout Texas , possessions had been abandoned and later looted . Businesses , homes and farms were wiped out by the devastation of war . Often there was nothing left to go back to , but those who went home began to pick up their lives and move forward . San Felipe de Austin never really recovered from its total destruction . The few people who returned there moved elsewhere , sooner or later . Secretary of War Rusk would later commend the women of Texas who held their families together during the flight , while their men volunteered to fight : " The men of Texas deserve much credit , but more was due the women . Armed men facing a foe could not but be brave ; but the women , with their little children around them , without means of defense or power to resist , faced danger and death with unflinching courage . "
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= The Beginning or the End =
The Beginning or the End ( 1947 ) is an American docudrama film about the development of the atomic bomb in World War II , directed by Norman Taurog , starring Brian Donlevy and Hume Cronyn , and released by Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer ( MGM ) . The film dramatizes the creation of the atomic bomb in the Manhattan Project and the bombing of Hiroshima .
The film originated in October 1945 as a project of actress Donna Reed and her high school science teacher , Edward R. Tompkins , who was a chemist at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory . Bob Considine wrote the treatment , which was sent to the MGM studio script writers . The title was supplied by President Harry S. Truman . At the time there was a legal requirement that permission be obtained to depict living well @-@ known public figures . Many refused , but others , such as J. Robert Oppenheimer , co @-@ operated . Major General Leslie R. Groves , Jr . , the director of the Manhattan Project , was hired as a consultant for $ 10 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 121 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) .
Although the filmmakers put considerable effort into historical accuracy , particularly in details , the film is known for some key distortions of history . An entirely fictional sequence was added in which Truman agonizes over whether to authorize the attack ; anti @-@ aircraft shells are shown bursting around the Enola Gay on its bombing run over Hiroshima ; and it is said that leaflets were dropped on Hiroshima for ten days in advance of the mission warning the citizens of the forthcoming raid . The film received mixed reviews , and did not earn its money back .
= = Plot = =
In 1945 , physicist and atomic scientist Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer ( Hume Cronyn ) praises the discovery of atomic energy , but also warns of its dangers . American scientists such as Matt Cochran ( Tom Drake ) , working under the guidance of Dr. Enrico Fermi ( Joseph Calleia ) and Dr. Marré ( Victor Francen ) , have split the atom , and essentially beaten the Germans in the race to create an atomic bomb . With the assistance of Albert Einstein ( Ludwig Stössel ) , they inform President Franklin D. Roosevelt ( Godfrey Tearle ) that a monumental discovery has been made .
In 1941 , with the United States at war , Roosevelt authorizes up to two billion dollars for the Manhattan Project to develop an atomic bomb . In December 1942 , at the University of Chicago , under the watchful eyes of observers such as Colonel Jeff Nixon ( Robert Walker ) and international experts , scientists create the first chain reaction , under a stadium at the campus .
Nixon is assigned to General Leslie Groves ( Brian Donlevy ) , who is placed in charge of the project . Groves has to bring together the scientific , industrial and defense communities to build the atomic bomb . In 1945 , following the death of Roosevelt , the new president , Harry S. Truman ( Art Baker ) , continues to support the atomic project , now moved to Los Alamos , New Mexico . When refined uranium @-@ 235 is obtained , the first atomic bomb is built and tested successfully in the New Mexico desert . Facing stiff resistance in the Pacific War , Truman orders the use of the atomic bomb against Japan in July 1945 .
Cochran and Nixon are assigned to accompany the crew transporting the bomb to Tinian . While assembling the bomb , the scientist comes into contact with radioactive material and dies . The following day , on August 6 , 1945 , the Enola Gay , a Boeing B @-@ 29 Superfortress bomber , drops an atomic bomb on Hiroshima . After the mission , Nixon returns home to break the news of her husband 's death to Cochran 's wife .
= = Cast = =
= = Production = =
The idea for The Beginning or the End originated in October 1945 with Donna Reed , a Hollywood actor , and her high school science teacher , Edward R. Tompkins , a chemist at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory . According to The Hollywood Reporter issues of December 1945 and January 1946 , MGM , Paramount and 20th Century Fox were all interested in making a film about the Manhattan Project . Paramount 's Hal B. Wallis was already working on his own version , titled Top Secret , but agreed to merge his project with MGM 's and hand over his story and research , offering to serve as an adviser on the MGM treatment in return for a fixed fee and a percentage of the box office gross .
The Beginning or the End had a number of working titles , including Atom Bomb , The Manhattan Project and Top Secret . Bob Considine was hired to produce a treatment , which he sent to the studio script writers . The script underwent a number of revisions , with Ayn Rand being one of the writers . Her contributions include the montage of Hitler 's conquests , a sequence in which a dying informant sends a message to Albert Einstein , and the sequence in which President Franklin Roosevelt authorizes the Manhattan Project . Other writers involved with the script were Robert Smith , Frank " Spig " Wead , Norman Krasna , David Hawkins , John Lee Mahin and Glenn Tryon . Producer Samuel Marx wrote the opening narration . Marx and Donna Reed 's husband Tony Owen met with President Harry S. Truman to secure his approval . At their meeting , Truman is reported to have said : " Gentlemen , make a motion picture . Tell the people of this nation that for them it is the beginning or the end , " thereby supplying the movie with its title .
H. T. Wensel from the National Bureau of Standards , Tompkins , and W. Bradford Shank from the Los Alamos National Laboratory acted as technical advisers . Relations between MGM and the scientists soon became strained , as the scientists began asking for multiple script changes , and Tompkins eventually resigned . Oppenheimer sent David Hawkins , a philosophy professor from the University of California to act as a mediator between Marx and the scientists . Although the original intention was that a substantial sum of money would be donated to scientists ' associations like the Federation of Atomic Scientists , in the end , no scientific organizations accepted any money . Tompkins received $ 100 ( equivalent to $ 1 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) . At the time there was a legal requirement that permission be obtained to depict living well @-@ known public figures . Lise Meitner , Niels Bohr and Sir James Chadwick all refused to allow their names to be used in the The Beginning or the End , which Marx regarded as unfortunate , as it made the film 's Manhattan Project scenes look like an all @-@ American affair .
The loss of Bohr caused important sequences to be deleted . The script originally had Bohr , rescued from the Germans in Copenhagen , bring a shocked Oppenheimer news that the German nuclear weapon project was supplying expertise to its Japanese counterpart . A German U @-@ boat carrying a fictional scientist travels to Japan where he joins the Japanese project in Hiroshima . Vannevar Bush objected to the way the script depicted him as having doubts about whether the atomic bomb could be built in time or could fit into an aircraft . Bush insisted that he never had any doubts . The script was changed to soften this . In the film , when Bush tells Roosevelt that he has a top secret matter to discuss , the President 's dog Fala leaves the room .
Oppenheimer raised no objection to the sequence in the film in which he told Brigadier General Thomas Farrell that the odds of a runaway explosion destroying the planet were less than one in a million , although he let MGM know it never happened . The cultured Oppenheimer 's main concern was that the script was poor , with characters that were " stilted , lifeless , and without purpose or insight . "
Military technical advisers for The Beginning or the End included Colonel William A. Considine , Groves 's assistant in charge of in charge of Security and Public Relations , Major Glen W. Landreth , Major Paul Van Sloun and Lieutenant Colonel Charles W. Sweeney , the pilot of Bockscar , the bomber that dropped the second atomic bomb on Nagasaki . Scientists were alarmed by reports that the dashing actor Clark Gable was being considered for the role of Groves , but were relieved when Brian Donlevy was cast in the role , as he normally played a villain . Indeed , most of the cast were best known for film noir : Hume Cronyn for The Postman Always Rings Twice ; Joseph Calleia , for Gilda and Deadline at Dawn ; and Ludwig Stössel for Fritz Lang 's Cloak and Dagger . Groves 's cooperation was secured by hiring him as a primary consultant , for $ 10 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 121 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) . The portly Groves apparently had no objection to his portrayal by the slim and handsome Donlevy , except for the way in which he was shown bossing industrialists around . He had a scene in which he warned Roosevelt that the invasion of Japan would be opposed by Japanese nuclear weapons deleted .
Eleanor Roosevelt objected to the casting of Lionel Barrymore as her late husband , due to political remarks that Barrymore had made about the president in 1944 . Marx delayed Barrymore 's scenes while she had a chance to read and respond to a letter Barrymore sent her explaining that his remarks had been misinterpreted , but she was not placated , and Barrymore was replaced in the role by Godfrey Tearle . The War Department and the White House reviewed the script , and both asked for changes . The Army had a scene where an Army major made a pass at a girl deleted , as it felt that this was poor conduct for an officer .
The casual way that Truman and Groves were shown to decide to use the bomb , with Truman stating that " I think more of our American boys than I do of all our enemies " , while accurate , troubled Walter Lippmann , who felt that it could lead to foreigners being fearful of atomic weapons being in American hands . An entirely fictional sequence was therefore added in which Truman agonizes over whether to authorize the attack or not . In it Truman asserts that dropping the bomb will shorten the war , and a " year less of war will mean life for ... from 300 @,@ 000 to half a million of America 's finest youth " .
The motion picture censors asked for further cuts . Derogatory references to Mexicans were removed , as was an off @-@ color joke about the effects of exposure to radioactive substances ( " Is it true if you fool around with that stuff you don 't like girls anymore ? " " Not that I 've noticed " ) , and one about politics ( " I got it confidential − we 're makin ' the front ends of horses . We ship ' em to Washington to hook on to the other end . " )
Principal photography for The Beginning or the End began on April 29 , 1946 , and continued until July 25 with retakes beginning on August 9 , 1946 . The production premiered in Washington , D.C. on February 19 , 1947 , with the national release of the film following on March 7 , 1947 .
= = Historical accuracy = =
The filmmakers put considerable effort into historical accuracy , particularly in details such as military uniforms and the details of the Enola Gay and its crew . Nine of the actors who portrayed the Enola Gay crew were actual veterans of World War II . The technical details of atomic processes and the bomb 's design are wildly inaccurate by intention . In 1947 , these details were highly classified . One inaccuracy , independent of necessary military secrecy , is the portrayal of anti @-@ aircraft shells bursting around the aircraft on the bombing run , as the attack on Hiroshima was not opposed .
The film twice refers to specific leaflet drops on the target for ten days in advance of the mission warning the citizens of the forthcoming raid . " We 've been dropping warning leaflets on them for ten days now " , one crew member remarks , " That 's ten days more warning than they gave us before Pearl Harbor . " There was no leaflet specifically warning of an atomic attack . In his review in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists , physicist Harrison Brown called this " the most horrible falsification of history " . Historians have debated whether any leaflets were dropped at all .
= = Reception = =
Although The Beginning or the End was the first film to depict the story of the atomic bomb , both critics and the public were confused by the attempt to merge real events in a docudrama form . Bosley Crowther of The New York Times commented , " ... despite its generally able reenactments , this film is so laced with sentiment of the silliest and most theatrical nature that much of its impressiveness is marred . " Variety described the film as a " portentous tale in broad strokes of masterful scripting and production " , and a " sum credit of everybody concerned that the documentary values are sufficiently there without becoming static " . In his Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists review , Harrison Brown considered the movie " poor " , with a romantic angle " insipid in the extreme " , but was most troubled by way scientific equipment was " over @-@ glamorized " in the film , which he felt gave " a completely false impression of how scientists work . " The review in Time was less positive , noting that , " even as entertainment ... the picture seldom rises above cheery imbecility . "
According to MGM records , The Beginning or the End was made on a budget of $ 2 @,@ 632 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 31 @,@ 939 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) , but earned $ 1 @,@ 221 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 14 @,@ 817 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) in the United States and Canada and $ 721 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 8 @,@ 749 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) elsewhere , resulting in a loss to the studio of $ 1 @,@ 596 @,@ 000 ( equivalent to $ 19 @,@ 367 @,@ 000 in 2015 ) .
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= The Man from Jupiter =
" The Man from Jupiter " is the fourth episode of the third season of the American animated television series Archer . It originally aired on January 19 , 2012 , in the United States on FX . Sterling Archer ( H. Jon Benjamin ) is introduced to Burt Reynolds , who is involved in a relationship with his mother Malory Archer ( Jessica Walter ) . Sterling tries several attempts to end their relationship . Meanwhile , a group of Cuban hitmen set out to kill Sterling .
The episode was directed and written by series creator Adam Reed . Reynolds was announced as a guest star for the episode in October 2011 . He edited much of the episode 's script , after receiving it from Reed . " The Man from Jupiter " was well received by television commentators , who praised the episode 's cultural references , character development , and the storylines . Upon airing , it attracted 1 @.@ 309 million viewers and a 0 @.@ 7 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings . It subsequently became the eleventh highest @-@ rated cable program of the day .
= = Plot = =
Sterling Archer ( H. Jon Benjamin ) drinks at a bar and after he unsuccessfully attempts to pick up a woman for sex , a man nearby laughs at Archer 's incident . When Sterling threatens him , the man easily subdues him . Sterling suddenly realizes that the man is his idol , Burt Reynolds . After gushing to Burt about how much of a fan he is , Archer learns that — much to his horror — Burt is dating his mother Malory Archer ( Jessica Walter ) . A shocked Sterling passes out in the establishment , and by the next day is seen with a black eye . Sterling assumes that it was an " involuntary reaction " .
Malory informs Sterling that a group of Cuban hitmen have established a warrant against him , which makes Sterling even more irate . Burt then calls Malory and asks her out to a movie premiere that night . Later that day , however , Malory gets a letter from Reynolds , saying that he is leaving her for a younger woman and moving back " to Tinseltown " . However , Lana Kane ( Aisha Tyler ) quickly figures out that the letter was written by Sterling himself ( citing how no star actor uses the term " Tinseltown " ) . She quickly figures out that Sterling visited Burt , knocking him out with knock @-@ out gas , and taking him to his apartment . Lana , along with Cyril Figgis and Ray Gillette ( Adam Reed ) , go to try to reason with Sterling . Once there , they encounter the Cuban hit squad , who believe Gillette is the real Sterling based on the recon photo they have ( taken during the events of " Honeypot " ) and a firefight begins . Meanwhile , Sterling holds Burt hostage , promising to never let him date his mother again , but he is interrupted by the firefight between the ISIS agents and the Cubans . As they drive off , Sterling prepares to go after them , but Burt says that Sterling won 't be able to catch up to them and that he can . Sterling agrees to a bet : If Burt can 't catch up to them , he will leave for Hollywood and never call Malory again , and if he does , he can be allowed to continue dating Malory .
Sterling agrees to this , which results in a hectic car chase that frightens Sterling some , despite Burt 's expert driving that allows him to achieve many Hollywood driving stunts . During this , Burt tells Sterling that he needs to stop thinking of Malory as just his mother and rather think of her as a person with emotional ( and sexual ) needs , and that he should think about her happiness and not his . This seems to sway Sterling and at that point , Burt has been able to catch up to the ISIS agents and the Cubans and saves the ISIS agents . With that , the group drives back to a heartbroken Malory . Sterling apologizes for writing the phony letter and Burt takes Malory on their date to the movie premiere .
= = Production = =
Burt Reynolds makes a guest appearance on " The Man from Jupiter " , as the love interest of Malory Archer . His guest appearance was formally announced in October 2011 . Prior to his appearance , Reynolds was referenced in several episodes of the series . Series creator Adam Reed opined : " I think the only person on the planet who 's a bigger fan of Burt Reynolds than me is Sterling Archer . Archer constantly tries to imitate Burt and always raves about Burt 's movies and all @-@ around awesomeness . So to have Burt recording voice @-@ overs for the show was just amazing . " After receiving the episode 's script from Reed , Reynolds made several edits ; while editing the script of the episode , Reynolds added a scene in which Sterling reveals that his career choice was largely influenced by his films . " We sent him the script beforehand and he noted the script up pretty good . But it was all to make it more self @-@ deprecating . " Reed , a fan of Reynolds , said that working with him was a great experience . " It was such a surreal experience being in the room with Burt Reynolds , my childhood hero , " he affirmed . " Just hearing him read the stuff that I wrote , it was pretty great . "
The episode title is a reference to the television series The Man from U.N.C.L.E. and the town of Jupiter , Florida , which is where Reynolds spent most of his childhood . Sterling proclaims that his career path was largely influenced by Reynolds ' film career , particularly his work in the musical film At Long Last Love ( 1975 ) and the spy cinema Operation C.I.A. ( 1965 ) . Reed stated , " Archer says [ that ] Operation C.I.A. is why [ he ] became a spy . And he 's [ Reynolds ] like , ' Really , I thought that movie sucked . ' " A sequence which features Sterling strapping Reynolds onto a handtruck reflects homage to the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs ( 1991 ) . The song " East Bound and Down " by Jerry Reed is presented in the episode , while Sterling makes several references to several American cinematic works from the 1970s . Jesse Carp of Cinema Blend wrote : " I should start by saying that this episode played particularly well for me because I ’ m a huge fan of 1970s American cinema — the good and the bad — so all of those references that Archer soon starts throwing at Reynolds , I 'm catching and loving every second of it . " " The Man from Jupiter " contains several scenes that are reminiscent to those in the action film Gator ( 1976 ) . Carp wrote that " it isn 't long before the Reynolds ' sweet talking and charisma mesmerizes Archer and soon the pair are talking plot possibilities for the last film in the Gator trilogy . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" The Man from Jupiter " was originally broadcast on January 19 , 2012 , in the United States on FX . Upon airing , it attained 1 @.@ 309 million viewers and a 0 @.@ 7 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to Nielsen ratings . The installment became the eleventh high @-@ rated cable television program of the day , scoring higher than the documentary series The First 48 on A & E but obtaining lower ratings than the satirical television program The Daily Show on Comedy Central . " The Man from Jupiter " achieved record @-@ breaking demographic ratings ; it became the third @-@ most viewed cable telecast of all time amongst men in the 18 – 34 demographic , as well as key men in the 18 – 49 group . In comparison to the season two premiere , " Swiss Miss " , ratings in the 18 – 49 demographic during the first fifteen minutes vaulted 31 % to 689 @,@ 000 viewers . Although ratings showed similar increases during the second quarterly hour , ratings in the 18 – 49 demographic declined 21 % from the previous season premiere , translating to 220 @,@ 000 viewers . Overall , ratings amongst key adults in the 18 – 49 group declined 4 % from " Swiss Miss " to 950 @,@ 000 .
= = = Critical response = = =
" The Man from Jupiter " was widely lauded by television commentators . In his A- review , Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club felt that the episode contained many great moments and felt that it was a strong opening for the season . VanDerWerff wrote : " Archer has always been a show I enjoyed more for the fast @-@ paced dialogue and weird office plots , but every so often , the show does something pretty awesome , even on what 's probably a fairly limited budget , and it turns out an action sequence that you just won 't see on most other animated shows . FX has usually chosen to open seasons with these big action episodes , for fairly obvious reasons , and this one has the added benefit of Burt Reynolds hanging out as another potential ratings bump . " VanDerWerff noted that the storyline between Sterling Archer and his mother Mallory Archer was the highlight of " The Man from Jupiter " ; " Archer 's so often at odds with her because he 's unable to see her as a person and not just his mother , as Reynolds expresses while roaring down the highway at dangerously high speeds . Until Archer accepts that Malory has needs — some of them sexual — he ’ s always going to be trapped in a weird , co @-@ dependent relationship with her . Archer isn 't a show that tries to shove tons and tons of deep character moments into its episodes , which makes it all the better when it does do so . The show usually nails those little moments , and this was no exception . " Creative Loafing journalist Scott Harrel asserted , " If the debut episode is any indication , you can expect another satisfying season from this intelligent , imaginative and button @-@ pushing mix of high and low humor . " Ross Bonaime of Paste issued the installment an 8 @.@ 8 out of ten rating , signifying a " commendable " rating . Bonaime affirmed that Reed adequately developed the characters , citing that " The Man from Jupiter " further established greater expectations for the series .
Carp evaluated the script as " impeccably written " , adding that " The Man from Jupiter " was a hilarious episode . Cites of adulation stemmed from the animation , which Carp described it as " likely the best you 'll see anywhere on television . " He wrote , " It 's just so unique the way they use state of the art 3D computer animation to create a retrofitted look . It takes them months to animate each episode and the hard work really pays off in the unique visuals of the show . " Writing for TV Fanatic , Eric Hochberger stated that " if this week combined with the mini @-@ series was any indication , we 're in for a damn strong season of Archer . "
Reynolds ' appearance was critically acclaimed . VanDerWerff professed that he was surprised that it was executed well , as he avouched that shows featuring guest appearances ruin the chemistry of the main cast . " Episodes with big special guest stars can often ruin the rhythm of the main gang , but I was surprised at how readily the show incorporated Reynolds into the storyline , to the point where he almost felt like an organic part of the ensemble , " avouched VanDerWerff . " The fact that he 's still dating Malory at the end of the episode implies that he might pop back in as the season proceeds , and I wouldn 't be adverse to that happening , where many special guest stars might make me roll my eyes in irritation . " He praised the chemistry between Reynolds and Benjamin , and commended Reynolds for having the will power to poke fun at himself . Carp echoed similar sentiments ; " H. Jon Benjamin alone is a voice @-@ over superstar [ ... ] but combined with Reynolds and the rest of the cast , that was some animated magic and a fantastic way to kick off the third season . " Bonaime thought that Reynolds was " fine with being self @-@ deprecating , and he gives some fantastic moments with Archer . " HitFix 's Alan Sepinwall enjoyed how Reynolds was utilized in " The Man from Jupiter " . " There are times when it can feel awkward when a show spends an episode sucking up to a very special guest star , but it worked here because so much of Archer 's personality — and so much of the show 's approach to action — feels inspired by all those movies Reynolds did in the ' 70s and early ' 80s when he was the biggest movie star in the world .
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= 2007 ACC Championship Game =
The 2007 Dr. Pepper ACC Championship Game featured the Boston College Eagles and the Virginia Tech Hokies in a regular @-@ season college football game that determined the conference 's champion for the 2007 season . Virginia Tech defeated Boston College 30 – 16 to win the ACC football championship . The game , held at Jacksonville Municipal Stadium in Jacksonville , Florida , was a rematch of a regular @-@ season game that took place on October 25 , in Blacksburg , Virginia . In that game , Boston College , courtesy of a late @-@ game comeback by quarterback Matt Ryan , won 14 – 10 .
Following the loss , Virginia Tech won five straight games to win the Coastal Division of the ACC , while Boston College stumbled , losing two games before defeating the Clemson Tigers to win the Atlantic Division and representation in the Championship Game . Most pre @-@ game media coverage of the event cast the game as an opportunity for Virginia Tech to avenge its earlier loss . In addition , the winner of the game would be awarded an automatic bid to the Bowl Championship Series 2008 Orange Bowl game in Miami , Florida on January 3 , 2008 . Despite Boston College 's earlier win over Virginia Tech , spread bettors favored Virginia Tech by five points .
In the opening quarter of the game , the Eagles took a 7 – 0 lead on a 51 @-@ yard fumble return for a touchdown . The Eagles ' offense dominated the first half of the game statistically , but failed to add to its early lead until the second quarter , when a field goal made it 10 – 0 . Virginia Tech answered with a touchdown of their own , but Boston College responded with a seven @-@ play , 74 @-@ yard touchdown drive of its own . Then came perhaps the most pivotal play of the game . During the extra point kick following the Boston College touchdown , Virginia Tech 's Duane Brown blocked the kick , which was caught by the Hokies ' cornerback Brandon Flowers , who returned it 75 yards for a defensive two @-@ point conversion .
The play changed the momentum of the game . Virginia Tech added a tying touchdown before halftime , and after a scoreless third quarter , two Matt Ryan interceptions resulted in 14 points for Virginia Tech and a 30 – 16 Virginia Tech win . With the victory , the Hokies earned their second Atlantic Coast Conference football championship in four years and their first Orange Bowl bid since 1996 .
= = Background = =
The ACC Championship Game matches the winner of the Coastal and Atlantic Divisions of the Atlantic Coast Conference . A conference championship game was added in 2005 , as a result of the league 's expansion the previous year , adding former Big East members Miami , Virginia Tech , and Boston College . With the addition of Boston College , the ACC consisted of 12 teams , allowing it to hold a conference championship game under NCAA rules .
Florida State defeated Virginia Tech , 27 – 22 in the first ACC Championship game . The following year , the game , held in Jacksonville , Florida , pitted Wake Forest against Georgia Tech , with Wake Forest winning 9 – 6 . Before the 2007 season began , most sports writers and pollsters predicted that Florida State would win the Atlantic Division while Virginia Tech would win the Coastal Division , setting up a rematch of the 2005 ACC Championship Game .
In October , Florida State lost back @-@ to @-@ back ACC conference games to Wake Forest and Miami , eliminating them from contention for their division title . Boston College , which had finished second in the preseason Atlantic Division poll , was ranked No. 2 in the country after Florida State 's loss to Miami . Virginia Tech , which suffered a 48 – 7 defeat at the hands of then @-@ No. 2 LSU , nevertheless remained at the top of the Coastal Division standings as the Eagles passed the Seminoles for the Atlantic Division lead .
On October 25 , Boston College traveled to Blacksburg , Virginia , home of Virginia Tech , for a Thursday night game broadcast on ESPN . In heavy rain , Virginia Tech 's defense dominated for most of the game . As time ran down , however , Boston College quarterback Matt Ryan orchestrated two late @-@ game touchdown drives , scoring 14 points in the final 2 minutes to win 14 – 10 . The victory seemingly sealed Boston College 's route to a national championship game , while the loss potentially jeopardized Virginia Tech 's chances of being selected to play in the ACC Championship Game . Over the next two weeks , however , Boston College was upset by Florida State and Maryland . The Eagles rallied to win their final two games — against Miami and Clemson — to clinch the division title . Virginia Tech , meanwhile , was undefeated through the remainder of its schedule , including a division @-@ clinching win over its archrival , Virginia . This meant that the ACC Championship Game in Jacksonville would be a rematch between these two division champions .
= = Pre @-@ game buildup = =
In the weeks leading up to the game , there was much media discussion of the future site of the game due to Jacksonville 's expiring contract to host the ACC Championship . The media also discussed whether Virginia Tech would be out for revenge against Boston College after its last @-@ second defeat in Blacksburg on October 25 . Despite its previous loss , spread bettors favored Virginia Tech to win the game , with most favoring the Hokies by 4 @.@ 5 – 5 points .
The game was the 15th contest between Boston College and Virginia Tech and was their second of the 2007 season . The first meeting , which took place in 1993 in the Big East conference , resulted in a 48 – 34 Boston College win . Between 1993 and 2003 , Boston College and Virginia Tech played annually as part of their conference schedules . The teams did not meet in 2004 following Virginia Tech 's move to the Atlantic Coast Conference . When Boston College followed in 2005 , the schools resumed meeting during the regular season , playing in 2005 , 2006 , and 2007 .
= = = Off @-@ field issues = = =
Following the 2006 ACC Championship Game , the Gator Bowl Association , which administered the ACC Championship Game during its first two years of existence , was awarded a one @-@ year extension to its two @-@ year contract to host the game . The 2006 game suffered from poor attendance , resulting in over $ 1 million in losses for the Gator Bowl Association . In the off @-@ season , the Gator Bowl Association declared that if sales did not improve for the 2007 ACC Championship game , the game 's Jacksonville future would be in jeopardy . Attendance for the 2006 game was low due to high travel costs stemming from Jacksonville 's distance from the participating schools , and the 2007 participants — Boston College and Virginia Tech — faced the same problem .
With Jacksonville 's future as host in doubt , representatives from Charlotte , North Carolina , Tampa , Florida , and Jacksonville visited the ACC offices to lobby to host the 2008 game . Orlando , Florida , which had been an early contender to host the 2008 game , was eliminated from consideration before the meetings took place . As kickoff drew closer , the Gator Bowl Association expressed displeasure with the poor ticket sales , saying that nearly 20 @,@ 000 tickets remained unsold as of the week of the game and that if it was not a sellout , the game would likely not remain in Jacksonville .
= = = Offensive matchups = = =
Media attention was also directed at the teams ' offensive capabilities . Boston College quarterback Matt Ryan was named the Atlantic Coast Conference Player of the Year in the week leading up to the game . In the first half of the 2007 season , Ryan had been prominently mentioned in candidate lists for the Heisman Trophy , college football 's highest individual award . Although Ryan 's late @-@ game comeback in their previous game against Virginia Tech had made him a front @-@ runner , the team 's two subsequent losses to unranked teams dropped him from contention for the Heisman . Excellent performances in a division @-@ clinching win at Clemson and against Miami seemed to return Ryan to Heisman @-@ candidate form , however , and heading into the ACC Championship Game , Ryan appeared to be the biggest offensive threat for Boston College .
Virginia Tech 's offense was led by an unusual two @-@ quarterback system , as junior Sean Glennon shared time with freshman Tyrod Taylor . While Glennon proved to be a better pocket passer , Taylor 's quickness enabled him to scramble out of trouble and gain positive yardage even when no open receivers were available for passes . Until the final game of the season , either Taylor or Glennon was hampered by injury and limited the two @-@ quarterback system 's effectiveness . Although the two @-@ quarterback system proved effective against Virginia , there were still questions about how well such an unusual setup would work in the ACC Championship Game .
On the ground , Taylor 's offensive scrambling , while effective , was not Virginia Tech 's primary rushing weapon . Running back Brandon Ore , Virginia Tech 's starter at the position , would need to have a good game , analysts predicted , if the Hokies wanted to win the game . Ore , who suffered several injuries during the 2006 season , failed to produce meaningful offensive yardage until late in the season , disappointing many fans who hoped he would repeat his excellent 2006 performance on the field . With a 146 @-@ yard performance against Virginia in the final game of the regular season , Ore seemed to have regained his 2006 form and promised success in the ACC Championship Game .
The Boston College ground offense was led by running back Andre Callender , who had perhaps his biggest game of the year during the division @-@ clinching match against Clemson two weeks earlier . In that game , Callender finished with 92 receiving yards and 75 rushing yards . Due to the success of Matt Ryan 's passing attack , however , Callender was used mostly as a backfield receiver and was the team 's leading receiver statistically during the 2007 season . In the regular season , Callender amassed 905 yards rushing , 613 yards receiving , and 13 total touchdowns . Callender 's normal backup , running back A.J. Brooks , was suspended for the ACC Championship Game .
= = = Defensive matchups = = =
Virginia Tech 's defense was considered stronger than that of Boston College . For the ACC Championship Game , Virginia Tech returned senior linebacker Vince Hall to the starting lineup . Hall had sat out four straight games , including the previous Boston College match , after suffering a broken forearm and wrist . ESPN named Hall and Xavier Adibi , Tech 's other senior linebacker , the " best linebacker duo in the country " .
On Virginia Tech 's defensive secondary , Brandon Flowers , one of Tech 's starting cornerbacks , was a second @-@ team All @-@ ACC defensive selection and had five interceptions in the season . Assisting Flowers would be Victor " Macho " Harris , who had also netted five interceptions during the regular season . During the 2007 season , Sports Illustrated called the two " maybe the finest cornerback duo in America . "
At the end of the regular season , Boston College was ranked 26th nationally in total defense , and 2nd nationally in run defense . Its pass defense , however , was ranked 106th in the country , and since Boston College was without senior cornerback DeJuan Tribble , who was recovering from a sprained knee ligament , it was expected that the Eagles ' linebackers would have to play a very good game to stop Virginia Tech 's passing offense . Jo @-@ Lonn Dunbar , who had been named to the preseason watch list for the Bronko Nagurski Trophy ( awarded to the top defensive player in the country ) was expected to fill the gaps and stop both rushing and passing elements of Virginia Tech 's offense .
In addition , safety Jamie Silva would have to play a strong game to support the Boston College cornerback replacing the injured Tribble . Silva , an All @-@ ACC defensive selection , led the team with five interceptions and was very good in moving up to stop the run as well . On the defensive line , defensive end Nick Larkin was a quarterfinalist for the Lott Trophy , an award given to the defensive player with the most " defensive impact " nationally .
= = Game summary = =
The 2007 ACC Championship Game kicked off at 13 : 10 EST in Jacksonville , Florida . At kickoff , the weather was partly cloudy , with winds from the northeast at 18 miles per hour ( 29 km / h ) . The air temperature was 69 ° F ( 21 ° C ) . The official attendance estimate was 53 @,@ 212 , but by most accounts the actual attendance was far lower . Virginia Tech fans made up most of the crowd , and fewer than 5 @,@ 000 Boston College fans were present at the game . The game was broadcast on ABC and netted a television rating of 4 @.@ 1 , placing it behind the SEC Championship Game and the Big 12 Championship Game , which earned ratings of 5 @.@ 9 and 6 @.@ 6 , respectively .
The Marching Virginians , Virginia Tech 's marching band , and the " Screaming Eagles " , the Boston College Marching Band , played the national anthem before the game . The pre @-@ game coin toss involved two members of the Wounded Warrior Project , a program that assists the physical rehabilitation of wounded American combat veterans returning to the United States from fighting overseas . One soldier from Virginia and another from Massachusetts were chosen to throw the ceremonial coin that would determine the game 's starting possession . Supervising the coin toss was referee Jack Childress , who had also officiated the inaugural ACC Championship Game .
= = = First quarter = = =
Virginia Tech won the opening coin toss and deferred its option to the second half . Boston College received the opening kickoff , which was downed in the end zone for a touchback . Starting at their own 20 @-@ yard line , the Eagles advanced down the field as quarterback Matt Ryan completed several passes and running back Andre Callender contributed several long runs . A pass interference call against Virginia Tech , coupled with a 10 @-@ yard run by Callender , put Boston College at the Virginia Tech 26 @-@ yard line . After three consecutive incomplete passes , Eagles kicker Steve Aponavicius attempted a 36 @-@ yard field goal . During the field goal , Virginia Tech special teams player Duane Brown broke through the Eagles ' line and blocked the kick , giving Virginia Tech possession of the ball .
Virginia Tech 's offense , led by quarterback Sean Glennon , began their first possession at their own 37 @-@ yard line . However , a sack , a tackle for loss , and an incomplete pass denied the Hokies ' offense positive yardage and they were forced to punt . Tech punter Brent Bowden managed a 54 @-@ yard kick that forced the Eagles to start at their own 14 @-@ yard line , but three big plays of 16 , 19 , and 19 yards drove the Eagles deep into Virginia Tech territory . As before , however , Virginia Tech 's defense stiffened and Boston College was forced into a fourth down . Instead of attempting a long field goal , the Eagles instead attempted to convert the fourth down but were foiled by an incomplete pass .
On the Hokies ' second offensive possession , quarterback Tyrod Taylor took the field in place of Sean Glennon . Two successful passes and two short runs resulted in two first downs and Virginia Tech advanced the ball across the 50 @-@ yard line and into Boston College territory . As Taylor attempted to scramble for yet another short run , however , he was tackled behind the line of scrimmage and fumbled the ball . The loose ball was scooped up by Boston College defender Jamie Silva , who returned it 51 yards for a touchdown . The touchdown and subsequent extra point were the first points of the game and gave Boston College a 7 – 0 lead with 4 minutes remaining in the quarter .
After the kickoff , Virginia Tech 's offense again failed to advance the ball . After a three @-@ and @-@ out , the Hokies again punted . The ball traveled 44 yards , forcing the Eagles to start at their own 21 @-@ yard line . As the quarter came to a close , the Eagles drove the ball deep into Virginia Tech territory . At the end of the first quarter , Boston College led 7 – 0 .
= = = Second quarter = = =
At the beginning of the second quarter , the Hokies ' defense began to stiffen . Aided by a 10 @-@ yard holding penalty against the Eagles , Matt Ryan was forced to complete a 14 @-@ yard pass on 4th @-@ and @-@ 9 to earn a first down and keep the drive alive . Three incomplete passes followed , however , and the Eagles again settled for a field goal attempt . This time , the 37 @-@ yard kick sailed through the uprights , giving Boston College a 10 – 0 lead with 11 : 20 remaining in the first half .
Virginia Tech 's first offensive drive of the second quarter began on an auspicious note as quarterback Sean Glennon completed a 16 @-@ yard pass to wide receiver Josh Morgan . Following the play , a Boston College player committed a personal foul , which added 15 yards to the end of the pass . Another long pass by Glennon , coupled with yet another Boston College penalty , put Virginia Tech deep into the red zone , and the Hokies scored on a 5 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Morgan . With 8 : 15 remaining in the first half , Virginia Tech narrowed Boston College 's lead to just three points .
On the ensuing possession , Boston College needed only seven plays and just under three minutes to travel 74 yards . The drive culminated in a 14 @-@ yard quarterback scramble for a touchdown . Duane Brown , who had blocked the first Boston College field goal attempt , again charged through the Boston College offensive line and blocked the extra point attempt . This time , the ball bounced into the hands of Virginia Tech 's Brandon Flowers , who returned it 75 yards for a defensive two @-@ point conversion . The play kept Boston College 's lead within a single touchdown and extra point . With 5 : 27 remaining in the half , the score was now 16 – 9 in favor of Boston College .
Tech quarterback Sean Glennon 's first pass of the new possession , long throw downfield , was intercepted by Boston College defender Jamie Silva . The length of the pass meant that Boston College did not have good field position following the turnover . After earning a quick first down , the Eagles were stopped and forced to punt . With 2 : 13 remaining before halftime , the Hokies had one more offensive opportunity .
Beginning at their own 20 @-@ yard line , the Virginia Tech offense marched down the field . Running back Branden Ore ran 11 yards for a first down , and two long passes from Sean Glennon to wide receiver Eddie Royal put the Hokies into scoring position . After failing to gain first downs with short runs , Virginia Tech was forced to use its timeouts to stop the clock and the first half from ending before they had a chance to score . On a 3rd @-@ and @-@ 7 from the Boston College 13 @-@ yard line , Glennon finally connected with wide receiver Josh Hyman , who crossed into the end zone for a touchdown . The extra point tied the game , 16 – 16 .
With no time left to mount an answering drive , Boston College received the kickoff and let time run out . Heading into halftime , the two teams were tied , 16 – 16 .
= = = Third quarter = = =
Because they deferred their selection to the second half during the opening coin toss , Virginia Tech received the ball to begin the half . The Hokies continued to rotate between quarterbacks Sean Glennon and Tyrod Taylor during the possession , and picked up two first downs , one through the air and the other on the ground . After Glennon was sacked at the 50 @-@ yard line , however , the drive sputtered and the Hokies were forced to punt the ball .
Boston College , in their first possession of the second half , fared even worse than Virginia Tech did . Two incomplete passes and a 5 @-@ yard delay of game penalty forced Boston College into a three @-@ and @-@ out possession that resulted in a punt . On its second possession , Virginia Tech had a three @-@ and @-@ out drive , thanks in part to an 11 @-@ yard sack of Sean Glennon by Boston College 's Kevin Atkins .
After receiving the punt , Boston College quarterback Matt Ryan connected on a 31 @-@ yard pass to wide receiver Brandon Robinson . As before , however , the offense stalled . On 4th @-@ and @-@ 1 from the Virginia Tech 30 @-@ yard line , Ryan attempted a pass that fell incomplete , turning the ball over on downs . As a result of pressure applied by the Boston College defense , the Hokies continued to have difficulty moving the ball .
The Hokies were forced to punt again , and Brent Bowden 's 50 @-@ yard punt stuck the Eagles deep in their own territory . The drive began with a five @-@ yard penalty against Boston College and culminated two plays later in a six @-@ yard loss on a sack of Matt Ryan by Hokie defender Barry Booker . Boston College punted , but the kick by Johnny Ayers traveled just 34 yards before sailing out of bounds .
Virginia Tech had good starting field position at their own 44 @-@ yard line . One quick first down later , the clock ran out on the third quarter . As neither team had scored in the quarter , the score remained tied at 16 – 16 .
= = = Fourth quarter = = =
Despite starting almost at midfield , the offensive drive that began at the end of the third quarter failed to reach field goal range , and the Hokies were forced to punt . Boston College 's offense fared no better , however , and punted after a three @-@ and @-@ out possession . The ball was downed at the Virginia Tech 16 @-@ yard line , and the Hokies began their first full offensive possession of the fourth quarter .
After an incomplete pass from quarterback Tyrod Taylor , the Hokies got their first big offensive break of the second half . On a designed play , Taylor scrambled for 31 yards , the largest play in the game for the Hokies . Two successful runs by running back Branden Ore followed , earning the Hokies 23 more yards and pushing the offense deep into Boston College territory . A false @-@ start penalty set the Hokie offense back , but on the next play , quarterback Sean Glennon connected with wide receiver Eddie Royal on a 24 @-@ yard strike for a touchdown . The touchdown and extra point were the first points of the second half and gave Virginia Tech a 23 – 16 lead with 6 : 30 remaining in the game .
Boston College began its second possession of the fourth quarter knowing it had to score a touchdown to tie the game . Quarterback Matt Ryan had his best success of the day , connecting on seven of ten passes during the drive and picking up 58 yards . All of the Eagles ' yardage on the drive came through the air , and with 2 : 25 remaining , the Eagles found themselves at the Virginia Tech 14 @-@ yard line . Facing a fourth down and needing four yards for a first down , Matt Ryan fell back to attempt a pass . The throw was intercepted by Virginia Tech 's Vince Hall .
Starting at its own 10 @-@ yard line , Virginia Tech ran three straight running plays in an effort to run the clock down and prevent Boston College from having enough time to conduct another offensive drive . After the third run was stopped for no gain , however , the Hokies were forced to punt the ball . Boston College now had 28 seconds to score a touchdown and either tie the game with an extra point or win it with a two @-@ point conversion .
The Boston College drive began on its own 35 @-@ yard line . With little time remaining , Boston College would have to complete one or more Hail Mary passes . Although the odds of completing one such pass , let alone several , were very low , many Virginia Tech fans remained worried , as Boston College had previously beaten the Hokies in similar circumstances earlier in the season . Matt Ryan 's first two passes fell incomplete , and his third was intercepted by Virginia Tech 's Xavier Adibi and returned 40 yards for a Virginia Tech touchdown .
The score came with 11 seconds remaining and gave Virginia Tech its final lead , 30 – 16 . With no chance to win , Boston College elected to let the clock run out after receiving the kickoff . Virginia Tech won the 2007 ACC Championship , 30 – 16 .
= = Final statistics = =
Virginia Tech quarterback Sean Glennon was named the game 's Most Valuable Player . Glennon finished the game having completed 18 of his 27 passes , earning 174 passing yards , three touchdowns ( 18 points ) , and one interception . Boston College quarterback Matt Ryan had finished 33 of 52 for 305 yards and two interceptions , no passing touchdowns , and one rushing touchdown .
Each team finished with two turnovers — Virginia Tech fumbled the ball once and threw one interception , while Boston College 's offense threw two . Each team earned seven points off of turnovers , and Virginia Tech blocked two kicks . The two blocked kicks effectively netted five points for Virginia Tech , as the blocked field goal prevented Boston College from scoring three points , and the other blocked kick was returned 75 yards for a rare defensive two @-@ point conversion . The two blocked kicks by Virginia Tech were the first and second blocked kicks in ACC Championship Game history , and Boston College 's fumble return for a touchdown was the first fumble recovery and defensive touchdown in ACC Championship Game history .
= = = Virginia Tech statistical recap = = =
Two @-@ thirds of Virginia Tech 's 300 total offensive yardage came via passes from quarterbacks Sean Glennon ( 174 yards ) and Tyrod Taylor ( 28 yards ) . Glennon 's three passing touchdowns tied an ACC Championship Game record set by former Virginia Tech quarterback Marcus Vick in 2005 . Glennon also set the ACC Championship Game record for pass completion percentage ( 66 @.@ 7 % ) by completing 18 of his 27 passes . Taylor , meanwhile , set ACC Championship Game records for longest run and longest quarterback run with a 31 @-@ yard scramble in the second quarter that helped set up the tying touchdown for Virginia Tech . Taylor finished the game with 36 rushing yards , the third @-@ most of any player in the game .
On the ground , Taylor 's performance was supplemented by Tech running back Branden Ore , who led all rushers with 55 yards on 19 rushes . Fourteen of Ore 's 55 yards came on a single play halfway through the fourth quarter when the Boston College 's defensive line gave way , admitting Tech 's runner into the defensive secondary . The run helped set up Virginia Tech 's go @-@ ahead touchdown later in the fourth quarter . Capping Tech 's ground game were complimentary performances by Kenny Lewis and Sean Glennon , each of whom earned fewer than 10 yards , but picked up first downs on two plays .
Leading all Tech receivers was Josh Morgan , who caught eight passes for 55 yards and a touchdown . Eddie Royal also had an excellent game for the Hokies , catching two long passes of 18 yards and 11 yards on subsequent plays in the second quarter . Royal 's 2 catches drove the Hokies deep into Boston College territory , setting up a 13 @-@ yard touchdown pass to Josh Hyman that tied the game at halftime . Royal 's biggest play , however , came halfway through the fourth quarter when he caught the go @-@ ahead touchdown pass from Sean Glennon . The 24 @-@ yard reception was Royal 's longest catch of the day , and the touchdown gave the Hokies a lead they would not relinquish for the rest of the game .
Though its offense performed well , it was Virginia Tech 's special teams and defense that earned it the win . Duane Brown 's twin blocked kicks were the first blocks recorded in ACC Championship Game history and were the 116th and 117th blocked kicks recorded at Virginia Tech under head coach Frank Beamer . In addition to the blocks , Tech special teams excelled on punts and kickoffs . Tech punter Brent Bowden finished the day with seven punts for a total of 324 yards . A 54 @-@ yard kick in the first quarter was the fourth @-@ longest punt in ACC Championship Game history .
On defense , linebacker Vince Hall , in his second game after recovering from a broken forearm , led all defensive players with 11 tackles . Hall also recorded an interception in the late stages of the fourth quarter that allowed Virginia Tech to run down the clock and force Boston College into a hasty offense . Tied for third overall was Tech 's Xavier Adibi , who recorded nine tackles ( one for loss ) and caught the game @-@ ending interception . Adibi returned the interception 40 yards for a defensive touchdown that sealed the victory for the Hokies .
= = = Boston College statistical recap = = =
Though Boston College lost the game on the scoreboard , it won almost every statistical category . Quarterback Matt Ryan outperformed both Hokie quarterbacks combined in passing yardage , throwing for 305 yards . Ryan was extremely accurate through the air in the fourth quarter , throwing eight straight complete passes , an ACC Championship Game record . Ryan also was surprisingly successful on the ground , rushing for Boston College 's touchdown of the game — a 14 @-@ yard sprint in the second quarter that put Boston College ahead 16 – 7 .
In the first half , the Eagles offense recorded 20 first downs . In the second half , it managed just four first downs , three of which came in one drive in the fourth quarter . As a result of second @-@ half pressure from Virginia Tech , Ryan was forced into two late @-@ game interceptions , including one that was returned for a Virginia Tech defensive touchdown .
Ryan finished the game with 35 rushing yards , just one short of Hokie quarterback Tyrod Taylor , who had been highly promoted as a runner heading into the game . Ryan finished fourth among all rushers , and Eagle running back Andre Callender , the sole running back on the Eagles ' roster , finished second , rushing for 51 yards in the game . Callender game @-@ long 11 @-@ yard run helped set up the Eagles for a field goal attempt early in the second quarter .
Callender 's true success , however , was in the passing game , where he accrued 92 yards , putting him first among all receivers in the game . Callender 's 13 catches were an ACC Championship Game record and were the fourth @-@ highest total for a receiver in any game in ACC history . Wide receiver Kevin Challenger finished the game with 4 catches for 45 yards , while the Eagles ' Rich Gunnell finished the game with 54 yards . Surprisingly for the number of receiving yards recorded by the Eagles in the game , no Boston College receiver caught a touchdown .
Boston College punter Johnny Ayres kicked four punts a total of 159 yards , including one long kick that traveled 55 yards and set the mark for the third @-@ longest punt in ACC Championship Game history . Kicker Steve Aponavicius successfully kicked a 37 @-@ yard field goal early in the second quarter. but after his second kick was blocked , Boston College head coach Jeff Jagodzinski seemed reluctant to try long field goals and instead sent in the offense to attempt to convert the fourth down . Out of four tries , only one fourth down was converted into a first down .
On defense , Boston College had more success than predicted by pre @-@ game coverage . Jamie Silva 's fumble return for a touchdown was the first defensive score in ACC Championship Game history . Silva finished the game with five tackles ( one for loss ) , one interception , the forced fumble , and the defensive touchdown . DeLeon Gause , meanwhile , was the Eagles ' leading tackler , recording 10 stops including one tackle for loss . Altogether , the Eagles recorded four sacks and nine tackles for loss , holding the Hokie offense in check for most of the game .
= = Post @-@ game effects = =
Virginia Tech 's victory in the ACC Championship Game had far @-@ reaching sporting consequences for the 2007 – 2008 college football bowl season and in the future site of the ACC Championship Game . The 2007 game injected approximately $ 10 million into the Jacksonville economy . Thousands of hotel rooms were filled by fans traveling to the game , and the impact they created was larger than that of the previous year 's game , which featured teams that had shorter distances to travel and whose fans had generated less demand for overnight accommodation . Despite the fact that fans spent more in 2007 than at any previous ACC Championship Game , poor ticket sales at the box office necessitated a move .
= = = 2008 ACC Championship Game = = =
After poor attendance in the ACC Championship Game at Jacksonville for the second straight year , ACC officials and representatives of the conference 's member schools elected not to extend the Gator Bowl Association 's contract to host the game . On December 12 , the ACC announced that Tampa , Florida would host the game in 2008 and 2009 and Charlotte , North Carolina would host the game in 2010 and 2011 .
The cities were chosen based on bids presented to the ACC and its member schools . Each city requested and was granted a two @-@ year contract , locking the ACC into the locations well in advance of the actual games . Tampa was chosen as the site of the 2008 game because Charlotte was scheduled to hold the annual convention of the Association for Career and Technical Education at the same time as the game , and adequate hotel space would not be ready in time for the two events .
= = = Bowl effects = = =
With its win , Virginia Tech clinched an automatic bid to the 2008 Orange Bowl . This caused ripple effects in the bowl destinations for virtually every bowl @-@ eligible ACC team . In the 2007 season , the ACC had guaranteed tie @-@ ins with eight bowl games .
The ACC 's representatives to these bowls were picked in a hierarchical system that allowed the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl to have the first selection after the Orange Bowl 's automatic pick of the winner of the ACC Championship Game . Following the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl were the Gator Bowl , Champs Sports Bowl , Music City Bowl , Meineke Car Care Bowl , Emerald Bowl , and Humanitarian Bowl , in that order . The ACC 's agreement with the bowls dictated that the bowls would select the highest @-@ ranking ACC team left after the bowls with higher selections made their pick . Bowls would be allowed to skip the highest remaining team only if the next team was within one conference win of the highest remaining team . Therefore , a bowl could select a 5 – 3 team over a 6 – 2 team , but could not select a 4 – 4 team over a 6 – 2 team .
With Virginia Tech earning an automatic bid to the Orange Bowl , the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl had the first pick of the remaining ACC teams . Boston College , by virtue of its loss in the ACC Championship Game , was the highest remaining team , but Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl representatives instead chose to invite Clemson , which had finished behind Boston College in the Atlantic Division standings . In making their decision , Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl representatives cited Boston College 's poor attendance at the ACC Championship Game in Jacksonville . The Gator Bowl , which is also held in Jacksonville , was reluctant to choose a team that had participated in the ACC Championship Game out of feat that the team 's fans would be unwilling to return to Jacksonville so quickly . The Gator Bowl Association requested and received a waiver from the league 's strict bowl selection rules and selected Virginia over Boston College .
The Champs Sports Bowl was thus forced to select Boston College . Boston College players and fans , owing to the decreased status of the Champs Sports Bowl when compared with the Orange , Chick @-@ fil @-@ A , and Gator Bowls , were disappointed with the selection and match against Michigan State . Had Boston College won the ACC Championship Game , it would have earned the automatic bid to the Orange Bowl , and Virginia Tech would have been selected by the Chick @-@ fil @-@ A Bowl , which had earlier expressed an interest in inviting the Hokies to the game for a second straight year . Clemson would have been bumped down to the Gator Bowl , and Virginia would have been forced into the Champs Sports Bowl .
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= Vernon C. Bain Correctional Center =
The Vernon C. Bain Center ( VCBC ) , also known as the Vernon C. Bain Maritime Facility , is an 800 @-@ bed jail barge used to hold inmates for the New York City Department of Corrections . It was built in New Orleans along the Mississippi River for $ 161 million in Avondale Shipyard , and brought to New York in 1992 to reduce overcrowding in the island 's land @-@ bound buildings for a lower price . Nicknamed " The Boat " by prison staff and inmates , it is designed to handle inmates from medium- to maximum @-@ security in 16 dormitories and 100 cells .
Currently the only barge in use , the Vernon C. Bain Center is the third prison barge that the New York Department of Corrections has used . In its history , the prison has served traditional inmates , juvenile inmates and is currently used as a holding and temporary processing center . The added security of the prison being on water has prevented at least four attempted escapes . The barge is named in memorial for warden Vernon C. Bain who died in an automobile accident . In 2014 , the prison barge was named the world 's largest prison barge in operation by the Guinness World Records .
= = History = =
In the late 1980s , the New York City Department of Correction experienced overcrowding issues in its prison complexes . The idea of temporarily alleviating the issues of a growing inmate population and dwindling space by outfitting prison ships was conceived under the administration of then Mayor Edward I. Koch . Their solution was to develop usable prison space with maritime cells and avoid complaints about building jails in densely populated neighborhoods .
In 1988 , the Bibby Resolution , and her sister ship Bibby Venture , were bought by the New York City Department of Correction in to serve as the first two prison ships . Both ships were previously used as British troop carriers before being re @-@ purposed into prison ships . In 1994 both ships were sold , leaving the Bain Correctional Center and two converted Staten Island ferries , the Wildstein and Kean , docked at Rikers Island to be used when overcrowding became an issue .
The construction of the Vernon C. Bain Center prison barge began in 1989 at Avondale Shipyard by Avondale Industries and was supposed to be finished in 1990 at the price of $ 125 @.@ 6 million . Due to unanticipated construction problems including issues with the ventilation system , the finished barge was delivered 18 months late and $ 35 million over budget . On January 26 , 1992 , the recently outfitted barge prison was brought through the Long Island Sound by the tugboat , Michael Turecamo , after an 1800 nautical mile trip . The new barge was named for well @-@ liked and respected warden Vernon C. Bain , who had died in an automobile accident .
One of the first captains of the barge under the Department of Corrections had previously been employed by the same tugboat company and had earlier captained the tugboat that hauled the barge to its current location . The new crew of the prison barge , who were placed in accordance with Coast Guard regulations , worked on the empty barge to learn the vessel operations , including the electrical and fire fighting systems . The barge officially opened for use and began accepting inmates later in 1992 .
From the time the barge was constructed , there has been controversy about its cost . The final price was more than $ 35 million over budget , which attracted negative attention . The assistant correction commissioner , John H. Shanahan , claimed the price difference was because the Department of Corrections " never designed this kind of passenger vessel before and unfortunately there was a mistake in the original contract . " William Booth , the chairmain of the Board of Corrections , said at the time that the prison barge would be the last barge the Department of Corrections would build because the process was too expensive and too uncertain . The Board of Corrections is an independent body that monitors city @-@ owned prisons .
The prison barge was temporarily closed in August 1995 due to less crowded city jails , caused by a decline in arrests and inmate transfers . In late 1996 , the prison was slated for reopening due to the rise in arrests from a campaign targeting drugs and drug dealers . The six @-@ month campaign expected more than seven thousand additional arrests than usual , but the ship was not reopened until 1998 when it was used by the Department of Juvenile Justice . The Bain Center is currently used as a processing facility for inmates in the Department of Corrections system . There are three other processing facilities that each handle specific boroughs .
= = = Juvenile detention = = =
A surge in the need for juvenile detention space caused the New York City Department of Juvenile Justice to lease space at the Bain Correction Center in 1998 . At the time , there were over five thousand juveniles aged thirteen to eighteen years old in secure detention in New York . The barge had been unused since August 1995 but had been maintained and was ready to house inmates again . The center was used to solve the space problem and to assist in the closure of Spofford Juvenile Center . The temporary space was used for juvenile inmate processing and temporary housing for inmates from prior to transfer . Children were moved out of the Bain Center and back into the Spofford facility in 1999 . In January 2000 , the Department of Juvenile Justice , after completing renovations to other buildings , moved out of the center .
= = = Escapes = = =
The first time a prisoner tried to escape from the Bain was in 1993 , when a 38 @-@ year @-@ old prisoner was able to escape while he was supposed to be cleaning ice from the parking lot in front of the ship . The guard who was responsible for the inmate was suspended without pay due to the incident .
Prior to 2002 , an inmate tried to escape from the prison 's recreation area by climbing the 30 @-@ foot fence equipped with razor wire . The guards ' uniform boots prevented them from climbing the fence in pursuit , so they threw basketballs at the inmate to stop his escape , but he was able to successfully climb over it . He dove into the East River , where he was promptly picked up and returned by a police watercraft that was dispatched to the scene .
Another escape occurred in February 2004 when the girlfriend of an inmate gave him a handcuff key . The inmate was handcuffed by one wrist to another inmate , but he was able to , without any prison employee noticing , remove the cuffs and free himself . The inmate was able to cling to the undercarriage of a prisoner transport bus to ride away from the facility . He let go of the bus in the South Bronx and walked away , but was apprehended nearly a month later . Six officers and a captain were given administrative leave due to the incident . The corrections commissioner said the escape was caused by a combination of the inmate 's quick thinking and the officers ' sloppy work .
In early 2013 , an inmate charged with petty larceny successfully slipped out of his handcuffs as he arrived at the Bain Center .
= = Facilities = =
The 625 @-@ foot long by 125 @-@ foot wide flatbed barge is equipped with 14 dormitories and 100 cells for inmates . For recreation , there is a full @-@ size gym with basketball court , weight lifting rooms and an outdoor recreation facility on the roof . There are three worship chapels , a modern medical facility and a library open to inmate use . The 47 @,@ 326 @-@ ton facility was on the water , so when it opened , a minimum of three maritime crew was maintained under Coast Guard regulations . According to John Klumpp , the barge 's first captain , in 2002 , " the Coast Guard , after years of monitoring the prison barge , finally accepted the reality that that it was , de facto , a jail and not a boat . " The prison barge is located approximately 5 miles away from SUNY Maritime college .
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= They Saved Lisa 's Brain =
" They Saved Lisa 's Brain " is the twenty @-@ second episode of The Simpsons ' tenth season . It first aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 9 , 1999 . After writing a thoughtful letter to the Springfield Shopper , Lisa is invited to join the Springfield chapter of Mensa . When Mayor Quimby later flees Springfield , the group takes control of the town , hoping to improve the lives of Springfieldians through the rule of the smartest .
" They Saved Lisa 's Brain " was directed by Pete Michels and written by Matt Selman , although the idea for the episode was pitched by former staff writer George Meyer . It featured the first official appearance of Lindsey Naegle and was the first episode in which theoretical physicist and cosmologist Stephen Hawking guest @-@ starred as himself . The Simpsons staff wanted Hawking to guest @-@ star because they needed someone who would be smarter than all of Springfield 's Mensa members , and because they had heard that he was a fan of the show . The episode features references to Star Trek , painter Vincent van Gogh and architect Frank Lloyd Wright , and mentions the theory of the universe being toroidal , the same shape as a doughnut .
In its original broadcast , " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " was seen by approximately 6 @.@ 8 million viewers , a very low amount for the series . Following the episode 's broadcast , Selman made a controversial statement about East St. Louis , which was pronounced the least livable city in the United States in the episode . While the episode received mixed reviews from critics , Hawking 's appearance garnered critical acclaim , and has since appeared in several lists of best guest appearances on The Simpsons . Hawking has since appeared in three episodes , and an action figure based on his cameos in the series has been produced . Although Hawking has stated that he enjoyed guest @-@ starring on The Simpsons , he has also mentioned that his cameos have made many people mistake him for a fictional character .
= = Plot = =
A low @-@ fat pudding , Grandma Plopwell 's , is the sponsor of a Springfield contest that promises a luxurious trip to the most disgusting and dimwitted contest participant in town . Many Springfield residents enter the contest , but things do not go well when one of the judges , Rainier Wolfcastle , declares himself the winner for " being seen with you freaks " . The contest ends in a riot and Lisa ends up hit in the face twice with pudding . She denounces Springfield for its anti @-@ intellectualism in an open letter that ends up in the newspaper , for which no one reads . This impresses the Springfield Mensa chapter , which accepts her for membership after Principal Skinner shared her placement tests and she brought them a pie for their latest meeting .
Lisa joins Mensa alongside Comic Book Guy , Dr. Hibbert , Principal Skinner , Professor Frink , and Lindsay Naegle . After the pleasantries , Lisa finds herself at home alongside the Mensa members , whose sense of humor is so esoteric that it is said to be enjoyed by the " Dennis Miller ratio " of Americans . After being bullied out of their reserved gazebo at a park by drunks and Chief Wiggum , they fear that Springfield 's quality is poor because of the city 's stupidest residents having power over their civic institutions . The Mensa group goes to confront Mayor Quimby about the gazebo incident , until he escapes from the city when he mistakenly thinks the group has evidence about his corruption . The town 's constitution states that in the absence of the mayor , the town is to be governed by the smartest by geniocracy . Now in control of Springfield , the group hopes that things will become much better .
Once in control , however , the group allows power to go to their heads . At first they efficiently implement their ideas for Springfield , which include banning green traffic lights and playing only classical music at the dog races , which elevates Springfield past East St. Louis on the list of America 's 300 Most Livable Cities . However , they begin to internally fight over other ideas such as having theaters for shadow puppets and a broccoli juice program , and their wildly unpopular plans at a public meeting ( including the banning of all contact sports and Comic Book Guy 's plan to limit breeding to every 7 years ) further expose the rifts inside the group .
The Springfield townspeople , angered by the new laws , surround the intellectuals in an angry mob and bring an end to Mensa 's rule . Stephen Hawking has shown up to see what the Mensa group is up to and makes it clear he is unimpressed ; however , he saves Lisa from being seriously injured by the angry townspeople . In the end , Hawking and Homer meet at Moe 's Tavern for a drink . Homer imitates Hawking in an attempt to make him pay the tab and gets punched by a boxing glove on a spring , which is concealed in Hawking 's wheelchair .
In the episode 's other storyline , Homer steals a gift certificate during the post @-@ contest and has erotic photos taken of himself as a gift to Marge , who gets distracted by the interior design Homer did in their basement .
= = Production = =
" They Saved Lisa 's Brain " was written by Matt Selman and directed by Pete Michels . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on May 9 , 1999 . Although the episode 's first draft was written by Selman , the idea for the episode was pitched by former staff writer George Meyer . In the episode 's setpiece , Homer and Bart participate in a gross out contest , while Marge and Lisa are in the audience . According to Selman , the writers took inspiration from real gross out contests , which were " sweeping the nation " at the time . Before the contest in the episode , the spectators are given free samples of a pudding called Grandma Plopwell 's . The name of the pudding was inspired by a brand of pies called Aunt Freshly , which the Simpsons writers usually ate at the time .
The episode features the first official appearance of Lindsey Naegle , a sleazy businesswoman who has since become a recurring character in the series . While different versions of the character had appeared in the series before , namely in the season 8 episode " The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show " , the season 9 episode " Girly Edition " , and the season 10 episode " Make Room for Lisa " , the character 's final design was first seen in " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " . The episode also mentions the character 's name for the first time . Naegle 's name was partly based on Selman 's agent Sue Neagle , and Lindsey was chosen as the first name because Selman thought it sounded " annoying " and " pretentious " . Naegle is voiced by Tress MacNeille , who Selman described as a " huge asset " to the series , and stated that she " breathes life " into the character .
" They Saved Lisa 's Brain " features English theoretical physicist and cosmologist Stephen Hawking as himself . According to executive producer and current showrunner Al Jean , Hawking was asked to guest @-@ star because " we [ they ] were looking for someone much smarter than all the Mensa members [ in Springfield ] " , and so they " naturally thought of him " . Selman added that the Simpsons staff had heard that Hawking was a fan of the show , and that Hawking 's family members wanted him to guest @-@ star . Bill Mann of The Press Democrat argued that Hawking was chosen to guest star in order to boost the series ' ratings during the May " sweeps " . Mann wrote that " sweeps " are " used to set local TV ad rates for the months ahead " .
In her book Stephen Hawking : a biography , Kristen Larsen wrote that Hawking almost missed his recording session , as his wheelchair broke down two days before his flight to Los Angeles , where the recording took place . In order to make the necessary repairs , Hawking 's graduate assistant Chris Burgoyne , aided by a technician , worked a 36 ‑ hour shift . Hawking was 40 minutes late when he arrived in Los Angeles . When he met the Simpsons staff , he apologized , saying " Sorry for being late . " According to Selman , Hawking was very humble regarding the episode 's jokes about him , and stated that he " took a lot of shots " at himself . The only note that Hawking gave regarding the script was that he did not want to be portrayed as drunk in the episode 's last scene , in which he is discussing astronomy with Homer in Moe 's tavern .
Because of his motor neurone disease , Hawking is unable to speak , and he communicates using a custom @-@ made computer . With small movements of his body , Hawking writes a text onto the computer , which is then spoken by a voice syntheziser . Because of this , Hawking had to write all his lines on his computer , while the staff recorded them by placing a microphone in front of the computer 's speaker . " It 's easy to do a fake Stephen Hawking in your comedy TV show " , Selman said in the DVD commentary for the episode . " Any computer can sound just like his computer , but every line that we wrote for him , he typed in himself and we recorded with our microphones as if had come out of a regular mouth . " Some of Hawking 's lines were difficult to record . In particular , the word " Fruitopia " was difficult for Hawking 's computer to " put together " correctly , and it " took forever " to make the word sound right from the voice synthesizer .
= = Themes and cultural references = =
In their book The Simpsons and philosophy : the d 'oh ! of Homer , William Irwin , Mark T. Conard and Aeon J. Skoble wrote that " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " in detail explores " the possibility of a utopian alternative to politics as usual in Springfield " . They described " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " as an " epitome " of The Simpsons diverse comedic humor , and wrote that it can be " enjoyed in two levels " , as both " broad farce " and " intellectual satire " . As an example of the episode 's farcical humor , they referred to the episode 's subplot , which , they wrote , " contains some of the grossest humor in the long history of The Simpsons . " At the same time , the episode is " filled " with what they described as " subtle cultural allusions " , such as the design of Mensa group 's locale , which is based on American architect Frank Lloyd Wright 's house . Likewise , Lisa 's challenge to Springfield calls attention to the " cultural limitations of small @-@ town America " , while the episode also argues that intellectual disdain for the common man can be carried too far and that theory can " all too easily lose touch with common sense " . They also argued that the episode , as well as the series as a whole , offers a kind of intellectual defense of the common man against intellectuals , which they opined " helps explain its popularity and broad appeal [ ... ] [ " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " ] defends the common man against the intellectual , in a way that both the common man and the intellectual can understand and enjoy . "
In the last scene in the episode , Hawking and Homer are seen discussing the universe in Moe 's tavern . Scully stated that the scene was included because it " was a chance to get the world 's smartest man and the world 's stupidest man in the same place " . In the scene , Hawking tells Homer " Your theory of a donut @-@ shaped universe is intriguing ... I may have to steal it . " In his book What 's science ever done for us ? : what The Simpsons can teach us about physics , robots , life and the universe , Paul Halpern wrote that in mathematics , a " donut @-@ shape " , the three @-@ dimensional generalization of a ring , is referred to as a torus . The generalization of a torus , any closed curve spun in a circle around an axis , is called a toroid . According to Halpern , Hawking 's line references the fact that there are " genuine " scientific theories that the universe is toroidal .
One of the judges for the gross out contest in the episode 's is Madeleine Albright , who was the current US Secretary of State at the time . During the riot that follows the contest , a travelling exhibition of Van Gogh 's paintings is burned to flames . In the episode 's subplot , Homer hires a photographer to take erotic pictures of him . The design of the photographer was based on American portrait photographer Annie Leibovitz . The song that plays during the photographing scenes is " I 'm Too Sexy " by English pop trio Right Said Fred . During the rules and regulations announcement , Comic Book Guy declares that sexual intercourse will only be permitted once every seven years in Springfield . This is a reference to pon farr , a term used in the Star Trek franchise to describe the psychophysical effect of the estrous cycle that affects the fictional race Vulcans every seven years . His taunting of " I am smart , much smarter than you , Hib @-@ bert ! " is also to the tune of the Star Trek fanfare . The episode also mentions actress Geena Davis and cartoonist Mell Lazarus , both of whom are members of Mensa .
= = Reception = =
= = = Broadcast and controversy = = =
In its original American broadcast on May 9 , 1999 , " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " received a 6 @.@ 8 rating , according to Nielsen Media Research , translating to approximately 6 @.@ 8 million viewers . It finished in 54th place in the ratings for the week of May 3 – 9 , 1999 . The episode 's viewership was considered very low by the Boston Herald , who noted that it reached " historic lows " in the ratings .
In a scene in the episode , Comic Book Guy announces that Springfield is in 299th place on a list of the United States ' 300 most livable cities , with East St. Louis being in last place . A journalist for a " local East St Louis [ news ] paper " noticed this , and called Selman to ask him why they were " taking a shot at East St Louis " . Selman jokingly replied : " because it 's a crack @-@ ridden slum " . After the interview , he went on vacation in Greece for two weeks . While Selman was on vacation , executive producer and the episode 's showrunner Mike Scully received a phone call from The Simpsons publicist Antonia Coffman , who reported that Selman 's comment on East St Louis had been taken " very seriously " by the newspaper . The Simpsons staff received several angry letters from East St Louis ' residents , demanding an apology . Because Selman was out of reach , the other staff members had to take care of the controversy .
When Selman returned , Scully scolded him and told him that he had to apologize to the mayor of East St Louis , who , unbeknownst to Selman , was portrayed by Marc Wilmore . Wilmore , a former writer on the television comedy The PJ 's , had been asked by Scully to participate in a practical joke , in which he would play the mayor of East St Louis and confront Selman about his controversial statement . According to Selman , Wilmore gave an " Oscar @-@ worthy performance " . " I was terrified " , he stated in the DVD commentary for the episode , " [ we had ] a twenty @-@ minute discussion in which [ Wilmore ] said that [ his ] children were teased at school [ because of Selman 's comments ] , and that the Fox affiliate were gonna be thrown off the air ... " According to Wilmore , Selman immediately blamed the other writers . Said Selman , " Well , everyone participates , you know [ ... ] Have you never heard of the word ' collaboration ' ? " Selman realized the joke when he turned around and saw " all the other writers laughing " . " I was so relieved " , he said , " I was soaked with sweat [ ... ] I had betrayed my fellow writers , tried to get them in trouble , and they all knew me for the turn @-@ coat that I was . "
As compensation for his involvement with the joke , Wilmore was given a role in the season 11 episode " It 's a Mad , Mad , Mad , Mad Marge " , in which he played a psychologist . In 2002 , Wilmore became a writer on The Simpsons .
= = = Re @-@ release and critical reception = = =
On August 7 , 2007 , " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " was released as part of The Simpsons - The Complete Tenth Season DVD box set . Mike Scully , Matt Selman , Ron Hauge , Rich Appel , Marc Wilmore and Pete Michels participated in the DVD 's audio commentary of the episode . Following its home video release , the episode received mixed reviews from critics . Giving the episode a positive review , DVD Town 's James Plath described it as one of the season 's better episodes . Ian Jane of DVD Talk wrote that , while episodes that revolve around Lisa tend to be " less popular " than others , he considered " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " to be " well done " . Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide gave the episode a mixed review , writing " I like the fact that ' Brain ' pokes some fun at Mensa , one of the more smug , self @-@ congratulatory groups to be found . The show manages a few good laughs as it goes after various pretensions . " However , he added that " the show peters out after a while " , and that it " never becomes particularly memorable " . A reviewer for Currentfilm.com wrote that , while the episode " isn 't without its charms " , it " just don 't hold up very well " . Jake MacNeill of Digital Entertainment News wrote that the episode is " great if you think palindromes are funny " , and added that it was one of the season 's worst episodes . Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood of I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide described it as a " retread " of the season 9 episode " Lisa the Simpson " . They wrote " Once we 're past the How Low Will You Go show , the episode takes a nose @-@ dive until the last few minutes . " They concluded their review by calling the episode " Very , very tedious . "
On the other hand , Stephen Hawking 's appearance in the episode was acclaimed by critics . Although they generally disliked the episode , Martyn and Wood wrote that Hawking 's cameo " saves [ the episode ] from being very boring " . Plath called the performance " very funny " , while Jane described it as " great " . Hawking reached seventh place in UGO 's list of The Simpsons 's " Top 11 Guest Stars " , and finished in fourteenth place in " The Simpsons 20 best guest voices of all time " by Ryan Stewart of The Boston Phoenix . Stewart wrote that Hawking 's line " " Your theory of a doughnut @-@ shaped universe intrigues me , Homer . I may have to steal it " was a " memorable " quote from the episode . Ethan Alter of The Morning Call described Hawking 's cameo as one of the series ' ten best , and wrote that Hawking 's best line in the episode was " I wanted to see your Utopia , but now I see it is more of a Fruitopia . " Writing for IGN , Eric Goldman , Dan Iverson and Brian Zoromski placed Hawking at number sixteen on their list " Top 25 Simpsons Guest Appearances " . They wrote that he had a " fairly major " role in the episode , and that he had " several great lines " .
In an article written for the Modern Day Pirates titled " In Search of The Last Classic Simpsons Episode " , author Brandon listed " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " as a contender for the latest episode that made him feel like he was " watching The Simpsons in their heyday " . He notes that " [ Stephen Hawking ] ( or his computer ) put a great final moment to the show and was not overused and gawked over like some guest stars that would come ( I ’ m looking at you Green Day ) . "
= = = Hawking 's response = = =
After the episode aired , Hawking told the Simpsons staff that he " loved " all the jokes and in an interview with The Guardian in 2005 , he stated that his guest appearances on The Simpsons were " great fun " . An action figure based on Hawking 's appearance in The Simpsons has been produced , with the figurine 's computer screen reading " If you 're looking for trouble , you 've found it " , a line from " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " . Since " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " , Hawking has guest @-@ starred three times on The Simpsons . In 2005 , he appeared in the season 16 episode " Don 't Fear the Roofer " ; in 2007 , he starred in the season 18 episode " Stop or My Dog Will Shoot " ; and in 2010 , he appeared in the Season 22 premiere " Elementary School Musical " .
However , Hawking has also expressed dissatisfaction regarding the impact on his notoriety caused by his appearance in the episode . In a debate with physicist Brian Cox in The Guardian , Hawking was asked what the most common misconception about his work was . He replied , " People think I 'm a Simpsons character . " Writing for The Daily Telegraph , Peter Hutchison argued that Hawking " feels he is sometimes not properly recognised for his contribution to our understanding of the universe . " In his book The book is dead : long live the book , Sherman Young wrote that most people know Hawking from his appearance on The Simpsons , rather than from anything he has written .
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= GoldenEye 007 ( 1997 video game ) =
GoldenEye 007 is a first @-@ person shooter video game developed by Rare and based on the 1995 James Bond film GoldenEye . It was exclusively released for the Nintendo 64 video game console in August 1997 . The game features a single @-@ player campaign in which players assume the role of British Secret Intelligence Service agent James Bond as he fights to prevent a criminal syndicate from using a satellite weapon against London to cause a global financial meltdown . The game also includes a split @-@ screen multiplayer mode in which two , three , or four players can compete in different types of deathmatch games .
GoldenEye 007 was originally conceived as an on @-@ rails shooter inspired by Sega 's Virtua Cop , before being redesigned as a free @-@ roaming shooter . The game was highly acclaimed by the gaming media and has sold over eight million copies worldwide , making it the third @-@ best @-@ selling Nintendo 64 game . GoldenEye 007 is considered an important game in the history of first @-@ person shooters for demonstrating the viability of game consoles as platforms for the genre , and for signalling a transition from the then @-@ standard Doom @-@ like approach to a more realistic style . It pioneered features such as atmospheric single @-@ player missions , stealth elements , and a console multiplayer deathmatch mode . The game is frequently cited as one of the greatest video games of all time .
GoldenEye 007 was followed by a spiritual successor , Perfect Dark , also developed by Rare for the Nintendo 64 . A reimagining of the game , also titled GoldenEye 007 , was published by Activision and released for the Wii and Nintendo DS in 2010 , and later re @-@ released as GoldenEye 007 : Reloaded for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 the following year .
= = Gameplay = =
GoldenEye 007 is a first @-@ person shooter that features both single and multiplayer modes . In the single @-@ player mode , the player takes the role of James Bond through a series of free @-@ roaming 3D levels . Each level requires the player to complete a certain set of objectives – such as collecting or destroying specified items , rescuing hostages , or meeting with friendly non @-@ player characters ( NPCs ) – and then exit the stage . Some gadgets from the James Bond film series are featured in the game and are often used to complete particular mission objectives ; for example , in one level the electromagnetic watch from Live and Let Die is used to acquire a jail cell key .
The arsenal of weapons includes pistols , submachine guns , assault rifles , grenades , and throwing knives , among others . Guns have a finite magazine and must be reloaded after a certain number of shots , but the player may acquire and carry as many weapons as can be found in each mission . The player 's initial weapon in most missions is James Bond 's Walther PPK , called the PP7 in @-@ game . Most of the game 's firearms are modelled on real @-@ life counterparts ( although their names are altered ) , while others are based on fictitious devices featured in the Bond films , such as the Golden Gun and Moonraker laser . The weapons vary in characteristics such as rate of fire , degree of penetration , and type of ammunition used , and inflict different levels of damage depending on which body part they hit .
Stealth is a significant element of the gameplay ; frequent gunfire can alert distant guards , and activated alarms can trigger infinitely @-@ respawning enemies . Therefore , to avoid gunfights with numerous opponents , it is advantageous to eliminate soldiers and security cameras before they spot or hear the player . Certain weapons incorporate suppressor or telescopic sight attachments to aid the player in killing enemies discreetly . There are no health @-@ recovery items in the game , although armour vests can be acquired to provide a secondary health bar .
Four save files are available to track the player 's progress through the game 's twenty missions , each of which may be played on " Agent " , " Secret Agent " , or " 00 @-@ Agent " difficulty settings . Higher difficulties increase the challenge by altering factors such as the damage enemies can withstand and inflict , the amount of ammunition available , and the number of objectives that must be completed . Once a mission is completed , the player may either continue progressing through the story or choose to replay a previously completed level . Completing certain missions within particular target times enables the player to unlock bonus cheat options which make various changes to the gameplay . Upon fully completing the game on the hardest difficulty setting , an additional " 007 " mode is unlocked that allows the player to customise the challenge of any mission by manually adjusting enemies ' health , reaction times , aiming accuracy , and the damage they inflict .
The multiplayer mode allows two , three , or four players to compete against each other in five different types of split screen deathmatch games : Normal , You Only Live Twice , The Living Daylights ( Flag Tag ) , The Man With the Golden Gun , and Licence to Kill . Normal is a basic deathmatch mode in which the main objective is to kill opponents as many times as possible . It can be played as a free @-@ for @-@ all game or in teams . In You Only Live Twice , players only have two lives before they are eliminated from the game , and Licence to Kill is a mode in which players die from a single hit with any weapon . In The Man With the Golden Gun , a single Golden Gun , which is capable of killing opponents with only one shot , is placed in a fixed location on the map ; once the Golden Gun is picked up , the only way to re @-@ acquire it is to kill the player holding it . The player with the Golden Gun is unable to pick up body armour while opponents can . In The Living Daylights , a " flag " is placed in a fixed location on the map , and the player who holds it the longest wins . The flag @-@ carrier cannot use weapons but can still collect them to keep opponents from stocking ammunition . Aspects of each gametype can be customised , including the chosen map , class of weapons , and winning condition . As players progress through the single player mode , new maps and characters are unlocked in the multiplayer mode .
= = Plot = =
GoldenEye 007 closely follows the plot of the movie , though with some minor alterations . The game starts in Arkhangelsk , in the Soviet Union ( now Russia ) in 1986 , where MI6 has uncovered a secret chemical weapons facility at the Byelomorye Dam . James Bond and fellow 00 @-@ agent Alec Trevelyan are sent to infiltrate the facility and plant explosive charges . During the mission , Trevelyan is apparently killed by Colonel Arkady Ourumov , but Bond escapes by commandeering an aeroplane . Five years later in 1991 , Bond is sent to investigate a satellite control station in Severnaya , Russia , where programmers Natalya Simonova and Boris Grishenko work . Two years after the Severnaya mission , in 1993 , Bond investigates an unscheduled test firing of a missile in Kyrgyzstan , believed to be a cover for the launch of a satellite known as GoldenEye . This space @-@ based weapon works by firing a concentrated electromagnetic pulse at any Earth target to disable any electrical circuit within range . As Bond leaves the silo , he is ambushed by Ourumov and a squad of Russian troops . Ourumov manages to escape during the encounter .
The remainder of the game takes place in 1995 . Bond visits Monte Carlo to investigate the frigate La Fayette , where he rescues several hostages and plants a tracker bug on the Eurocopter Tiger helicopter before it is stolen by the Janus crime syndicate . Bond is then sent a second time to Severnaya , but during the mission he is captured and locked up in the bunker 's cells along with Natalya Simonova , who has been betrayed to Janus . The two escape the complex seconds before it is destroyed , on the orders of Ourumov , by the GoldenEye satellite 's EMP . Bond next travels to Saint Petersburg , where he arranges with ex @-@ KGB agent Valentin Zukovsky to meet the chief of the Janus organisation . This is revealed to be Alec Trevelyan – his execution by Ourumov in the Arkhangelsk facility was faked . Bond and Natalya escape from Trevelyan , but are arrested by the Russian police and taken to the military archives for interrogation . Bond eventually manages to escape the interrogation room , rescue Natalya , and communicate with Defence Minister Dimitri Mishkin , who has verified Bond 's claim of Ourumov 's treachery . Natalya is recaptured by General Ourumov , and Bond gives chase through the streets of St. Petersburg , eventually reaching an arms depot used by Janus . There Bond destroys its weaponry stores and then hitches a ride on Trevelyan 's ex @-@ Soviet missile train , where he kills Ourumov and rescues Natalya . However , Alec Trevelyan and his ally Xenia Onatopp escape to their secret base in Cuba .
Natalya accompanies Bond to the Caribbean . Surveying the Cuban jungle aerially , their light aircraft is shot down . Unscathed , Bond and Natalya perform a ground search of the area 's heavily guarded jungle terrain , but are ambushed by Xenia , who is quickly killed by Bond . Bond sneaks Natalya into the control centre to disrupt transmissions to the GoldenEye satellite and force it to burn up in the Earth 's atmosphere . He then follows the fleeing Trevelyan through a series of flooded caverns , eventually arriving at the antenna of the control centre 's radio telescope . Trevelyan attempts to re @-@ align it in a final attempt to restore contact with the GoldenEye , but Bond ultimately destroys machinery vital to controlling the antenna and defeats Trevelyan in a gunfight on a platform above the dish .
= = Development = =
GoldenEye 007 was developed by an inexperienced team ; eight of its ten developers had never previously worked on video games . As programmer David Doak recalls , " Looking back , there are things I 'd be wary of attempting now , but as none of the people working on the code , graphics , and game design had worked on a game before , there was this joyful naïveté . " Due to the success of Donkey Kong Country , GoldenEye 007 was originally suggested as a 2D side @-@ scrolling platformer for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System , but Martin Hollis , the director and producer of the game , proposed " a 3D shooting game " for Nintendo 's in @-@ development " Ultra 64 " console .
The intention for the first few months of development was for the game to be an on @-@ rails shooter similar to Sega 's light gun game Virtua Cop ; GoldenEye 's gas plant location was modelled by Karl Hilton with a predetermined path in mind . Although GoldenEye is controlled with a pad rather than a light gun , Hollis credited Virtua Cop as an influence on the developers ' adoption of features such as gun reloading , position @-@ dependent hit reaction animations , penalties for killing innocent characters , and an alternative aiming system that is activated upon pressing the R button of the Nintendo 64 controller .
The development team visited the studios of the GoldenEye film to collect photographs and blueprints of the sets used in the movie . Silicon Graphics Onyx workstations and Nintendo 's NINGEN development software were used to create the geometry for virtual environments based on this reference material . However , many of the missions were extended or modified to allow the player to participate in sequences which the film 's James Bond did not . Hilton explained , " We tried to stick to [ the reference material ] for authenticity but we weren 't afraid of adding to it to help the game design . It was very organic . " Initially , the designers ' priority was purely on the creation of interesting spaces ; level design and balance considerations such as the placement of start and exit points , characters and objectives did not begin until this process was complete . According to Martin Hollis , " The benefit of this sloppy unplanned approach was that many of the levels in the game have a realistic and non @-@ linear feel . There are rooms with no direct relevance to the level . There are multiple routes across the level . " Hollis also noted that the concept of several varied objectives within each mission was inspired by the multiple tasks in each stage of Super Mario 64 , a game whose 3D collision detection system was also influential for Hollis .
Final Nintendo 64 specifications and development workstations were not initially available to Rare : a modified Sega Saturn controller was used for some early playtesting , and the developers had to estimate what the finalised console 's capabilities would be . The final Nintendo 64 hardware could render polygons faster than the SGI Onyx workstations they had been using , but the game 's textures had to be cut down by half . Karl Hilton explained one method of improving the game 's performance : " A lot of GoldenEye is in black and white . RGB colour textures cost a lot more in terms of processing power . You could do double the resolution if you used greyscale , so a lot was done like that . If I needed a bit of colour , I 'd add it in the vertex . " At one time , developers planned to implement the reloading of the weapons by the player unplugging and re @-@ inserting the Rumble Pak on the Nintendo 64 controller , though this idea was discarded at Nintendo 's behest .
GoldenEye 007 introduced stealth elements not seen in previous first @-@ person shooter games . Doak explained how this was implemented : " Whenever you fired a gun , it had a radius test and alerted the non @-@ player characters within that radius . If you fired the same gun again within a certain amount of time , it did a larger radius test and I think there was a third even larger radius after that . It meant if you found one guy and shot him in the head and then didn 't fire again , the timer would reset " . Windows throughout the game were programmed so that enemies cannot see through them while the player can . Though decidedly unrealistic , this was an intentional feature made to encourage the player to use windows to covertly spy on enemies . Rather than trying to release the game in tandem with the movie , the Stamper brothers made sure to give the developers as much time as they needed . It was developed through two and a half years , the first year of which was spent developing the engine and producing art assets . The game 's multiplayer mode was added late in the development process ; Martin Hollis described it as " a complete afterthought " . According to David Doak , the majority of the work on the multiplayer mode was done by Steve Ellis , who " sat in a room with all the code written for a single @-@ player game and turned GoldenEye into a multiplayer game . "
GoldenEye 007 was released on 25 August 1997 , nearly two years after the film . The game 's cartridge size was 96 Mb ( 12 MB ) . Additionally , every cartridge of the game contains a fully functional ZX Spectrum emulator with ten Rare developed games . This function was originally made as an experimental side project by Rare staff and was deactivated in the final build of the game , but has since been unlocked through fan @-@ developed patches . In addition to the Nintendo 64 game , a racing version was in development for the Virtual Boy , but was ultimately cancelled before release .
= = Reception = =
Despite an unsuccessful showing at E3 1997 and low expectations among the gaming media , GoldenEye 007 turned out to be both a critical and a commercial success . It received very high critical praise and sold more than eight million units worldwide , making it the third best selling Nintendo 64 game , behind Super Mario 64 and Mario Kart 64 . According to a paper published on the website of the Entertainment Software Association , the game grossed $ 250 million worldwide . Video game journalists have praised GoldenEye 007 for proving that it is possible to create a " fun " first @-@ person shooter experience on a console in both single @-@ player and multiplayer modes ; when the game was released , the first @-@ person shooter was primarily a genre for PC gamers . Journalists noted that the game " opened the genre to a completely new market " and that it was " the first big console [ first @-@ person shooter ] that truly got it right . " Additionally , the game 's use of realistic gameplay , which contrasted with the approaches taken by Doom @-@ clones , and introduction of multiplayer deathmatch on a console are often credited for having revolutionised the genre .
Graphically , the game was praised for its varied and detailed environments ; well @-@ animated characters ; realistic effects such as glass transparencies , bullet holes and lingering smoke ; and for generally maintaining a solid frame rate . The zoomable sniper rifle was praised as one of the game 's most impressive and entertaining features , Edge describing it as a " novel twist " and Jeff Gerstmann of GameSpot noting its ability to alleviate the game 's distance fog . GoldenEye 007 has subsequently become credited alongside Shiny Entertainment 's MDK for pioneering and popularising the now @-@ standard inclusion of scoped sniper rifles in video games . The game 's audio was also well @-@ received : the music was praised for its inclusion of the " James Bond Theme " and " addictive " tunes based on the GoldenEye film 's score . The sound effects were said to be detailed , although some reviewers criticised the omission of character speech . Some later levels begin in lifts and feature transitions from elevator music to full soundtracks , which Gerstmann cited as examples of the music 's ability to add ambience to the game , and as an illustration of the game 's attention to detail .
The gameplay was praised for its depth . IGN 's Doug Perry called GoldenEye 007 an immersive game , which " blends smart strategy gameplay with fast @-@ action gunmanship " . Similarly , Greg Sewart of Gaming Age pointed out that players also have " a bit of freedom as to what they want to do in any given situation , and what order the directives are completed in " . Reviewers also enjoyed the wide variety of weapons and the multi @-@ objective @-@ based missions , stating that they make the game stay " fresh by never having you do the same thing twice " . The controls were praised for their precision and were said to be more intuitive than Acclaim 's earlier well @-@ received Nintendo 64 first @-@ person shooter Turok : Dinosaur Hunter . The game 's use of context @-@ sensitive hit locations on the enemies added a realism that was previously unseen in video games , even though the Quake computer mod Team Fortress already featured locational damage such as headshots . Colin of Game Revolution called the gameplay realistic , setting GoldenEye " apart from the pack " , but also criticised the campaign for being badly paced . He noted that GoldenEye 007 " takes it for granted that you have already seen the movie " . He also added that players may get stuck due to the game 's lack of orientation .
At the time , the multiplayer mode was considered the best multiplayer game on the system , " edging Mario Kart 64 by a hair " according to IGN . Edge called it addictive and praised the originality of some of the scenarios such as You Only Live Twice . The magazine also stated that it set the standard for multiplayer console combat until it was surpassed by the release of Halo : Combat Evolved in 2001 . Retrospective commentary on GoldenEye 007 in the years following its release included an October 2011 review by Mark Reece from NintendoLife . Reece gave the game a rating of eight out of ten , commenting that although the game 's multiplayer mode stands up well , its graphics , audio and " fiddly " aiming system are dated . He noted that GoldenEye 007 's approach to difficulty settings provides considerable replay value , but is a system rarely used in modern first @-@ person shooters . On the game 's original release , Edge awarded it a score of nine out of ten , but in 2013 , with the benefit of hindsight , the magazine concluded that it should have received its highest score .
= = = Accolades = = =
GoldenEye 007 has collected numerous awards , including the BAFTA Interactive Entertainment " Games Award " in 1998 , and four awards from the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences : " Console Action Game of the Year " , " Console Game of the Year " , " Interactive Title of the Year " and " Outstanding Achievement in Software Engineering " . Rare was also recognised for its work on the game and won the BAFTA award for " Best UK Developer " . In 2011 , the game was selected as one of 80 titles from the past 40 years to be placed in the Art of Video Games exhibit in the Smithsonian American Art Museum . With its eight million copies sold , GoldenEye 007 was also one of the most significant titles that helped the Nintendo 64 to remain competitive with rival Sony 's PlayStation , even though it eventually lost much of its market share .
GoldenEye 007 is frequently cited as one of the greatest video games of all time . Rowan Kaiser of 1UP.com , who placed the game 53rd on " The 60 Most Influential Games of All Time " , pointed out that the game " paved the way for the later popularity of Halo , Call of Duty , and more " . Similarly , GamePro , placing it ninth in " The 52 Most Important Video Games of All Time " , called it the console killer @-@ app of the 1990s and the best game ever licensed from a film . In 2011 , IGN journalists placed the multiplayer mode at 17th in their list of the " Top 100 Video Game Moments " , and in 2010 Nintendo Power listed GoldenEye 007 as one of the greatest multiplayer experiences in Nintendo history , stating that it is remembered as one of the finest examples of a first @-@ person shooter .
In a 2000 poll , readers of Computer and Video Games voted GoldenEye 007 into first place in a list of " the hundred greatest video games " , and it was ranked fifth in a poll the following year . In 2001 , the game ranked 16th in Game Informer 's list of the " Top 100 Games of All Time " . In 2004 , readers of Retro Gamer voted GoldenEye as the 33rd top retro game , with the editors calling it " the game that sold a million N64s " and " easily the best Bond game to date . " In 2005 , a " Best Games of All @-@ Time " contest at GameFAQs placed GoldenEye 007 at seventh , and in a list made by IGN in 2005 , the game was ranked 29th , while the Reader 's Choice placed it at seventh . Video game review site ScrewAttack rated GoldenEye 007 number one in three separate top ten lists : a 2008 list of the " Top 10 FPS Games Ever " , a 2009 list of the " Top 10 Movie @-@ Based Games " , and a 2010 list of the " Top 10 Local @-@ Multiplayer Console Games " . Edge has featured GoldenEye 007 prominently in three " greatest game " lists : it placed third in a staff @-@ voted poll in 2000 ; 17th in a staff , reader , and gaming industry @-@ voted poll in 2007 ; and it was also included as one of the publication 's top ten shooters in 2003 .
= = Legacy = =
GoldenEye 007 led Rare to begin development of a spiritual successor titled Perfect Dark , also for the Nintendo 64 . Using a modified version of the GoldenEye 007 game engine , Perfect Dark made its debut at E3 1998 , and was released in 2000 to critical acclaim . Although the game features a setting and storyline unrelated to James Bond , it shares many gameplay features with GoldenEye 007 , including a similar control scheme , mission objectives that vary with the difficulty setting , and cheat options unlockable through quick level completions . The game led to the development of the Perfect Dark franchise .
A number of the GoldenEye 007 team left Rare soon after development on Perfect Dark commenced , beginning with Martin Hollis in 1998 , who after working on the GameCube at Nintendo of America formed his own company Zoonami in 2000 . Other members formed Free Radical Design , and by 2004 , four of the team of nine who originally worked on GoldenEye 007 were employed there . Free Radical Design developed the TimeSplitters series of first @-@ person shooters for the PlayStation 2 , GameCube and Xbox . These games contain several references to GoldenEye 007 , including the design of the health @-@ HUD , the nature of the aiming system , and the dam setting of the opening level of TimeSplitters 2 .
In 1999 , the James Bond game licence was acquired by Electronic Arts , which published games based upon the then @-@ recent James Bond films , Tomorrow Never Dies and The World Is Not Enough , as well as entirely original ones , including 007 : Nightfire , 007 : Everything or Nothing and GoldenEye : Rogue Agent . Although some received positive reviews from critics , none of them reached the critical or commercial success of GoldenEye 007 . In 2006 , the licence was acquired by Activision . The company would then publish additional James Bond games , including 007 : Quantum of Solace , James Bond 007 : Blood Stone , and a reimagining of the Nintendo 64 game , also titled GoldenEye 007 . The reimagining features Daniel Craig as the playable character , modern first @-@ person shooter conventions , entirely new level @-@ layouts , and an online component . It was originally released for the Wii and Nintendo DS in 2010 and re @-@ released as GoldenEye 007 : Reloaded for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 the following year .
An Xbox Live Arcade port of GoldenEye 007 was in development at Rare for several months , and in 2006 Nintendo of America president Reggie Fils @-@ Aime commented that Nintendo was " exploring all the rights issues " involved in bringing GoldenEye 007 to the Wii Virtual Console . However , due to legal issues involving the numerous licence holders with rights to the game and to the Bond intellectual property , the game has still not been released on either format . In 2010 , an independent development team released GoldenEye : Source , a multiplayer only total conversion mod developed using Valve 's Source engine .
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= Dual Spires =
" Dual Spires " is the 12th episode of the fifth season of the American comedy @-@ drama television series Psych , and the 75th episode overall . The episode was directed by Matt Shakman and written by Bill Callahan and series star James Roday . It originally aired December 1 , 2010 .
The episode is a homage to the cult television series Twin Peaks and features seven cast members of the series , including Sherilyn Fenn , Sheryl Lee , Dana Ashbrook , Robyn Lively , Lenny Von Dohlen , Catherine E. Coulson , and Ray Wise . After receiving an e @-@ mail inviting them to a cinnamon festival , Shawn Spencer ( Roday ) and Burton " Gus " Guster ( Dulé Hill ) travel to the quirky small town of Dual Spires . Once there , they are caught up in the mysterious drowning death of teenager Paula Merral .
" Dual Spires " received generally positive reviews from critics . According to the Nielsen ratings system , it drew 3 @.@ 543 million viewers , with a 2 @.@ 2 / 4 share among all households and a 1 @.@ 3 / 4 share among those aged 18 – 49 .
= = Plot = =
After receiving a flier by email inviting them to a cinnamon festival , private detectives Shawn Spencer ( James Roday ) and Burton " Gus " Guster ( Dulé Hill ) travel to the quirky small town of Dual Spires . Shawn and Gus eat cinnamon pie at the Sawmill Diner , an establishment owned by Robert " Bob " Barker ( Dana Ashbrook ) and his wife Michelle ( Robyn Lively ) and built on a sawmill that burned down in 1958 , killing eight people . Soon , the body of Bob and Michelle 's niece , Paula Merral , is found by a lake .
Sheriff Andrew Jackson ( Lenny Von Dohlen ) rules the death an accident , but Shawn receives the Dewey Decimal Classification number of a book , Reincarnation and Rebirth , the title of which parallels the revelation that Paula had supposedly drowned in Santa Barbara , California seven years earlier , though her body was never found . Bob reveals that Michelle 's unstable sister Lucy left Dual Spires , taking with her Paula , whom Michelle and Bob had all but raised . When Paula sent them a letter detailing the drug use and child abuse , they helped Paula fake her death so she could leave Lucy . Detectives Juliet O 'Hara ( Maggie Lawson ) and Carlton Lassiter ( Timothy Omundson ) reopen the case and leave to issue a warrant for Bob 's arrest .
Shawn and Gus continue the investigation and , finding an entry in Paula 's diary about meetings with " J " , are led to partially blind photographer Jack Smith ( Ryan McDonald ) . Jack reveals a photograph of Sheriff Jackson 's son Randy ( Scott Lyster ) , taken just before Jack was attacked during a walk with Paula . Randy reveals that after he attacked Jack , Paula confronted him about his ex @-@ girlfriend , who Shawn deduces is librarian Maudette Hornsby ( Sherilyn Fenn ) . However , Hornsby is found hanged at the library , and Sheriff Jackson and Dr. Donna " Doc " Gooden ( Sheryl Lee ) rule that Maudette killed Paula out of jealousy and committed suicide to keep the town from knowing about the affair . Shawn , however , deduces that Maudette was the one that led them to the festival and left clues for them to decode .
Suddenly , Shawn and Gus are locked in the library and it is lit on fire , but they are rescued by Father Peter Westley ( Ray Wise ) . Bob , who is revealed to be Paula 's biological father , explains that after World War I , his great @-@ grandfather established the town with two other soldiers , intending to create a secluded utopia . After the sawmill fire in 1958 , the town began to look at all outsiders as a threat . When Doc Gooden and Sheriff Jackson enter and hold him at gunpoint , Shawn deduces that they are the leaders of the other two founding families . Due to Gooden 's infertility and Jackson 's terminal cancer , Randy was the only known direct descendant and therefore the sole future leader . To stop Randy from leaving town with a paranoid Paula , the sheriff and doctor drowned her . After Lassiter and O 'Hara arrive and arrest Gooden and Jackson , the group celebrates at the diner , only to be repulsed by a number of oddities referencing Twin Peaks .
= = Production = =
" Dual Spires " was the fourth episode directed by Matt Shakman , the sixth to be written by producer Bill Callahan , and sixth to be written by series star James Roday , respectively . It originally aired in the United States on December 1 , 2010 , on USA Network as the 12th episode of Psych 's fifth season and the 75th episode overall . It was an extended episode , at 67 minutes including commercials or 50 without .
According to trivia on the " Dual Spires enhanced " video at the Psych website , a Twin Peaks tribute episode had been in the works since season one . Maggie Lawson was the one who suggested the episode 's title , a play on that of the original series . The episode aired 20 years to the day after the 17th episode of Twin Peaks , which answered the question of who killed Laura Palmer , after which , Mike Hale of The New York Times wrote , " there was really no reason to keep watching . " The episode features seven Twin Peaks cast members as guest stars . Sherilyn Fenn , who is best known for portraying Audrey Horne , guest stars as Maudette Hornsby . Sheryl Lee , who played Laura Palmer and Maddy Ferguson , guest stars as Dr. Donna " Doc " Gooden , Dual Spires ' psychiatrist , pediatrician , optometrist , gastrologist , podiatrist , dermatologist , orthodontist , forensic scientist , veterinarian , lawyer , and accountant . Dana Ashbrook , who played Bobby Briggs , guest stars as Robert " Bob " Barker . Robyn Lively , who played Lana Budding Milford , guest stars as Michelle Barker . Lenny Von Dohlen , who played Harold Smith , guest stars as Sheriff Andrew Jackson . Catherine E. Coulson , who played the Log Lady , Margaret Lanterman , cameos as a woman carrying wood . Finally , Ray Wise , who played Leland Palmer , reprises his Psych role as Father Peter Westley . Michael Ontkean , who played Sheriff Harry S. Truman , and Mädchen Amick , who played diner waitress Shelly Johnson , were also approached to appear in the episode . Twin Peaks co @-@ creator David Lynch was originally going to guest star in a speaking role as Mayor Douglas Fir , but Lynch was not asked due to Roday 's concern over what Lynch would think of the episode . Other guest stars include Scott Lyster as Randy Jackson and Ryan McDonald as Jack Smith .
Additionally , Julee Cruise , who recorded the theme for Twin Peaks , recorded a slower , extended version of the Psych theme song , " I Know You Know " by series creator Steve Franks 's band The Friendly Indians . The imagery that accompanies it is an almost shot @-@ for @-@ shot recreation of the Twin Peaks opening sequence , with a white horse that resembles the one in Sarah Palmer 's vision before the attack on Maddy Ferguson . Later , during a bicycle chase scene , " Baby Did a Bad Bad Thing " by Chris Isaak is heard . Isaak portrayed Special Agent Chester Desmond in Twin Peaks : Fire Walk with Me .
= = Cultural references = =
= = = Allusions to Twin Peaks = = =
" Dual Spires " is presented as an homage to Twin Peaks , and CNN writer Katie McLaughlin noted several allusions the episode makes to the series . In the beginning of the episode , there is a chocolate bunny on Shawn 's desk . In Twin Peaks , Special Agent Dale Cooper ( Kyle MacLachlan ) delivered the famous line " Diane , I 'm holding in my hands a small box of chocolate bunnies . " Gus then asks , " Since when is the sound of opening and closing shades so disruptive that it needs to be alleviated ? " The character Nadine Hurley in Twin Peaks attempted to patent her silent drape runner invention . Someone from a website by the name of UnderTheNail.com sends Shawn and Gus an e @-@ mail that says , " Who killed Paula Merral ? " Twin Peaks famed the catchphrase " Who Killed Laura Palmer ? " The killer also purposely placed clues in his victims ' fingernail beds . The victim 's name itself is an anagram of " Laura Palmer " .
Dr. Donna Gooden acts as , among other things , the town 's veterinarian and medical examiner . On Twin Peaks , Laura 's best friend was named Donna , and Donna 's father , Dr. Hayward , was also the town doctor and medical examiner . While drinking a Cherry Coke , Maudette states , " Isn 't cherry the best ? " Sherilyn Fenn , the actress who portrays Maudette , famously tied a cherry stem into a knot with her tongue in Twin Peaks . Later , Ray Wise suddenly has white hair , just as his Twin Peaks character Leland Palmer 's hair turned white overnight in one episode . Dual Spires is famous for its cinnamon pie and apple cider , as Twin Peaks was famous for cherry pie and " damn fine " coffee . The mayor of Dual Spires is named Douglas Fir , and the town of Twin Peaks was filled with Douglas @-@ fir trees . The local paper in Dual Spires is " The Great Northern , " while Twin Peaks had a hotel called the Great Northern . In both series , there are stacks of donuts at the police station . In both Dual Spires and Twin Peaks , a sawmill was the source of the town 's livelihood and burned down in a case of arson . Paula Merral is found wrapped in plastic by the lake , just as in Twin Peaks Laura Palmer 's body was found " dead , wrapped in plastic " on a rocky beach . The Barkers have a framed prom photo of their niece wearing a tiara prominently displayed , and a similar photo of Laura Palmer remains the iconic Twin Peaks image . Leo the cinnamon owl was the festival mascot , whereas the character of Leo Johnson was suspected of Laura Palmer 's murder in Twin Peaks . Owls were a major part of Peaks as well . The pet bird in Dr. Gooden 's waiting room was the same type of bird that bit Laura 's shoulder in Twin Peaks . There is similar camera work and sound effect focus on a ceiling fan whipping around at the top of the stairs at Sheriff Jackson 's house ; this happened often in Twin Peaks . The sheriff 's house also looks similar to the Palmers ' house . Paula secretly dated the sheriff 's son and shared " secret special lover earrings " with him , and in Twin Peaks , Laura and the nephew of one of the townsmen each had half of a golden heart necklace . A local teenage boy wears a jeweled crown . In Peaks , Audrey Horne 's older brother wore a Native American headdress . In both series , the sheriff 's deputy is a Native American who is very in tune with nature . Sheriff Andrew Jackson 's name references the seventh president of the United States , just as the name of the sheriff of Twin Peaks , Harry Truman , references the 33rd . Shawn and Gus find a book written by Earl Wyndam ; in Peaks , Windom Earle was a psychopathic ex @-@ FBI agent .
The " Dual Spires enhanced " video at the Psych website lists further references to Twin Peaks . Shawn 's name for Gus in this episode is " Lodge Blackmunn " , a direct reference to the Black and White Lodge . Leo the Cinnamon Owl is a reference to Killer BOB , who possessed Leland Palmer and often took the form of an owl . The sheriff 's deputy is Deputy Frost , named after Twin Peaks co @-@ creator Mark Frost . The doctors of both Dual Spires and Twin Peaks have coconuts in their offices . Both Paula 's and Laura 's diaries described meetings with " J " . Sheriff Jackson tells Bob he needs to be strong for his wife . Dr Hayward says the same thing to Leland Palmer in Twin Peaks . Upon entering the town Gus mentions that the residents are looking at him as if he were the first black man they had ever seen . There are very few black men in Twin Peaks . When they enter the Sawmill Diner Bob Barker says " Top of the morning to you . " In the first season of Twin Peaks , Pete Martell corrected Josie Packard on the saying . Maudette wears an orchid in her hair ; Harold grew orchids in Twin Peaks . In the library Shawn asks if they can " poke around " but he and Gus immediately say " peek " in correction . Thus " peek " , as in Twin Peaks , is spoken twice . A man wearing a hat in the Sawmill Diner gives Shawn and Gus a thumbs up . The older room service attendant did the same thing to Agent Cooper in Twin Peaks . A record player is featured prominently in both the Barker and Palmer homes . The Roadhouse was also a location in Twin Peaks . Both Maudette and Audrey Horne love to dance . Paula 's friend Jack is completely blind in one eye , referencing Twin Peaks ' brothel named " One Eyed Jacks " . In the library Shawn and Gus find a book entitled " Putt Your Way to a Better Future . " After Leland Palmer killed Maddy Ferguson he was seen putting golf balls around in his living room . When Randy is using the table saw it resembles the sawmill scene from the extended opening credits of Twin Peaks . When Maudette is placed in the body bag it is bent in such a way that it resembles a smile , like the smiling bag clue Agent Cooper found . On Maudette 's desk beside her computer is a roll of green tape like the kind used by Leland Palmer to tie up Jacques Renault . In the cabin Bob Barker lights a match and holds it up like Leland Palmer did when describing BOB to Agent Cooper . Bob Barker wears a gold ring on his pinky , something Agent Cooper did in Twin Peaks . In the cabin the walls are red with red drapes as an allusion to the " Red Room " in Agent Cooper 's dream .
The " enhanced " video states that there are 724 references to Twin Peaks in the episode 's closing scene . Among them , Jack Smith wears an eye patch and a red suit and dances funny , referencing not only the aforementioned " One Eyes Jacks " brothel and Nadine Hurley , but a dream sequence in Peaks , where a character known as the Man from Another Place wore a similar suit and danced in a bizarre fashion . In the final scene Carlton is seen holding his hand up and stating " that is a damn fine cup of cider " . In the Twin Peaks pilot Agent Cooper holds his hand the same way and states " that is a damn fine cup of coffee . " Additionally , Carlton is later holding a cup of coffee on its side , displaying that the coffee is now solid in a fashion mimicking the same action by Agent Cooper in the final episode . A seven @-@ foot tall man ( John DeSantis ) wearing a bow tie looks much like the giant from Agent Cooper 's dream . Randy is seen at the end barking out the window like Bobby Briggs did to James Hurley in the holding cells . Bob Barker is seen dancing with a picture just as Leland Palmer did in Twin Peaks . The episode 's end credits are accompanied by soap opera @-@ type music and a shot of Paula 's prom picture ; Twin Peaks 's credits did exactly the same thing with Laura 's photo . The music is also very similar to the theme .
= = = Other references = = =
There are several other references in the episode . Upon seeing an African American for the first time , a child asks Gus if he is Frederick Douglass . When Shawn makes the observation that Dual Spires has " Bob Barker , Doc Gooden , and Randy Jackson , all living in the same inlet town with no cars , cell phones , or internet " , Gus replies that they should pitch the concept to Mark Burnett . Shawn and Gus later ride a tandem bicycle in what Shawn likens to a racially reversed Driving Miss Daisy . Randy reveals that the town gathers every week to watch Everwood . Shawn tells Maudette that they are having a Betty Boop Night at the Roadhouse .
= = Reception = =
According to the Nielsen ratings system , " Dual Spires " drew 3 @.@ 543 million viewers , with a 2 @.@ 2 / 4 share among all households , meaning that in the United States the episode was tuned into by roughly 2 @.@ 2 percent of all television @-@ equipped households and 4 percent of households watching television . The episode had a 1 @.@ 3 / 4 share among those aged 18 – 49 .
The episode received positive reviews from critics familiar with Twin Peaks . Jonah Krakow of IGN gave the episode a score of 9 out of 10 , writing that it was " enjoyable enough on its own merits that I don 't have to apologize for gushing over every single subtle nod to Twin Peaks . " Although CNN 's Katie McLaughlin was initially worried , her fears were quickly alleviated . McLaughlin stated that Psych did a " damn fine " tribute episode , and that she had fun finding all of the Twin Peaks references . Simon Abrams of The A.V. Club gave the episode a rating of C- on a scale of A + to F. Commenting on reports that the episode has been in the works since the series ' first season , Abrams wrote , " [ it ] speaks to how patently unnecessary " Dual Spires " is conceptually but also how potentially endearing it could be , too . " JT Vaughn of Zap2it , however , gave the episode an A + rating , writing , " It was just an absolutely brilliant episode , one which paid a loving homage to a classic television show while also being a damn fine episode in itself . Psych has been in great form since it returned , and long may it continue . " In contrast , Starpulse writer Brittany Frederick , who was unfamiliar with Twin Peaks , enjoyed " Dual Spires " less than other episodes .
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= Zyklon B =
Zyklon B ( German pronunciation : [ tsykloːn ˈbeː ] ; anglicized / ˈzaɪklɒn ˈbiː / or translated Cyclone B ) was the trade name of a cyanide @-@ based pesticide invented in Germany in the early 1920s . It consisted of hydrogen cyanide ( prussic acid ) , a cautionary eye irritant , and one of several adsorbents such as diatomaceous earth . The product is infamous for its use by Nazi Germany during the Holocaust to murder a million people in gas chambers installed at Auschwitz @-@ Birkenau , Majdanek , and other extermination camps .
Hydrogen cyanide , a poisonous gas that interferes with cellular respiration , was first used as a pesticide in California in the 1880s . Research at Degesch of Germany led to the development of Zyklon ( later known as Zyklon A ) , a pesticide which released hydrogen cyanide upon exposure to water and heat . It was banned after a similar product was used by Germany as a chemical weapon in World War I. In 1922 , Degesch was purchased by Degussa , where a team of chemists that included Walter Heerdt and Bruno Tesch developed a method of packaging hydrogen cyanide in sealed canisters along with a cautionary eye irritant and adsorbent stabilizers . The new product was also named Zyklon , but it became known as Zyklon B to distinguish it from the earlier version . Uses included delousing clothing and disinfecting ships , warehouses , and trains .
In early 1942 , Zyklon B emerged as the preferred killing tool of Nazi Germany for use in extermination camps during the Holocaust . Around a million people were killed using this method , mostly at Auschwitz . Tesch was executed in 1946 for knowingly selling the product to the SS for use on humans . Hydrogen cyanide is now rarely used as a pesticide , but still has industrial applications . Firms in several countries continue to produce Zyklon B under alternative brand names , including Detia @-@ Degesch , the successor to Degesch , who renamed the product to Cyanosil in 1974 .
= = Mechanism = =
Hydrogen cyanide is a poisonous gas that interferes with cellular respiration . Cyanide prevents the cell from producing adenosine triphosphate ( ATP ) by binding to one of the proteins involved in the electron transport chain . This protein , cytochrome c oxidase , contains several subunits and has ligands containing iron groups . The cyanide component of Zyklon B can bind at one of these iron groups , heme a3 , forming a more stabilized compound through metal @-@ to @-@ ligand pi bonding . As a result of this new iron @-@ cyanide complex , the electrons that would situate themselves on the heme a3 group can no longer do so . Instead , these electrons destabilize the compound ; thus , the heme group no longer accepts them . Consequently , electron transport is halted , and cells can no longer produce the energy needed to synthesize ATP . In a human weighing 68 kilograms ( 150 lb ) , death occurs within two minutes of inhaling 70 milligrams ( 0 @.@ 0025 oz ) of hydrogen cyanide .
= = History = =
Hydrogen cyanide , discovered in the late 18th century , was used in the 1880s for the fumigation of citrus trees in California . Its use spread to other countries for the fumigation of silos , goods wagons , ships , and mills . Its light weight and rapid dispersal meant its application had to take place under tents or in enclosed areas . Research by Fritz Haber of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry led to the founding in 1919 of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Schädlingsbekämpfung mbH ( Degesch ) , a state @-@ controlled consortium formed to investigate military use of the chemical . Chemists at Degesch added a cautionary eye irritant to a less volatile cyanide compound which reacted with water in the presence of heat to become hydrogen cyanide . The new product was marketed as the pesticide Zyklon ( cyclone ) . As a similar formula had been used as a weapon by the Germans during World War I , Zyklon was soon banned .
Deutsche Gold- und Silber @-@ Scheideanstalt ( German Gold and Silver Refinery ; Degussa ) became sole owners of Degesch in 1922 . There , beginning in 1922 , Walter Heerdt , Bruno Tesch , and others worked on packaging hydrogen cyanide in sealed canisters along with a cautionary eye irritant and adsorbent stabilizers such as diatomaceous earth . The new product was also labelled as Zyklon , but it became known as Zyklon B to distinguish it from the earlier version . Heerdt was named the inventor of Zyklon B in the Degesch patent application ( number DE 438818 ) dated 20 June 1922 . The German Patent Office awarded the patent on 27 December 1926 .
= = Corporate structure and marketing = =
In 1930 , Degussa ceded 42 @.@ 5 per cent ownership of Degesch to IG Farben and 15 per cent to Th . Goldschmidt AG , in exchange for the right to market pesticide products of those two companies through Degesch . Degussa retained managerial control .
While Degesch owned the rights to the brand name Zyklon and the patent on the packaging system , the chemical formula was owned by Degussa . Schlempe GmbH , which was 52 per cent owned by Degussa , owned the rights to a process to extract hydrogen cyanide from waste products of sugar beet processing . This process was performed under license by two companies , Dessauer Werke and Kaliwerke Kolin , who also combined the resulting hydrogen cyanide with stabilizer from IG Farben and a cautionary agent from Schering AG to form the final product , which was packaged using equipment , labels , and canisters provided by Degesch . The finished goods were sent to Degesch , who forwarded the product to two companies that acted as distributors : Heerdt @-@ Linger GmbH ( Heli ) of Frankfurt and Tesch & Stabenow ( Testa ) of Hamburg . Their territory was split along the Elbe river , with Heli handling clients to the west and south , and Testa those to the east . Degesch owned 51 per cent of the shares of Heli , and until 1942 owned 55 per cent of Testa .
Prior to World War II Degesch derived most of its Zyklon B profits from overseas sales , particularly in the United States , where it was produced under license by Roessler & Hasslacher prior to 1931 and by American Cyanamid from 1931 to 1943 . From 1929 , the United States Public Health Service used Zyklon B to disinfect freight trains and clothes of Mexican immigrants entering the United States . Uses in Germany included delousing clothing ( often using a portable sealed chamber invented by Degesch in the 1930s ) and disinfecting ships , warehouses , and trains . By 1943 , sales of Zyklon B accounted for 65 per cent of Degesch 's sales revenue and 70 per cent of its gross profits .
= = Use in the Holocaust = =
In early 1942 , Zyklon B emerged as the preferred killing tool of Nazi Germany for use in extermination camps during the Holocaust . The chemical claimed the lives of roughly one million people in gas chambers installed in extermination camps at Auschwitz @-@ Birkenau , Majdanek , and elsewhere . Most of the victims were Jews , and by far the majority killed using this method died at Auschwitz . Zyklon B was supplied to concentration camps at Mauthausen , Dachau , and Buchenwald by the distributor Heli , and to Auschwitz and Majdanek by Testa . Camps also occasionally bought Zyklon B directly from the manufacturers . Of the 729 metric tons of Zyklon B sold in Germany in 1942 – 44 , 56 metric tons ( about 8 per cent of domestic sales ) were sold to concentration camps . Auschwitz received 23 @.@ 8 tons , of which 6 tons were used for fumigation . The remainder was used in the gas chambers or lost to spoilage ( the product had a shelf life of only three months ) . Testa conducted fumigations for the Wehrmacht and supplied them with Zyklon B. They also offered courses to the SS in the safe handling and use of the material for fumigation purposes . In April 1941 , the German agriculture and interior ministries designated the SS as an authorized applier of the chemical , and thus they were able to use it without any further training or governmental oversight .
Rudolf Höss , commandant of Auschwitz , said that the use of Zyklon @-@ B to kill prisoners came about on the initiative of one of his subordinates , SS @-@ Hauptsturmführer ( captain ) Karl Fritzsch , who used the substance to kill some Russian POWs in late August 1941 in the basement of Block 11 in the main camp . The experiment was repeated on more Russian POWs , with Höss watching , in September . Block 11 proved unsuitable for mass killings , as the basement was difficult to air out afterwards and the crematorium ( Crematorium I , which operated until July 1942 ) was some distance away . The site of the killings was moved to Crematorium I , where more than 700 victims could be killed at once . By the middle of 1942 , the operation was moved to Auschwitz II – Birkenau , a nearby satellite camp which had been under construction since October 1941 .
The first gas chamber at Auschwitz II – Birkenau was the " red house " ( called Bunker 1 by SS staff ) , a brick cottage converted to a gassing facility by tearing out the inside and bricking up the windows . It was operational by March 1942 . A second brick cottage , the " white house " or Bunker 2 , was converted some weeks later . According to Höss , Bunker 1 held 800 victims and Bunker 2 held 1 @,@ 200 victims . These structures were in use for mass killings until early 1943 . At that point , the Nazis decided to greatly increase the gassing capacity of Birkenau . Crematorium II , originally designed as a mortuary , with morgues in the basement and ground @-@ level incinerators , was converted into a killing factory by installing gas @-@ tight doors , vents for the Zyklon B to be dropped into the chamber , and ventilation equipment to remove the gas afterwards . Crematorium III was built using the same design . Crematoria IV and V , designed from the start as gassing centers , were also constructed that spring . By June 1943 , all four crematoria were operational . Most of the victims were killed using these four structures .
The Nazis began shipping large numbers of Jews from all over Europe to Auschwitz in the middle of 1942 . Those who were not selected for work crews were immediately gassed . The group selected to die , about three @-@ quarters of the total , included almost all children , women with small children , all the elderly , and all those who appeared on brief and superficial inspection by an SS doctor not to be completely fit . The victims were told they were to undergo delousing and a shower . They were stripped of their belongings and herded into the gas chamber .
The Zyklon B was delivered by ambulance to the crematoria by a special SS bureau known as the Hygienic Institute . The actual delivery of the gas to the victims was always handled by the SS , on the order of the supervising SS doctor . After the doors were shut , SS men dumped in the Zyklon B pellets through vents in the roof or holes in the side of the chamber . The victims were dead within 20 minutes . Johann Kremer , an SS doctor who oversaw gassings , testified that the " shouting and screaming of the victims could be heard through the opening and it was clear that they fought for their lives " .
Sonderkommandos ( special work crews forced to work at the gas chambers ) wearing gas masks then dragged the bodies from the chamber . The victims ' glasses , artificial limbs , jewelry , and hair were removed , and any dental work was extracted so the gold could be melted down . If the gas chamber was crowded , which they typically were , the corpses were found half @-@ squatting , their skin discolored pink with red and green spots , with some found foaming at their mouths , or bleeding from their ears . The corpses were burned in the nearby incinerators , and the ashes were buried , thrown in the river , or used as fertilizer . With the Soviet Red Army approaching through Poland , the last mass gassing at Auschwitz took place on 30 October 1944 . In November 1944 , Reichsführer @-@ SS Heinrich Himmler , head of the SS , ordered gassing operations to cease across the Reich .
= = Legacy = =
After World War II ended in 1945 , Bruno Tesch and Karl Weinbacher of Tesch & Stabenow were tried in a British military court and executed for knowingly providing Zyklon B to the SS for use on humans . Gerhard Peters , who served as principal operating officer of Degesch and Heli and also held posts in the Nazi government , served two years eight months in prison as an accessory before being released due to amendments to the penal code .
Use of hydrogen cyanide as a pesticide or cleaner has been banned or restricted in some countries . Most hydrogen cyanide is used in industrial processes , made by companies in Germany , Japan , the Netherlands and the US . Degesch resumed production of Zyklon B after the war . The product was sold as Cyanosil in Germany and Zyklon in other countries . It was still produced as of 2000 . Degussa sold Degesch to Detia @-@ Freyberg GmbH in 1986 . The company is now called Detia @-@ Degesch . A fumigation product similar to Zyklon B is also in production by Lučební závody Draslovka of the Czech Republic , under the trade name Uragan D2 . Uragan means " hurricane " or " cyclone " in Czech .
Subsequent use of the word " Zyklon " in trade names has prompted angry reactions in English @-@ speaking countries . The name " Zyklon " on portable roller coasters made since 1965 by Pinfari provoked protests among Jewish groups in the U.S. in 1993 , 1999 , and 2011 . In 2002 , British sportswear and football equipment supplier Umbro issued an apology and stopped using the name " Zyklon " , which had appeared since 1999 on the box for one of its trainers , after receiving complaints from the Simon Wiesenthal Center and the Beth Shalom Holocaust Centre . Also in 2002 , Siemens withdrew its application for an American trademark of the word " Zyklon " , which their subsidiary BSH Bosch und Siemens Hausgeräte had proposed to use for a new line of home appliances in the United States . ( The firm was already using the name in Germany for one of their vacuum cleaners . ) Protests were lodged by the Simon Wiesenthal Center after the trademark application was reported to BBC News Online by one of their readers . French company IPC 's product names used " Cyclone " for degreasers and suffix " B " for biodegradable : " Cyclone B " was renamed " Cyclone Cap Vert " ( " green cap " ) in 2013 after protests from Jewish groups . A rabbi said the name was " horrible ignorance at best , and a Guinness record in evil and cynicism if the company did know the history of the name of its product . "
Holocaust deniers claim that Zyklon B gas was not used in the gas chambers , relying for evidence on the research of Fred A. Leuchter , who found low levels of Prussian blue in samples of the gas chamber walls and ceilings . Leuchter attributed its presence to general delousing of the buildings . Leuchter 's negative control , a sample of gasket material taken from a different camp building , had no cyanide residue . In 1999 , James Roth , the chemist who had analyzed Leuchter 's samples , stated that the test was flawed because the material that was sent for testing included large chunks , and the chemical would only be within 10 microns of the surface . The surface that had been exposed to the chemical was not identified , and the large size of the specimens meant that any chemical present was diluted by an undeterminable amount . In 1994 , the Institute for Forensic Research in Kraków re @-@ examined Leuchter 's claim , stating that formation of Prussian blue by exposure of bricks to cyanide is not a highly probable reaction . Using microdiffusion techniques , they tested 22 samples from the gas chambers and delousing chambers ( as positive controls ) and living quarters ( as negative controls ) . They found cyanide residue in both the delousing chambers and the gas chambers but none in the living quarters .
= = = Explanatory notes = = =
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= Washington State Route 140 =
State Route 140 ( SR 140 ) was a state highway located in Clark and Skamania counties in southwestern Washington . The highway began and ended at SR 14 in Washougal and Prindle , respectively , and followed the Washougal River and Canyon Creek . The roadway first appeared as Canyon Creek Road in a 1911 map and was designated Secondary State Highway 8B ( SSH 8B ) in 1937 . SSH 8B was a spur route of Primary State Highway 8 ( PSH 8 ) , which became SR 12 in the 1964 highway renumbering . SR 120 replaced SSH 8B in the same renumbering and SR 12 was renumbered in 1967 to SR 14 after U.S. Route 12 was extended into Washington . SR 120 was also renumbered to SR 140 , which was decommissioned in 1992 .
= = Route description = =
State Route 140 ( SR 140 ) originated as 15th Street at an intersection with SR 14 in Washougal , located about 1 @.@ 47 miles ( 2 @.@ 37 km ) east of the eastern terminus of SR 500 on the shoreline of the Columbia River . 15th Street traveled north through Downtown , crossing the Vancouver – White Salmon rail route of the BNSF Railway and intersecting the former alignment of SR 14 , E Street , before turning northeastward onto 17th Street . The highway crossed the Washougal River out of Washougal in a large forest and became the Washougal River Road . The roadway paralleled the river northeast and later east into the forests and mountains of Skamania County until the river turned north . SR 140 , renamed Canyon Creek Road , turned southeast and encountered a series of sharp turns until terminating at SR 14 in Prindle .
= = History = =
SR 140 began as Canyon Creek Road and first appeared on a map in 1911 . The first numbered highway on the road was Secondary State Highway 8B ( SSH 8B ) , established in 1937 . The roadway traveled along the Washougal River and Canyon Creek between Primary State Highway 8 ( PSH 8 ) , co @-@ signed as U.S. Route 830 ( US 830 ) , between Washougal and Prindle . SSH 8B remained unchanged until the 1964 highway renumbering , when the route was renumbered as State Route 120 and PSH 8 became State Route 12 . After US 12 was extended west across Washington in 1967 , SR 12 became SR 14 and SR 120 became SR 140 . In 1968 , US 830 was deleted and SR 14 was realigned south onto a newer alignment . In 1992 , SR 140 was removed from the state highway system .
= = Major intersections = =
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= Battle of El Herri =
The Battle of El Herri ( also known as Elhri ) was fought between France and the Berber Zaian Confederation on 13 November 1914 . It took place at the small settlement of El Herri , near Khénifra in the French protectorate in Morocco . The battle was part of the Zaian War , in which the confederation of tribes sought to oppose continued French expansion into the interior of Morocco . Having captured the strategic town of Khénifra earlier in the year , the French , under General Hubert Lyautey , entered negotiations with Mouha ou Hammou Zayani , who led the Zaian . Lyautey thought that peace could be achieved and ordered Lieutenant @-@ Colonel René Laverdure , who commanded the garrison in Khénifra , to not launch any offensives .
Laverdure became frustrated with the lack of action and , on 13 November , led almost his entire garrison in an attack on the Zaian encampment at El Herri . The attack initially went well , with his artillery and cavalry clearing the tribesmen from the camp , looting the Zaian tents and capturing two of Hammou 's wives . However , the French encountered a significant Zaian force during its withdrawal to Khénifra . This force engaged the French with harassing fire , forcing them to move only under the cover of their artillery . Laverdure then ordered his wounded back to Khénifra with a guard of a company of infantry , which were joined by large numbers of other troops who broke ranks to join the column . Whilst making a river crossing , Laverdure 's rear guard and artillery were overrun and annihilated . Laverdure 's remaining troops then formed square and fought a desperate last stand against several thousand tribesmen before they were also overrun and killed .
The French losses were significant , some 623 men ( including Laverdure ) were killed and 176 wounded . The Zaian lost around 182 men killed . The column of wounded reached Khénifra just ahead of pursuing Zaian forces and the town came under siege . Lyautey was dismayed at Laverdure 's actions and was briefly of the opinion that he had cost him the war . However , a relief force reached Khénifra within a few days and the situation stabilised . The Zaian War lasted until 1921 when negotiations secured the submission of much of the confederation to French rule and a military offensive pushed the remainder into the High Atlas mountains .
= = Background = =
France 's protectorate of Morocco was established after French intervention in the Agadir Crisis of 1911 . Resident General Louis @-@ Hubert Lyautey served as the head of government and one of his main aims was to secure the " Taza corridor " in the Middle Atlas mountains linking Tunis to the Moroccan Atlantic coast . He was opposed by the Berber tribes in the area , amongst them the Zaian confederation led by Mouha ou Hammou Zayani . Hammou had opposed the French intervention since 1877 and led between 4 @,@ 000 and 4 @,@ 200 tents ( the tribal unit of measurement ) of people .
French attempts to persuade Hammou to submit had failed and in May 1914 Lyautey authorised General Paul Prosper Henrys to take command of all French troops in the area and launch an attack on Taza and Khénifra , vital parts of the corridor . Despite some fierce engagements with the Zaian in the Khénifra area , Henrys secured the two towns by the middle of June and inflicted substantial losses on the tribes . As part of the defence of the area , Henrys established three Groupes Mobile , mobile columns of troops who could react quickly to threats . A Groupe Mobile was established at Khénifra under Lieutenant @-@ Colonel René Laverdure , another to the west under Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Henri Claudel and a third to the east under Colonel Noël Garnier @-@ Duplessix . July saw increasing attacks on Laverdure 's command and the outbreak of the First World War which significantly reduced the number of French forces based in Morocco . Lyautey was determined to hold Khénifra to use as a bridgehead for further expansion of French territory and referred to it as a bastion against the " hostile Berber masses " upon which the " maintenance of [ his ] occupation " depended .
Successfully repulsing additional attacks on Khénifra , Henrys thought he had the upper hand , having proven that the reduced French forces could resist the tribesmen . The Zaian were now contained within a triangle formed by the Oum er Rbia , the Serrou river and the Atlas mountains and were already in dispute with neighbouring tribes over the best wintering land .
= = Battle = =
= = = Laverdure 's attack = = =
Laverdure had been in Khénifra for five months when Hammou set up camp at El Herri , a small village 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) away , for the winter . Hammou had been promised peace talks and had just lost control over five tribes who began negotiations for submission to French rule . Henrys believed that Zaian resistance was near its end and that the war would soon be over . Lyautey wished to keep the situation calm and twice refused Laverdure permission to attack the camp at El Herri , for fear that it would affect the peace talks and that Laverdure had insufficient forces available for the assault . He was instead ordered to keep to the French bank of the Oum er Rbia and had permission only to send troops out for convoy protection , wood gathering and road building .
However Laverdure decided to disobey his orders to remain in Khénifra and marched on El Herri with almost the entire garrison . He was said to be frustrated with the lack of action on the front and may have been persuaded by a Makhzen soldier eager to avenge a personal affront he had received from Hammou . Laverdure 's column consisted of six infantry companies of Algerian and Senegalese Tirailleurs , a party of irregular Goumiers , two batteries of 65mm and 75mm ( the famous Soixante @-@ Quinze ) cannon and a squadron of Spahi cavalry : numbering 43 officers and 1 @,@ 187 men in total . This amounted to less than half the troops he had had in September when he was first denied permission to launch an attack . Laverdure marched at 2 @.@ 30 am on the morning of 13 November 1914 without informing his superiors , only leaving behind a note saying he was going to " annihilate " Hammou 's camp .
Laverdure 's column reached El Herri at dawn and found the encampment of 100 tents . Most of the Zaian men were out of camp at the time , leaving behind the non @-@ combatants , and Laverdure achieved complete surprise . The first that many of the Zaian knew of the attack was when his artillery shells began exploding amongst the tents . This was followed up by a cavalry charge which cleared the camp but was halted by a group of tribesmen who had rallied on a hilltop to the south and inflicted " numerous losses " on the horsemen . Laverdure had to send in his infantry to remove these Zaians , before looting the encampment . Hammou escaped in time but two of his wives were captured before the French headed back to Khénifra at around 8 @.@ 30 am , leaving the looting to tribesmen of the Aït Ichkern , formerly Hammou 's allies who assumed he was now beaten .
= = = Zaian counterattack = = =
The return to Khénifra was initially hampered by attacks by small groups of tribesmen who were successfully beaten , but not before they discovered the relatively small number of troops in the French column . Word was passed to others in the area and soon a force , estimated at 5 @,@ 000 strong by the French , was assembled . These men consisted of almost the entire Zaian tribe and elements of the Mrabtin , Aït Harkat , Aït Ischak and Aït Ichkern ( the latter , seeing the French falling back , had changed allegiance once more ) . Zaian tactics were to harass the flanks and rear of the column and to occupy any high ground available for sniping attacks . The French found they could not move in safety without heavy covering fire from the artillery , which was reduced in effectiveness by the dispersal of the Zaian tribesmen and their use of cover . Hammou 's nephew , Moha ou Akka , led a force of several thousand tribesmen around the French to cut off their route to Khénifra .
At this point Laverdure ordered one company of his Senegalese infantry to leave the column with a convoy of wounded soldiers which he sent back to Khénifra . However many of his other troops , seeing the Senegalese leaving , broke ranks and followed in panic . Laverdure attempted to continue his withdrawal but , just having crossed the Chbouka river , his rearguard was surrounded and attacked repeatedly from all sides , being quickly overrun . The gun batteries soon suffered the same fate , their crews also being killed . The Zaian assembled on the ridges surrounding the remaining French troops , who had formed a defensive square , before launching a final attack with " several thousand " men . This attack lasted just a few minutes and , after a desperate struggle , the square was broken and the remainder of the column was wiped out . The Zaian chased down and killed any of the survivors who attempted to hide in the scrub .
The wounded and their escort struggled into Khénifra at about noon , narrowly outpacing the Zaian who had stopped to loot the bodies of the French dead . These men , numbering 171 men and five officers wounded and 426 men and five officers able bodied , were the only French survivors of the battle . A total of 623 Frenchmen had died , along with around 182 of the Zaian . French losses amounted to 218 Algerian or Tunisian Tirailleurs , 210 French soldiers and 33 French officers , 125 Senegalese Tirailleurs and 37 Moroccan Goums killed . The French officers suffered the highest casualty rate of any group with 90 % of them being killed or wounded ( including Laverdure who died in the final attack ) ; four of the five unwounded officers belonged to the cavalry . Around 65 % of the entire force had been killed or wounded and the French were forced to abandon 4 machine guns , 630 small arms , 62 horses , 56 mules , all of their artillery and camping equipment and much of their personal belongings on the battlefield . Hammou took much of this with him when he escaped to the mountains of the Middle Atlas .
= = Aftermath = =
The disaster left Captain Pierre Kroll as the senior officer of the remnants of the Khénifra garrison , some three companies of tirailleurs ( one of which was an ad hoc unit made up from the partially equipped and shaken survivors of the battle ) . Having secured the defences he immediately telegraphed Lyautey and Henrys to inform them of events , the first they had heard of Laverdure 's foray . Lyautey was briefly of the opinion that the event would cause the loss of the whole of Morocco . The next morning Zaian horsemen appeared on the hilltops to the south and east of the city . Khénifra soon came under constant siege from the tribes .
Henrys left Fez for Meknes from which he telegraphed Lyautey promising to " strike hard and fast " so that the " Laverdure disaster " did not threaten the French position in Morocco . He said that " everyone , everywhere must be aware of the fact that our forces are numerous , that strong columns are already on their way to Khenifra , and that the repression will be swift " . Henrys dispatched Garnier @-@ Duplessix 's Groupe Mobile to Khénifra from El Graar and ordered Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Joseph Dérigoin to form another Groupe at Ito for mobile support . Garnier @-@ Duplessix was forced to fight his way through groups of Zaian tribesmen and did not reach the town until 16 November . Henrys joined Dérigoin and entered the town himself two days later , encountering no resistance on the way . Another part of the Khénifra relief force was the 6th battalion of the 2nd French Foreign Legion who marched from Mrirt and saw action at El Hammam and along the Oum er Rbia . By the end of the month the French garrison had swelled to 7 @,@ 000 troops , an all @-@ time high . Henrys , Garnier @-@ Duplessix and Kroll were all promoted shortly after the battle in recognition of their actions to prevent the loss of Khénifra .
As a show of force Henrys led excursions from Khénifra to El Herri on 19 and 20 November . He observed many campfires and some groups of tribesmen but on the whole the Zaian , who had moved their main camps away from the area , kept their distance . Henrys observed the field of battle and ordered the burial of the French dead , finding many stripped of their clothing and some mutilated or decapitated by post @-@ mortem dagger wounds . Laverdure 's body and those of six of his officers were missing , having been removed by Hammou for use as trophies but were later exchanged for Hammou 's captured wives . The Zaian leader displayed these trophies and captured weapons to nearby tribes to encourage them to support him , a tactic that proved particularly successful with the tribes to the north . Although French forces subsequently fought several successful actions against the Zaian and recovered the captured weapons , El Herri showed that they could be beaten . The battle , along with the siding of the Ottoman Empire with the Central Powers in the First World War and slow French progress on the Western Front , led to increasing numbers of recruits for Hammou .
The Zaian war continued for many years after El Herri with Henrys changing tactics from negotiation and bribery to " submit or starve " . Subsequent victories in the Middle Atlas restored the French image of superiority in force and led to increasing submissions and the withdrawal of the Zaian deeper into the mountains . By 1917 the French had managed to establish a military road straight through the Middle Atlas , limiting the free movement of the Zaian . The end of the war came through political rather than military means with Hammou 's sons submitting , on his advice , to the French in June 1920 . Their submission persuaded 3 @,@ 000 tents of Zaian to follow and within six weeks just 2 @,@ 500 tents remained opposed to French rule . Hammou was killed in Spring 1921 by a Berber war party led by Hassan and soon after a combined French and Berber attack on Bekrit defeated the last remaining Zaian force , ending the seven @-@ year @-@ long war . After the war , French expansion in the area continued and they brought almost the entire Middle Atlas under their control by June 1922 .
= = Reasons for French defeat = =
Though they held him in high regard , Lyautey and Henrys blamed Laverdure for the defeat , with the latter describing the Lieutenant @-@ Colonel 's march from Khénifra as a " poorly prepared and poorly executed " " act of indiscipline " . Laverdure was thought to have underestimated the ability of the Berbers to operate offensively in mountainous terrain against his column . His motive for the " inexcusable imprudence " of disobeying orders is thought to have been for personal glory and to bring the war to an early conclusion . One of the survivors of the battle , Jean Pichon , said that Laverdure was " haunted by the obsessive temptation " of defeating Hammou . Lyautey stated , in a letter to Minister of War Alexandre Millerand , that Laverdure , had he not died on the field , would have deserved " the most severe punishment " at the hands of a military tribunal .
It is thought that Laverdure 's actions may have been influenced by a school of thought , advocated by General Charles Mangin , that bold movements would intimidate the North African tribes into submission . This school of thought was critical of Lyautey 's campaign of negotiation backed up by the threat of military power , arguing that it cost too many casualties and that a bolder commander should be appointed instead . Mangin 's opinions had many advocates among the French officers of the colonial forces in Morocco , keen to end the war quickly and transfer to the Western Front , were praised by newspapers , books and journal articles in France and had the support of part of the Chamber of Deputies . Lyautey believed that he had to constantly battle against this school of thought and could not hope to defeat the men who followed it as they were " self @-@ satisfied with its infallibility and convinced of the pitiful inferiority of those who do not submit to it blindly " .
= = Legacy = =
The battle was a shock to the French who had not expected the tribes to get the better of a well armed column . Lyautey himself said that " in our entire colonial history there has never been a case of the destruction of such an important force , of the loss of [ almost ] all its officers ... , of the disappearance of so much materiel and booty of war " . The battle has been described variously as the worst ever defeat of French forces in Morocco , the worst in North Africa and one of the worst in the French colonies . The heavy losses suffered at El Herri overshadowed the planning of French military policy for Morocco during the First World War .
Today the battle is celebrated by the Moroccan press as a historic event in Moroccan history , alongside other instances of resistance against French and Spanish occupation . An obelisk was erected near to the battlefield in 1991 and was unveiled by two Moroccan ministers , Moulay Ahmad Alawi and Muhammad El @-@ Ansar , listing the names of the 182 Moroccan dead . Hammou is recorded on the obelisk as being a " proud champion " of " national resistance " . The monument 's Arabic text contains some mistakes , recording the French dead at 700 in number ( Henrys recorded 623 ) and giving the year of the battle as 1912 .
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= Robert White ( Virginia physician ) =
Robert White ( 1688 – 1752 ) was an early American physician , military officer , pioneer , and planter in the Colony of Virginia .
White was born in Scotland , the son of John White , a physician practicing in Paisley , Renfrewshire . He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh , and later served as a surgeon with the rank of captain in the Royal Navy of the Kingdom of Great Britain . He relocated to the Thirteen Colonies between 1720 and 1730 , first to Delaware , then Pennsylvania , and finally as a " pioneer settler " in present @-@ day Frederick County , Virginia between 1732 and 1735 . White was one of two physicians practicing in Frederick County , and conducted his practice from his residence near Great North Mountain . White was part of a larger wave of Scottish physicians who settled in Virginia prior to the American Revolutionary War .
White was the progenitor of the White political family of Virginia and West Virginia . He was the father of Alexander White ( 1738 – 1804 ) , United States House Representative , and the grandfather of Virginia judge Robert White ( 1759 – 1831 ) and United States House Representative Francis White ( 1761 – 1826 ) .
= = Early life and education = =
Robert White was born in Scotland in 1688 . He was the son of John White , a physician practicing in Paisley , Renfrewshire who died in 1742 . White 's lineage was of both Scottish and English origins , descending from Covenanters , a Scottish Presbyterian movement during the 17th century . He studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh in Edinburgh , Scotland , and graduated with a Doctor of Medicine degree from the institution .
= = Royal Navy service = =
Following the completion of his education , White served as a surgeon with the rank of captain in the Royal Navy of the Kingdom of Great Britain . While it is not known for certain why White resigned his commission , White family tradition held that he left the Royal Navy after he engaged in a duel with another officer .
= = Arrival in America = =
White was the first member of his family to travel to and reside in America . Between 1720 and 1730 , White arrived in the British Colonies where he visited his uncle William Hoge ( an ancestor of United States House of Representatives member John Blair Hoge ) residing in Delaware Colony . White fell in love with Hoge 's eldest daughter Margaret and he married her in Delaware Colony . White 's marriage to Margaret was likely the cause of his resignation from the Royal Navy . He and Margaret , along with her father William Hoge , relocated near York , Pennsylvania where White erected a residence he named " White Hall " after his family 's ancestral home in Scotland .
= = Settlement in Virginia = =
From York , White relocated between 1732 and 1735 as a " pioneer settler " to a stream along Great North Mountain near Winchester in Orange County , Virginia ( later included as part of Frederick County following its 1738 creation ) , where he established a plantation . During this move to Virginia , White was accompanied by his elderly father @-@ in @-@ law William Hoge , who settled three miles south of Winchester on Opequon Creek . White was one of the earlier pioneer settlers of Frederick County . White and Hoge , along with other families , established the Opequon Meeting House , the oldest Presbyterian congregation formed west of the Blue Ridge Mountains .
White " staked out " his farm between 1732 and 1735 consisting of 375 acres ( 152 ha ) along Hogue Creek , south of the present @-@ day unincorporated community of Hayfield , Virginia along U.S. Route 50 . White 's land tract was surveyed by John Mauzy on April 22 , 1751 , and he was issued a formal land grant from Thomas Fairfax , 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron on November 15 , 1754 . Mauzy 's survey stated that White had been residing on the land tract since at least 1751 . White established his permanent residence on this land grant , which became the ancestral home of the White family of Virginia and West Virginia .
White was one of two physicians practicing in Frederick County along with Daniel Hart ( died about 1748 ) . White practiced from his residence near Great North Mountain , and one of his more notable patients was Colonel James Wood , founder of Winchester , Virginia . White 's son Alexander married Wood 's daughter , Elizabeth Wood . White was part a larger wave of Scottish physicians who settled in Virginia prior to the American Revolutionary War . White 's alma mater , the University of Edinburgh , was a leading center of medical education and research , and the school trained more physicians than were needed in Scotland . Unlike White , the majority of Scottish physicians practiced in the main centers of population in the colonial port cities .
= = Later life and death = =
White died in 1752 at the age of 64 and was interred in the eastern corner of the Old Opequon Cemetery at the Opequon Presbyterian Church in Kernstown , 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) south of Winchester . By 1855 , a tree was located at White 's burial site in the eastern corner of the cemetery , and the same tree remained at his burial site in 1891 . White was survived by his three sons , Robert , Alexander , and John , and his wife . His son , Dr. Robert White , Jr . , inherited the White family farm following White 's death .
= = Marriage and children = =
White married Margaret Hoge , the eldest daughter of his uncle William Hoge and his wife , Barbara Hume . White and his wife , Margaret , had at least eight children together :
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