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= Hawkhurst Branch Line =
The Hawkhurst Branch Line was a short railway line in Kent that connected Hawkhurst , Cranbrook , Goudhurst and Horsmonden with the town of Paddock Wood and the South Eastern and Medway Valley lines , a distance of 11 miles 24 chains ( 18 @.@ 19 km ) .
The line was promoted by the Cranbrook and Paddock Wood Railway ( C & PWR ) , which was incorporated in 1877 , but took until 1892 to open the first section of the line to Hope Mill . Services were worked by the South Eastern and Chatham Railway ( SECR ) . The line was extended to Hawkhurst in 1893 . In 1900 , the SECR absorbed the C & PWR . Sunday services ceased in 1917 . In 1923 , the SECR was absorbed into the Southern Railway at the Grouping . The line became part of British Railways at Nationalisation on 1 January 1948 . The line was closed in June 1961 , before the Beeching Report was published .
= = Origins = =
= = = Background = = =
The construction between 1842 and 1853 of the Ashford to Hastings Line , the Tonbridge to Hastings line and South Eastern Main Line between Redhill and Folkestone left a triangle of land within the Kentish High Weald devoid of rail communication . It was a heavily wooded and agricultural area which comprised many small villages and hamlets . The three largest settlements in this area were Cranbrook ; the former heart of the defunct Wealden cloth industry , Hawkhurst and Tenterden . There were no large landowners or wealthy industrialists to promote a branch line , while the local railway company - the South Eastern Railway ( SER ) - preferred to wait until local enterprise had funded the route 's construction .
A variety of abortive schemes were proposed , including an 1864 proposal by the nominally independent Weald of Kent Railway to run a route from Paddock Wood to Hythe via Cranbrook for which the SER obtained parliamentary authorisation as a defensive measure against a similar scheme proposed by the rival London , Chatham and Dover Railway . The SER 's enthusiasm for the scheme waned after the financial collapse of its rival in the wake of the 1866 Overend Gurney crisis . It was left to another independent company , the locally promoted Cranbrook and Paddock Wood Railway , to revive the scheme in 1877 and pursue it for a further 15 years before its opening in October 1892 . The company was incorporated on 2 August 1877 .
= = = Construction = = =
The Cranbrook and Paddock Wood Railway obtained authorisation for a single track line to link the two towns from which the company took its name . Agreement had been reached with the SER that it would provide £ 50 @,@ 000 towards construction costs once the local company had raised £ 25 @,@ 000 in the district . The necessary funds could not be raised and by April 1878 only £ 11 @,@ 000 had been found and , on the suggestion of the SER , it was decided to save costs by locating Cranbrook station in Hartley , 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) from Cranbrook 's centre , where land prices were higher . Preliminary construction works were commenced in 1879 but soon ground to a halt due to a lack of funds . Undissuaded , the railway company obtained two further Acts of Parliament in 1882 and 1892 which authorised a " cut @-@ price " route between Goudhurst and Hawkhurst .
Financial problems meant that construction was further delayed between 1884 and 1890 , by which time the SER had taken over the board of the Cranbrook Railway on which now sat Alfred Gathorne @-@ Hardy , Lord Brabourne and Alfred Watkin , son of SER Chairman Edward Watkin . Edward Seaton , an engineer and independent consultant to the Metropolitan Railway , was appointed to oversee the works and he recommended the 22 @-@ year @-@ old Holman Fred Stephens as resident engineer . The contract for the construction was awarded to J.T. Firbank who had overseen the building of the Metropolitan 's line between Aylesbury and Quainton Road . Work began in the spring of 1890 , and the first section between Paddock Wood and Hope Mill was opened on 1 October 1892 . The remainder of the line to Hawkhurst followed a year later . The four stations were built by Mancktelow Bros , Horsmonden .
= = = Route of the line = = =
At Paddock Wood , the line 's northern terminus , the rear of the Up platform was adapted to accommodate Hawkhurst services and 3 ⁄ 4 mile ( 1 @.@ 2 km ) of single track was laid parallel to the main line up to the point where the routes diverged . This arrangement kept branch services off the main line and avoided the cost of installing a signal box to control the junction . The branch gradually turned to the south and ran on the level , passing under a road bridge and over two level crossings , while climbing gradients of 1 in 78 and 1 in 66 through orchards and hop gardens , before reaching Churn Lane siding . The line then passed an accommodation crossing and under a road bridge carrying Yew Tree Green Road , climbing to 1 in 66 before running on a level for half a mile through Swigs Hole valley on a 42 @-@ foot @-@ high ( 13 m ) embankment . After crossing a deeply wooded cutting , the line reached the 86 @-@ yard ( 79 m ) Horsmonden Tunnel which was situated on the summit level at the end of a 1 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) climb at 1 in 66 and carried the B2162 road over the line .
Horsmonden was the first station to be reached . It was ( 4 miles 20 chains ( 6 @.@ 84 km ) from Paddock Wood ) . The station had a single platform on the up side . Goods facilities consisted a loop on the down side , and two sidings on the up side . The signal on the approach from Goudhurst had arms for traffic from both directions . Leaving Horsmonden , the branch crossed Goudhurst Road by a plate girder bridge , running along the valley of the River Teise towards the Wealden hills . After climbing much of the way through gradients of 1 in 85 and 1 in 60 , Goudhurst was reached ( 6 miles 25 chains ( 10 @.@ 16 km ) ) , although it was a mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) away and some 250 feet ( 76 m ) lower than Goudhurst village . It was initially more correctly named " Hope Mill , for Goudhurst and Lamberhurst " . Goudhurst station had a passing loop and two platforms , and was signalled so that either platform could be used by down passenger trains . There were three sidings on the up side . The route then continued along the valley of a tributary of the Teise in a south @-@ easterly direction . An intermediate siding at Pattenden served the local farming community and timber industry . Cranbrook ( 9 miles 70 chains ( 15 @.@ 89 km ) ) was the line 's third station and reached following a climb up the valley through woodland . There was a single platform on the down side , with a passing loop opposite it . Four sidings were on the down side of the line , but on the Goudhurst side of the station . Heading towards its southern terminus at Hawkhurst ( 11 miles 24 chains ( 18 @.@ 19 km ) ) , the branch climbed again at 1 in 85 up to the 178 @-@ yard ( 163 m ) Badger 's Oak Tunnel , the line 's summit , before dropping at 1 in 80 . To save costs , the station was situated at Gills Green , around 1 1 ⁄ 4 miles ( 2 @.@ 0 km ) from Hawkhurst village . Hawkhurst station was 46 1 ⁄ 4 miles ( 74 @.@ 4 km ) from Charing Cross . The single platform was on the down side of the line , with a passing loop opposite , which also gave access to the two road engine shed . The five sidings were located on the down side of the station .
= = = Proposed extensions = = =
Various abortive proposals were made to extend the line , whose dead @-@ end nature deprived it of much of its usefulness . Even before construction had been completed , businesses in Tenterden were pressing the SER to link with their town . In response , the SER asked Edward Seaton to come forward with proposals for an affordable extension . Three schemes were put forward in October 1893 which would see the line extended from either Cranbrook or Hawkhurst . The first was essentially a continuation to Appledore , passing near the villages of Benenden , Newenden , Sandhurst and Rolvenden , but only passing within 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) of Tenterden . The second would see the Hawkhurst branch becoming part of the proposed Loose Valley Railway linking Maidstone with Dungeness via Headcorn , Tenterden and Appledore . The final proposal began with a junction at Cranbrook station , before running to Appledore via Sissinghurst , Biddenden , Tenterden and Reading Street . None of these schemes came to fruition due to a lack of impetus on the part of the SER and the merger of operations of the SER with the rival London , Chatham and Dover Railway . The buffer stops at Hawkhurst were nevertheless positioned so as to allow the extension of the line without the need for alterations to the existing layout .
Holman Fred Stephens , the Hawkhurst line 's resident engineer , later became the chief engineer in the construction of the Rother Valley Railway ( RVR ) , later known as the Kent and East Sussex Railway ) which opened in 1900 from Robertsbridge as far as Rolvenden ( then known as " Tenterden " ) . In 1899 , Stephens obtained a light railway order authorising the Cranbrook and Tenterden Light Railway , which would run from Cranbrook station through a 40 @-@ foot ( 12 m ) tunnel under Hartley Road for a distance of 9 1 ⁄ 2 miles ( 15 @.@ 3 km ) to join the RVR at a triangular junction just beyond Rolvenden where it would join the proposed extension of the RVR to Headcorn . Due to the increase in the use of motor transport , apart from the section between Rolvenden and Tenterden Town , the line was never built although it continued to appear in Kent and East Sussex Railway reports until 1937 .
= = Operations = =
= = = Official opening = = =
Following a satisfactory inspection carried out by Major Marindin of the Board of Trade on 3 September 1892 , the line between Paddock Wood and Hope Mill , for Goudhurst and Lamberhurst was opened to passenger and goods traffic nine days later . The first service drawn by Cudworth E1 class 2 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 No. 112 left Hope Mill at 08 : 25 and free travel was offered throughout the day . The official opening took place on 1 October 1892 , and services were extended to Hawkhurst on 4 September 1893 . The line was worked by the SER ( soon to become the SECR ) which formally absorbed the Cranbrook and Paddock Wood Railway on 29 January 1900 .
Shortly before the entire line was opened the residents of Cranbrook , regretful that the village was not directly served , approached the SER with a proposal to construct a 2 @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) " light line " between Hartley and Cranbrook at an estimated cost of £ 10 @,@ 000 , which they offered to guarantee themselves . The scheme never came to fruition .
= = = Traffic = = =
= = = = Passengers = = = =
Passenger traffic was always light on the branch , and the addition of through coaches to London in the 1890s failed to encourage patronage . The inaugural passenger service of ten trains daily each way ( two on Sundays ) remained unchanged until 1917 when , as a result of economies imposed by the First World War , the frequency was reduced to four weekday services with no service on Sundays . Initially , passenger trains were worked by Cudworth 118 class 2 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 locomotives . Later , Cudworth E class 2 @-@ 4 @-@ 0s were used , with the occasional use of Stirling B Class and F class 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0s . Since at least 1912 , services had been drawn by an ageing Stirling Q class 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 4T locomotive . After the First World War , Kirtley R and R1 class 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 4Ts were introduced . These provided the mainstay of services until they were withdrawn in the 1950s and replaced by Wainwright H class 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 4s . In 1922 , the timetable showed six down trains and seven up trains daily except Sundays . The maximum speed allowed on the line was 30 miles per hour ( 48 km / h ) , with a restriction of 10 miles per hour ( 16 km / h ) at Smugley Farm occupation crossing , which was between Pattenden Siding and Cranbrook station .
By 1925 , the frequency had increased to eight with the introduction of push @-@ pull working by former LCDR R1 class 0 @-@ 4 @-@ 4T locomotives . In 1926 , a Sentinel @-@ Cammell steam railbus was trialled on the line for a month . Two extra services had been added by 1928 and an extra Saturday afternoon Paddock Wood working was added in 1930 . By 1938 the timetable had taken on its final form of seven up and six down services plus the Saturday afternoon working ; by special regulation , the push @-@ pull services were guardless except for the first train of the day .
On 6 July 1950 , the Queen Mother travelled the line as far as Cranbrook when she visited the National Sanatorium at Benenden . The five @-@ coach Royal Train was pulled by a Maunsell E1 class 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 No. 31067 , Her Majesty using a Pullman car named Malaga , which was flanked by two corridor composites ; there was a corridor third brake at each end of the train . Malaga was one of six twelve @-@ wheel first @-@ class kitchen cars which had been built in 1920 – 1 ; and following an extensive refit in late 1949 , was occasionally used in the Royal Train . It was withdrawn in 1961 , and is preserved close to Shepperton railway station .
= = = = Goods = = = =
Goods traffic was more substantial , with fruit , hops and timber being sent out and coal being received . The 1937 timetable showed two down freight workings from Paddock Wood and one conditional working for Goudhurst , while in the other direction two conditional workings ran from Hawkhurst and one from Goudhurst . These were market trains and carried wagons for Blackfriars Goods attached to freight services at Paddock Wood . The volume of goods carried fell into steep decline after the Second World War as more and more freight was taken to market by road . Coal traffic remained constant as did the transport of pot plants from local nurseries at Flimwell and Wadhurst for F W Woolworth . This was an important source of revenue for the line with one million pot plants a year being transported from Hawkhurst , bringing in around £ 1 @,@ 000 per week . Up to four parcels and miscellaneous vans were loaded daily at Hawkhurst and attached to the last train to Tonbridge , with further collections possibly being made at Horsmonden ; special services were laid on in the busy period before Mothering Sunday .
There were two sidings on the line which were available for public use . Churn Siding was located between Paddock Wood and Horsmonden stations . The siding was on the up side of the line . It was accessed by a facing connection in each direction . A siding at the Horsmonden end served a brickworks . Although some sources state that Churn Siding was out of use by 1940 , photographs show that it was still in use in 1951 and it was named in the closure notice . Towards the end of the line 's existence , Churn Siding was used for storage of wagons . The siding was located at the start of the 1 in 78 climb to Horsmonden . If wagons had to be left on the running line while shunting took place , they had to be left on the Paddock Wood side of the level crossing , where there was level track . Pattenden Siding was located between Goudhurst and Cranbrook stations , just after milepost 42 and thus 7 miles 20 chains ( 11 @.@ 67 km ) from Paddock Wood . The siding was located on the down side of the line. was accessed by a trailing connection in the down direction ( towards Hawkhurst ) . Its main use was to import shoddy which was used as fertiliser for hop gardens .
= = = = Specials = = = =
During the early 1950s , well over 4 @,@ 000 hop @-@ pickers and some 23 @,@ 000 visitors travelled in 56 " Hopper specials " – extra services laid on during the late August – early October hop season ; at the busiest period , up to six trains per day ran through to the branch from London . In 1912 there had been 26 specials each carrying as many as 350 people ; they generally started at London Bridge and called at New Cross or New Cross Gate . The farmers agreed between themselves when the picking would begin , and informed the railway who then set about the planning of the special trains . A " Hop Control Centre " was set up at Paddock Wood to organise these services , ensuring that hoppers could alight at London Bridge and be taken directly to the nearest hop farm . Since the hopping season generally coincided with the end of the holiday season , most serviceable trains were already in use elsewhere , so spare rolling stock would be brought out of storage and pressed into service for just three weeks ; sometimes carriages had to be borrowed from other parts of the country . The carriages tended to be old or in poor condition , since the hoppers had a reputation for drunkenness and violence . This traffic was however already in decline as rising living standards and paid holidays led to a decline in the hop @-@ picker workforce , and many of those who remained chose to travel by car or van . By 1959 the Sunday service consisted of a single two @-@ coach unit , with an evening working to London Bridge . As mechanical pickers gradually replaced the human workforce , hop @-@ picking had become a memory by the time the branch closed in 1961 .
Special services were also laid on for the Benenden and Cranbrook boarding schools . Special trains to Benenden were laid on from Charing Cross , quite often with six corridor coaches hauled by E1 or D1 class 4 @-@ 4 @-@ 0 locomotives . The last special train ran on 2 May 1961 from Charing Cross at 2 : 46pm , hauled by D1 class 31749 . Boarders ' trunks and other belongings occupied so much space that utility vans were required at the end of each term . These were loaded at Hawkhurst and Cranbrook , attached to the daily up goods working and forwarded to Paddock Wood by parcels train . The behaviour of pupils from both schools was described by one regular passenger as " hysterical " , with the girls from Benenden being compared to those of the fictional St Trinian 's .
= = = = Accidents = = = =
On 18 February 1948 C Class locomotive 1225 was wrongly despatched into the north sidings at Goudhurst and derailed .
= = = Decline and closure = = =
The inconvenient siting of stations and the decline in hop @-@ picking in the area all contributed to diminishing returns on the line by the late 1950s . Apart from the 16 : 25 daily working from Paddock Wood which was well patronised by children , few trains carried more than a dozen passengers . Passenger journeys were estimated in 1958 at around 170 per day , to which was added around 100 schoolchildren . Even the school traffic was lost once the local authority hired the services of Maidstone & District Motor Company . The line was unpopular with commuters due to the poor connections to and from London . Only the 07 : 34 service would ensure arrival at Charing Cross before 10 : 00 with one change at Paddock Wood , the following train at 08 @.@ 20 would only get the passenger to Cannon Street at 10 @.@ 15 after two changes . In the evening , the 16 : 32 departed too early for many commuters while the eleven @-@ coach 18 : 18 Ramsgate service was overcrowded and divided at Tonbridge where three coaches were detached for Ashford . Hawkhurst @-@ bound passengers had to change at Paddock Wood and cross over to the bay platform for the branch service which arrived in Hawkhurst at 19 : 58 . Locals preferred the direct bus services to Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells over the indirect railway journey , as shown by the fact that no more than 250 return tickets were sold from Hawkhurst in the final years of the line . Only the line 's expanding pot plant traffic justified its continuing existence .
It was therefore no surprise when closure notices were posted in March 1961 . The last day of regular services was Saturday 10 June 1961 when a pair of C class 0 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 's replaced the usual H class tanks . The event was recorded by a BBC cameraman who filmed the 09 : 07 departure from Paddock Wood . The Tonbridge crew had chalked on the cabside of the engine " Shed no tears for the single track , for perhaps we may come back . And if we do , you can be sure , we 'll see you all again once more . " Later in the day the trains were lengthened with the addition of former LSWR push @-@ pull set No. 656 and a Maunsell corridor coach . The same locomotive worked the last 17 : 00 train from Hawkhurst , while every seat was taken by locals and railway enthusiasts . The daughter of bandleader Jack Payne was on @-@ hand to toast the final departure .
The line 's last public train ran the next day , hauled by Class O1 0 @-@ 6 @-@ 0 No. 31065 piloting C class no . 31592 . This was part of a railtour organised by the Locomotive Club of Great Britain . Bearing the nameplate " The South Eastern Limited " , the train travelled the line as part of its " Farewell to Steam " tour . Later that day it also navigated the remaining section of the K & ESR from Robertsbridge to Tenterden - the northern section to Headcorn having closed in 1954 . Amongst the carriages that formed the train was S7874 , a Pullman carriage built in 1926 . Both locomotives are preserved on the Bluebell Railway . Theodora is preserved on the Kent and East Sussex Railway .
The track was lifted in 1964 , the contract for the work was awarded to The Demolition and Construction Co Ltd , of Croydon , Surrey . By March 1964 , Goudhurst station yard was in use for the dismantling of track panels into their component parts . Sleepers with chairs attached and rails being loaded separately into goods wagons for removal . The track lifting had been completed by October of that year . The station sites were offered for sale in 1967 . Electric services on the South Eastern Main Line through Paddock Wood commenced on 12 June 1961 , the first day on which there was no service on the Hawkhurst Branch .
= = = The Old Pull N ' Push TV series = = =
Elisabeth Beresford , who was subsequently well known as the creator of The Wombles , wrote a children 's book Danger on the " Old Pull ' n Push " based on the Hawkhurst Branch . Subsequently this was televised by Rediffusion for ITV in two six @-@ part series The Old Pull ' n Push and Return of the old Pull ' n Push , shown in 1960 @-@ 61 . These were filmed on the Hawkhurst Line shortly before it closed .
= = Present @-@ day scene = =
= = = Remains = = =
The platform bay at Paddock Wood from which most of the line 's trains departed is now part of a car park , with the edge of the platform fenced off . Parts of the line are still visible , such as the embankment through Swig 's Hole valley and the approach to Horsmonden tunnel . Some bridges still remain , although the plate girder bridge over Goudhurst Road , Horsmonden has been removed .
Horsmonden station has been converted to a private garage trading as the " Old Station Garage " , with the old stationmaster 's house in use as a private dwelling . A station sign is preserved on the garage wall and part of the platform survives in the workshop . Goudhurst station , yard and level crossing have disappeared as a result of road @-@ widening and residential development ; a private house called " Haltwhistle " stands on part of the old goods yard . The old station lights have been re @-@ used along the drive of the house . Cranbrook station was used for many years as a pottery , and its stationmaster 's house is now a private dwelling , with part of the goods yard also having survived . The signal box has survived and the station building has been extended to meet with it ; the trackbed is now part of the lawn . The site of Hawkhurst station is now occupied by Kent Woodware Co , a wood turnery business . The main station building was demolished in the 1960s but the engine and goods sheds , stationmaster 's house and signal box are still extant . The owner , a railway enthusiast , ensures that the signal box receives " a good coat of paint every other year " .
= = = Proposed cycleway = = =
In September 2008 representatives from Hawkhurst , Goudhurst , Horsmonden and Paddock Wood Parish Councils met to discuss the possibility of converting all or part of the former line into a trail which could be used by cyclists and walkers . The proposal was supported by Kent County Council and a 2 @-@ mile ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) section between Hawkhurst and Goudhurst has been identified as being easily convertible into a trail . The remainder to Paddock Wood is said to be " more difficult but not impossible " . Horsmonden Parish Council has declined to participate in the scheme on the basis that any trail would not be able to follow the former railway alignment in its area due to private ownerships and in @-@ filled sections . On 10 June 2011 , Kent County Council organised a walk of the trackbed from Gills Green to demonstrate the work that would be needed to convert the trackbed for use by walkers and cyclists . The Kent and Sussex Courier reported that the project was keenly supported by all parish councils involved except for Horsmonden . The scheme was initially suggested by Hawkhurst Community Partnership . The proposed cycleway will be known as The Hop Pickers ' Line should it be constructed . On 15 July 2011 , it was reported that an application for a £ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund was to be made in the coming week , with the result of the application being known in September 2011 . In March 2013 , it was reported that a decision from the Heritage Lottery Fund was still awaited .
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= The Ten @-@ Per @-@ Cent Solution =
" The Ten @-@ Per @-@ Cent Solution " is the eighth episode of the twenty @-@ third season of the American animated sitcom The Simpsons . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 4 , 2011 . In the episode , Krusty the Clown becomes depressed after getting fired from his television show for being unpopular with children . The Simpson family encourages him to make a comeback , suggesting that he seek help from an agent they met earlier at a television museum . This agent turns out to be Annie Dubinsky , who was Krusty 's first agent and former girlfriend . Krusty left her when he became successful but now he begs her to take him as a client again . She accepts and together they are able to get him back on television , hosting a show for adults that features his clown tricks . However , Annie soon begins to interfere too much , which frustrates the network executives .
The episode , which contains parodies of films such as The King 's Speech , The Social Network , and Black Swan , was written by cast member Dan Castellaneta and his wife Deb Lacusta . Comedian and actress Joan Rivers , who was a big fan of The Simpsons , guest starred as the character Annie . Other guest performances in the episode came from Kevin Dillon and Janeane Garofalo as themselves and Jackie Mason as Krusty 's father . Reception of " The Ten @-@ Per @-@ Cent Solution " from television critics has been mixed , with praise directed at Rivers ' appearance and the development of Krusty 's character . During its original American broadcast , the episode was seen by approximately nine million people .
= = Plot = =
During an episode of The Krusty the Clown Show , three Itchy & Scratchy cartoons are shown . This angers Krusty , the host of the show , since he thinks he should be the star of the show and not the Itchy and Scratchy characters . Meanwhile , the Simpsons visit a television museum that is soon to be closed . After a while , they come to an exhibit displaying The Adventures of Fatso Flanagan , which is one of Homer 's favorite television shows . There , the family is approached by Annie Dubinsky , the agent of the actor who played Fatso Flanagan . They start chatting and become acquainted . At the Channel 6 studios , during a board meeting , Krusty is fired because " Today 's children are uncomfortable with a clown whose every reference they have to look up on Wikipedia " , and because Itchy and Scratchy are shown to be more popular with the children . Krusty goes to his current agent , hoping to get a new job , but the agent drops him since he got fired .
After the Simpsons have left the museum , they head for Krusty Burger where they discover Krusty crying in a ball pit . Krusty is encouraged by them into making a comeback , and they inform him that they met an agent that can help him out . However , when they all go to Annie 's office , Annie instantly recognizes Krusty and angrily slams the door before he gets a chance to enter . It is revealed that Annie was the one who discovered Krusty , became his first agent , and was responsible for his rise to success . They also had a romantic relationship together . Once he achieved fame , Krusty fired Annie and replaced her with a more acclaimed agent , and as a result their relationship ended . Back in the present , he begs her to take him back as a client , and she eventually accepts .
Krusty starts performing his clown tricks at a theater in front of adults , and not children like before . This is because Annie knows that there is nothing adults enjoy more than the things they liked as children . The performances are praised by both the audience and the critics , and Krusty and Annie initiate a relationship again . Soon , a premium cable television network called HBOWTIME ( an obvious portmanteau of HBO and Showtime , straight down to their parody of HBO 's longtime slogan , " It 's not just TV , it 's more expensive . " ) gives Krusty his own show and Annie is hired as the producer on his demand . The stars of the series Entourage , such as Kevin Dillon , become Krusty 's assistants . The network executives soon become frustrated with Annie for meddling too much in the show . For example , she refuses to let Janeane Garofalo appear only because Garofalo is funnier than Krusty . She also runs over an intern with a stage car for sharpening her pencil too much . The executives decide to fire Annie , but Krusty refuses to continue without her . The couple therefore turns to another network where they start a show called Sex Over Sixty , with them as the stars .
= = Production = =
" The Ten @-@ Per @-@ Cent Solution " was written by Dan Castellaneta , who voices characters such as Homer and Krusty on The Simpsons , and his wife Deb Lacusta . American comedian and actress Joan Rivers guest starred in the episode as Annie . She recorded her lines in March 2011 . In an interview with E ! News at that time , Rivers noted that this was not her first animated voice @-@ over role , though it was her biggest one yet . She further added that she is a fan of the show because it is " so clever and so funny on so many levels . So when they called and said , ' Do you want to do it ? ' without even reading a script I said , ' Absolutely . ' " Adam Buckman , a former television columnist at the New York Post , noted on his blog that the story of the episode is similar to a period in Rivers ' life at the end of the 1980s . At that time , she was hosting The Late Show Starring Joan Rivers on the Fox network . When Rivers challenged Fox executives who wanted to fire her husband Edgar Rosenberg as the show 's executive producer , the network fired them both . Rosenberg committed suicide just three months later . Buckman wrote that the story of " The Ten @-@ Per @-@ Cent Solution " was " no doubt devised with Rivers ’ approval and possibly with her input " , and that " only a comedian of her stature and experience " would attempt to spoof a personal tragedy such as this one . Other guest stars in the episode include actor Kevin Dillon and stand @-@ up comedian Janeane Garofalo as themselves , and stand @-@ up comedian Jackie Mason in a minor reprisal of his role as Krusty 's father , speaking only one line .
Several references to popular culture , including a meta @-@ reference to The Simpsons , are included in " The Ten @-@ Per @-@ Cent Solution " . The three The Itchy & Scratchy cartoons that are shown at the beginning of the episode as Krusty is hosting his show are all parodies of films released in 2010 : the first one , titled The Cat 's Speech , is a parody of The King 's Speech ; the second one , titled The Social Petwork , parodies The Social Network in that the storyline is partially explained through the use of screens containing nothing but text ; and the final one , titled Black and Blue Swan , references Black Swan . After the three cartoons are shown , Krusty points out that " It ’ s like those parodies were written when the movies came out , but it took so long to animate them that we look dated and hacky ! " This is a reference to the long time it takes to produce an episode of The Simpsons — hence why cultural references on the show can often be seen as dated . Pop culture allusions at the television museum include a brief appearance by the main characters of the animated series King of the Hill as cardboard cutouts being taken down in a process similar to the opening of the show , an exhibit devoted to the sitcom The Beverly Hillbillies , and the showing of one of Homer 's favorite television shows , Fatso Flanagan , which is a knockoff of the sitcom The Honeymooners . The TV network Krusty 's new show is on , HBOWTIME , is an obvious merging of the names of pay @-@ tv channels HBO and Showtime ; their slogan , " It 's not just TV , it 's more expensive . " , is a parody of HBO 's longtime slogan , " It 's not just TV , it 's HBO . " The scenes seen during a bumper for HBOWTIME reference the current / former HBO shows Game of Thrones , John Adams , The Sopranos , and The Ricky Gervais Show .
The music that is played during the parody of The King 's Speech is " Symphony No. 7 " by Ludwig van Beethoven , and a musical piece from the Swan Lake ballet is played during the Black Swan parody . For the King of the Hill visual gag , the Simpsons staff acquired the rights to use the actual theme song from that show . The music that is played as Krusty performs his new show in front of adults at the theater is a mixture of the old Krusty theme and the theme from Playboy After Dark , a television show hosted by Hugh Hefner that started airing in the 1960s and featured parties from a Playboy club . This musical combination was composed by Alf Clausen after The Simpsons music editor Chris Ledesma came with the suggestion . On his blog , Ledesma wrote that theme for Playboy After Dark " was cool and jazzy and just right for its time . Alf ’ s homage to that theme , wrapped around Krusty ’ s theme was very clever indeed . "
= = Release and reception = =
" The Ten @-@ Per @-@ Cent Solution " originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on December 4 , 2011 . It was watched by approximately nine million people during this broadcast . In the demographic for adults aged 18 – 49 , the episode received a 4 @.@ 0 Nielsen rating ( a fifty @-@ four percent increase over the previous episode ) and a ten percent share . The high rating was the result of the episode being preceded by a popular National Football League game . The Simpsons became the highest @-@ rated program in Fox 's Animation Domination lineup that night in terms of both total viewers and in the 18 – 49 demographic , finishing ahead of new episodes of Family Guy , The Cleveland Show , and Allen Gregory . For the week of November 28 – December 4 , 2011 , " The Ten @-@ Per @-@ Cent Solution " placed seventh in the ratings among all prime @-@ time broadcasts in the 18 – 49 demographic .
Since airing , the episode has received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Hayden Childs of The A.V. Club praised the choice of having Rivers guest star since she was able to " employ her trademark humor within the world of The Simpsons without hijacking the plot or satire . " He also noted that while the Simpson family does not appear heavily , " Krusty is such a large part of the supporting cast that he carries this episode well . While it may seem a little funny that Castellaneta , who voices Krusty , wrote such a large part for himself , it is also a testament to his empathy for Krusty that this episode both deepens our understanding of Krusty and actually allows him growth as a character in an organic fashion . " Ology 's Josh Harrison similarly praised " The Ten @-@ Per @-@ Cent Solution " for having " some wonderful Krusty the Klown moments and some clutch guest star appearances " . He also cited the visual gags in the episode as " clever " . Harrison concluded his review by writing that though the episode " wasn 't Simpsons gold , it was a great chance to focus on a secondary character and an opportunity for Joan Rivers to , um , be Joan Rivers . I imagine your assessment of the episode may be based largely on your opinion of the guest star . That said ? I dug it . "
AOL TV 's Jason Hughes was more negative , criticizing the episode for taking a " soft approach " to the television industry when it " had a chance for some sharp satire " . He elaborated that the writers " had a little bit of fun talking about networks meddling in shows – as well as agents trying to control content as when Joan Rivers booted Janeane Garofalo for being funnier than Krusty – and the differences between cable original programming and broadcast programming . But they had the potential they had to make some bold statements about television and how the industry works throughout , and simply didn 't . " Hughes did , however , like the King of the Hill appearance , which he described as a " fun nod " .
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= Metacomet Ridge =
The Metacomet Ridge , Metacomet Ridge Mountains , or Metacomet Range of southern New England , United States , is a narrow and steep fault @-@ block mountain ridge known for its extensive cliff faces , scenic vistas , microclimate ecosystems , and communities of plants considered rare or endangered . An important recreation resource located within 10 miles ( 16 km ) of a population corridor of over 1 @.@ 5 million people , the ridge is home to four long @-@ distance hiking trails and over a dozen parks and recreation areas including several state and nationally recognized historic sites . Because of its natural , historic , and recreational value , the ridge has been the focus of ongoing conservation efforts involving municipal , state , and national agencies and nearly two dozen non @-@ profit organizations .
The Metacomet Ridge extends from New Haven and Branford , Connecticut , on Long Island Sound , through the Connecticut River Valley region of Massachusetts , to northern Franklin County , 2 miles ( 3 km ) short of the Vermont and New Hampshire borders , a distance of 100 miles ( 160 km ) . Younger and geologically distinct from the nearby Appalachian Mountains and surrounding uplands , the Metacomet Ridge is composed of volcanic basalt , also known as trap rock , and sedimentary rock in faulted and tilted layers many hundreds of feet thick . In most but not all cases , the basalt layers are dominant , prevalent , and exposed . Although only 1 @,@ 200 feet ( 370 m ) above sea level at its highest , with an average summit elevation of 725 feet ( 221 m ) , the Metacomet Ridge rises dramatically from much lower valley elevations , making it a prominent landscape feature .
= = Geographic definitions = =
There is no universal consensus on the name for this topographic feature . The Metacomet Ridge is described by some sources as a traprock ridge beginning on the Holyoke Range in Belchertown , Massachusetts , and ending at the Hanging Hills in Meriden , Connecticut . A 2004 report conducted for the National Park Service extends that definition to include the entire traprock ridgeline from Greenfield , Massachusetts , to Long Island Sound . The Sierra Club has referred to the entire range in Connecticut as " The Traprock Ridge " . Geologically and visually , the traprock ridgeline exists as one continuous landscape feature from Belchertown , Massachusetts , to Branford , Connecticut at Long Island Sound , a distance of 71 miles ( 114 km ) , broken only by the river gorges of the Farmington River in northern Connecticut and the Westfield and Connecticut Rivers in Massachusetts . Until January 2008 , the United States Board on Geographic Names ( USBGN ) did not recognize Metacomet Ridge , Traprock Ridge or any other name , although several sub @-@ ranges were identified . Geologists usually refer to the overall range generically as " the traprock ridge " or " the traprock mountains " or refer to it with regard to its prehistoric geologic significance in technical terms . Further complicating the matter is the fact that traprock only accounts for the highest surface layers of rock strata on the southern three – fourths of the range ; an underlying geology of related sedimentary rock is also a part of the structure of the ridge ; in north central Massachusetts it becomes the dominant strata and extends the range geologically from the Holyoke Range another 35 miles ( 56 km ) through Greenfield to nearly the Vermont border . This article describes the entire Metacomet Ridge and all geologic extensions of it .
Easier to explain is the name " Metacomet " or " Metacom , " borrowed from the 17th century sachem of the Wampanoag Tribe of southern New England who led his people during King Philip 's War in the mid – 17th century . Metacomet was also known as King Philip by early New England colonists . A number of features associated with the Metacomet Ridge are named after the sachem , including the Metacomet Trail , the Metacomet @-@ Monadnock Trail , King Philip 's Cave , King Philip Mountain , and Sachem Head . According to legend , Metacomet orchestrated the burning of Simsbury , Connecticut , and watched the conflagration from Talcott Mountain near the cave now named after him . The names Metacomet and King Philip have been applied to at least sixteen landscape features and over seventy @-@ five businesses , schools , and civic organizations throughout southern New England .
= = Geography = =
Beginning at Long Island Sound , the Metacomet Ridge commences as two parallel ridges with related sub @-@ ridges and outcrops in between ; the latter include the high butte – like cliffs of East Rock and the isolated peak of Peter 's Rock . The western ridgeline of the Metacomet Ridge begins in New Haven , Connecticut , as West Rock Ridge and continues as Sleeping Giant , Mount Sanford , Peck Mountain , and Prospect Ridge , for a distance of 16 miles ( 26 km ) before diminishing into a series of low profile outcrops just short of Southington , Connecticut , 2 @.@ 75 miles ( 4 @.@ 4 km ) west of the Hanging Hills in Meriden .
To the east , beginning on the rocky prominence of Beacon Hill , 130 feet ( 40 m ) , in Branford , Connecticut , overlooking the East Haven River estuary , the Metacomet Ridge continues as a traprock ridge 60 miles ( 97 km ) north to Mount Tom in Holyoke , Massachusetts ; it then breaks east across the Connecticut River to form the Holyoke Range , which continues for 10 miles ( 16 km ) before terminating in Belchertown , Massachusetts . Several scattered parallel ridges flank it ; the most prominent of these are the hills of Rocky Hill , Connecticut , and the Barn Door Hills of Granby , Connecticut .
North of Mount Tom and the Holyoke Range , the apparent crest of the Metacomet Ridge is broken by a discontinuity in the once dominant traprock strata . Underlying sedimentary layers remain but lack the same profile . Between the Holyoke Range and the Pocumtuck Ridge , a stretch of 9 miles ( 14 km ) , the Metacomet Ridge exists only as a series of mostly nondescript rises set among flat plains of sedimentary bedrock . Mount Warner , 512 feet ( 156 m ) , in Hadley , Massachusetts , the only significant peak in the area , is a geologically unrelated metamorphic rock landform that extends west into the sedimentary strata .
The Metacomet Ridge picks up elevation again with the Pocumtuck Ridge , beginning on Sugarloaf Mountain and the parallel massif of Mount Toby , 1 @,@ 269 feet ( 387 m ) , the high point of the Metacomet Ridge geography . Both Sugarloaf Mountain and Mount Toby are composed of erosion @-@ resistant sedimentary rock . North of Mount Sugarloaf , the Pocumtuck Ridge continues as alternating sedimentary and traprock dominated strata to Greenfield , Massachusetts . From Greenfield north to 2 miles ( 3 km ) short of the Vermont – New Hampshire – Massachusetts tri – border , the profile of the Metacomet Ridge diminishes into a series of nondescript hills and low , wooded mountain peaks composed of sedimentary rock with dwindling traprock outcrops .
In Connecticut , the high point of the Metacomet Ridge is West Peak of the Hanging Hills at 1 @,@ 024 feet ( 312 m ) ; in Massachusetts , the highest traprock peak is Mount Tom , 1 @,@ 202 feet ( 366 m ) , although Mount Toby , made of sedimentary rock , is higher . Visually , the Metacomet Ridge is narrowest at Provin Mountain and East Mountain in Massachusetts where it is less than 0 @.@ 5 miles ( 1 km ) wide ; it is widest at Totoket Mountain , over 4 miles ( 6 km ) . However , low parallel hills and related strata along much of the range often make the actual geologic breadth of the Metacomet Ridge wider than the more noticeable ridgeline crests , up to 10 miles ( 16 km ) across in some areas . Significant river drainages of the Metacomet Ridge include the Connecticut River and tributaries ( Falls River , Deerfield River , Westfield River , Farmington River , Coginchaug River ) ; and , in southern Connecticut , the Quinnipiac River .
The Metacomet Ridge is surrounded by rural wooded , agricultural , and suburban landscapes , and is no more than 6 miles ( 10 km ) from a number of urban hubs such as New Haven , Meriden , New Britain , Hartford , and Springfield . Small city centers abutting the ridge include Greenfield , Northampton , Amherst , Holyoke , West Hartford , Farmington , Wallingford , and Hamden .
= = Geology = =
The Metacomet Ridge is the result of continental rifting processes that took place 200 million years ago during the Triassic and Jurassic periods . The basalt ( also called traprock ) crest of the Metacomet Ridge is the product of a series of massive lava flows hundreds of feet thick that welled up in faults created by the rifting apart of the North American continent from Eurasia and Africa . Essentially , the area now occupied by the Metacomet Ridge is a prehistoric rift valley which was once a branch of ( or a parallel of ) the major rift to the east that became the Atlantic Ocean .
Basalt is a dark colored extrusive volcanic rock . The weathering of iron @-@ bearing minerals within it results in a rusty brown color when exposed to air and water , lending it a distinct reddish or purple – red hue . Basalt frequently breaks into octagonal and pentagonal columns , creating a unique " postpile " appearance . Extensive slopes made of fractured basalt talus are visible at the base of many of the cliffs along the Metacomet Ridge .
The basalt floods of lava that now form much of the Metacomet Ridge took place over a span of 20 million years . Erosion and deposition occurring between the eruptions deposited layers of sediment between the lava flows which eventually lithified into sedimentary rock layers within the basalt . The resulting " layer cake " of basalt and sedimentary rock eventually faulted and tilted upward ( see fault @-@ block ) . Subsequent erosion wore away many of the weaker sedimentary layers at a faster rate than the basalt layers , leaving the abruptly tilted edges of the basalt sheets exposed , creating the distinct linear ridge and dramatic cliff faces visible today on the western and northern sides of the ridge . Evidence of this layer @-@ cake structure is visible on Mount Norwottuck of the Holyoke Range in Massachusetts . The summit of Norwottuck is made of basalt ; directly beneath the summit are the Horse Caves , a deep overhang where the weaker sedimentary layer has worn away at a more rapid rate than the basalt layer above it . Mount Sugarloaf , Pocumtuck Ridge , and Mount Toby , also in Massachusetts , together present a larger " layer cake " example . The bottom layer is composed of arkose sandstone , visible on Mount Sugarloaf . The middle layer is composed of volcanic traprock , most visible on the Pocumtuck Ridge . The top layer is composed of a sedimentary conglomerate known as Mount Toby Conglomerate . Faulting and earthquakes during the period of continental rifting tilted the layers diagonally ; subsequent erosion and glacial activity exposed the tilted layers of sandstone , basalt , and conglomerate visible today as three distinct mountain masses . Although Mount Toby and Mount Sugarloaf are not composed of traprock , they are part of the Metacomet Ridge by virtue of their origin via the same rifting and uplift processes .
Of all the summits that make up the Metacomet Ridge , West Rock , in New Haven , Connecticut , bears special mention because it was not formed by the volcanic flooding that created most of the traprock ridges . Rather , it is the remains of an enormous volcanic dike through which the basalt lava floods found access to the surface .
While the traprock cliffs remain the most obvious evidence of the prehistoric geologic processes of the Metacomet Ridge , the sedimentary rock of the ridge and surrounding terrain has produced equally significant evidence of prehistoric life in the form of Triassic and Jurassic fossils ; in particular , dinosaur tracks . At a state park in Rocky Hill , Connecticut , more than 2 @,@ 000 well preserved early Jurassic prints have been excavated . Other sites in Holyoke and Greenfield have likewise produced significant finds .
= = Ecosystem = =
The Metacomet Ridge hosts a combination of microclimates unusual to the region . Dry , hot upper ridges support oak savannas , often dominated by chestnut oak and a variety of understory grasses and ferns . Eastern red @-@ cedar , a dry @-@ loving species , clings to the barren edges of cliffs . Backslope plant communities tend to be similar to the adjacent upland plateaus and nearby Appalachians , containing species common to the northern hardwood and oak @-@ hickory forest ecosystem types . Eastern hemlock crowds narrow ravines , blocking sunlight and creating damp , cooler growing conditions with associated cooler climate plant species . Talus slopes are especially rich in nutrients and support a number of calcium @-@ loving plants uncommon in the region . Miles of high cliffs make ideal raptor habitat , and the Metacomet Ridge is a seasonal raptor migration corridor .
Because the topography of the ridge offers such varied terrain , many species reach the northern or southern limit of their range on the Metacomet Ridge ; others are considered rare nationally or globally . Examples of rare species that live on the ridge include the prickly pear cactus , peregrine falcon , northern copperhead , showy lady 's slipper , yellow corydalis , ram 's – head lady 's slipper , basil mountain mint , and devil 's bit lily .
The Metacomet Ridge is also an important aquifer . It provides municipalities and towns with public drinking water ; reservoirs are located on Talcott Mountain , Totoket Mountain , Saltonstall Mountain , Bradley Mountain , Ragged Mountain , and the Hanging Hills in Connecticut . Reservoirs that supply metropolitan Springfield , Massachusetts , are located on Provin Mountain and East Mountain .
= = History = =
= = = Pre @-@ colonial era = = =
Native Americans occupied the river valleys surrounding the Metacomet Ridge for at least 10 @,@ 000 years . Major tribal groups active in the area included the Quinnipiac , Niantic , Pequot , Pocomtuc , and Mohegan . Traprock was used to make tools and arrowheads . Natives hunted game , gathered plants and fruits , and fished in local bodies of water around the Metacomet Ridge . Tracts of woodland in the river bottoms surrounding the ridges were sometimes burned to facilitate the cultivation of crops such as corn , squash , tobacco , and beans .
Natives incorporated the natural features of the ridgeline and surrounding geography into their spiritual belief systems . Many Native American stories were in turn incorporated into regional colonial folklore . The giant stone spirit Hobbomock ( or Hobomock ) , a prominent figure in many stories , was credited with diverting the course of the Connecticut River where it suddenly swings east in Middletown , Connecticut , after several hundred miles of running due south . Hobbomuck is also credited with slaying a giant human @-@ eating beaver who lived in a great lake that existed in the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts . According to native beliefs as retold by European settlers , the corpse of the beaver remains visible as the Pocumtuck Ridge portion of the Metacomet Ridge . Later , after Hobbomuck diverted the course of the Connecticut River , he was punished to sleep forever as the prominent man @-@ like form of the Sleeping Giant , part of the Metacomet Ridge in southern Connecticut . There seems to be an element of scientific truth in some of these tales . For instance , the great lake that the giant beaver was said to have inhabited may very well have been the post @-@ glacial Lake Hitchcock , extant 10 @,@ 000 years ago ; the giant beaver may have been an actual prehistoric species of bear – sized beaver , Castoroides ohioensis , that lived at that time . Many features of the Metacomet Ridge region still bear names with Native American origins : Besek , Pistapaug , Coginchaug , Mattabesett , Metacomet , Totoket , Norwottuck , Hockanum , Nonotuck , Pocumtuck , and others .
= = = Colonization , agricultural transformation , and industrialization = = =
Europeans began settling the river valleys around the Metacomet Ridge in the mid – 17th century . Forests were cut down or burned to make room for agriculture , resulting in the near complete denuding of the once contiguous forests of southern New England by the 19th century . Steep terrain like the Metacomet Ridge , while not suitable for planting crops , was widely harvested of timber as a result of the expanding charcoal industry that boomed before the mining of coal from the mid – Appalachian regions replaced it as a source of fuel . In other cases , ridgetop forests burned when lower elevation land was set afire , and some uplands were used for pasturing . Traprock was harvested from talus slopes of the Metacomet Ridge to build house foundations ; copper ore was discovered at the base of Peak Mountain in northern Connecticut and was mined by prisoners incarcerated at Old Newgate Prison located there .
With the advent of industrialization in the 19th century , riverways beneath the Metacomet Ridge were dammed to provide power as the labor force expanded in nearby cities and towns . Logging to provide additional fuel for mills further denuded the ridges . Traprock and sandstone were quarried from the ridge for paving stones and architectural brownstone , either used locally or shipped via rail , barge , and boat .
= = = Transcendentalism = = =
Increased urbanization and industrialization in Europe and North America resulted in an opposing aesthetic transcendentalist movement characterized in New England by the art of Thomas Cole , Frederic Edwin Church , and other Hudson River School painters , the work of landscape architects such as Frederick Law Olmsted , and the writings of philosophers such as Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson . As was true of other scenic areas of New England , the philosophical , artistic , and environmental movement of transcendentalism transformed the Metacomet Ridge from a commercial resource to a recreational resource . Hotels , parks , and summer estates were built on the mountains from the mid @-@ 1880s to the early 20th century . Notable structures included summit hotels and inns on Mount Holyoke , Mount Tom , Sugarloaf Mountain , and Mount Nonotuck . Parks and park structures such as Poet 's Seat in Greenfield , Massachusetts , and Hubbard Park ( designed with the help of Frederick Law Olmsted ) of the Hanging Hills of Meriden , Connecticut , were intended as respites from the urban areas they closely abutted . Estates such as Hill @-@ Stead and Heublein Tower were built as mountain home retreats by local industrialists and commercial investors . Although public attention gradually shifted to more remote and less developed destinations with the advent of modern transportation and the westward expansion of the United States , the physical , cultural , and historic legacy of that early recreational interest in the Metacomet Ridge still supports modern conservation efforts . Estates became museums ; old hotels and the lands they occupied , frequently subject to damaging fires , became state and municipal parkland through philanthropic donation , purchase , or confiscation for unpaid taxes . Nostalgia among former guests of hotels and estates contributed to the aesthetic of conservation .
= = = Trailbuilding = = =
Interest in mountains as places to build recreational footpaths took root in New England with organizations such as the Appalachian Mountain Club , the Green Mountain Club , the Appalachian Trail Conference , and the Connecticut Forest and Park Association . Following the pioneering effort of the Green Mountain Club in the inauguration of Vermont 's Long Trail in 1918 , the Connecticut Forest and Park Association , spearheaded by Edgar Laing Heermance , created the 23 miles ( 37 km ) Quinnipiac Trail on the Metacomet Ridge in southern Connecticut in 1928 and soon followed it up with the 51 miles ( 82 km ) Metacomet Trail along the Metacomet Ridge in central and northern Connecticut . More than 700 miles ( 1 @,@ 100 km ) of " blue blaze trails " in Connecticut were completed by the association by the end of the 20th century . While the focus of the Appalachian Mountain Club was geared primarily toward the White Mountains of New Hampshire in its early years , as club membership broadened , so did interest in the areas closer to club members ' homes . In the late 1950s , the 110 miles ( 180 km ) Metacomet @-@ Monadnock Trail was laid out by the Berkshire Chapter of the Appalachian Mountain Club under leadership of Professor Walter M. Banfield of the University of Massachusetts Amherst . The trail follows the Metacomet Ridge for the first one – third of its length . Overall , trailbuilding had a pro @-@ active effect on conservation awareness by thrusting portions of the Metacomet Ridge into the public consciousness .
= = = Suburbanization and land conservation = = =
Although the Metacomet Ridge has abutted significant urban areas for nearly two hundred years , because of its rugged , steep , and rocky terrain , the ridge was long considered an undesirable place to build a home except for those wealthy enough to afford such a luxury . However , suburbanization through urban exodus and automobile culture , and modern construction techniques and equipment have created a demand for homes on and around the once undeveloped Metacomet Ridge and its surrounding exurban communities . As of 2007 , the metropolitan areas bordering the range — New Haven , Meriden , New Britain , Hartford , Springfield and Greenfield — had a combined population of more than 2 @.@ 5 million people . Populations in exurban towns around the range in Connecticut have increased 7 @.@ 6 percent between the mid @-@ 1990s to 2000 , and building permits increased 26 percent in the same period . Considered an attractive place to build homes because of its views and proximity to urban centers and highways , the Metacomet Ridge has become a target for both developers and advocates of land conservation . Quarrying , supported by the increased need for stone in local and regional construction projects , has been especially damaging to the ecosystem , public access , and visual landscape of the ridge . At the same time , the boom in interest in outdoor recreation in the latter 20th century has made the Metacomet Ridge an attractive " active leisure " resource . In response to public interest in the ridge and its surrounding landscapes , more than twenty local non @-@ profit organizations have become involved in conservation efforts on and around the ridge and surrounding region . Most of these organizations came into being between 1970 and 2000 , and nearly all of them have evidenced a marked increase in conservation activity since 1990 . Several international and national organizations have also become interested in the Metacomet Ridge , including The Nature Conservancy , the Sierra Club , and the Trust for Public Land .
= = Recreation = =
Steepness , long cliff – top views , and proximity to urban areas make the Metacomet Ridge a significant regional outdoor recreation resource . The ridge is traversed by more than 200 miles ( 320 km ) of long @-@ distance and shorter hiking trails . Noteworthy trails in Connecticut include the 51 @-@ mile ( 82 km ) Metacomet Trail , the 50 @-@ mile ( 80 km ) Mattabesett Trail , the 23 @-@ mile ( 37 km ) Quinnipiac Trail , and the 6 @-@ mile ( 10 km ) Regicides Trail . Massachusetts trails include the 110 @-@ mile ( 177 km ) Metacomet @-@ Monadnock Trail , the 47 @-@ mile ( 76 km ) Robert Frost Trail , and the 15 @-@ mile ( 24 km ) Pocumtuck Ridge Trail . Site – specific activities enjoyed on the ridge include rock climbing , bouldering , fishing , boating , hunting , swimming , backcountry skiing , cross @-@ country skiing , trail running , bicycling , and mountain biking . Trails on the ridge are open to snowshoeing , birdwatching and picnicking as well . The Metacomet Ridge hosts more than a dozen state parks , reservations , and municipal parks , and more than three dozen nature preserves and conservation properties . Seasonal automobile roads with scenic vistas are located at Poet 's Seat Park , Mount Sugarloaf State Reservation , J.A. Skinner State Park , the Mount Tom State Reservation , Hubbard Park , and West Rock Ridge State Park ; these roads are also used for bicycling and cross – country skiing . Camping and campfires are discouraged on most of the Metacomet Ridge , especially in Connecticut . Museums , historic sites , interpretive centers , and other attractions can be found on or near the Metacomet Ridge ; some offer outdoor concerts , celebrations , and festivals .
= = Conservation = =
Because of its narrowness , proximity to urban areas , and fragile ecosystems , the Metacomet Ridge is most endangered by encroaching suburban sprawl . Quarry operations , also a threat , have obliterated several square miles of traprock ridgeline in both Massachusetts and Connecticut . Ridges and mountains affected include Trimountain , Bradley Mountain , Totoket Mountain , Chauncey Peak , Rattlesnake Mountain , East Mountain , Pocumtuck Ridge , and the former Round Mountain of the Holyoke Range . The gigantic man @-@ like profile of the Sleeping Giant , a traprock massif visible for more than 30 miles ( 50 km ) in south central Connecticut , bears quarrying scars on its " head " . Mining there was halted by the efforts of local citizens and the Sleeping Giant Park Association .
Development and quarrying threats to the Metacomet Ridge have resulted in public open space acquisition efforts through collective purchasing and fundraising , active solicitation of land donations , securing of conservation easements , protective and restrictive legislation agreements limiting development , and , in a few cases , land taking by eminent domain . Recent conservation milestones include the acquisition of a defunct ski area on Mount Tom , the purchase of the ledges and summits of Ragged Mountain through the efforts of a local rock climbing club and the Nature Conservancy , and the inclusion of the ridgeline from North Branford , Connecticut , to Belchertown , Massachusetts , in a study by the National Park Service for a new National Scenic Trail now tentatively called the New England National Scenic Trail .
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= Senghenydd colliery disaster =
The Senghenydd colliery disaster , also known as the Senghenydd explosion ( Welsh : Tanchwa Senghennydd ) , occurred at the Universal Colliery in Senghenydd , near Caerphilly , Glamorgan , Wales , on 14 October 1913 . The explosion , which killed 439 miners and a rescuer , is still the worst mining accident in the United Kingdom . Universal Colliery , located on the South Wales Coalfield , produced steam coal which was much in demand . Some of the region 's coal seams contained high quantities of firedamp , a highly explosive gas consisting of methane and hydrogen , and were prone to explosions .
In an earlier disaster in May 1901 , three underground explosions at the colliery killed 81 miners . The inquest established that the colliery had high levels of airborne coal dust , which would have exacerbated the explosion and carried it further into the mine workings . The cause of the 1913 explosion is unknown , but the subsequent inquiry thought the most likely cause was a spark from underground signalling equipment that could have ignited any firedamp present . The miners in the east side of the workings were evacuated , but the men in the western section bore the brunt of the explosion , fire and afterdamp — a poisonous mixture of carbon dioxide , carbon monoxide and nitrogen left after an explosion .
Fires in the workings hampered rescue efforts , and it took several days before they were under control . It took six weeks for most of the bodies to be recovered and the fire to be extinguished . The subsequent enquiry pointed to errors made by the company and its management leading to charges of negligence against Edward Shaw , the colliery manager , and the owners . Shaw was fined £ 24 while the company was fined £ 10 ; newspapers calculated the cost of each miner lost was just 51 ⁄ 2 pence .
In 1981 a memorial to the men who died in the disaster was unveiled by the National Coal Board , followed by a second in 2006 , to honour the dead of both the 1901 and 1913 explosions . In October 2013 , on the centenary of the tragedy , a Welsh national memorial to those killed in all Wales 's mining disasters was unveiled at the former pithead , depicting a rescue worker coming to the aid of one of the survivors of the explosion .
= = Background = =
= = = Welsh coal industry = = =
The Welsh coal industry employed 1 @,@ 500 workers in 1800 ; and as the industry expanded , the workforce rose to 30 @,@ 000 by 1864 , and to 250 @,@ 000 by 1913 . As employment became available , many people moved to the area of the South Wales Coalfield ; between 1851 and 1911 the population increased by 320 @,@ 000 . By 1913 the Welsh collieries were extracting 56 @.@ 8 million long tons of coal ( 63 @.@ 6 million short tons ) a year , up from 8 @.@ 5 million long tons ( 9 @.@ 5 million short tons ) in 1854 ; collieries in the region mined a fifth of all coal produced in the UK , and employed a fifth of its miners in the mid @-@ nineteenth century . In 1913 Britain was responsible for 25 per cent of world coal production and 55 percent of all world coal exports .
The South Wales Coalfield produced the sought @-@ after anthracite , bituminous and steam coals — the latter a grade between the two comprising a hard coal without the coking elements . Some of the region 's coal seams contained high quantities of firedamp , a highly explosive gas consisting of methane and hydrogen , and were therefore prone to explosions ; firedamp rises into the higher points of workings , including cavities or , as at Senghenydd , when the seams were being mined in an upward gradient . An additional danger of firedamp is afterdamp , a poisonous mixture of gases left after an explosion , primarily constituted of carbon dioxide , carbon monoxide and nitrogen . They combine with haemoglobin in the bloodstream to stop cells carrying oxygen , which can result in suffocation by lack of oxygen or anoxia . If survivors from an explosion are not rescued quickly , they face the possibility of being killed by the gas . The presence of firedamp contributed to a higher @-@ than @-@ average proportion of accidents : between 1880 and 1900 South Wales accounted for 18 % of Britain 's miners , but 48 per cent of all UK mining deaths occurred in the region . As coal output from British collieries reached its peak in 1913 there was a correspondingly large number of accidents around this time .
= = = Senghenydd and the Universal Colliery = = =
Senghenydd — Senghennydd in Welsh — is situated at the northern end of the Aber Valley , approximately four miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) north @-@ west of Caerphilly and eleven miles ( 18 km ) north @-@ west of Cardiff . When geological surveys for coal began in 1890 it was a farming hamlet of around 100 people . Coal was found , and sinking of the first mineshaft for Universal Colliery — which was owned and developed by William Lewis — began in 1891 ; the first coal was extracted in 1896 . The colliery 's two shafts were both 1 @,@ 950 feet ( 590 m ) deep , the downcast Lancaster and the upcast York . Development of the pit coincided with the Boer War , and sectors of the underground workings were named after key places in the war , such as Pretoria , or the lifting of the sieges at Ladysmith , Mafeking and Kimberley .
South Wales miners , including those at Universal , were paid on a rate determined by the Sliding Scale Committee , which fixed wages on the price coal fetched at market . When the price of coal slumped in the late 1890s , low wages led to industrial unrest and , in 1898 , a strike that the men at Universal joined at the end of April . The Monmouthshire and South Wales Coal Owners ' Association refused to replace the scale , and the strike ended on 1 September with some small concessions granted by the owners . The colliery resumed production and in 1899 was producing 3 @,@ 000 long tons ( 3 @,@ 400 short tons ) of coal a week .
The industrial historians Helen and Baron Duckham consider Universal Colliery to have been " an unlucky mine " . At approximately 5 : 00 am on 24 May 1901 three underground explosions occurred as the night shift was exiting the pit . Because the explosion damaged the pit winding gear , it took time to clear the debris from the pithead to allow rescuers to begin work . They descended at 11 : 00 am and rescued one man , an ostler , found alongside the corpse of the horse he was tending . There were no other survivors and 81 men died . Although the funerals for the victims started four days later , the rescue and recovery operations lasted for six weeks .
The Mines Inspectorate began an enquiry , chaired by the mining engineer Professor William Galloway . The report was published on 15 July . It stated that the mine was hot with high levels of coal dust present . The method used to load coal onto underground trucks created quantities of dust , which had aggravated a small explosion and created a chain reaction of related explosions throughout the workings . An inquest held in the October concluded that various safety precautions had not been followed , and that the mine had been insufficiently watered — which would have reduced the coal dust held in the air . The colliery had further problems in October 1910 when a heavy roof fall in the Mafeking return released trapped firedamp , which caused the mine to be temporarily evacuated .
In 1906 a major explosion at a colliery in Courrières , northern France , caused the deaths of more than 1 @,@ 000 miners . The subsequent report blamed the accidental ignition of firedamp , exacerbated by coal dust in the air . Concerned that a similar disaster might happen in British collieries , the Royal Commission was formed , reporting back in 1907 , 1909 and 1911 . The reports led to the Coal Mines Act 1911 , which came force into December that year . Among other changes to the health and safety culture , the Act required that ventilation fans in all collieries be capable of reversing the air current underground ; this measure was to be implemented by 1 January 1913 .
In 1913 the colliery was producing 1 @,@ 800 long tons ( 2 @,@ 000 short tons ) of coal a day , and Senghenydd 's population had grown to just under 6 @,@ 000 . No work was undertaken at Senghenydd to implement the requirement , and the Mines Inspectorate gave the management an extended deadline of September 1913 to complete the work , but this was missed .
= = 14 October 1913 = =
At 3 : 00 am on 14 October 1913 , the day firemen descended the pit to conduct the daily checks for gas ; they had three hours to complete their investigations . The firemen for the Mafeking return had to travel more than two miles from the shaft bottom to the workface . It left insufficient time in which to make a thorough check of the workings — which involved placing a naked flame into cavities to see if the flame lengthened — although the historian Michael Lieven states that " the company considered any other form of inspection to be too time @-@ consuming " . Between 5 : 10 and 6 : 00 am 950 men descended the shaft for a shift that was due to last until 2 : 00 pm .
Just after 8 : 00 am an explosion occurred in the west side of the underground workings . It is possible there were two explosions as survivors stated a smaller explosion preceded the main one , although the official report referred only to one . The cause was probably a build @-@ up of firedamp that was ignited by an electric spark from equipment such as electric bell signalling gear . The initial explosion ignited airborne coal dust , and a shock wave ahead of the explosion raised yet more coal dust , which also combusted . Many victims who were not killed immediately by the explosion and fire died from the effects of afterdamp . The explosive wave travelled up the Lancaster shaft to the surface , destroying the headframe ; it killed the winder — the man in charge — and badly wounded his deputy .
Edward Shaw , the colliery manager , was on the surface and the remaining shift foremen were still underground and unable to give assistance . He took charge and descended the York shaft , accompanied by overman D R Thomas . The descent was slow , and they had to clear several girders and obstructions before they reached the bottom . They found that the men from the east side of the workings ( approximately 450 workers ) were unharmed , and their evacuation was ordered . Shaw and Thomas moved to the western side , where they found other men , alive but injured , and arranged for them to travel to the surface . Thomas later reported that the view into the western workings " was exactly like looking into a furnace " .
Shaw explored what he could of the western workings , before he and some of the survivors began tackling the fire . The water pipes from the surface in the Lancaster shaft were all fractured , and hand @-@ extinguishers were used . Shaw returned to the surface at 9 : 30 am to arrange for rescue and fire @-@ fighting teams from neighbouring collieries . From 11 : 00 am the specialist mines rescue teams began arriving at the colliery from the Rhymney and Rhondda Valleys , as did Red Cross workers and local ambulance services ; a police detachment was sent from Cardiff in a special train . Members of the Inspectorate of Mines were quickly on the scene , and an inspector descended to view the mine the same morning .
Lieven recounts how the rescue parties " in their desperation , ... were reckless with their lives " in their attempts to find survivors ; many were injured in small roof collapses , or suffered the effects of carbon monoxide poisoning . Their endeavours saved lives throughout the remainder of the day and into the night , including a group of 18 men found at around 1 : 00 am . They were the last survivors found . A total of 432 miners had died that day — although some bodies were not found until later — and 7 others died later in hospital or at home . A journalist from The Times wrote : " The numbers are truly awful . We talk in awed terms of the decimation of a regiment in a bloody battle , but here a great community engaged in the pursuit of a peaceful vocation is threatened with the loss of at least a quarter of its able bodied manhood " . On the surface the townsfolk waited for news ; a reporter for The Dundee Courier thought : " the scene at Senghenydd last night was depressing in the extreme . The streets were full of silent throngs of people who moved aimlessly about or stood stolidly at the street corners . "
= = Rescue , fire @-@ fighting and recovery : 15 October to 30 November = =
Work continued throughout the night of 15 October and into the following day . It focused on finding survivors and fighting the fire that blocked the entry into some workings of the western returns . The fire caused the roof supports to become unstable , and falls triggered outbursts of methane . Several rescuers were injured by the falls , one fatally . Before descending the mine many of the firefighters wrote what they thought might be their last letters home , and some made their wills . As the water pipe in the shaft was out of operation , fire @-@ fighting continued with hand extinguishers and work was only possible in 20 @-@ minute shifts . Despite wearing respirators , several rescuers were overcome by the effects of firedamp . During the course of the day , 56 bodies were raised to the surface and , that evening , a new water supply , connected by three @-@ quarters of a mile ( 1 @.@ 2 km ) of pipes to a nearby reservoir , was installed in the Lancaster shaft .
Reginald McKenna , the Home Secretary , visited the colliery on 15 October representing King George V , who was attending the marriage of Prince Arthur of Connaught and Princess Alexandra , 2nd Duchess of Fife . The king sent a £ 500 donation to a disaster relief fund , while the royal couple displayed their wedding presents at St James 's Palace and charged a shilling for entrance , raising £ 1 @,@ 200 for the fund . The fund was started by the Lord Mayor of Cardiff , while another collection , the Mansion House Fund set up by the Lord Mayor of London , raised more than £ 3 @,@ 000 on its first day .
William Brace , the local MP speaking on behalf of the South Wales Miners ' Federation , announced on 16 October that the priority would be given to putting out the fire and that no more search parties would be looking for survivors . Brace observed that the fire was blocking the western workings and consuming the oxygen in the air , making it unlikely that anyone was left alive . Progress in tackling the fire over the previous days had been slow , and it had only been extinguished in the first 30 yards of the roadway — still two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) from the coal face . Two coroner 's inquests were opened : one in Senghenydd for the men who died in the colliery , and one in Cardiff for those who had died in hospital ; both were adjourned the same day . The first funerals took place the following day , Friday 17 October . An estimated 150 @,@ 000 mourners gathered for the 11 men buried on the Saturday and 8 on the Sunday .
The firefighters built bashings , walls of sandbags , turf and sand , approximately 18 feet ( 5 @.@ 5 metres ) deep and 17 feet ( 5 @.@ 2 metres ) up to the tunnel 's roof to prevent smoke filling the rest of the workings and allow men to explore areas previously cut off . Within two days the temperatures dropped and the volume of smoke was reduced . Although the fire was contained , miners still faced several obstacles , including roof collapses and large pockets of trapped firedamp . The first collapse consisted of more than 100 tons of debris , while another fall was more than 300 feet ( 91 @.@ 5 metres ) long and 30 to 40 feet ( 10 – 12 metres ) high . Clearing the falls and finding bodies was slow , and it took until 8 November for the first of the 4 working districts to be explored and cleared of bodies . Many victims were unidentifiable — either the explosion , fire or subsequent decomposition had taken its toll — and many had to be identified by their personal effects , although some bodies remained unidentified .
By 17 November the Mafeking and Pretoria districts had been fully explored , with more than 200 bodies raised to the surface in the preceding two days . On 20 November an official announcement reported that 439 miners had died , of whom 33 were still unaccounted for . Toward the end of the month , the men voted to return to work , even though the western workings were still out of action and 11 bodies were still missing .
A photographer , W Benton , took a series of photographs as the disaster unfolded , and later published them as a set of postcards . Their publication is described by the National Library of Wales as " an excellent example of early photo @-@ journalism " . The photographs came with a caption , shown below :
= = Aftermath = =
The Senghenydd explosion remains the worst mining disaster in Britain . The deaths of 440 men on a small community had a devastating effect ; 60 victims were younger than 20 , of whom 8 were 14 years old ; 542 children had lost their fathers and 205 women were widowed . The impact on individual households was great : 12 homes lost both a father and son , 10 homes lost two sons each , while the death of one father and son left an 18 @-@ year @-@ old daughter to raise her 6 siblings alone ; another woman lost her husband , 2 sons , a brother and her lodger .
The inquiry into the disaster opened on 2 January 1914 with R A S Redmayne , the Chief Inspector of Mines , as the commissioner ; he was assisted by two assessors , Evan Williams , the chairman of the South Wales and Monmouthshire Coal Owners Association , and Robert Smillie , the president of the Miners ' Federation of Great Britain . The inquiry ran for three days before being adjourned to allow for the coroner 's inquest to run at Senghenydd . It reopened on 27 January and ran until 21 February . Over the 13 days it heard evidence , 21 @,@ 837 questions were put to 50 witnesses . The coroner 's inquest chaired by David Rees lasted for 5 days from 5 January 1914 . A total of 9 @,@ 000 questions were put to 50 witnesses , and the jury returned verdicts of accidental death .
The inquiry report failed to identify a definite cause , although it was considered that the most likely cause was a spark from the signalling gear . It would have ignited the firedamp , exacerbated and fuelled by coal dust in the air . The report was critical of many aspects of the management 's practices , and considered it had breached the mining regulations in respect of measuring and maintaining the air quality in the workings , and in the removal of coal dust from the tracks and walkways . The report pointed out that because the management had not implemented the changes needed to the ventilation fans as demanded by the Coal Mines Act 1911 , the fans were unable to reverse the direction of the airflow , which would have blown the smoke out through the Lancaster shaft , although Redmayne and his colleagues held differing opinions on the advisability of reversing or stopping the airflow . The historian John H Brown , in his examination of the disaster , states that had the airflow been reversed , firedamp or afterdamp could have been extracted from some sectors into the blaze , causing another explosion .
Further criticism was directed toward the emergency procedures . The lack of respirators at the mine was deemed to have cost lives . The lack of an adequate water supply for fire fighting was criticised , and Redmayne wrote : " I should have thought , in view of the fact that the colliery was such a gassy one , and it had already been devastated by an explosion , that the management would have made arrangements for a supply of water adequate to meet an emergency of the kind that actually occurred . "
Shaw 's actions were described by Lieven as those that " gained him a degree of respect from the local mining community which remained over the years ; they probably also cost the lives of scores of miners . " The Duckhams describe Shaw 's inaction in fixing the ventilation fan before the explosion , as well as his delay in sending for assistance from rescue teams until he exited the mine an hour and a half after the explosion . The official report considered there had been a " disquieting laxity in the management of the mine " , although Shaw was described by the Duckhams as " undoubtedly a highly capable manager " . The report led to Shaw being charged with 17 breaches of the Mines Act 1911 , and four charges were made against the company . Shaw was found guilty of failing to keep adequate environmental records and failing to replace a broken lamp locker ; he was fined £ 24 . The company was convicted of failing to provide a ventilation system that could reverse the airflow and was fined £ 10 with £ 5 5 shillings costs . One newspaper , Pioneer , calculated " Miners ' Lives at 1 / 11 ⁄ 4 each " ( 1 shilling 11 ⁄ 4d or 51 ⁄ 2p each ) .
After it reopened the colliery never reached the same levels of employment as before the explosion . William Lewis died in August 1914 ; Shaw continued as manager of the mine until November 1928 , when it closed .
A stage play based on the disaster , by the journalist and broadcaster Margaret Coles , was first performed at the Sherman Cymru , Cardiff in 1991 . The disaster at Senghenydd has provided the backdrop to two printed works of historical fiction : Alexander Cordell 's This Sweet and Bitter Earth ( 1977 ) and Cwmwl dros y Cwm ( 2013 ) by Gareth F Williams .
In 1981 a memorial to those lost in the disaster was unveiled by the National Coal Board . Based outside Nant @-@ y @-@ parc Primary School , which is built on the site of the former colliery , the monument is a 20 feet ( 6 m ) high replica of the colliery 's winding gear . A second monument was unveiled in 2006 to the dead from both the 1901 and 1913 explosions .
On 14 October 2013 , the centenary of the disaster , a Welsh national memorial to all mining disasters was unveiled at the former pithead . Funded by the Aber Valley Heritage Group and their patron Roy Noble , with matched funding from the Welsh Government , a bronze statue by Les Johnson depicting a rescue worker coming to the aid of one of the survivors of the explosion , was unveiled by Carwyn Jones , the First Minister of Wales . Jones said : " Mining is central to the story of Wales . It has shaped our history and communities and its social and physical legacy is still with us to this day . ... It is only right that we have a permanent memorial . "
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= Zhu De =
Zhu De ( Chu Teh ; Chinese : 朱德 ; pinyin : Zhū Dé ; pronounced [ ʈʂú tɤ ̌ ] ; 1 December 1886 – 6 July 1976 ) was a Chinese general , warlord , politician , revolutionary , and one of the pioneers of the Communist Party of China . Born poor in 1886 in Sichuan , Zhu was adopted by a wealthy uncle at age nine ; this prosperity provided him a superior early education that led to his admission into a military academy . After his time at the academy , he joined a rebel army , and soon became a warlord . It was after this period that he adopted communism . He ascended through the ranks of the Red Army as it closed in on securing the nation . By the time China was under Mao 's control , Zhu was a high @-@ ranking official within the Communist Party of China . He served as Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief during the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War . In 1955 , Zhu became one of the Ten Marshals of the People 's Liberation Army , of which he is regarded as the principal founder . Zhu remained a prominent political figure until his death in 1976 . As the chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress from 1975 to 1976 , Zhu was the head of state of the People 's Republic of China .
= = Life = =
= = = Early life = = =
Zhu was born on December 18 , 1886 to a poor tenant farmer 's family in Hung , a town in Yilong County , a hilly and isolated part of northern Sichuan province . Of the fifteen children born to the family only eight survived . His family relocated to Sichuan during the migration from Hunan province and Guangdong province . His origins are often given as Hakka , but Agnes Smedley 's biography of him says his people came from Guangdone and speaks of Hakka as merely associates of his . She also says that older generations of his family had spoken the ' Kwangtung dialect ' ( which would be close to but probably different from modern Cantonese . And that his generation also spoke the ' Szechwan dialect ' , Sichuanese Standard Chinese , a distinct regional variant that is however intelligable to other speakers of Standard Chinese ( Mandarin ) .
In spite of the family 's poverty , by pooling resources , Zhu was chosen to be sent to a regional private school in 1892 . At age nine , Zhu was adopted by his prosperous uncle , whose political influence allowed him to gain access to Yunnan Military Academy . Before the suspension of imperial examinations in 1906 , he attained the rank of Xiucai , which allowed him to qualify as a civil servant . He enrolled in a Sichuan high school around 1907 , and graduated in 1908 . Subsequently , he returned to Yilong 's primary school as a gym instructor . An advocate of modern science and political teaching , rather than the strict classical education afforded by schools , he was dismissed from his post and entered the Yunnan Military Academy in Kunming . There , he joined the Beiyang Army and the Tongmenghui secret political society ( the forerunner of the Kuomintang ) .
= = = Nationalism and Warlordism = = =
It was at the Yunnan Military Academy in Kunming , that Zhu first met Cai E ( Tsai Ao ) . He taught at the Academy after his graduation in July 1911 . Siding with the revolutionary forces after the Chinese Revolution , he joined Brigadier Cai E in the October 1911 expeditionary force that marched on Qing forces in Sichuan . He served as a regimental commander in the campaign to unseat Yuan Shikai in 1915 @-@ 16 . When Cai became governor of Sichuan after Yuan 's death in June 1916 , Zhu was made a brigade commander .
Following the death of his mentor Cai E ( November 1916 ) and of his first wife , Zhu developed a severe opium habit that afflicted him until 1922 , when he underwent treatment in Shanghai . His troops continued to support him , and so he consolidated his forces to become a warlord . In 1920 , after his troops were driven from Sichuan toward the Tibetan border , he returned to Yunnan as a public security commissioner of the provincial government . Around this time , his second wife and child were murdered by rival warlords , which is believed to have contributed to his decision to leave China for study in Europe . He first traveled to Shanghai where he broke his opium habit and , according to historians of the Kuomintang , met Dr Sun Yat @-@ sen . He attempted to join the Chinese Communist Party in early 1922 , but was rejected due to his being a warlord .
= = = Converting to Communism = = =
In late 1922 , Zhu went to Berlin . He resided in Germany until 1925 , studying at one point at Göttingen University . Here he met Zhou Enlai and was expelled from Germany for his role in a number of student protests . Around this time he joined the Communist Party of China ; Zhou Enlai was one of his sponsors ( having sponsors being a condition of probationary membership , the stage before actual membership ) . In July 1925 , after being expelled from Germany , he traveled to the Soviet Union to study military affairs and Marxism at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East , returning to China in July 1926 to unsuccessfully persuade Sichuan warlord Yang Sen to support the Northern Expedition .
In 1927 , following the collapse of the First United Front , Kuomintang authorities ordered Zhu to lead a force against Zhou Enlai and Liu Bocheng 's Nanchang Uprising . Having helped orchestrate the uprising , Zhu and his army defected from the Kuomintang . The uprising failed to gather support , however , and Zhu was forced to flee Nanchang with his army . Under the false name of Wang Kai , Zhu managed to find shelter for his remaining forces by joining the warlord Fan Shisheng . He was soon named head of a new First United Front military institute in Nanchang .
= = = ' Zhu @-@ Mao ' = = =
Zhu 's close affiliation with Mao Zedong began in 1928 when under the assistance of Chen Yi and Lin Biao , Zhu defected from Fan Shisheng 's protection and marched his army of 10 @,@ 000 men to Jiangxi and the Jinggang Mountains . Here Mao had formed a soviet in 1927 , and Zhu began building up his army into the Red Army , consolidating and expanding the Soviet areas of control .
Zhu 's leadership made him a figure of immense prestige ; locals even credited him with supernatural abilities . During this time Mao and Zhu became so closely connected that to the local peasant farmers they were known collectively as " Zhu @-@ Mao " ( homophonic to 猪毛 , or pig 's pelage ) .
In 1929 , Zhu and Mao were forced to flee Jinggangshan to Ruijin following Kuomintang military pressure . Here they formed the Jiangxi Soviet , which would eventually grow to cover some 30 @,@ 000 square kilometers ( 11 @,@ 584 square miles ) and include some three million people . In 1931 , Zhu was appointed leader of the Red Army in Ruijin by the CPC leadership . Zhu successfully led a conventional military force against the Kuomintang in the lead up to the Fourth Counter Encirclement Campaign ; However , he was not able to do the same during the Fifth Counter Encirclement Campaign and the CPC fled . Zhu helped form the 1934 break @-@ out that began the Long March .
= = = Red Army leader = = =
During the Long March , Zhu and Zhou Enlai organized certain battles in tandem . There were few positive effects since the real power was in the hands of Bo Gu and Otto Braun . In the Zunyi Conference , Zhu supported Mao Zedong ’ s criticisms of Bo and Braun . After the conference , Zhu cooperated with Mao and Zhou on military affairs . In July 1935 , Zhu and Liu Bocheng were with the Fourth Red Army while Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai with the First Red Army . When separation between the two divisions occurred , Zhu was forced by Zhang Guotao , the leader of Fourth Red Army , to go south . The Fourth Red Army barely survived the retreat through Sichuan Province . Arriving in Yan 'an , Zhu directed the reconstruction of the Red Army under the political guidance of Mao .
During the Second Sino @-@ Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War , he held the position of Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Red Army and , in 1940 , Zhu , alongside Peng Dehuai , devised and organized the Hundred Regiments Offensive . Initially , Mao supported this offensive . While a successful campaign , Mao later attributed it as the main provocation for the devastating Japanese Three Alls Policy later and used it to criticize Peng at the Lushan Conference .
= = = Later life = = =
In 1949 Zhu was named Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the People 's Liberation Army ( PLA ) ; it is in this way posterity regards him as a principal founder of the PLA . He also served as the Vice @-@ Chairman of the Communist Party ( 1956 – 1966 ) and Vice @-@ Chairman of the People 's Republic of China ( 1954 – 1959 ) . Zhu oversaw the PLA during the Korean War within his authority as Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief . In 1955 , he was conferred to the rank of marshal . At the Lushan Conference , he tried to protect Peng Dehuai , by giving some mild criticisms of Peng ; rather than denouncing him , he merely gently reproofed his targeted comrade , who was a target of Mao Zedong . Mao wasn 't satisfied with Zhu De 's behavior . After the conference , Zhu was dismissed from vice chairmen of Central Military Commission , not in least part due to his loyalty for the fallen Peng .
In April 1969 , during the summit of the Cultural Revolution , Zhu was dismissed from his position on the Politburo Standing Committee of the Communist Party of China , and the activity of the National People 's Congress was halted . However , due to the support of Zhou Enlai , he was not harmed or imprisoned . In August 1969 , Lin Biao issued a command that dispatched important martial figures to distant areas due to the tension between China and Soviet Union , and Zhu De was driven to Guangzhou . In 1973 Zhu was reinstated in the Standing Committee .
He continued to be a prominent elder statesman until his death on 6 July 1976 . His passing came six months after the death of Zhou Enlai , and just two months before the death of Mao Zedong . Zhu was cremated three days later , and received a funeral days afterwards . During a " Strike Hard " anti @-@ crime campaign in 1983 , one of Zhu 's grandsons , Guohua , was sentenced to death due to a rape conviction in Tianjin .
= = Personal life = =
Zhu De was married four times , according to the unfinished biography written by Agnes Smedley . His first two wives were educated women to whom he was introduced by brothers who were fellow officers in the Yunan Army . They were :
Hsiai Chu @-@ fen , married in 1912 . She died of a fever in 1916 after bearing him a son .
Chen Yu @-@ chen , married in 1916 . Killed by the Kuomintang in 1935 . Zhu 's only child , son of the first wife , vanished and is presumed also to have been killed .
Zhu viewed himself as separated from Chen Yu @-@ chen after leaving her 1922 . He felt free to marry again , though there had been no formal divorce .
Wu Yu @-@ lan , married in 1928 . A peasant leader from an educated family . Captured and killed by the Kuomintang in 1929 .
Kang Keqing , also knowns as K 'ang K 'e @-@ ching or Kang Keh @-@ chin . Also a peasant leader , but not educated before she joined the Red Army . Outlived him and was famous in her own right .
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= Weldon Humble =
Weldon Gaston " Hum " Humble ( April 24 , 1921 – April 14 , 1998 ) was an American football guard who played five seasons in the All @-@ America Football Conference ( AAFC ) and National Football League ( NFL ) for the Cleveland Browns and Dallas Texans in the late 1940s and early 1950s .
Humble grew up in Texas and was a mult @-@ sport athlete at his San Antonio high school . He enrolled at Rice University in Houston , Texas in 1940 and played three seasons on the school 's football team . Humble then spent three years in the U.S. Marines during World War II , serving in the Pacific War and earning a Bronze Star Medal before returning to complete his college studies in 1946 . Sportswriters named him a first @-@ team All @-@ American after the Rice Owls finished with an 8 – 2 win – loss record and beat Tennessee in the Orange Bowl .
The AAFC 's Baltimore Colts signed Humble in 1947 , but the Browns acquired him in a trade before the season . Humble became an anchor on Cleveland 's offensive line , helping the team win three straight AAFC titles in the late 1940s . When the AAFC dissolved in 1949 , Cleveland moved to the NFL and won another championship in 1950 . Humble , who remained in the Marine Reserves , was called into service in the Korean War after the season . He was expected to return to Cleveland the following year , but head coach Paul Brown traded him to the Texans before the 1952 season began . He retired after one year in Dallas .
After his playing career , Humble worked as a bank executive and at an office supply company . He was also the chairman of the selection committee for the Bluebonnet Bowl . Humble was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1961 , and was named to the Texas Sports Hall of Fame and the South Texas Football Hall of Fame in 1969 . He is also a member of the Rice University Athletics Hall of Fame . He died in 1998 in Houston following a long illness .
= = Early life and college career = =
Humble was born in Nixon , Texas , a suburb of San Antonio , in 1921 . His athletic career began at San Antonio 's G.W. Brackenridge High School . Humble played as an end for two seasons and a fullback for a third season on the football team . He also played on the basketball , track and swimming teams before graduating and enrolling at Rice University in Houston , Texas in 1940 .
Humble began play on Rice 's freshman team as an end in 1940 . He advanced to the varsity team the next year . While he started as an end , coach Jess Neely switched him to guard before the first game of the season . He thrived in the new position , and was named a sophomore all @-@ star by the Associated Press after the Rice Owls finished 1941 with a 6 – 3 – 1 win – loss – tie record . The following year , Humble earned All @-@ Southwestern Conference honors and won the George Martin Award , given to Rice 's most valuable player , as Rice put up a 7 – 2 – 1 record .
Humble left Rice in 1943 for the University of Louisiana at Lafayette , then called Southwestern Institute , to prepare for service in World War II in a V @-@ 12 U.S. Navy training program . As he trained , he played alongside enlistees from Tulane University , the University of Tulsa and Louisiana State University on a military team that won six straight games and was selected to play in the first Oil Bowl in Houston . Captained by Humble , Southwestern beat a service team from Randolph Air Force Base in San Antonio .
After the season , Humble enlisted in the United States Marine Corps and was sent to fight in the Pacific War . He rose to the rank of first lieutenant and won a Bronze Star Medal . Upon his discharge in 1946 , Humble returned to Rice . He lettered in football and track and field and was voted a consensus first @-@ team All @-@ American guard while captain of Rice 's Southwestern Conference co @-@ champion team . He was also named lineman of the week by the Associated Press in November for his strong tackling in a game against the Texas A & M Aggies . After finishing with an 8 – 2 record , Rice beat Tennessee in the Orange Bowl game in early 1947 . Rice was ranked the 10th @-@ best college team in the nation in the AP Poll .
= = Professional football career = =
Paul Brown , the coach of the Cleveland Browns in the All @-@ America Football Conference ( AAFC ) , met Humble while vacationing in Florida in 1946 . Brown came to watch the Orange Bowl on New Year 's Day , and was staying in the same hotel as the Rice team . He saw Humble and his wife Lorraine , whom Humble had met while in training at Southwestern , on a dance floor at the hotel . " He appeared to be the sort of fellow we like to have on our team , " Brown said later in 1947 . " Then I watched him in that Tennessee game and after that made up my mind he 'd be with my club if I ever had the chance to make a deal for him . " The AAFC 's Baltimore Colts selected Humble in the league 's draft , but Brown got his chance in August . He engineered a trade that sent four players including quarterback Steve Nemeth and guard George Cheroke to the Colts , plus two players to be named later .
Before joining the Browns , Humble played in the College All @-@ Star Game , a now @-@ defunct annual matchup between the National Football League ( NFL ) champion and a selection of the best college players from around the country . The college all @-@ stars won the game , defeating the Chicago Bears 16 – 0 . In Cleveland , Humble was part of an offensive line that included Lin Houston , Ed Ulinski and Bob Gaudio . Their job was to protect quarterback Otto Graham from opposing defenders and open up running room for fullback Marion Motley . They chanted " nobody touches Graham " when they broke the huddle .
Helped by strong line play , Graham , Motley and Cleveland ends Dante Lavelli and Mac Speedie led a potent offense that dominated the AAFC for three years . The Browns won the AAFC championship in 1947 , 1948 and 1949 before the league disbanded and Cleveland was absorbed by the more established NFL . Humble was a consensus second @-@ team All @-@ Pro selection in 1948 , when Cleveland won all of its games . Cleveland 's success continued in the NFL in 1950 , when Humble was used on occasion as a linebacker on defense . The Browns finished the season with a 10 – 2 record and beat the Los Angeles Rams in the NFL championship game . Humble was selected to play in the first @-@ ever Pro Bowl , the NFL 's all @-@ star game .
Humble continued as a member of the Marine Reserves as his professional career continued , and in 1951 he was in danger of being called up for service in the Korean War . He re @-@ enlisted in the summer and played for a military team at Marine Corps Base Quantico later in the year . After the season , he was named the best service player in the country by the Washington Touchdown Club .
Humble was expected to return to the Browns after his discharge from the military in 1952 . In a surprise move , however , Brown traded him before the season to the Dallas Texans for fullback Sherman Howard . The trade was unexpected because Cleveland 's other guards , including Gaudio and Alex Agase , were getting older and nearing retirement . " I 'm sure we 'll be all right at the guard position , " Brown said at the time . " But we do have a definite fullback problem . " Humble played one season for the Texans before retiring . Dallas had a 1 – 11 record in 1952 .
= = Later life and death = =
After his football career , Humble worked for 20 years at First City National Bank in Houston . He later became vice @-@ president of an office supply firm called Stationers , Inc . He maintained an affiliation with his Texas alma mater , serving as president and later director of the R Association , an alumni group for former Rice student @-@ athletes . In the late 1960s , he became the president of the Greater Houston Bowl Association , which organized the Bluebonnet Bowl . By the mid @-@ 1970s , he was chairman of the Bowl 's selection committee .
Humble won numerous honors after his career . He became the first Rice player inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1961 . He was included on a 50th anniversary All @-@ Southwest Conference team in 1968 , and in 1970 was one of the first people inducted into the Rice University Athletics Hall of Fame . Humble was inducted into the Texas Sports Hall of Fame and the South Texas Football Hall of Fame in 1969 .
Later in life , Humble worked for the Harris County Appraisal Review Board and was a salesman for an office furniture supply company . He died in 1998 in Houston after a long illness . Humble and his wife Lorraine had three children .
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= Barbara Hershey =
Barbara Hershey ( born Barbara Lynn Herzstein ; February 5 , 1948 ) , once known as Barbara Seagull , is an American actress . In a career spanning nearly 50 years , she has played a variety of roles on television and in cinema in several genres , including westerns and comedies . She began acting at age 17 in 1965 but did not achieve much critical acclaim until the latter half of the 1980s . By that time , the Chicago Tribune referred to her as " one of America 's finest actresses . "
Hershey won an Emmy and a Golden Globe for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries / TV Film for her role in A Killing in a Small Town ( 1990 ) . She has also received Golden Globe nominations for Best Supporting Actress for her role as Mary Magdalene in Martin Scorsese 's The Last Temptation of Christ ( 1988 ) and for her role in Jane Campion 's Portrait of a Lady ( 1996 ) . For the latter film , she was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and won the Los Angeles Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress . In addition , she has won two Best Actress awards at the Cannes Film Festival for her roles in Shy People ( 1987 ) and A World Apart ( 1988 ) . She was also featured in Woody Allen 's critically acclaimed Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) , for which she was nominated for the British Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and Garry Marshall 's melodrama Beaches ( 1988 ) , and she earned a second British Academy Award nomination for Darren Aronofsky 's Black Swan ( 2010 ) .
Establishing a reputation early in her career as a " hippie , " Hershey experienced conflict between her personal life and her acting goals . Her career suffered a decline during a six @-@ year relationship with actor David Carradine , with whom she had a child . She experimented with a change in stage name that she later regretted . During this time her personal life was highly publicized and ridiculed . It was not until she separated from Carradine and changed her stage name back to Hershey that her acting career became well established . Later in her career , she began to keep her personal life private .
= = Early life = =
Barbara Herzstein was born in Hollywood , California . She is the daughter of Melrose ( née Moore ) and Arnold Nathan Herzstein . Her father , a horse racing columnist , was Jewish ( his parents had emigrated from Hungary and Russia ) and her mother , a native of Arkansas , was a Presbyterian of Irish descent .
The youngest of three children , Barbara always wanted to be an actress , and her family nicknamed her " Sarah Bernhardt . " She was shy in school and so quiet that people thought she was deaf . By the age of 10 she proved herself to be an " A " student . Her high school drama coach helped her find an agent , and in 1965 , at age 17 , she landed a role on Sally Field 's television series Gidget . Barbara said that she found Field to be very supportive of her in her first acting role . According to The New York Times All Movie Guide , Barbara graduated from Hollywood High School in 1966 , but David Carradine , in his autobiography , said she dropped out of high school after she began acting .
= = Career = =
Barbara 's acting debut , three episodes of Gidget , was followed by the short @-@ lived television series The Monroes ( 1966 ) , which also featured Michael Anderson , Jr . By this point , she had adopted the stage name " Barbara Hershey . " Although Hershey said the series helped her career , she expressed some frustration with her role , saying : " One week I was strong , the next , weak " . While on the series , Hershey garnered several other roles , including one in Doris Day 's final feature film , With Six You Get Eggroll .
= = = 1960s = = =
In 1969 , Hershey co @-@ starred in the Glenn Ford western Heaven with a Gun . On the set , she met and began a romantic relationship with actor David Carradine , who later starred in the television series Kung Fu ( see Personal life ) . In the same year , she acted in the controversial drama Last Summer , which was based on Evan Hunter 's eponymous novel . In this film , Hershey played Sandy , the " heavy " who influences two young men ( played by Bruce Davison and Richard Thomas ) to rape another girl , Rhoda ( played by Catherine Burns ) . Even though the film , directed by Frank Perry , received an X rating for the graphic rape scene , Burns earned a Best Supporting Actress Oscar nomination for her performance .
During the filming of Last Summer , a seagull was killed . " In one scene , " Hershey explained , " I had to throw the bird in the air to make her fly . We had to reshoot the scene over and over again . I could tell the bird was tired . Finally when the scene was finished the director , Frank Perry , told me the bird had broken her neck on the last throw . " Hershey felt responsible for the bird 's death and changed her stage name to " Seagull " as a tribute to the creature . " I felt her spirit enter me , " she later explained . " It was the only moral thing to do . " The name change was not positively received . When she was offered a part opposite Timothy Bottoms in The Crazy World of Julius Vrooder ( 1974 ) ( AKA Vrooder 's Hooch ) , Hershey had to forfeit half her salary , $ 25 @,@ 000 , to be billed under the name " Seagull " because the producers were not in favor of the billing .
= = = 1970s = = =
In 1970 , Hershey played Tish Grey in The Baby Maker , a film that explored surrogate motherhood . Criticizing the directing and writing of James Bridges , critic Shirley Rigby said of the " bizarre " film , " Only the performances in the film save it from being a total travesty . " Rigby went on to say , " Barbara Hershey is a great little actress , much , much more than just another pretty face . "
Hershey once said that starring in Boxcar Bertha ( 1972 ) " was the most fun I ever had on a movie . " The film , co @-@ starring Hershey 's domestic partner , David Carradine , and produced by Roger Corman , was Martin Scorsese 's first Hollywood picture . Shot in six weeks on a budget of $ 600 @,@ 000 , Boxcar Bertha was intended to be a period crime drama similar to Corman 's Bloody Mama ( 1970 ) or Bonnie and Clyde ( 1967 ) . Although Corman publicized it as an exploitation piece with plenty of sex and violence , Scorsese 's influence made it " something much more . " Roger Ebert , of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times , wrote of the film 's direction , " Martin Scorsese has gone for mood and atmosphere more than for action , and his violence is always blunt and unpleasant — never liberating and exhilarating , as the New Violence is supposed to be . " A spread recreating sexually explicit scenes from the movie appeared in Playboy magazine in 1972 .
Hershey 's experience with Scorsese would extend to another major role for her 16 years later in The Last Temptation of Christ ( 1988 ) as Mary Magdalene . During the filming of Boxcar Bertha , Hershey had introduced Scorsese to the Nikos Kazantzakis novel on which the latter film was based . That collaboration resulted in an Academy Award nomination for the director and a Golden Globe nod for Hershey .
By the mid 1970s , Hershey concluded , " I 've been so tied up with David [ Carradine ] that people have forgotten that I am me . I spend 50 percent of my time working with David . " She had , in 1974 , guest @-@ starred in a two @-@ part episode of Carradine 's television series Kung Fu . She played , under the direction of Carradine , a love interest to his character , Kwai Chang Caine , during his time at the Shaolin temple . She also appeared in two of Carradine 's independent directorial projects , You and Me ( 1975 ) and Americana ( 1983 ) , both of which had been filmed in 1973 . Her father , Arnold Herzstein , also appeared in Americana .
She publicly acknowledged the desire to be recognized in her own right . Later , in 1974 , she did just that , winning a Gold Medal at the Atlanta Film Festival for her role in the Dutch @-@ produced film Love Comes Quietly .
Later in the decade , Hershey starred with Charlton Heston in The Last Hard Men ( 1976 ) . She hoped the film would revive her career after the damage she felt it had suffered while she was with Carradine , believing that the hippie label she had been given was a career impediment . By this time she had shed Carradine and her " Seagull " pseudonym . Throughout the rest of the 1970s , however , she was appearing in made @-@ for @-@ TV movies that were described as " forgettable , " like Flood ! ( 1976 ) , Sunshine Christmas ( 1977 ) , and The Glitter Palace ( 1977 ) , in which she played a lesbian .
= = = 1980s = = =
When Hershey landed a role in Richard Rush 's The Stunt Man ( 1980 ) , it marked a return to the big screen after four years and earned her critical praise . Hershey felt that she would be forever in debt to Rush for fighting with financiers to allow her a part in that film . She also felt The Stunt Man was an important transition for her , from playing girls to playing women .
Some of the " women roles " that followed The Stunt Man included the horror movie The Entity ( 1982 ) ; Philip Kaufman 's The Right Stuff ( 1983 ) , in which she played Glennis Yeager , wife of test pilot Chuck Yeager ; and The Natural ( 1984 ) , in which she shot Robert Redford 's character . For the role of Harriet Bird , Hershey had chosen a particular hat as her " anchor . " Director Barry Levinson disagreed with her choice , but she insisted on wearing it . Levinson later cast Hershey as the wife of Danny DeVito 's character in the comedy Tin Men ( 1987 ) .
In 1986 , Hershey left her native California and moved with her son to Manhattan . Three days later , she met briefly with Woody Allen , who offered her the role of Lee in Hannah and Her Sisters ( 1986 ) . In addition to a Manhattan apartment , Hershey bought an antique home in rural Connecticut . The Allen picture won three Academy Awards and a Golden Globe . The film also earned Hershey a BAFTA nomination for Best Actress in a Supporting Role . She described her part as " a wonderful gift . "
Hershey followed Hannah and Her Sisters with back @-@ to @-@ back wins for Best Actress at the Cannes Film Festival for Shy People and for her appearance as anti @-@ apartheid activist Diana Roth in A World Apart ( 1988 ) . Her character in the latter film was based on Ruth First . Also in the 1980s , she portrayed Errol Flynn 's first wife , actress Lili Damita , in the TV movie My Wicked , Wicked Ways ( 1985 ) , which was based on Flynn 's autobiography . She also played the love interest to Gene Hackman 's character in the basketball film Hoosiers ( 1986 ) .
Barbara Cloud of the Pittsburgh Press gave attribution to Barbara Hershey for starting a trend when she had collagen injected into her lips for her role in Beaches ( 1988 ) . Humorist Erma Bombeck said of the movie , which also starred Bette Midler , " I have no idea what Beaches was all about . All I could focus on was Barbara Hershey 's lips . She looked like she stopped off at a gas station and someone said , ' Your lips are down 30 pounds . Better let me hit ' em with some air . ' "
= = = 1990s = = =
In 1990 , Hershey won an Emmy and a Golden Globe for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Special for her role as Candy Morrison in A Killing in a Small Town , which was based on Candy Montgomery 's acquittal for the death of Betty Gore . Montgomery had killed Gore on Friday , June 13 , 1980 , in Gore 's Wylie , Texas , home , by hitting her 41 times with an ax . The jury determined that she did so in self @-@ defense . In preparation for the part , Hershey had a phone conversation with Montgomery . Many of the names of the real @-@ life principals in the case were changed for the movie . The film 's alternative title was Evidence of Love , the name of a 1984 book about the case .
Also in 1990 , Hershey drew upon what Woody Allen once described as her " erotic overtones , " portraying a woman who falls in love with her much younger nephew , by marriage , played by Keanu Reeves , in the comedic Tune in Tomorrow .
In 1991 , Hershey played Hanna Trout , the wife of the title character in Paris Trout ( 1991 ) , a made @-@ for @-@ cable television movie . In this Showtime production , Hershey collaborated again with A Killing in a Small Town director Stephen Gyllenhaal to play a woman who has an affair with her husband 's lawyer . Her husband , an abusive bigot ( played by Dennis Hopper ) , is on trial for murdering a young African American girl . The film , which was based on Pete Dexter 's 1988 National Book Award @-@ winning novel , featured Hopper and Hershey enacting a graphic rape scene that the actress found difficult to view . The picture was described as a " dramatic reach deep into the dark hollows of racism , abuse and murder . " Paris Trout was nominated for five Prime Time Emmy Awards , including nods for both Hershey and Hopper .
Later in the year , Hershey played an attorney defending her college roommate for the murder of her husband in the suspenseful whodunit Defenseless ( 1991 ) .
Because of her frequent television appearances , by the end of 1991 Hershey was accused of " selling out to the small screen . " In 1992 , Hershey appeared with Jane Alexander in the ABC miniseries Stay the Night ( 1992 ) , prompting Associated Press writer Jerry Buck to write , " Barbara Hershey is a person who jumps back and forth between features and television very easily . " She starred in another TV miniseries in 1993 , succeeding Anjelica Huston as Clara Allen in the sequel series Return to Lonesome Dove . She was nominated for a Golden Satellite Award for another TV appearance , The Staircase ( 1998 ) . Between 1999 and 2000 , she played Dr. Francesca Alberghetti in 22 season 6 episodes of the medical TV drama Chicago Hope .
Hershey co @-@ starred with Joe Pesci as a nightclub owner in the film drama The Public Eye ( 1992 ) and as the estranged wife of homicidal Michael Douglas in the thriller Falling Down ( 1993 ) . Among the other feature films in which she appeared during the 1990s was Jane Campion 's adaptation of the Henry James novel The Portrait of a Lady ( 1996 ) . Hershey earned an Oscar nomination and won the Best Supporting Actress award from the National Society of Film Critics for her role as Madame Serena Merle in that picture . In 1995 , Last of the Dogmen , co @-@ starring Tom Berenger , was released through Savoy Pictures . In 1999 , Hershey starred in an independent film called Drowning on Dry Land ; during production she met co @-@ star Naveen Andrews , with whom she began a romantic relationship that lasted until 2010 ( see Personal life ) .
= = = 2000s = = =
In 2001 , Hershey appeared in the psychological thriller Lantana ( 2001 ) . She was the only American in a mostly Australian cast , which included Kerry Armstrong , Anthony LaPaglia , and Geoffrey Rush . Film writer Sheila Johnson said the film was " one of the best to emerge from Australia in years . " Another thriller followed : 11 : 14 ( 2003 ) also featured Rachael Leigh Cook , Patrick Swayze , Hilary Swank , and Colin Hanks .
Hershey continued to appear on television during the 2000s , including a season on the series The Mountain . She also starred as Anne Shirley as an adult in Anne of Green Gables : A New Beginning ( 2008 ) , the fourth in a series of made @-@ for @-@ TV films based on the character , taking over the role from Megan Follows .
= = = 2010s = = =
Hershey appeared as an American actress , Mrs. Hubbard , in an adaptation of Agatha Christie 's Murder on the Orient Express for the British television series Poirot ( starring David Suchet ) , which aired in the United States on Public Broadcast Service ( PBS ) in July 2010 . Also in 2010 , Hershey co @-@ starred in Darren Aronofsky 's acclaimed psychological thriller Black Swan ( 2010 ) opposite Natalie Portman and Mila Kunis . The following year , she co @-@ starred in the James Wan horror film Insidious ( 2011 ) . From 2012 to 2013 , she had a recurring role in the first two seasons of ABC 's hit drama Once Upon a Time as Cora , the Queen of Hearts and mother of the Evil Queen . In 2014 , she reprised the role in one episode of the show 's spin @-@ off Once Upon a Time in Wonderland . In 2015 , she once more reprised the role when she returned to the show for an episode of its fourth season , and in 2016 she appeared again for two episodes of the show 's fifth season , most notably its landmark 100th episode . In A & E 's new series Damien , Hershey portrayed series regular Ann Rutledge , the world 's most powerful woman , who has been tasked with making sure Damien fulfills his destiny as the Antichrist . The role marks Hershey 's latest TV gig following Once Upon a Time , The Mountain , Chicago Hope , and Lifetime 's Left to Die TV movie .
= = Personal life = =
In 1969 , Hershey met David Carradine while they were working on Heaven With a Gun . The pair began a domestic relationship that would last until 1975 . Carradine said that during the rape scene in that movie , he cracked one of Barbara 's ribs . They appeared in other films together including Martin Scorsese 's Boxcar Bertha . In 1972 , the couple posed together in a nude Playboy spread , recreating some sex scenes from Boxcar Bertha . Later in 1972 , Hershey gave birth to their son , Free , who changed his name to Tom when he was nine years old . The relationship fell apart around the time of Carradine 's 1974 burglary arrest , after he had begun an affair with Season Hubley , who had guest starred in Kung Fu .
During this period , Hershey changed her stage name to " Seagull . " In 1979 , a blunt newspaper article from the Knight News Service referenced this period of her life , saying of her acting career that " it looked as if she blew it . " The article referred to Hershey as a " kook " and stated that she was frequently " high on something . " In addition to that criticism , she had been ostracized for breast @-@ feeding her son during an appearance on The Dick Cavett Show , and for breast @-@ feeding him beyond the age of two years . She said that this period of her life hurt her career ; " Producers wouldn 't see me because I had a reputation for using drugs and being undependable . I never used drugs at all and I have always been serious about my acting career . " After splitting up with Carradine , she changed her stage name back to " Hershey , " explaining that she had told the story of why she adopted the name " Seagull " so many times that it had lost its meaning .
By the time Hershey was 42 , she was described by columnist Luaina Lee as a " private person who was mired in some heavy publicity when she first became a professional actress . " Yardena Arar , writing for the Los Angeles Daily News , confirmed that Hershey had become a private person by 1990 .
On August 8 , 1992 , Hershey married artist Stephen Douglas . The ceremony took place at her home in Oxford , Connecticut , where the only guests were their two mothers and Hershey 's then 19 @-@ year @-@ old son , Tom ( né Free ) Carradine . The couple separated and divorced one year after the wedding .
Hershey began dating actor Naveen Andrews in 1999 . During a brief separation in 2005 , Andrews fathered a child with another woman . In May 2010 , after Andrews won sole custody of his son , the couple announced that they had ended their 10 @-@ year relationship six months earlier .
Hershey has residences in Los Angeles , Hawaii , New York , and Connecticut .
= = Filmography = =
= = = Film = = =
= = = Television = = =
= = Awards and nominations = =
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= 2015 Mexican Grand Prix =
The 2015 Mexican Grand Prix ( formally known as the Formula 1 Gran Premio de México 2015 ) was a Formula One motor race held at the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez in Mexico City on 1 November 2015 . The race , which was contested over seventy @-@ one laps , was the seventeenth race of the 2015 Formula One season . It marked the seventeenth time that the Mexican Grand Prix has been run as a round of the Formula One World Championship since its inception in 1950 , and the first time that the race has been run since 1992 .
Nico Rosberg qualified in pole position , having already been fastest in two of the three free practice sessions . He won the race for Mercedes , followed by his teammate Lewis Hamilton , who had secured the Drivers ' Championship at the previous event in the United States . Valtteri Bottas completed the podium in third , driving for Williams . Both Ferrari drivers — Sebastian Vettel and Kimi Räikkönen — retired after crashes , with both losing one position in the Championship to Rosberg and Bottas respectively . It was the first time since the 2006 Australian Grand Prix that neither Ferrari was classified .
= = Report = =
= = = Background = = =
The Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez circuit underwent substantial reconfiguration in the build @-@ up to the event . The first corner complex was tightened on entry , while the middle part of the track was completely re @-@ profiled , retaining much of the original design whilst reducing the reliance on aerodynamic grip . The most significant changes were made in the final part , with the Peraltada corner cut in half and the circuit redirected through the Foro Sol stadium complex in the circuit infield beginning with turn 12 , following a similar layout to the one used by ChampCar between 2002 and 2007 . The track layout featured two drag reduction system ( DRS ) zones , one on the main straight and another between turns three and four .
One week prior to the race , Hurricane Patricia — the largest tropical storm cell in the Northern Hemisphere on record — crossed the Mexican coastline near Cuixmala in Jalisco state . Patricia had previously disrupted the United States Grand Prix .
Tyre supplier Pirelli brought four compounds to the race . As for all races , the blue @-@ banded wet and green @-@ banded intermediate tyres were provided for possible rain . As for dry @-@ weather ( or " slick " ) tyres , Pirelli supplied the teams with the soft and medium compounds , the two middle options of their four tyres for the 2015 season .
= = = Free practice = = =
Per the regulations for the 2015 season , three practice sessions were scheduled , two 1 @.@ 5 @-@ hour sessions on Friday and another one @-@ hour session before qualifying on Saturday . The first session on Friday started on a damp track , described by Sebastian Vettel as " ridiculously slippery " , with the first half @-@ hour of running done on intermediate tyres . Valtteri Bottas set the fastest time on those tyres , before all teams switched on the medium compound . Even on the dry tyres , still many drivers were fooled by the conditions , going off at turns 8 and 10 in particular . Nico Rosberg 's Mercedes suffered from overheating rear brakes , forcing him back to the pits while he held the fastest time . Carlos Sainz , Jr. recorded the most timed laps with 37 , and finished eighth fastest , ahead of local favourite Sergio Pérez and Felipe Massa . Jolyon Palmer again replaced Romain Grosjean at the wheel of the Lotus , as he would do for the rest of the season , and finished fifteenth fastest , two @-@ tenths of a second slower than teammate Pastor Maldonado . The fastest time of the session was set by Max Verstappen in the Toro Rosso , at 1m25.990s , even though the young Dutchman went off in the second sector of the track . He was followed by Daniil Kvyat and the two Ferraris of Kimi Räikkönen and Sebastian Vettel . While Rosberg was demoted to sixth , newly crowned World Champion Lewis Hamilton was only eleventh fastest .
In the second session on Friday afternoon , Nico Rosberg was fastest , setting a time of 1m21.531s. With the track tarmac still being very new , the surface was slippery and it was another session that saw a lot of drivers get caught out . The biggest accident of the practice came after just five minutes , when Max Verstappen crashed at the exit of the stadium , bringing out red flags . After the running resumed , Valtteri Bottas lost the rear of his Williams FW37 , caused by a fault in his DRS flap , and crashed at turn one . He was not the only one having problems in the first corner , as Sergio Pérez , Carlos Sainz , Jr. and Pastor Maldonado also went off there . Lewis Hamilton meanwhile had an off @-@ track moment at turn four . Romain Grosjean had to end his first practice of the weekend early , when a clutch failure saw him park his car 28 minutes into the session . Jenson Button ran 25 laps and finished ninth fastest albeit spending half of the session in the pits , while the team equipped his car with a new power unit . Behind Rosberg , the two Red Bulls were second and third , ahead of Lewis Hamilton and Sebastian Vettel .
Nico Rosberg was again fastest at the last practice session on Saturday morning with a time of 1m21.083s , edging out teammate Hamilton by just 0.014s. After rainfall during the night , the track was slippery at the beginning of practice . It was not until thirty minutes into the session that the grip improved and many teams then opted to run the faster soft compound tyres . Rosberg set the fastest times early on and while Hamilton was able to close the gap gradually , he ended the session slightly slower than the German . Behind the two Mercedes , Daniel Ricciardo was close , just 0.118s behind , followed by Vettel , another tenth of a second adrift . Reporting vibrations from his engine , Jenson Button again spent much time in the garage , ending the practice with the slowest time , more than eight seconds behind Rosberg . The long main straight of the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez delivered the fastest speeds seen during the 2015 season . Due to their lack of pure power , McLaren expected to struggle during the remainder of the weekend .
= = = Qualifying = = =
Qualifying consisted of three parts , 18 , 15 and 12 minutes in length respectively , with five drivers eliminated from competing after each of the first two sessions . During the first part of qualifying ( Q1 ) , Kimi Räikkönen was able to compete , after the Ferrari crew was able to change his gearbox in time for the session . Not running was Jenson Button , after his team decided not to go out , since a 55 @-@ place grid penalty would have placed him at the back of the grid at any case . Marcus Ericsson was more than half a second quicker than teammate Felipe Nasr , who failed to proceed into Q2 , as did both Manor Marussia drivers . With Button out of the running , just one more driver was eliminated , and that proved to be his McLaren teammate Alonso , who barely missed out on making the cut . At the front , Rosberg set the fastest time ahead of Vettel , while Hamilton was the only driver not to use the soft compound tyre .
Lewis Hamilton did go out on the softer tyres in Q2 , setting the fastest time of the session , the first to lap in under 1 : 20 minutes . Behind him Vettel was second ahead of Rosberg . Räikkönen went out on the harder compound tyre , but aborted his running after spinning in turn one , leaving him fifteenth fastest with a grid penalty for his gearbox change yet to come . Max Verstappen put in a fast lap towards the end of the session , demoting his teammate Sainz , Jr. out of the top ten . Also eliminated were both Lotus and the second Sauber of Ericsson .
In Q3 , both Mercedes drivers set two consecutive fast laps at the beginning of the session , with Rosberg coming out on top , 0.188s ahead of his teammate . All drivers had problems in improving on their times during the second run of timed laps on fresher tyres . While Hamilton did improve early in the lap , his effort was stopped when he made a mistake at turn twelve . This meant that he was unable to challenge Rosberg for pole position , who qualified first for the fourth race in a row . The two Mercedes drivers were closely followed by Vettel , ahead of the two Red Bulls of Kvyat and Ricciardo , both Williams cars and Verstappen in eighth . In the fifth row of the grid , local favourite Sergio Pérez edged out teammate Nico Hülkenberg for ninth .
= = = Race = = =
At the start , Nico Rosberg got away well , fending off an attack by teammate Hamilton into the first corner . Behind them , Vettel had a bad getaway that saw him get in the midst of the Red Bulls . In turn 5 , he touched Daniel Ricciardo 's car , suffering a puncture that forced him into the pits at the end of the first lap . While he was able to get back out , Fernando Alonso ended his race after just one lap due to a loss of power . Therefore , the order after the first lap stood as : Rosberg , Hamilton , Kvyat and Ricciardo . The two Mercedes ( Rosberg and Hamilton ) soon opened a gap on the Red Bulls ( Kvyat and Ricciardo ) , exchanging fastest laps in the process , while Felipe Massa and Max Verstappen got entangled in a fight for sixth place . Kimi Räikkönen , who was told early on to cool his brakes , made good progress up the field and was in 13th position by lap 8 . One lap later , Valtteri Bottas became the first of the front runners to pit , putting on the medium compound , followed just a lap later by teammate Massa . While Räikkönen had moved up to eighth place by lap 12 , Sergio Pérez and Carlos Sainz , Jr. got into a fight for sixth place , with the former being asked by his team to stay out as long as possible .
Sebastian Vettel slowly moved up the field , running eleventh on lap 18 , only to spin a lap later at turn seven , falling back to 16th . He subsequently complained about a flat spot on his tyre , but continued without pitting . On lap 20 , Sergio Pérez pitted for new tyres and a front wing adjustment . Since the stop took longer than expected , he rejoined just before Sainz , Jr . , who used the momentum to pass Pérez into turn one . Meanwhile , Räikkönen and Bottas were racing for sixth place . On lap 24 , Bottas attacked around the outside into turn two , sticking to the inside line at the following corner , where Räikkönen did not back away and ran into the front @-@ left of the Williams , breaking his own rear @-@ right suspension and forcing him to retire on the spot , while Bottas was able to carry on . Rosberg came in for his scheduled pit stop on lap 27 , while Hamilton waited two laps to follow suit , trying to get ahead . This proved unsuccessful , as he rejoined behind Rosberg after his stop on lap 29 . On lap 35 , Sergio Pérez attempted to overtake Carlos Sainz , Jr. for ninth , who ran wide and kept his position . After his team radio informed him that he had done so by going off track , he handed the position to Pérez . Sebastian Vettel pitted for a second time on lap 37 and rejoined in between the two Mercedes of Rosberg and Hamilton , albeit a lap down . He was told to let Hamilton go by as well some laps later .
On lap 48 , Mercedes changed strategies , bringing in both drivers for another tyre stop , much to the dismay of Lewis Hamilton , who complained to his team over the radio . Meanwhile , a fight developed between Massa and Ricciardo for fifth place , with the latter making the pass at the beginning of lap 53 . On the same lap , Sebastian Vettel spun once more at turn seven , this time hitting the barriers , ending his race and bringing out the safety car . The double retirement marked the first time since the 2006 Australian Grand Prix that none of their cars were classified . During the caution period , the order stood as : Rosberg , Hamilton , Kvyat , Bottas , Ricciardo , Massa , Hülkenberg , Pérez , Verstappen and Grosjean . At the restart at the beginning of lap 58 , Bottas made a move on Kvyat into turn one , taking third place . Over the last laps of the race , Hamilton was able to close on Rosberg , as was Massa on the two Red Bulls ahead of him . However , neither were able to overtake , and Rosberg crossed the finish line to take victory , followed by Hamilton and Bottas .
= = = Post @-@ race = = =
At the podium ceremony , the interviews were conducted by Nigel Mansell , who had won the last race at the venue in 1992 . Both Mercedes drivers complimented each other 's driving , highlighting the atmosphere and the enthusiasm of the fans in Mexico . Valtteri Bottas thanked his team , saying that they were " racing like a race @-@ winning team " . During the post @-@ race press conference , Lewis Hamilton described it as " one of the fun races for me " , since he did not have to worry about points at that point . However , new frictions emerged at Mercedes as Hamilton later asserted that the team had favoured Rosberg over the weekend in order to " keep him happy " .
Local favourite Sergio Pérez , who had been on a one @-@ stop strategy , said after the race that it had been the safety car period that " destroyed " his chances at a better result , but added : " What I could do , I did perfectly , so I 'm happy with that . " His teammate Nico Hülkenberg had finished the race in front of him , and said after the race : " The Safety Car ended up playing into my hands , which is the little bit of luck you always need to get a good result " . Speaking about the race , 14th @-@ placed Jenson Button said : " Painful , I think , is the word . I was on the harder tyre at the start but still it was just waving goodbye to everyone in front really . " He also stated that he believed that McLaren were more affected by the high altitude than the other teams . On his one @-@ lap outing , Fernando Alonso explained that the problem that caused his retirement had been discovered the night before . He added : " We had two possibilities , retire the car without even starting the race or try our maximum , knowing that maybe one or two laps was the maximum we could achieve [ ... ] . We did one lap , for respect of the fans because they were amazing all weekend . "
Following their worst weekend in almost ten years , Ferrari were self @-@ critical . Sebastian Vettel was quoted as describing his race as " a shit job " , and later took full responsibility for his race ending crash , saying that he " probably just ask [ ed ] or want [ ed ] a little bit too much " . Speaking about the collision between Kimi Räikkönen and Valtteri Bottas , Ferrari team principal Maurizio Arrivabene said : " It 's an accident , it 's part of the show . I don 't want to blame anybody . " He went on to describe the weekend as " a good lesson " for the team , taking positive things from the race , such as the good race pace shown by both cars . As a result of their double retirement , both Ferrari drivers lost their respective positions in the Drivers ' Championship . While Vettel was overtaken by Rosberg into second place , Räikkönen lost fourth position to Valtteri Bottas . In the Constructors ' Standings , Williams moved closer to Ferrari in second place , now trailing them by 131 points . At the FIA Prize Giving Ceremony on 3 December 2015 , the organizers were awarded the prize as Best Promoter .
= = Classification = =
= = = Qualifying = = =
Notes :
^ 1 — Kimi Räikkönen received a ten- and four five @-@ place grid penalties for exceeding the allowed allocation of four of his power unit components , as well as a five @-@ place grid penalty for an unauthorized gearbox change .
^ 2 — Fernando Alonso received a ten @-@ place grid penalty for an engine change and a five @-@ place grid penalty for an unauthorized gearbox change .
^ 3 — Jenson Button did not set a lap time during Q1 . He received permission from the stewards to start the race . Additionally , he received 70 @-@ place ( three ten- and eight five @-@ place ) grid penalties for exceeding the allowed allocation of five of his power unit components , unscheduled engine and gearbox changes .
= = = Race = = =
= = = Championship standings after the race = = =
Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings .
Bold text indicates 2015 World Champions .
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= Columbian mammoth =
The Columbian mammoth ( Mammuthus columbi ) is an extinct species of mammoth that inhabited North America as far north as the northern United States and as far south as Costa Rica during the Pleistocene epoch . It was one of the last in a line of mammoth species , beginning with M. subplanifrons in the early Pliocene . The Columbian mammoth evolved from the steppe mammoth , which entered North America from Asia about 1 @.@ 5 million years ago . The pygmy mammoths of the Channel Islands of California evolved from Columbian mammoths . The closest extant relative of the Columbian and other mammoths is the Asian elephant .
Reaching 4 m ( 13 ft ) at the shoulders and 8 – 10 tonnes ( 18 @,@ 000 – 22 @,@ 000 lb ) in weight , the Columbian mammoth was one of the largest species of mammoth . It had long , curved tusks and four molars , which were replaced six times during the lifetime of an individual . It most likely used its tusks and trunk like modern elephants — for manipulating objects , fighting , and foraging . Bones , hair , dung and stomach contents have been discovered , but no preserved carcasses are known . The Columbian mammoth preferred open areas , such as parkland landscapes , and fed on sedge , grass , and other plants . It did not live in the Arctic regions of Canada , which were instead inhabited by woolly mammoths . The ranges of the two species may have overlapped , and genetic evidence suggests that they interbred . Several sites contain the skeletons of multiple Columbian mammoths , either because they died in a single incident such as a flash flood , or because these locations were natural traps in which individuals accumulated over time .
For a few thousand years prior to their extinction , Columbian mammoths coexisted in North America with Palaeoamericans – the first humans to inhabit the Americas – who hunted them for food , used their bones for making tools , and depicted them in ancient art . Columbian mammoth remains have been found in association with Clovis culture artifacts ; these remains may have stemmed either from hunting or from scavenging . The Columbian mammoth disappeared at the end of the Pleistocene around 11 @,@ 000 years ago , most likely as a result of habitat loss caused by climate change , hunting by humans , or a combination of both .
= = Taxonomy = =
The Columbian mammoth was first scientifically described in 1857 by Scottish naturalist Hugh Falconer , who named the species Elephas columbi after Christopher Columbus . The animal was brought to Falconer 's attention in 1846 by Charles Lyell , who sent him molar fragments found during the 1838 excavation of the Brunswick – Altamaha Canal in Georgia , in the southeastern United States . At the time , similar fossils from across North America were attributed to woolly mammoths ( then Elephas primigenius ) . Falconer found that his specimens were distinct , confirming his conclusion by examining their internal structure and studying additional molars from Mexico . Although William Phipps Blake and Richard Owen believed that E. texianus was more appropriate for the species , Falconer rejected the name ; he also suggested that E. imperator and E. jacksoni , two other American elephants described from molars , were based on remains too fragmentary to classify properly . More complete material that may be from the same quarry as Falconer 's fragmentary holotype molar was reported in 2012 , and could help shed more light on that specimen , since doubts about its adequacy as a holotype have been raised .
In the early 20th century , the taxonomy of extinct elephants became increasingly complicated . In 1942 , Henry Fairfield Osborn 's posthumous monograph on the Proboscidea was published , wherein he used various genus and subgenus names that had previously been proposed for extinct elephant species , such as Archidiskodon , Metarchidiskodon , Parelephas , and Mammonteus . Osborn also retained names for many regional and intermediate subspecies or " varieties " , and created recombinations such as Parelephas columbi felicis and Archidiskodon imperator maibeni . The taxonomic situation was simplified by various researchers from the 1970s onwards : all species of mammoth were retained in the genus Mammuthus , and many proposed differences between species were instead interpreted as intraspecific variation . In 2003 , palaeontologist Larry Agenbroad summarised current views about North American mammoth taxonomy , and concluded that several species had been declared junior synonyms , and that M. columbi ( the Columbian mammoth ) and M. exilis ( the pygmy mammoth ) were the only species of mammoth endemic to the Americas ( as other species lived both there and in Eurasia ) . The idea that species such as M. imperator ( the imperial mammoth ) and M. jeffersoni ( Jefferson 's mammoth ) were either more primitive or advanced stages in Columbian mammoth evolution was largely dismissed , and they were regarded as synonyms . In spite of these conclusions , Agenbroad cautioned that American mammoth taxonomy is not yet fully resolved .
= = = Evolution = = =
The earliest known members of Proboscidea , the clade that contains the elephants , existed about 55 million years ago around the Tethys Sea area . The closest living relatives of the Proboscidea are the sirenians ( dugongs and manatees ) and the hyraxes ( an order of small , herbivorous mammals ) . The family Elephantidae existed six million years ago in Africa , and includes the living elephants and the mammoths . Among many now extinct clades , the mastodon ( Mammut ) is only a distant relative , and part of the distinct family Mammutidae , which diverged 25 million years before the mammoths evolved . The Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus ) is the closest extant relative of the mammoths . The following cladogram shows the placement of the Columbian mammoth among other proboscideans , based on characteristics of the hyoid bone in the neck :
Since many remains of each species of mammoth are known from several localities , it is possible to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the genus through morphological studies . Mammoth species can be identified from the number of enamel ridges ( or lamellar plates ) on their molars : primitive species had few ridges , and the number increased gradually as new species evolved to feed on more abrasive food items . The crowns of the teeth became deeper in height and the skulls became taller to accommodate this . At the same time , the skulls became shorter from front to back to minimise the weight of the head . The short , tall skulls of woolly and Columbian mammoths are the culmination of this process .
The first known members of the genus Mammuthus are the African species M. subplanifrons from the Pliocene , and M. africanavus from the Pleistocene . The former is thought to be the ancestor of later forms . Mammoths entered Europe around 3 million years ago . The earliest European mammoth has been named M. rumanus ; it spread across Europe and China . Only its molars are known , which show that it had 8 – 10 enamel ridges . A population evolved 12 – 14 ridges , splitting off from and replacing the earlier type , becoming M. meridionalis about 2 – 1 @.@ 7 million years ago . In turn , this species was replaced by the steppe mammoth ( M. trogontherii ) with 18 – 20 ridges , which evolved in eastern Asia around 2 – 1 @.@ 5 million years ago . The Columbian mammoth evolved from a population of M. trogontherii that had crossed the Bering Strait and entered North America about 1 @.@ 5 million years ago ; it retained a similar number of molar ridges . Mammoths derived from M. trogontherii evolved molars with 26 ridges 400 @,@ 000 years ago in Siberia and became the woolly mammoth ( M. primigenius ) . Woolly mammoths entered North America about 100 @,@ 000 years ago .
A population of Columbian mammoths that lived between 80 @,@ 000 and 13 @,@ 000 years ago on the Channel Islands of California , 10 km ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) away from the mainland , evolved to be less than half the size of the mainland Columbian mammoths . They are therefore considered to be the distinct species M. exilis , the pygmy mammoth ( or a subspecies , M. c. exilis ) . These mammoths presumably reached the islands by swimming there when sea levels were lower , and decreased in size due to the limited food provided by the islands ' small areas . Bones of larger specimens have also been found on the islands , but it is unknown whether these were stages in the dwarfing process , or later arrivals of Columbian mammoths .
A 2011 study of the complete mitochondrial genome ( inherited through the female line ) showed that two examined Columbian mammoths , including the morphologically typical " Huntington mammoth " , were grouped within a subclade of woolly mammoths . This suggests that the two populations interbred and produced fertile offspring . One possible explanation is introgression of a haplogroup from woolly to Columbian mammoths , or vice versa . A similar situation has been documented in modern species of African elephant ( Loxodonta ) , the African bush elephant ( L. africana ) and the African forest elephant ( L. cyclotis ) . The authors of the study also suggest that the North American type formerly referred to as M. jeffersonii may have been a hybrid between the two species , as it is apparently morphologically intermediate . These findings were not expected by scientists ; nuclear DNA and more specimens will have to be analysed to clarify the situation .
A 2015 study of mammoth molars confirmed that M. columbi evolved from Eurasian M. trogontherii , not M. meridionalis as had been suggested earlier , and noted that M. columbi and M. trogontherii were so similar in morphology that their classification as separate species may be questionable . The study also suggested that the animals in the range where M. columbi and M. primigenius overlapped formed a metapopulation of hybrids with varying morphology . In 2016 , a genetic study of North American mammoth specimens confirmed that M. columbi and M. primigenius interbred extensively , were both descended from M. trogontherii , and concluded that morphological differences between fossils may therefore not be reliable for determining taxonomy . The authors also questioned whether M. columbi and M. primigenius should be considered " good species " , considering that they were able to interbreed after supposedly being separated for a million years , but cautioned that more specimens need to be sampled .
= = Description = =
The Columbian mammoth reached 4 m ( 13 ft ) tall at the shoulder , and weighed up to 8 – 10 tonnes ( 18 @,@ 000 – 22 @,@ 000 lb ) . It was about the same size as the earlier mammoth species M. meridionalis and M. trogontherii , and was larger than the modern African elephant and the woolly mammoth , both of which reached about 2 @.@ 7 to 3 @.@ 4 m ( 8 @.@ 9 to 11 @.@ 2 ft ) . Males were generally larger and more robust . The best indication of sex is the size of the pelvic girdle , since the opening that functions as the birth canal is always wider in females than in males . Like other mammoths , the Columbian mammoth had a high , single @-@ domed head and a sloping back with a high shoulder hump ; this shape resulted from the spinous processes ( protrusions ) of the back vertebrae decreasing in length from front to rear . Juveniles , on the other hand , had convex backs like Asian elephants . Other skeletal features include a short , deep rostrum ( front part of the jaws ) , a rounded mandibular symphysis ( central jaw ridge ) and the coronoid process of the mandible ( upper protrusion of the jaw bone ) extending above the molar surfaces .
Apart from its larger size and more primitive molars , the Columbian mammoth also differed from the woolly mammoth by its more downturned mandibular symphysis ; the dental alveoli ( tooth sockets ) of the tusks were directed more laterally away from the midline . Its tail was intermediate in length between that of modern elephants and the woolly mammoth . Since no Columbian mammoth soft tissue has been found , much less is known about its appearance than that of the woolly mammoth . It lived in warmer habitats than the woolly mammoth , and probably lacked many of the adaptations seen in that species . Hair thought to be that of the Columbian mammoth has been discovered in Bechan Cave in Utah , where mammoth dung has also been found . Some of this hair is coarse , and identical to that known to belong to woolly mammoths ; however , since this location is so far south it is unlikely to be woolly mammoth hair . The distribution and density of fur on the living animal is unknown , but it was probably less dense than that of the woolly mammoth due to the warmer habitat .
= = = Dentition = = =
Columbian mammoths had very long tusks ( modified incisor teeth ) , which were more curved than those of modern elephants . The largest known mammoth tusk , 4 @.@ 9 m ( 16 ft ) long , belonged to a Columbian mammoth , and others range from 3 @.@ 5 to 4 @.@ 121 m ( 11 @.@ 48 to 13 @.@ 52 ft ) long . Columbian mammoth tusks were usually not much larger than those of woolly mammoths , which reached 4 @.@ 2 m ( 14 ft ) . The tusks of females were much smaller and thinner . About a quarter of the tusks ' length was inside the sockets ; they grew spirally in opposite directions from the base , curving until the tips pointed towards each other , and sometimes crossed . Most of their weight would have been close to the skull , with less torque than straight tusks would have provided . The tusks were usually asymmetrical , with considerable variation ; some tusks curved down , instead of outwards , or were shorter due to breakage . Columbian mammoth tusks were generally less twisted than those of woolly mammoths . At six months of age calves developed milk tusks a few centimeters long , which were replaced by permanent tusks a year later . Annual tusk growth of 2 @.@ 5 – 15 cm ( 0 @.@ 98 – 5 @.@ 91 in ) continued throughout life , slowing as the animal reached adulthood .
Columbian mammoths had four functional molar teeth at a time , two in the upper jaw and two in the lower . About 23 cm ( 9 @.@ 1 in ) of the crown was within the jaw , and 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 1 in ) was above . The crown was pushed forward and up as it wore down , comparable to a conveyor belt . The teeth had separated ridges of enamel , which were covered in " prisms " directed towards the chewing surface . Wear @-@ resistant , they were held together with cementum and dentin . A mammoth 's molars were replaced five times over the animal 's lifetime . The first molars were about the size of those of a human , 1 @.@ 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 51 in ) ; the third were 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) long , and the sixth were about 30 cm ( 1 ft ) long and weighed 1 @.@ 8 kg ( 4 lb ) . With each replacement , the molars grew larger and gained more ridges ; the number of plates varied between individuals . Growing 18 cm ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) of ridge took about 10 @.@ 6 years .
= = Palaeobiology = =
Like that of modern elephants , the mammoth 's sensitive , muscular trunk was a limb @-@ like organ with many functions . It was used for manipulating objects and social interaction . Although healthy adult mammoths could defend themselves from predators with their tusks , trunks and size , juveniles and weakened adults were vulnerable to pack hunters such as wolves and big cats . Bones of juvenile Columbian mammoths , accumulated by Homotherium ( the scimitar @-@ toothed cat ) , have been found in Friesenhahn Cave in Texas . Tusks may have been used in intra @-@ species fighting for territory or mates and for display , to attract females and intimidate rivals . Two Columbian mammoths that died in Nebraska with tusks interlocked provide evidence of fighting behavior . The mammoths could use their tusks as weapons by thrusting , swiping or crashing them down , and used them in pushing contests by interlocking them , which sometimes resulted in breakage . The tusks ' curvature made them unsuitable for stabbing . On Goat Rock Beach in Sonoma Coast State Park , blueschist and chert outcrops ( nicknamed " Mammoth Rocks " ) show evidence of having been rubbed by Columbian mammoths or mastodons . The rocks have polished areas 3 – 4 m ( 9 @.@ 8 – 13 @.@ 1 ft ) above the ground , primarily near their edges , and are similar to African rubbing rocks used by elephants and other herbivores to rid themselves of mud and parasites . Similar rocks exist in Hueco Tanks , Texas , and on Cornudas Mountain in New Mexico .
Accumulations of modern elephant remains have been called " elephants ' graveyards " , because these sites were erroneously thought to be where old elephants went to die . Similar accumulations of mammoth bones have been found ; it is thought these are the result of individuals dying near or in rivers over thousands of years and their bones being accumulated by the water ( such as in the Aucilla River in Florida ) , or animals dying after becoming mired in mud . Some accumulations are thought to be the remains of herds which died at the same time , perhaps due to flooding . Columbian mammoths are occasionally preserved in volcanic deposits such as those in Tocuila , Texcoco , Mexico , where a volcanic lahar mudflow covered at least seven individuals 12 @,@ 500 years ago . It is unknown how many mammoths lived at one location at a time , but it is likely that the number varied by season and life cycle . Modern elephants can form large herds , sometimes consisting of multiple family groups , and these herds can include thousands of animals migrating together . Mammoths may have formed large herds more often than modern elephants , since animals living in open areas are more likely to do this than those in forested areas . Although it is unclear to what extent Columbian mammoths migrated , an isotope analysis of Blackwater Draw in New Mexico indicated that they spent part of the year in the Rocky Mountains , 200 km ( 120 mi ) away . The study of tusk rings may aid further study of mammoth migration .
Like modern elephants , Columbian mammoths were probably social and lived in matriarchal ( female @-@ led ) family groups ; most of their other social behavior was also similar to that of modern elephants . This is supported by fossil assemblages such as the Dent Site in Colorado and the Waco Mammoth National Monument in Waco , Texas , where groups consisting entirely of female and juvenile Columbian mammoths have been found ( implying female @-@ led family groups ) . The latter assemblage includes 22 skeletons , with 15 individuals representing a herd of females and juveniles that died in a single event , probably a flash flood ; the arrangement of some of the skeletons suggests that the females may have formed a defensive ring around the juveniles . At the same site another group , consisting of a bull and six females , also appears to have been killed by a flash flood ; although both groups died between 64 @,@ 000 and 73 @,@ 000 years ago , whether they died in the same event is unknown . At the Murray Springs Clovis Site in Arizona , where several Columbian mammoth skeletons have been excavated , a trackway similar to that left by modern elephants leads to one of the skeletons . The mammoth may have made the trackway before it died , or another individual may have approached the dead or dying animal — similar to the way modern elephants guard dead relatives for several days .
= = = Natural traps = = =
Many specimens also accumulated in natural traps , such as sinkholes and tar pits . The Hot Springs Mammoth Site in South Dakota is a 26 @,@ 000 @-@ year @-@ old , approximately 40 m ( 130 ft ) -long sinkhole that functioned for 300 to 700 years before filling with sediment . The site is the opposite scenario of that in Waco ; all but one of the at least 55 skeletons — additional skeletons are excavated each year — are male , and accumulated over time rather than in a single event . It is assumed that like modern male elephants , male mammoths primarily lived alone , were more adventurous ( especially young males ) and more likely to encounter dangerous situations than the females . The mammoths may have been lured to the hole by warm water or vegetation near the edges , slipping in and drowning or starving . Isotope studies of growth rings have shown that most of the mammoths died during spring and summer , which may have correlated with vegetation near the sinkhole . One individual , nicknamed " Murray " , lies on its side , and probably died in this pose while struggling to get free . Deep footprints of mammoths attempting to free themselves from the sinkhole 's mud can be seen in vertically @-@ excavated sections of the site .
Since the early 20th century , excavations at the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles have yielded 100 tonnes of fossils from 600 species of flora and fauna , including several Columbian mammoths . Many of the fossils are the remains of animals that became stuck in asphalt puddles which seeped to the surface of the pits , 40 @,@ 000 to 11 @,@ 500 years ago . Dust and leaves likely concealed the liquid asphalt , which then trapped unwary animals . Mired animals died from hunger or exhaustion ; their corpses attracted predators , which sometimes became stuck themselves . The tar pits ' fossil record is dominated by the remains of predators , such as large canids and felids . Fossils of different animals are found stuck together when they are excavated from the pits . The tar pits do not preserve soft tissue , and a 2014 study concluded that asphalt may degrade the DNA of animals mired in it after an attempt was made to extract DNA from a Columbian mammoth .
= = = Diet = = =
An adult Columbian mammoth would have needed more than 180 kg ( 400 lb ) of food per day , and may have foraged for twenty hours a day . Mammoths chewed their food by using their powerful jaw muscles to move the mandible forward and close the mouth , then backward while opening ; the sharp enamel ridges thereby cut across each other , grinding the food . The ridges were wear @-@ resistant , enabling the animal to chew large quantities of food which contained grit . The trunk could be used for pulling up large tufts of grass , picking buds and flowers or tearing leaves and branches from trees and shrubs , and the tusks were used to dig up plants and strip bark from trees . Digging is indicated on preserved tusks by flat , polished sections of the surface that would have reached the ground . Isotope studies of Columbian mammoths from Mexico and the United States have shown that their diet varied by location , consisting of a mix of C3 ( most plants ) and C4 plants ( such as grasses ) , and they were not restricted to grazing or browsing .
Stomach contents from Columbian mammoths are rare , since no carcasses have been found , but plant remains were discovered between the pelvis and ribs of the " Huntington mammoth " when it was excavated in Utah . Microscopy showed that these chewed remains consisted of sedge , grass , fir twigs and needles , oak and maple . A large amount of mammoth dung has been found in two caves in Utah . The dry conditions and stable temperature of Bechan Cave ( bechan is Navajo for " large faeces " ) has preserved 16,000- to 13 @,@ 500 @-@ year @-@ old elephant dung , most likely from Columbian mammoths . The dung consists of 95 percent grass and sedge , and varies from 0 to 25 percent of woody plants between dung boluses , including saltbush , sagebrush , water birch and blue spruce . This is similar to the diet documented for the woolly mammoth , although browsing seems to have been more important for the Columbian mammoth . The cover of dung is 41 cm ( 16 in ) thick , and has a volume of 227 m ³ ( 8 @,@ 000 cubic ft ) , with the largest boluses 20 cm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) in diameter . The Bechan dung could have been produced by a small group of mammoths over a relatively short time , since adult African elephants drop an average of 11 kg ( 24 lb ) of dung every two hours and 90 – 135 kg ( 198 – 298 lb ) each day .
It has been proposed that giant North American fruits of plants such as the Osage @-@ orange , Kentucky coffeetree and honey locust evolved in tandem with now @-@ extinct American megafauna such as mammoths and other proboscideans , since there are no extant endemic herbivores able to ingest these fruits and disperse their seeds . Introduced cattle and horses have since taken over this ecological role .
= = = Life history = = =
The lifespan of the Columbian mammoth is thought to have been about 80 years . The lifespan of a mammal is related to its size ; Columbian mammoths are larger than modern elephants , which have a lifespan of about 60 years . The age of a mammoth can be roughly determined by counting the growth rings of its tusks when viewed in cross section . However , ring @-@ counting does not account for a mammoth 's early years ; early growth is represented in tusk tips , which are usually worn away . In the remainder of the tusk each major line represents a year , with weekly and daily lines found in between . Dark bands correspond to summer , making it possible to determine the season in which a mammoth died . Tusk growth slowed when foraging became more difficult , such as during illness or when a male mammoth was banished from the herd ( male elephants live with their herds until about the age of ten ) .
Mammoths continued growing during adulthood , as do other elephants . Males grew until age 40 , and females until age 25 . Mammoths may have had gestation periods of 21 – 22 months , like those of modern elephants . Columbian mammoths had six sets of molars in the course of a lifetime . At 6 – 12 months the second set of molars would erupt , with the first set worn out at 18 months of age . The third set of molars lasted for ten years , and this process was repeated until the sixth set emerged at 30 years of age . When the last set of molars wore out the animal would be unable to chew , and would die of starvation .
Almost all vertebrae of the " Huntington mammoth " , a very aged specimen , were deformed by arthritic disease , and four of its lumbar vertebrae were fused ; some bones also indicate bacterial infection , such as osteomyelitis . The condition of the bones suggests the specimen died of old age and malnutrition .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Columbian mammoths inhabited the southern half of North America , ranging from the northern United States across Mexico as far south as Costa Rica . One Costa Rican specimen , a molar , was reported in 1963 but has since been lost . The environment in these areas may have had more varied habitats than those inhabited by woolly mammoths in the north ( the mammoth steppe ) . Some areas were covered by grass , herbaceous plants , trees and shrubs ; their composition varied from region to region , and included grassland , savanna and aspen parkland habitats . There were also wooded areas ; although mammoths would not have preferred forests , clearings could provide them with grass and herbs .
The Columbian mammoth shared its habitat with other now @-@ extinct Pleistocene mammals ( such as Glyptodon , Smilodon , ground sloths , Camelops and the American mastodon ) , horses and buffalos . It did not live in Arctic Canada , which was inhabited by woolly mammoths . Fossils of woolly and Columbian mammoths have been found in the same place in a few areas of North America where their ranges overlapped , including the Hot Springs Site . It is unknown whether the two species were sympatric and lived there simultaneously , or if the woolly mammoths entered southern areas when Columbian mammoth populations were absent . The Columbian mammoth coexisted with the other extinct proboscideans Stegomastodon mirificus and Cuvieronius tropicus at sites in Texas and New Mexico during the early Irvingtonian .
= = Relationship with humans = =
Humans entered the Americas through Beringia , and evidence documents their interactions with Columbian mammoths . Tools made from Columbian mammoth remains have been discovered in several North American sites . At Tocuila , Mexico , mammoth bones were quarried 13 @,@ 000 years ago to produce lithic flakes and cores . At the Lange @-@ Ferguson Site in South Dakota , the remains of two mammoths were found with two 12 @,@ 800 @-@ year @-@ old cleaver choppers made from a mammoth shoulder blade ; the choppers had been used to butcher the mammoths . At the same site , a flake knife made from a long mammoth bone was also found wedged against mammoth vertebrae . At Murray Springs , archaeologists discovered a 13 @,@ 100 @-@ year @-@ old object made from a mammoth femur ; the object is thought to be a shaft wrench , a tool for straightening wood and bone to make spear @-@ shafts ( the Inuit use similar tools ) .
The earliest suggested evidence of Columbian mammoth @-@ butchering in America ( from Lovewell , Kansas ) dates from 18 @,@ 000 to 21 @,@ 000 years ago . Paleo @-@ Indians of the Clovis culture , which arose 7 @,@ 000 years later , may have been the first humans to hunt mammoths extensively . These people are thought to have hunted Columbian mammoths with Clovis pointed spears which were thrown or thrust . Although Clovis points have been found with Columbian mammoth remains at several sites , archaeologists disagree about whether the finds represent hunting , scavenging dead mammoths , or are coincidental . A female mammoth at the Naco @-@ Mammoth Kill Site in Arizona , found with eight Clovis points near its skull , shoulder blade , ribs and other bones , is considered the most convincing evidence for hunting . In modern experiments , replica spears have been able to penetrate the rib cages of African elephants with re @-@ use causing little damage to the points .
Other sites show more circumstantial evidence of mammoth hunting , such as piled bones bearing butcher marks . Some of these sites are not closely associated with Clovis points . The Lehner Mammoth @-@ Kill Site and the Dent Site , where multiple juvenile and adult mammoths have been found with butcher marks and in association with Clovis points , were once interpreted as the killing of entire herds by Clovis hunters . However , isotope studies have shown that the accumulations represent individual deaths at different seasons of the year , and therefore not herds killed in single incidents . Many other such assemblages of bones with butcher marks may also represent accumulations over time , and are therefore ambiguous as evidence for large scale hunting .
Petroglyphs in the Colorado Plateau depict either Columbian mammoths or mastodons . A 13 @,@ 000 @-@ year @-@ old bone fragment from Vero Beach , Florida , the earliest example of art in the Americas , is engraved with either a mammoth or a mastodon . 11 @,@ 000 – 13 @,@ 000 @-@ year @-@ old petroglyphs from the San Juan River in Utah are thought to include depictions of two Columbian mammoths ; the mammoths ' domed heads distinguish them from mastodons . They are also shown with two " fingers " on their trunks , a feature known from European depictions of mammoths . The tusks are short , which may indicate they are meant to be females . A carving of a bison ( possibly the extinct Bison antiquus ) is superimposed on one of the mammoth carvings and may be a later addition . Other possible depictions of Columbian mammoths have been shown to be either misinterpretations or fraudulent .
The Columbian mammoth is the state fossil of Washington and South Carolina . Nebraska 's state fossil is " Archie " , a Columbian mammoth specimen found in the state in 1922 . " Archie " is currently on display at Elephant Hall in Lincoln , Nebraska , and is the largest mounted mammoth specimen in the United States .
= = Extinction = =
Columbian and woolly mammoths both disappeared during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene , alongside most of the Pleistocene megafauna . The most recent Columbian mammoth remains have been dated to around 11 @,@ 500 years ago . This extinction formed part of the Quaternary extinction event , which began 40 @,@ 000 years ago and peaked between 14 @,@ 000 and 11 @,@ 500 years ago . Scientists do not know whether these extinctions happened abruptly or were drawn out . During this period , 40 mammal species disappeared from North America , almost all of which weighed over 40 kg ( 88 lb ) ; the extinction of the mammoths cannot be explained in isolation .
Scientists are divided over whether climate change , hunting , or a combination of the two , drove the extinction of the Columbian mammoths . According to the climate change hypothesis , warmer weather led to the shrinking of suitable habitat for Columbian mammoths , which turned from parkland to forest , grassland and semi @-@ desert , with less diverse vegetation . The overkill hypothesis , on the other hand , attributes the extinction to hunting by humans . This idea was first proposed by Paul S. Martin in 1967 ; more recent research on this subject have varied in their conclusions . A 2002 study concluded that the archaeological record did not support the overkill hypothesis , given that only 14 Clovis sites ( 12 with mammoth remains and two with mastodon remains ) out of 76 examined provided strong evidence of hunting . In contrast , a 2007 study found that the Clovis record indicated the highest frequency of prehistoric exploitation of proboscideans for subsistence in the world , and supported the overkill hypothesis . Whatever the actual cause of extinction , large mammals are generally more vulnerable than smaller ones due to their smaller population size and low reproduction rates .
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= Tejano Music Award for Female Vocalist of the Year =
The Tejano Music Award for Female Vocalist of the Year is an honor presented to female Tejano music recording artists . The Tejano Music Awards , first bestowed in 1981 , was established to recognize the most talented performers of the genre — a subcategory of regional Mexican music , with roots in the music of early European settlers in Texas . The awards are presented by the Texas Talent Musicians Association ( TTMA ) , to " promote excellence in the Tejano music industry " using the popular vote method to select the winner of the female vocalist of the year . Historically , female musicians fared less favorably in the male @-@ dominated genre and were seen as inferior to their male counterparts . The award was established by Rick Trevino , a male Tejano performer , who founded the Awards in 1981 .
The award was first presented to American singer Lisa Lopez . Laura Canales won the award five nonconsecutive times , and is considered Tejano music 's first leading lady before the genre 's golden age in the 1990s . Selena holds the record for most wins , winning 11 of her 12 nominations . The singer has been called the Queen of Tejano music , and is credited with catapulting the genre into the mainstream market . Following her death in March 1995 , the genre suffered and its popularity waned . In 1998 Shelly Lares won for the first time since she was initially nominated in 1986 . She holds the record for most nominations at 28 . The following year Jennifer Peña won the award ; the first time the award was won by two different participants since 1982 . The current award holder is Elida Reyna who shares the record with Selena for most consecutive wins - nine .
= = Background and nomination process = =
Tejano music is a blend of polka , jazz , rhythm and blues , and country music , with influences of American pop music . Early European settlers introduced the accordion and bajo sexto , one of the major musical components used in the genre , to the state of Texas . Tejano music has since been urbanized with the introduction of keyboards and synthesizers . Historically , female musicians were seen as inferior and less successful commercially than their male counterparts , and were often turned down by music concert organizers who wanted sellouts . The female vocalist category was introduced at the first awards ceremony which was pioneered by Rick Trevino , a male Tejano musician , in 1981 .
Nominees were originally selected by a voting poll conducted by program directors and disc jockeys at Spanish @-@ language radio stations in Texas . Winners were previously chosen by Tejano radio station KIWW listeners in the 1980s , and later by fans of Tejano musicians in the Southwest of the United States . Currently , winners are selected through a survey of 50 @,@ 000 Texas households with Hispanic surnames , though anyone with Internet access is eligible to vote on the official website page .
By 1987 , the awards ceremony was broadcast by 32 radio stations and 25 local television channels in Texas , New Mexico , Arkansas , Oklahoma , and Louisiana . The awards ceremony was originally held at the Henry B. Gonzalez Convention Center , then at the San Antonio Convention Center until 1994 , and the Alamodome until 1999 . As of 2015 , the ceremony is held annually at the Tobin Center for the Performing Arts in San Antonio , Texas .
= = Recipients = =
The award was first presented to American singer Lisa Lopez , who had a US Billboard Regional Mexican Airplay number one single with " Si Quieres Verme Llorar " ( 1982 ) . Lopez ' core audience was Mexicans , and she became the first female Tejano singer to appear on the Billboard Top Latin Albums chart in October 1986 . Laura Canales , who popularized grupos in the 1970s , won the award five nonconsecutive times . She was considered Tejano music 's first leading lady before the genre 's golden age in the 1990s . At the sixth Tejano Music Awards ( 1986 ) , Female Vocalist of the Year nominees included newcomers Shelly Lares and Selena who were up against veteran winner Canales . Selena won the award and won again at the seventh Tejano Music Awards in 1987 ; Canales won the honor in 1988 . Beginning in 1989 , Selena won the award for seven consecutive years .
At the 10th Tejano Music Awards ( 1990 ) , the nomination pool increased to include newcomers Cathy Chavez , Jean Le Grand , Agnes Torres , and veteran performers Selena , Lares , Elsa Garcia , and Canales . From the 11th ( 1991 ) and 12th Tejano Music Awards ( 1992 ) , the nominees remained the same with Selena , Lares , and Canales . The 13th Tejano Music Awards nominees included newcomer Esmeralda along with Selena and Lares . At the 14th Tejano Music Awards , Elsa Garcia was nominated for the first time in four years . Selena twice won the award posthumously after her shooting death in March 1995 . She was called the Queen of Tejano music and was credited with catapulting the genre into the mainstream U.S. market . Following the singer 's death , Tejano music 's popularity faded and has never recovered . At the 16th Tejano Music Awards ( 1998 ) , Shelly Lares won the honor for the first time since she was nominated in 1986 . Among the nominees for the 16th annual ceremony was newcomer Jennifer Peña , who was pegged as " the next Selena " , and Elida Reyna who was first nominated in 1996 . Peña was awarded the honor in 1999 , 2001 , and 2003 before retiring from the music industry .
In 2000 , Elida Reyna took home the award . At the 22nd Tejano Music Awards , Lares won out over Reyna and Peña . For the 24th Tejano Music Awards nominees Kacy Zavala and Megan Leyva were up against veterans Reyna and Lares , with the former winning the title . The nomination pool increased for the 25th Tejano Music Awards with nominees including newcomers Delia Gonzáles , Julia Pizano , Linna Martínez , Machy De La Garza , Michelle , Stefani Montiel , and Yvette , while Kacy Zavala and Megan Leyva were up against veterans Reyna and Lares who won the award . Lares continued to win the award with her last win at the 26th Tejano Music Awards , when she was up against Montiel , Reyna , and newcomers Tracy Perez and Rebecca Valadez . Beginning in 2007 , Reyna dominated the award and remains the title holder as of 2015 .
= = = General = = =
= = = Specific = = =
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= The Girl of the Northern Woods =
The Girl of the Northern Woods is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film is a drama that follows Lucy Dane and Will Harding and a jealous halfbreed trapper named José . Considering Will his rival , José attempts to ambush Will , but instead shoots Will 's assistant . José then blames Will for the deed and Will is bound by a lynch mob and set to be executed . Lucy frees Will and sends the lynch mob away , but José encounters Will and the two fight . José is wounded and falls over a cliff , but Will is recaptured by the mob . From the bottom of the cliff , José calls out for help and Lucy responds to him . José confesses his crime to Lucy and she rushes to Will and prevents his execution . The film was directed by Barry O 'Neil and was released on June 3 , 1910 . An incomplete print of the film survives in the Library of Congress after its rediscovery in 1978 as part of the Dawson City Collection .
= = Plot = =
The original synopsis of the film was published in the The Moving Picture World , it states : " This picture tells the story of Lucy Dane , a Canadian lumberman 's daughter , and of Will Harding 's love for her . Will is a worthy young surveyor and Lucy feels honored to have his love , and returns it . José , halfbreed trapper , adores Lucy and necessarily dislikes Will , whom he correctly counts his successful rival . More , he bears Will a grudge for responding to Lucy 's cries for help when he forced his attentions on her in the lonely neck of the woods . His chance to even matters with Will come shortly when he fastens on the surveyor 's responsibility for the shooting of the latter 's assistant , of which the halfbreed is himself guilty , having shot the assistant from ambush in mistake for Will . José claims he witnessed Will 's alleged deed and his falsehoods are believed by the lumbermen . Rarely are the courts resorted to in that portion of the North where these events transpired and the rough lumbermen quickly decide to lynch Will . Lucy hears of the fate intended for her sweetheart and cuts his bonds . Further , she sends the lumbermen off in the wrong direction when they set out to recapture Will . The fugitive is spied by the halfbreed , who steals up from behind and attempts to knife him . The surveyor turns just in time , and in the ensuing struggle the halfbreed is wounded and falls over a precipice . At this juncture Will is retaken by the lumbermen . "
" They are leading him to his execution , when the faithful Lucy encounters her sweetheart and whispers : ' Ask for a drink at the brook ! ' Will follows her suggestion , and on stooping to drink finds a revolver which Lucy has placed there for his use . But he is overpowered when he attempts to use the gun and despite Lucy 's effort seems doomed to die . José , the guilty halfbreed , dying at the bottom of the precipice , calls for help . His cries are heard by Lucy , who responds and finds José expiring and repentant . He wishes to clear his conscious before facing his Maker and tells Lucy that he shot Will 's assistant . He puts his confession in writing and , relieved , passes peacefully away . In the meantime the lumbermen have completed the preparations that will make an innocent man pay the penalty of another man 's crime . Already the noose is about Will 's neck and a death prayer on his lips and then , in the nick of time , Lucy arrives with the precious confession , and Will gathers his faithful sweetheart to him in the tenderest scene that has ever closed a thrilling picture . "
= = Cast = =
Anna Rosemond as Lucy Dane
Frank H. Crane as Will Harding
= = Production = =
The film was directed by Barry O 'Neil , the stage name of Thomas J. McCarthy , who would direct many important Thanhouser pictures , including its first two @-@ reeler , Romeo and Juliet . The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it is presumably Lloyd Lonergan . Lonergan was an experienced newspaperman still employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . He was the most important script writer for Thanhouser , averaging 200 scripts a year from 1910 to 1915 . Edwin Thanhouser would later recall that this production featured a minor part of a woodsman who ended up ruining the scene through excessive smoking . He described the young actor trying to focus attention on himself by smoking " like the consolidation of seven chimneys " , but ended up obscuring the action of the scene . The two known credits in the film are for the leading players , Anna Rosemond and Frank H. Crane . Rosemond was one of two leading ladies for the first year of the company . Crane was also involved in the very beginnings of the Thanhouser Company and acted in numerous productions before becoming a director at Thanhouser .
According to an article in the New Rochelle Pioneer the film was produced in New Rochelle and according to a news release the film was shot in the mountains during real blizzard weather . Bowers believes this film was shot during the winter and kept for its later June release . The winter of 1909 through 1910 contained two notable snow events that might have possibly been used in the production . A major snow storm from December 25 to December 26 , 1909 , would make its way through New York City with snow total of about 10 inches and wind gusts up to 58 mph . A second major snow event occurred three weeks later , on January 14 through 15 , 1910 , with New York City getting 15 inches of snow . Another lesser snow event , deemed a blizzard in the press , was recorded in early February .
= = Release and reception = =
The one reel drama , approximately 935 feet , was released on June 3 , 1910 . The film was originally set to be the first release distributed through the Motion Picture Distribution and Sales Company , but a dispute with Carl Laemmle pushed the date back more than a month . The film was reviewed positively in the The Moving Picture World for the real snow and weather and for being a high @-@ class drama . A shorter modern synopsis from the incomplete surviving print from the Library of Congress indicates that the film is lost after the halfbreed falls from the precipice . The film was released nationwide and theater advertisements for the film are known in Kansas , Indiana , Oklahoma , Pennsylvania , and Arizona .
The survival and rediscovery of this film was by happenstance in the Canadian gold rush town of Dawson City , in Yukon , Canada . Beginning in 1903 , the Dawson Amateur Athletic Association began showing films and the unreturned films were deposited in the Canadian Bank of Commerce and stored in the Carnegie library 's basement . The Dawson Amateur Athletic Association later converted a pool to an ice rink , but because of improper conversion the ice rink suffered from uneven temperatures in the middle of the rink . In 1929 , Clifford Thomson , then @-@ employed by the Canadian Bank of Commerce and also treasurer of the hockey association , solved the problem of the library 's stock of film and the inadequate ice rink . Thomson took 500 @,@ 000 feet of film and stacked the reels in the pool , covered the reels with boards and leveled the rink with a layer of earth . Dawson Amateur Athletic Association continued to receive new nitrate films which would later fuel the destruction of the entire complex in a fire in 1951 . The films stored under the ice rink were preserved and uncovered in 1978 when a new recreation center was being built . The Dawson City Collection films were collected and preserved , with these prints becoming the last surviving records of these studios . The surviving and incomplete print of The Girl of the Northern Woods was one of the films recovered at Dawson City .
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= Elizabeth David bibliography =
Elizabeth David , the British cookery writer , published eight books in the 34 years between 1950 and 1984 ; the last was issued eight years before her death . After David 's death , her literary executor , Jill Norman , supervised the publication of five more books , drawing on David 's unpublished manuscripts and research and on her published writings for books and magazines .
David 's first five books , particularly the earlier works , contained recipes interspersed with literary quotation and descriptions of people and places that inspired her . By the time of her third book , Italian Food , David had begun to add sections about the history of the cuisine and the particular dishes that she wrote about . Her interest in the history of cooking led her in her later years to research the history of spices , baking , and ice .
Many of the recipes in David 's early books were revised versions of her articles previously published in magazines and newspapers , and in An Omelette and a Glass of Wine ( 1984 ) she collected her favourites among her articles and presented them unedited with her afterthoughts appended . A second volume of reprinted articles was published after her death . David 's biographer , Artemis Cooper , wrote , " She was hailed not only as Britain 's foremost writer on food and cookery , but as the woman who had transformed the eating habits of middle @-@ class England . "
= = Background = =
David 's interest in cooking was sparked by a 21st birthday gift from her mother of The Gentle Art of Cookery by Hilda Leyel , her first cookery book . She later wrote , " I wonder if I would have ever learned to cook at all if I had been given a routine Mrs Beeton to learn from , instead of the romantic Mrs Leyel with her rather wild , imagination @-@ catching recipes . "
In 1938 , David and a boyfriend travelled through France to Antibes , where she met and became greatly influenced by the ageing writer Norman Douglas , about whom she later wrote extensively . He inspired her love of the Mediterranean , encouraged her interest in good food , and taught her to " search out the best , insist on it , and reject all that was bogus and second @-@ rate . " She continued her exploration of Mediterranean food and the use of fresh , local ingredients in Greece in 1940 . When the Germans invaded Greece in April 1941 , she fled to Egypt . There , she and her employer engaged a Greek cook who , she wrote , produced magnificent food : " The flavour of that octopus stew , the rich wine dark sauce and the aroma of mountain herbs was something not easily forgotten . " In 1942 , she moved to Cairo , where she was asked to set up and run the Ministry of Information 's reference library . The library was open to everyone and was much in demand by journalists and other writers . She employed a Sudanese suffragi ( a cook @-@ housekeeper ) of whom she recalled :
Suleiman performed minor miracles with two Primus stoves and an oven which was little more than a tin box perched on top of them . His soufflés were never less than successful . … For three or four years I lived mainly on rather rough but highly flavoured colourful shining vegetable dishes , lentil or fresh tomato soups , delicious spiced pilaffs , lamb kebabs grilled over charcoal , salads with cool mint @-@ flavoured yoghurt dressings , the Egyptian fellahin dish of black beans with olive oil and lemon and hard @-@ boiled eggs – these things were not only attractive but also cheap . "
Returning to England after the Second World War and her years of access to superior cooking and a profusion of fresh ingredients , David encountered terrible food : " There was flour and water soup seasoned solely with pepper ; bread and gristle rissoles ; dehydrated onions and carrots ; corned beef toad in the hole . I need not go on . " Partly to earn some money , and partly from an " agonized craving for the sun " , David began writing articles on Mediterranean cookery . Her first efforts were published in 1949 in the British magazine Harper 's Bazaar . From the outset , David refused to sell the copyright of her articles , and so she was able to collect and edit them for publication in book form . Even before all the articles had been published , she had assembled them into a typescript volume called A Book of Mediterranean Food .
The success of David 's books put her in great demand by magazine editors . Among the publications for whom she regularly wrote for some period were Vogue magazine , The Sunday Times and The Spectator .
= = Mediterranean Food ( 1950 ) = =
David 's first book , A Book of Mediterranean Food , frequently referred to by the abbreviated title of Mediterranean Food , was published by John Lehmann in 1950 , only a year after David 's first articles had started appearing in British periodicals . The original typescript of the book consisted almost entirely of reused versions of her recent articles . It was submitted to and turned down by a series of publishers , one of whom told her that it needed something more than just the bare recipes . David took note , and wrote some linking text , interspersing her own brief prose with relevant excerpts from a wide range of authors known for their writings about the Mediterranean . They included Norman Douglas , Lawrence Durrell , Gertrude Stein , D. H. Lawrence , Osbert Sitwell , Compton Mackenzie , Arnold Bennett , Henry James and Théophile Gautier .
Lehmann accepted the work for publication , and gave David an advance of £ 100 . He commissioned a dust @-@ jacket painting and black and white illustrations from the artist John Minton . Writers including Cyril Ray and John Arlott commented that Minton 's drawings added to the attractions of the book . David thought good illustration important . Although she did not like Minton 's black and white drawings , she described his jacket design ( right ) as " stunning " . She was especially taken with " his beautiful Mediterranean bay , his tables spread with white cloths and bright fruit " and the way that " pitchers and jugs and bottles of wine could be seen far down the street . "
The book appeared when food rationing imposed during the Second World War remained fully in force in Britain . As David later put it , " almost every essential ingredient of good cooking was either rationed or unobtainable . " She therefore adapted some of the recipes she had learned during in the years when she lived in Mediterranean countries , " to make up for lack of flavour which should have been supplied by meat or stock or butter . " The Times Literary Supplement observed , " while one might hesitate to attempt ' Lobster à la Enfant Prodigue ' ( with champagne , garlic , basil , lemon , chervil , mushrooms and truffles ) , the resourceful cook with time to explore London 's more individual shops , and money , should not often be nonplussed . " The Observer commented that the book deserved " to become the familiar companion of all who seek uninhibited excitement in the kitchen . "
The chapters of Mediterranean Food dealt with : soups ; eggs and luncheon dishes ; fish ; meat ; substantial dishes ; poultry and game ; vegetables ; cold food and salads ; sweets ; jams , chutneys and preserves ; and sauces . The book was reprinted in 1951 ; an American edition was published by Horizon Press in 1952 ; and a paperback edition was published by Penguin Books in 1955 . In 1956 , David revised the work , which was published by Penguin . Translations have been published in Danish and Chinese . In 2009 , the Folio Society published an edition with an introduction by Julian Barnes and colour illustrations by Sophie MacCarthy together with Minton 's original black and white illustrations .
= = French Country Cooking ( 1951 ) = =
In this book , David acknowledged her debt to books published in French , by Edmond Richardin , Austin De Croze , Marthe Daudet ( 1878 @-@ 1960 ) known as Pampille , and J. B. Reboul . French Country Cooking drew less on David 's magazine articles than its predecessor , although one of her best known and most influential chapters , " Wine in the kitchen " , was reprinted from an article written for a wine merchant .
The main text of the book begins with " Batterie de cuisine " , a serious and thorough examination of the equipment that David thought necessary in a good kitchen . Many of the items she mentioned were not widely available in England in the 1950s , such as moulinettes for puréeing , mandolines for slicing vegetables , hâchoires ( or mezzalunas ) for chopping . The second section of the book is " Wine in the kitchen " , which opens :
Nobody has ever been able to find out why the English regard a glass of wine added to a soup or stew as a reckless and foreign extravagance and at the same time spend pounds on bottled sauces , gravy powders , soup cubes , ketchups and artificial flavourings . If every kitchen contained a bottle each of red wine , white wine and inexpensive port for cooking , hundreds of store cupboards could be swept clean for ever of the cluttering debris of commercial sauce bottles and all synthetic aids to flavouring .
The remaining chapters of the book follow the pattern of Mediterranean Food : soups ; fish ; eggs ; luncheon , supper and family dishes ; meat ; poultry ; game ; vegetables ; salads ; sweets ; sauces ; and preserves .
The Manchester Guardian classified the book as more ornamental than useful , a book to make " good reading " rather than " good cooks " . Its reviewer , Lucie Marion , took issue with many of David 's recipes : " I cannot think that Mrs. David has actually tried to make many of the dishes for which she gives recipes . " The Observer , by contrast , considered French Country Cooking " of outstanding merit . The book is eminently practical … its directions are so lucid that the reader might be receiving a concrete demonstration . "
As with Mediterranean Food , a second edition was soon called for . By 1956 , the book had been reprinted six times in the UK and published in the US . In 1958 , David responded to the improved availability in Britain of good ingredients by revising the work , eliminating sections on specialist suppliers , to whom by 1958 it was no longer necessary to resort . In the second edition David also applied second thoughts , eliminating " a few of the longer and more elaborate recipes " .
= = Italian Food ( 1954 ) = =
David 's third book differed from its predecessors in that it drew little from anything she had already written . She spent many months in Italy researching it before starting work on the typescript . While she was away , the firm of her publisher , John Lehman , was closed down by its principal shareholder , and she found herself under contract to the far less congenial company , Macdonald .
While in Venice during her culinary tour of Italy , David met the artist Renato Guttuso . They struck up a friendship , and he agreed to illustrate her book , which he did , despite the very small fee offered by David 's publisher . With two successful books already published , David felt less in need of extracts from earlier writers to bolster her own prose . The Times Literary Supplement said , " More than a collection of recipes , this is book is in effect a readable and discerning dissertation on Italian food and regional dishes , and their preparation in the English kitchen . The text is divided into kinds of food , with chapters on rice , pasta and Italian wines . " In The Observer , Freya Stark wrote , " Mrs. David … may be counted among the benefactors of humanity . " In The Sunday Times , Evelyn Waugh named Italian Food as one of the two books that had given him the most pleasure in that year . In 2009 , Sir Terence Conran called it " the very best book about Italian food that has ever been published here " .
Italian Food begins with a chapter on " The Italian store cupboard " , giving British cooks , who at that time were generally unacquainted with most of Italy 's cuisine and methods , an insight into Italian herbs , spices , tinned , bottled or dried staples including anchovies , tuna , funghi , prosciutto , and chickpeas , and Italian essentials such as garlic and olive oil , both seldom seen in Britain in the early 1950s . The rest of the book follows the basic pattern of the earlier works , with chapters on soups , fish , meat , vegetables and sweets , with the addition of extra subjects relevant to Italian food , pasta asciuta , ravioli and gnocchi , rice , and Italian wine . In a description of the 2009 edition , the publisher wrote :
Even in the 1963 edition Elizabeth David felt the need to explain that a courgette was " a tiny marrow " and lamented the difficulty of finding basil and pine nuts . Yet she refused to participate in what she called the " censorship " of assuming English cooks were too timid or stupid to try anything different ; she included recipes for wood pigeon and squid @-@ ink pasta alongside aromatic marinades , wholesome soups and delicious breads . … [ British ] supermarket aisles were not always filled with packets of fresh herbs , dried porcini and regional olive oils . Elizabeth David was among those responsible for the change , because she inspired a generation with her own curiosity and appreciation for the mouth @-@ watering variety of authentic Italian food .
The first American edition was published by Alfred A. Knopf in 1958 , after much argument between the head of the company , Alfred Knopf , and the author . Knopf wanted to drop the Guttuso illustrations and rewrite the text for an American audience ; David refused , and Knopf eventually gave way . David revised the book for its first Penguin edition in 1963 , made further minor revisions for reprints in 1969 and 1977 and revised it again , more extensively , for the 1987 edition , published in hardback by Barrie and Jenkins and , in 1989 , by Penguin in paperback . In 2009 , the Folio Society published an edition with new illustrations by Sophie MacCarthy and an introduction by Sir Terence Conran .
= = Summer Cooking ( 1955 ) = =
This , David 's fourth book , reverted to some extent to the pattern of the first two , drawing extensively on her articles previously published in magazines . She had severed her ties with the publishers Macdonalds , who had acquired the publishing rights to her first three books when her original publisher was forced out of business . Her new publisher was the Museum Press of London . The illustrations were by Adrian Daintrey .
In her introduction , David wrote :
By summer cookery I do not necessarily mean cold food ; although cold dishes are always agreeable in summer at most meals , however hot the weather , one hot dish is welcome , but it should be a light one , such as a very simply cooked sole , an omelette , a soup of the young vegetables which are in season – something fresh which provides at the same time a change , a new outlook .
Summer Cooking reflected David 's strong belief in eating food in season ; she loved " the pleasure of rediscovering each season 's vegetables " and thought it " rather dull to eat the same food all year round . " Unconstrained by the geographical agendas of her first three books , David wrote about dishes from Britain , India , Mauritius , Russia , Spain and Turkey , as well as France , Italy and Greece . Reviewing the first edition , The Observer said :
Men who pretend to know about it can be more pretentiously precious over cooking than almost anything else . Thank heavens that the women are at last beginning to put them right . The latest blow at food in fancy dress and out of season ( a male weakness from Apicius to Escoffier ) is Elizabeth David 's forthright Summer Cooking . … For her food has more to do with the seasons , the sea and the countryside than with tin and deep freeze , and cooking concerns saucepan , fire and flavour rather than pretty picture colour patterns . The book is a tonic whether you dabble nervously in the kitchen or have " views " on cooking .
In addition to those subjects like soups , fish and meat common to all her books to date , David included chapters about hors d 'oeuvre and salads , preserves , buffet food , and " Improvised cooking for holidays " . Among her recipes are asparagus with Parmesan cheese , cold roast duck on a bed of fresh mint , paupiettes of sole in lettuce leaves , broad beans with bacon , and aubergines à la Provençale .
David revised the book for a second edition , published in the UK and the U.S. by Penguin Books . Translations were published in Italian in 1975 and Danish in 1980 . David further revised and enlarged the book for a third edition , published by Penguin in 1987 . In 2009 the Folio Society published an edition with new illustrations by Sophie MacCarthy and an introduction by Rose Prince .
= = French Provincial Cooking ( 1960 ) = =
The fifth , and last , of David 's volumes consisting primarily of recipes is by far the longest of all her books . The 1970 paperback edition published by Penguin Books runs to 584 pages . David 's biographer Artemis Cooper describes it as " a book that only needed assembling " , because it was based on previously published articles and her own collection of notes and recipes from the previous two decades . David researched her recipes thoroughly , and whenever several supposedly classic and mutually contradictory recipes existed she " knew how to reduce a recipe to its bare essentials , and then reconstruct it " . By the 1960s , she was described in the British press as " the most revered goddess of cooking " , and The Observer said , " It is difficult to think of any home that can do without Elizabeth David 's French Provincial Cooking .
The layout of the book follows that of the earlier volumes , with the recipes grouped by subject . Each chapter has its own introductory essay , up to four pages in length , and within each chapter sub @-@ sections also have their own preliminary essays ; for instance , the chapter on meat has a two @-@ page opening essay , with individual essays on beef , lamb , pork and veal before the recipes for each .
The Folio Society , which published a new edition of the book in 2008 , wrote , " French Provincial Cooking is considered to be the crowning achievement of Elizabeth David 's career , incorporating exquisite recipes from great chefs alongside those gathered from local cooks and one of the finest bibliographies of good cookery books ever compiled . " The bibliography runs to 16 pages , and ranges from 18th @-@ century French cookery books beginning with Le Ménage des champs et le jardinier français ( 1711 ) and ending with modern works by Simone Beck , Louisette Bertholle and Julia Child , and Jane Grigson .
A typical example of David 's approach in this book is her section on pot au feu , which covers six pages , with sub @-@ sections on the choice of meat , the vegetables , the saucepan , quantities , preparation , cooking , serving , using leftovers , and regional variations of the dish .
The Times Literary Supplement commented , " French Provincial Cooking needs to be read rather than referred to quickly . It discourses at some length the type and origin of the dishes popular in various French regions , as well as the culinary terms , herbs and kitchen equipment used in France . But those who can give the extra time to this book will be well repaid by dishes such as La Bourride de Charles Bérot and Cassoulet Colombié , " ( respectively , a Provençal dish of fillets of white fish in an aïoli and cream sauce , and a Languedoc casserole of beans with pork , mutton , sausage and goose . ) Reviewing the 1977 edition , The Times called it " arguably the most influential cookery book of our age , one which brought food writing into the realms of literature . "
The first edition , illustrated by Juliet Renny , was published by Michael Joseph , with a simultaneous paperback issue by Penguin Books . The first American edition was published by Harper and Row in 1962 . A revised edition was published by Michael Joseph in 1965 and by Penguin in 1967 . Further reprints with minor revisions followed in 1969 , 1970 , 1977 , 1981 , 1984 , 1986 and 1997 . A new edition was published by Penguin in 1998 ( London ) and 1999 ( New York ) . A Portuguese translation Cozinha francesa regional was published in 2000 . The Folio Society issued a new edition in 2008 , with illustrations by Sophie MacCarthy in addition to the originals by Renny .
= = Spices , Salt and Aromatics in the English Kitchen ( 1970 ) = =
The book is in two parts . David wrote the first four chapters , " Spices and Condiments , " " Aromatic Herbs , Dried or Fresh , " " More Flavourings " and " Measurements and Temperatures " specifically for the book , drawing on an earlier pamphlet , Dried Herbs , Aromatics and Condiments , written in 1967 for sale in her kitchen shop . In these chapters , David writes about the background of the herbs and spices and condiments that came into use in British kitchens over the previous centuries , and sketches the history of their adoption from Asia and continental Europe . The Times Literary Supplement called this part of the book " as difficult to put down as a good thriller . "
In the longer second part of the book , David gives recipes for such dishes as spiced beef , smoked fish , cured pork and sweet fruit pickles . Not all use unfamiliar spices : her " Sussex stewed steak " , adds to the beef only port , stout , vinegar or ketchup , and black pepper . The book contains " practical notes on how to make an authentic paella , cook vegetables crisp like the Chinese , and , with assistance from notes by long @-@ dead Indian colonels , how to prepare a genuinely Indian curry . "
As David remarked in this section , her approach to measuring out ingredients had changed since her early days : " By temperament a non @-@ measurer , I have myself , first through the wish to communicate recipes and now by force of habit , become the reverse . I find that the discipline of weighing and measuring does one 's cooking nothing but good , provided that one does not waste time messing about with quarter @-@ saltspoons and five @-@ eighths of pints , nor , above all , expect that precision will eliminate the necessity to keep one 's head or train one 's eye and palate . " The author does not conceal her dislike for some much @-@ used herbs : sage " deadens the food with its musty dried blood scent " and rosemary " acrid taste … the spiky little leaves get stuck between your teeth . "
The book was published as the first of a planned series for Penguin Books , " English Cooking , Ancient and Modern . " Penguin reprinted the book with revisions in 1973 , 1981 and 1987 . In 2000 Grub Street publishers issued a new edition .
= = English Bread and Yeast Cookery ( 1977 ) = =
David follows the pattern of Spices , Salt and Aromatics in the English Kitchen , devoting the first part of the book to history and the second to recipes . Reviewing the new book , Jane Grigson wrote : " Mrs. David gives the history of wheat and milling … She goes into weights and cost from the establishment in 1266 of the Assize of Bread up to present @-@ day regulations , with a separate chapter on costing your own bread vis @-@ à @-@ vis bought loaves . "
In the second part , David devotes chapters to recipes for various forms of baking . Bread comes first , followed by recipes for , among many other things , buns , yeast cakes , soda @-@ bread , brioches , croissants , pain au chocolat , and pizza . As in her earlier books , the recipes are interspersed with excerpts from earlier authors , including Fernand Braudel , Auguste Escoffier , and the painter John Constable .
In The Observer , Hilary Spurling called the book " a scathing indictment of the British bread industry " and also " a history of virtually every development since Stone Age crops and querns " . Spurling rejoiced in the range of David 's recipes : " It contains directions for baking anything from the common cob and Coburg to Peggy @-@ tub or Flowerpot bread , Sussex Plum Heavies , Scotch bun and Selkirk bannock , not forgetting splits , baps , muffins , crumpets , wiggs and chudleighs . " The Times said , " This is probably Mrs. David 's most academic work yet . However , not one ounce of the familiar charm , good sense , asperity ( reserved for modern commercial white bread ) , clarity or warmth is missing . "
The book was published by Alan Lane in hardback and Penguin Books in paperback , with reprints in 1978 and 1979 . The first American edition was published by Viking Press in 1980 , and a rewritten American edition was published by Penguin in 1982 . In 1995 , Biscuit Books of Newton , Mass. published a new American edition . A new edition was published in London by Grub Street books in 2010 .
= = An Omelette and a Glass of Wine ( 1984 ) = =
Although David had drawn on her many magazine articles for material in her earlier books , An Omelette and Glass of Wine was the first straightforward anthology of her work . Compiled with the assistance of Jill Norman , it consists of David 's selections from her essays and articles published since 1949 in publications " from the Sunday Times to Nova , from Vogue to the Spectator , from the long defunct travel magazine Go to Cyril Ray 's Compleat Imbiber , Peter Dominic 's Wine Mine and a quite a few others . " Jane Grigson wrote of it , " An Omelette and a Glass of Wine is different from any other book by Elizabeth David . Yet in a sense it includes them , holds them together . We feel closer to Mrs David herself in this book , and I suppose it is the closest we are likely to get to an autobiography "
The article from which the volume takes its title is an essay on " the almost primitive and elemental meal evoked by the words : ' Let 's just have an omelette and a glass of wine . ' " Among the other subjects are profiles of people including Norman Douglas , Marcel Boulestin , Mrs Beeton , and " A gourmet in Edwardian London " , Colonel Nathaniel Newnham @-@ Davis . Several sections are devoted to descriptions of the markets at Cavaillon , Yvetot , Montpellier , Martigues and Valence , and unpretentious restaurants and hotels in France . There are articles on lemons , potted meat , mayonnaise , pizza , syllabubs , truffles , and on the cuisines of Spain and Morocco . For most of the articles David provided either an introduction or an afternote , or both .
The Times described the book as " this serenely unhurried gathering of essays , book reviews , pamphlets , travellers ' tales and cookery articles . The food writer Alan Davidson spoke of David 's " intellectual vitality , her amazing memory for detail , her passionate interest in getting everything right , her feeling for style in the larger sense , " qualities that the chef Rowley Leigh found demonstrated in An Omelette and a Glass of Wine .
The book was published by Robert Hale . In 1985 Dorling Kindersley published an edition , and the first US edition was published by Viking , New York , in the same year . The first paperback edition was published by Penguin Books in 1986 . Translations have been published in Danish , Swedish and Dutch . The book was reprinted in 1986 , 1996 , and 1997 . In 2009 a new edition was published by Grub Street , London ; in 2010 a new US edition was issued by Lyons Press , Guilford , Conn .
= = Posthumous publications = =
David had worked with the editor Jill Norman since the 1960s , and Norman became intimately familiar with David 's writings . The success of David 's last book , in collaboration with Norman , and David 's express wishes that Norman complete some of her work in progress , led Norman to edit and publish five books of David 's work after David 's death in 1992 .
= = = Harvest of the Cold Months ( 1994 ) = = =
David had been working on this book intermittently for several years before her last illnesses . When she realised that she would not live to complete it , she asked Jill Norman to do so . It was a demanding task ; Norman found that " the book had grown without a structure … it was a collection of essays , really . " It was noticeably more academic in tone than any of its predecessors , a book for the scholar rather than the cook . Reviewing the work , Candice Rodd wrote :
Harvest of the Cold Months is not a cookery book but an awe @-@ inspiring feat of detective scholarship , the literally marvellous story of how human beings came to ingest lumps of flavoured frozen matter for pleasure . It bulges with recipes variously crude , exquisite and fantastical , but most are for wonderment rather than use . You sense the writer 's quiet triumph as she turns the musty , fragile pages of yet another ancient memoir or book of receipts and sees one more piece of the fascinating global jigsaw slip satisfyingly into place . You remember that before she was a cook she was a history student .
The book traces the history of ice in the cuisines of Europe from mediaeval times , when it had to be brought from the mountains and kept in ice houses ( " anything from a hole in the ground lined with straw to elaborate domes " ) . It was published in London by Michael Joseph and in New York by Viking . It was reprinted in 1995 and 1996 .
= = = South Wind Through the Kitchen ( 1997 ) = = =
Among the projects of David 's later years with which she worked with her editor , Jill Norman , was a single @-@ volume collection of the best of her extensive writings . When David 's health deteriorated , the project was shelved . In 1996 , Norman revived it , and invited chefs , writers and David 's friends to choose their favourite articles and recipes . Many of the contributors , such as the chef Simon Hopkinson , contributed an introduction or afterword to the pieces they chose . The extracts and recipes are taken from all David 's books published by 1996 . There are more than 200 recipes , organised in the customary way with sections on courses and ingredients – eggs and cheese , fish and shellfish , meat , poultry and game , vegetables , pasta , pulses and grains , sauces , sweet dishes and cakes , preserves , and bread – interspersed , as in David 's earlier works , with articles and essays .
The title of the book comes from an essay published in 1964 and reprinted in An Omelette and a Glass of Wine , and is a reference to South Wind , a novel by David 's greatly loved friend Norman Douglas .
The book was published by Michael Joseph . An American edition was published by North Point Press , New York , in 1998 . A Chinese translation was published in 2000 .
= = = Is There a Nutmeg in the House ? ( 2000 ) = = =
This book is a successor to An Omelette and a Glass of Wine , consisting , like its predecessor , of magazine articles , essays and other earlier writings . When selecting the material for the earlier book , David and Jill Norman , who assisted her , found too many articles to fit into a single volume , and many were filed away for a sequel . After David 's death , Norman supplemented them with articles written by David in the 1980s . The first section of the book is a short autobiographical piece , a rarity from David , who guarded her privacy carefully . David 's interest in the historical aspects of cuisine is given scope in essays on the history of Oxo and Bovril , Alexis Soyer and the potato . Articles aimed at the domestic cook include " Do not Despair over Rice " , " Making Ice Cream " , and one propounding a view for which she was famous : " Garlic Presses are Utterly Useless " .
The book was published in hardback by Michael Joseph , and in paperback by Penguin , in 2001 . An American edition was published by Viking in 2001 .
= = = Elizabeth David 's Christmas ( 2003 ) = = =
David and her editor Jill Norman had discussed such a book as early as the 1970s , but work on other projects precluded it . After David 's death , Norman found when sorting out her papers that David had written and compiled far more material on a Christmas theme than anyone else had realised . Among the papers was an introduction that David had written for the projected volume , in which she said that one of her motives for writing a book about Christmas cooking was to head off the annual last @-@ minute requests for recipes from her friends and relations . Those she had found most frequently asked for formed the core of the book . Together with some Christmas recipes from Mediterranean Food , French Provincial Cooking , and Spices , Salt and Aromatics in the English Kitchen , and revised articles published in previous years in magazines , they were turned into a 214 @-@ page book . The chapters dealt with the social and historical side of Christmas , first courses and cold meats , soups , poultry and game , meat , vegetables and salads , sauces , pickles and chutneys , and desserts , cakes and drinks .
The book reprints one of David 's most quoted sentences , first printed in Vogue in 1959 , and included in Is there a Nutmeg in the House in 2000 : " If I had my way – and I shan 't – my Christmas Day eating and drinking would consist of an omelette and cold ham and a nice bottle of wine at lunchtime , and a smoked salmon sandwich with a glass of champagne on a tray in bed in the evening . " The pattern of the book follows that of earlier ones , with recipes interspersed with more discursive essays on subjects such as avocado pears , persimmons , historical menus , and Christmas hampers , and extracts from prose by writers whom David admired , including Sybille Bedford and George Eliot .
The book was published by Michael Joseph . An American edition was published by David R. Godine , Boston , in 2008 .
= = = At Elizabeth David 's Table ( 2010 ) = = =
The book was published to mark the 60th anniversary of David 's first book . With prefatory contributions from several prominent British chefs ( Jamie Oliver , Johnny Grey , Rose Gray , Sally Clarke , Simon Hopkinson , and Hugh Fearnley @-@ Whittingstall ) it assembles recipes and essays from David 's previously published works . There are twelve chapters , including ones on soups , starters , meat , fish , desserts and baking . It was published in London by Michael Joseph and in New York by Ecco in 2010 .
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= Real and True =
" Real and True " is a song written and performed by American rapper Future , American singer Miley Cyrus , and English singer Mr Hudson . It was released as a single on November 5 , 2013 , by A1 Records , Freebandz , and Epic Records . Produced by the artists ' frequent collaborator Mike Will Made It , the song is a pop and R & B track , the lyrics of which describe an everlasting love .
" Real and True " received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who complimented its overall production and lyrical content , but felt that the vocals were over @-@ processed . Its accompanying music video premiered on November 10 , 2013 , preceding the rebroadcast of the 2013 MTV Europe Music Awards in the United States .
= = Background and composition = =
Future and Cyrus had first collaborated on the track " My Darlin ' " for Cyrus ' fourth studio album Bangerz ( 2013 ) . The lyrics of " My Darlin ' " concern the angst following a failed relationship and the simultaneous desire to reconcile . Later , Cyrus expressed interest in " Real and True " , recording her vocals for the chorus . Mr Hudson also recorded vocals for the chorus , which were incorporated with Cyrus ' singing . Future wrote the remaining verses to complement the contributions of Cyrus and Mr Hudson , though the two received credits for being co @-@ writers . The track was released on November 5 , 2013 . Future raps the first verse , which is in third @-@ person perspective , Cyrus raps the second verse and Future raps the third verse . Mr Hudson sings the chorus ( except the second time , where it is sung by Cyrus ) and Cyrus and Future join Mr Hudson on the chorus the fourth and fifth time . The song had originally leaked with an extra verse from Future , but it was cut from the final version .
" Real and True " is pop and R & B song , the lyrics of which describe an everlasting love . During the chorus , Cyrus and Mr. Hudson sing the lyrics " When the sun dies and the stars fade from view / Our love will remain real and true / Through the distance and cold depths of space / The radio sings our song / It 's a love real and true " . Carolyn Menyes from MusicTimes noted that the artists ' vocals heavily relied on Auto @-@ Tune technology , which she credited with providing a " cohesive sound throughout the track " . Future suggested that " Real and True " was lyrically inspired by his fiancée , American recording artist Ciara , commenting " it might surprise people what I 'm saying ' cause I 'm speaking on my relationship and everything I 'm going through right now and trying to capture that moment . " " Real and True " was produced by Mike Will Made It , who frequently collaborates with Cyrus and Future .
= = Critical reception = =
" Real and True " received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who complimented its overall production and lyrical content , but felt that the vocals were over @-@ processed . Erika Ramirez from Billboard felt that " Cyrus steals the spotlight with her vocal prowess " during her verse of the track , while Alex Young of Consequence of Sound commended the recording as a " feel good love song highlighted by an impressive hook " , adding that Future delivered a " delicate mix of rap and sensual croons " . Writing for Exclaim ! , Josiah Hughes enjoyed the " general feeling of love and goodness " present throughout the song . Carl Williott from Idolator complimented Mike Will Made It 's production contributions , and called the track " pretty " . Carolyn Menyes of MusicTimes commented that the track " gets its point across and is tender " despite " under @-@ utilizing " Cyrus ' vocals .
= = Music video = =
An accompanying music video for " Real and True " premiered on November 10 , 2013 , preceding the rebroadcast of the 2013 MTV Europe Music Awards in the United States . The clip begins as astronauts Future and Mr Hudson discover the corpse of another astronaut , portrayed by Cyrus . After being revived on an operating table , Cyrus ( covered in silver glitter ) and Future are shown intimately singing their respective verses to one another . Interspersed throughout the video are scenes of Mr Hudson singing the chorus . As the clip finishes , Future and Mr Hudson are shown leaving the planet where they found Cyrus on their damaged rocket .
Referencing earlier pictures from the music video prior to its official release , Edwin Ortiz stated that its theme was a " space age love story " , further opining that it shared a space @-@ themed concept with Future 's debut studio album Pluto ( 2012 ) . Zoe Shenton from the Daily Mirror provided a favorable review for the music video , commenting " clothes or no clothes , [ Cyrus ] looks and sounds incredible " . A writer for The Huffington Post thought that the " appropriately futuristic visuals " complemented the space @-@ themed lyrics in the song .
= = Charts = =
" Real and True " debuted on the South Korea Gaon Single Chart at number 189 during the week of November 3 to 9 , 2013 . In the United States , the song peaked at number 3 on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 singles chart .
= = Release history = =
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= Santa María de la Cabeza castle =
Santa María de la Cabeza castle is a colonial castle built in the seventeenth century by the Spanish monarchy in the center of the city of Cumaná , Venezuela . It was built as a replacement for the San Antonio de la Eminencia castle . Its construction was ordered by Sancho Fernando de Angulo y Sandoval , governor of the Province of Cumaná . The building was designed using the trace italienne style popular during the seventeenth century , with a proportional geometric floor design . Bastions were used as the main defensive elements . The castle housed a garrison of 250 soldiers , and was the seat of government for the Province of Cumaná .
Construction began in 1668 when Angulo y Sandoval 's predecessor , Juan de Urtarte , wrote a memorandum to the King of Spain stating that the San Antonio de la Eminencia castle was unfit for defense . Several years later ( and without proper authorization ) , Angulo y Sandoval began construction of a fortress that would be more useful for the defense of the city than the two existing fortifications . The castle underwent several renovations to repair damage caused by severe earthquakes . A 1684 quake severely damaged the castle and another in 1929 left the structure in ruins . The castle was declared a cultural and municipal asset in May 2005 .
= = Description = =
The Santa María de la Cabeza castle is a fortress built c . 1669 – 73 in the city of Cumaná on the orders of Sancho Fernando de Angulo y Sandoval , governor of the Province of Cumaná , as a replacement for the San Antonio de la Eminencia castle . It is located in the center of the city next to St. Agnes Church , about 400 metres ( 1 @,@ 300 ft ) from the San Antonio castle , on a small hill . The castle is square with bastions ( designed by Angulo y Sandoval ) at its corners . It has been described as having minor defensive capability .
The castle was built using the trace italienne style popular during the seventeenth century ; its floor has a geometric design , and bastions are the main defensive elements . However , unlike other permanent bastioned fortifications , its defensive walls were designed as two sections : the lower part of the wall is vertical ( perpendicular to the base ) and the upper part , above the string course , is inclined inwards . This design makes the fort unique in Venezuela ; in most castles , the lower portion of the walls inclines outwards at the base and the upper parts are vertical ( perpendicular to the base ) .
The primary material used to create the bricks for the castle was margosa limestone ( a type of sedimentary rock composed of limestone and clay ) . The front of the castle is oriented to the east , and there was a ditch around the entire perimeter , including between the castle and the Plaza de Armas ( Weapons Square ) . As of 2008 the building had lost its parapets and shelters , but the main defensive structures and walls have been preserved . The fort housed a garrison of 250 soldiers , and was the residence of the governor of the Province of Cumaná .
= = Origins = =
On 22 November 1668 , Don Juan de Urtarte ( governor of the province from 9 June 1668 to 26 July 1669 ) wrote a memorandum to the King of Spain stating that Fort Santiago was unfit for defense because of its round shape and its mud and stone construction . Several years later , Governor Don Sancho Fernando de Angulo y Sandoval began — without authorization from the war council — construction of a new fortress with the rationale that the San Antonio de la Eminencia castle did not meet the city 's defensive requirements , as it is located on a hilltop far from the city and the coast . The governor claimed that the castle also lacked a suitable water supply and accommodation for soldiers , and thus was unable to resist prolonged sieges .
Unlike his predecessor Urtarte , who requested financing to supply and improve San Antonio , Angulo y Sandoval decided to build a new castle , one better able to defend the city than the two existing fortifications . The resulting fortress was called Santa María de la Cabeza ; the governor then requested that the two older structures be demolished .
= = History = =
On 4 May 1684 an earthquake devastated the city , severely damaging the Santa María castle . A road linking the Santa María de la Cabeza and San Antonio de la Eminencia castles was mentioned by Agustín Crame in a 1777 proposal for the defense of the city . Crame opposed the idea , but stated that if a road were built it should be a gravel one . The Santa María de la Cabeza castle was partially destroyed in a powerful earthquake felt throughout the state in 1797 .
After an earthquake in 1853 , the reliquary enclosing an image of Nuestra Señora del Carmen ( Our Lady of Mount Carmel ) , originally situated at the Mount Carmel chapel , was moved to the Santa María de la Cabeza castle , where Santos Berrizbeitia built a new chapel in 1912 to protect the image ; it was later moved to St. Agnes Church . The ditch was filled in for construction of the Mount Carmel chapel and the deteriorated parapets were demolished . The original slopes and terraces present on Diaz Fajardo 's 1737 map were probably also buried in the process . The chapel in the castle was the final resting place for Berrizbeitia ; his remains , originally interred at Holy Trinity Cemetery ( which he had built ) , were exhumed and moved five years after his death .
Between the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries , Cumaná experienced an increase in population . The areas around the castles and the Manzanares River became densely populated . New buildings were constructed that were attached to the castle walls , completely closing off the perimeter and making direct access impossible . Another earthquake in 1929 left the structure in ruins and rendered it unusable . The offices of the seat of government for the Province of Cumaná were moved elsewhere and the building was abandoned . The castle was declared a Cultural and Municipal Asset in May 2005 by the state Cultural Assets Institute .
= = Gallery = =
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= Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park =
Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park is a United States National Park located in western Colorado and managed by the National Park Service . There are three entrances to the park . The south rim entrance is located 15 miles ( 24 km ) east of Montrose , while the north rim entrance is 11 miles ( 18 km ) south of Crawford and is closed in the winter . The park contains 12 miles ( 19 km ) of the 48 @-@ mile ( 77 km ) long canyon of the Gunnison River . The national park itself contains the deepest and most dramatic section of the canyon , but the canyon continues upstream into Curecanti National Recreation Area and downstream into Gunnison Gorge National Conservation Area . The canyon 's name owes itself to the fact that parts of the gorge only receive 33 minutes of sunlight a day , according to Images of America : The Black Canyon of the Gunnison . In the book , author Duane Vandenbusche states , " Several canyons of the American West are longer and some are deeper , but none combines the depth , sheerness , narrowness , darkness , and dread of the Black Canyon . "
= = Geology = =
The Gunnison River drops an average of 34 feet per mile ( 6 @.@ 4 m / km ) through the entire canyon , making it the 5th steepest mountain descent in North America . By comparison , the Colorado River drops an average of 7 @.@ 5 feet per mile ( 1 @.@ 42 m / km ) through the Grand Canyon . The greatest descent of the Gunnison River occurs within the park at Chasm View dropping 240 feet per mile ( 45 m / km ) . The Black Canyon is so named due its steepness which makes it difficult for sunlight to penetrate into its depths . As a result , the canyon is often shrouded in shadow , causing the rocky walls to appear black . At its narrowest point the canyon is only 40 ft ( 12 m ) wide at the river .
The extreme steepness and depth of the Black Canyon formed as the result of several geologic processes acting together . The Gunnison River is primarily responsible for carving the canyon , though several other geologic events had to occur in order to form the canyon as it is seen today .
= = = Precambrian = = =
The Precambrian gneiss and schist that make up the majority of the steep walls of the Black Canyon formed 1 @.@ 7 billion years ago during a metamorphic period brought on by the collision of ancient volcanic island arcs with the southern end of what is present @-@ day Wyoming . The lighter @-@ colored pegmatite dikes that can be seen crosscutting the basement rocks formed later during this same period .
= = = Cretaceous - Tertiary = = =
The entire area underwent uplift during the Laramide orogeny between 70 and 40 million years ago which was also part of the Gunnison Uplift . This raised the Precambrian gneiss and schist that makes up the canyon walls . During the Tertiary from 26 to 35 million years ago large episodes of volcanism occurred in the area immediately surrounding the present day Black Canyon . The West Elk Mountains , La Sal Mountains , Henry Mountains , and Abajo Mountains all contributed to burying the area in several thousand feet of volcanic ash and debris .
The modern Gunnison River set its course 15 million years ago as the run @-@ off from the nearby La Sal and West Elk Mountains and the Sawatch Range began carving through the relatively soft volcanic deposits .
= = = Quaternary = = =
With the Gunnison River ’ s course set , a broad uplift in the area 2 to 3 million years ago caused the river to cut through the softer volcanic deposits . Eventually the river reached the Precambrian rocks of the Gunnison Uplift . Since the river was unable to change its course , it began scouring through the extremely hard metamorphic rocks of the Gunnison Uplift . The river ’ s flow was much larger than currently , with much higher levels of turbidity . As a result , the river dug down through the Precambrian gneiss and schist at the rate of 1 @-@ inch ( 25 mm ) every 100 years . The extreme hardness of the metamorphic rock along with the relative quickness with which the river carved through them created the steep walls that can be seen today .
A number of feeder canyons running into the Black Canyon slope in the wrong direction for water to flow into the canyon . It is believed that less @-@ entrenched streams in the region shifted to a more north @-@ flowing drainage pattern in response to a change in the tilt of the surrounding terrain . The west @-@ flowing Gunnison , however , was essentially trapped in the hard Precambrian rock of the Black Canyon and could not change its course .
= = History = =
The Ute Indians had known the canyon to exist for a long time before the first Europeans saw it . They referred to the river as " much rocks , big water , " and are known to have avoided the canyon out of superstition . By the time the United States declared independence in 1776 , two Spanish expeditions had passed by the canyons . In the 1800s , the numerous fur trappers searching for beaver pelts would have known of the canyon 's existence but they left no written record . The first official account of the Black Canyon was provided by Captain John Williams Gunnison in 1853 , who was leading an expedition to survey a route from Saint Louis and San Francisco . He described the country to be " the roughest , most hilly and most cut up , " he had ever seen , and skirted the canyon south towards present @-@ day Montrose . Following his death at the hands of Ute Indians later that year , the river that Captain Gunnison had called the Grand was renamed in his honor .
In 1881 , William Jackson Palmer 's Denver and Rio Grande Railroad had reached Gunnison from Denver . The line was built to provide a link to the burgeoning gold and silver mines of the San Juan mountains . The rugged terrain precluded using 4 ' 8 1 / 2 " standard rail ; Palmer decided to go with the narrower 3 ' gauge . It took over a year for Irish and Italian laborers to carve out a 15 @-@ mile roadbed from Sapinero to Cimarron , costing a staggering $ 165 @,@ 000 a mile . The last mile is said to have cost more than the entire Royal Gorge project .
On August 13 , 1882 , the first passenger train passed through the Black Canyon . The editor of the Gunnison Review @-@ Press rode in one of the observation cars ; he remarked that the canyon was " undoubtedly the largest and most rugged canon in the world traversed by the iron horse . We had often heard of the scenery of this canyon , but no one can have the faintest conception of its grandeur and magnificence until they have made a trip through it . It is a narrow gorge with walls of granite rising in some places to a height of thousands of feet … Throughout its entire length there is probably not a quarter of a mile of straight track on it . It is a serpentine road in every respect and the curves are frequent and sharp . In hundreds of places the walls of granite are perpendicular and in many places the road bed is blasted out in the side of the walls of rock which overhang the track . " He went on to proclaim , " Another such a feat of railroad engineering probably can not be found in the world , and there is probably no section of Colorado or of the whole country where such a varied and interesting lot of scenery can be found . "
In the hopes of running the railroad through the rest of the Black Canyon , Palmer sent his top engineer Bryan Bryant on an inner canyon exploration . Bryant set off with a 12 @-@ man crew in December 1882 expecting to complete the survey in 20 days ; he returned in 68 . " Eight of the twelve @-@ man crew left after a few days , terrified of the task in front of them . What the rest of the men saw was spectacular and had never been seen by another human . " Bryant reported that the Black Canyon was impenetrable , and that it was impossible to build anything in its depths .
Heeding Bryant 's advice , Palmer decided to route the railroad south of the canyon and in March 1883 , it completed its connection to Salt Lake City and for a brief period the canyon was on the main line of a transcontinental railroad system . While the railroad and early visitors used the canyon as a path to Utah and mines to the southwest , later visitors came to see the canyon as an opportunity for recreation and personal enjoyment . Rudyard Kipling described his 1889 ride through the canyon in the following words : " We entered a gorge , remote from the sun , where the rocks were two thousand feet sheer , and where a rock splintered river roared and howled ten feet below a track which seemed to have been built on the simple principle of dropping miscellaneous dirt into the river and pinning a few rails a @-@ top . There was a glory and a wonder and a mystery about the mad ride , which I felt keenly ... "
By 1890 , an alternate route through Glenwood Springs had been completed and the route through the Black Canyon , being more difficult to operate , lost importance for through trains . The route was finally abandoned in 1955 .
In 1901 , the U.S. Geological Survey sent Abraham Lincoln Fellows and William Torrence into the canyon to look for a site to build a diversion tunnel bringing water to the Uncompahgre Valley , which was suffering from water shortages due to an influx of settlers into the area . Torrence , a Montrose native and an expert mountaineer , had taken part in a failed expedition the previous year , and his experience proved valuable on his second excursion . He opted to bring a single rubber air mattress instead of the heavy wooden boats that had doomed his previous journey into the canyon . They entered the canyon on August 12 equipped with " only hunting knives , two silk lifeline ropes , and rubber bags to encase their instruments . " After a harrowing 10 days braving rock falls , waterfalls , and 76 river crossings , they emerged from the canyon with a suitable tunnel site .
Construction on the tunnel began 4 years later , and was fraught with difficulties right from the onset . " Working conditions at the tunnel were difficult due to the high levels of carbon dioxide , excessive temperatures , humidity , water , mud , shale , sand , and a fractured fault zone ... It took the tunneling crew almost one year to bore through 2000 feet of water @-@ filled rock . The tunnel was driven through granite , quartzite , gneiss , and shale as well as layers of sandstone , coal , and limestone . Work on the Gunnison Tunnel was first done manually and by candlelight . One miner would hold the drill and rotate it while the second miner would use a sledgehammer to drive the drill into the rock . This work required strong , hard @-@ working men . In spite of good pay and fringe benefits , most disliked the dangerous underground conditions and stayed an average of only 2 weeks . " 26 men were killed during the 4 year undertaking . The tunnel was finally completed in 1909 , stretching a distance of 5 @.@ 8 miles and costing nearly 3 million dollars . At the time , the Gunnison Tunnel held the honor of being the world 's longest irrigation tunnel . On September 23 , President William Howard Taft dedicated the tunnel in Montrose . The East Portal of the Gunnison Tunnel is accessible via East Portal Road which is on the South Rim of the canyon . Although the tunnel itself is not visible , the diversion dam can be seen from the campground .
The Black Canyon of the Gunnison was established as a U.S. National Monument on March 2 , 1933 . It became a National Park on October 21 , 1999 . During 1933 @-@ 35 , the Civilian Conservation Corps built the North Rim Road to design by the National Park Service . This includes fives miles of roadway and five overlooks ; it is listed on the U.S.National Register of Historic Places as a historic district .
= = Biology = =
The Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park contains a wide variety of flora and fauna . Some common plants native to the park include aspen , Ponderosa pine , sagebrush , desert mahogany ( Cercocarpus ledifolius ) , Utah juniper , gambel oak ( scrub oak ) and single @-@ leaf ash . The Black Canyon gilia ( Aliciella penstemonoides ) is a species of wildflower native to the park . Wildlife in the park include the coyote , elk , magpie , eagle , and mule deer . In addition , the canyon is the home of a number of resident birds including the great horned owl , American dipper and Steller 's jay as well as migratory birds such as the mountain bluebird , peregrine falcon , white @-@ throated swift and canyon wren .
= = Attractions = =
An estimated 250 @,@ 000 tourists visit the park annually . The main attraction of the park is the scenic drive along US Highway 50 and Colorado Highway 92 , as well as the south rim . The east end of the park , where it meets Blue Mesa Reservoir at Blue Mesa Point , is the area most developed for camping . It includes tent camping and RV parking with full hookups as well as canyon tours , hiking , fishing and boat tours . The west end of the park has river access by automobile , as well as guided tours of the canyon . A short hike at Blue Mesa Point Information Center heads down to Pine Creek and the Morrow Point boat tours , boating , fishing and hiking . At the south rim there are two campgrounds and several hiking and nature trails . The north rim is also accessible by automobile and has a small , primitive campground . Automobiles can access the river via the East Portal Road at the south rim ; this road has a 16 % grade and is prohibited to vehicles over 22 feet ( 7 m ) in length .
The river can also be accessed by steep , unmaintained trails called routes or draws on the north and south rim . These routes require about two hours to hike down and two to four hours to hike back up , depending on which route is taken . All inner canyon descents are strenuous and require Class 3 climbing and basic route finding skills . Steep talus , impassable ledges , and lack of cover are some of the challenges hikers are faced with . Poison ivy also grows abundantly in the draws and on the canyon floor . Long sleeves and hiking boots are strongly recommended . The flow rate of the Gunnison River should also be considered for those planning on camping in the canyon , as high river levels can wash out the camp sites . The National Park Service warns the following : " Routes are difficult to follow , and only individuals in excellent physical condition should attempt these hikes ... Hikers are expected to find their own way and to be prepared for self @-@ rescue . " A free back country permit is required for all inner canyon use except at the west end .
The Gunnison River is designated as a Gold Medal Water from 200 yards downstream of Crystal Reservoir Dam to the North Fork . This includes the 12 miles within the Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park . Only artificial flies and lures are permitted , and all rainbow trout are catch and release . Additionally , fishing is prohibited within 200 yards downstream of Crystal Dam .
The Black Canyon is a center for rock climbing in a style known as traditional climbing . Most of the climbs are difficult and attempted only by advanced climbers .
Rafting opportunities exist in the region , but the run through the park itself is a difficult technical run for only the best kayakers . There are several impassable stretches of water requiring long , sometimes dangerous portages . The remaining rapids are class III - V , and are only for expert river runners . Downstream , in the Gunnison Gorge National Conservation Area , the river is somewhat easier to navigate , though still very remote and only for experienced runners , with rapids that are Class III - IV .
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= New York State Route 426 =
New York State Route 426 ( NY 426 ) is a state highway located entirely within Chautauqua County , New York , in the United States . It runs just over 13 miles ( 21 km ) from one section of the Pennsylvania state line to another , passing through two small hamlets and providing the Southern Tier Expressway ( Interstate 86 or I @-@ 86 and NY 17 ) with its westernmost exit in New York . NY 426 is the westernmost north – south state highway in New York .
At both crossings of the state line it continues as Pennsylvania Route 426 ( PA 426 ) . It is the only other state highway besides NY 440 that can claim the distinction of being a middle segment of another state 's similarly @-@ numbered highway . The New York alignment has remained virtually unchanged since it was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York , while the designations of the roads it connects to in Pennsylvania have varied over the years . The two segments of PA 426 were established at different times in the 1940s .
= = Route description = =
NY 426 begins where the southern segment of PA 426 leaves off at the Pennsylvania state line in French Creek 6 miles ( 10 km ) north of Corry , Pennsylvania . The route heads north through rural southwestern Chautauqua County to the small community known as Cutting , where it overlaps NY 474 for a tenth of a mile ( 0 @.@ 16 km ) westward before resuming its trek northward . Roughly 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) north of Cutting , NY 426 veers to the west to avoid a large ridge situated near Beaver Meadow Brook , a small stream leading to French Creek . The route follows the brook to where it converges with the creek , then parallels French Creek northward toward the waterside hamlet of French Creek . The creek and NY 426 split south of the community , with the creek continuing along French Creek – Mina Road to the hamlet while NY 426 bypasses French Creek to the west . The route enters the town of Mina upon intersecting Harrington Hill Road a mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) to the north .
A half mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) into Mina , NY 426 comes within view of Findley Lake , a body of water 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) long from south to north and as wide as one @-@ half mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) at points . The route follows the eastern edge of the lake north to the hamlet of Findley Lake , situated at the northern tip of the lake . Here , NY 426 overlaps NY 430 westward for three blocks through the community prior to connecting to the Southern Tier Expressway ( I @-@ 86 and NY 17 ) by way of an interchange 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north of Findley Lake . The exit is the westernmost exit on NY 17 ; however , the expressway itself continues west to I @-@ 90 near Erie , Pennsylvania , as I @-@ 86 . Past the expressway , NY 426 continues northwest for another 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) through nondescript terrain to the Pennsylvania state line , where it becomes the northern segment of PA 426 .
= = History = =
The entirety of NY 426 was assigned as part of the 1930 renumbering of state highways in New York as a northward extension of PA 189 , a short route leading south to Corry , Pennsylvania . Originally , NY 426 broke from its modern alignment at French Creek – Mina Road to serve the hamlet of French Creek via French Creek – Mina and King roads before rejoining its current route west of the hamlet . The route was realigned onto its present alignment west of French Creek c . 1936 . In the early 1940s , the 426 designation was extended southward into Pennsylvania as PA 426 . It was also extended northwestward into Pennsylvania in the mid @-@ 1940s , effectively making NY 426 the missing segment of an otherwise discontinuous PA 426 .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Chautauqua County .
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= Iowa Highway 1 =
Iowa Highway 1 ( Iowa 1 ) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Iowa that extends from Keosauqua to Anamosa . It travels nearly 120 miles ( 190 km ) , mainly through rich farmland and small communities . Iowa 1 provides an important link to Iowa City and the University of Iowa as it passes through campus . Portions of the route today date back to the late 1830s , when Martin Van Buren was president , making Iowa 1 one of the oldest routes in the state , pre @-@ dating the current primary highway system by nearly eighty years . The highway was seriously damaged by the Cedar River in the Iowa flood of 2008 , which closed the highway for seven weeks .
= = Route description = =
Iowa 1 begins at a T @-@ intersection with Iowa 2 in rural Van Buren County , south of Keosauqua . It passes through gently rolling farmland for ten miles ( 16 km ) before entering the Des Moines River valley adjacent to Lacey @-@ Keosauqua State Park . The highway crosses the Des Moines River and enters Keosauqua along Main Street . At Broad Street , Iowa 1 turned north and headed out of town . Between Keosauqua and the southern junction with Iowa 16 , the highway runs parallel to the Des Moines River , the river 's course bending sharply around Keosauqua . South of Birmingham , Iowa 1 briefly overlaps Iowa 16 for two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) . The next seven miles ( 11 km ) run due north passing through Birmingham , before the highway crosses Cedar Creek south of Fairfield .
On the south side of Fairfield , the highway meets the new U.S. Highway 34 ( US 34 ) / Iowa 163 bypass at a partial cloverleaf interchange . Iowa 1 enters Fairfield along Main Street . For one block , Iowa 1 overlaps US 34 Business on Burlington Street before turning onto Second Street . Along Second Street , the highway passes under a BNSF Railway / Amtrak viaduct . North of the viaduct , Iowa 1 turns west for two blocks along Merrill Avenue and turns north again onto Fourth Street . On the northern edge of Fairfield , the highway passes next to Maharishi International University .
North of Fairfield , Iowa 1 passes the Fairfield Municipal Airport and Maharishi Vedic City . For the next nine miles ( 14 km ) , the highway continues due north through Jefferson and Keokuk County . Southeast of Richland , Iowa 1 meets Iowa 78 at a T @-@ intersection . Heading east from this intersection , Iowa 1 and Iowa 78 overlap for seven and a half miles ( 12 @.@ 1 km ) until entering Brighton on Fountain Street . Iowa 1 splits off to the north onto Benton Street while Iowa 78 turns to the south and east . North of Brighton , it crosses the Skunk River and passes through the river 's one @-@ mile @-@ wide ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) valley . For nine miles ( 14 km ) , Iowa 1 passes through southern Washington County heading northeast towards Washington .
At Washington , Iowa 1 intersects Iowa 92 on the southwestern edge of town . The two highways curve around to the north and split three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) later . Iowa 1 passes through flat farmland before crossing the English River south of Kalona . Iowa 1 skirts the western edge of Kalona and intersects Iowa Highway 22 . It continues north for seven miles ( 11 km ) before turning northeast for eight miles ( 13 km ) more towards Iowa City .
Iowa 1 intersects US 218 and Iowa 27 , the Avenue of the Saints , at a diamond interchange on the southwestern edge of Iowa City . It curves to the north of Iowa City Municipal Airport , intersecting US 6 at Riverside Drive . For three @-@ quarters mile ( 1 @.@ 2 km ) , Iowa 1 overlaps US 6 on Riverside Drive before crossing the Iowa River in downtown Iowa City . On Burlington Street , Iowa 1 passes the University of Iowa library , the old state capitol , and the Ped Mall . Iowa 1 turns north onto the one @-@ way Governor Street ; Dodge Street handles the accompanying southbound lanes of traffic . The one @-@ way streets rejoin as Dodge Street before intersecting Interstate 80 ( I @-@ 80 ) at another diamond interchange .
Iowa 1 continues north through Johnson County for twelve miles ( 19 km ) , passing through Solon . At Solon , it intersects County Road F16 , which provides access to Lake MacBride State Park . Six miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) southwest of Mount Vernon , Iowa 1 turns to the northeast , entering Linn County and crossing the Cedar River before entering Mount Vernon , where it intersects US 30 . At First Street , Iowa 1 crosses the Lincoln Highway . On the northern edge of Mount Vernon , Iowa 1 crosses a major Union Pacific Railroad line . Iowa 1 continues north towards Martelle , where it enters Jones County. three and a half miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) northeast of Martelle , Iowa 1 ends at a partial cloverleaf interchange with US 151 .
= = History = =
The current Iowa 1 was designated in the 1920s , extending from Iowa 2 near Keosauqua to Iowa 38 near Rochester . Between Keosauqua and Iowa City , Iowa 1 replaced Primary Road No. 11 ; and between Iowa City and Rochester , it replaced Primary Road No. 74 . In 1962 , Iowa 1 was realigned north of Iowa City replacing Iowa 261 from Anamosa to Iowa City . This section approximately follows part of the route of the territorial and military road from Dubuque to Iowa City . This road , authorized by President Martin Van Buren in 1839 , was known as Dillon 's Furrow , named after Dubuque merchant Lyman Dillon who surveyed the route and marked it with a furrow . Most of the deviations of the route of Iowa 1 from Dillon 's original route are the result of road straightening or bypasses around town centers . The leftover section of Iowa 1 from Iowa City to Iowa 38 , part of the Herbert Hoover Highway , became the unsigned Iowa 979 .
In 1997 , it was announced that parts of US 151 and Iowa 1 would become the first Super two highways in Iowa . A 42 @-@ mile ( 68 km ) section between Washington and US 30 was to be improved in 2002 , but because of funding shortages , the project was scratched .
In the Iowa flood of 2008 , flood waters of the Cedar River caused the closure of Iowa 1 between Solon and Mount Vernon on June 12 , 2008 . Once the floods receded , major damage was left behind . Repair work began on July 11 and was completed by July 30 , 2008 .
= = Major intersections = =
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= Lessons ( Star Trek : The Next Generation ) =
" Lessons " is the 19th episode of the sixth season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation and was originally aired in the United States on April 5 , 1993 , in broadcast syndication . Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship USS Enterprise @-@ D. In " Lessons " , Captain Picard 's ( Patrick Stewart ) shared love of music with Lt. Commander Nella Daren ( Wendy Hughes ) leads to romance , resulting in conflicting emotions on his behalf . After incorrectly believing her to have died , he realises that he is incapable of carrying out a relationship with someone under his command .
The episode was directed by Robert Wiemer , the episode was written by Ron Wilkerson and Jean Louise Matthias , with some uncredited revisions by René Echevarria . Stand @-@ ins were used to perform the pieces by Picard and Daren , which required the use of close @-@ up camera angles by the director . The episode was received warmly by critics reviewing it after the end of the series , who praised the performances of Hughes and Stewart .
= = Plot = =
Picard is irritated that the stellar cartography department has shut down several systems on the Enterprise , and heads down there to find out what is going on . He meets the head of the department , Lt. Commander Nella Daren , who makes an impression on Picard . It is a meeting memorable enough to later discuss with Dr. Beverly Crusher ( Gates McFadden ) . At a musical recital by Lt. Commander Data ( Brent Spiner ) , Picard is surprised to see Daren , once again , playing the piano . The two discuss music , and later meet in Picard 's quarters and participate in a duet . Daren plays a portable piano and Picard performs on his Ressikan flute .
The two meet more often ; even in a Jefferies tube , which Daren claims has the best acoustics on the ship . In this private setting , their attraction for one another is expressed in a kiss . The moment of intimacy is fleeting , however . When they enter a turbolift , and are joined by another crewmember , Picard resumes the professional demeanour of Captain . The Enterprise is diverted from its mission , when it is directed to investigate a report of firestorms at a Federation outpost . While in transit , Picard consults Counsellor Troi ( Marina Sirtis ) regarding his actions with Daren . Picard then goes to Daren to apologize and to explain . He recounts an earlier experience in which he was scanned by an alien probe ( previously shown in the episode " The Inner Light " ) . The probe imparted to Picard the life experience of a man named Kamin , on the planet Kataan . As Kamin , Picard had a wife and family , became a grandfather , and grew old . And he learned to play the flute . The probe imparted to Picard a deep appreciation of intimacy and family life , as well as knowledge of the probe 's doomed creators . When the probe shut down , and Picard re @-@ awoke on the bridge of the Enterprise , only a few moments had elapsed . When the probe was dismantled , it contained Kamin 's flute , an object of great significance to Picard .
Daren speaks to Commander Riker ( Jonathan Frakes ) requesting a transfer for another crew member to stellar cartography . Riker turns down the request . Afterwards , Riker speaks with Picard , explaining that Picard and Daren 's relationship made the decision complicated . The Enterprise arrives at the Federation outpost to find that firestorms are heading toward the facility . Daren suggests a means of deflecting the storms , but the equipment requires trained personnel on the ground to operate it . Daren is assigned to the surface team , along with a number of other crew .
The outpost is evacuated during the dangerous mission , leaving only the Enterprise away team on surface . The firestorms overwhelm the position that Daren 's team occupies before they can be retrieved . Believing Daren to be dead , Picard sits contemplating his decision in his quarters . He then hears that survivors are being transported aboard , and heads to the transporter room . Daren is not among the initial group of survivors , but is later transported to the ship . Eight members of the team have died . Afterwards , Picard and Daren discuss their relationship . They realize that it cannot continue , as Picard could not bear to put her in danger once more . They discuss giving up their Starfleet careers to be together . Daren realizes that Picard , still cherishing the family life he experienced as Kamin , has nonetheless chosen duty , career , and loneliness . They both know that Daren must transfer off the Enterprise . They kiss once more , and Daren makes Picard promise not to give up music .
= = Production = =
Ron Wilkerson and Jean Louise Matthias had previously written the episodes " Imaginary Friend " and " Schisms " , but in both instances the writing of the teleplay for the initial story idea had been given to a staff writer due to time constraints . Co @-@ executive producer Jeri Taylor instead allowed the pair to write the teleplay for " Lessons " , their first for Star Trek . René Echevarria did some minor uncredited re @-@ writes to the final version of the script as staff @-@ writer Brannon Braga wished to avoid working on " Lessons " after recently working on another love story related script for the episode " Aquiel " . Writer and producer Michael Piller likened " Lessons " to the 1945 Noël Coward film Brief Encounter .
The production crew sought to give Picard a romantic peer and equal in Daren , and were pleased with the actors ' performances . Director Robert Wiemer said that " we had really turned @-@ on performances ... if we 'd had only moderate performances it would have fallen flat " . However , as neither Stewart nor Hughes could play their instruments , it required a number of camera techniques to be used in order to disguise the musicians playing just off screen . Husband and wife duo Natalie and Bryce Martin played the piano and tin whistle respectively to portray Daren and Picard 's abilities . Bryce had played his instrument to represent Picard 's Ressikan flute since it first appeared in " The Inner Light " . However , while Stewart did the majority of his flute fingering , he was doubled in several scenes by Noel Webb and John Mayham . Webb also doubled for Brent Spiner early in the episode when Data was playing Frédéric Chopin 's trio in G minor . A variety of pieces are played throughout the episode , including Frère Jacques , Ludwig van Beethoven 's Piano Sonata No. 14 and Johann Sebastian Bach 's Third Brandenburg Concerto . The " Flute song " by Jay Chattaway , which originally appeared in " The Inner Light " , reappears in this episode .
The firestorm itself was created by Dan Curry and Ronald B. Moore by pouring liquid nitrogen onto black velvet and then blowing it with an air hose . The effect was then enhanced by digital effects and was digitally inserted into the background of the exterior standing set ( usually referred to by cast and crew as " planet hell " ) . " Lessons " was the first appearance of the stellar cartography on board the Enterprise , but the set would be completely replaced for its reappearance in the movie Star Trek Generations .
= = Reception and home media = =
James Van Hise and Hal Schuster wrote in their 1995 book , The Complete Next Generation , that they thought the relationship between Picard and Daren was believable , and that the story itself was very effective . They thought that the loneliness Picard feels at the end of the episode was part of an ongoing story which would culminate in the subplot about Picard 's loneliness in Star Trek Generations .
Several reviewers re @-@ watched Star Trek : The Next Generation after the end of the series . Keith DeCandido watched the episode for Tor.com , and described the performance of Wendy Hughes as " magnificent " and " never not wonderful " . However , he commented that whenever a double was not used to play the piano , it was obvious that Hughes wasn 't playing . Overall , he appreciated the script and thought that the ending was not contrived ; however , he would have preferred for the episodic structure of The Next Generation to have been changed a little to allow for the romance to be portrayed as a subplot over several episodes . He gave the episode a score of 9 / 10 , saying " this is one of TNG 's best romances and an absolute joy . " DeCandido subsequently named " Lessons " as one of the best episodes of season six , which he said was the best season of the series .
Zack Handlen , who reviewed " Lessons " for The A.V. Club , thought that the episode works because of Patrick Stewart and that the episode was well @-@ handled . He gave " Lessons " a score of B + , saying that he " wasn 't hugely sold on Daren , but when Picard makes a special point of explaining the flute 's significance to her , it helps solidify the connection between them . "
The episode was first released on VHS cassette on August 4 , 1998 . The episode was later included on the Star Trek : The Next Generation season six DVD box set , released in the United States on December 3 , 2002 , and on Blu @-@ ray on June 24 , 2014 .
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= Battle of Hama =
The Battle of Hama was fought some 24 km from the city of Hama in Syria on 29 – 30 November 903 between the forces of the Abbasid Caliphate and the Qarmatians . The Abbasids were victorious , resulting in the capture and execution of the Qarmatian leadership . This weakened the Qarmatian presence in northern Syria , which was finally eradicated after the suppression of another revolt in 906 . More importantly , it paved the way for the Abbasid attack on the autonomous Tulunid dynasty and the reincorporation of the Tulunid domains in southern Syria and Egypt into the Abbasid Caliphate .
= = Background = =
The Qarmatians were a radical Isma 'ili Shi 'ite sect founded in Kufa around 874 by a certain Hamdan Qarmat . They denounced mainstream Sunni Islam for practices they viewed as deviations from the true teachings of the religion , such as the hajj and the worship of the Kaaba , as well as the dwelling in cities and the marginalization of the Bedouin . Consequently , as they gained adherents , the Qarmatians began assaulting the neighbouring Muslim communities . Originally a sporadic and minor nuisance in the Sawad , their power grew swiftly to alarming proportions after 897 , when they launched a series of uprisings against the Abbasid Caliphate . In this period , the movement was based at Salamiyya on the western edge of the Syrian Desert , and its leadership was assumed by Abu Muhammad Abdallah , the future founder of the Fatimid Caliphate . Abdallah 's claims to be the awaited Mahdi caused a split in the movement in 899 . The majority , including Hamdan Qarmat , rejected the Fatimid claims and leaving to continue their proselytization elsewhere .
The missionary efforts of the remaining Qarmatian movement were redirected beyond the Sawad and quickly bore fruit . Under the leadership of Abu Sa 'id al @-@ Jannabi , they seized Bahrayn in 899 and in the next year defeated a caliphal army under al @-@ Abbas ibn Amr al @-@ Ghanawi . Another base was established in the area around Palmyra by the missionaries Yahya ibn Zikrawayh , known by the name Sahib al @-@ Naqa ( " Master of the She @-@ camel " ) and al @-@ Husayn , probably Yahya 's brother , who took the name Sahib al @-@ Shama ( " Man with the Mole " ) . Both in Bahrayn and in Syria , the Qarmatians were able to convert many local Bedouin — the Banu Kalb in Syria and the Banu Kilab and Banu Uqayl in Bahrayn — to their cause , thus acquiring a potent military force . Threatened by the rise of Qarmatian centres around Salamiyya , Abdallah and his followers soon left and travelled secretly to Ifriqiya , where in 909 they would overthrow the ruling Aghlabids and establish the Fatimid state .
From their base in the region around Palmyra , the Qarmatians began launching raids against the Abbasid and Tulunid provinces of Syria , with devastating effect . In 902 , the Qarmatians defeated the Tulunids under Tughj ibn Juff near al @-@ Raqqah , and laid siege to Damascus . The city was successfully held by Tughj and the Sahib al @-@ Naqa was killed . Leadership passed to the Sahib al @-@ Shama , who led the Qarmatians to ravage Homs , Hama , Ba 'albek , Ma 'arrat al @-@ Numan and even Salamiyya , where they massacred the members of Abdallah 's family that had remained there .
= = Battle = =
In view of the apparent impotence of the Tulunid regime to stop the Qarmatian raids , the Syrians called upon the Abbasid government to intervene directly , and on 30 July 903 , Caliph al @-@ Muktafi commanded that a campaign be undertaken . The campaign was nominally headed by Caliph al @-@ Muktafi in person , who left Baghdad on 9 August and went to al @-@ Raqqah . In mid @-@ August , the Qarmatians under a certain al @-@ Mutawwaq surprised an Abbasid army some 10 @,@ 000 strong near Aleppo , while it was resting and dispersed , with many troops seeking to escape the intense heat in a local river ; the Abbasid troops were routed , and only about a thousand managed to reach the city , where , under the command of Abu al @-@ Agharr , they repulsed the Qarmatian attacks . At about the same time , however , the general Badr al @-@ Hammami inflicted a heavy defeat on the Sahib al @-@ Shama and his men near Damascus . The Qarmatians fled to the desert , and Caliph al @-@ Muktafi sent men under al @-@ Husayn ibn Hamdan to pursue them . While al @-@ Muktafi remained at al @-@ Raqqah , command of the army in the field was given to the head of the department of the army ( dīwān al @-@ jund ) , Muhammad ibn Sulayman al @-@ Katib . On Tuesday , 29 November 903 , the Abbasid army under Muhammad met the Qarmatians at a location some 24 km from Hama . The course of the battle is described in a victory dispatch sent by Muhammad to the caliph afterwards and included in the history of al @-@ Tabari .
According to the latter , on the morning of 29 November , the Abbasid army set out from al @-@ Qarwanah towards al @-@ Alyanah — both unidentified locations — deployed in full battle order . During the march , Muhammad ibn Sulayman received a report that a part of the Qarmatian army , comprising 3 @,@ 000 horse and many foot under one of the chief missionaries ( dā 'ī ) , al @-@ Nu 'man , had encamped at a locality some 12 Arabic miles ( ca . 24 km ) from Hama , and that the other detachments of the Qarmatian army had joined him there . Muhammad led his army towards the Qarmatian encampment , and found them deployed in battle array . According to the report of Muhammad , the Qarmatian left wing was led by Masrur al @-@ Ulaymi and others , in charge of 1 @,@ 500 horsemen . Behind the left wing was placed a reserve force of 400 cavalry . The Qarmatian centre was commanded by al @-@ Nu 'man al @-@ Ullaysi and other officers , and comprised 1 @,@ 400 cavalry and 3 @,@ 000 infantry , while the right wing was commanded by Kulayb al @-@ Ullaysi and others and numbered 1 @,@ 400 horsemen , with a reserve force of 200 horsemen more .
As the two armies advanced on each other , the Qarmatian left thrust forward against the Abbasid right , which was commanded by al @-@ Husayn ibn Hamdan . The troops of Ibn Hamdan repulsed the first Qarmatian attack , and then the second , killing 600 horsemen . The Qarmatians on the left broke and fled ; Ibn Hamdan and his men pursued them and in a series of engagements killed all but 200 of them . Ibn Hamdan 's troops reportedly captured 500 horses and 400 silver necklaces as well . The Qarmatian right wing likewise attacked the Abbasid left , held by al @-@ Qasim ibn Sima , Yumn al @-@ Khadim , and the tribal allies of Banu Shayban and Banu Tamim . While the two wings were grappling with each other , an Abbasid detachment under Khalifah ibn al @-@ Mubarak and Lu 'lu ' attacked the Qarmatians on their flank and broke their lines . Here too the Qarmatians fled pursued by the government forces , who took some 600 horses and 200 necklaces as booty .
Muhammad himself confronted the Qarmatian centre along with several other officers : Khaqan , Nasr al @-@ Qushuri , and Muhammad ibn Kumushjur led forces from the right flank , Wasf Mushgir , Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Kundajiq , Ahmad ibn Kayghalagh and his brother Ibrahim , al @-@ Mubarak al @-@ Qummi , Rabi 'a ibn Muhammad , Muhajir ibn Tulayq , al @-@ Muzaffar ibn Hajj , Abdallah ibn Hamdan ( al @-@ Husayn 's brother ) , Jinni the Elder , Wasif al @-@ Buktamir , Bishr al @-@ Buktamiri , and Muhammad ibn Qaratughan . With the support of troops from the right wing , who after repelling the Qarmatian left flanked the Qarmatian centre , the Abbasids were victorious here as well . The Qarmatians broke and were pursued over several miles . Muhammad ibn Sulayman , fearful lest his army disperse itself during the pursuit , or leave the infantry and the baggage train — guarded by Isa ibn Muhammad al @-@ Nushari — exposed to a Qarmatian attack , halted the pursuit of his own detachment after half a mile . He set up camp there for the night , and with the caliphal spear as a rallying point , began regrouping the various squadrons . Despite the overwhelming victory , Muhammad and his officers remained on guard during the night , concerned of a possible Qarmatian attack .
Several Qarmatian commanders , including the da 'i al @-@ Nu 'man , were killed , while the Sahib al @-@ Shama along with his cousin al @-@ Muddathir , his associate al @-@ Muttawaq and a Greek page fled through the desert , trying to reach Kufa . By the time they reached the locality of al @-@ Daliyah on the Euphrates Road near al @-@ Rahba , they had run out of supplies . When a servant was sent to buy provisions in the settlement , he aroused the suspicions of the villagers with his strange dress and manner , so that they notified a local official , Abu Khubzah . The latter rode out with an escort , and after interrogating the servant went to the Qarmatians ' camp and took them prisoner . The captured the Sahib al @-@ Shama and his companions were then escorted by Abu Khubzah and the local governor , Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Kushmard , to Caliph al @-@ Muktafi in al @-@ Raqqah , which they entered on 19 December .
= = Aftermath = =
Al @-@ Muktafi returned to Baghdad with the senior captives , who were thrown into prison . Muhammad ibn Sulayman remained at al @-@ Raqqah to scour the countryside and round up the remaining rebels . He too then returned to Baghdad , which he entered in triumph on 2 February 904 . Eleven days later , on 13 February , Muhammad and the sahib al @-@ shurta of the capital , Ahmad ibn Muhammad al @-@ Wathiqi , presided over the public execution of the Qarmatian leaders and Qarmatian sympathizers rounded up from Kufa and Baghdad .
The Abbasid victory near Hama did not yet fully eradicate the Qarmatians from the area ; in 906 , the Banu Kalb , under the Qarmatian Abu Ghanim Nasr , rose up in rebellion , raided the Hawran and Tiberias , and launched a failed attack on Damascus . Nasr was soon defeated and killed , however , and the Qarmatian activities shifted east to the Euphrates , where Zikrawayh ibn Mihrawayh ( the father of al @-@ Husayn and Yahya ) had also rebelled in 906 near Kufa . He too was killed in the next year during an attack on the hajj caravan . With these defeats , the Qarmatian movement virtually ceased to exist in the Syrian Desert , although their counterparts in Bahrayn remained an active threat for several decades to come .
More importantly , the defeat of the Qarmatians at Hama opened the way for the Abbasids to recover the provinces of southern Syria and Egypt , held by the Tulunids . The Tulunid regime had become enfeebled due to internal strife , rivalries and the defection of senior officers , and the recent failures against the Qarmatians . In 904 , Muhammad ibn Sulayman led an army into Syria . The campaign met with little opposition ; the Tulunid emir Harun ibn Khumarawayh was even assassinated by his uncles , whereupon several senior commanders switched sides . The Abbasids entered the Egyptian capital Fustat in January 905 without a fight , completing the reconquest of the province .
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= No. 5 Service Flying Training School RAAF =
No. 5 Service Flying Training School ( No. 5 SFTS ) was a Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) flight training unit that operated during World War II . It was one of eight Service Flying Training Schools established by the RAAF to provide intermediate and advanced flying instruction to new pilots as part of Australia 's contribution to the Empire Air Training Scheme . No. 5 SFTS was formed at RAAF Station Uranquinty , New South Wales , in October 1941 , and disbanded in February 1946 . Its staff and equipment were employed to re @-@ establish No. 1 Flying Training School , which transferred to RAAF Station Point Cook , Victoria , the following year . Care and Maintenance Unit Uranquinty was also formed from No. 5 SFTS 's facilities , to look after surplus aircraft at the base prior to their disposal , and disbanded in December 1948 .
= = History = =
RAAF aircrew training expanded dramatically following the outbreak of World War II , in response to Australia 's participation in the Empire Air Training Scheme ( EATS ) . The Air Force 's pre @-@ war flight training facility , No. 1 Flying Training School at RAAF Station Point Cook , Victoria , was supplanted in 1940 – 41 by twelve Elementary Flying Training Schools ( EFTS ) , eight Service Flying Training Schools ( SFTS ) , and the Central Flying School ( CFS ) . While CFS turned out new flight instructors , the EFTS provided basic training to prospective pilots who , if successful , would go on to an SFTS for further instruction that focussed on operational ( or " service " ) flying techniques .
The course at SFTS typically consisted of two streams , intermediate and advanced , and included such techniques as instrument flying , night flying , advanced aerobatics , formation flying , dive bombing , and aerial gunnery . The total duration of training varied during the war as demand for aircrew fluctuated . Initially running for 16 weeks , the course was cut to 10 weeks ( which included 75 hours flying time ) in October 1940 . A year later it was raised to 12 weeks ( including 100 hours flying time ) , and again to 16 weeks two months later . It continued to increase after this , peaking at 28 weeks in June 1944 .
No. 5 Service Flying Training School ( No. 5 SFTS ) was formed at RAAF Station Uranquinty , New South Wales , in October 1941 , and came under the control of No. 2 Training Group . Along with No. 2 Service Flying Training School at nearby RAAF Station Forest Hill , and the later No. 1 Basic Flying Training School at Uranquinty , No. 5 SFTS was one of the so @-@ called " Wagga Flying Training Schools " , which together graduated over 3 @,@ 000 pilots in the 1940s and ' 50s . The unit 's inaugural commanding officer was Group Captain Ulex Ewart , a graduate of the Royal Military College , Duntroon , who had been seconded to the Air Force and learnt to fly on the first cadet course at No. 1 Flying Training School in 1923 . At the time of its formation , No. 5 SFTS had a strength of 792 personnel , responsible for training about 200 pilots . One of its original instructors was Flying Officer Bill Newton , who was later awarded the Victoria Cross for bombing raids in New Guinea . Following the outbreak of the Pacific War in December 1941 , the school 's CAC Wirraway single @-@ engined trainers were classified as Second Line ( Reserve ) aircraft in the defence of Australia .
No. 5 SFTS began flight training in February 1942 using 28 Wirraways . The unit grew over the next two years , and by early 1944 was operating 128 Wirraways , two de Havilland DH.84 Dragons , two de Havilland Moth Minors and a CAC Wackett . It typically graduated one course of pilots each month , although the wastage rate sometimes exceeded 40 per cent . Among its graduates was Len Waters , the first Aboriginal Australian military aviator , and the only one to serve as a fighter pilot in the RAAF during World War II . As a training facility , No. 5 SFTS regularly suffered flying accidents . Forty @-@ two of its students died during the war , an average of around one per month . A near miss involving more experienced pilots occurred at the school in December 1943 , when aces Clive Caldwell and John Waddy , then instructors at No. 2 Operational Training Unit in Mildura , almost collided when they crossed paths during an aerobatics display over the base .
No. 5 SFTS reached a strength of some 2 @,@ 000 personnel during the war , and graduated 1 @,@ 515 pilots . The rate of flying conducted at the school declined during 1945 and , by November , its aircraft were being readied for storage . In February 1946 , No. 5 SFTS was disbanded and its staff and equipment used to re @-@ establish No. 1 Flying Training School ( No. 1 FTS ) , which had operated during the war as No. 1 Service Flying Training School prior to disbanding in 1944 . No. 1 FTS was allocated 55 Wirraways , two de Havilland Tiger Moths , and one Avro Anson , though in the event it undertook little flying before relocating to Point Cook in August 1947 . Post @-@ war demobilisation saw the establishment of several RAAF Care and Maintenance Units ( CMU ) , which were responsible for the upkeep of surplus equipment prior to disposal . No. 5 SFTS spawned Care and Maintenance Unit Uranquinty to look after aircraft stored at the base . These were auctioned off in November 1948 , and CMU Uranquinty was dissolved the next month .
= = Legacy = =
Following the departure of No. 1 FTS in 1947 , no flying was conducted at Uranquinty until 1951 , when the newly formed No. 1 Basic Flying Training School ( No. 1 BFTS ) inherited the base facilities . No. 1 BFTS transferred to Point Cook in 1958 , at which point Uranquinty was closed . The RAAF units that operated at the base formed a close connection with the local community . In 1999 , a memorial to No. 5 SFTS was erected at Wirraway Park , Uranquinty . An additional panel to the memorial was unveiled in September 2002 by the Governor @-@ General of Australia , Peter Hollingworth ; the proceedings included an aerial display by a Pilatus PC @-@ 9 of the Roulettes aerobatic team , and the arrival of a Wirraway from Temora Aviation Museum , the first time in 45 years that one of these trainers had landed at Uranquinty .
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= Mary of Hungary ( governor of the Netherlands ) =
Mary of Austria ( 15 September 1505 – 18 October 1558 ) , also known as Mary of Hungary , was queen consort of Hungary and Bohemia as the wife of King Louis II , and was later Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands .
The daughter of Queen Joanna and King Philip I of Castile , Mary married King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia in 1515 . Their marriage was happy but short and childless . Upon her husband 's death following the Battle of Mohács in 1526 , Queen Mary governed Hungary as regent in the name of the new king , her brother , Ferdinand I.
Following the death of their aunt Margaret in 1530 , Mary was asked by her eldest brother , Emperor Charles V , to assume the governance of the Netherlands and guardianship over their nieces , Dorothea and Christina of Denmark . As governor of the Netherlands , Mary faced riots and a difficult relationship with the Emperor . Throughout her tenure she continuously attempted to ensure peace between the Emperor and the King of France . Although she never enjoyed governing and asked for permission to resign several times , the Queen succeeded in creating a unity between the provinces , as well as in securing for them a measure of independence from both France and the Holy Roman Empire . After her final resignation , the frail Queen moved to Castile , where she died .
Having inherited the Habsburg lip and not very feminine looks , Mary was not considered physically attractive . Her portraits , letters , and comments by her contemporaries do not assign her the easy Burgundian charm possessed by her grandmother , Duchess Mary of Burgundy , and her aunt Margaret . Nevertheless , she proved to be a determined and skillful politician , as well as an enthusiastic patron of literature , music , and hunting .
= = Early life = =
Born in Brussels on 15 September 1505 , between ten and eleven in the morning , Archduchess Mary of Austria was the fifth child of King Philip I and Queen Joanna of Castile . Her birth was very difficult ; the Queen 's life was in danger and it took her a month to recover . On 20 September , she was baptized by Nicolas Le Ruistre , Bishop of Arras , and named after her paternal grandmother , Mary of Burgundy , who had died in 1482 . Her godfather was her paternal grandfather , Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I.
On 17 March 1506 , Emperor Maximilian promised to marry her to the first son born to King Vladislaus II of Hungary . At the same time , the two monarchs decided that a brother of Mary would marry Vladislaus ' daughter Anne . Three months later , Vladislaus ' wife , Anne of Foix @-@ Candale , gave birth to a son , Louis Jagiellon . Queen Anne died in childbirth and the royal physicians made great efforts to keep the sickly Louis alive .
After the death of Mary 's father in September 1506 , her mother 's mental health began to deteriorate . Mary , along with her brother , Archduke Charles , and her sisters , Archduchesses Eleanor and Isabella , was put into the care of her paternal aunt , Archduchess Margaret , while two other siblings , Archduke Ferdinand and posthumously @-@ born Archduchess Catherine , remained in Castile . Mary , Isabella , and Eleanor were educated together at their aunt 's court in Mechelen . Their music teacher was Henry Bredemers .
= = Queen of Hungary and Bohemia = =
Mary was summoned to the court of her grandfather Maximilian in 1514 . On 22 July 1515 , Mary and Louis were married in St. Stephen 's Cathedral , Vienna . At the same time , Louis ' sister Anne was betrothed to an as yet unspecified brother of Mary , with Emperor Maximilian acting as proxy . Due to their age , it was decided that the newly married couple would not live together for a few more years . Anne eventually married Mary 's brother Ferdinand and came to Vienna , where the double sisters @-@ in @-@ law were educated together until 1516 . That year , Mary 's father @-@ in @-@ law died , making Louis and Mary king and queen of Hungary and Bohemia . Mary moved to Innsbruck , where she was educated until 1521 . Maximilian encouraged her interest in hunting , while childhood lessons prompted an interest in music . This passion would later be demonstrated during her tenure as governor of the Netherlands .
= = = Life with Louis = = =
Mary travelled to Hungary in June 1521 , two and a half years after Emperor Maximilian 's death . She was anointed and crowned queen of Hungary by Simon Erdődy , Bishop of Zagreb , in Székesfehérvár on 11 December 1521 . The queen 's coronation was followed by brilliant festivities . The royal marriage was blessed on 13 January 1522 in Buda . Mary 's anointment and coronation as queen of Bohemia took place on 1 June 1522 .
Mary and Louis fell in love when they were reunited in Buda . At first , Queen Mary had no influence over politics of Hungary and Bohemia because of her youth . Her court was replete with Germans and Dutch , who formed a base for the interests of the House of Habsburg . By 1524 Mary negotiated significant authority and influence for herself . In 1525 , she took control over one powerful political faction and neutralised another . Austria 's ambassador , Andrea de Borgo , was appointed by the Queen herself .
During her tenure as queen of Hungary , Mary attracted the interest of Martin Luther , who dedicated four psalms to her in 1526 . Despite her brother Ferdinand 's strong disapproval , Luther 's teachings held great appeal for Mary during her marriage and even more for her sister Isabella and her brother @-@ in @-@ law King Christian II of Denmark . Mary turned away from his teachings mostly because of pressure from Ferdinand . Her trusted court preacher , Johann Henckel , is also considered responsible for Mary 's return to orthodox Roman Catholicism . The return was lukewarm , but historian Helmut Georg Koenigsberger considers Mary 's reputation for sympathy with Lutheranism " much @-@ exaggerated " .
Louis and Mary spent their free time riding and hunting in the open country near the palace . They tried unsuccessfully to mobilize the Hungarian nobility against an imminent Ottoman invasion . Louis had inherited the crown of a country whose noblemen were fighting among themselves and against the peasantry . Hungary was deeply divided when , by the end of 1525 , it became clear that the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I was planning to invade .
= = = Ottoman invasion = = =
On 29 August 1526 , Suleiman and his army broke through Hungary 's southern defences . Louis and his entire government marched out with a small army of 20 @,@ 000 men . The Battle of Mohács was over in less than two hours , with the entire Hungarian army virtually annihilated . Louis tried to flee the site of the battle but slipped from his frightened horse and drowned . Mary would mourn him for the rest of her life .
Hungary was divided into three parts : Ottoman Hungary - a part of the Ottoman Empire , Royal Hungary - ruled by Mary 's brother Ferdinand , and Eastern Hungarian Kingdom - ruled by John Zápolya . Ferdinand was elected King of Bohemia . Mary took a vow to never remarry and always wore the heart @-@ shaped medallion worn by her husband in the fatal Battle of Mohács .
= = Regency in Hungary = =
The day after her husband 's death , Mary notified Ferdinand of the defeat and asked him to come to Hungary . She requested troops to support her until his arrival . Ferdinand , busy in Bohemia where he had already been elected king , instead named Mary his regent in Hungary .
Mary spent the following year working to secure the election of Ferdinand as King of Hungary . On 14 February 1527 , she asked for his permission to resign as regent . Permission was denied , and Mary had to remain in the post until the summer of 1527 , when he finally came to Hungary and assumed the crown , to Mary 's relief .
Mary soon experienced financial troubles , illnesses , and loneliness . In 1528 , her aunt Margaret suggested that she should marry King James V of Scotland . Mary rejected the idea because she had loved her husband and did not wish another marriage . In 1530 Charles again suggested that she should remarry ; he proposed to arrange a marriage to Frederick of Bavaria , who had unsuccessfully courted Mary 's sister Eleanor sixteen years before . Mary rejected him as well .
Ferdinand offered Mary the post of regent again in 1528 , but she declined , saying that " such affairs need a person wiser and older " . Ferdinand persisted in drawing Mary into his affairs throughout 1529 . Archduchess Margaret died on 1 December the next year , leaving the position of Governor of the Seventeen Provinces in the Netherlands vacant . Ferdinand informed her about their aunt 's death , saying that her affairs might now " take a different course " .
= = Governor of the Netherlands = =
On 3 January 1531 , Mary 's older brother , Holy Roman Emperor Charles V , requested that she assume the regency of the Netherlands . Charles was ruling a vast empire and was constantly in need of reliable family members who could govern his remote territories in his name . Mary reluctantly accepted on Charles ' insistence . On 6 October 1537 , in Monzón , the Emperor wrote to her :
I am only one and I can 't be everywhere ; and I must be where I ought to be and where I can , and often enough only where I can be and not where I would like to be ; for one can 't do more than one can do .
Mary served as regent of the Netherlands so well that Charles forced her to retain the post and granted her more powers than their aunt had enjoyed . Unlike her aunt , Mary was deeply unhappy during her tenure as governor and never enjoyed her role . In May 1531 , having governed for only four months , Mary told her brother Ferdinand the experience was like having a rope around her neck . While Margaret had been considered truly feminine , flexible , adaptable , humorous and charming , Mary was unyielding and authoritarian . Margaret accomplished her goals using a smile , a joke , or a word of praise , but Mary used cynical and biting comments . Unlike her aunt , Mary was unable to forgive or forget . She recognized this lack of " power as a woman " as her main problem .
= = = Guardianship over nieces = = =
Assuming the regency in the Netherlands meant assuming the guardianship of her nieces , Dorothea and Christina of Denmark , the daughters of her older sister , Queen Isabella of Denmark , who had died in 1526 . Upon Isabella 's death , the princesses had been cared for by Archduchess Margaret . Charles now relied upon Mary to arrange marriages for them , especially for Dorothea , whom he wanted to place on the Danish throne .
In 1532 , Francesco II Sforza , Duke of Milan , proposed a marriage with Christina , who was then 11 years old . Charles agreed to the marriage and allowed its immediate consummation . Mary determinedly opposed this decision , explaining to Charles that Christina was too young for consummation of the marriage . Charles ignored her , but she nevertheless managed to delay the marriage . She first told the Milanese envoy that her niece was ill and then took her to another part of the Netherlands for " serious affairs " . Christina was finally married on 28 September 1532 , but Mary managed to postpone her departure until 11 March 1533 .
Immediately after Christina 's departure , Mary fell ill and requested that she be allowed to resign as governor , but Charles did not allow it . A year later , Dorothea too was married . A few months after Dorothea 's departure , the now widowed Christina returned to her aunt 's court . King Henry VIII of England immediately proposed marriage to Christina , and Charles urged Mary to negotiate the marriage . She was not in favour of the union , and delayed . Henry was excommunicated in 1539 , at which point Charles had to end the negotiations .
= = = Relationship with Charles = = =
The Emperor assured Mary that he had no doubts about her loyalty to the Roman Catholic Church . He had learned that the Queen could not easily be bullied , especially not in matters which affected her personally . Yet , upon leaving the States General in October 1531 , Charles gave her a warning , saying that if his parent , wife , child or sibling became a follower of Luther , he would consider them his greatest enemy . Mary was thus forced to suppress Protestantism in the Netherlands , regardless of her own religious tolerance . However , she always strived to enforce her brother 's laws on religion as little as possible . She was accused of protecting Protestants on several occasions .
Her determination sometimes caused clashes of wills with Charles . In most matters of patronage , Mary had to defer to Charles , which is why his relations in this area were not much better with Mary than with their aunt Margaret . He often criticized her decisions , which negatively affected their otherwise affectionate relationship .
= = = Riots = = =
Mary became worried about losing authority and was having trouble with the finances in February 1534 . She complained that the budget could not be balanced even during the times of peace . Charles assured her that she was doing her best .
The Queen complained to Charles in August 1537 that the Low Countries were no longer governable and said he should come himself . In fact , Mary handled the crisis quite well and kept a cool head in public . In October , she travelled to the north of France to meet her brother @-@ in @-@ law , King Francis I of France , the second husband of her sister Eleanor . On October 23 , they signed a treaty . Francis thereby promised Mary that he would not help those who rebelled against her , while the Queen promised to compensate certain French noblemen who lost their land in the Low Countries during the Italian Wars .
= = = Seeking peace = = =
In 1534 , Mary prepared a proposal for a defensive union of all the provinces in her councils . She made the proposal at the States General in Mechelen in July , citing her brother , who had requested the provinces assist each other . The plan had to be given up and , after Mary and Eleanor 's failure to negotiate peace between the Empire and France , Mary 's letters to Charles began to resemble the theatrical outbursts of their aunt Margaret .
Mary strived for peace in the Netherlands . Charles paid no attention to the problems she was facing as governor and often ignored her warnings . One such incident led to Charles 's loss of the city of Metz to France . Mary was forced to wage war against France in 1537 and to deal with the Revolt of Ghent between 1538 and 1540 . Mary 's appointment as Governor of the Netherlands was renewed on 14 October 1540 , after the revolt in Ghent had been subdued .
= = = Resignation = = =
The Queen had to mediate between her brothers in 1555 , when Charles decided to abdicate as emperor and leave the government of the Netherlands to his son Philip , despite Ferdinand 's objections . When Mary learned of Charles 's decision , she informed him that she too would resign . Both Charles and Philip urged her to remain in the post , but she refused . She chronicled the difficulties she had faced due to her gender , the fact that she could not act as she thought she should have because of disagreements with Charles , and her age . Furthermore , she did not wish to accommodate to the ways of her nephew after years of getting used to Charles 's demands . The actual reason for Mary 's resignation was her numerous disagreements with her nephew . She asked for Charles 's permission to leave the Netherlands upon her resignation , fearing that she would be drawn into politics again if she remained .
Charles finally allowed his sister to resign . She formally announced her decision on 24 September 1555 and dismissed her household on 1 October . On 25 October , her authority was transferred to Philip , who , despite his personal dislike of his aunt , tried to convince her to resume the post . After another quarrel with Philip , Mary retired to Turnhout . She remained in the Netherlands one more year .
= = Life in Castile = =
Mary wished to retire to Castile and live with her recently widowed sister Eleanor , near Charles , who had retired . She was afraid of moving to Castile because , although her mentally unstable mother Joanna ( who died aged 77 in April 1555 ) had been sovereign there , Mary had never lived in Castile . She was afraid that Eleanor 's death would leave her alone in a country whose customs she did not know . In the end , she decided to move to Castile , while retaining the possibility of moving back to the Netherlands in case she could not adjust to the Castilian customs . Charles , Eleanor , and Mary sailed from Ghent on 15 September 1556 .
Although she repeatedly assured her brother that she had no intention of occupying herself with the affairs of state , Mary offered to become adviser to her niece Joan , who was serving as regent for Philip . Joan did not wish to share power and declined her aunt 's offer .
Mary did not enjoy her retirement for long ; Eleanor died in her arms in February 1558 . The grief @-@ stricken queen travelled to Charles to ask him for advice about her future . Charles told her that he wanted her to resume regency in the Netherlands , and promised a home and a large income , but Mary declined the offer . Her nephew Philip then urged her advisor to convince her to return . When Charles became ill in August , Mary accepted the offer and decided that she would become governor once again .
In September , Mary was fully prepared to depart for the Netherlands and resume her post when she was informed of Charles 's death . Distressed by the death of another sibling , the Queen , who had suffered from a heart disease most of her life , had two heart attacks in October . Both were so severe that her doctors thought that she had died . When Joan visited her , Mary was still determined to fulfill the promise she had given to Charles and assume the regency in the Netherlands , but she was weak and feverish . She died only few weeks later , in Cigales on 18 October 1558 .
In her last will , Mary left all her possessions to Charles . Since Charles had died , Philip inherited his aunt 's property . Shortly before her death , she decided that Philip and Joan should execute her will . She requested that her heart @-@ shaped gold medallion , once worn by her husband , be melted down and the gold distributed to the poor .
Queen Mary was first buried in the Monastery of Saint Benedict in Valladolid . Fifteen years after her death , Philip ordered that the remains be transferred to El Escorial .
= = Legacy = =
Mary was a keen art collector , and owned several important masterpieces of Early Netherlandish painting as well as more contemporary works . These included the Deposition of Christ by Rogier van der Weyden , now in the Museo de Prado , and the Arnolfini Portrait by Jan van Eyck , now in the National Gallery , London . Most of the collection passed to the Spanish Royal Collection after her death .
Queen Mary of Hungary was a great patron of music . She supported both sacred and secular music at her court in the Netherlands , where her maître de chappelle was Benedictus Appenzeller . Several elaborate music manuscripts that she commissioned during her governance are preserved in Spain in the monastery of Montserrat .
= = = Arms = = =
= = Ancestry = =
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= New Jersey Route 208 =
Route 208 is a state highway in the northern part of New Jersey in the United States . It runs 10 @.@ 07 miles ( 16 @.@ 21 km ) from an interchange with Route 4 and County Route 79 ( Saddle River Road ) in Fair Lawn northwest to an interchange with Interstate 287 in Oakland . The route runs through suburban areas of Bergen and Passaic counties as four- to six @-@ lane divided highway . It is constructed like a freeway , as intersections with cross roads are controlled by interchanges , but is not a controlled access road as several driveways exist . The route runs through the communities of Fair Lawn , Glen Rock , Hawthorne , Wyckoff , and Franklin Lakes along the way , interchanging with County Route 507 in Fair Lawn and County Route 502 in Franklin Lakes .
What is now Route 208 was initially planned as Route S4B in 1929 , a spur of Route 4 that was to run from Fair Lawn northwest to the New York border in Greenwood Lake , where it would eventually connect to New York State Route 208 . This route replaced what was planned as a part of Route 3 in 1927 between Paterson and Greenwood Lake . By the time the route was renumbered to Route 208 in 1953 to match NY 208 , only a portion of the route in Fair Lawn from Route 4 to Maple Avenue had been built . Route 208 was completed west to U.S. Route 202 in Oakland by 1960 as a two @-@ lane undivided road ; it would be built into its present configuration in later years . A Route 208 freeway was planned across the Ramapo Mountains from Oakland to connect to a proposed NY 208 freeway at Greenwood Lake ; however , it was never built . After Interstate 287 was extended from Montville to the New York border in 1993 , it took over the alignment of Route 208 between U.S. Route 202 and the route ’ s current northern terminus . The last traffic signal along Route 208 at McBride Avenue was removed in 1997 and the interchange with Route 4 and Saddle River Road was reconstructed in 2002 .
= = Route description = =
Route 208 ( dedicated as the World War II Veterans Memorial Highway ) is constructed like a freeway , however , at no point does it meet the standard of controlled access . Several streets and private driveways abut the road throughout its length , with right @-@ in / right @-@ out access ; however , no traffic may cross the highway at grade . Traffic moves in at least two lanes in each direction for the road 's entire length of 10 @.@ 07 miles ( 16 @.@ 21 km ) , widening briefly to three lanes next to a commercial area in Fair Lawn and near its northern terminus .
The road originates at an interchange with Route 4 in Fair Lawn , Bergen County that also includes ramps for County Route 79 ( Saddle River Road ) , heading to the west near residential areas . Shortly after beginning , a ramp from southbound Route 208 provides access via Virginia Drive to westbound Route 4 . The next exit is a partial interchange with County Route 78 ( Morlot Avenue ) , followed by a full interchange with Plaza Road . Past the latter , the route passes over New Jersey Transit ’ s Bergen County Line and comes to a southbound exit and entrance with Berdan Avenue . From here , the road turns to the northwest , passing near more neighborhoods before coming to an interchange with County Route 76 ( Fair Lawn Avenue ) . Past this interchange , the northbound direction of Route 208 widens to three lanes and it continues into commercial areas , with some driveways along the road and an intersection with McBride Avenue . At this point , the highway passes an industrial park , including a Nabisco plant on the right side . A short distance later , the road reaches the interchange with County Route 507 ( Maple Avenue ) and County Route 127 ( Harristown Road ) . Past this interchange , the road enters Glen Rock and has a northbound exit and entrance with De Boer Drive before crossing over the New Jersey Transit Main Line . Past the railroad crossing , Route 208 heads through wooded residential areas prior to a northbound interchange with County Route 653 ( Lincoln Avenue ) , where it enters Hawthorne , Passaic County . County Route 653 and Route 208 are connected by a short segment of County Route 664 ( Rea Avenue ) .
The highway has turnoffs in each direction for Utter Avenue before passing beneath the New York , Susquehanna and Western Railway track prior the interchange with County Route 659 ( Goffle Road ) . Past here , the highway turns north and climbs a hill , passing the Hawthorne Gospel Church on the right . It re @-@ enters Bergen County in Wyckoff , just before the Grandview Avenue interchange . From here , Route 208 largely resembles a wooded parkway , although there are a few driveways off the road . The road turns northwest and interchanges with County Route 93 ( Cedar Hill Avenue ) before passing near more homes and coming to an interchange with County Route S93 ( Russell Avenue ) . The road continues into Franklin Lakes and interchanges with County Route 502 ( Ewing Avenue ) before turning west @-@ northwest and coming to an exit for County Route S89 ( Summit Avenue ) . Past Summit Avenue , the road has two interchanges providing access to the Becton Dickinson headquarters campus , where the road carries three lanes in each direction . It narrows back to two lanes in each direction before coming to the interchange with County Route 117 ( Colonial Road ) and County Route 89 ( High Mountain Road ) . The final exit heading northbound is for Interstate 287 north , an interchange that includes another crossing of the New York , Susquehanna and Western Railway . After passing the exit , Route 208 northbound merges into Interstate 287 southbound at the Franklin Lakes and Oakland border .
= = History = =
NJ 208 was first plotted in 1929 as Route S4B , a spur off Route 4 that was to run from Fair Lawn northwest through Ringwood , and West Milford to the New York border near Greenwood Lake . This route was to replace what was to be a portion of Route 3 between Paterson and the New York border that was designated in the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering . The road was projected to continue into New York and continue through Sterling Forest and Monroe , New York , where it would join New York 's Route 208 at its intersection with New York State Route 17 . By 1953 , the portion of Route S4B between Route 4 and Maple Avenue in Fair Lawn was completed ; that same year , it was renumbered to Route 208 in order to match NY 208 . By 1960 , the road was extended to a northern terminus at U.S. Route 202 and West Oakland Avenue in Oakland , where traffic could exit and continue over Skyline Drive to Ringwood . When first constructed , this portion of Route 208 was a two @-@ lane undivided road . By 1969 , the portion between Maple Avenue and Goffle Road was widened to a divided highway with the entire route built into a multi @-@ lane divided highway by the 1980s .
Meanwhile , plans still existed to build Route 208 past Oakland to the New York border . Passaic County called for a divided highway to bypass Skyline Drive , and in 1967 the New Jersey Department of Transportation proposed a Route 208 freeway through the Ramapo Mountains that would run from Oakland to the New York border in Greenwood Lake , where it would connect to a proposed NY 208 freeway ( called the Orange Expressway ) that would continue north to Interstate 84 in Maybrook , New York . This freeway , which was to cost $ 66 @.@ 3 million , was to improve traffic in the resort areas of the Ramapo Mountains and also connect to the proposed Route 94 freeway leading to Warren County and the proposed Route 178 freeway leading to Morris County . In 1975 , this proposed freeway was recommended by the Tri @-@ State Regional Planning Commission to be completed by 2000 . However , it was never built .
When Interstate 287 was extended from Montville to the New York border in 1993 , it took over the alignment of Route 208 between U.S. Route 202 and the current northern terminus of Route 208 . In 1995 , the last traffic signal along Route 208 at McBride Avenue was turned off . In 2002 , construction was completed on a $ 32 million project that improved the interchange with Route 4 in Fair Lawn . This interchange saw improvements of the ramps and bridges , including the Route 208 bridge over Saddle River Road . The Route 208 freeway , like many others in New Jersey , once had solar powered emergency call boxes every 1 @.@ 0 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) ; however with the advent of cell phones the usage of these call boxes became extremely limited . To save on maintenance costs , the NJDOT removed these call boxes in 2005 .
= = Exit list = =
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= Len Hutton =
Sir Leonard " Len " Hutton ( 23 June 1916 – 6 September 1990 ) was an English cricketer who played as an opening batsman for Yorkshire from 1934 to 1955 and for England in 79 Test matches between 1937 and 1955 . Wisden Cricketers ' Almanack described him as one of the greatest batsmen in the history of cricket . He set a record in 1938 for the highest individual innings in a Test match in only his sixth Test appearance , scoring 364 runs against Australia , a milestone that stood for nearly 20 years ( and remains an England Test record ) . In 1952 , he became the first professional cricketer of the 20th Century to captain England in Tests ; under his captaincy England won the Ashes the following year for the first time in 19 years . Following the Second World War , he was the mainstay of England 's batting , and the team depended greatly on his success .
Marked out as a potential star from his teenage years , Hutton made his debut for Yorkshire in 1934 and quickly established himself at county level . By 1937 , he was playing for England and when the war interrupted his career in 1939 , critics regarded him as one of the leading batsmen in the country , and even the world . During the war , he received a serious injury to his arm while taking part in a commando training course . His arm never fully recovered , forcing him to alter his batting style . When cricket restarted , Hutton resumed his role as one of England 's leading batsmen ; by the time of England 's tour to Australia in 1950 – 51 , the team relied heavily on his batting and did so for the remainder of his career . As a batsman , Hutton was cautious and built his style on a sound defence . Although capable of attacking strokeplay , both Yorkshire and England depended on him , and awareness of this affected his style . Hutton remains statistically among the best batsmen to have played Test cricket .
Hutton captained the England Test team between 1952 and 1955 , although his leadership was at times controversial . He pursued a cautious approach and faced criticism for negativity . Never comfortable in the role , Hutton felt that the former amateur players who administered and governed English cricket did not trust him . In 23 Tests as captain , he won eight Tests and lost four with the others drawn . Worn out by the mental and physical demands of his role , Hutton retired from regular first @-@ class cricket during the 1955 season . Knighted for his contributions to cricket in 1956 , he went on to be a Test selector , a journalist and broadcaster . He also worked as a representative for an engineering firm until retiring from the job in 1984 . Hutton remained involved in cricket , and became president of Yorkshire County Cricket Club in 1990 . He died a few months afterwards in September 1990 , aged 74 .
= = Early life = =
Hutton was born on 23 June 1916 in the Moravian community of Fulneck , Pudsey , the youngest of five children to Henry Hutton and his wife Lily ( née Swithenbank ) . Many of his family were local cricketers and Hutton soon became immersed in the sport , which he both played and read about with enthusiasm . He practised in the playground of Littlemoor Council School , which he attended from 1921 until 1930 , and at Pudsey St Lawrence Cricket Club , which he joined as a junior . At the age of 12 , he made his first appearance for Pudsey St Lawrence 's second eleven and by 1929 had reached the first team . Locals encouraged him to meet the Yorkshire and England cricketer Herbert Sutcliffe , a neighbour , from whom Hutton received coaching in Sutcliffe 's garden . Sutcliffe was impressed by the young batsman , and commended him to Yorkshire as a good prospect .
Following this endorsement , Hutton went to the county 's indoor practice shed at Headingley in February 1930 . George Hirst , a former Yorkshire cricketer responsible for assessing and coaching young players , believed that Hutton 's batting technique was essentially already complete . Bill Bowes , the Yorkshire pace bowler , was equally impressed , and helped Hutton to correct a minor flaw in his technique . Hutton was sufficiently encouraged to decide to attempt a career in professional cricket , but at the prompting of his parents decided to learn a trade as well . During 1930 , he watched the Australian Don Bradman hit 334 not out at Headingley in a Test match , then a record individual score in Tests — which he himself would surpass eight years later . Later that year , Hutton enrolled at Pudsey Grammar School where he spent a year studying technical drawing and quantitative work before joining his father at a local building firm , Joseph Verity . After becoming a professional cricketer , Hutton continued to work for the company during winter months until 1939 .
= = Career before the Second World War = =
= = = First years with Yorkshire = = =
By 1933 , Hutton was regularly opening the batting for the Pudsey St Lawrence first team in the Bradford Cricket League . By close observation of his opening partner , the former Yorkshire county batsman Edgar Oldroyd , Hutton further developed his batting technique , especially in defence . The local press soon identified Hutton as a player of promise , particularly after he scored a match @-@ winning 108 not out in the Priestley Cup . Senior figures within Yorkshire cricket identified him as a potential successor to Percy Holmes as an opening partner to Sutcliffe ; at this stage in his career , Hutton was also considered a promising leg spin bowler . In the 1933 season Hutton was selected for the Yorkshire Second Eleven . Although he failed to score a run in either of his first two innings , over the season he scored 699 runs at an average of 69 @.@ 90 . Yorkshire appointed Cyril Turner as Hutton 's mentor ; Hedley Verity and Bowes also offered Hutton guidance in his early career .
Hutton made his first @-@ class debut for Yorkshire in 1934 , at the age of 17 the youngest Yorkshire player since Hirst , 45 years earlier . In his first match , against Cambridge University , he was run out for a duck but scored an unbeaten 50 runs in his second match ; he followed this with another half @-@ century against Warwickshire on his County Championship debut . He played regularly for the rest of the season but to prevent his overexposure to Championship cricket , Yorkshire limited his appearances and returned him periodically to the second eleven . In matches for the first team , Hutton shared large first @-@ wicket partnerships with Wilf Barber and with Arthur Mitchell , before scoring his maiden first @-@ class century in an innings of 196 against Worcestershire . At the time , he was the youngest Yorkshire batsman to score a first @-@ class century . He finished the season with a total of 863 runs at an average of 33 @.@ 19 ;
An operation on his nose before the 1935 season delayed Hutton 's appearance on the cricket field that year . Attempting to return too quickly , he endured poor health which limited his subsequent appearances and effectiveness ; by the middle of August he had scored a total of just 73 runs . A century against Middlesex led to run of bigger scores , and his contribution to Yorkshire 's County Championship victory that season was 577 runs at an average in first @-@ class matches of 28 @.@ 85 . In the winter of 1935 – 36 Hutton went on his first overseas tour , as Yorkshire visited Jamaica . In the 1936 season he reached 1 @,@ 000 runs in a season for the first time — 1 @,@ 282 runs at an average of 29 @.@ 81 — and was awarded his county cap in July . He took part in several large partnerships through the season , including one of 230 with Sutcliffe , although he experienced a sequence of low scores in May and June .
Throughout his first seasons , Hutton faced press criticism for his caution and reluctance to play attacking shots . Although regarding him a certain England selection in the future , critics thought Hutton slightly dull and pedestrian . Yorkshire remained unconcerned ; cricket writer Alan Hill believes Hutton 's subsequent success was built on this initial establishment of a defensive technique . His achievements brought limited recognition , owing to the high level of expectation surrounding him . This sense of frustration was heightened by comments from Sutcliffe in 1935 , when he wrote that Hutton was " a certainty for a place as England 's opening batsman . He is a marvel – the discovery of a generation ... His technique is that of a maestro . " Such praise was rare from Sutcliffe , but Hutton found the comments a burden , while others found them embarrassing .
= = = Test match debut = = =
After Hutton began 1937 with a series of high scores — including an innings of 271 against Derbyshire , the reigning County Champions , and 153 against Leicestershire two days later when he and Sutcliffe shared a 315 @-@ run opening partnership — he was chosen to play for England against New Zealand in the first Test match of the season . On 26 June , he made his Test debut at Lord 's Cricket Ground , scoring 0 and 1 . Retaining his place in the England team after scoring centuries for Yorkshire in the following games , he scored his maiden Test hundred on 24 July in the second Test at Old Trafford , Manchester . He batted for three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half hours to score exactly 100 runs and shared a century opening partnership with Charlie Barnett . Hutton 's remaining two innings in the Test series yielded 14 and 12 , giving him 127 runs at an average of 25 @.@ 40 . Also in 1937 , Hutton made his first appearance for the Players against the Gentlemen at Lord 's . In total that year he scored 2 @,@ 888 runs , more than double his previous seasonal best , at an average of 56 @.@ 62 and including ten centuries . He also recorded the best bowling performance of his career , six wickets for 76 against Leicestershire , altogether taking ten wickets in the match — the only time he achieved this . His performances that year earned him selection as one of Wisden 's Cricketers of the Year . The citation praised his attitude , technique , fielding and bowling , noting however that some commentators continued to criticise his overcaution .
In early matches of the 1938 season , with an Ashes series against Australia pending , Hutton made three centuries and scored 93 not out . Selected for a Test trial , he shared a century opening partnership with Bill Edrich , and was selected for the first Test at Trent Bridge in Nottingham beginning on 28 June . In just over three hours , Hutton scored 100 from 221 deliveries on his Ashes debut , adding 219 with Charlie Barnett for the first wicket . England , in Wally Hammond 's first match as Test captain , posted a total of 658 for eight wickets , but the match was drawn . Hutton failed in the second Test , with two single figure scores in another drawn game . He was generally unsuccessful with the bat in the following weeks , during which the third Test was entirely rained off . Following a sequence of low scores for Yorkshire , Hutton 's finger was broken in a match against Middlesex played on a dangerous pitch at Lord 's . Consequently , he could not play in the fourth Test , played at his home ground , Headingley , in which England were soundly beaten . After missing a month of cricket , Hutton played just two games before his selection for the final Test of the series .
= = = Test record score = = =
The last Test was played at The Oval and began on 20 August 1938 . Hammond won the toss on a very good pitch for batting , and after an early wicket fell , Hutton and Maurice Leyland , his Yorkshire teammate , took the score to 347 for one wicket after the first day . Hutton was unbeaten on 160 although Australia missed a chance to dismiss him , stumped , when he had scored 40 . After a rest day , the Yorkshire batsmen took their partnership to 382 before Leyland was out . Hutton then shared substantial partnerships with Hammond and Joe Hardstaff junior , taking his personal score to 300 at the end of the second day , out of a total of 634 for five . In the process he surpassed the previous highest Test score by an England batsman in a home match . Hutton maintained caution throughout ; Wisden commented that his dominance of the bowling had become slightly monotonous after two days , although it recognised his skill . On the third day ( 23 August ) , the Australians made a concerted effort to dismiss Hutton before he broke Bradman 's 1930 record Ashes score of 334 — the record score in a Test match was Hammond 's 336 not out against New Zealand , but it was compiled against what was perceived as inferior bowling , and Bradman 's total was more prestigious . Although showing nerves as he approached the record , Hutton passed Bradman 's score with a cut off Chuck Fleetwood @-@ Smith , and extended his score to 364 before he was out , caught . Lasting for more than 13 hours , with 847 balls faced , Hutton 's innings was the longest in first @-@ class cricket at the time . It was only the sixth Test of his career . The innings was the highest individual score in a Test until Garfield Sobers scored 365 in 1958 ; in 2016 it remains the 6th highest in Tests and is the most runs scored in an innings by an English player . England eventually scored 903 , the highest team total in a Test at that time , before Hammond declared the innings closed . Australia were bowled out twice and England won by an innings and 579 runs to draw the series with one victory apiece .
Commentators mainly praised Hutton 's concentration and stamina ; his slow scoring , particularly when compared to Bradman 's innings of 334 , was excused on the grounds that the Oval match was played without a time limit , and run accumulation was more important than fast scoring . Furthermore , Hammond had instructed Hutton to bat as long as possible . Among views expressed by Test cricketers , Les Ames believed that while Hutton had shown great skill , a combination of a very easy wicket for batting and an unusually weak bowling attack presented an ideal opportunity . Former England captain Bob Wyatt described the innings as one of the greatest feats of concentration and endurance in the history of the game . Some critics expressed distaste at England 's approach , but this opinion was not widely shared . In the aftermath of the innings , Hutton became famous , in constant demand from the public and press who compared him to Bradman . Hutton later described the acclamation he received as one of the worst things that happened to him , not least because expectations were unreasonably high every time he subsequently batted . When the season ended , Hutton had scored 1 @,@ 874 runs in all matches at an average of 60 @.@ 45 .
= = = Leading batsman = = =
From October 1938 , Hutton toured South Africa with the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) — the name by which England teams toured at the time — under the captaincy of Hammond ; England won the series 1 – 0 , with the other four games drawn . He scored centuries in two early matches but in a match against Transvaal , a delivery from Eric Davies knocked him unconscious and forced him to miss the first Test . Unsuccessful on his return in the second Test , Hutton scored a double century in the following tour match , but had another low score in the third Test , which England won . He was more successful in the final Tests . In the fourth , on a difficult pitch for batting , he scored 92 . The final Test was drawn after ten days of play in a supposedly " timeless " Test . In a match which set a record aggregate of runs , Hutton scored 38 and 55 but his contributions were overshadowed by the heavy scoring of others . Although Hutton scored 265 runs in the Test series , at an average of 44 @.@ 16 , critics were disappointed , expecting more after his record innings of 1938 . In all first @-@ class matches , he scored 1 @,@ 168 runs at an average of 64 @.@ 88 , the highest aggregate among the tourists , and accumulated five centuries . Spectators found his batting attractive and the Wisden correspondent regarded him the most accomplished batsman on the tour .
In its summary of the 1939 season , Wisden noted the development of Hutton into a more exciting batsman to watch , observing that he " gave further evidence of being one of the world 's greatest batsmen " . He began to dominate opening partnerships with Sutcliffe , in contrast to prior seasons when he was the junior partner . In total , he scored 2 @,@ 883 runs , over 400 more than any other batsman and his average of 62 @.@ 27 placed him second in the national averages behind Hammond . Among his twelve centuries , Hutton scored his highest total for Yorkshire , 280 not out in six hours against Hampshire , sharing an opening partnership of 315 with Sutcliffe . His contributions helped Yorkshire to their third successive Championship . He was also successful in representative matches , scoring 86 for the Players against the Gentlemen , and compiling 480 runs ( averaging 96 @.@ 00 ) in the Test matches against West Indies . England won the series , after recording victory in the first match and drawing the others . Hutton scored 196 in the first Test , hitting his last 96 runs in 95 minutes ; he and Denis Compton scored 248 runs together in 133 minutes . After low scores in the second Test , Hutton scored 73 and 165 not out in the final game at the Oval . Facing a West Indian lead of 146 , he batted five hours in the second innings , sharing a partnership of 264 with Hammond . He ended his season with a century against Sussex in Yorkshire 's final match before the war ; two days after its conclusion , the Second World War began .
= = Wartime injury and recovery = =
At the beginning of the war , Hutton volunteered for the army and was recruited to the Army Physical Training Corps as a sergeant @-@ instructor . Although no first @-@ class cricket was played during the war , league and charity cricket matches continued and Hutton played several high @-@ profile matches in 1940 . But in March 1941 , his future in cricket was threatened by a serious injury . On the last day of a commando training course in York , Hutton fell in the gymnasium when a mat slipped from under him . He suffered a fractured left forearm and dislocated his ulna at the wrist . By the summer , surgery and rest initially looked to have repaired the injury ; Hutton returned to his unit and resumed cricket , scoring a century in one game . However , he began to suffer increasing pain and underwent more surgery to graft bone from his legs onto the injured arm . A first operation failed , but the second attempt at the end of 1941 eventually proved successful . The surgery left him with a left arm almost two inches shorter than the right . He was discharged from the army in the summer of 1942 and , after a period of recovery , began work as a civilian for the Royal Engineers , inspecting the condition of government @-@ owned properties . Hutton 's recovery and return to cricket was closely followed by the wartime press , which kept track of many pre @-@ war cricketers .
Hutton resumed professional cricket with Pudsey St Lawrence in 1943 , briefly captaining the team before poor results and a disagreement with the committee led him to resign the captaincy . He played for Pudsey until 1945 , batting successfully and helping the team to the Priestley Cup , but his relationship with the club remained strained and he did not play for them again after 1945 . When the war ended in 1945 , a programme of first @-@ class matches was organised , involving counties and other teams . A series of matches was played between England and an Australian Services cricket team , called Victory Tests although they were not official Test matches . Hutton played in all three games with mixed success . He scored 46 in the second match , but was struck painfully on his weak arm by a short ball from Keith Miller , whom he encountered for the first time . After scoring 81 for Yorkshire against the Australian team , Hutton scored 104 and 69 in the final " Test " . Another century followed for Yorkshire against the Australians , taking his first @-@ class run aggregate to 782 runs at an average of 48 @.@ 87 in nine games . Commentators were satisfied that his batting technique remained effective and that he could still succeed at the highest level . The showpiece match of the season was England against the Dominions at Lord 's , but Hutton was prevented from appearing by his commitments to Pudsey .
= = Career after the war = =
= = = First tour to Australia = = =
County cricket fully resumed in 1946 . Hutton was troubled by his injury ; his wrists no longer rotated fully and he abandoned the hook shot . Nevertheless , he scored 1 @,@ 552 runs at an average of 48 @.@ 50 , and was recognised by Wisden as Yorkshire 's most effective batsman as the county won their fourth consecutive championship title . His four centuries included 183 not out against the touring Indian team , but he was less successful in the three Tests , scoring 123 runs at an average of 30 @.@ 75 . England won the series 1 – 0 but Hutton 's only fifty was a defensive innings in the second Test , when he was troubled by a bad back . He was omitted from the Gentlemen and Players match , but was part of the MCC team touring party for the 1946 – 47 tour of Australia .
The MCC were reluctant to tour so soon after the war , but the Australian authorities were insistent . The tourists , led once more by Wally Hammond , were beaten 3 – 0 in the Test series , finding their opponents much stronger than expected . Hutton began the tour well , scoring two early centuries , the latter of which was described by Wisden as the best English innings of the tour . A string of other good performances drew praise from press and former players ; one such report named him the best batsman in the world . However , Hutton failed to reach a score of 50 runs in the first three Tests ; in the first , he was out for a first ball duck , and in the second , a short ball from Keith Miller struck him on his injured arm . In the second innings of the latter game , he quickly scored 37 , frequently driving the bowling of Miller and Fred Freer before the bat slipped from his hand and hit the wicket , ending the innings . Even so , the display was praised by critics .
In the final two Tests , Hutton shared three consecutive century opening partnerships with Cyril Washbrook . A four @-@ hour 94 in the first innings was followed by 76 in the second . Press opinion was divided over Hutton 's performance ; some critics , including the Australian bowlers , detected insecurity against fast bowling , particularly the bouncers with which Ray Lindwall and Miller targeted him . Hutton 's preferred tactic of ducking under the ball reinforced the impression that he was afraid . In the final Test , Hutton scored a century , batting through the first day to score 122 not out , his first Test century in Australia , despite another barrage from Lindwall and Miller . The Sydney Morning Herald criticised the high number of short balls bowled by the Australian pacemen , bowled at Hutton as often as three times per over . After the second day was rained off , Hutton was taken ill overnight with tonsillitis , missed the remainder of the match and flew home soon after . In all first @-@ class matches on tour , Hutton scored 1 @,@ 267 runs at an average of 70 @.@ 38 , while in the Tests , he managed 417 runs at an average of 52 @.@ 12 ; he topped both sets of averages . Wisden noted that it took him time to find form in the Tests , but that he often batted well despite ill health . Bill Bowes , covering the tour as a journalist , believed that Hutton was unable to master bowling faster than he had encountered for eight years , but acquitted himself reasonably well .
= = = Series against South Africa and West Indies = = =
Hutton 's tonsils were removed before the start of the 1947 season but his poor health continued , forcing him to miss some games at the start of the season . Nevertheless , his form remained good and he scored four centuries in early matches . Yorkshire dropped to equal seventh in the County Championship , affected by the retirement of key players and the frequent loss of Hutton to representative cricket . In the Test matches Hutton did not initially score heavily . His highest innings after three Tests was only 24 runs , and critics called his place into question . He returned to form during the fourth Test , his first at Headingley , with a four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half @-@ hour century on a difficult pitch for batting . Hutton scored 83 and 36 in the drawn final Test , and England won the series 3 – 0 with the other two games drawn . Hutton hit 344 runs in the Test series at an average of 44 @.@ 00 ; in all first @-@ class matches , he scored eleven centuries and totalled 2 @,@ 585 runs at an average 64 @.@ 62 , although his achievements that season were overshadowed by those of Denis Compton and Bill Edrich , who both broke the previous record for most runs scored in a season .
After 16 months of continuous cricket , Hutton chose to miss the 1947 – 48 winter MCC tour of the West Indies . However , injuries severely affected that team , and its captain Gubby Allen requested reinforcements . Subsequently , Hutton flew out to join the tour ; Immediately after he arrived , having travelled for four days , Hutton played against British Guiana , scoring 138 and 62 not out , before appearing in the third Test . After a century against Jamaica , Hutton played innings of 56 and 60 in the fourth and final Test , giving him 171 runs at an average of 42 @.@ 75 in the series . He came top of the first @-@ class averages for the tourists , with 578 runs at an average of 64 @.@ 22 , and was judged by Wisden as one of the few batting successes in a team which lost the four @-@ Test series 2 – 0 and failed to win a single match on tour .
= = = Struggles against pace = = =
During 1948 , Hutton scored heavily for Yorkshire . Despite missing more than half the County Championship matches , he scored more runs at a better average than anyone else in the side . In county matches , Hutton averaged 92 @.@ 05 and scored eight centuries . Some Yorkshire critics expressed concern at the team 's dependence on Hutton and the poor performance of other batsmen . Hutton 's main challenge that season came from the Australian side which toured England undefeated and won the Test series 4 – 0 . In the early part of the tour , the Australians , and particularly the pace bowlers Lindwall and Miller , tried to shake Hutton 's confidence by targeting him . Although Hutton failed on a difficult pitch in Yorkshire 's match against the tourists , he was the only successful batsman against them when he appeared for MCC shortly after .
Hutton was selected for the first Test , but England were overwhelmed by the Australian fast bowlers and lost the match . After a failure in the first innings , Hutton scored 74 in the second , and briefly established dominance over Miller , who responded with a series of bouncers , one of which struck Hutton on the shoulder and provoked an angry reaction from the crowd . Miller bowled him in very poor light at the start of the fourth day 's play . At Lord 's in the second Test , also lost by England , Hutton scored 20 and 13 , but of more concern to critics was the manner in which he batted . In the second innings , England had to bat for a long time to save the game , Wisden noted that Hutton , in contrast to his opening partner Washbrook , looked " plainly uncomfortable " . He was nearly dismissed several times before he was out for 13 , and returned to the pavilion to an uncomfortable silence from the crowd . The former Australian batsman Jack Fingleton , covering the tour as a journalist , described it as Hutton 's worst effort in a Test . Bill O 'Reilly , another former Australian player working as a journalist , said Hutton seemed to be struggling with concentration and was a shadow of his former self .
Following his struggles at Lord 's , Hutton was omitted from the team for the third Test . Observers had noticed Hutton backing away from the fast bowlers , which the English selectors saw as a poor example from a leading batsman . The decision generated considerable acrimony , but surprised and pleased the Australians , who felt Hutton was their most formidable opponent with the bat . Press and critics generally judged the omission a mistake , although the Wisden correspondent believed the decision to be correct as Hutton benefited from a break . In later years , Norman Yardley , the England captain , agreed that the choice was a poor one . Hutton , who escaped most of the debate by playing in Scotland for Yorkshire , found the situation unsettling and Patrick Murphy , a sports journalist , writes that it " served to drive a reserved man further in on himself . " Meanwhile , Hutton was chosen to captain the Players against the Gentlemen at Lord 's ; he scored 59 and 132 not out .
Recalled to the England team for the fourth Test at Headingley , Hutton scored 81 and 57 . Given an excellent reception by his home crowd , he shared a century opening partnership with Washbrook in both innings , the second time they had accomplished this feat . Critics considered Hutton to be a better batsmen when he returned and that these innings repaired his damaged reputation . Australia needed 404 to win on a pitch favouring spin , but the poor performances of the main bowlers allowed Australia to record a seven wicket win described by Wisden as " astonishing " . Hutton 's contribution to the second Australian innings was to bowl four overs and concede 30 runs . Australia 's dominance in the series was sealed by a crushing win in the fifth Test . England were bowled out for 52 runs in the first innings , of which Hutton scored 30 before being last out to an exceptional catch down the leg side from wicketkeeper Don Tallon . Wisden described Hutton as " the one exception to complete failure " , while other critics noted he always looked comfortable . Facing a huge deficit in their second innings , England were bowled out for 188 . Hutton scored 64 , playing a similar defensive role to his first innings . In the Test series , Hutton scored 342 runs at an average of 42 @.@ 75 . In all first @-@ class matches , he reached 2 @,@ 654 runs at an average of 64 @.@ 73 .
= = = Leading batsman again = = =
Hutton toured South Africa in the winter of 1948 – 49 with the MCC under the captaincy of George Mann . Wisden described Hutton 's tour as a succession of triumphs until he tired at the end : " Hutton 's driving aroused the greatest admiration , but all his strokes were stamped with the hallmark of class . " Before the Test matches began , Hutton scored three centuries and then contributed 83 as England won the first Test . The next three Tests were drawn . In the second match , Hutton and Washbrook set a new Test match record opening partnership . In easy batting conditions , they shared 359 runs on the first day before Hutton was out for 158 after almost five hours batting . In more favourable bowling conditions in the third Test , Hutton scored 41 and 87 , followed by 123 in the fourth game which settled England 's second innings at a dangerous time . England won the final game to take the series 2 – 0 , and Hutton finished the Test series with 577 runs at an average of 64 @.@ 11 , while in all first @-@ class matches he recorded 1 @,@ 477 runs at an average of 73 @.@ 85 .
The most successful season of Hutton 's career in terms of runs scored was 1949 ; he scored 3 @,@ 429 runs at an average of 68 @.@ 58 , the fourth highest aggregate of runs in an English season . In both June and August he scored over 1 @,@ 000 runs ; his 1 @,@ 294 runs in June was a record for a single month and only Herbert Sutcliffe had previously passed 1 @,@ 000 runs for a calendar month twice in a season . He scored a double century against Lancashire , only the second for a Yorkshire batsman in the fixture . With Hutton available for more matches than in the previous few seasons , Yorkshire shared the County Championship with Middlesex , their last success until 1959 . In the four Test matches against the touring New Zealanders , all of which were drawn , Hutton scored 469 runs at an average of 78 @.@ 16 . He scored 101 in the first Test , and fifties in the second and third matches , before ending the series with an innings of 206 in the fourth Test , in which the second hundred runs took only 85 minutes .
Hutton scored 2 @,@ 049 runs at an average of 56 @.@ 91 in the 1950 season . Batting effectively on a succession of early season rain @-@ affected wickets , Hutton frequently top @-@ scored for Yorkshire . Hutton 's benefit match against Middlesex was affected by rain , but other events , collections and insurance for loss of play gave Hutton £ 9 @,@ 713 , a record at that point for a Yorkshire cricketer . Two @-@ thirds of the amount was invested on Hutton 's behalf by the Yorkshire committee , following their usual practice ; Hutton resented this paternalism from the committee , particularly as he did not receive the full amount until 1972 . Hutton played in three of the four Tests against West Indies . In the first Test , hampered by a finger injury , he scored 39 and 45 as England recorded their only victory of the series . The West Indies won the second Test , their first Test victory in England , and won the final two Tests to take the series 3 – 1 ; Hutton missed the third Test with lumbago but in the fourth Test scored 202 not out , carrying his bat through England 's first innings . The West Indian spinners Sonny Ramadhin and Alf Valentine caused difficulties for all the batsmen except Hutton , who always appeared comfortable . Wisden praised his effort as unforgettable .
= = = Australia 1950 – 51 = = =
Hutton was chosen to go on the MCC tour of Australia in 1950 – 51 , under the captaincy of the amateur Freddie Brown . The latter was an unexpected choice as captain , after a struggle to find a suitable amateur for the role . As a compromise aimed at critics who favoured the appointment of a professional captain , the professional Denis Compton was made vice @-@ captain , but Brown came to rely more on Hutton than on Compton for advice . The tour selectors , in an attempt to strengthen the batting line @-@ up , asked Hutton to bat in the middle order rather than his usual position as opener . He batted well in the early games but the team struggled . In the first Test , England dismissed Australia for 228 before rain made the pitch difficult for batting . In reply , England collapsed to 68 for seven before Brown declared to make Australia bat again while the pitch was still treacherous . Australia in turn struggled to 32 for seven , before declaring to leave England needing 193 to win . By the end of the third day 's play , victory seemed unlikely as England were 30 for six . Next morning on a slightly easier pitch , Hutton scored 62 not out , an innings which was widely acclaimed in the press . Wisden observed that he had " given yet another exhibition of his wonderful batsmanship on tricky turf ... Hutton thrashed the fast bowlers majestically and played the turning or lifting ball with the ease of a master craftsman . " However , the team were bowled out for 122 and Australia won by 70 runs .
Hutton remained in the middle order for the second Test , which England lost by 28 runs , but resumed his role as opener for the rest of the tour and scored a century in the following state game . Hutton scored 62 in the third Test , but the Australian spinner Jack Iverson , who caused the touring batsmen huge problems all series , bowled Australia to victory . Hutton 's form continued in the fourth Test as he carried his bat for the second time in six months . Wisden observed : " Against Hutton the bowling looked almost mediocre , but most of the other batsmen made it appear lethal . " He scored 156 not out and added 45 more runs in the second innings , but Australian won by 274 runs . With the series lost , England won the final game , their first victory over Australia since the war and Australia 's first defeat in 26 matches ; Hutton contributed scores of 79 and 60 not out and struck the winning run . Hutton scored 553 Test runs at an average of 88 @.@ 83 , and in all first @-@ class matches accumulated 1 @,@ 199 runs with five centuries and an average of 70 @.@ 52 . In contrast to his previous Australian tour , Hutton played the short ball comfortably . Reviewing the tour , Wisden stated , " With Hutton , figures did not lie . He stood head and shoulders above every other batsman and , taking all factors into consideration , worthily earned the description of the finest present @-@ day batsman in the world . "
= = = 100th century = = =
Hutton scored 2 @,@ 145 runs in 1951 with nine centuries , including his 100th in first @-@ class cricket . The South Africans toured England , losing the Test series 3 – 1 . After Hutton scored fifty in the first Test , which was won by South Africa , his 100th century almost came during the third Test , when he scored an unbeaten 98 in the second innings to take England to victory . But the innings provoked controversy when Hutton 's team @-@ mates seemed to decline easy runs to allow Hutton the opportunity to reach his hundred before the end of the match , thereby jeopardising England 's chances of victory in unsettled weather . The 100th century came a week later , against Surrey , when Hutton became the thirteenth player to achieve the landmark . He followed this immediately with 194 not out against Nottinghamshire and 100 , in the drawn fourth Test at Headlingley . In the final Test , which England won to take the series , Hutton became the first man in Tests , and only the fourth in all first @-@ class cricket , to be given out obstructing the field : he edged a ball in the air and legitimately knocked it away from his wickets with his bat ; in doing so , he prevented a catch being taken and was given out . This remains the only such instance in Tests . Hutton ended the Test series with 378 runs at an average of 54 @.@ 00 . Late in the season , he scored a century against Gloucestershire to become the second Yorkshire player after Sutcliffe to complete centuries against the other 16 first @-@ class counties .
= = Captain of England = =
= = = Appointment = = =
Brown 's resignation from the captaincy of England at the end of 1951 left no obvious replacement candidate . Traditionally , captains in county or Test cricket were amateurs , who usually came from privileged backgrounds , in contrast to professionals , who often came from the working classes . Consequently , class distinction pervaded cricket which was organised and administered by former and current amateurs , many of whom reasoned that professionals would not make good captains owing to their worries over safeguarding their contracts or concerns about affecting the livelihoods of other professionals . In 1952 , the selectors judged that none of the serving amateur county captains possessed the required ability or experience to fill the role of England captain . Consequently , the selectors decided to radically depart from tradition and appoint a professional captain . All previous England captains in home Test matches had been amateurs , and no professional had captained England in any match in the 20th century . But , as widely anticipated by the press , Hutton was appointed to captain England in the first Test of a four @-@ match series against the 1952 Indian tourists . He harboured private doubts whether the cricket establishment would accept a professional captain , but declined to turn amateur , as Wally Hammond had done in 1938 . The decision met with broad approval from the press , and the editor of Wisden wrote : " In breaking with tradition and choosing a professional as captain the Selection Committee made a vital decision in the interests of England , because it should mean that in future no man will be picked as leader unless he is worth a place in the side . " Hutton had not expected to be asked and had thought an amateur would have been appointed as usual . He presumed his appointment was an interim measure until a more suitable candidate could be found .
Before his home crowd at Headingley , Hutton 's first match as captain was a success , although his tactics were cautious . The Wisden correspondent wrote : " For Hutton the match was a personal triumph . Tradition had been broken ... and he must have known that the eyes of the world were upon him . He did not falter and his astute leadership earned him many admirers " . England won comfortably , although Hutton failed with the bat . In the second Test , Hutton scored 150 out of a total of 537 , and although cautious once more , the Wisden editor believed his captaincy helped to secure a win . Following this match , the selectors appointed Hutton captain for the rest of the series . In the final two Tests , Hutton scored 104 and 86 and his bowlers dominated the Indian batsmen . The drawn final Test was ruined by weather , but England won the four match series 3 – 0 , and Hutton scored 399 runs at an average of 79 @.@ 80 ; in the whole summer he scored 2 @,@ 567 first @-@ class runs at an average of 61 @.@ 11 with eleven centuries .
= = = Ashes victory = = =
During the 1953 season , Australia toured England having held the Ashes since 1934 but critics considered England to have a good chance of winning the series . Hutton was retained as England captain initially on a match @-@ by @-@ match basis . His health was uncertain and he was troubled by fibrositis which restricted his movement and adversely affected his fielding . He top @-@ scored in both England innings with 43 and 60 not out in the drawn first Test , and batted effectively for Yorkshire against the Australians . After dropping three catches in Australia 's first innings in the second Test , Hutton scored 145 runs in his first innings . However , he was dismissed early in the second innings ; England managed to draw the match , but Hutton faced press criticism for his cautious tactics . Rain prevented a result in the third Test , but Hutton scored 66 and his tactics were praised . After the match , he was confirmed as captain for the remainder of the series , and the forthcoming MCC winter tour of West Indies .
The fourth Test , in front of Hutton 's home crowd , was his least successful of the series . He was bowled second ball by a yorker from Lindwall and England struggled to remain competitive throughout the match . In the fourth innings of the game , Australia needed 177 runs to win , with 115 minutes of play remaining . Hutton used Trevor Bailey to bowl negatively and slow Australia down ; his tactics , including time @-@ wasting and the use of leg theory , meant Australia could not score the runs in the available time and the match was drawn . It is possible that the idea came from Bailey himself , but the Australian press criticised Hutton for his negativity . In contrast , English critics believed the tactics were justified . Amid great public interest for the deciding fifth Test , Hutton lost his fifth successive toss but replying to Australia 's first innings of 275 , England established a narrow first @-@ innings lead . Surviving an early scare when a bouncer from Lindwall nearly knocked his cap onto his wickets , Hutton scored 82 . In reply , Australia collapsed before the England spinners and England scored the necessary 132 runs to win their first series against Australia since 1932 – 33 and their first such home series win since 1926 . Wisden praised Hutton 's strategy and tactical sense , and he was widely acclaimed in the press , particularly for the good spirit which he and Hassett , the Australian captain , maintained . Hutton scored 443 runs at an average of 55 @.@ 37 in the Tests , but found it mentally tiring to lead England . Meanwhile , some Yorkshire observers felt he should do more to improve discipline at the county . In the whole summer , he scored 2 @,@ 458 runs at an average of 63 @.@ 02 .
= = = Captain in the West Indies = = =
In the winter of 1953 – 54 , Hutton led the MCC on a tour of West Indies . Before the team left England , critics queried his appointment , arguing that a professional captain was unsuitable to lead a tour . Hutton 's authority was also compromised by the MCC , who did not give him the tour manager he requested ; instead , they appointed the inexperienced Charles Palmer , the Leicestershire captain , who had already been selected as a player on the tour . Palmer 's dual role as player and manager blurred the lines of command . Hutton also found some of the professionals in the team to be difficult to lead , particularly Godfrey Evans , and Fred Trueman . Off @-@ field events often overshadowed the cricket . Amid growing independence movements in the region , Hutton believed his team was used as a political instrument to support colonial rule . The situation was further inflamed as journalists and English residents in the Caribbean placed great emphasis on an English victory , and the perception was that the series would establish the unofficial world champions . The standards of local umpiring were a further source of controversy . The crowds often made noisy protests about on @-@ field events , often related to umpiring . The climax came in the third Test when missiles were thrown onto the outfield when the umpire judged Cliff McWatt was out ; Hutton kept his team and the umpires on the field , possibly defusing a dangerous situation . The attitude of some English players inflamed feelings , either through a perceived lack of courtesy , or their negative reactions to events on the field . Some critics held Hutton responsible for this , but the editor of Wisden later wrote : " [ Hutton ] was involved in the most thankless task any cricket captain has undertaken when he went to West Indies . Instead of finding a friendly cricket atmosphere he and his players were subjected to the impact of deep political and racial feeling — an experience all of them wish to forget . A few members of the team did not hide their innermost feelings , with the result that Hutton came under severe criticism , although his behaviour was blameless . "
Hutton wanted to exploit what he saw as a West Indian weakness against pace , picking four fast bowlers for the first Test . In doing so , he misjudged the pitch ; West Indies made a large score and won by 140 runs . Both captains employed time @-@ wasting tactics in the match , and used negative leg theory bowling , outside leg stump . In the second Test , Hutton scored 72 and 77 but could not prevent another defeat after losing his seventh consecutive toss in Tests . England batted slowly throughout ; Hutton was himself barracked for his slow , defensive batting during the match . England won the third Test by nine wickets , their first victory in the Caribbean since 1935 . Hutton , who finally won the toss , scored 169 in seven hours and West Indies were bowled out twice . After a drawn fourth Test , England had to win the final Test to draw the series . Hutton lost the toss but his bowlers dismissed West Indies cheaply in good batting conditions . Hutton then batted for almost nine hours to score 205 , his nineteenth and final Test century . Wisden observed that " For concentration and control , Hutton 's innings ... scarcely could have been excelled . " The innings ended amid another controversy when local officials and journalists accused Hutton of snubbing the congratulations of the Chief Minister Alexander Bustamante during a tea interval . Hutton apologised , not having noticed Bustamante speaking to him , but was dismissed immediately when play resumed ; the incident was prominently reported the following day . England 's bowlers bowled out West Indies a second time and England scored the required runs to record a series @-@ levelling victory , West Indies ' first defeat in Jamaica in a Test . In its summary of the tour , Wisden said that Hutton showed mastery over every bowler . The correspondent wrote , " From first to last no batsman compared with Hutton ... Considering the weight of his many responsibilities and worries , Hutton played magnificent cricket " . The press were generally supportive despite reservations over his caution . Swanton and Alan Gibson later credited England 's recovery in the series to Hutton 's batting and leadership . In five Tests , he scored 677 runs — his largest aggregate in a series — at an average of 96 @.@ 71 , the highest on either side . In all first @-@ class matches , he made 780 runs at an average of 78 @.@ 00 .
= = = Appointment of Sheppard = = =
Hutton missed large parts of the 1954 season on medical advice , suffering from mental and physical exhaustion brought about by the West Indian tour . He played in the first Test against Pakistan , on their first tour of England , scored a duck and missed the next two matches . In Hutton 's absence , the selectors appointed the amateur David Sheppard , a theology student at the time ; Sheppard achieved little batting success , but England won the two Tests in which he was captain . According to Wisden editor Norman Preston , influential figures within the cricket hierarchy blamed Hutton for the previous winter 's events and attempted to replace him as captain . Two former England cricketers , Errol Holmes and Walter Robins , the latter also a selector that year , favoured Sheppard over Hutton and persuaded him to offer his candidacy to captain the MCC in Australia that winter . Sheppard indicated he would accept the post and take a leave of absence from his studies if required . The press speculated that Hutton would step aside , but most newspapers favoured his continued leadership and ran stories alleging MCC prejudice against professional cricketers . Neither Hutton nor Sheppard publicly expressed an opinion , although Hutton informed the MCC he would tour Australia as captain or player as required , and both men remained on good personal terms throughout . Robins , seeing the strength of opinion , backed down . When Hutton returned to cricket in July , scoring two centuries , he was appointed captain of the MCC for the winter tour . Returning to captain a slightly weakened team for the fourth and final Test , Hutton failed with the bat , and Pakistan recorded their first Test victory . In his three Test innings of the season , Hutton scored just 19 runs . Owing to his reduced appearances , Hutton failed to reach 1 @,@ 000 first @-@ class runs for the first time since 1936 , reaching 912 runs at an average of 35 @.@ 07 .
= = = Captain in Australia = = =
Expectations before the Australian tour were low after the confusion of the 1954 summer and some controversial selections . Trueman , Jim Laker and Tony Lock , part of the winning 1953 team , were omitted ; Colin Cowdrey and Vic Wilson were included . Hutton further downplayed his team 's chances through exaggerating its inexperience to the Australian press ; newspapers were already sympathetic to Hutton as a professional captain of a class @-@ driven country . The team began the tour well . Hutton made a series of good scores in the opening games . But for the first Test , Hutton did not include a spinner in the team and chose to bowl on winning the toss , an unusual strategy in Australia . The home side scored 601 , England dropped 12 catches and , with the key players Evans and Compton injured , lost by an innings ; the press blamed Hutton for choosing to bowl . Despite the result , Hutton saw potential in Frank Tyson 's bowling and arranged for Alf Gover , a respected coach who was in Australia as a journalist , to improve and shorten Tyson 's run to the wicket . For the second Test , Hutton left out the unfit Alec Bedser , England 's most reliable bowler since the war , to include two spinners , but in a low @-@ scoring game , Tyson made the difference and England won by 38 runs . Hutton was unwell before the third Test , suffering from fibrositis and a heavy cold , and had to be persuaded out of bed by members of his team . He decided to play at the last minute and unexpectedly left out Bedser again , although he was fit to play . Hutton neglected to inform Bedser , who only learned of his omission when he saw the team list displayed in the dressing room before the match . Hutton contributed few runs , but Cowdrey and Peter May made large scores and Tyson took seven wickets as Australia were bowled out for 111 in their second innings , giving England a 128 @-@ run victory . The fourth Test was crucial , and Hutton 's innings of 80 runs in four @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half hours was the highest of the game . Wisden believed Hutton 's tactics were instrumental in giving his team the upper hand , and in the final innings , England needed 94 to win and retain the Ashes . Early wickets , including Hutton 's , fell to Miller , and when the captain returned to the dressing room , he said that Miller had " done us again . " Compton , the next man in , replied " I haven 't been in yet " , and stayed at the wicket until the match was won by five wickets . Many commentators viewed this as a sign that Hutton 's reserve had slipped in the critical situation , but Alan Gibson believes it was a deliberate ploy to inspire Compton . England went on to draw the final Test in a match ruined by rain . Hutton was out to the fourth ball of the match , but Australia were forced to follow on for the first time by England since 1938 , and Hutton took a wicket with the last ball of the match before time ran out . This ended the series , which England won 3 – 1 .
Hutton 's tactical approach in the series was praised by Australian and English commentators ; they noted how Hutton observed his opponents carefully to spot weaknesses . His caution was criticised , but the main complaint was that he deliberately slowed the speed of play , reducing the number of overs bowled , allowing the fast bowlers to rest and restricting the rate at which Australia scored . With the bat , Hutton scored 220 runs in Tests at an average of 24 @.@ 44 . In all first @-@ class matches in Australia , he scored 959 runs at 50 @.@ 47 . The tour ended with two Tests in New Zealand ; England won the first by eight wickets , and the second by an innings and 20 runs . New Zealand were bowled out for 26 in their second innings , which , in 2016 , remains the lowest Test score . In the latter match , Hutton scored 53 batting at number five in his final Test innings . He had played in 79 Test matches , scoring 6 @,@ 971 runs at an average of 56 @.@ 67 with 19 hundreds . As England captain in 23 matches , he won eight Tests and lost four , and along with Percy Chapman was the only England captain to win consecutive series against Australia .
= = = Retirement = = =
On Hutton 's return to England , he was made an honorary member of the MCC , which changed its rules to allow a current professional to join the club . The selectors appointed him England captain for the entire forthcoming series against South Africa , a rare indication of confidence . After a poor start to the season , Hutton captained MCC against the tourists , but withdrew from the final day of the match with lumbago . His uncertain health led him to resign the England captaincy . The selectors made Peter May captain in his place and appointed Hutton as a selector . Hutton played for Yorkshire until the end of June . Against Nottinghamshire , he scored 194 in five hours , his final first @-@ class century . His last 100 runs came in an hour . After the following match , his back was too painful to continue and he did not play again that season . In eleven first @-@ class matches , he scored 537 runs at an average of 29 @.@ 83 . In June , he was knighted for services to cricket . Following the advice of a specialist , Hutton announced his retirement from first @-@ class cricket in January 1956 . He was 39 , an early retirement age for the period . He played one further match in 1957 for MCC against Lancashire , and two matches in 1960 for MCC and L. C. Stevens ' XI . In all first @-@ class cricket , he scored 40 @,@ 140 runs at an average of 55 @.@ 51 with 129 hundreds .
= = Style and technique = =
= = = Batting = = =
Wisden viewed Hutton , with Jack Hobbs , as " one of the two most accomplished professional batsmen to have played for his country " , and following the Second World War , critics regarded him as the best batsman in the world . In October 2010 , he was chosen as part of the ESPNCricinfo All @-@ time World XI , a team selected by a panel of respected commentators and cricket writers to represent the greatest cricketers of all time . As part of the same process , he was also chosen in England 's greatest team . The official Yorkshire history describes him as " technically and aesthetically the best batsman to play for Yorkshire " . E. W. Swanton believed that if Hobbs was the greatest professional batsman , Hutton , along with Hammond and Compton , came next . Hutton was more cautious than these others . Following the lead of Herbert Sutcliffe , he saw the role of an opening batsman as defensive . The basis of his game was a good defensive technique , although he was able to accelerate and play attacking shots when the situation demanded . Cricket historian David Frith believes that " there was an apparent touch of genius about his batsmanship " , and Alan Gibson described Hutton 's off drive as " the glory of the game . " He was particularly effective on difficult batting pitches . Of the next generation of England batsmen , Peter May tried to adopt Hutton 's mental approach to both batting and captaincy , while Colin Cowdrey later said " I had tried to model myself on Len Hutton ever since I started playing serious cricket . " Statistically , Hutton stands near the highest achievers . When he retired , only two men had scored more than his 6 @,@ 971 Test runs ; his average of 56 @.@ 67 is seventh highest of those who played at least fifty Test matches , as of 2016 , while only Sutcliffe has a higher average among openers who scored over 4 @,@ 000 runs . He also displayed consistency ; his annual average only fell below 50 three times , he averaged over 50 each year from 1947 to 1954 and scored 20 or more in 90 of his 138 innings .
Hutton 's batting technique was orthodox and conventional . John Woodcock writes that he seemed to possess great intuition , for example playing mystery spinners Ramadhin and Iverson with ease . His batting stance was relaxed and still , his first movement being to slide his right foot back and across towards middle stump . He often played the ball off the back foot , getting right back onto his stumps , but never played as far forward , preferring to let the ball come to him and play it late . Occasionally , he left a slight gap between his bat and pads , meaning he was sometimes bowled through it when out of form . This arose mainly through the wartime injury to his arm and by 1950 he had adjusted his technique to compensate and had fewer problems . Immediately before the war , Hutton batted in a more attacking style and several of his contemporaries remembered his attractive strokeplay . By his own admission , Hutton was not the same player after the war . A combination of the effects of his injury and the responsibility of opening the batting in generally weak Yorkshire and England teams , whose success often depended on Hutton , meant that he batted cautiously . Hutton only played attacking shots when they presented no risk , and he rarely lifted the ball in the air ; he hit just seven sixes in Test matches . However , Patrick Murphy writes : " Just now and again he would play an innings of genius , when bowlers could not contain him . " One such innings was his score of 37 in the second Test of 1946 – 47 in which the attacking shots he played reminded older spectators of Victor Trumper , regarded as the ultimate Australian strokeplayer . In all his innings , he was expert at hitting the ball just out of the reach of fieldsmen to allow runs to be taken . Several of his contemporaries believed he did not get enough credit for surviving the short @-@ pitched attacks of the Australian bowlers following the war .
= = = Captaincy = = =
As captain , Hutton believed that the key to success was a strong pace attack , stemming from his experiences against Lindwall and Miller , which influenced his selection of several promising fast bowlers . His natural inclination and the background to his appointment made him a cautious captain , for example slowing down the game to allow the fast bowlers to rest , which set a precedent for other captains . Tactically , Norman Yardley found him " sound rather than venturesome " . Run saving was his main priority , but during matches , he quickly adjusted his approach to attack the weakness of particular batsmen . Jim Kilburn believed that Hutton pursued a serious approach to all matches , to the point where he missed some enjoyment of the game . Kilburn wrote that the " outstanding characteristic of his captaincy was shrewdness . He made no romantic gestures ; he lit no fires of inspiration . He invited admiration rather than affection and would have exchanged either or both for effective obedience . "
Some of his selections as captain were widely debated . Following incidents in the Caribbean , Trueman did not play for England again under Hutton 's captaincy , although he was still regarded as an England prospect . Jim Laker was also omitted from the team , possibly because Hutton doubted Laker 's commitment . Both Jim McConnon , Laker 's replacement , and Vic Wilson were controversial choices for the 1954 – 55 Australian tour , whose selections Trevor Bailey attributed to Hutton ; neither played a substantial role on the tour . A poor communicator , Hutton distanced himself from his team when a stronger lead was required . Trueman and Bailey thought Hutton found it hard to talk to his players : amateur critics considered this an inevitable consequence of a professional leading other professionals . On the other hand , Hutton played a key role in the development of fast bowlers Trueman , Tyson and Brian Statham . Tyson and Statham later acknowledged his advice and encouragement as factor in their subsequent success . Cowdrey also acknowledged Hutton 's advice and assistance when the former began his career . Furthermore , on the 1954 – 55 tour of Australia , Hutton took a close interest in him and was a particular comfort when Cowdrey 's father died during the tour .
Cricket followers from the south of England remained slightly distrustful of Hutton owing to the perception that he occasionally carried professionalism to excess . When he was appointed England captain , many in the cricketing establishment held his professionalism against him with the result that Hutton never felt comfortable dealing with the amateurs who ran English cricket at the time . While captain , he was criticised for caution and negativity but also was expected to lead a successful team at a time when results began to assume a far greater importance than in previous years . Consequently , Hutton never felt secure in the position and was often uncomfortable around the amateur establishment . Like Herbert Sutcliffe , he attempted to alter his accent to match that of leading southern amateurs to help him to fit in . But he did not enjoy the attention that went with the captaincy , and he often worried about the impression he was making .
Hutton rarely captained Yorkshire , except in the absence of the official captain , through a combination of poor health , frequent absences with England and the presence of the amateur Norman Yardley in the side . Yardley claimed several times that he would have stood down in Hutton 's favour , but the committee remained distrustful of professional captaincy and thought Hutton a hypochondriac who used his health as an excuse not to play . Hutton was a reserved man for whom the Yorkshire dressing room clashes of the 1950s held little appeal . As the side 's senior professional , he did not always provide the guidance which younger players in the side were seeking . The team was divided and the players frequently clashed with each other ; some critics believe this was a factor in the county 's failure to win the County Championship in the 1950s . Ray Illingworth , a player at the time , believes that Hutton was the only man who could have changed the negative attitude around the team , but " he didn 't do anything about it " . Illingworth recalled that he was a " distant hero " , saying : " He was a funny man was Len — slightly sarcastic all the time . He 'd hear an argument in the dressing room and he 'd throw a bit of wood on the fire to keep it going . He looked after himself , he was very much of a loner . "
= = Later life = =
Hutton married Dorothy Mary Dennis , the sister of former Yorkshire cricketer Frank Dennis , on 16 September 1939 at Wykeham near Scarborough ; they met at an end @-@ of @-@ season dance which Dorothy had attended with her brother . They had two sons : Richard , who later played cricket for Yorkshire and England , in 1942 , and John in 1947 .
During and after the war , Hutton worked for a paper manufacturer , but writing and journalism provided a more permanent career . Hutton worked with Thomas Moult , a journalist and writer , to produce a book of memoirs , Cricket is My Life in 1949 , and he wrote for the News of the World while still playing . Following his cricketing retirement , Hutton worked in broadcasting until 1961 , and after 1955 , he wrote for the London Evening News until 1963 . A second book , Just my story , followed in 1956 in collaboration with journalist , R. J. Hayter . In 1958 – 59 , Hutton travelled to Australia to cover the MCC tour as correspondent for the Evening News , again assisted by a professional journalist , while between 1963 and 1986 , he wrote for The Observer . He wrote a third book , Thirty Years in Cricket , in 1984 . Hutton 's increasing commitments in the south of England meant he moved to North London in 1959 . In 1960 , Hutton was invited to join the engineering firm of J. H. Fenner , mainly working in a public relations capacity . Later , he moved into marketing and overseas promotion of products , became a director of the firm in 1973 , and retired in 1984 .
Although he disliked committees , Hutton served as an England Test selector in 1975 and 1976 , but business commitments limited his availability so he resigned in 1977 . Hutton became involved with Surrey cricket in later years but maintained links with Yorkshire , and became president of Yorkshire county cricket in January 1990 . In his final years , Hutton suffered from ill health and became increasingly frail . In September 1990 , he suffered a ruptured aorta shortly after watching a cricket match at the Oval . After an unsuccessful operation , he died on 6 September .
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= Pachycephalosaurus =
Pachycephalosaurus ( / ˌpækᵻˌsɛfələˈsɔːrəs / ; meaning " thick @-@ headed lizard , " from Greek pachys- / παχυς- " thick " , kephale / κεφαλη " head " and sauros / σαυρος " lizard " ) is a genus of pachycephalosaurid dinosaurs . The type species , P. wyomingensis , is the only known species . It lived during the Late Cretaceous Period ( Maastrichtian stage ) of what is now North America . Remains have been excavated in Montana , South Dakota , and Wyoming . It was an herbivorous or omnivorous creature which is primarily known from a single skull and a few extremely thick skull roofs , though more complete fossils have been found in recent years . Pachycephalosaurus was one of the last non @-@ avian dinosaurs before the Cretaceous – Paleogene extinction event . Another dinosaur , Tylosteus of western North America , has been synonymized with Pachycephalosaurus .
Like other pachycephalosaurids , Pachycephalosaurus was a bipedal omnivore with an extremely thick skull roof . It possessed long hindlimbs and small forelimbs . Pachycephalosaurus is the largest known pachycephalosaur .
The thick skull domes of Pachycephalosaurus and related genera gave rise to the hypothesis that pachycephalosaurs used their skulls in intra @-@ species combat . This hypothesis has been disputed in recent years .
= = Description = =
The anatomy of Pachycephalosaurus is poorly known , as only skull remains have been described . Pachycephalosaurus is famous for having a large , bony dome atop its skull , up to 25 cm ( 10 in ) thick , which safely cushioned its tiny brain . The dome 's rear aspect was edged with bony knobs and short bony spikes projected upwards from the snout . The spikes were probably blunt , not sharp .
The skull was short , and possessed large , rounded eye sockets that faced forward , suggesting that the animal had good vision and was capable of binocular vision . Pachycephalosaurus had a small muzzle which ended in a pointed beak . The teeth were tiny , with leaf @-@ shaped crowns . The head was supported by an " S " - or " U " -shaped neck .
Pachycephalosaurus was probably bipedal and was the largest of the pachycephalosaurid ( bone @-@ headed ) dinosaurs . It has been estimated that Pachycephalosaurus was around 4 @.@ 5 metres ( 15 ft ) long and weighed 450 kilograms ( 990 lb ) . Based on other pachycephalosaurids , it probably had a fairly short , thick neck , short fore limbs , a bulky body , long hind legs and a heavy tail , which was likely held rigid by ossified tendons .
= = History of discovery = =
Remains attributable to Pachycephalosaurus may have been found as early as the 1850s . As determined by Donald Baird , in 1859 or 1860 Ferdinand Vandiveer Hayden , an early fossil collector in the North American West , collected a bone fragment in the vicinity of the head of the Missouri River , from what is now known to be the Lance Formation in southeastern Montana . This specimen , now ANSP 8568 , was described by Joseph Leidy in 1872 as belonging to the dermal armor of a reptile or an armadillo @-@ like animal . It became known as Tylosteus . Its actual nature was not found until Baird restudied it over a century later and identified it as a squamosal ( bone from the back of the skull ) of Pachycephalosaurus , including a set of bony knobs corresponding to those found on other specimens of Pachycephalosaurus . Because the name Tylosteus predates Pachycephalosaurus , according to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature Tylosteus would normally be preferred . In 1985 , Baird successfully petitioned to have Pachycephalosaurus used instead of Tylosteus because the latter name had not been used for over fifty years , was based on undiagnostic materials , and had poor geographic and stratigraphic information . This may not be the end of the story ; Robert Sullivan suggested in 2006 that ANSP 8568 is more like the corresponding bone of Dracorex than that of Pachycephalosaurus . The issue is of uncertain importance , though , if Dracorex actually represents a juvenile Pachycephalosaurus , as has been recently proposed .
P. wyomingensis , the type and currently only valid species of Pachycephalosaurus , was named by Charles W. Gilmore in 1931 . He coined it for the partial skull USNM 12031 , from the Lance Formation of Niobrara County , Wyoming . Gilmore assigned his new species to Troodon as T. wyomingensis . At the time , paleontologists thought that Troodon , then known only from teeth , was the same as Stegoceras , which had similar teeth . Accordingly , what are now known as pachycephalosaurids were assigned to the family Troodontidae , a misconception not corrected until 1945 , by Charles M. Sternberg .
In 1943 , Barnum Brown and Erich Maren Schlaikjer , with newer , more complete material , established the genus Pachycephalosaurus . They named two species : Pachycephalosaurus grangeri , the type species of the genus Pachycephalosaurus , and Pachycephalosaurus reinheimeri . P. grangeri was based on AMNH 1696 , a nearly complete skull from the Hell Creek Formation of Ekalaka , Carter County , Montana . P. reinheimeri was based on what is now DMNH 469 , a dome and a few associated elements from the Lance Formation of Corson County , South Dakota . They also referred the older species " Troodon " wyomingensis to their new genus . Their two newer species have been considered synonymous with P. wyomingensis since 1983 .
= = Classification = =
Pachycephalosaurus gives its name to the Pachycephalosauria , a clade of herbivorous ornithischian ( " bird hipped " ) dinosaurs which lived during the Late Cretaceous Period in North America and Asia . Despite their bipedal stance , they were likely more closely related to the ceratopsians than the ornithopods .
Pachycephalosaurus is the most famous member of the Pachycephalosauria ( though not the best @-@ preserved member ) . The clade also includes Stenopelix , Wannanosaurus , Goyocephale , Stegoceras , Homalocephale , Tylocephale , Sphaerotholus and Prenocephale . Within the tribe Pachycephalosaurini , Pachycephalosaurus is most closely related to Dracorex and Stygimoloch , although these may be juvenile forms of Pachycephalosaurus .
Below is a cladogram modified from Evans et al . , 2013 .
= = Paleobiology = =
= = = Growth = = =
The pachycephalosaurs Dracorex and Stygimoloch may be specimens of Pachycephalosaurus in which the dome and horns are not well @-@ developed , either because the animal was a juvenile or a female . This consideration was supported at the 2007 annual meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology . Jack Horner of Montana State University presented evidence , from analysis of the skull of the single existing Dracorex specimen , that this dinosaur may well be a juvenile form of Stygimoloch . In addition , he presented data that indicates that both Stygimoloch and Dracorex may be juvenile forms of Pachycephalosaurus . Horner and M.B. Goodwin published their findings in 2009 , showing that the spike / node and skull dome bones of all three ' species ' exhibit extreme plasticity , and that both Dracorex and Stygimoloch are known only from juvenile specimens while Pachycephalosaurus is known only from adult specimens . These observations , in addition to the fact that all three forms lived in the same time and place , lead them to conclude that Dracorex and Stygimoloch were simply juvenile Pachycephalosaurus , which lost spikes and grew domes as they aged . The discovery of baby skulls assigned to Pachycephalosaurus that were described in 2016 from two different bone beds in the Hell Creek Formation have been presented as further evidence for this hypothesis . The fossils , as described by David Evans and Mark Goodwin et al are identical to all three supposed genera in the placement of the rugose knobs on their skulls . This and further studies of the different , more mature skulls , suggested that the knobs present in the skull developed very early in the dinosaur 's life while the iconic , domed head developed later . A 2010 study by Nick Longrich and colleagues also supported the hypothesis that all flat @-@ skulled pachycephalosaurs were juveniles , suggesting that flat @-@ skulled forms like Goyocephale and Homalocephale represent juveniles of dome @-@ skulled adults .
= = = Fighting behavior = = =
Scientists once suspected that Pachycephalosaurus and its relatives were the bipedal equivalents of bighorn sheep or musk oxen ; that male individuals would ram each other headlong . It was also believed that they would make their head , neck , and body horizontally straight , in order to transmit stress during ramming . However , it is now believed that the pachycephalosaurs could not have used their domes in this way .
Foremost , the skull roof could probably not have adequately sustained impact associated with such ramming . Also , there is no definitive evidence of scars or other damage on fossilized Pachycephalosaurus skulls , although recent findings may contradict this . Furthermore , the cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae show that the neck was carried in an " S " - or " U " -shaped curve , rather than a straight orientation , and thus unfit for direct head @-@ butting . Lastly , the rounded shape of the skull would lessen the contacted surface area during head @-@ butting , resulting in glancing blows . However , CT scan comparsions of the skulls of Stegoceras validum , Prenocephale prenes and several head @-@ striking artiodactyls supported pachycephalosaurids being well @-@ equipped for head @-@ butting .
Alternatively , Pachycephalosaurus and other pachycephalosaurid genera engaged in flank @-@ butting in intraspecific combat . In this scenario , an individual may have stood roughly parallel or faced a rival directly , using intimidation displays to cow its rival . If intimidation failed , the Pachycephalosaurus would bend its head downward and to the side , striking the rival pachycephalosaur on its flank . This hypothesis is supported by the relatively broad width of most pachycephalosaurs , a trait that would have protected vital organs from harm . The flank @-@ butting theory was first proposed by Sues in 1978 , and expanded upon by Ken Carpenter in 1997 .
In 2012 , a study showed that cranial pathologies in a P. wyomingensis specimen were likely due to agonistic behavior . It was also proposed that similar damage in other pachycephalosaur specimens previously explained as taphonomic artifacts and bone absorptions may instead have been due to such behavior . Peterson et al . ( 2013 ) studied cranial pathologies among the Pachycephalosauridae and found that 22 % of all domes examined had lesions that are consistent with osteomyelitis , an infection of the bone resulting from penetrating trauma , or trauma to the tissue overlying the skull leading to an infection of the bone tissue . This high rate of pathology lends more support to the hypothesis that pachycephalosaurid domes were employed in intra @-@ specific combat . Pachycephalosaurus wyomingensis specimen BMR P2001.4.5 was observed to have 23 lesions in its frontal bone and P. wyomingensis specimen DMNS 469 was observed to have 5 lesions . The frequency of trauma was comparable across the different genera in the pachycephalosaurid family , despite the fact that these genera vary with respect to the size and architecture of their domes , and fact that they existed during varying geologic periods . These findings were in stark contrast with the results from analysis of the relatively flat @-@ headed pachycephalosaurids , where there was an absence of pathology . This would support the hypothesis that these individuals represent either females or juveniles , where intra @-@ specific combat behavior is not expected .
Histological examination reveals that pachycephalosaurid domes are composed of a unique form of fibrolamellar bone which contains fibroblasts that play a critical role in wound healing , and are capable of rapidly depositing bone during remodeling . Peterson et al . ( 2013 ) concluded that taken together , the frequency of lesion distribution and the bone structure of frontoparietal domes , lends strong support to the hypothesis that pachycephalosaurids used their unique cranial structures for agonistic behavior .
= = = Diet = = =
Scientists do not yet know what these dinosaurs ate . Having very small , ridged teeth they could not have chewed tough , fibrous plants as effectively as other dinosaurs of the same period . It is assumed that pachycephalosaurs lived on a mixed diet of leaves , seeds , fruit and insects . The sharp , serrated teeth would have been very effective for shredding plants .
= = Paleoecology = =
Nearly all Pachycephalosaurus fossils have been recovered from the Lance Formation and Hell Creek Formation of the western United States . Pachycephalosaurus possibly co @-@ existed alongside additional pachycephalosaur species of the genera Sphaerotholus , Dracorex and Stygimoloch , though these may represent juveniles of Pachycephalosaurus itself , though Sphaerotholus is regarded as a valid species . Other dinosaurs that shared its time and place include Thescelosaurus , the hadrosaurid Edmontosaurus and a possible species of Parasaurolophus , ceratopsids like Triceratops , Torosaurus , Nedoceratops , Tatankaceratops and Leptoceratops , ankylosaurids Ankylosaurus , nodosaurids Denversaurus and Edmontonia , and the theropods Acheroraptor , Dakotaraptor , Ornithomimus , Struthiomimus , Anzu , Leptorhynchos , Troodon , Pectinodon , Paronychodon , Richardoestesia and Tyrannosaurus .
= = In Popular Culture = =
Pachycephalosaurus has often appeared appeared in books and television media , and has been featured throughout several installments of the Jurassic Park franchise and related media , particularly Michael Crichton 's The Lost World ( Crichton novel ) and its film adaptation , The Lost World : Jurassic Park , in which it was portrayed as being only as large as the much smaller Stegoceras , its close relative . Pachycephalosaurus will also have a starring role as one of the four main playable dinosaurs in the simulation game Saurian ( video game ) .
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= Battle of Kettle Creek =
The Battle of Kettle Creek ( February 14 , 1779 ) was a major encounter in the back country of Georgia during the American Revolutionary War . It was fought in Wilkes County about eight miles ( 13 km ) from present @-@ day Washington , Georgia . A militia force of Patriots decisively defeated and scattered a Loyalist militia force that was on its way to British @-@ controlled Augusta .
The victory demonstrated the inability of British forces to hold the interior of the state , or to protect even sizable numbers of Loyalist recruits outside their immediate protection . The British , who had already decided to abandon Augusta , recovered some prestige a few weeks later , surprising a Patriot force in the Battle of Brier Creek . Georgia 's back country would not come fully under British control until after the 1780 Siege of Charleston broke Patriot forces in the South .
= = Background = =
The British began their " southern strategy " by sending expeditions from New York City and Saint Augustine , East Florida to capture the port of Savannah , Georgia in late 1778 . The New York expedition , under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell , arrived first , landing at Tybee Island on December 3 , 1778 , and successfully captured Savannah on December 29 , 1778 .
= = = British occupation of Augusta = = =
When British Brigadier General Augustine Prevost arrived from Saint Augustine in mid @-@ January , he assumed command of the garrison there and sent a force under Campbell to take control of Augusta and raise Loyalist forces .
Leaving Savannah on January 24 , Campbell and more than 1 @,@ 000 men arrived near Augusta a week later , with only minimal harassment from Georgia Patriot militia on the way . Augusta had been defended by South Carolina General Andrew Williamson leading about 1 @,@ 000 militia from Georgia and South Carolina , but he withdrew most of his men when Campbell approached . His rear guard briefly skirmished with Campbell 's men before withdrawing across the Savannah River into South Carolina .
Campbell started recruiting Loyalists . By February 10 , 1779 , about 1 @,@ 100 men signed up , but relatively few actually formed militia companies , forming only 20 companies of the British Army . Campbell then began requiring oaths of loyalty , on pain of forfeiture of property ; many took this oath insincerely , quickly letting Williamson know their true feelings . Early in his march , Campbell dispatched Major John Hamilton to recruit Loyalists in Wilkes County and Lt. Colonel John Boyd on an expedition to raise Loyalists in the backcountry of North and South Carolina . Boyd met with success and recruited several hundred men . As he traveled south back toward Augusta , more Loyalists joined his company until it numbered over 600 men in central South Carolina . As this column moved on , the men plundered and pillaged along the way , predictably drawing angered Patriots to take up arms .
= = = American response = = =
The Continental Army commander in the South , Major General Benjamin Lincoln , based in Charleston , South Carolina , had been unable to respond adequately to the capture of Savannah . With only limited resources ( he was short of both men and funds ) , he was able to raise about 1 @,@ 400 South Carolina militia , but did not have authorization to order them outside the state . On January 30 , he was further reinforced at Charleston by the arrival of 1 @,@ 100 North Carolina militia under General John Ashe . These he immediately dispatched to join Williamson on the South Carolina side of the Savannah River near Augusta .
The Georgia banks of the Savannah in the Augusta area were controlled by a Loyalist force led by Colonel Daniel McGirth , while the South Carolina banks were controlled by a Georgia Patriot militia led by Colonel John Dooly . When about 250 South Carolina militia under Colonel Andrew Pickens arrived , Pickens and Dooly joined forces to conduct offensive operations into Georgia , with Pickens taking overall command . They were at some point joined by a few companies of North Carolina light horse militia .
On February 10 , Pickens and Dooly crossed the Savannah River to attack a British Army camp southeast of Augusta . Finding the camp unoccupied , they learned that the company was out on an extended patrol . Suspecting they would head for a stockaded frontier post called Carr 's Fort , Pickens sent men directly there while the main body chased after the British . The British made it into the fort , but were forced to abandon their horses and baggage outside its walls . Pickens then besieged the fort until he learned that Boyd was passing through the Ninety Six district of South Carolina with seven to eight hundred Loyalists , headed for Georgia . He reluctantly raised the siege and moved to intercept Boyd .
Pickens established a strong presence near the mouth of the Broad River , where he expected Boyd might try to cross . However , Boyd , his force grown by then to 800 men , chose to go to the north . He first tried Cherokee Ford , the southernmost fording of the Savannah River , where he was met with some resistance known as the Engagement at McGowen 's Blockhouse . The encounter consisted of a detachment of eight Patriots commanded by Capt. Robert Anderson with two small swivel guns in an entrenched position , who thwarted Boyd 's approach to Cherokee Ford . Boyd moved north upstream about 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) and crossed the Savannah River there , skirmishing with a small Patriot force that had shadowed his movements on the Georgia side . Boyd reported losing 100 men , killed , wounded , or deserted , in the encounter .
By the time Pickens learned that Boyd had crossed the river , he had himself crossed into South Carolina in an attempt to intercept Boyd . He immediately recrossed into Georgia upon learning of Boyd 's whereabouts . On February 14 , Pickens caught up with Boyd when he paused to rest his troops near Kettle Creek , only a few miles from Colonel McGirth 's Loyalist camp .
= = Battle = =
Boyd was apparently unaware that he was being followed so closely , and his camp , even though guards were posted , was not particularly alert . Pickens advanced , leading the center , with his right flank under Colonel Dooly and his left under Georgia Lieutenant Colonel Elijah Clarke . Gunfire between Patriot scouts and the camp guards alerted Boyd to the situation . Boyd formed a defensive line near the camp 's rear and advanced with a force of 100 men to oppose Pickens at a crude breastwork made of fencing and fallen trees . Pickens , whose advance gave him the advantage of high ground , was able to flank this position , even though his own wings were slowed by the swampy conditions near the creek . In heavy fighting , Boyd went down with a mortal wound , and the small company retreated back to the main Loyalist line .
The Patriot flanks then began to emerge from the swamps . The Loyalists , led by Boyd 's second in command , Major William Spurgen , engaged the Patriots in battle for 90 minutes . Some of the Loyalists crossed the creek , abandoning horses and equipment . Clarke alertly noticed some high ground across the creek that they seemed to be heading for and led some of his men there , having his horse shot from under him in the process . The Loyalist line was eventually broken , and its men were killed , captured , or dispersed .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = Treatment of prisoners = = =
Pickens took 75 prisoners , including most of the wounded , and between 40 and 70 Loyalists were killed . He suffered 7 to 9 killed and 14 @-@ 23 wounded or missing in the battle . Many of Boyd 's men ( including some that escaped the battlefield and others that Pickens paroled ) returned home . A significant number were either captured or surrendered themselves to Patriot authorities in the days following the battle , and the fate of some of his men is unknown . Lieutenant Colonel Campbell reported that 270 of Boyd 's recruits eventually joined him . He organized them into the Royal North Carolina Regiment .
When Pickens approached the mortally wounded Boyd after the battle , the Loyalist leader , who had lived in South Carolina before the war and was known to Pickens , asked the Patriot leader to deliver a brooch to his wife and inform her of his fate . This , Pickens eventually did .
Of the Loyalist prisoners , only about 20 survived their wounds . Pickens first took them to Augusta , and then Ninety Six , where they were held along with a large number of other Loyalists . Seeking to make an example of them , South Carolina authorities put a number of these Loyalists on trial for treason . About 50 of them were convicted , and five men , including some of the men captured at Kettle Creek , were hanged . British military leaders were outraged over this treatment of what they considered prisoners of war , even before the trial was held . General Prevost threatened retaliation against Patriot prisoners he was holding , but did not act out of fear that other American @-@ held British prisoners might be mistreated . His invasion of coastal South Carolina in April 1779 , a counter @-@ thrust against movements by General Lincoln to recover Georgia , prompted South Carolina officials to vacate most of the convictions .
= = = British reaction = = =
In a council held in Augusta on February 12 , Campbell decided to abandon Augusta and began the withdrawal to Savannah on February 14 at 2AM , the morning of the battle . Contrary to opinions expressed by some historians , Campbell did not leave because of the battle 's outcome . He did not learn of the battle until after he had already left Augusta ; his departure was prompted by the arrival of 1 @,@ 200 of patriot General John Ashe 's forces in General Andrew Williamson 's camp across the Savannah River , a shortage of provisions , and uncertainty over whether Boyd would be successful in his mission . The success of Kettle Creek was undone to some extent by the subsequent British victory at the March 3 Battle of Brier Creek , which took place during Campbell 's retreat in present @-@ day Screven County .
Augusta was latter recaptured by the British in June 1780 after Patriot forces collapsed in the aftermath of the Siege of Charleston . It was retaken by siege by Patriot forces on June 5 , 1781 .
= = Legacy = =
The Kettle Creek Battlefield has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Most of the battlefield is owned by Wilkes County , although the full extent of locations where the action took place has not been identified . It is located off Tyrone Road in Wilkes County .
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= Battle of Byczyna =
The Battle of Byczyna or Battle of Pitschen ( German : Pitschen ; Polish : Byczyna ) was the deciding battle of the 1587 – 1588 War of the Polish Succession , which erupted after two rival candidates were elected to the Polish throne . Both sides had rough parity in forces , with armies about 6 @,@ 000 strong , divided roughly into half infantry and half cavalry . The battle was an overwhelming victory of the Polish @-@ Swedish faction , led by the Swedish @-@ born king @-@ elect Sigismund III Vasa , over the army of his rival to the throne , Maximilian III , Archduke of Austria . Taking place near the Silesian town of Pitschen ( modern Byczyna ) , then just a few kilometres outside the territory of Poland @-@ Lithuania , on 24 January 1588 , Sigismund 's supporters were commanded by Chancellor and Great Crown Hetman Jan Zamoyski . Besides the commanders , notable participants included Stanisław Stadnicki on the Maximilian 's side , and Stanisław Żółkiewski on Sigismund 's . The army of the Polish @-@ Austrian ( or Habsburg ) faction was largely annihilated , the Archduke was captured and his cause came to an abrupt end . He subsequently renounced his claim to the Polish throne .
= = Background = =
In 1586 , following the death of previous Polish king , Stefan Batory , the Swedish duke Sigismund III Vasa and Habsburg Maximilian III , Archduke of Austria took part in the election to the joint Polish – Lithuanian throne . Each of the two candidates had supporters in the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth with the two opposing sides gathered around pro @-@ Sigismund Chancellor and Great Crown Hetman Jan Zamoyski and the Primate of Poland , Stanisław Karnkowski on one side and the pro @-@ Maximilain Zborowski family on the other . The rivalry between Zamoyski and the Zborowski family dated years past and tensions during the elections ran high .
Sigismund , supported by Zamoyski and the former king 's wife , Anna Jagiellon , was elected King of the Polish @-@ Lithuanian Commonwealth on 19 August 1587 and recognized as such by the interrex , the Primate Karnkowski . The election was disputed , however , by Maximilian and opponents of Sigismund chose not to respect the election outcome , decreeing that Maximilian was the rightful monarch three days later on 22 August . The Zborowski family called for the rokosz ( legitimate right to rebel ) and the election ended in chaos , with several killed and many wounded . For both Zamoyski and the Zborowski family , losing was not an option , as they knew the losing side would likely pay a severe price , from confiscations and a loss of prestige to a possible death sentence for treason .
Neither Sigismund nor Maximilian were present in the Commonwealth at that time . After receiving news of the election , both Sigismund and Maximilan made haste for Poland . Sigismund arrived at Danzig ( Gdańsk ) on 28 September and , after approximately two weeks , he had departed to Kraków , where he arrived on 9 December and was crowned on 27 December .
Maximilian attempted to resolve the dispute by bringing a military force to Poland , thereby starting the War of the Polish Succession . After a failed attempt to take Kraków in late 1587 , successfully defended by Zamoyski , he retreated to gather more reinforcements but was pursued by the forces loyal to Sigismund . Zamoyski at first wanted to avoid a large battle , as he hoped for more reinforcements and supplies , but , when it became apparent that Maximilian would be reinforced first , he decided to press an attack . He also received the king 's and royal permission to cross the borders and attack Maximilian in Silesia . Zamoyski divided his army into several regiments that were able to march quickly , at approximately 24 kilometers a day . He reformed his army after a week near Częstochowa . In the meantime , on 22 January 1588 , Maximilian crossed the border into his own territory , towards Byczyna ( Pitschen ) .
= = Opposing forces = =
Each side had comparable forces : Maximilan had about 6 @,@ 500 men , about half of which ( 3 @,@ 290 ) were infantry . His forces consisted primarily of Silesians , Hungarians and Moravians . , with artillery consisting of four heavy and a dozen or so lighter pieces . Zamoyski 's forces numbered about 6 @,@ 000 , including 3 @,@ 700 cavalry , 2 @,@ 300 infantry , and several cannon . Maximilian 's Polish supporters included 600 cavalry under the command of the " devil of Łańcut " Stanisław Stadnicki . Another of Maximilan 's notable Polish supporters at the battle was the poet Adam Czahrowski . Overall Maximilan 's forces held the advantage in infantry , while Zamoyski 's was in cavalry . The Poles favored the cavalry , which had supreme mobility and used the effective charging tactics , but also meant that their infantry was geared too much towards cavalry support .
= = The battle = =
On the night of 24 January the Archduke 's army took positions east of the small town of Byczyna on the royal road leading into Poland . They felt secure in their camp , on the Habsburg side of the border , and did not expect the Poles to cross . Zamoyski marshaled his forces into three lines and was able to position them at an angle to the opponent 's line .
The exact position of the Polish Army is unknown , but part of the Polish right flank , moving quietly in the dense mist , encircled Maximilian 's left flank . After the mist began to clear the Archduke realized his force was being flanked and his retreat to Byczyna was threatened . He ordered an attack , but a miscommunication of his orders confused part of his army and the Hungarian regiment began to retreat . The Polish left wing , under command of future Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski , dispersed the opposing units . The battle saw more infantry action than many others of the Commonwealth but , even so , the Polish cavalry ( Polish winged hussars ) played a major part . The battle began with some duels between elears ( cavalry champions ) , soon followed by Polish cavalry charges , on the left flank and in the center , which did not result in any significant breakthroughs for either side . Zamoyski is said to have commanded the battle very well , turning it at several points . Eventually a Polish hussar counterattack on the left flank mauled Maximilan 's Hungarian cavalry and forced his army to start giving ground . The bloody retreat quickly turned into a general rout during which the Archduke 's army suffered heavy casualties .
The entire battle lasted approximately one to two hours . Maximilian took refuge in Byczyna , but the Poles took control of his artillery and turned the guns on the town . Before the Polish forces began their assault , Maximilian surrendered and was taken prisoner . The battle , therefore , ended up being the decisive victory for the Polish @-@ Swedish faction .
= = Aftermath = =
Exact casualties are unknown , but the Archduke 's army suffered heavier losses , estimated at about 2 @,@ 000 , whereas the Poles lost about 1 @,@ 000 men . Żółkiewski captured an enemy standard , but received a knee wound which lamed him for life . After the intervention of a papal envoy Maximilian was released , but only after spending thirteen months as a " guest " of Zamoyski . In the Treaty of Bytom and Będzin ( signed on 9 March 1589 ) Maximilian was to renounce the Polish crown and Rudolf II , Holy Roman Emperor had to pledge not to make any alliances against Poland with the Muscovy or Sweden . The town of Lubowla , taken early in the conflict by Maximilian , was returned to Poland . Upon his return to Vienna he failed to honor his pledge and renounce his claim to the Polish crown and would not do so until 1598 .
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= Stan Coveleski =
Stanley Anthony Coveleski ( born Stanislaus Kowalewski , July 13 , 1889 – March 20 , 1984 ) was an American Major League Baseball pitcher during the 1910s and 1920s who primarily threw the spitball . In 14 seasons in the American League ( AL ) , Coveleski pitched for the Philadelphia Athletics , Cleveland Indians , Washington Senators and New York Yankees . In 450 career games , Coveleski pitched 3 @,@ 082 innings and posted a win – loss record of 215 – 142 , with 224 complete games , 38 shutouts , and a 2 @.@ 89 earned run average ( ERA ) . He was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1969 .
Born in Shamokin , Pennsylvania , Coveleski began playing professional baseball in 1908 , following in the footsteps of his brother , Harry Coveleski . He played mostly for the Lancaster Red Roses until he made his major league debut with the Athletics in 1912 . Following three more seasons in the minor leagues , he stayed in the major leagues after signing with the Indians in 1916 . During his nine seasons with the Indians , his accomplishments included winning three games during the 1920 World Series .
After his time with the Indians ended , Coveleski spent three seasons with the Senators and one with the Yankees before retiring after the 1928 season . He retired to South Bend , Indiana , where he died in 1984 . A starting pitcher , Coveleski specialized in throwing the spitball , a pitch where the ball is altered with a foreign substance such as chewing tobacco . It was legal when his career began and outlawed in 1920 , but he was one of 17 pitchers permitted to continue throwing the pitch .
= = Early years = =
Stanislaus Anthony Kowalewski was the youngest of five baseball @-@ playing brothers in the coal @-@ mining community of Shamokin , Pennsylvania . His oldest brother Jacob died serving in the Spanish – American War ; his other brothers Frank and John also played baseball , but never reached the major leagues . His older brother , Harry Coveleski , later won 20 games in a season on three occasions during his major league career .
Like many his age in the Shamokin area , Coveleski began work as a " breaker boy " at a local colliery at the age of 12 . In return for 72 hours of labor per week , Coveleski received $ 3 @.@ 75 , or about five cents an hour . " There was nothing strange in those days about a twelve @-@ year @-@ old Polish kid working in the mines for 72 hours a week at a nickel an hour " , he later recalled . " What was strange is that I ever got out of there " . Coveleski was rarely able to play baseball as a child due to his work schedule .
Nevertheless , he worked on his pitching skills during the evenings , when he threw stones at a tin can placed 50 feet away . When he was 18 years old , Coveleski 's abilities caught the attention of the local semi @-@ professional ball club , which invited him to pitch for them . " When it came to throwing a baseball , why it was easy to pitch " , Coveleski recalled . " After all , the plate 's a lot bigger than a tin can to throw at " . His baseball career in Shamokin was short @-@ lived ; after five games , Coveleski relocated to Lancaster , Pennsylvania .
= = Philadelphia Athletics and minor leagues = =
Coveleski signed his first professional contract in 1909 with the minor league Lancaster Red Roses , a club affiliated with the Tri @-@ State League . Originally reluctant to sign for the club , he only agreed to do so if his older brother John also joined ; at that time he anglicized his name , changing it to Coveleskie , which it would remain throughout his professional career . During his first trip to Lancaster , he recalled that it was " the first time I ever rode on a train " , and he added that he " was too shy to eat in the hotel with the rest of the team " . In 272 innings of work his first season , Coveleski had a 23 – 11 win @-@ loss record with an earned run average of 1 @.@ 95 . He pitched two more seasons for Lancaster , earning a record of 53 – 38 in 109 appearances through three seasons .
In 1912 , he pitched for the relocated Lancaster team , the Atlantic City Lanks , where he had a 20 – 14 record with a 2 @.@ 53 ERA in 40 appearances , 30 of them starts . In September 1912 , manager Connie Mack signed him to a contract with the Philadelphia Athletics and brought him to the major leagues , where he made his debut for the Athletics on September 10 . Coveleski pitched in five games for the Athletics that season , starting two of them and finishing the season with a 2 – 1 record and a 3 @.@ 43 ERA . After the season ended , Mack felt that Coveleski needed more seasoning , and sent him to the Spokane Indians of the Northwestern League . Coveleski finished the 1913 season with a 17 – 20 record and a 2 @.@ 82 ERA . Around that time , he married Mary Stivetts , and the following season he went 20 – 15 , pitched over 300 innings , and led the league in strikeouts .
At the time of his debut , the Philadelphia club retained several talented pitchers , including Eddie Plank , Chief Bender , and Jack Coombs . Coveleski admitted that he " [ didn 't ] know if I could have beat them out for a spot in the rotation . " After the 1914 season , the Portland Beavers of the Pacific Coast League wanted Coveleski , and traded five players to Spokane to acquire him . While Connie Mack had an agreement with Spokane that Coveleski would be promoted after playing there for a time , the Athletics fell under new ownership in 1913 and lost control of him due to the Athletics ' rights expiring . Coveleski spent his time in Portland learning to throw the spitball ; originally using chewing tobacco , he later used alum . In his lone season with Portland , he won and lost 17 games , and had a 2 @.@ 67 ERA . After the season ended , the Cleveland Indians purchased Coveleski from Portland , and he joined the major league squad in 1916 .
= = Cleveland Indians = =
When Coveleski was brought up to the majors , the original intention was to use him as a relief pitcher . Due to an injury to Ed Klepfer , the Indians used him as a starter early on in the season , and kept him in the role when he performed well . He was scheduled to pitch in the first week of the season against his brother Harry , but the matchup never took place at Harry 's behest . Coveleski fought health problems during the season , suffering from tonsillitis in the middle of the year and pitching one game with a fever of 102 ° F ( 39 ° C ) . He finished the season with a 15 – 13 record and a 3 @.@ 41 ERA in 45 games , 27 of them starts . Coveleski had lost 10 pounds due to illness during 1916 , but recovered during the offseason , gained 20 pounds , and appeared healthier by the time the season began .
Coveleski 's status as the ace of the staff was demonstrated when he was named the starter for Opening Day of the 1917 season ; he beat the Detroit Tigers 6 – 4 on April 11 . He improved statistically during the 1917 season , winning 19 games and losing 14 with an ERA of 1 @.@ 81 and a career high 133 strikeouts . On September 19 , Coveleski pitched a one @-@ hitter against the New York Yankees ; the only hit came from Fritz Maisel in the seventh inning . Coveleski continued to improve during the war @-@ shortened 1918 season . His outings that year included pitching a complete game against the New York Yankees , where he pitched 19 innings , allowing two runs as the Indians won , 3 – 2 . He finished the season with a 22 – 13 record , a 1 @.@ 82 ERA , and 311 innings pitched in 38 games , 33 of them starts ; his wins and ERA were both second in the American League to Walter Johnson . In 1919 , Coveleski pitched in 43 games , starting 34 , and had a 24 – 12 record and an ERA of 2 @.@ 61 .
At the beginning of the 1920 season , the spitball was banned by Major League Baseball . As a current spitball pitcher , Coveleski was grandfathered in , and was allowed to continue using the pitch until his retirement . He won his first seven starting appearances of the season , but on May 28 , his wife died suddenly , and he was given some time off to mourn , returning to pitching two weeks later . Nearly three months later , he was the starting pitcher against the New York Yankees on August 16 . In the game , Coveleski hit a sacrifice fly to help the Indians win , 4 – 3 , but it was best remembered as the game where Yankees pitcher Carl Mays hit Ray Chapman , leading to the only death in MLB history from a pitch . He finished the 1920 regular season with 24 wins , 14 losses , a 2 @.@ 49 ERA , and 133 strikeouts ; he led the AL in strikeouts and finished second in ERA to Bob Shawkey .
Coveleski 's helped the Indians to win the AL pennant and play in the 1920 World Series against the Brooklyn Robins . Coveleski was the star of the 1920 World Series , in which he pitched three complete game victories . He pitched the first game against Rube Marquard , and allowed one run and five hits in a 3 – 1 Cleveland victory . Four days later , he pitched game four , again allowing one run and five hits in a 5 – 1 win . In game seven , the final one of the series , Coveleski threw a complete game shutout with five hits against fellow spitballer Burleigh Grimes ; the 3 – 0 victory gave the Indians the first World Series championship in franchise history . Coveleski had an ERA of 0 @.@ 67 , which remains a World Series record .
After spending the offseason hunting with Smoky Joe Wood , Coveleski returned to the Indians in 1921 , and throughout the season , the Indians battled the Yankees for first in the American League . On September 26 , the two teams faced off , but Coveleski failed to make it past the third inning ; the Yankees won 8 – 7 to ensure they won the pennant . Coveleski pitched 315 innings in 1921 , matching his career high from the year before , and had a 23 – 13 record and a 3 @.@ 37 ERA . The following season , Coveleski married Frances Stivetts , the sister of his late wife . While he did cause the Yankees to move out of first place after winning an August 23 game against them , 4 – 1 , it was his last game of the season . He finished the year with a 17 – 14 record , the first time since 1917 he did not have 20 wins , and a 3 @.@ 32 ERA .
Early on in the 1923 season , Coveleski pitched 27 straight scoreless innings , winning three consecutive games during that time . However , he won less frequently as the season wore on , losing three straight games in mid @-@ August . His last game came on August 15 , with over a month left in the season . Coveleski finished the season with a 13 – 14 record , his first season with a losing record . Despite that , he had an ERA of 2 @.@ 76 and five shutouts , both of which led the AL . In 1924 , Coveleski struggled , and at the end of May , he had four losses and an ERA of 6 @.@ 49 . By the end of the season , he had a 15 – 16 record and a 4 @.@ 04 ERA . In December 1924 , after nine years pitching for Cleveland , Coveleski was traded to the Washington Senators for pitcher By Speece and outfielder Carr Smith .
Despite Coveleski 's success in Cleveland , he was not a fan of playing there ; he stated that he " didn 't like the town . Now the people are all right , but I just didn 't like the town . " He also stated that it began to affect his performance on the mound , and that he began to get " lazy " from being with the club so long . He did , however , have praise for his catcher : " The best thing that happened to me there was pitching to Steve O 'Neill . He caught me for nine years in Cleveland and knew me so well he didn 't even need to give me a sign " .
= = Washington Senators and New York Yankees = =
Due to the acquisition of Coveleski , combined with winning the 1924 World Series , the Washington Senators were considered favorites to win the AL in 1925 . During his first season in Washington , Coveleski bounced back from his 1924 season , and by mid @-@ July , critics regarded his success as the biggest surprise in baseball ; Cleveland considered him to be past his best . He won 20 games and lost five that year , and his ERA of 2 @.@ 84 led the AL . Coveleski also finished 12th in MVP voting that year . The Senators won the AL and were to face the Pittsburgh Pirates in the 1925 World Series , but Coveleski suffered from sore back muscles late in the season . Coveleski pitched two games in the World Series . In game two , he faced Vic Aldridge in a pitcher 's duel ; the teams were tied at one apiece in the eighth inning , but a Pittsburgh home run led to a 3 – 2 loss . Aldridge and Coveleski faced off again in game five , and Coveleski allowed four runs in under seven innings , leading to a 6 – 3 Pirates win . The Senators lost the series in seven games , and he finished with a 3 @.@ 77 ERA , five walks , three strikeouts , and two of the Senators ' four losses .
Coveleski continued to pitch for Washington during the 1926 season . His performances that season included a 2 – 0 victory against the Boston Red Sox on August 31 , in which the game was finished in only 78 minutes . Coveleski finished the season with 14 wins , 11 losses , 3 shutouts , and a 3 @.@ 12 ERA in 36 games . To start the 1927 season , due to an injury to Walter Johnson , Coveleski became the Senators ' Opening Day starter against the Red Sox ; he won the game 6 – 2 . However , his performance declined due to " a chronically sore arm " , which limited his playing time that season . Due to his sore arm , the Senators released him unconditionally on June 17 , 1927 . He finished the season with a 2 – 1 record and a 3 @.@ 14 ERA in five games .
On December 21 , 1927 , Coveleski signed with the New York Yankees in an attempt at a comeback . In his final season , he posted a 5 – 1 record with a 5 @.@ 74 ERA in 12 appearances . Coveleski failed to regain his form , however , pitching his last game on August 3 , and after the signing of Tom Zachary , manager Miller Huggins released Coveleski . He retired from the game later that year .
= = Later life and legacy = =
In 1929 , after leaving major league baseball , Coveleski relocated to South Bend , Indiana . There , he ran Coveleski Service Station for a time , but closed the business during the Great Depression . He became a popular member of the community in South Bend , providing free pitching lessons to local youths in a field behind his garage . After his playing career ended , he dropped the " e " at the end of his name , as he never corrected anyone if his last name was incorrectly spelled . In 1969 , Coveleski was named to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans ' Committee alongside 1920s pitcher Waite Hoyt . Of his introduction into the Hall he said , " I figured I 'd make it sooner or later , and I just kept hoping each year would be the one . " His health declined in later years , and he was eventually admitted to a local nursing home , where he died on March 20 , 1984 at the age of 94 .
In addition to Coveleski 's induction into the Baseball Hall of Fame , he was inducted into the National Polish @-@ American Sports Hall of Fame in 1976 . In 1984 , the minor league baseball stadium in South Bend , Indiana , was named in his honor . Coveleski was interviewed by Lawrence Ritter for his 1966 book The Glory of Their Times , a series of interviews with players of the early 20th century . To fellow ballplayers , Coveleski was considered " taciturn and ornery " on days when he was scheduled to pitch , but was otherwise friendly with a lively sense of humor .
Coveleski had 216 wins and 142 losses with a 2 @.@ 89 ERA in 450 games , 385 of them starts in a 14 @-@ year career . He had 224 complete games , 38 shutouts , 981 strikeouts , and pitched 3 @,@ 082 total innings . His control was highly regarded . He never considered himself a strikeout pitcher , and it was not unusual for him to pitch a complete game having thrown 95 pitches or less . He once pitched seven innings of a game where every pitch was either a hit or a strike . In 2001 , baseball statistician Bill James ranked Coveleski 58th among the all @-@ time greatest major league pitchers .
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= The Puppy Episode =
" The Puppy Episode " is a two @-@ part episode of the situation comedy television series Ellen . The episode details lead character Ellen Morgan 's realization that she is a lesbian and her coming out . It was the 22nd and 23rd episode of the series ' 4th season . The episode was written by series star Ellen DeGeneres with Mark Driscoll , Tracy Newman , Dava Savel and Jonathan Stark and directed by Gil Junger . It originally aired on ABC on April 30 , 1997 .
DeGeneres began negotiating with ABC in 1996 to have Morgan come out . When word of the negotiations got out , DeGeneres found herself at the center of intense speculation about when she or her character , or both , would come out . With DeGeneres hinting at her and her character 's coming out both off @-@ screen and within the show , the rumors were confirmed when the episode went into production in March 1997 .
Despite threats from advertisers and religious groups , " The Puppy Episode " was an enormous ratings success , won multiple awards and became a cultural phenomenon . Regardless of the episode 's success , DeGeneres and her show quickly garnered criticism for being " too gay " ; the series was canceled after one more season and DeGeneres and guest star Laura Dern faced career backlash .
= = Plot = =
Ellen goes out to dinner with her old friend Richard , a reporter who is in town to cover a story . His producer , Susan , joins them for dessert and she and Ellen hit it off . Ellen goes back to Richard 's hotel room . He comes on to her and , uncomfortable , Ellen leaves . She runs into Susan in the hall and returns with her to her room . They continue to enjoy each other 's company until Susan tells Ellen that she 's gay and that she thought Ellen might be too . Ellen denies it and suggests that Susan is trying to " recruit " her . Susan sarcastically says that she 'll have to call " national headquarters " and let them know Ellen got away . ( " Damn , just one more and I would have gotten that toaster oven . " ) An agitated Ellen leaves Susan 's room and returns to Richard 's room , determined to have sex with him to prove to herself she is not gay .
The next day , Ellen tells her friends at the bookstore that she and Richard had amazing sex . She tells her therapist the truth , that she could not have sex with Richard . Ellen laments that she just wants someone that she clicks with . Her therapist asks if she has ever clicked with anyone and Ellen replies , " Susan . "
A message from Richard that he is leaving town ahead of schedule sends Ellen rushing to the airport to see Susan . Ellen tells Susan that she was right and struggles to say the word . Finally , Ellen is able to say , " I 'm gay , " inadvertently broadcasting her announcement over the airport 's public address system . Ellen assumes that Susan will be leaving with Richard but in fact Susan will be staying in town for several more days .
Ellen has a dream in which she is grocery shopping . She is offered a special lesbian discount on melons , her sexuality is announced to the other shoppers , she is offered a granola bar , she is beckoned toward a checkout lane with a pink triangular sign reading " 10 lesbians or less " and given her grocery total of " a lesbian twenty @-@ nine " ( $ 11 @.@ 29 ) . She discusses the dream with her therapist and realizes that she 's been suppressing her sexuality for many years . Her therapist encourages her to come out to her friends but Ellen is worried about not being accepted .
Ellen has her friends over to come out to them . Before they arrive , she comes out to her gay neighbor Peter . When everyone else arrives , Ellen balks at telling them but Peter outs her . Ellen confirms that it 's true and her friends are all supportive of her , although her friend Paige is hesitant .
The next day Ellen and Susan are at the bookstore . Susan tells Ellen that she does have feelings for her but she is in a long @-@ term relationship . Ellen is heartbroken and Susan leaves . To cheer her up , her friends take her to a lesbian coffeehouse . There Ellen mistakenly thinks her waitress is coming on to her and is chagrined when a woman flirts with Paige instead of her .
Under the closing credits , Susan leads Ellen over to Melissa Etheridge , who confirms that Ellen is gay and , after completing the necessary paperwork , awards Susan a toaster oven .
= = Production = =
By the end of the third season of Ellen , producers were becoming frustrated by the series ' lack of focus and the lack of interest that the character Ellen Morgan displayed toward the standard sitcom tropes of dating and relationships . One producer suggested that since the character showed no inclination toward dating , she should get a puppy . " It was an indication of just how lost the show was that network executives would be excited by Ellen buying a puppy " , said executive producer Mark Driscoll . It was this suggestion that served as the source of the coming out episode 's name . In the summer of 1996 DeGeneres and the show 's other writers opened negotiations with ABC and its parent company , Disney , to have Ellen Morgan come out during season four . Word of the secret negotiations leaked in September of that year , sparking a storm of speculation as to whether the character , the actress , or both would come out . The LGBT media watchdog group Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation ( GLAAD ) launched a " Let Ellen Out ! " campaign , including an " Ellen Watch " website . Disney rejected the first draft of the script , with Disney executive Dean Valentine stating that it did not go far enough . Director Junger reported that Valentine said " ' If we 're going to do it , let 's do it . ' Once he said to go as far as we could , it became great fun to write . " Once final approval from Disney was secured , ABC announced on March 3 , 1997 , that Ellen Morgan would be coming out . " The Puppy Episode " went into production on March 7 . Guest stars sought to be a part of the project . According to writer / producer Driscoll , " Suddenly all these talented actors were lining up to be in the episode . It had a buzz around it that it would be an historic episode . When Oprah came on — and she was so wonderful and open and giving — it suddenly had this great weight to it . "
With word of the episode out , backlash began . The studio received at least one bomb threat and Driscoll received a telephone call informing him he was going to Hell . DeGeneres was followed by car to the studio on at least one occasion by a " suspicious man " . Some within the entertainment industry assumed that the coming out was simply a ratings stunt , to which DeGeneres responded , " I did it selfishly for myself and because I thought it was a great thing for the show , which desperately needed a point of view . "
DeGeneres began dropping hints in the episodes leading up to " The Puppy Episode " that she was planning to come out in real life and have her character come out as well , including such sight gags as Ellen Morgan stumbling into an actual closet so that she could come out of it . She also invited comment with her off @-@ screen actions , as when she kissed k.d. lang while presenting her with an award at a Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Center function in early 1997 . DeGeneres finally officially came out in Time magazine , with an April 14 , 1997 cover emblazoned with the words , " Yep , I 'm Gay " . She appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show with then @-@ girlfriend Anne Heche the day " The Puppy Episode " was set to air .
DeGeneres commented on her months of hinting at her sexuality and the media frenzy within the episode itself , giving Ellen Morgan 's friends lines like " Ellen , are you coming out or not ? ! " and " Yeah , quit jerking us around and come out already ! " Morgan 's therapist comments that if Morgan does not come out she will " continue to have these dreams and then it 's going to show up in your waking life as these little clues that get more and more obvious . And eventually tiresome . " She also says that Morgan cannot blame her reluctance to come out on the media .
= = Reception = =
" The Puppy Episode " and DeGeneres 's attendant coming out generated enormous publicity before the show aired . Right @-@ wing groups like the American Family Association pressured ABC to drop the storyline and Ellen sponsors not to advertise ; two occasional advertisers , J. C. Penney and Chrysler , decided not to buy time during the episode . Another sponsor , Wendy 's , decided not to advertise on Ellen again at all . Despite these losses of potential advertisers , ABC turned away ads from two LGBT @-@ oriented sponsors , the Human Rights Campaign ( HRC ) and lesbian vacation company Olivia Cruises . Jerry Falwell called DeGeneres " Ellen Degenerate " , to which DeGeneres responded , " I 've been getting that since the fourth grade . I guess I 'm happy I could give him work . " GLAAD organized " Come Out With Ellen " house parties across the United States and HRC created " Ellen Coming Out House Party " kits that included invitations , posters and an Ellen trivia game . HRC had initially planned to send out about 300 kits . Deluged with requests , they ended up sending out about 3 @,@ 000 . ABC affiliate WBMA @-@ LP in Birmingham , Alabama , citing " family values " , first sought ABC 's permission to move the episode out of prime @-@ time to a late @-@ night slot . When ABC declined the request , the affiliate refused to air the episode at all . Local LGBT organization Pride Birmingham arranged for a satellite feed of the episode and rented a 5 @,@ 000 @-@ seat theatre for a viewing party , with about 1 @,@ 000 people attending . Local activists circulated a petition requesting that Abilene , Texas @-@ area affiliate KTXS @-@ TV not air the episode but were unsuccessful .
" The Puppy Episode " was the highest @-@ rated episode ever of Ellen , drawing some 42 million viewers . " The Puppy Episode " won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series and a second for Outstanding Multi @-@ Camera Picture Editing . The episode won a Peabody Award and DeGeneres won a GLAAD Media Award in 1998 . Ellen Morgan 's coming out has been described as " the most hyped , anticipated , and possibly influential gay moment on television " . GLAAD credits Ellen with paving the way for such LGBT @-@ themed programming as Will and Grace , The L Word , and Ugly Betty and it has been suggested that Ellen and these other series presenting LGBT characters have helped to reduce societal prejudice against LGBT people . The episode was ranked # 46 on TV Guide 's list of " 100 Greatest Episodes of All @-@ Time " .
Following " The Puppy Episode " , Ellen was renewed for another season . ABC prefaced each episode of season five with a parental advisory warning . DeGeneres strongly criticized ABC for including the warnings , saying in an interview with Entertainment Weekly , " It was like this voice like you 're entering some kind of radiation center . It was very offensive , and you don 't think that 's going to affect ratings ? " DeGeneres further noted demonstrable hypocrisy on the part of ABC , citing episodes of ABC series The Drew Carey Show and Spin City which included two men kissing ( the Carey episode was even promoted using the kiss ) . " There 's no disclaimer on [ the Carey show ] at all , because it 's two heterosexual men , and they 're making fun of heterosexuality ... [ Spin City aired without a disclaimer ] because neither ( Michael J. Fox nor Michael Boatman ) is really gay in real life . " Episodes after " The Puppy Episode " dealt with Ellen 's coming out to her parents and boss , quitting her job at the bookstore and finding a series of new jobs . Other episodes dealt with her search for a romantic partner and learning more about the LGBT community . Even some gay people began criticizing the amount of gay content in the series , including Chaz Bono , formerly known as Chastity Bono , who was at the time working for GLAAD . Bono was quoted as saying , " [ Ellen ] is so gay it 's excluding a large part of our society . A lot of the stuff on it is somewhat of an inside joke . It 's one thing to have a gay lead character , but it 's another when every episode deals with specific gay issues . " Bono would later say that the comments were taken out of context . Ellen was canceled after its fifth season .
With the cancellation of Ellen , DeGeneres focused her energy on stand @-@ up comedy , where she had begun her career . She returned to network television in 2001 with the short @-@ lived The Ellen Show , in which her character Ellen Richmond was openly lesbian from the start , before finding renewed success with her talk show The Ellen DeGeneres Show .
Guest star Laura Dern faced backlash over her appearance on the show . In a 2007 interview for Degeneres 's talk show commemorating the tenth anniversary of " The Puppy Episode , " Dern stated that she did not work for a year and a half because of playing Susan . Nonetheless , Dern said that she was grateful for the " extraordinary experience and opportunity " of being a part of the episode . Speaking of her experience , DeGeneres said , " It was a huge step in my life . I think people sensed the honesty in it . I think it helped a lot of people , and still to this day I hear about parents and children being able to have an honest conversation through watching that show . That 's ultimately what television can be : It can get conversations started . "
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= John Endecott =
John Endecott ( before 1601 – 15 March 1664 / 65 , also spelled Endicott ) was an English colonial magistrate , soldier and the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony . During all of his years in the colony but one , he held some form of civil , judicial , or military high office . He served a total of 16 years as governor , including most of the last 15 years of his life ; this period of service was the longest of any colonial governor . He also held important posts representing the colony as part of the New England Confederation , and was a leading force in expanding the settlement of Salem , Massachusetts and other parts of Essex County .
Endecott was a zealous and somewhat hotheaded Puritan , with Separatist attitudes toward the Anglican Church . This sometimes put him at odds with Nonconformist views that were dominant among the colony 's early leaders , which became apparent when he gave shelter to the vocally Separatist Roger Williams . Endecott also argued that women should dress modestly and that men should keep their hair short , and issued judicial decisions banishing individuals who held religious views that did not accord well with those of the Puritans . He notoriously defaced the English flag because he saw St George 's Cross as a symbol of the papacy , and had four Quakers put to death for returning to the colony after their banishment . An expedition he led in 1636 is considered the opening offensive in the Pequot War , which practically destroyed the Pequot tribe as an entity .
Endecott used some of his properties to propagate fruit trees ; a pear tree he planted still lives in Danvers , Massachusetts . He also engaged in one of the earliest attempts to develop a mining industry in the colonies when copper ore was found on his land . His name is found on a rock in Lake Winnipesaukee , carved by surveyors sent to identify the Massachusetts colony 's northern border in 1652 . Places and institutions are named for him , and ( like many early colonists ) he has several notable descendants .
= = Life = =
Most of what is known about John Endecott 's origins is at best circumstantial . Biographers of the 19th century believed he was from the Dorset town of Dorchester because of his significant later association with people from that place . In the early 20th century , historian Roper Lethbridge proposed that Endecott was born circa 1588 in or near Chagford in Devon . Interestingly , in the 16th century the prominent Endecott family , together with the Whiddons , Knapmans and Lethbridges , owned most of the mines around the stannary town of Chagford , which might - if he is indeed from this family - explain the Governor 's interest in developing copper mining . ( Based on this evidence , Chagford now has a house from the period named in Endecott 's honour . ) However , more recent research by the New England Historic Genealogical Society has identified problems with Lethbridge 's claims , which they dispute . According to their research , Endecott may have been born in or near Chagford , but there is no firm evidence for this , nor is there evidence that identifies his parents . They conclude , based on available evidence , that he was probably born no later than 1600 . A John Endecott was active in Devon early in the 17th century , but there is no firm evidence connecting him to this Endecott .
Very little is known of Endecott 's life before his association with colonisation efforts in the 1620s . He was known to Sir Edward Coke , and may have come to know Roger Williams through this connection . He was highly literate , and spoke French . Some early colonial documents refer to him as " Captain Endecott " , indicating some military experience , and other records suggest he had some medical training .
= = = Settlement in the New World = = =
In March 1627 / 8 Endecott was one of seven signatories to a land grant given to " The New England Company for a Plantation in Massachusetts " ( or the New England Company ) by the Earl of Warwick on behalf of the Plymouth Council for New England ; the council was at the time the umbrella organisation overseeing English colonisation efforts in North America between 40 and 48 degrees latitude .
Endecott was chosen to lead the first expedition , and sailed for the New World aboard the Abigail with fifty or so " planters and servants " on 20 June 1628 . The settlement they organized was first called Naumkeag , after the local Indian tribe , but was eventually renamed Salem in 1629 . The area was already occupied by settlers of the failed Dorchester Company , some of whose backers also participated in the New England Company . This group of earlier settlers , led by Roger Conant , had migrated from a settlement on Cape Ann ( near present @-@ day Gloucester , Massachusetts ) after it was abandoned . Endecott was not formally named governor of the new colony until it was issued a royal charter in 1629 . At that time , he was appointed governor by the company 's council in London , and Matthew Craddock was named the company 's governor in London .
Endecott 's responsibility was to establish the colony and to prepare it for the arrival of additional settlers . The winters of 1629 and 1630 were difficult compared to those in England , and he called on the Plymouth Colony for medical assistance . His wife , who had been ill on the voyage over , died that winter . Other difficulties he encountered included early signs of religious friction among the colony 's settlers ( dividing between Nonconformists and Separatists ) , and poor relations with Thomas Morton , whose failed Wessagusset Colony and libertine practices ( which including a May pole and dancing ) were anathema to the conservative Puritanism practiced by most settlers in the Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies . Early in his term as governor he visited the abandoned site of Morton 's colony and had the Maypole taken down . When one group of early settlers wanted to establish a church independent of that established by the colonial leadership , he had their leaders summarily sent back to England .
= = = Early 1630s = = =
Endecott 's first tenure as governor came to an end in 1630 , with the arrival of John Winthrop and the colonial charter . The company had reorganised itself , relocating its seat to the colony itself , with Winthrop as its sole governor . After seeing the conditions at Salem , Winthrop decided to relocate the colony 's seat at the mouth of the Charles River , where he founded what is now the city of Boston . Endecott , who was chosen as one of the governor 's Assistants ( a precursor to the later notion of a Governor 's Council ) , chose to remain in Salem , where he was one of its leading citizens for the rest of his life , serving in roles as town councilor and militia leader , in addition to statewide roles as militia leader , magistrate , deputy governor , and governor . He established a plantation called " Orchard " in Salem Village ( now known as Danvers ) , where he cultivated seedlings of fruit trees . One particular pear tree , brought over as a sapling on one of the early settlement convoys , still lives and bears fruit ; it is known as the Endicott Pear Tree .
In the early 1630s the religious conflict between the Nonconformists and the Separatists was the primary source of political disagreement in the colony , and it was embodied by the churches established in Boston and Salem . The Salem church adhered to Separatist teachings , which sought a complete break with the Church of England , while Nonconformist teachings , which were held by Winthrop and most of the colonial leadership in Boston , sought to reform the Anglican church from within . The arrival in Boston in 1631 of Roger Williams , an avowed Separatist , heightened this conflict . Authorities there banished him , and he first went to Salem , where , due to Endecott 's intervention , he was offered a position as a teacher in the local church . When word of this reached Boston , Endecott was criticised for supporting Williams , who was banished from the colony . Williams went to Plymouth , but returned to Salem a few years later , becoming the church 's unofficial pastor following the death of Samuel Skelton in 1634 . Boston authorities called for his arrest after he made what they viewed as treasonous and heretical statements ; he fled , eventually establishing Providence , Rhode Island . During this time Endecott argued that women should be veiled in church , and controversially defaced the local militia 's flag , because it bore St George 's Cross , which Williams claimed was a symbol of the papacy . This action is celebrated in Nathaniel Hawthorne 's story , " Endicott and the Red Cross " , where the writer presents the " tension between Endecott as a symbol of religious intolerance and as [ an ? ] emblem of heroic resistance to foreign domination of New England . " Endecott did this at a time when the Privy Council of King Charles I was examining affairs in Massachusetts , and the colonial administration was concerned that a strong response was needed to prevent the loss of the colonial charter . Endecott was censured for the rashness of his action ( and not for the act itself ) , and deprived of holding any offices for one year ; 1635 was the only year in which he held no office . The committee managing the colonial militia voted that year to stop using the English flag as its standard . Following the incident , and the refusal of the colonial assembly to grant Salem additional land on the Marblehead Neck because of Williams ' presence in Salem , the Salem church circulated a letter to other churches in the colony , calling the legislative act a heinous sin . Although the authorship of the letter is uncertain , Endecott defended the letter when summoned to Boston , and was consequently jailed for a day ; after " he came and acknowledged his fault , he was discharged . "
= = = Pequot War = = =
In 1636 the boat of Massachusetts trader John Oldham was seen anchored off Block Island , swarming with Indians . The Indians fled at the approach of the investigating colonists , and Oldham 's body was found below the main deck . The attackers were at the time believed to be from tribes affiliated with the Narragansetts , but Narragansett leaders claimed that those responsible had fled to the protection of the Pequots . At the time the Pequots were aggressively expansionist in their dealings with the surrounding native tribes ( including the Narragansett ) , but had generally kept the peace with the English colonists of present @-@ day southern New England . The accusation of the Narraganssetts angered Massachusetts authorities ( then under governor Henry Vane ) , who were already upset that the Pequots had earlier failed to turn over men implicated in killing another trader on the Connecticut River . This second perceived affront produced calls in Massachusetts for action against the Pequots . In August 1636 Governor Vane placed Endecott at the head of a 90 @-@ man force to extract justice from the Pequots .
Endecott 's instructions were to go to Block Island , where he was to kill all of the Indian men and take captive the women and children . He was then to go to the Pequots on the mainland , where he was to make three demands : first , that the killers of Oldham and the other trader be surrendered ; second , that a payment of one thousand fathoms of wampum be made ; and third , that some Pequot children be delivered to serve as hostages . Endecott executed these instructions with zeal . Although most of the Indians on Block Island only briefly opposed the English landing there , he spent two days destroying their villages , crops and canoes ; most of the Indians on the island successfully eluded English searches for them . English reports claimed as many as 14 Indians were killed , but the Narragansetts only reported one dead . Endecott then sailed for Saybrook , an English settlement at the mouth of the Connecticut River . Lion Gardiner , the leader there , angrily informed Endecott when he learned of the mission 's goals , " You come hither to raise these wasps around my ears , and then you will take wing and flee away . "
After some discussion and delays due to bad weather , Gardiner and a company of his men agreed to accompany the Massachusetts force to raid the Pequot harvest stores . When they arrived at the Pequot village near the mouth of the Thames River , they returned the friendly greetings of the inhabitants with stony silence . Eventually a Pequot sachem rowed out to meet them ; the English delivered their demands , threatening war if they did not receive satisfaction . When the sachem left to discuss the matter in the village , Endecott gave a promise to await his return ; however , shortly after the sachem left , he began landing his fully armed men on shore . The sachem rushed back , claiming the senior tribal leaders were away on Long Island ; Endecott responded that this was a lie , and ordered an attack on the village . Most of the villagers got away , and once again the expedition 's activity was reduced to destroying the village and seizing its crop stores ; Gardiner reported that " [ t ] he Bay @-@ men killed not a man " . After completing this work , Endecott and the Massachusetts men boarded their boats to return to Boston , leaving Gardiner and his men to finish the removal of the crops . The Pequots regrouped and launched an attack on Gardiner 's party whose armor protected them from the arrowfire , but their escape was nevertheless difficult .
Historian Alfred Cave describes Endecott 's actions as a " heavy @-@ handed provocation of an Indian war . " All of the surrounding colonies protested the action , complaining that the lives of their citizens were placed in jeopardy by the raid . Since the Pequots had previously been relatively peaceful with the English , Endecott 's raid had the effect Gardiner predicted and feared . Communities on the Connecticut River were attacked in April 1637 , and Gardiner was virtually besieged in Saybrook by Pequot forces . Endecott had no further role in the war , which ended with the destruction of the Pequots as a tribe ; their land was divided up by the colonies and their Indian allies in the 1638 Treaty of Hartford , and the surviving tribespeople were distributed among their neighbors .
= = = Later terms as governor = = =
Endecott was elected deputy governor in 1641 and in this role was one of the signatories to the Massachusetts Body of Liberties , which enumerated a number of individual rights available to all colonists , and presaged the United States Bill of Rights . The next few years were quiet , although rumors of war with the Indians led to the formation in 1643 of the New England Confederation , designed to facilitate united action by the New England colonies against common external threats as well as internal matters like dealing with escaped slaves and fugitives from justice .
In 1643 , Governor Winthrop became embroiled in a controversy over the propriety of taking sides in a power struggle going on in neighbouring French Acadia . Endecott pointed out that he should have let the French fight amongst themselves without English involvement , as this would weaken them both . The 1644 governor 's election became a referendum on Winthrop 's policy ; Endecott was elected governor , with Winthrop as his deputy . During his one @-@ year term he oversaw the division of the colony into four counties : Suffolk , Essex , Middlesex , and Norfolk . The ascent of the Salem @-@ based Endecott also prompted an attempt by other Salem residents to have the colonial capital relocated there ; the attempt was rejected by the governor 's council of assistants .
Fallout from the English Civil War ( begun in 1642 ) also permeated Boston during Endecott 's tenure . Two ships , one with a Royalist captain , the other with a Parliamentarian captain , arrived in Boston , and the Parliamentarian sought to seize the Royalist ship . After much deliberation , Endecott 's councils essentially adopted support of the Parliamentarian position , reserving the right to declare independence if the Parliament " should hereafter be a malignant spirit " . The Parliamentarian was permitted to seize the Royalist vessel , and the colony also began seizing Royalist vessels that came into port .
Thomas Dudley was elected governor in 1645 , with Winthrop as his deputy . Endecott , as a consolation , was given command of the colonial militia , reporting to the governor . He was also once again made a governor 's assistant , and was chosen to represent the colony to the confederation in 1646 . The threat of Indian conflicts in neighbouring colonies prompted the colony to raise its defensive profile , in which Endecott played a leading role . Winthrop was reelected governor in 1646 ; after his death in 1649 , Endecott succeeded him as governor . By annual re @-@ elections Endecott served nearly continuously until his death in 1665 ; for two periods ( 1650 – 1651 and 1654 – 1655 ) he was deputy governor .
In 1639 Endecott had been granted several hundred acres of land north of Salem , in what is now Boxford and Topsfield . The tract was not formally laid out until 1659 , but as early as 1651 Endecott was granted an additional " three hundred acres of land to tend the furtherance of a copper works " that was adjacent to his land . Endecott hired Richard Leader , an early settler who had done pioneering work at an iron works in nearby Lynn , but the efforts to develop the site for copper processing failed .
A persistent shortage of coinage in all of the colonies prompted Massachusetts to establish a mint in 1652 , and begin production of coins from its silver reserves . This act solved a practical problem , but the colony had no authority to do so from the crown . Although this did not become an issue while Endecott was governor , it eventually became a source of controversy with the crown , and the mint had apparently ceased operations around 1682 .
The colony 's boundaries expanded somewhat during Endecott 's tenure , mainly in the 1650s . In addition to formally claiming present @-@ day Stonington , Connecticut as spoils from the Pequot War , Endecott sought to establish the colony 's northern boundary . In 1652 he sent a commission with surveyors to locate the most northerly point on the Merrimack River , since the colonial grant defined its northern border as 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) north of that river . These surveyors were led by Indian guides to the outlet of Lake Winnipesaukee which was claimed by the guides to be the source of the Merrimack . At that location , the party incised an inscription on a rock that survives , and is now located in a small New Hampshire state park . When this survey line was extended eastward , the boundary was determined to fall on the coast at Casco Bay , and the colony thus claimed most of what is now southern Maine and New Hampshire .
= = = Religious intolerance = = =
One written statement made early in his tenure in May 1649 showed Endecott 's dislike of a fashionable trend toward long hair : " Forasmuch as the wearing of long haire after the manner of Ruffians and barbarous Indians , hath begun to invade new England contrary to the rule of gods word ... Wee the Magistrates who have subscribed [ signed ] this paper ... doe declare and manifest our dislike and detestation against the wearing of such long haire " . In 1651 he presided over a legal case in which three people were accused of being Baptists , a practice that had been banned in the colony in 1644 . In convicting John Clarke and sentencing him to either pay a fine or be whipped , Endecott , according to Clarke 's account of the exchange , told Clarke that he " deserved death , and said he would not have such trash brought into his jurisdiction . " Clarke refused to pay the fine ; it was paid by friends against his wishes , and he returned to Rhode Island . Of the three men convicted , only Obadiah Holmes was whipped ; John Crandall , out on bond , returned to Rhode Island with Clarke .
When Oliver Cromwell consolidated his control over England in the early 1650s , he began a crackdown on religious communities that dissented from his religious views . This notably included Baptists and Quakers , and these groups began their own migration to the North American colonies to escape persecution . Those that first arrived in Boston in 1656 were promptly deported by Endecott 's deputy , Richard Bellingham , while Endecott was in Salem . More Quakers arrived while Endecott was resident in Boston , and he had them imprisoned pending trial and deportation . He met several times with the Quaker , Mary Prince , after receiving an " outrageous letter " from her . The meetings were apparently fruitless , and she and the other Quakers were deported . Following these acts , the members of the New England Confederation all adopted measures for the prompt removal of Quakers from their jurisdictions .
The measures adopted were insufficient to prevent the influx of these perceived undesirables , so harsher measures were enacted . Repeat offenders were to be punished by having ears cut off , and , on the third offense , to have the tongue " bored through with a hot iron " . By 1658 the punishment for the third offense had been raised to death , " except they do then and there plainly and publicly renounce their said cursed opinions and devilish tenets . " In October 1658 the death penalty was enacted for the second offense in Massachusetts . One year later , three Quakers were arrested and sentenced to death under this law . Two of them , Marmaduke Stephenson and William Robinson , were hanged , while the third , Mary Dyer , received a reprieve at the last minute . Dyer returned to the colony in 1660 , and , under questioning by Endecott and the other magistrates , refused to either recant her beliefs or agree to permanent banishment from the colony . She was hanged on 1 June 1660 ; she , Stephenson , Robinson , and William Leddra ( hanged in 1661 ) are now known as the Boston martyrs . The severity of these acts was recognized by the colonists as problematic , and the laws were changed so that execution was the penalty for the fifth offense . ( The poor treatment of Quakers and other religious dissenters would be cited as one of the reasons for revocation of the colonial charter in 1684 . )
Endecott 's role in the treatment of the Quakers was immortalized by John Greenleaf Whittier in his poem " The Ballad of Cassandra Southwick , " named for another Quaker who suffered persecution along with husband Lawrence and at least three of her six children , daughter Provided and sons Daniel and Josiah , while Endecott was governor . Whittier characterized Endecott as " dark and haughty " , and exhibiting " bitter hate and scorn " for the Quaker . Henry Wadsworth Longfellow recreated the trial of Wenlock Christison in " John Endicott " , one of three dramatic poems in a collection called New England Tragedies . Christison was the last Quaker Endecott sentenced to death for returning to Massachusetts after having been banished . He was not executed , however , because the law was changed shortly after his sentencing . Author Nathaniel Hawthorne described Endecott in " The Gentle Boy " , whose title character is the six @-@ year @-@ old son of William and Mary Dyer , as " a man of narrow mind and imperfect education , and his uncompromising bigotry was made hot and mischievous by violent and hasty passions ; he exerted his influence indecorously and unjustifiably to compass the death of the enthusiasts [ i.e. , the Quakers ] ; and his whole contact , in respect to them , was marked by brutal cruelty . "
Even though the Puritan colonists of New England were supportive of Oliver Cromwell 's reign in England , they were not always receptive to Cromwell 's suggestions . In response to a proposal by Cromwell that New Englanders migrate to Ireland to increase its Protestant population , the Massachusetts assembly drafted a polite response , signed by Endecott , indicating that its people were happy where they were .
= = = English Restoration = = =
In July 1660 word arrived in Boston that Charles II had been restored to the English throne . This was an immediate cause of concern in all of the colonies that had supported Cromwell , since their charters might be revoked . In Boston it created a more difficult problem for Edward Whalley and William Goffe , two of the " regicide " commissioners who had voted to execute Charles I. Although Charles promised in the 1660 Declaration of Breda that all were pardoned except by act of Parliament , the Indemnity and Oblivion Act of 1660 singled out all of the regicides for punishment . Whalley and Goffe moved freely about the Boston area for some time , and Endecott refused to order their arrest until word arrived of the passage of the Indemnity Act . Endecott then issued a warrant for their arrest on 8 March 1661 . It is unknown whether Whalley and Goffe had advance warning of the warrant , but they fled , apparently to the New Haven area .
Endecott 's warrant was followed by an order issued by King Charles in March and received by Endecott in May 1661 containing a direct order to apprehend the two fugitives and ship them back to England . Endecott dutifully obeyed , but he appointed two recently arrived Royalists to track them down . Somewhat predictably , their search came up empty , and Whalley and Goffe thus escaped . Biographer Lawrence Mayo suggests Endecott would have appointed different men for the search had he been serious about catching them .
Opponents to the rule of the Puritans in Massachusetts were vocal in airing their complaints to the new king . Among their complaints was the fact that Charles ' ascension to power had not been formally announced ; this only took place in 1661 after Endecott received a chastising order from the king . This prompted the assembly to draft another of several laudatory letters it addressed to the king , congratulating him on his rise to power . The mint was claimed to be a bald @-@ faced attempt to devalue good English currency , some colonists complained that the expansion of the colony 's borders in 1652 was little more than a land grab , while others put forward claims of administrative malfeasance with respect to funds provided by the crown for the Christianization of Indians , and the Quakers cataloged a long list of grievances . Believing that it was best to ignore the accusations , Endecott and other members of the old guard opposed sending representatives to London to argue against these charges . Supporters of the idea raised funds in a private subscription , and sent a commission to London .
The colonial mission , led by future governor Simon Bradstreet and pastor John Norton , was successful , and King Charles announced that he would renew the colonial charter , provided the colony allowed the Church of England to practice there . The Endecott administration dragged its feet on implementation , and after months of inaction , the king sent a commission headed by Samuel Maverick , one of the colony 's most vocal critics , to investigate . Endecott had advance warning of what the commission was to investigate , and took steps to address in form , if not in substance , some of the expected actions . Charles insisted that all religious dissenters be freed , which Endecott had done long before Maverick 's arrival , but he did so by deporting them . Upon the commissioners ' arrival , the assembly took up the matter of allowing Church of England activity in the colony . They passed a law deliberately using the king 's language , allowing anyone " orthodox in religion " to practice in the colony ; however , they also defined such orthodoxy as consisting of views that were acceptable to local ministers . This effectively negated the law , because there were probably no ministers in the colony who would agree that Anglicans satisfied their idea of orthodoxy .
= = = Last years = = =
In 1655 the Massachusetts assembly passed a law requiring its governor to live closer to Boston ; this was probably done in response to Endecott 's sixth consecutive election as governor . Endecott was consequently obliged to acquire a residence in Boston ; although he returned to Salem frequently , Boston became his home for the rest of his life . Endecott died in Boston on 15 March 1664 / 5 . Although early accounts claim he was buried at Boston 's King 's Chapel , later evidence has identified his burial site as tomb 189 in the Granary Burying Ground .
= = Family = =
Before he came to the colonies in 1628 , Endecott was married to his first wife , Anne Gower , who was a cousin of Governor Matthew Craddock . After her death in New England , he was married in 1630 to a woman whose last name was Gibson , and by 1640 he was married to Elizabeth , the daughter of Philobert Cogan of Somersetshire . It is uncertain whether these represent two different wives , or a single wife whose name was Elizabeth ( Cogan ) Gibson . Because of the uncertainty concerning his wives , it is not known who the mother of his two sons was . There is only firm evidence that he was already married to Elizabeth in 1640 , and the records that survive for the 1630s , when his sons were born , do not otherwise identify his wife by name . Endecott 's last wife , Elizabeth , was a sister @-@ in @-@ law of the colonial financier and magistrate Roger Ludlow . Endecott 's two known children were John Endecott and Dr. Zerubabbel Endecott , neither of whom , seemingly to his disappointment , followed him into public service . There is also evidence that Endecott fathered another child in his early years in England ; in about 1635 he arranged funds and instructions for the care of a minor also named John Endecott .
Despite his high position , Endecott was never particularly affluent . According to his will , several large tracts of land , including the Orchard estate in Salem and one quarter of Block Island , were distributed to his wife and sons ; however , it was also noted that some of his books were sold to pay debts . One unexpected legacy left behind by Endecott was the uncertain boundaries of the " Orchard " estate . Several generations later , his descendants were involved in litigation concerning disputed occupancy of part of the estate .
Endecott 's descendants include Massachusetts governor Endicott Peabody and United States Secretary of War William Crowninshield Endicott . His descendants donated family records dating as far back as the colonial era to the Massachusetts Historical Society . In 1930 , the Massachusetts tercentenary was marked by the issuance of a medal bearing Endecott 's likeness ; it was designed by Laura Gardin Fraser . Endicott College in Beverly , Massachusetts ( once a part of Salem ) is named for him .
= = Namesakes = =
In 1831 , the brig Governor Endicott , of Salem , H. H. Jenks , master , was engaged in the pepper trade on the coast of Sumatra when she had occasion to help free Friendship , also of Salem , Charles Endicott , master , from Malay pirates . He and some of his officers had gone ashore to negotiate for pepper in the town of Quallah Battoo when pirates took over the ship , murdered some of her crew and looted the cargo . Captain Endicott obtained aid from Governor Endicott and the ship James Monroe , of New York , J. Porter , master , to rescue his ship from her captors and return her to Salem , where he arrived 16 July 1831 .
= = Descendants = =
Endicott Peabody
Endicott Peabody ( educator )
Malcolm E. Peabody
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= Tropical Storm Vamei =
Tropical Storm Vamei was a Pacific tropical cyclone that formed closer to the equator than any other tropical cyclone in Pacific Ocean . The last storm of the 2001 Pacific typhoon season , Vamei developed on December 26 at 1 @.@ 4 ° N in the South China Sea . It strengthened quickly and made landfall along extreme southeastern Malaysia . Vamei rapidly dissipated over Sumatra on December 28 , and the remnants eventually re @-@ organized in the North Indian Ocean .
Though officially designated as a tropical storm , the intensity of Vamei is disputed ; some agencies classify it as a typhoon , based on sustained winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) and the appearance of an eye . The storm brought flooding and landslides to eastern Malaysia , causing $ 3 @.@ 6 million in damage ( 2001 USD , $ 4 @.@ 81 million 2016 USD ) and five deaths .
= = Meteorological history = =
On December 19 , a small low @-@ level circulation was located along the northwest coastline of Borneo ; at the same time a plume of cold air progressed southward through the South China Sea on the southeastern periphery of a ridge over the Far East . The vortex drifted southwestward , reaching open water by December 21 . The northerly air surge was deflected after interacting with the circulation , and at the same time a portion of the air surge crossed the equator . The southerly flow turned eastward , then northward , and in combination with the northerly flow it wrapped into the vortex , resulting in rapid development of the low @-@ level circulation , just a short distance north of the equator . By December 25 , an area of scattered convection persisted about 370 km ( 230 mi ) east of Singapore within an area of low wind shear , in association with the low @-@ level circulation . Continuing slowly westward , the convection deepened and organized further , and at 1200 UTC on December 26 the disturbance developed into a tropical depression about 230 km ( 145 mi ) east of Singapore , or 156 km ( 97 mi ) north of the equator . This was the first recorded occurrence of a tropical cyclone near the equator .
The depression strengthened further and officially attained tropical storm status at 0000 UTC on December 27 , based on the analysis by the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) , though the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) unofficially classified it as a tropical storm six hours prior . Shortly thereafter , an eye with a 39 km ( 24 mi ) diameter became apparent on satellite imagery , along with rainbands extending southward to the opposite side of the equator . At 0600 UTC , the JMA first classified the system as Tropical Storm Vamei , about 65 km ( 40 mi ) northeast of Singapore , and the agency estimated the storm attained peak winds of 85 km / h ( 50 mph ) at the same time . However , the JTWC upgraded Vamei to typhoon status with peak winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) , based on a United States Navy ship report from within the eye ; a second ship reported wind gusts of 195 km / h ( 120 mph ) in the southern portion of the eyewall . The storm was small and compact , with gales extending about 45 km ( 30 mi ) from its center . At about 0830 UTC on December 27 , Vamei made landfall approximately 60 km ( 35 mi ) northeast of Singapore , in the southeastern portion of the Malaysian state of Johor . Initially , the Malaysian Meteorological Department classified the cyclone as a tropical storm , though it was later re @-@ assessed as a typhoon at landfall .
Tropical Storm Vamei weakened quickly as it crossed the extreme southern portion of the Malay Peninsula , and late on December 27 the JMA downgraded it to tropical depression status before the cyclone emerged into the Straits of Malacca . The JTWC initially maintained it as a minimal tropical storm , though the agency downgraded the storm to depression status as the center again approached land . Early on December 28 , Vamei moved ashore along northeastern Sumatra , and at 0600 UTC the JMA classified the storm as dissipated . However , convection persisted near the circulation over land , believed to have been caused by the process known as upper @-@ level diffluence . On December 29 , what was originally believed to be a separate system reached the southeastern Bay of Bengal . In a post @-@ season re @-@ evaluation , the JTWC classified the system as a continuation of Vamei , based on analysis of satellite imagery that indicated the circulation of Vamei crossed Sumatra without dissipating . Convection re @-@ developed , and late on December 30 the JTWC classified the cyclone as a tropical storm about 390 km ( 245 mi ) west @-@ southwest of the northwestern tip of Sumatra ; initially , due to being treated as a separate system , it was classified as Tropical Cyclone 05B . Vamei quickly developed good outflow and organization , though increased wind shear on December 31 rapidly weakened the storm ; by late that day , the center was exposed from the deep convection , and Vamei quickly dissipated .
= = = Unusual formation = = =
Vamei formed and reached tropical storm strength at 1.5º N , only 156 km ( 97 mi ) from the equator . This broke the previous record of Typhoon Sarah in the 1956 Pacific typhoon season , which reached tropical storm strength at 2.2º N. Due to a lack of Coriolis effect near the equator , the formation of Vamei was previously considered impossible . However , a study by the Naval Postgraduate School indicated that the probability for a similar equatorial development was at least once every four centuries .
Vamei developed in a vortex that appears every winter along the northwest coast of Borneo and is maintained by the interaction between monsoonal winds and the local topography . Often , the vortex remains near the coastline , and in an analysis of 51 winters , only six reported the vortex as being over the equatorial waters for four days or more . As the area in the South China Sea between Borneo and Singapore is only 665 km ( 415 mi ) wide , a vortex needs to move slowly to develop . A persistent northerly wind surge for more than five days , which is needed to enhance the vortex , is present , on average , nine days each winter . The probability for a pre @-@ existing tropical disturbance to develop into a tropical cyclone is between 10 – 30 percent . Thus , the conditions which resulted in the formation of Vamei are believed to occur once every 100 – 400 years .
= = Preparations and impact = =
Four days prior to Vamei moving ashore , the Malaysian Meteorological Department ( MMD ) issued storm advisories for potentially affected areas . Subsequently , the agency issued warnings for heavy rainfall , high winds , and rough seas . However , few citizens knew of the passage of the rare storm .
Offshore of Malaysia , two U.S. Navy ships in Vamei 's eyewall were damaged by strong winds . Upon moving ashore , the storm brought storm surge damage to portions of southeastern Malaysia . Vamei brought strong winds and heavy rainfall to portions of Melaka , Negeri Sembilan , and Selangor as well as to Johor , where rainfall reached over 200 mm ( 8 in ) in Senai . Additionally , monsoonal moisture , influenced by the storm , produced moderate to heavy precipitation across various regions of peninsular Malaysia . The passage of the cyclone resulted in flooding and mudslides , which forced the evacuation of more than 13 @,@ 195 people in Johor and Pahang states into 69 shelters . Along Gunung Pulai , the rainfall caused a landslide which destroyed four houses and killed five people . River flooding was also reported , as a result of the precipitation from Vamei as well as previous rainfall . Damage from the flooding was estimated at RM13.7 million ( 2001 MYR , $ 3 @.@ 6 million 2001 USD ) . About 40 percent of the damage occurred to crops at a farm in Kota Tinggi . Moderate damage to transportation , education , and health @-@ care facilities was also reported . The Malaysian government provided affected families up to RM5,000 ( 2001 MYR , $ 1 @,@ 300 2001 USD ) in assistance for food , clothing , and repairs . Vamei also brought heavy rainfall to Singapore , which caused air traffic disruptions at the Singapore Changi Airport . The passage of the cyclone resulted in many downed trees .
In 2004 , the name " Vamei " was retired and replaced with " Peipah " , becoming the first retired name since the Japan Meteorological Agency began naming Pacific typhoons in 2000 . Vamei was one of three tropical cyclones in the current naming list that was retired without attaining typhoon status ; the others were Tropical Storm Bilis in 2006 and Tropical Storm Washi in 2011 .
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= Neverwinter Nights 2 =
Neverwinter Nights 2 is a role @-@ playing video game developed by Obsidian Entertainment and published by Atari . It is the sequel to BioWare 's Neverwinter Nights , based on the Dungeons & Dragons pencil and paper fantasy role @-@ playing game . Neverwinter Nights 2 utilizes an adaptation of the Dungeons & Dragons 3 @.@ 5 edition rules . Players create player characters to represent themselves in the game , using the same character creation rules as found in the Dungeons & Dragons game . They may gain the assistance of additional party members , and they eventually acquire a keep that can be used as a base of operations . Neverwinter Nights 2 is set in the Forgotten Realms campaign setting — in and around the city of Neverwinter . The story is mostly unrelated to Neverwinter Nights and follows the journey of an orphaned adventurer investigating a group of mysterious artifacts known as " silver shards " and their connection to an ancient , evil spirit known as the King of Shadows .
Neverwinter Nights 2 went into development in July 2004 . This sequel was designed with the Aurora Engine , also used by its predecessor , and the game 's toolset was included in the game 's release for players to use in designing their own adventures . The game 's design team drew upon older role @-@ playing video games , and decided that the player character would have to earn the respect of others by the things the character does . The game was also designed to be playable with other players online in a cooperative fashion . The game was released in October and November 2006 . Official multiplayer support for the game was suspended in December 2012 . In response , the Neverwinter Nights 2 community developed several initiatives by which players can continue to play the game online .
Reviews of Neverwinter Nights 2 were generally positive . Reviewers were pleased with the changes that had been made from the first game in the series , especially regarding the storyline and party management . The game won GameSpot 's Best Story award for 2006 . One of the most commonly raised complaints about the game was the presence of numerous technical glitches in its initial release . Two official expansions and one official adventure pack have been released for the game : Mask of the Betrayer in 2007 , Storm of Zehir in 2008 , and Mysteries of Westgate in 2009 .
= = Gameplay = =
Neverwinter Nights 2 is played in the third @-@ person from a top @-@ down perspective , where the player controls a hero and his or her attendant party . As a role @-@ playing video game based on the Dungeons & Dragons 3 @.@ 5 edition ruleset , players build a player character in accordance with the character creation rules of Dungeons & Dragons , which includes selecting a race and class , then assigning skill points . There are sixteen races and twelve classes available , including the rogue and the wizard , as well as an additional seventeen unlockable classes . Neverwinter Nights 2 makes use of the d20 system introduced in Dungeons & Dragons , where a die roll or random number is used to determine the probability and effectiveness of every action , including attacks and saving throws . The player character can recruit companions during the campaign , and may form a party with up to three of them . Party members can be controlled directly by the player or given orders dictating how to behave in combat .
The game is set in the Forgotten Realms campaign setting . The party is able to explore various areas of Faerûn — including its cities , forests , and dungeons — while earning experience points and treasure by defeating monsters and completing quests . The entire party collaborates during combat , with characters ' behavior determined by their class and abilities . Upon gaining specified amounts of experience , characters level up which allows them to earn new abilities such as magic spells and feats . Some races , like the drow , are more powerful than others and require characters to accumulate more experience to earn levels . Characters can access Prestige classes , more specialized versions of base classes , by fulfilling certain requirements . The warpriest , for example , is available to divine spellcasters such as clerics after they have reached a set level of power . Items such as weapons , armor , potions , and scrolls can be used or equipped by characters , and some equipment changes will affect a character 's appearance . As the game progresses , the player character acquires a keep that can be used as a base of operations . Initially , the keep is in a state of disrepair and must be refurbished using party funds . As the keep is improved , it can generate income and gain stronger defenses to repel sieges . Non @-@ player characters such as equipment vendors can be recruited to work at the keep , and the player must manage the training of guards and the allocation of resources .
Before the online component was disabled ( see Development below ) , the campaign of Neverwinter Nights 2 could be played with other players , but only from the beginning of the storyline . The rules could be modified for multiplayer games , such as deactivating friendly fire . A BioWare community account was required to play online , and players were able to search for game servers matching their style of play . Players could upload and play modules online created with the Electron toolset , which is included with the Windows version of the game .
= = Story = =
= = = Setting and characters = = =
Neverwinter Nights 2 takes place in and around the city of Neverwinter , in the Sword Coast region of Faerûn . The first part of the game is set in the small Sword Coast village of West Harbor , which was the site of a battle between an evil host led by an entity known as the " King of Shadows " and the warriors aligned with Neverwinter . The player character 's fate is tied to this battle , during which his or her mother was killed . During the campaign , the player has the opportunity to recruit party members to aid in the cause , including the violent dwarf Khelgar and a vocal young tiefling . Antagonists include the King of Shadows , a manipulative Luskan diplomat named Torio , and the warlock Ammon Jerro .
= = = Plot = = =
Neverwinter Nights 2 is composed of three distinct acts . The game 's first act begins in the village of West Harbor , where the player 's character was raised as an orphan by the elven ranger Daeghun . After a festival , the town is attacked by a group of githyanki in search of an unnamed object . Afterward , the character is sent to retrieve a mysterious silver shard from a nearby cave , which was left there years earlier after the defeat of the King of Shadows . The character then sets out for Neverwinter , meeting other adventurers along the way , several of whom are available for recruitment . In Neverwinter , Daeghun 's half @-@ brother Duncan offers a more comprehensive explanation of the situation . In Neverwinter , Duncan instructs the party to speak with Aldanon , a sage who reveals the shard 's connection with a dead warlock and his descendant , a farmer named Shandra Jerro . However , the githyanki kidnap Shandra and the player character must rescue her . At the end of Act I , the party dispatches the githyanki , rescues Shandra , and learns of the origin of the shards .
In act two , the party discovers that an evil wizard , Black Garius , is plotting to subsume the power of a powerful entity known as the King of Shadows . The party interrupts Garius during the scheme and Garius is apparently killed . As a reward , the protagonist earns a title of nobility and is awarded a stronghold , Crossroads Keep , by Neverwinter 's political leader , Lord Nasher . After tracking down Ammon Jerro , the warlock who fought the King of Shadows and the grandfather of Shandra Jerro , the player character learns that the King of Shadows was once known as the Guardian , a powerful creation of the ancient fallen empire of Illefarn . The Guardian was corrupted after tapping into a dark magical energy called the Shadow Weave . Thereafter the Guardian destroyed Illefarn in a misguided attempt to protect it . Ammon is initially unwilling to help the player character , but after inadvertently slaying his descendant Shandra , he repents and joins the party .
Act three introduces the Shadow Reavers , a sect of powerful undead mages that include a revived Garius , still intent on resurrecting the King of Shadows . The player must prepare Crossroad Keep for imminent battle by fortifying its troops and lands . After additional shards are retrieved by defeating Shadow Reavers , the shards are reformed into a powerful unique weapon for the player character , the Silver Sword of Gith . The sword , stolen by Ammon Jerro in the first battle against the King of Shadows , is the only weapon that can resist the enemy 's power . The army of the Shadow Reavers lays siege to Crossroads Keep and is repelled by the occupants . After making their way through Garius ' new stronghold , the party engages the mage in a second confrontation . After Garius is defeated , good members of the party begin the final fight against the King of Shadows . Evil and neutral characters ( including the player character , if applicable ) can decide to attack the King or fight alongside him . A cutscene afterwards details the battle 's effect on the world , and ends on a cliffhanger which is continued in the Mask of the Betrayer expansion pack .
= = Development = =
Neverwinter Nights 2 was unofficially announced on April 1 , 2004 , when an Atari employee listed the names of several games in development , including a " NWN2 " in response to an inflammatory comment on Atari 's forums . The company officially announced the game on August 4 , 2004 . Obsidian Entertainment handled development of the game , and BioWare , the company that created the first Neverwinter Nights , offered support and guidance to Obsidian . The two companies collaborated in a similar manner on Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic II , an Obsidian – developed sequel to a BioWare game . BioWare joint CEO Ray Muzyka said " Neverwinter Nights remains one of the most important titles BioWare has ever created . We certainly plan to remain involved in the production and development of Neverwinter Nights 2 " . Obsidian employed several game designers from the defunct Black Isle Studios , which developed other Dungeons & Dragons role @-@ playing video games such as Planescape : Torment , the Icewind Dale series , and the Baldur 's Gate series . Development of Neverwinter Nights 2 began in July 2004 , when Obsidian assigned several staff members to work on the project . Staff included Darren Monahan , the producer of several Icewind Dale and Baldur 's Gate : Dark Alliance games ; Marc Holmes , art director of the first Neverwinter Nights ; and Chris Avellone , lead designer of Planescape : Torment and Knights of the Old Republic II .
BioWare provided its Aurora Engine from Neverwinter Nights for the sequel . One of the decisions to use Aurora rather than build a new engine from scratch was the toolset — Obsidian wanted players to continue to be able to make content for the game , which may not have been possible with a new engine . BioWare made itself available to Obsidian with technical support on the engine , but Obsidian planned on completely overhauling Aurora , including its code . The designers wanted to improve the visuals of the first game with additions such as better lighting and textures , which required significant changes to the engine . The upgraded engine was referred to as Electron . Electron was designed to incorporate DirectX to make it compatible for a potential Xbox 360 release , but Obsidian eventually abandoned plans for a port to the system for financial reasons . The toolset that was used to create the game was also revamped , and included several additions like a customizable interface , a new dialogue format , and building assistants — similar to the wizards found in Microsoft Word and Excel . Like Neverwinter Nights , the toolset was included in the game 's release for players to use .
Obsidian drew on older computer RPGs for inspiration on the storyline and gameplay , like Fallout and the Ultima series . Obsidian CEO Feargus Urquhart said " We 've been thinking about a lot of older RPGs , and we have this feeling that something has been lost with recent RPGs . " He compared Neverwinter Nights 2 to Baldur 's Gate II , stating that he wanted to expand upon the city of Neverwinter as Baldur 's Gate II had done with its setting , Athkatla . " We 're looking at how to make Neverwinter a really intriguing place to be , and make it a place where you go and come back to and go and come back to and have it really be a center for the game , " Urquhart said . The game 's story , while still revolving around the city of Neverwinter , would be unrelated to Neverwinter Nights . Instead of starting the game as a powerful , important character , players would begin Neverwinter Nights 2 as nobodies . Obsidian wanted realism in the game and concrete consequences for the player 's actions . The story would be centered on the player character , who would have to gradually earn the respect of Lord Nasher and the city of Neverwinter .
" At the beginning of the game , the main character will run into a person of importance and be ignored like any other lump of crap with legs . The powerful simply don 't notice those weaker than themselves . It 's this kind of philosophy that promises a more cohesive story . "
Instead of the henchmen system used in Neverwinter Nights , Obsidian overhauled the game 's party format to mimic Knights of the Old Republic II . Like the Neverwinter Nights expansion Hordes of the Underdark , the player would be able to recruit more than one party member . Each character could be directly controlled , but party members would also be able to come to a player 's aid even when not controlled , such as summoning a rogue to open a locked chest . Companions would have distinct personalities and their own agendas , but it would be possible for the player character to influence them . Characters can leave the party permanently under certain circumstances . Other changes from the first game include the addition of prestige classes and more exotic races , like planetouched and Elven subraces .
In 2012 , GameSpy , the company providing multiplayer support for the game , was purchased by Glu Mobile . After the purchase , Glu Mobile raised the fees being charged to publishers to provide online services for their games . The new owners then shut down a number of the online services for different games , including Neverwinter Nights 2 . GameSpy claimed that the developers had allowed their contracts to lapse , and , after providing free services for a time , were no longer willing to continue .
= = Release = =
Neverwinter Nights 2 was ready for mass production on October 17 , 2006 and was released on October 31 in the United States , on November 3 in Europe , and on November 16 in Australia . The Electron toolset was available early for consumers who pre @-@ ordered the game through GameStop or Best Buy , as well as exclusive class @-@ specific special items . Alongside the standard version , Atari also published a special edition . The United States and Australia " Limited Edition " contained several physical items like a cloth map depicting the Sword Coast , as well as in @-@ game benefits like the " Blessed of Waukeen " feat that grants players a bonus to saving throws . The Europe special edition was split into two separate boxes , dubbed " Lawful Good Limited Edition " and " Chaotic Evil Limited Edition " , a reference to the Dungeons & Dragons concept of moral alignment . Each box contained the collectibles available in the United States and Australia versions , as well as copies of the original Neverwinter Nights and its expansions , and a trial code for Dungeons & Dragons Online : Stormreach .
Atari licensed Aspyr Media to develop a port of Neverwinter Nights 2 for the Apple Macintosh ; the game was announced shortly before the Windows release . The initial announcement gave a December 2007 release date , but the port was not shipped to retailers until February 2008 . It included the full version of Neverwinter Nights 2 with the exception of the editor toolkit . Atari announced in March 2008 that many of its PC games , including Neverwinter Nights 2 and its first expansion , Mask of the Betrayer , would be available online via Valve Corporation 's digital distribution service Steam . A " Gold Edition " bundle was also published in May 2008 containing copies of Neverwinter Nights 2 and Mask of the Betrayer . A platinum edition containing the original game and both its expansion packs was released on the Steam platform on December 27 , 2010 . As of May 2013 , Neverwinter Nights 2 is no longer sold through Steam .
A complete edition that contains the original game and the three expansion packs ( Mask of the Betrayer , Storm of Zehir , Mysteries of Westgate ) was released on GOG.com on January 24 , 2013 .
= = Expansions = =
Mask of the Betrayer , the game 's first expansion pack , was announced in April 2007 by Atari and Obsidian Entertainment . It was released on September 28 , 2007 in Europe , on October 9 in the United States , and on November 1 in Australia . Mask of the Betrayer 's story begins shortly after the events of Neverwinter Nights 2 and is set in the country of Rashemen , a matriarchy near Thay . The expansion contains several new options for character development , including additional races and prestige classes . It received favorable reviews from critics .
Storm of Zehir was announced in June 2008 . The pack is set on the Sword Coast and Chult areas of the Forgotten Realms and was released on November 18 , 2008 in the United States , on November 21 in Europe , and on December 11 in Australia . Despite being released after the introduction of the D & D 4th edition ruleset , Storm of Zehir made use of the 3 @.@ 5 ruleset like its predecessors . The expansion featured gameplay with similarities to previous D & D video game series Baldur 's Gate and Icewind Dale and received mixed reviews .
Mysteries of Westgate was announced in October 2007 . Atari referred to it as an " adventure pack " , comparing it to the premium modules of Neverwinter Nights . The game was developed by Canadian @-@ based Ossian Studios , the designers of the cancelled premium module Darkness over Daggerford . It is set in the Dragon Coast city of Westgate . Atari 's initial press release gave a release date of fall 2007 for Mysteries of Westgate , but it was not released until April 29 , 2009 .
= = Reception = =
Reception of Neverwinter Nights 2 was generally favorable . It placed number 6 on Amazon 's video game pre @-@ order list the week before its release , and was a best @-@ seller for several weeks afterwards . It received GameSpot 's " Best Story " award for 2006 , beating out the reader 's choice , The Elder Scrolls IV : Oblivion . It was also nominated for a Golden Joystick Award for Best PC Game of 2006 .
While some reviewers considered Neverwinter Nights 2 superior to its predecessor , Neverwinter Nights , the sequel received lower overall review ratings . Implementation of the Dungeons & Dragons 3 @.@ 5 ruleset was praised as faithful to the pen @-@ and @-@ paper version , with GameDaily stating " The 3 @.@ 5 edition ruleset is in full swing in Neverwinter Nights 2 , where critical hits can devastate your entire party . " The game 's representation of the Forgotten Realms campaign setting was also well received . The storyline was widely considered one of the game 's strong points and an improvement over Neverwinter Nights . GameSpy stated that the single – player campaign was " worthy of its exhaustive pedigree " , and Game Informer 's reviewer said " This title easily trumps the original NWN ’ s campaign with a vastly superior story and characters " . Another reviewer declared it " one of the best written games in history " . Aaron R. Conklin of The Wisconsin State Journal said , " It 'd be very easy to be turned off by the first mundane chapters of the game 's sprawling plot .... Stick with it : Once your party hits Neverwinter ( and reaches level seven or so ) , the proceedings become significantly more interesting — especially in terms of character interaction and development .... NWN2 is a masterpiece of storytelling and scope . " Conklin and Matt Slagle of Deseret News were pleased with the ethical choices in the game , with both noting approvingly that diplomacy was a very valid option that could succeed in place of combat .
Other reviewers were less convinced , with Australia 's PALGN referring to the story as " rather predictable and clichéd " . Jonathan Parkyn of Personal Computer World wrote , " Dialogue is NWN2 's key component .... but those who favour fisticuffs may find it tiresome after playing for several billion hours . " Similarly , reception of Neverwinter Nights 2 's graphics was mixed . Some reviewers referred to the visuals as " new age " and " beautiful " , but others noticed inconsistencies in their rendering and performance , especially on lower @-@ end PCs . The Sydney Morning Herald said " The detailed 3D engine allows for lush scenery , giving you a greater sense of exploration as you poke around the rustic villages and murky swamps " . Several comments on the audio and voice acting were positive , though one reviewer expressed disappointment that some sound effects had apparently been recycled from Neverwinter Nights . Conklin called the in @-@ game camera " abysmal " and said the game had a many graphical glitches . Slagle agreed , writing , " I had a lot of stuttering graphics and voiceovers that were out of synch with the characters ' on @-@ screen animations . "
The most common criticism of the game was its numerous technical glitches . Adam Diamond of Isthmus was not happy with the pathfinding , writing , " I often found myself traveling solo through a dungeon , my companions spread out far behind me , leaving me vulnerable to attack . What 's the point of having henchmen if they 're not there to protect you ? " . Some reviews compared Neverwinter Nights 2 to Star Wars : Knights of the Old Republic II , a previous Obsidian game that had received similar complaints . The bugs were described as disruptive to gameplay and " downright infuriating " , and one reviewer encountered a " showstopper bug " in the initial retail version that prevented him from playing the game past a certain point . The bugs were said to negatively affect NPC AI , camera operation , and pathfinding . One review stated " The launch – to – load time is fairly long so be prepared to wonder if the game has crashed or is loading . " Obsidian was quick to release fixes for several bugs , but later reviews still described the glitches as a serious problem . 1UP.com 's review , written two weeks after the game 's release , stated " But the sad truth is that NWN2 shipped in a pretty messy state , and even after a couple patches ( as of this writing ) , the biggest problems remain . "
The level editor and design toolset were widely praised , with Deseret referring to them as " insanely powerful and complex " . The Mac version received mixed reception , and reviewers complained about its lack of the editor toolkit and its high system requirements .
1UP.com writer Matt Peckham caused controversy with his initial review of Neverwinter Nights 2 . A 1UP editor pulled the review from the site and officially retracted it from the print version of the January 2007 issue of Games for Windows : The Official Magazine , explaining that " we felt that this particular review of Neverwinter Nights 2 did a disservice to fans of the [ role @-@ playing game ] genre . " The subsequent review by Jeff Green gave the game a score of C + and is one of the most negative reviews among major outlets . A modified version of Peckham 's review was later published by the Sci Fi Channel , and another version of the review can be found at Penny @-@ Arcade .
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= Bajkam =
Abū al @-@ Husayn Bajkam al @-@ Mākānī ( Arabic : أبو الحسين بجكم المكاني ) , referred to as Bajkam , Badjkam or Bachkam ( from Bäčkäm , a Persian and Turkish word meaning a horse- or yak @-@ tail ) , was a Turkish military commander and official of the Abbasid Caliphate . A former ghulam of the Ziyarid dynasty , Bajkam entered Abbasid service following the assassination of the Ziyarid ruler Mardavij in 935 . During his five @-@ year tenure at the Caliphate 's court at Baghdad , he was granted the title of amir al @-@ umara , consolidating his dominance over the Caliphs ar @-@ Radi and al @-@ Muttaqi and giving him absolute power over their domains . Bajkam was challenged throughout his rule by various opponents , including his predecessor as amir al @-@ umara , Muhammad ibn Ra 'iq , the Basra @-@ based Baridis , and the Buyid dynasty of Iran , but he succeeded in retaining control until his death . He was murdered by a party of Kurds during a hunting excursion in 941 , shortly after the accession of al @-@ Muttaqi as Caliph . Bajkam was known both for his firm rule and for his patronage of Baghdad intellectuals , who respected and in some cases befriended him . His death led to a void in central power , resulting in a brief period of instability and fighting in Baghdad .
= = Early military career and service under Ibn Ra 'iq = =
Details of Bajkam 's early life are unknown . He was one of the ghilman ( military slaves , usually of Turkish origin ) of the Daylamite warlord Makan ibn Kaki in northern Iran . Makan took care of the young Bajkam 's training and education , something for which the latter showed his gratitude by adopting his patron 's name as his nisba ( surname ) . After Makan , Bajkam entered the service of Mardavij , founder of the Ziyarid dynasty , who came to control Daylam , Jibal and Tabaristan . Mardavij mistreated his ghilman , who consequently murdered him at Isfahan in January 935 , an act in which Bajkam may have been complicit . After Mardavij 's death , most of the ghilman in Ziyarid service dispersed . Bajkam and his fellow officer Tuzun assumed the leadership of a large group and , after first offering their services to the new governor of Jibal , Hasan ibn Harun , proceeded to the Abbasid court at Baghdad . At first , their offers were rejected by the court , where the Caliph 's Hujari bodyguards jealously guarded their prerogatives , but the ghilman were eventually taken into the service of Muhammad ibn Ra 'iq , governor of Basra and Wasit in southern Iraq . Now known as Bajkam Ra 'iqi , Bajkam created a large military force under his command consisting of his own followers as well as additional Turks and Daylamites summoned from Jibal .
In early November 936 , the Caliph al @-@ Radi ( reigned 934 – 940 ) bestowed the newly created title of amir al @-@ umara ( " commander of commanders " ) on Ibn Ra 'iq , who was effectively granted absolute control over the Caliphate . This provoked the reaction of various provincial governors as well as that of powerful interest groups in Baghdad itself , such as the caliphal bodyguards . Against them , Ibn Ra 'iq employed Bajkam and his Turkish supporters . With their aid , he managed to neutralize the Hujari and Saji guard units , after which , in February 937 , Bajkam was rewarded with the posts of sahib al @-@ shurta ( chief of police ) and governor of the eastern provinces .
Far more difficult and protracted was the war against the ambitious governor of Ahwaz , Abu Abdallah al @-@ Baridi , who aimed to supplant Ibn Ra 'iq . Al @-@ Baridi 's family was of Basran origin , and had served the Abbasids in various roles as officials before managing to assert a weak hold over Khuzistan . Ibn Ra 'iq himself was defeated and forced to leave Basra to the Baridis , but Bajkam saved the situation by scoring two major victories , despite being outnumbered , that allowed him to take possession of Khuzistan . The hard @-@ pressed al @-@ Baridi now turned to his powerful neighbour , the Buyid ruler of Fars , Ali ibn Buya , for help . Ali 's brother Ahmad soon took over Khuzistan , and Ibn Ra 'iq was forced to offer possession of the province as an independent domain if Bajkam would recover it . Bajkam however was repulsed by the Buyid forces , and fell back to Wasit .
Ignoring Ibn Ra 'iq 's orders to retake Khuzistan , Bajkam remained at Wasit , and began plotting to depose Ibn Ra 'iq himself . To this end , Bajkam began seeking allies : he offered the governorship of Wasit to the Baridis , and through the former vizier Ibn Muqla , who wished to avenge himself on Ibn Ra 'iq for his own downfall and confiscation of his property , gained the covert support of Caliph al @-@ Radi himself . In September 938 , Bajkam led his troops from Wasit to Baghdad . Ibn Ra 'iq tried without success to impede his advance by destroying the great dams of the Nahrawan Canal and flooding the plain , but Bajkam 's army entered the Abbasid capital without opposition , and al @-@ Radi immediately transferred Ibn Ra 'iq 's title of amir al @-@ umara to Bajkam .
= = Amir al @-@ umara = =
Despite the continued relegation of al @-@ Radi to a ceremonial role , the relationship between the Caliph and Bajkam was strong , with al @-@ Radi praising Bajkam for his harsh discipline and referring to the latter as his " protégé " . Al @-@ Radi was appreciative of Bajkam 's respect for his position as Caliph , and promised his support for the amir al @-@ umara .
In October – November 938 , Bajkam and the Caliph campaigned against the influential Hamdanid emir of Mosul , Hasan ibn Abdallah , who had taken advantage of the turmoil in Iraq to cease forwarding his province 's revenue to Baghdad . Although Bajkam 's army captured Mosul , Hasan fled before him to the remotest corners of his domain , where Bajkam 's forces pursued him in vain . In the meantime , the local population resented the presence of the caliphal troops and launched guerilla warfare against them , while Ibn Ra 'iq used Bajkam 's absence to take control of Baghdad at the head of a Carmathian force . These developments forced Bajkam to negotiate with his rivals : the Hamdanids were restored in their province in exchange for the payment of the tax arrears , and Ibn Ra 'iq was bought off with the governorship of the provinces of Tariq al @-@ Furat , Diyar Mudar , Qinnasrin and al- ' Awasim , which were also claimed by the Ikhshidids of Egypt . This arrangement allowed Bajkam and the Caliph to return to Baghdad in February 939 .
Bajkam , having consolidated his control over Baghdad , now turned to face the threat posed by the Buyids . To this end , he strengthened his ties with the Baridis of Basra , by handing over Wasit , as previously agreed , appointing Abu Abdallah al @-@ Baridi as vizier of the Abbasid court ( although the latter remained at Wasit and did not visit Baghdad ) , and , finally , by marrying himself to one of al @-@ Baridi 's daughters . Bajkam 's success against the Buyids was mixed : Wasit was saved from Buyid attack , and the Baridis led a successful campaign in Susiana , but an expedition into Jibal was crushed by the third Buyid brother , Hasan . The alliance with the Baridis quickly soured , however , as al @-@ Baridi still maintained his ambition of replacing Bajkam , and ajkam was aware of this . In late August 940 , Bajkam removed al @-@ Baridi from the vizierate and launched an attack on Wasit , which the Baridis abandoned without resistance . In the meantime , the Baghdad was in turmoil as religious violence had become commonplace , with fanatical members of the Hanbali school imposing their tenets on the general populace .
In December 940 , al @-@ Radi died . Bajkam remained at Wasit , but sent his secretary to Baghdad to convene a council of Abbasid aristocrats , who selected al @-@ Muttaqi ( r . 940 – 944 ) , al @-@ Radi 's brother , as Caliph . Bajkam also sent a slave named Takinak to the deceased Caliph 's palace , the Dar al @-@ Sultan , to procure various items , including the valuable al @-@ Yatimah pearl . He also obtained three female slaves from al @-@ Radi 's palace , whose singing he remembered from his earlier visits to the Caliph .
Among al @-@ Muttaqi 's first actions as Caliph was the confirmation of Bajkam as amir al @-@ umara . Despite al @-@ Muttaqi 's gesture of support , Bajkam still faced opposition among the semi @-@ autonomous provincial governors , including al @-@ Baridi .
= = Death and ensuing anarchy = =
Bajkam opened a campaign against al @-@ Baridi in early spring 941 . His lieutenants were at first defeated by the Baridis , whereupon Bajkam himself left Wasit to take the field . On his way to join his army , however , he was informed that his generals had achieved a major victory over the Baridis , and decided to return to Wasit . On 21 April 941 , while travelling , he took part in a hunting excursion , during which he and his party inadvertently encountered a band of Kurdish brigands . During a brief skirmish , Bajkam was slain when one of the Kurds stabbed him in the back with his lance .
Bajkam 's unexpected death created a power vacuum in Baghdad , with disagreements between Daylamite and Turkish forces prompting the former to join the defeated al @-@ Baridi . With their assistance , he marched on Wasit and Baghdad , capturing them , but was soon forced to flee due to the disorder that followed his usurpation of power . A Daylamite chief named Kurankij replaced him as de facto ruler of Baghdad , but he imposed tyrannical rule , and al @-@ Muttaqi appealed to the former amir al @-@ umara Ibn Ra 'iq for assistance .
Ibn Ra 'iq soon retook control of Baghdad , but political turmoil did not cease with his re @-@ installation as amir al @-@ umara . Once again , al @-@ Baridi captured the city , and Ibn Ra 'iq fled with the Caliph to Mosul , from where the Hamdanid rulers launched a successful attempt to restore them . The Hamdanid emir Hasan , after ordering the assassination of Ibn Ra 'iq , was made amir al @-@ umara and given the laqab of Nasir al @-@ Dawla ( " Defender of the Dynasty " ) . In 943 , the Hamdanids were forced to retreat to Mosul when Tuzun , one of Bajkam 's officers , seized power with military support ; the following year , Tuzun captured , blinded , and deposed al @-@ Muttaqi , assuming the role of amir al @-@ umara . The Caliph 's brother , al @-@ Mustakfi ( r . 944 – 946 ) , was appointed as his successor . The competition for control of the Caliph ended in 945 , when the Buyid Ahmad took over the position of amir al @-@ umara with the title of Mu 'izz al @-@ Dawla . This begun the period of undisputed Buyid control over Baghdad and Iraq , which lasted until the Seljuk conquest in the 1050s .
= = Character = =
Despite his slave origin , Bajkam was educated in Arabic ( although he reportedly did not speak it for fear of making mistakes ) , respected by intellectuals and was known to seek the company of such men as al @-@ Suli and the physician Sinan ibn Thabit . It is in their writings that glimpses of his character survive . According to the researcher Marius Canard , Bajkam was " covetous of power and money , he did not hesitate to resort to dissimulation and ruse , corruption and torture to attain his ends ; he was at times cruel , though his bravery was legendary , and was more upright in character than Ibn Ra 'iq " . Bajkam was also solicitous for the welfare of his subjects , and especially the inhabitants of Wasit cherished his memory .
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= Brazilian battleship Minas Geraes =
Minas Geraes , spelled Minas Gerais in some sources , was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy . Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais , the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class , making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil , Argentina , and Chile .
Two months after its completion in January 1910 , Minas Geraes was featured in Scientific American , which described it as " the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat " . In November 1910 , Minas Geraes was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash . The mutiny spread from Minas Geraes to other ships in the Navy , including its sister São Paulo , the elderly coastal defense ship Deodoro , and the recently commissioned cruiser Bahia . Led by the " Black Admiral " João Cândido Felisberto , the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met . As it was not possible to end the situation militarily — the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land — the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded .
When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917 , Britain 's Royal Navy declined Brazil 's offer of Minas Geraes for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated ; it had not been refitted since entering service , so range @-@ finders and a fire @-@ control system had not been added . São Paulo underwent modernization in the United States in 1920 ; in 1921 , Minas Geraes received the same treatment . A year later , Minas Geraes sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts . São Paulo shelled the rebels ' fort , and they surrendered shortly thereafter ; Minas Geraes did not fire its guns . In 1924 , mutineers seized São Paulo and attempted to persuade the crews of Minas Geraes and several other ships to join them , but were unsuccessful .
Minas Geraes was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s , and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943 . During the Second World War , the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port , as it was too old to play an active part in the war . For the last nine years of its service life , Minas Geraes remained largely inactive , and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954 .
= = Background = =
Beginning in the late 1880s , Brazil 's navy fell into obsolescence , helped along by an 1889 revolution , which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II , and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893 – 94 . By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage , despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile .
At the turn of the twentieth century , soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy . The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904 , which authorized the construction of a large number of warships , including three battleships . The Minister of the Navy , Admiral Júlio César de Noronha , signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906 . While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship Norge and the British ( originally Chilean ) Swiftsure class , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth 's Design 439 ( Design 188 in Vickers ' files ) . They would displace 11 @,@ 800 long tons ( 12 @,@ 000 tonnes ) , have a speed of 19 knots ( 22 mph ; 35 km / h ) , and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches ( 23 cm ) and deck armor of 1 @.@ 5 in ( 3 @.@ 8 cm ) . Each ship would be armed with twelve 10 @-@ inch ( 25 cm ) guns mounted in six twin turrets . These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration , similar to the later German Nassau @-@ class battleships .
Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick ( Minas Geraes and Rio de Janeiro ) , while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow ( São Paulo ) . The new dreadnought concept , which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906 , rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete . The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy , Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar , to building two dreadnoughts , with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed , two scout cruisers ( which became the Bahia class ) , ten destroyers ( the Pará class ) , and three submarines . The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907 , and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907 .
Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately , plans went ahead . Minas Geraes , the lead ship , was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907 , while São Paulo followed thirteen days later at Vickers . The news shocked Brazil 's neighbors , especially Argentina , whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either Minas Geraes or São Paulo could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets . In addition , Brazil 's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers , such as Germany , France or Russia , and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction , behind the United Kingdom and the United States . In particular , the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally ; caught up in the spirit , U.S. naval journals began using terms like " Pan Americanism " and " Hemispheric Cooperation " . Newspapers and journals around the world , particularly in Britain and Germany , speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion , as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament .
= = Early career = =
Minas Geraes was christened by Senhora Regis de Oliveira , the wife of the Brazilian minister to Great Britain , and launched at Newcastle @-@ on @-@ Tyne on 10 September 1908 . During fitting @-@ out , it was moved to Vickers ' Walker Yard , and thousands turned out to see the incomplete ship squeeze barely underneath and through overhead and swing bridges . After completion , Minas Geraes was handed over by Armstrong on 5 January to the Brazilian Commission on behalf of the Brazilian government , while the ship 's company was mustered on deck . The British Royal Navy carried out its gunnery trials at the request of Armstrong 's and with the agreement of the Brazilian government . Although the idea of having superfiring turrets was not new — the American South Carolina @-@ class battleships were also designed and built in this fashion around the same time — the trials attracted interest from a few nations , who sent representatives to observe . They wanted to resolve two major questions : the effect that firing the upper superfiring turrets would have on the crewmen in the lower guns , and whether smoke from the discharge of the lower guns would hinder the targeting capabilities of the upper turret . The tests resolved both questions satisfactorily .
Minas Geraes left the Tyne on 5 February 1910 and traveled to Plymouth before beginning a voyage to the United States on 8 February . When the ship reached Norfolk , Virginia , it escorted the American armored cruiser North Carolina , which was carrying the body of the former Brazilian ambassador to the United States Joaquim Nabuco ( who had died in Washington , D.C. on 17 January ) to Rio de Janeiro . The two ships set sail on 17 March 1910 and reached Rio de Janeiro one month later , where Minas Geraes was commissioned into the Brazilian Navy on 18 April .
Soon after Minas Geraes ' arrival in Brazil , the country 's prosperity began to wane , and a severe depression hit the Brazilian economy . The economic hardship , the racism prevalent in all branches of the Brazilian armed forces , and the severe discipline enforced on all navy ships spawned a mutiny known as the Revolt of the Lash , or Revolta da Chibata , among sailors on the most powerful ships .
= = = Revolt of the Lash = = =
The initial spark was provided on 16 November 1910 when Afro @-@ Brazilian sailor Marcelino Rodrigues Menezes was brutally flogged 250 times for insubordination . The sailor 's back was later described by José Carlos de Carvalho , a retired navy captain assigned to be the Brazilian government 's representative to the mutineers , as " a mullet sliced open for salting . " Many Afro @-@ Brazilian sailors were sons of former slaves , or were former slaves freed under the Lei Áurea ( abolition ) but forced to enter the navy . They had been planning a revolt for some time , and Menezes became the catalyst . The revolt began aboard Minas Geraes at around 10 pm on 22 November ; the ship 's commander and several loyal crewmen were murdered in the process . Soon after , São Paulo , the new cruiser Bahia , the coast @-@ defense ship Deodoro , the minelayer República , the training ship Benjamin Constant , and the torpedo boats Tamoio and Timbira all revolted with relatively little violence . The first four ships represented the newest and strongest ships in the navy ; Minas Geraes , São Paulo , and Bahia had been completed and commissioned only months before . Deodoro was twelve years old and had recently undergone a refit . The crews of the smaller warships made up only two percent of the mutineers , and some moved to the largest ships after the revolt began .
The ships were well @-@ supplied with foodstuffs , ammunition , and coal , and the only demand of mutineers — led by João Cândido Felisberto — was the abolition of what they called slavery : they objected to low pay , long hours , inadequate training , and punishments including bolo ( being struck on the hand with a ferrule ) and the use of whips or lashes ( chibata ) , which eventually became a symbol of the revolt . By the 23rd , the National Congress had begun discussing the possibility of a general amnesty for the sailors . Senator Ruy Barbosa , long an opponent of slavery , lent a large amount of support , and the measure unanimously passed the Federal Senate on 24 November . The measure was then sent to the Chamber of Deputies .
Humiliated by the revolt , naval officers and the president of Brazil were staunchly opposed to amnesty , so they quickly began planning to assault the rebel ships . The officers believed such an action was necessary to restore the service 's honor . The rebels , believing an attack was imminent , sailed their ships out of Guanabara Bay and spent the night of 23 – 24 November at sea , only returning during daylight . Late on the 24th , the President ordered the naval officers to attack the mutineers . Officers crewed some smaller warships and the cruiser Rio Grande do Sul , Bahia 's sister ship with ten 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch guns . They planned to attack on the morning of the 25th , when the government expected the mutineers would return to Guanabara Bay . When they did not return and the amnesty measure neared passage in the Chamber of Deputies , the order was rescinded . After the bill passed 125 – 23 and the president signed it into law , the mutineers stood down on the 26th .
During the revolt , the ships were noted by many observers to be well handled , despite a previous belief that the Brazilian Navy was incapable of effectively operating the ships even before being split by a rebellion . João Cândido Felisberto ordered all liquor thrown overboard , and discipline on the ships was recognized as exemplary . The 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch guns were often used for shots over the city , but the 12 @-@ inch guns were not , which led to a suspicion among the naval officers that the rebels were incapable of using the weapons . Later research and interviews indicate that Minas Geraes ' guns were fully operational , and while São Paulo 's could not be turned after salt water contaminated the hydraulic system , British engineers still on board the ship after the voyage from the United Kingdom were working on the problem . Still , historians have never ascertained how well the mutineers could handle the ships .
The crews of the torpedo boats remained loyal to the government , and army troops moved to the presidential palace and the coastline , but neither group could stop the mutineers ; a major problem for the authorities was that many of the men who manned Rio de Janeiro 's harbor defenses were sympathetic to the mutineers ' cause . The additional possibility of the capital being bombarded forced the National Congress of Brazil to give in to the rebels ' demands . The demands included the abolition of flogging , improved living conditions , and the granting of amnesty to all mutineers . The government also issued official pardons and a statement of regret . Its submission resulted in the rebellion 's end on 26 November , when control of the four ships was handed back to the navy .
In 1913 , Minas Geraes took the Brazilian Minister of Foreign Affairs , Lauro Müller , to the United States , reciprocating the visit U.S. Secretary of State Elihu Root had paid to Brazil seven years earlier .
= = First World War = =
Even though the First World War did not touch Brazilian soil , it had crushing effects on Brazil 's economy . Prices for rubber and coffee plummeted ; the war had only a small need for rubber , and Britain allowed no coffee into Europe as space on merchant ships was reserved for " essential items " . In addition , coffee was declared to be contraband , so every Brazilian shipment to the Central Powers was subject to search and seizure ; even shipments to some neutral countries were barred to ensure that no coffee would get through . Despite these restrictions , neutral Brazil was pro @-@ Allied for the first three years of the war because of its sizable merchant fleet ; as merchantmen from Allied countries were sunk , Brazilian ships were able to take over routes that had been vacated . This policy exposed them to attack by German submarines , and after the German declaration of unrestricted submarine warfare in February 1917 , several Brazilian ships were sunk , driving the country closer to declaring war on the Central Powers .
Brazil revoked its neutrality in the war between the United States and Germany on 1 June 1917 , but did not declare war . At the same time , all German merchant ships interned in Brazilian harbors , 45 in all , were boarded and seized ; most were unusable due to neglect or sabotage . On 28 June , Brazil revoked its neutrality between all of the Allied and Central Powers but again stopped short of declaring war ; this move allowed Brazilian merchantmen to travel in Allied convoys .
The Brazilian Navy was sent out to patrol the South Atlantic with French , British and American naval units , even though none of its ships had anti @-@ submarine capabilities and , not being at war with the Central Powers , its ships were not supposed to engage any threat outside territorial waters . Another Brazilian merchant ship , Macao , was sunk by German submarine U @-@ 93 off Spain on 18 October , and eight days later Brazil declared war .
Brazil offered to send Minas Geraes and São Paulo to serve with the British Grand Fleet , but this offer was declined because both ships were in poor condition and lacked modern fire @-@ control systems . Neither of the two dreadnoughts had undergone any form of refitting since their original construction in Britain . Indicative of their poor condition , fourteen of São Paulo 's eighteen boilers failed when voyaging to New York in June 1918 for a modernization .
= = Inter @-@ war period = =
São Paulo 's refit was finished on 17 January 1920 and it returned to Brazil ; on 15 July Minas Geraes departed for New York for its own refit . Beginning on 22 August , the day it arrived , and finishing on 4 October 1921 , the battleship was dramatically modernized , with Sperry fire @-@ control equipment and Bausch and Lomb range @-@ finders for the two superfiring turrets fore and aft . A vertical armor bulkhead was fitted inside the main turrets , and the secondary battery of 4 @.@ 7 in ( 120 mm ) guns was reduced from 22 to 12 ; five guns in casemates were removed from each side . A few modern AA guns were fitted : two 3 " / 50 caliber guns from Bethlehem Steel were added on the aft superstructure , 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) guns were added near each turret , and 3 @-@ pounder guns were removed from the tops of turrets .
In July 1922 , Minas Geraes joined São Paulo in helping to quash the first of the Revolução Tenentista ( English : Tenente revolts ) , in which the garrison of Rio de Janeiro 's Fort Copacabana rebelled and began bombarding the city . São Paulo shelled the fort , and the rebels surrendered shortly thereafter ; Minas Geraes did not fire its guns .
In 1924 , Minas Geraes was involved in another mutiny , but remained on the side of the government . First Lieutenant Hercolino Cascardo , seven second lieutenants and others commandeered São Paulo in Rio de Janeiro 's harbor on 4 November 1924 . Their goal was to force the government to release prisoners who had participated in the 1922 Tenente revolts from confinement aboard the prison ship Cuibaba ; the mutineers ' demands were not met . São Paulo 's boilers were then fired , and the ship " steamed menacingly " around Minas Geraes in an attempt to entice its and other ships to join the rebellion . São Paulo was only able to sway the crew of one old torpedo boat to its cause. its crew , angry that Minas Geraes would not join them , shot a six @-@ pounder at Minas Geraes , wounding a cook . The mutineers then sailed out of the harbor , exchanging shots with forts at the entrance along the way , and set course for Montevideo , Uruguay . The condensers failed along the way , and they reached Montevideo on 10 November making only 9 knots ( 10 mph ; 17 km / h ) . The rebellious members of the crew disembarked and were granted asylum , while the remainder re @-@ hoisted the colors of Brazil .
Between June 1931 and April 1938 , Minas Geraes was totally reconstructed and modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard . It was converted from its old coal – oil combination to all @-@ oil firing . All eighteen of the original Babcock & Wilcox boilers were removed in favor of six new John I. Thornycroft & Company boilers . The former No. 1 boiler room and all twelve of the side coal bunkers were converted to fuel oil storage tanks ; the upper coal bunkers were removed . In addition , Minas Geraes ' dynamos were replaced with new turbogenerators . The most striking aesthetic change was the trunking of the boiler uptakes into a single funnel . The fire @-@ control systems that had been fitted after the First World War were also modernized in favor of Zeiss range @-@ finders . The guns were overhauled ; two extra 4 @.@ 7 in ( 120 mm ) guns were added ( making 14 total ) , and six 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) Madsen guns were installed , including two on the top of ' X ' turret . The maximum elevation of the 12 @-@ inch guns was upped from 13 ° to 18 ° .
= = Second World War and later career = =
As in the First World War , Brazil was neutral during the early years of the Second World War . German attacks on Brazilian merchant ships pushed the country into war on the Allied side ; Brazil declared war on 21 August 1942 , taking effect on 31 August .
Apart from three destroyers launched in 1940 and four submarines from the inter @-@ war years , Brazil 's warships were old and mostly obsolete pre @-@ First World War vessels . The mainstays of the fleet , Minas Geraes , São Paulo , Bahia , and Rio Grande do Sul , were all over thirty years old . Although Minas Geraes had been further refitted from 1939 to 1943 , the ship was still too old and in too poor a condition for any active role in the Second World War ; instead , the dreadnought was anchored as a floating battery in the port of Salvador for the duration of the war .
Minas Geraes was inactive for much of the rest of its career . Decommissioned on 16 May 1952 , it was used as a stationary headquarters for the Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Brazilian Navy until 17 December of that year . The ship was removed from the naval register on 31 December , and sold to the Italian ship breaking company SA Cantiere Navale de Santa Maria . Minas Geraes was taken under tow on 1 March 1954 and arrived in Genoa on 22 April ; the old dreadnought , which had been in service for more than forty years , was broken up for scrap later that year .
= = Endnotes = =
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= Líf and Lífþrasir =
In Norse mythology , Líf ( identical with the Old Norse feminine noun meaning " life , the life of the body " ) and Lífþrasir ( Old Norse masculine name from líf and þrasir . Lexicon Poëticum defines this name as " Livæ amator , vitæ amans , vitæ cupidus " , " Líf 's lover , lover of life , zest for life " ) , sometimes anglicized as Lift and Lifthrasir , — female and male respectively — are two humans who are foretold to survive the events of Ragnarök by hiding in a wood called Hoddmímis holt , and after the flames have abated , to repopulate the newly risen and fertile world . Líf and Lífþrasir are mentioned in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the thirteenth century from earlier traditional sources , and the Prose Edda , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson . Scholarly theories have been proposed about the underlying meaning and origins of the two names .
= = Attestations = =
In the poem Vafþrúðnismál , collected in the Poetic Edda , the god Odin poses a question to the jötunn Vafþrúðnir , asking who among mankind will survive when the winter at the end of the world Fimbulvetr occurs . Vafþrúðnir responds that they will be Líf and Lífþrasir , that the two will have hidden in the wood of Hoddmímis Holt , they will consume the morning dew as food , and " from them generations will spring " .
In chapter 53 of the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning , High tells Gangleri ( king Gylfi in disguise ) that two people , Líf and Lífþrasir , will lie hid in Hoddmímis Holt during " Surt 's fire " , and that " from these people there will be descended such a great progeny that the world will be inhabited . " The above mentioned stanza of Vafþrúðnismál is then quoted .
= = Theories = =
Carolyne Larrington notes that it is nowhere expressly stated what will happen to the world tree Yggdrasil at Ragnarök , points to a connection between Mímir and Yggdrasil in the poem Völuspá , and theorizes that " it is possible that Hoddmimir is another name for Mimir , and that the two survivors hide in Yggdrasill . "
Rudolf Simek theorizes that the survival of Líf and Lífþrasir is " a case of reduplication of the anthropogeny , understandable from the cyclic nature of the Eddic eschatology . " Simek says that Hoddmímis holt " should not be understood literally as a wood or even a forest in which the two keep themselves hidden , but rather as an alternative name for the world @-@ tree Yggdrasill . Thus , the creation of mankind from tree trunks ( Askr , Embla ) is repeated after the Ragnarǫk as well . " Simek says that in Germanic regions , the concept of mankind originating from trees is ancient . Simek additionally points out legendary parallels in a Bavarian legend of a shepherd who lives inside a tree , whose descendants repopulate the land after life there has been wiped out by plague ( citing a retelling by F. R. Schröder ) . In addition , Simek points to an Old Norse parallel in the figure of Örvar @-@ Oddr , " who is rejuvenated after living as a tree @-@ man ( Ǫrvar @-@ Odds saga 24 – 27 ) " .
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= Ås Station =
Ås Station ( Norwegian : Ås stasjon ) is a railway station in Ås , Norway on the Østfold Line . The station was opened on 2 January 1879 and designed by Peter A. Blix in Swiss chalet style . The station was modernized in 1992 , when the section between Ski and Moss was upgraded to double track and speeds up to 160 kilometres per hour ( 99 mph ) . In 2006 , a cultural meeting place comprising a café , concert hall and an art exhibition was established inside the station 's building , initiated by the local organization " Galleri Texas " and to the governmental corporation Follo Futura . Galleri Texas and Follo Futura had been arguing a while over how the operating of the café should be , and in 2010 , all the maintenance and operation of the meeting place were transferred entirely from Galleri Texas to Follo Futura , since Galleri Texas no longer were satisfied with Follo Futuras work . The station is served by commuter trains on the Line L21 of the Oslo Commuter Rail , running from Stabekk over Oslo to Moss . Ski Station and Vestby Station are the preceding and the following stations , respectively .
= = History = =
The station opened on 2 January 1879 , and was designed by the Norwegian architect Peter Andreas Blix in Swiss chalet style . The Norwegian author Knut Hamsun wrote several letters at the station between 1897 and 1906 . When the section between Ski and Moss Station was upgraded to double tracks in 1992 , Ås Station received a major renovation . In 2000 , a 16 @-@ year @-@ old boy had huffed lighter gas at the station , and was found dead on the platform the next morning . On 25 October 2006 , a cultural meeting place was established inside the station building , initiated by the association " Galleri Texas " . The building is located in Brekkeveien 4 , and houses a tiny café known as " Kafé Åsheim " , an art gallery , and a small gift shop . The café serves local commuters riding to Oslo in the morning , as well as dining and lunch guests residing in the area around the station . In the weekends , there are sometimes arranged concerts with local bands and musicians .
In 2008 , controversy between the local organisation Galleri Texas and the state @-@ owned corporation Follo Futura arose , regarding the hiring contract of the station building , and which of them were to operate the cultural meeting place . Follo Futura , which together with the Norwegian National Rail Administration and Rom Eiendom officially owned the station building wanted to take over the café business . They argued that they were better fit to operate it , since Galleri Texas did not have the economical capacity to run the café with the art exhibition and gift shop the whole week . The local community wanted Galleri Texas to operate the café , arguing that replacing a local company for a governmental one would weaken the local and patriotic spirit of the café . On 1 January 2010 , the operation of the café and the cultural meeting place was transferred from Galleri Texas to Follo Futura , since Galleri Texas no longer could pay the rental costs . In 2010 , smoke was tumbling out of the station , but it turned out that it was only a cigarette that had not been quenched , and had been laying overnight in a flower basket .
= = Facilities = =
The station 's facilities are designed similarly to most of the other stations on the Østfold Line , apart from the station building , which dates back to 1877 . There is step @-@ free access to the platforms . There is a glulam walkway over the rail tracks in the south end of the station , which shapes together with the stairways one minimalistic construction down to the platforms . At the north end of the station , there is a second walkway which runs under the tracks . There are sheds and ticket machines on the platforms . The station 's parking area has room for 200 cars and 8 bicycles . Akershus Kollektivterminaler operates a bus terminal a few metres away from the station . Ås Station is located north of Vestby Station and south of Ski Station on the Østfold Line , 31 @.@ 15 kilometres ( 19 @.@ 36 mi ) from Oslo Central Station .
= = Service = =
Ås Station is served by the line L21 of the Oslo Commuter Rail , operated by the Norwegian State Railways . The line runs from Stabekk through Oslo to Moss . The travel time from Ås to Oslo Central Station is 28 minutes and to Moss Station 21 minutes . The public transport authority Ruter operates feeder bus services to the station from Drøbak , Ski , Vinterbro and other conurbations around Ås .
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= Pot o ' Gold ( Glee ) =
" Pot o ' Gold " is the fourth episode of the third season of the American musical television series Glee , and the forty @-@ eighth overall . It was written by Ali Adler , directed by Adam Shankman , and was first broadcast on Fox in the United States on November 1 , 2011 . The episode featured the arrival of Irish foreign exchange student Rory Flanagan ( Glee Project prizewinner Damian McGinty ) at McKinley High , a new challenger to Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) in her congressional race , and the ongoing fragmentation of the show 's central glee club , New Directions .
The episode as a whole received mixed reviews from reviewers . The storyline involving Quinn , Puck and Shelby was extensively criticized , while the injection of Burt Hummel ( Mike O 'Malley ) into the congressional race as Sue 's opponent was greeted with enthusiasm . The music was received with somewhat more favor than the episode itself , especially " Candyman " , sung by the newly constituted Troubletones .
All five song covers performed in the episode were released as singles , available for download , and one of them , " Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) " , charted on the Billboard Hot 100 . Upon its initial airing , this episode was viewed by 7 @.@ 47 million American viewers and earned a 3 @.@ 0 / 8 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic . The total viewership numbers and rating / share were down significantly from the previous episode , " Asian F " , which had been broadcast four weeks earlier on October 4 , 2011 .
= = Plot = =
Rory Flanagan ( Damian McGinty ) , a foreign exchange student from Ireland , has begun attending McKinley High and is regularly being bullied . He is staying at Brittany 's ( Heather Morris ) house ; she believes that he is a leprechaun . Rory , who has a crush on Brittany , does not disabuse her of this belief because she has promised to let him into her " pot o ' gold " if he grants her three wishes . He easily fulfills her first two wishes in mundane ways .
Mercedes ( Amber Riley ) is recruiting for the new all @-@ girl show choir directed by Shelby Corcoran ( Idina Menzel ) , and asks Santana ( Naya Rivera ) — a member of the school 's existing glee club , New Directions — to join . Santana balks at leaving Brittany behind , and when she and Brittany go out on a dinner date , Santana tries to recruit her , but Brittany is unwilling to leave her New Directions friends . She tells Santana of Rory 's supposed magical powers , and Santana later coerces Rory into telling Brittany that Santana has wished for her to join Shelby 's glee club . Brittany believes she must obey that wish , but her third wish is that doing so does not hurt anybody 's feelings . New Directions co @-@ captain Finn Hudson ( Cory Monteith ) tries to persuade Brittany not to leave : he tells her that leprechauns are not real and that she is being stupid . Brittany , insulted , quits anyway .
Quinn ( Dianna Agron ) and Puck ( Mark Salling ) offer to babysit Beth , their biological daughter who they gave up to Shelby for adoption . While babysitting , Quinn hides hot sauce , sharp knives , books on child cannibalism and other items to make Shelby look like an unfit mother ; she subsequently calls Child Protective Services , under the assumption that they will ultimately restore Beth to her after they investigate and find the evidence . Puck later returns to secretly gather up the items . He also sings " Waiting for a Girl Like You " to calm a crying Beth and to comfort Shelby , who confesses she is extremely lonely . In the episode 's closing moments , Puck and Shelby kiss .
Congressional candidate and cheerleading coach Sue Sylvester ( Jane Lynch ) — whose campaign platform includes the elimination of funding for school arts programs — editorializes on television to rescind the budget of the school 's production of West Side Story . She succeeds after an angry mother throws a brick at Principal Figgins ( Iqbal Theba ) . Glee club director Will Schuester ( Matthew Morrison ) recruits the members to sell advertising space in the program book to raise money ; when Kurt ( Chris Colfer ) asks his father Burt Hummel ( Mike O 'Malley ) to purchase an ad , he instead gathers a group of businessmen to fund the musical . He then announces that he is running for congress against Sue .
At a meeting of Shelby 's group , which is dubbed the Troubletones , a newly arrived Santana overawes Sugar Motta ( Vanessa Lengies ) into surrendering her central role . The Troubletones later give a dynamic performance of " Candyman " , which is witnessed by a dismayed Finn and Will . Finn later apologizes to Brittany for his insensitive remarks and wishes her and the Troubletones the best , after which Rory claims that he has fulfilled Brittany 's third wish . However , she chastises him , saying that Finn 's feelings clearly were hurt by the defection and that she now knows leprechauns are not real . Later , when Rory is being harassed by bullies , Finn comes to his rescue and invites him to join New Directions ; he successfully auditions with the song " Take Care of Yourself " .
= = Production = =
The episode was written by co @-@ executive producer Ali Adler , making it the first episode not to be written by any of the co @-@ creators of Glee — Ryan Murphy , Brad Falchuk and Ian Brennan — and it was the second to be directed by choreographer Adam Shankman , who helmed " The Rocky Horror Glee Show " in the second season . Shankman started working on the episode on September 2 , 2011 , and filming ended on September 22 , 2011 . This episode and the prior one were shot in parallel for several days until " Asian F " finished filming its musical finale on September 16 , 2011 .
McGinty , one of the two winners of The Glee Project 's top prize of a seven @-@ episode recurring character role on Glee , makes his first appearance in this episode as Rory Flanagan , an Irish exchange student . Murphy revealed that on McGinty 's first day of filming " he was shoved into a locker 25 times " , and that on " his first take in his first song , the crew gave him a huge ovation . " Rory is living with Brittany 's family , and the idea of McGinty 's character interacting with Brittany was first broached in the penultimate episode of The Glee Project , with the judges speculating that Brittany would not be able to understand a word the character said due to his Irish accent .
Additional recurring guest stars appearing in this episode include Menzel as Shelby Corcoran , Principal Figgins ( Iqbal Theba ) , Kurt 's father Burt Hummel , Burt 's wife and Finn 's mother Carole Hudson @-@ Hummel ( Romy Rosemont ) , student Sugar Motta ( Vanessa Lengies ) , and TV news co @-@ anchors Rod Remington ( Bill A. Jones ) and Andrea Carmichael ( Earlene Davis ) .
This episode features five covers , all of which were made available for download as digital singles : Christina Aguilera 's " Candyman " performed by Rivera , Morris , and Riley , Katy Perry 's " Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) " with Criss on lead vocals , Foreigner 's " Waiting for a Girl Like You " performed by Salling , and " Bein ' Green " from Sesame Street and Teddy Thompson 's " Take Care of Yourself " , both performed by McGinty .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Pot o ' Gold " was first broadcast on November 1 , 2011 in the United States on Fox . It garnered a 3 @.@ 0 / 8 Nielsen rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic , and received 7 @.@ 47 million American viewers during its initial airing . It continued the streak of coming in second in its timeslot to NCIS on CBS , which earned a 3 @.@ 9 / 11 rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic . It had been four weeks since the previous Glee episode was broadcast , and the show 's viewership numbers were down over 11 % from the 3 @.@ 6 / 10 rating / share and 8 @.@ 42 million viewers from the " Asian F " broadcast on October 4 , 2011 . " Pot o ' Gold " tied for the second @-@ lowest rating / share Glee had ever received in the 18 – 49 demographic — the fourth episode of the first season , " Preggers " , also earned 3 @.@ 0 / 8 rating / share , though it only had 6 @.@ 62 million viewers . It was still ahead of the eleventh episode of the first season , " Hairography " , which received a 2 @.@ 5 / 7 rating / share in the 18 – 49 demographic and 6 @.@ 08 million viewers when broadcast on November 25 , 2009 , the night before Thanksgiving .
Viewership also decreased in other countries . In the United Kingdom , " Pot o ' Gold " was watched on Sky1 by 1 @.@ 05 million viewers , down nearly 5 % compared to " Asian F " four weeks earlier , when 1 @.@ 10 million viewers were watching . In Australia , " Pot o ' Gold " was watched by 724 @,@ 000 viewers , which made Glee the fourteenth most @-@ watched program of the night . The viewership was down 11 % from " Asian F " , which was watched by 843 @,@ 000 viewers . It was the lowest number of viewers of the third season , just below the second episode , " I Am Unicorn " , which drew 729 @,@ 000 viewers . In Canada , 1 @.@ 62 million viewers watched the episode , and it was the eighteenth most @-@ viewed show of the week , down four slots and 11 % from the 1 @.@ 82 million viewers who watched " Asian F " , though up 8 % from the 1 @.@ 50 million viewers who watched " I Am Unicorn " .
= = = Critical reception = = =
" Pot o ' Gold " received mixed reviews from critics , which ranged from reasonably positive to very negative . In the latter camp were Bobby Hankinson of The Houston Chronicle , who called it " a disaster " , and Rolling Stone 's Erica Futterman , who said it was " stale and unfunny " and " outright failed to keep up the momentum started by the season 's first three episodes " . Robert Canning of IGN took the opposite view from Futterman with regard to the show 's progress : he gave it a " good " rating of 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 , and wrote that while it was not a " stunning return after four weeks off " , it " kept the momentum and focus of the first few episodes of this season intact " . The A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff characterized it as " an episode that tries a lot of things " but " produced too many duds " , while Anthony Benigno of The Faster Times felt that the fact that it was the first episode not written by one of the show 's co @-@ creators meant it was " a lot more subtle " but " seemed a bit lifeless at times " . AOLTV 's Crystal Bell was " pleasantly surprised " and said the episode was " better than a majority " of those from the second season , and Abby West of Entertainment Weekly described it as a " pretty solid return " after the hiatus .
The entire storyline that centered around Quinn , Puck and Shelby was roundly criticized by reviewers . West wrote that it made her feel " queasy " , and she called Quinn 's actions " abhorrent " . Bell was one of several who thought it was highly implausible that Child Protective Services would be backed up , much less for two weeks , given the gravity of Quinn 's accusations . Hankinson wondered why they " made Quinn a total sociopath " who went from " dancing on desks " to " framing someone for child endangerment " with great ease ; VanDerWerff was also critical of these actions , and called Quinn 's sabotage of Shelby 's apartment " a move that takes a potentially good character , played by a fine actress , and just guts her " . Kevin P. Sullivan of MTV had a different view , and wrote that the " storyline stuck out throughout the episode as the most interesting " . He also noted that it was " cathartic and definitely nice to see a sweeter Puck balance out the earnest craziness of Quinn " . The final scene of the episode , when Puck kissed Shelby , was characterized as " creepy " and " super awkward " by Bell , as either " super creepy " or " romantic " by BuddyTV 's John Kubicek , as " groan @-@ inducing " in the " You 're actually going to go there ? " vein by Canning and " as realistic as Lord Tubbington pooping candy bars " by Michael Slezak of TVLine .
Sue 's campaign for congress in the third season has not heretofore found much favor with reviewers , though Futterman felt that the addition of Burt Hummel as a rival candidate " gives us a sliver of hope , mainly because Mike O 'Malley has managed to do no wrong thus far " as Burt , and VanDerWerff , while otherwise unimpressed , said he liked " the idea of the show pitting its most purely heroic figure against its most purely villainous " . Bell was pleased with the new development , and noted that in three seasons , " no character has grown more than Burt " . Canning said he loved having Burt as Sue 's nemesis , and Kubicek wrote that the two are " awesome together " .
Several reviewers felt that the introduction of Rory overdid his Irishness . Benigno called it " cheap stereotyping " , and " juvenile " on the part of the writers . West , while she admitted that " it may have been a little heavy @-@ handed " to have Rory in green , felt it " worked " , especially for his opening solo and " his isolation " during it . Jen Chaney of The Washington Post characterized the tweaking of that solo to be about " Irish exchange students being bullied " as " forced " , and VanDerWerff wrote that he was tired of " people just randomly getting shoved around for no real reason " . Benigno noted that Sugar was also being bullied — by Santana — and wrote that he was " not a fan " of this " on a show that supposedly glorifies outcasts and promotes their successes " . Santana came in for praise from Kubicek , along with Brittany , for their " fantastic date " and their relationship which is " the most interesting one on the show " . The new show choir they join , the Troubletones , was acclaimed by Bell : " I 'm really loving Shelby 's diva troupe . "
The Hollywood Reporter 's Lesley Goldberg called the use of Katy Perry 's " Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) " in the episode " completely out of place " , and Sullivan characterized its inclusion as " barely justified " . Raymund Flandez of The Wall Street Journal pointed out that both Criss and McHale had major roles in Perry 's video of the song , and the Glee performance " winks at [ that ] fact " . West was annoyed by Finn 's recent tendency to " succumb " to his less nice and less responsible side as exemplified in the episode by his failure to " stand up for Rory " and for blasting " Brittany 's simple , goofy belief system " , even if he does eventually do the right thing .
= = = Music and performances = = =
The musical performances in this episode were received with a bit more enthusiasm than the episode itself . Benigno described them as " decent songs " , but though Canning wrote that " Candyman " was " fun " , he also said that the " rest of the music " prevented the episode " from being much better " . Indeed , " Candyman " was a favorite of many reviewers : The Star @-@ Ledger 's Vicki Hyman called it " bouncy and fun " , Futterman praised the " tight harmonies " and the " diva notes from Mercedes and Santana " , and Slezak gave the number an " A " and said he loved the Troubletones " absolutely soaring " in their performance . Hankinson , Hyman , and Chaney singled out the production values of the number — Hyman to call them " amazing " ; Chaney to note , as she gave the song an " A − " , that the costuming cost for the number would have rivaled the $ 2 @,@ 004 budget of West Side Story that had Sue so upset ; and Hankinson , although he said it would have been his favorite in a " blind test " , to call it " a classic example of the kind of inexplicably elaborate performance I hate the most on this show " .
Most of the reviewers had positive things to say about new character Rory Flanagan 's singing voice , including Futterman , who said his was " quite lovely " and had " rich tones " , and Rae Votta of Billboard , who called him a " smooth crooner " . Hankinson , however , said he had never been " floored " by McGinty 's voice , " so both of his numbers fell extremely flat to me " , and Futterman maintained that both songs were a " weird fit " for the episode , while Votta thought having him perform two solos was " overkill on his character introduction " . In general , " Bein ' Green " was considered less impressive than " Take Care of Yourself " , though it had its supporters : Votta and Bell both referred to it as " a nice introduction " , and West declared that his " simple , clear @-@ voiced ode to being an outsider rang true and was hauntingly beautiful " , and gave it an " A − " . Canning was not impressed : " Perhaps if it had been sung with more feeling , it could have worked better . " For " Take Care of Yourself " , both West and Goldberg agreed with Rachel 's assessment that the performance was " magical " , and West graded it with an " A + " . The Los Angeles Times 's Amy Reiter was " blown away " , and Chaney gave it an " A " with the comment that Rory " handled it with adorable aplomb " . Slezak and VanDerWerff , however , thought the number was somewhat sleep @-@ inducing .
Puck 's rendition of " Waiting for a Girl Like You " was almost universally described as " sweet " . Flandez went further , and wrote " he oozes sweet and sexy , and you can ’ t help but feel good " , and Goldberg still further when she stated that it " ends up being one of the episode ’ s — and season ’ s — sweetest moments thus far " . West praised the " lovely little guitar solo " and gave the song a " B " ; Chaney bestowed the same grade and called it a " cheesy moment " but a " nice job " by Salling . Futterman commented that Puck got to " showcase his nice falsetto " .
" Last Friday Night " evoked a wide range of opinions from reviewers . Chaney wrote that the performance " incorporated several Glee tropes " and was a routine seen before ; she gave it a " B − " . Futterman characterized the choreography as " full of forced sunshine " and said " Blaine 's normally effortless voice sounds breathy " . West noted that the song " wasn 't the best showcase for his voice " but added that " it was exactly the playful little interlude it needed to be " , and gave it a " B + " . Goldberg called it " fantastic " , and Kubicek said " it 's hard not to love his singing " . Slezak stated that " Darren Criss is better than this song " , and gave it a " D " . Votta pointed out that the song was " one of the first truly current pop hits on Glee this season " , described the performance as " pure Glee " and the dancing " disorganized and joyful " , and the whole number as why the show " connects with the youth of America " .
= = = Chart history = = =
One of the five cover versions released as singles debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 : " Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) " debuted at number seventy @-@ two . " Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) " also debuted on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100 chart , at number eighty @-@ six . In addition , it is the one single from the episode to be included on the soundtrack album Glee : The Music , Volume 7 . An additional song from the episode , " Take Care of Yourself " , was included as one of the five bonus tracks available on the Target edition of the album .
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= Come Dancing ( song ) =
" Come Dancing " is a 1982 song written by Ray Davies and performed by British rock group the Kinks on their 1983 album State of Confusion . The song was inspired by Ray 's memories of his older sister , Rene , who died of a heart attack while dancing at a dance hall . The track , sung from the perspective of an " East End barrow boy , " contains lyrics about dates at a local Palais dance hall .
When first released as a single in United Kingdom in November 1982 , " Come Dancing " failed to chart . Although Arista Records founder Clive Davis had reservations about releasing the single in the United States due to the English subject matter of dance halls , the track saw an American single release in April 1983 . " Come Dancing " reached number six on the Hot 100 , becoming the band 's highest US charting single in over a decade and tying with " Tired of Waiting for You " as the band 's highest charting single ever . This success was achieved largely with the help of a promotional music video directed by Julien Temple that saw frequent airing on MTV . As a result of its American success , the single was re @-@ released in Britain . Unlike its first release , the single became a top 20 British hit , reaching number 12 .
In addition to its presence on State of Confusion , " Come Dancing " has appeared on numerous compilations albums since its release . It spawned a successful follow @-@ up single , " Don 't Forget to Dance , " which became a top 40 hit in the United States . Come Dancing , a musical written by Ray Davies that premiered in 2008 , was named after the song .
= = Background = =
" Come Dancing " is a tribute to the Davies brothers ' sister Rene . Living in Canada with her reportedly abusive husband , the 31 @-@ year @-@ old Rene was visiting her parental home in Fortis Green at the time of Ray Davies ' thirteenth birthday — 21 June 1957 — on which she surprised him with a gift of the Spanish guitar he had tried to persuade his parents to buy him . That evening , Rene , who had a weak heart as a result of a childhood bout of rheumatic fever , suffered a fatal heart attack while dancing at the Lyceum ballroom .
Ray later said that the pop song was an attempt to return to the " warmer " style they had prior to their transformation to an arena rock act , explaining , " I wanted to regain some of the warmth I thought we ’ d lost , doing those stadium tours . ' Come Dancing ' was an attempt to get back to roots , about my sisters ’ memories of dancing in the ’ 50s . " The song is a nostalgic look back at childhood memories of its writer : the Kinks ' frontman Ray Davies , remembering his older sister going on dates to the local Palais dance hall where big bands would play .
Davies later claimed that the song was about a spiv , saying , " it was about an East End spiv , sung in a London voice . If anybody had lost any faith in us being real people , that record [ ' Come Dancing ' ] would restore it . " Davies also claimed that the song was sung from a " barrow boy 's " point of view , saying , " [ ' Come Dancing ' ] is sung by an East End barrow boy — I think there ’ s cockney rhyming slang in it ! "
= = Writing and recording = =
In a 1983 interview , Ray Davies claimed that writing the song was an " easy " and quick process , but the idea for the song had been in his head for a long time . He reportedly began writing the song in March 1982 on a flight home from Tokyo using a newly purchased Casio keyboard . The song was completed in London that October . Author Nick Hasted claimed that the song was also written " to reach out to the Kinks ' lost British audience . "
A demo for the song was created at Konk Studios , the recording facility in Hornsey that Ray Davies owned , in October 1982 . A master backing track with bass , acoustic guitar , and drums was made during that same month , with overdubs following . Dave Davies later claimed that the recording was completed on the day after an intense argument with brother Ray . Also completed that month was " Don 't Forget to Dance , " which later competed with " Come Dancing " for the A @-@ side of the first single from State of Confusion .
In the song , Ray Davies sung in a strong British accent , later claiming that he " tried to retain the Englishness . " While recording " Come Dancing , " Ray was asked to sing in an " American accent , " a request he turned down . He said of this , " Back when the Kinks were recording ' Come Dancing , ' which was a big hit in the States , the record company actually asked me to sing it in more of an American accent . I just refused . " Ray has singled out Mick Avory 's drum performance on the song , saying , " Just keep Mick Avory nervous , and you 'll get great performances from him . He 's responsible for some of the great comedy drum parts . His drum roll into ' Come Dancing , ' ... it 's totally a beat late . It 's totally unplanned , and that 's what was so magical , when we were rolling . "
= = Release = =
When deciding the band 's next single , Ray Davies pushed for " Come Dancing " to be released rather than " Don 't Forget to Dance , " which had been suggested by the record company as the first single from State of Confusion . The UK branch of Arista Records approved this decision , releasing 7 @-@ inch and 12 @-@ inch versions of the new single on 19 November 1982 with " Noise " as the B @-@ side . However , Clive Davis initially had reservations ; Davies recalls that Davis " didn 't want to put it out because it was too much of an English subject matter " . Davis also thought it was just a " ditty " and did not have enough substance to be a single .
The US single of the song was finally released on 21 April 1983 after Davis was convinced by the success of the track 's music video and the impressive US sales of import copies of the single . The track 's promotional video became a staple of the fledgling MTV network , which gave the single sufficient momentum to enter the Billboard Hot 100 that May , ascending to the Top 40 in June 1983 and peaking at number six on 11 July . " Come Dancing " became the highest charting US single of the band 's career , tying " Tired of Waiting for You " from 1965 .
" Come Dancing " was re @-@ released during July 1983 in Britain due to its immense popularity in America , thus delaying the UK release of follow @-@ up " Don 't Forget to Dance " in the process . The track peaked at number twelve on the UK singles chart on 27 August 1983 . A Top of the Pops broadcast on 24 September 1983 featured videos of several current US hits including a lip @-@ sync performance of " Come Dancing " by the band and a three @-@ piece horn section , the Kinks ' first appearance on the show since 1972 . On 27 October 1983 , Ray was given the One of the Most Played Songs of 1983 award by ASCAP for the song . " Don 't Forget to Dance " was later released as a follow @-@ up single , charting at number 29 in the United States .
Despite the success the single reached , it would be one of the Kinks ' final hits in either Britain or America , ending the comeback the band had during the late 1970s and early 1980s . Ray said in 1996 , " [ I ] wanted to quit in 1984 , after ' Come Dancing . ' I felt that that was the end of an era for the Kinks , and I wanted to stop the treadmill and step back and reappraise the whole thing , but we had another album to deliver . It seemed like we always had another album to deliver . " Mick Avory left the band in 1984 , a year after " Come Dancing " peaked in the USA . He later said , " I think leaving after a world wide hit with ' Come Dancing ' was a good note to leave on . "
Following its release , the song became a mainstay in the band 's live set @-@ list until the band 's break @-@ up . Live versions of the song appeared on both 1988 's Live : The Road and the 1996 US double @-@ album version of To the Bone . The studio version of the song has also appeared on multiple compilations , being used as the namesake for the 1986 greatest @-@ hits package Come Dancing With the Kinks : The Best of the Kinks 1977 @-@ 1986 .
= = Critical reception = =
" Come Dancing " has generally received positive reviews from music critics . In his review of State of Confusion , Rolling Stone critic Parke Puterbaugh said that the song " sums up the bittersweet mood that wafts through [ State of Confusion ] in calming counterpoint to its more turbulent moments . " George Kalogerakis , also of Rolling Stone , said in his review of the album Live : The Road that the song was an " undeniable winner , " claiming that " hearing [ the song ] in th [ is ] crackling live version is like running into [ an ] old friend . " AllMusic writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted the song as one of the " quieter moments " on State of Confusion where the album " came to life , " praising its " buoyant nostalgia . " On the band 's Rolling Stone biography , the song was called " delightfully nostalgic . " Author Rob Jovanovic called the song " incredibly catchy " and said that , as the song 's title suggested , it " made [ him ] want to move his feet . " Andrew Hickey said in his book , Preservation : The Kinks ' Music 1964 @-@ 1974 , that the track was a " great pop song . " Thomas M. Kitts praised its " big band sound " in his book , Ray Davies : Not Like Everybody Else .
= = Music video = =
The promotional music video for " Come Dancing " was shot in November 1982 at Ilford Palais in Essex . The video was produced by Michael Hamlyn and directed by Julien Temple , with choreography done by Jim Cameron . Dave Davies later said of Temple , " Julian was such a posey sod , walking around in a fur coat like he was Orson Welles , even though he was only doing a promo video . " Local fans of the band appeared as the audience . The video was first broadcast in Britain in December 1982 on The Tube , a show on Channel 4 , making its American debut on MTV on 25 March 1983 .
In the video , the lyrics of " Come Dancing " are used as the storyline . Calling back to his youth , Ray starred as the " spiv " character who took the sister out to dance . Ray 's character , according to author Johnny Rogan , was inspired by the Davies brothers ' uncle , Frank Willmore , who Dave Davies described as " an old school kind of cockney " . The members of the Kinks were featured as the band performing at the palais at the end of the video , with the spiv character solemnly watching the performance . Temple said of this scene , " I was standing behind [ Martin ] Scorcese at a bar , and he was going on about that shot , saying it was one of his favorites ever . There 's a [ Luis ] Buñuel film , Simon of the Desert , where this guy who 's been suffering on his pillar in the desert in BC whatever ends up in some weird club in Mexico City in ' 65 . It 's a bit like that . [ Ray ] did it beautifully , the fact he 's so still and they 're all heaving around him . I think Ray could have been more of an actor . He has a great , deep sense of film . "
The band would revisit the spiv character Ray played in the video multiple times , such as in the music videos for " Don 't Forget to Dance " and " Do It Again . " According to Ray , the band 's 1986 album Think Visual was originally going to be a concept album centered on taking the character and putting him in the " environment of a video shop . " Ilford Palais was demolished in 2007 to make room for luxury flats , meeting a similar fate to that of the palais described in the lyrics of " Come Dancing . "
= = Musical = =
" Come Dancing " served as the title number for a stage musical of the same name that Ray Davies had created . Set in a 1950s music hall , Come Dancing premiered at the Theatre Royal Stratford East on 13 September 2008 . Ray Davies had written the original version of the play in 1997 , although he had begun work on it since not long after he had written the original song . The final version of Come Dancing featured a book co @-@ written by Davies and Paul Sirett and a score written by Davies that included three Kinks hits ( including the title song ) and a number of original songs . Davies also appeared as the narrator in the production , which ran until 25 October 2008 . Come Dancing was to be revived by director Bill Kenwright in January 2010 , but this , to Ray Davies 's disappointment , was cancelled .
Come Dancing received mixed reviews from critics . The Daily Telegraph spoke positively of the production , calling it " a winning show that deserves a bright future . " The Times , however , criticized it for lacking a story @-@ line , saying it was " a ragged and sentimental montage of scenes sorely in need of narrative . " Davies would later premiere another musical , Sunny Afternoon ( named after the 1966 Kinks song of the same name ) , in 2014 , which he had written in 2005 after finding out that Come Dancing would not be staged .
= = Personnel = =
Personnel per Doug Hinman .
The Kinks
Ray Davies - lead vocal , acoustic guitar
Dave Davies - electric guitar , backing vocal
Mick Avory - drums
Jim Rodford - bass guitar , backing vocal
Ian Gibbons - keyboard
Other musicians
John Beecham - trombone
Noel Morris - trumpet
Andy Hamilton - tenor saxophone
Alan Holmes - baritone saxophone
Kate Williams - spoken voice
= = Chart performance = =
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= The Holocaust in Belgium =
The Holocaust in German @-@ occupied Belgium refers to the persecution and attempted extermination of Jews and Roma between 1940 and 1944 during World War II .
At the start of the war , the population of Belgium was overwhelmingly Catholic . Jews made up the largest non @-@ Christian population in the country , numbering between 70 – 75 @,@ 000 out of a population of 8 million . Most lived in the cities of Antwerp , Brussels , Charleroi and Liège . The vast majority were recent immigrants to Belgium who had fled persecution in Germany and Eastern Europe , and , as a result , only a small minority actually possessed Belgian citizenship .
Shortly after the invasion of Belgium , the Military Government passed a series of anti @-@ Jewish laws in October 1940 . The Belgian Committee of Secretary @-@ Generals refused from the start to co @-@ operate on passing any anti @-@ Jewish measures and the Military Government seemed unwilling to pass further legislation . The German government began to seize Jewish @-@ owned businesses and forced Jews out of positions in the civil service . In April 1941 , without orders from the German authorities , Flemish collaborators pillaged two synagogues in Antwerp and burned the house of the chief rabbi of the town in the Antwerp Pogrom . The Germans created a Judenrat in the country , the Association des Juifs en Belgique ( AJB ; " Association of Jews in Belgium " ) , which all Jews were required to join . As part of the Final Solution from 1942 , the persecution of Belgian Jews escalated . From May 1942 , Jews were forced to wear yellow Star of David badges to mark them out in public . Using the registers compiled by the AJB , the Germans began deporting Jews to concentration camps in the General Government ( the occupied portion of Poland ) . Jews chosen from the registration lists were required to turn up at the newly established Mechelen transit camp ; they were then deported by train to concentration camps , mostly to Auschwitz . Between August 1942 and July 1944 , around 25 @,@ 000 Jews and 350 Roma were deported from Belgium ; more than 24 @,@ 000 were killed before the camps were liberated by the Allies .
From 1942 , opposition among the general population to the treatment of the Jews in Belgium grew . By the end of the occupation , more than 40 per cent of all Jews in Belgium were in hiding ; many of them were hidden by Gentiles , particularly by Catholic priests and nuns . Some were helped by the organized resistance , such as the Comité de Défense des Juifs ( CDJ ; " Committee of Jewish Defence " ) , which provided food and refuge to hiding Jews . Many of the Jews in hiding joined the armed resistance . In April 1943 , members of the CDJ attacked the twentieth rail convoy to Auschwitz and succeeded in rescuing some of those being deported .
= = Background = =
= = = Religion and anti @-@ Semitism = = =
Before the war , the population of Belgium was overwhelmingly Catholic . Around 98 per cent of the population was baptized and around 80 per cent of marriage ceremonies were held with traditional Catholic services , while politically the country was dominated by the Catholic Party .
The Jewish population of Belgium was comparatively small . Out of a population of around 8 million , there were only 10 @,@ 000 Jews in the country before World War I. The interwar period saw substantial Jewish immigration to Belgium . By 1930 , the population rose to 50 @,@ 000 , and by 1940 it was between 70 @,@ 000 – 75 @,@ 000 . Most of the new Jewish immigrants came from Eastern Europe and Nazi Germany , escaping anti @-@ Semitism and poverty in their native countries . The Roma population of Belgium at the same time was approximately 530 . Few of the Jewish migrants claimed Belgian citizenship , and many did not speak French or Dutch . Jewish communities developed in Charleroi , Liège , Brussels and , above all , Antwerp , where more than half of the Jews in Belgium lived .
The Interwar period also saw the rise in popularity of Fascist New Order parties in Belgium . These were chiefly represented by the Vlaams Nationaal Verbond ( VNV ; " Flemish National Union " ) and Verdinaso in Flanders , and Rex in Wallonia . Both Flemish parties supported the creation of an ethnically Germanic " Dietse Natie " ( " Greater Dutch State " ) from which Jews would be excluded . Rex , whose ideology was based on Christian Fascism , was particularly anti @-@ Semitic , but both VNV and Rex campaigned under anti @-@ Semitic slogans for the 1938 elections . Their stance was officially condemned by the Belgian authorities , but prominent figures , including King Leopold III , were suspected of holding anti @-@ Semitic attitudes . From June 1938 , Jewish illegal immigrants arrested by the Belgian police were deported to Germany , until public condemnation halted the practice after Kristallnacht in November 1938 . Between 1938 and the start of the war , with the influence of Fascist parties declining in Belgium , the country began accepting more Jewish refugees , including 215 from the MS St. Louis who had been refused visas elsewhere .
= = = German invasion and occupation = = =
In the interwar period , Belgium followed a strict policy of political neutrality . Though the Belgian Land Component was mobilized in 1939 , the country only became involved in the war on 10 May 1940 , when it was invaded by Nazi Germany . After a campaign lasting 18 days , the Belgian military , along with its commander @-@ in @-@ chief Leopold III , surrendered on 28 May . Belgium , together with the French province of Nord @-@ Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais , were grouped together under the German Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France ( Militärverwaltung in Belgien und Nordfrankreich ) . Because the country was under military occupation , it initially fell under the control of the Wehrmacht rather than Nazi Party or Schutzstaffel ( SS ) authorities . In July 1944 , the Militärverwaltung was replaced with a civilian administration ( Zivilverwaltung ) , greatly increasing the power of the more radical Nazi Party and SS organisations until the Allied liberation in September 1944 .
= = The Holocaust = =
= = = Early discrimination and persecution , 1940 @-@ 41 = = =
On 23 October 1940 , the German Military Administration adopted anti @-@ Jewish legislation for the first time . The new laws , similar to the Nuremberg Laws adopted in Germany in 1935 , coincided with the adoption of similar legislation in the Netherlands and in France . The laws of 28 October forbade Jews to practice certain professions ( including the civil service ) and forced Jews to register with their local municipality . On the same date , the German administration announced a definition of who was regarded as Jewish . Jewish @-@ owned shops or businesses had to be marked by a sign in the window , and Jewish @-@ owned economic assets had to be registered . From June 1940 , a list of Jewish businesses had already been drawn up in Liège .
In 1940 , the German government began to liquidate Jewish businesses . Some were transferred to German ownership in a process termed Aryanization . Some 6 @,@ 300 Jewish @-@ owned businesses were liquidated before 1942 , and 600 were Aryanized . Around 600 million Belgian francs was raised from the seizures , much less than anticipated .
In total , between 28 October 1940 and 21 September 1942 , 17 anti @-@ Jewish ordinances were proclaimed by the Military Administration .
= = = = Association des Juifs en Belgique = = = =
The " Association of Jews in Belgium " ( AJB ) was a Judenrat created by the Germans to administer the Jewish population of Belgium from November 1941 . Though directed by the Germans , the AJB was run by Jews and acted as an " organizational ghetto " , allowing the Nazis to deal with Belgian Jews as a unit . The AJB played a major role in registering Jews in the country . In total , 43 @,@ 000 Jews were registered with the AJB . This number represents only half of the total Jewish population , reflecting the community 's mistrust of the organization , but it was the figure that SS @-@ Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann presented as the total number of Jews in Belgium at the Wannsee Conference in January 1942 .
During the deportations , around 10 @,@ 000 Jews were arrested based on their affiliation to the AJB . The AJB , closely supervised by the SiPo @-@ SD ( Sicherheitspolizei und Sicherheitsdienst ; " Security Police and Intelligence Service " ) , was also responsible for the administration of the transit camp at Mechelen . The AJB played a major role in persuading Jews to turn up voluntarily for deportation , though whether they knew the fate awaiting the deportees is disputed . From 1942 , following the assassination by the Resistance of Robert Holzinger , an AJB leader , confidence in the association declined and it was regarded with increasing suspicion .
After the war , the leaders of the AJB were tried and acquitted of complicity in the Holocaust .
= = = Radicalisation , 1941 @-@ 42 = = =
= = = = Antwerp Pogrom = = = =
On 14 April 1941 , after watching the German propaganda film Der Ewige Jude , Flemish paramilitaries from the Volksverwering , VNV and Algemeene @-@ SS Vlaanderen began a pogrom in the city of Antwerp . The mob , armed with iron bars , attacked and burned two synagogues in the city and threw the Torah scrolls onto the street . They then attacked the home of Marcus Rottenburg , the town 's chief rabbi . The police and fire brigade were summoned , but they were forbidden to intervene by the German authorities .
= = = = Yellow badge = = = =
As in the rest of occupied Europe , compulsory wearing of the yellow badge was enforced from 27 May 1942 . The Belgian version of the badge depicted a black letter " J " ( standing for " Juif " in French and " Jood " in Dutch ) in the centre of a yellow star of David . The star had to be displayed prominently on all outer clothing when in public and there were harsh penalties for non @-@ compliance . The decree sparked public outrage in Belgium . At great personal risk , the Belgian civil authorities in Brussels and Liège refused to distribute the badge , buying time for many Jews to go into hiding .
The German authorities in Antwerp attempted to enforce the wearing of badges in 1940 , but the policy was dropped when non @-@ Jewish citizens protested and wore the armbands themselves .
= = = Deportation and extermination , 1942 @-@ 44 = = =
From August 1942 , the Germans began deporting Jews , using Arbeitseinsatz ( " recruitment for work " ) in German factories as a pretext . Around half of the Jews turned up voluntarily ( though coerced by the German authorities ) for transportation although round @-@ ups were begun in late July . Later in the war , the Germans increasingly relied on the police to arrest or round up Jews by force .
The first convoy from Belgium , carrying stateless Jews , left Mechelen transit camp for Auschwitz on 4 August 1942 and was soon followed by others . These trains left for extermination camps in Eastern Europe . Between October 1942 and January 1943 , deportations were temporarily halted ; by this time 16 @,@ 600 people have been deported on 17 rail convoys . As the result of Queen Elisabeth 's intervention with the German authorities , all of those deported in this first wave were not Belgian citizens . In 1943 , the deportations resumed . By the time that deportations to extermination camps had begun , however , nearly 2 @,@ 250 Belgian Jews had already been deported as forced laborers for Organisation Todt , a civil and military engineering group , which was working on the construction of the Atlantic Wall in Northern France .
In September , armed Devisenschutzkommando ( DSK ; " Currency protection command " ) units raided homes to seize valuables and personal belongings as the occupants were preparing to report to the transit camp , and in the same month , Jews with Belgian citizenship were deported for the first time . DSK units relied on networks of informants , who were paid between 100 and 200 Belgian francs for each person they betrayed . After the war , the collaborator Felix Lauterborn stated in his trial that 80 per cent of arrests in Antwerp used information from paid informants . In total , 6 @,@ 000 Jews were deported in 1943 , with another 2 @,@ 700 in 1944 . Transports were halted by the deteriorating situation in occupied Belgium before the liberation .
The percentages of Jews which were deported varied by location . It was highest in Antwerp , with 67 per cent deported , but lower in Brussels ( 37 per cent ) , Liège ( 35 per cent ) and Charleroi ( 42 per cent ) . The main destination for the convoys was Auschwitz in German @-@ occupied Poland . Smaller numbers were sent to Buchenwald and Ravensbrück concentration camps , as well as Vittel concentration camp in France .
In total , 25 @,@ 437 Jews were deported from Belgium . Only 1 @,@ 207 of these survived the war . Amongst those deported and killed was the surrealist artist Felix Nussbaum in 1944 .
= = Belgian collaboration in the Holocaust = =
Members of Belgian fascist political parties actively attempted to assist in the deportation of Jews . The VNV and Algemeene @-@ SS Vlaanderen encouraged the deportations , while an association known as La Défense du Peuple / Volksverwering ( " The People 's Defence " ) was specially formed to bring together Belgian anti @-@ Semites and to assist in the deportations . During the early stages of the occupation , they campaigned for harsher anti @-@ Jewish laws . Both Rex and the VNV routinely published anti @-@ Semitic articles in their party newspapers .
Although the Belgian civil authorities ( especially the police and security service ) were officially forbidden to assist the German authorities in anything other than routine maintenance of order , several incidents occurred where individual policemen or police sections assisted in the German arrest of Jews , against orders . In Antwerp , the Belgian authorities facilitated the conscription of Jews for forced labour in France in 1941 and aided in the rounding up of Jews in August 1942 after the SiPo @-@ SD threatened to imprison local officials in Fort Breendonk . Outside Antwerp , the Germans used coercion to force the Belgian police to intervene , and in Brussels at least three police officers disobeyed orders and helped arrest Jews . The historian Insa Meinen argued that around a fifth of the Jews arrested in Belgium were rounded up by the Belgian police .
Nevertheless , the general refusal of the Belgian police to assist in the Holocaust has been cited as a reason for the comparatively high survival rate of Belgian Jews during the Holocaust .
= = Belgian opposition to Jewish persecution = =
Belgian resistance to the treatment of Jews crystallised between August – September 1942 , following the passing of legislation regarding wearing yellow badges and the start of the deportations . When deportations began , Jewish partisans destroyed records of Jews compiled by the AJB . The first organization specifically devoted to hiding Jews , the Comité de Défense des Juifs ( CDJ @-@ JVD ) , was formed in the summer of 1942 . The CDJ , a left @-@ wing organization , may have saved up to 4 @,@ 000 children and 10 @,@ 000 adults by finding them safe hiding places . It produced two Yiddish language underground newspapers , Unzer Wort ( אונזער @-@ ווארט , " Our Word " , with a Labour @-@ Zionist stance ) and Unzer Kamf ( אונזער קאמף , " Our Fight " , with a Communist one ) . The CDJ was only one of dozens of organised resistance groups that provided support to hidden Jews . Other groups and individual resistance members were responsible for finding hiding places and providing food and forged papers . Many Jews in hiding went on to join organised resistance groups . Groups from left wing backgrounds , like the Front de l 'Indépendance ( FI @-@ OF ) , were particularly popular with Belgian Jews . The Communist @-@ inspired Partisans Armés ( PA ) had a particularly large Jewish section in Brussels .
The resistance was responsible for the assassination of Robert Holzinger , the head of the deportation program , in 1942 . Holzinger , an active collaborator , was an Austrian Jew selected by the Germans for the role . The assassination led to a change in leadership of the AJB . Five Jewish leaders , including the head of the AJB , were arrested and interned in Breendonk , but were released after public outcry . A sixth was deported directly to Auschwitz .
The Belgian resistance was unusually well informed on the fate of the deported Jews . In August 1942 ( two months after the start of the Belgian deportations ) , the underground newspaper De Vrijschutter reported that " They [ the deported Jews ] are being killed in groups by gas , and others are killed by salvos of machinegun fire . "
In early 1943 , the Front de l 'Indépendance sent Victor Martin , an academic economist at the Catholic University of Louvain , to gather information on the fate of deported Belgian Jews using the cover of his research post at the University of Cologne . Martin visited Auschwitz and witnessed the crematoria . Arrested by the Germans , he escaped , and was able to report his findings to the CDJ in May 1943 .
= = = Attack on the 20th transport = = =
The best @-@ known Belgian resistance action during the Holocaust was the attack on the 20th rail convoy to Auschwitz . In the evening of 19 April 1943 , three poorly armed members of the resistance attacked the railway convoy as it passed near Haacht in Flemish Brabant . The train , containing over 1 @,@ 600 Jews , was guarded by 16 Germans from the SiPo @-@ SD . Resistance members used a lantern covered with red paper ( a danger signal ) to stop the train , and freed 17 prisoners from one wagon before they were discovered by the Germans . A further 200 managed to jump from the train later in the journey , as the train 's Belgian driver deliberately kept his speed low to allow others to escape . All three resistance members responsible for the attack were arrested before the end of the occupation . Youra Livchitz was executed and Jean Franklemon and Robert Maistriau were deported to concentration camps but survived the war .
The attack on the 20th train was the only attack on a Holocaust train from Belgium during the war , as well as the only transport from Belgium to experience a mass breakout .
= = = Passive resistance = = =
The treatment of Jews by the Germans led to public resistance in Belgium . In June 1942 , the representative of the German Foreign Ministry in Brussels , Werner von Bargen , complained the Belgians did not exhibit " sufficient understanding " of Nazi racial policy .
The Belgian underground newspaper La Libre Belgique called for Belgian citizens to make small gestures to show their disgust at the Nazi racial policy . In August 1942 , the paper called for Belgians to " Greet them [ the Jews ] in passing ! Offer them your seat on the tram ! Protest against the barbaric measures that are being applied to them . That 'll make the Boches furious ! "
Discrimination against Jews was condemned by many high @-@ profile figures in the occupied country . As early as October 1940 , the senior Catholic clergyman in Belgium , Cardinal Jozef @-@ Ernest van Roey , condemned the German policy and particularly the legislation from 1942 .
Van Roey made many of the church 's resources available for hiding Jews , but was prevented from publicly condemning the treatment of the Jews by his peers , who feared a Nazi repression of the Church . German attempts to involve the Belgian authorities and local government in its implementation began to arouse protest from 1942 . The Committee of Secretary @-@ Generals , a panel of Belgian senior civil servants tasked with implementing German demands , refused from the outset to enforce anti @-@ Jewish legislation . In June 1942 , a conference of the 19 mayors of the Greater Brussels region refused to allow its officials to distribute yellow badges to Jews in their districts . At great personal risk , the mayors , led by Joseph Van De Meulebroeck , sent a letter protesting the decree to the German authorities on 5 June . The refusal of Brussels ' council , and later that of the city of Liège , to distribute badges allowed many Jews to go into hiding before the deportations began .
In the same year , members of the AJB met with Queen Elisabeth to appeal for her support against the deportations . She appealed to the Military Governor of Belgium , General Alexander von Falkenhausen , who sent Eggert Reeder , his deputy and head of the non @-@ military aspects of the administration , to Berlin to clarify the policy with Reichsführer @-@ SS Heinrich Himmler . The SS @-@ Reichssicherheitshauptamt ( RSHA ; " Reich Main Security Office " ) made concessions to Elisabeth , allowing Jews with Belgian citizenship to be exempt from deportation , and Jewish families would not be broken up . The RSHA also agreed not to deport Jewish men over the age of 65 and women over 60 , after Belgian protests that they would be too old to be used as forced labor .
= = Legacy and remembrance = =
In the aftermath of the war , emigration to Israel further decreased the Jewish population of Belgium , which as of 2011 was estimated at between 30 @,@ 000 and 40 @,@ 000 . The population is still concentrated in Brussels and Antwerp , but new smaller communities ( such as those in Ghent , Knokke , Waterloo and Arlon ) have developed since 1945 . Notable Belgian Holocaust survivors include François Englert , a joint recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2013 , and Paul Lévy , a well @-@ known journalist ( who converted to Christianity ) who was also responsible for the design of the European flag .
Since the passing of the Holocaust denial law in 1995 , it is illegal to deny or attempt to justify the Holocaust . The act follows the Belgian Anti @-@ Racism Law , passed in 1981 , which led to the establishment of the Centre for Equal Opportunities and Opposition to Racism , which researches racism and anti @-@ Semitism in Belgium as well as aiding victims of discrimination . Breendonk and Dossin Barracks ( at the site of the former Mechelen transit camp ) are preserved as museums to the Holocaust and to German repression in Belgium during the occupation .
In 2004 , the Belgian Senate commissioned the Centre for Historical Research and Documentation on War and Contemporary Society ( Cegesoma ) to produce a definitive historical report on Belgian collaboration in the Holocaust . The report , entitled " Docile Belgium " ( La Belgique Docile / Gewillig België ) , was published in 2007 . It generated significant public interest in Belgium and abroad . The report 's findings were controversial , as they emphasised the extent to which the Belgian police and authorities had collaborated in the deportation of Jews .
As of 2013 , a total of 1 @,@ 612 Belgians have been awarded the distinction of Righteous Among the Nations by the State of Israel for risking their lives to save Jews from persecution during the occupation .
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= Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Baxter Healthcare Pty Ltd =
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission v Baxter Healthcare Pty Ltd ( Baxter ) was a decision of the High Court of Australia , which ruled on 29 August 2007 that Baxter Healthcare Proprietary Limited , a tenderer for various government contracts , was bound by the Trade Practices Act 1974 ( TPA , Australian legislation governing anti @-@ competitive behaviour ) in its trade and commerce in tendering for government contracts . More generally , the case concerned the principles of derivative governmental immunity : whether the immunity of a government from a statute extends to third parties that conduct business with the government .
The High Court 's judgment marked a successful appeal for the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission , the Australian regulator of anti @-@ competitive conduct , having lost at first instance and on appeal in the Federal Court of Australia . The ACCC was again successful when the case was remitted to the Federal Court for reconsideration , ending eight years of litigation between the parties . The High Court 's judgment was received as a significant precedent in the law of derivative governmental immunity in Australia .
= = Background = =
= = = Facts = = =
Baxter Healthcare Proprietary Limited ( Baxter ) , was the Australian subsidiary of the multinational health care company Baxter International . Baxter manufactured intravenous ( IV ) and peritoneal dialysis ( PD ) fluids at various plants in Australia . Because of the cost of importing sterile IV fluids and the absence of a rival domestic producer , Baxter was a monopoly supplier of sterile IV fluids in the Australian market . Its monopoly covered large volume parenteral fluids , irrigating solutions and parenteral nutrition fluids . However , Baxter faced competition in the market for peritoneal dialysis fluids ( PD fluids ) .
A number of state governments issued requests for tender for the supply of sterile fluids and PD fluids . Baxter responded to the requests with tenders that put forward two alternative pricing options : either a state could purchase sterile fluids and PD fluids as a bundled package at a discounted rate , or the state could buy each product separately but at a higher rate .
= = = Legislation = = =
Section 46 of the TPA prohibited corporations from misusing market power . Section 47 prohibited exclusive dealing . The critical provision to the case was Section 2B of the TPA . Section 2B provided that Sections 46 and 47 of the TPA :
bind the Crown in right of each of the States , of the Northern Territory and of the Australian Capital Territory , so far as the Crown carries on a business , either directly or by an authority of the State or Territory
Section 2B thus provided an immunity from state and territory governments from Sections 46 and 47 of the TPA insofar as the governments were not carrying on a business .
= = = The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission = = =
The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission ( ACCC ) , the Australian government authority responsible for regulating the TPA , commenced an action in the Federal Court of Australia seeking declarations that Baxter 's bundling pricing structure in its tenders had contravened Sections 46 and 47 of the TPA . The ACCC sought the imposition of injunctions and pecuniary penalties by the court .
= = = Derivative governmental immunity before Baxter = = =
Derivative governmental immunity refers to the extension of a government 's immunity from a statute to a non @-@ government party on the basis the government would be affected if the statute was to apply to the other party .
Prior to Baxter , the leading case on derivative governmental immunity in Australia was the 1979 High Court judgment in Bradken Consolidated Ltd v Broken Hill Pty Co Ltd . In Bradken , the High Court upheld a claim for derivative governmental immunity by equipment suppliers to the Queensland Commissioner for Railways . The majority 's conclusion was that if the Queensland government was immune from the TPA , it would prejudice the Queensland government if the contracts and arrangements it entered were subject to the TPA through the other parties to the contracts and arrangements .
Bradken 's application of the principle of derivative governmental immunity had been subject to criticism . Robertson Wright SC , a Senior Counsel specialising in competition and trade practices law , argued there are " a number of difficulties " with the judgment , including the " unsatisfactory nature " of the authorities it relied on . The High Court 's judgment in Baxter would mark a retreat from Bradken .
= = = Federal Court litigation = = =
The ACCC conceded that the state governments were not carrying on businesses in procuring the medical products . This meant that the governments were immune from Sections 46 and 47 of the TPA . Baxter argued that this immunity extended to itself , by claiming derivative governmental immunity . On 16 May 2005 , The Federal Court of Australia ( Allsop J presiding ) found in Baxter 's favour at first instance . While the court held that Baxter would have breached the TPA , governmental immunity under Section 2B extended to Baxter Healthcare . Allsop J 's judgment was upheld unanimously on appeal to the full bench of the Federal Court ( Justices Mansfield , Dowsett and Gyles presiding ) . The full bench expressed unease about its own judgment , stating that the question of derivative governmental immunity should be left to the High Court for reconsideration of Bradken .
= = High Court appeal = =
The ACCC was granted special leave to appeal to the High Court against the judgment of the full bench of the Federal Court . The appeal was heard on 16 May 2007 . The Australian Government Solicitor acted for the ACCC , with Lindsay Foster as Senior Counsel ; Blake Dawson and David Yates SC represented Baxter . In addition to Baxter , the states of Western Australia , South Australia and New South Wales were respondents to the appeal . The High Court decided on 29 August 2007 , by a 6 – 1 majority , to allow the ACCC 's appeal and remit the matter back to the full bench of Federal Court for reconsideration . The majority held that Baxter was not covered by derivative governmental immunity in its dealings with the state governments .
= = = Judgments = = =
= = = = Joint judgment = = = =
Five judges ( Chief Justice Gleeson and Justices Gummow , Hayne , Heydon and Crennan ) joined in the leading majority judgment allowing the ACCC 's appeal . The joint judgment reasoned that Parliament could not have intended for corporations that do business with the government to be exempt from the restrictive trade practices provisions in Part IV of the TPA in respect of that business . Emphasising the overall purpose of the TPA , the judges reasoned that the purpose would not be fulfilled if Baxter could claim derivative immunity . In response to the concern that one party to a transaction ( the government ) would be immune from the TPA while the other party would be bound by it , the joint judgment reasoned there was " nothing unusual " about such an outcome .
The joint judgment did not rule out derivative governmental immunity in all cases . In determining the scope of whether governmental immunity from a statutory provision extends to a party dealing with the government , the judgment adopted the following position of Justice Kitto , then dissenting , in the 1955 High Court case of Wynyard Investments v Commissioner for Railways ( NSW ) :
The object in view is to ascertain whether the Crown has such an interest in that which would be interfered with if the provision in question were held to bind the corporation that the interference would be , for a legal reason , an interference with some right , interest , power , authority , privilege , immunity or purpose belonging or appertaining to the Crown .
Wynyard Investments was a case about governmental immunity generally ( not derivative governmental immunity specifically ) , but Justice Kitto 's dissenting judgment extended to derivative governmental immunity .
Having examined the characteristics of the TPA as a law to promote competitive behaviour , the joint judgment held that the extension of derivative governmental immunity from the TPA to a trading corporation would be a " remarkable " conclusion and " far beyond what is necessary to protect the legal rights of governments , or to prevent a divesting of proprietary , contractual or other legal rights and interests . "
= = = = Kirby J = = = =
Justice Kirby 's judgment agreed with the outcome of the joint judgment , for different reasons . Kirby criticised the concept of governmental immunity itself , stating that " persisting with [ governmental immunity ] into the twenty @-@ first century is unacceptable . "
= = = = Callinan J = = = =
Justice Callinan dissented from the majority , holding that derivative governmental immunity extended to Baxter . Callinan followed Bradken , concluding that it remained authoritative .
= = Reaction to judgment = =
= = = Significance = = =
Robertson Wright , writing after the judgment was handed down , claimed that Baxter represented a change to the law , drawing the following conclusions from the judgment :
The application of derivative governmental immunity depends on a construction of the particular statute ( particularly the object and purpose of the statute ) .
As a general rule , derivative governmental immunity applies if the statute 's coverage of a person would divest the government of proprietary , contractual , or other legal rights or interests ( as opposed to commercial or policy rights or interests ) .
The judgment was reported in the press as a significant legal victory for the ACCC . The judgment was also received as an " historic decision " setting a precedent for government procurement , on the basis that businesses might no longer be able to rely on immunity from the TPA when contracting with governments .
= = = Criticism = = =
Nicholas Seddon , a lawyer and academic specialising in commercial and government law , claimed the High Court 's judgment leaves " many uncertainties " , particularly regarding whether derivative governmental immunity will extend to private sector providers carrying out governmental functions that have been contracted to them ( as opposed to merely providing goods or services to the government ) . Robertson Wright echoed these concerns , arguing the joint judgment did not " set out in as helpful detail " as it might the factors to be taken into account in deciding whether governmental immunity will derive to a party dealing with the government . Seddon also criticised the outcome of the case itself , arguing it is " difficult to see how derivative immunity does not inevitably flow " from the governmental immunity from the TPA . He suggested that the application of the TPA to a party that deals with a government compromises the intention of Parliament that State and Territory governments should be immune from the TPA .
= = Later action = =
The ACCC was successful , by a 2 – 1 majority , upon the remittal of the case to the full bench of the Federal Court . The full bench found that Baxter contravened Sections 46 and 47 of the TPA . That judgment ended the eight @-@ year @-@ long litigation between Baxter and the ACCC . It was the first time in over 10 years that a corporation had unsuccessfully defended a prosecution brought by the ACCC for an alleged contravention of Section 46 . The full bench declared that Baxter breached Sections 46 and 47 of the TPA , but left it to the ACCC to seek pecuniary penalties . Baxter was refused special leave to appeal to the High Court against the full bench 's judgment .
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= Cylindropuntia imbricata =
The cane cholla ( or walking stick cholla , tree cholla , chainlink cactus , etc . ) ( Cylindropuntia imbricata ) is a cactus found in the Southwestern United States and northern Mexico , including some cooler regions in comparison to many other cacti . It occurs primarily in the arid regions of the Southwestern United States in the states of Oklahoma , Texas , New Mexico , Arizona and Nevada . It is often conspicuous because of its shrubby or even tree @-@ like size , its silhouette , and its long @-@ lasting yellowish fruits .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
The cane cholla 's range is the arid regions of Nevada , Arizona , New Mexico , Oklahoma , and Texas , south to Durango , Zacatecas , and San Luis Potosí . It occurs at altitudes from 1 @,@ 200 to 2 @,@ 300 m ( 3 @,@ 900 to 7 @,@ 500 ft ) and is hardy for a cactus ( USDA Zone 5A ) .
In parts of its range , often just below the pinyon @-@ juniper belt , it can be abundant , surrounded by low grasses and forbs that are brown most of the year ; in such places chollas are conspicuous as the only tall green plant . Plants may form thickets or be spaced at a few times their width in " gardens " .
The species is naturalised in Australia in old mining localities and along watercourses . It is known there by the common names of Devil 's rope cactus or Devil 's rope pear . It is a declared noxious weed in New South Wales and also occurs in Queensland , Victoria and South Australia .
= = Description = =
The above @-@ ground part consists of much @-@ branched cylindrical stems , the end joints being about 3 cm in diameter . The joints , unlike those of some chollas , are hard to detach . The stems are highly tubercular ( lumpy ) with a pattern of long oval lumps . A typical height is about 1 m , but exceptionally it can grow to 4 @.@ 6 m ( 15 ft ) with a " trunk " diameter of 25 cm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) . The width is often similar to or somewhat greater than the height . The stems are armed with clusters of up to about 10 red to pink spines , which may be 3 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) long and are barbed and sharp enough to easily penetrate leather gardening gloves . The stems and fruits also have many spines or " glochids " about 1 mm long that can detach and stick in the skin .
There are two kinds of stems or " cladodes " : long plagiotropic , bearing flowers at the ends and falling off after a few years , and long orthotropic , primarily serving for support and transport and staying on the plant . Plagiotropic stems grow in a star- or crown @-@ like pattern around a central orthotropic stem . This species blooms in late spring or early summer . The flowers are purple or magenta , rarely rose @-@ pink , about 5 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) wide . The fruits are yellowish , tubercular like the stems , and shaped something like the frustum of a cone , with a hollow at the wide end where the flower fell off ; they are often mistaken for flowers . The plant retains them all winter . They are dry and not tasty , though the Indians of Arizona and New Mexico are said to have eaten them .
In addition to sexual reproduction , the tree cholla reproduces when stem joints fall to the ground and take root . Thus this species spreads and its spread is hard to control , especially where animals defecate seeds and carry stem joints stuck to their hide some distance from the parent plant . ( Some cows , " cholla eaters " , learn to eat cholla fruits despite the pain . ) " Waves of invasion " typically occur four or five years after drought combined with grazing , probably because this combination exposes soil on which the stem joints can take root .
= = Ecology = =
The fruits are also eaten by various wild birds and mammals , including pronghorn , desert bighorn sheep , and deer . The thorny plants provide escape for cover for many small animals .
The leafcutter bee Lithurgus apicalis has been observed to pollinate the flowers .
= = Uses = =
The plants are sometimes grown as ornamentals . Dead stems decay to leave a hollow wooden tube with a pattern of lengthwise slits . These are sometimes used as canes or to make curios . The Roman Catholic Penitentes of New Mexico formerly tied fresh stems to their bare backs in Holy Week processions . The Zuni people use the imbricata variety ceremonially .
= = Images = =
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= Sid Meier 's Alpha Centauri =
Sid Meier 's Alpha Centauri is a video game in the 4X genre which is considered a spiritual sequel to the Civilization series . Set in a science fiction depiction of the 22nd century , the game begins as seven competing ideological factions land on the planet Chiron ( " Planet " ) in the Alpha Centauri star system . As the game progresses , Planet 's growing sentience becomes a formidable obstacle to the human colonists .
Sid Meier , designer of Civilization , and Brian Reynolds , designer of Civilization II , developed Alpha Centauri after they left MicroProse to join the newly created developer Firaxis Games . Electronic Arts released both Alpha Centauri and its expansion , Sid Meier 's Alien Crossfire , in 1999 . The following year , Aspyr Media ported both titles to Mac OS while Loki Software ported them to Linux .
Alpha Centauri features improvements on Civilization II 's game engine , including simultaneous multiplay , social engineering , climate , customizable units , alien native life , additional diplomatic and spy options , additional ways to win , and greater mod @-@ ability . Alien Crossfire introduces five new human and two non @-@ human factions , as well as additional technologies , facilities , secret projects , native life , unit abilities , and a victory condition .
The game received wide critical acclaim , being compared favorably to Civilization II . Critics praised its science fiction storyline ( comparing the plot to works by Stanley Kubrick , Frank Herbert , Arthur C. Clarke , and Isaac Asimov ) , the in @-@ game writing , the voice acting , the user @-@ created custom units , and the depth of the technology tree . Alpha Centauri also won several awards for best game of the year and best strategy game of the year .
= = Synopsis = =
= = = Setting = = =
Space @-@ race victories in the Civilization series conclude with a journey to Alpha Centauri . Beginning with that premise the Alpha Centauri narrative starts in the 22nd century , after the United Nations sends " Unity " , a colonization mission , to Alpha Centauri 's planet Chiron ( " Planet " ) . Unbeknownst to humans , advanced extraterrestrials ( " Progenitors " ) had been conducting experiments in vast distributed nervous systems , culminating in planetary biosphere @-@ sized presentient nervous system ( " Manifold " ) on Chiron , leaving behind monoliths and artifacts on Planet to guide and examine the system 's growth . Immediately prior to the start of the game , a reactor malfunction on the Unity spacecraft wakes the crew and colonists early and irreparably severs communications with Earth . After the captain is assassinated , the most powerful leaders on board build ideological factions with dedicated followers , conflicting agendas for the future of mankind , and " desperately serious " commitments . As the ship breaks up , seven escape pods , each containing a faction , are scattered across Planet .
In the Alien Crossfire expansion pack , it is learned that earlier alien experiments had led to disastrous consequences at Tau Ceti , creating a hundred @-@ million @-@ year evolutionary cycle that ended with the eradication of most complex animal life in several neighbouring inhabited star systems . After the disaster ( referred to by Progenitors as " Tau Ceti Flowering " ) , the Progenitors split into two factions : Manifold Caretakers , opposed to further experimentation and dedicated to preventing another Flowering ; and Manifold Usurpers , favoring further experimentation and intending to induce a controlled Flowering in Alpha Centauri 's Planet . In Alien Crossfire , these factions compete along with the human factions for control over the destiny of Planet .
= = = Characters = = =
The game focuses on the leaders of seven factions , chosen by the player from the 14 possible leaders in Alpha Centauri and Alien Crossfire , and Planet ( voiced by Alena Kanka ) . The characters are developed from the faction leaders ' portraits , the spoken monologues accompanying scientific discoveries and the " photographs in the corner of a commlink – home towns , first steps , first loves , family , graduation , spacewalk . " The leaders in Alpha Centauri comprise : Lady Deirdre Skye , a Scottish activist ( voiced by Carolyn Dahl ) , of Gaia 's Stepdaughters ; Chairman Sheng @-@ Ji Yang , a Chinese Legalist official ( voiced by Lu Yu ) , of the Human Hive ; Academician Prokhor Zakharov , a Russian academic ( voiced by Yuri Nesteroff ) of the University of Planet ; CEO Nwabudike Morgan , a Namibian businessman ( voiced by Regi Davis ) , of Morgan Industries ; Colonel Corazon Santiago , a Puerto Rican militiawoman ( voiced by Wanda Niño ) , of the Spartan Federation ; Sister Miriam Godwinson , an American minister and social psychologist ( voiced by Gretchen Weigel ) , of the Lord 's Believers ; and Commissioner Pravin Lal , an Indian surgeon and diplomat ( voiced by Hesh Gordon ) , of the Peacekeeping Forces .
The player controls one of the leaders and competes against the others to colonize and conquer Planet . The Datalinks ( voiced by Robert Levy and Katherine Ferguson ) are minor characters who provide information to the player . Each faction excels at one or two important aspects of the game and follows a distinct philosophical belief , such as technological utopianism , Conclave Christianity , " free @-@ market " capitalism , militarist survivalism , Chinese Legalism , U.N. Charter humanitarianism , or Environmentalist Gaia philosophy . The game takes place on Planet , with its " rolling red ochre plains " and " bands of lonely terraformed green " .
The seven additional faction leaders in Alien Crossfire are Prime Function Aki Zeta @-@ Five , a Norwegian research assistant @-@ turned @-@ cyborg ( voiced by Allie Rivenbark ) , of The Cybernetic Consciousness ; Captain Ulrik Svensgaard , an American fisherman and naval officer ( voiced by James Liebman ) , of The Nautilus Pirates ; Foreman Domai , an Australian labor leader ( voiced by Frederick Serafin ) , of The Free Drones ; Datajack Sinder Roze , a Trinidadian hacker ( voiced by Christine Melton ) , of The Data Angels ; Prophet Cha Dawn , a human born on Planet ( voiced by Stacy Spenser ) of The Cult of Planet ; Guardian Lular H 'minee , a Progenitor leader ( voiced by Jeff Gordon ) , of The Manifold Caretakers ; and Conqueror Judaa Maar , a Progenitor leader ( voiced by Jeff Gordon ) , of The Manifold Usurpers .
= = = Plot = = =
The story unfolds via the introduction video , explanations of new technologies , videos obtained for completing secret projects , interludes , and cut @-@ scenes . The native life consists primarily of simple wormlike alien parasites and a type of red fungus that spreads rapidly via spores . The fungus is difficult to traverse , provides invisibility for the enemy , provides few resources , and spawns " mindworms " that attack population centres and military units by neurally parasitising them . Mindworms can eventually be captured and bred in captivity and used as terroristic bioweapons , and the player eventually discovers that the fungus and mindworms can think collectively .
A voice intrudes into the player 's dreams and soon waking moments , threatening more attacks if the industrial pollution and terraforming by the colonists is not reversed . The player discovers that Planet is a dormant semi @-@ sentient hive organism that will soon experience a metamorphosis which will destroy all human life . To counter this threat , the player or a computer faction builds " The Voice of Alpha Centauri " secret project , which artificially links Planet 's distributed nervous system into the human Datalinks , delaying Planet 's metamorphosis into full self @-@ awareness but incidentally increasing its ultimate intelligence substantially by giving it access to all of humanity 's accumulated knowledge . Finally , the player or a computer faction embraces the " Ascent to Transcendence " in which humans too join their brains with the hive organism in its metamorphosis to " godhood " . Thus , Alpha Centauri closes " with a swell of hope and wonder in place of the expected triumphalism " , reassuring " that the events of the game weren ’ t the entirety of mankind ’ s future , but just another step . "
= = Gameplay = =
Alpha Centauri , a turn @-@ based strategy game with a science fiction setting , is played from an isometric perspective . Many game features from Civilization II are present , but renamed or slightly tweaked : players establish bases ( Civilization II 's cities ) , build facilities ( buildings ) and secret projects ( Wonders of the World ) , explore territory , research technology , and conquer other factions ( civilizations ) . In addition to conquering all non @-@ allied factions , players may also win by obtaining votes from three quarters of the total population ( similar to Civilization IV 's Diplomatic victory ) , " cornering the Global Energy Market " , completing the Ascent to Transcendence secret project , or for alien factions , constructing six Subspace Generators .
The main map ( the upper two thirds of the screen ) is divided into squares , on which players can establish bases , move units and engage in combat . Through terraforming , players may modify the effects of the individual map squares on movement , combat and resources . Resources are used to feed the population , construct units and facilities , and supply energy . Players can allocate energy between research into new technology and energy reserves . Unlike Civilization II , new technology grants access to additional unit components rather than pre @-@ designed units , allowing players to design and re @-@ design units as their factions ' priorities shift . Energy reserves allow the player to upgrade units , maintain facilities , and attempt to win by the Global Energy Market scenario . Bases are military strongpoints and objectives that are vital for all winning strategies . They produce military units , house the population , collect energy , and build secret projects and Subspace Generators . Facilities and secret projects improve the performance of individual bases and of the entire faction .
In addition to terraforming , optimizing individual base performance and building secret projects , players may also benefit their factions through social engineering , probe teams , and diplomacy . Social engineering modifies the ideologically based bonuses and penalties forced by the player 's choice of faction . Probe teams can sabotage and steal information , units , technology , and energy from enemy bases , while diplomacy lets the player create coalitions with other factions . It also allows the trade or transfer of units , bases , technology and energy . The Planetary Council , similar to the United Nations Security Council , takes Planet @-@ wide actions and determines population victories .
In addition to futuristic technological advances and secret projects , the game includes alien life , structures and machines . " Xenofungus " and " sea fungus " provide movement , combat , and resource penalties , as well as concealment for " mind worms " and " spore launchers " . Immobile " fungal towers " spawn native life . Native life , including the seaborne " Isles of the Deep " and " Sealurks " and airborne " Locusts of Chiron " , use psionic combat , an alternate form of combat which ignores weapons and armor . Monoliths repair units and provide resources ; artifacts yield new technology and hasten secret projects ; landmarks provide resource bonuses ; and random events add danger and opportunity . Excessive development leads to terraforming @-@ destroying fungus blooms and new native life .
Alpha Centauri provides a single player mode and supports customization and multiplayer . Players may customize the game by choosing options at the beginning of the game , using the built @-@ in scenario and map editors , and modifying Alpha Centauri 's game files . In addition to a choice of seven ( or 14 in Alien Crossfire ) factions , pre @-@ game options include scenario game , customized random map , difficulty level , and game rules that include victory conditions , research control , and initial map knowledge . The scenario and map editors allow players to create customized scenarios and maps . The game 's basic rules , diplomatic dialog , and the factions ' starting abilities are in text files , which " the designers have done their best to make it reasonably easy to modify ... , even for non @-@ programmers . " Alpha Centauri supports play by email ( " PBEM " ) and TCP / IP mode featuring simultaneous movement , and introduces direct player @-@ to @-@ player negotiation , allowing the unconstrained trade of technology , energy , maps , and other elements .
= = Development history = =
= = = Inspirations = = =
In 1996 , MicroProse released the lauded Civilization II , designed by Brian Reynolds . However , the firm 's management had changed and moved to California by the time the game shipped , and disagreements between the new management and its employees prompted Reynolds , Jeff Briggs , and Sid Meier ( designer of the original Civilization ) to leave MicroProse and found Firaxis . Although unable to use the same IP as Civilization II , the new company felt that players wanted " a new sweeping epic of a turn @-@ based game " . Having just completed a game of human history up to the present , they wanted a fresh topic and chose science fiction .
With no previous experience in science fiction games , the developers believed future history was a fitting first foray . For the elements of exploring and terraforming an alien world , they chose a plausible near future situation of a human mission to colonize the solar system 's nearest neighbour and human factions . Reynolds researched science fiction for the game 's writing . His inspiration included " classic works of science fiction " , including Frank Herbert 's The Jesus Incident , A Fire Upon the Deep by Vernor Vinge , and The Mote in God 's Eye by Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle for alien races ; Kim Stanley Robinson 's Red Mars , Slant by Greg Bear , and Stephen R. Donaldson 's The Real Story for future technology and science ; and Dune by Herbert and Bear 's Anvil of Stars for negative interactions between humans .
Alpha Centauri set out to capture the whole sweep of humanity 's future , including technology , futuristic warfare , social and economic development , the future of the human condition , spirituality , and philosophy . Reynolds also said that " getting philosophy into the game " was one of the attractions of the game . Believing good science fiction thrives on constraint , the developers began with near @-@ future technologies . As they proceeded into the future , they tried to present a coherent , logical , and detailed picture of future developments in physics , biology , information technology , economics , society , government , and philosophy . Alien ecologies and mysterious intelligences were incorporated into Alpha Centauri as external " natural forces " intended to serve as flywheels for the backstory and a catalyst for many player intelligences . Chris Pine , creator of the in @-@ game map of Planet , strove to make Planet look like a real planet , which resulted in evidence of tectonic action . Another concern was that Planet matched the story , which resulted in the fungus being connected across continents , as it is supposed to be a gigantic neural network .
Terraforming is a natural outgrowth of colonizing an alien world . The first playable prototype was just a map generator that tested climate changes during the game . This required the designers to create a world builder program and climatic model far more powerful than anything they 'd done before . Temperature , wind , and rainfall patterns were modeled in ways that allow players to make changes : for example , creating a ridge @-@ line and then watching the effects . In addition to raising terrain , the player can also divert rivers , dig huge boreholes into the planet 's mantle , and melt ice caps .
In addition to scientific advances , the designers speculated on the future development of human society . The designers allow the player to decide on a whole series of value choices and choose a " ruthless " , " moderate " , or " idealistic " stance . Reynolds said the designers don 't promote a single " right " answer , instead giving each value choice positive and negative consequences . This design was intended to force the player to " think " and make the game " addictive " . He also commented that Alpha Centauri 's fictional nature allowed them to draw their characters " a lot more sharply and distinctly than the natural blurring and greyness of history " .
= = = Alpha Centauri = = =
In July 1996 , Firaxis began work on Alpha Centauri , with Reynolds heading the project . Meier and Reynolds wrote playable prototype code and Jason Coleman wrote the first lines of the development libraries . Because the development of Gettysburg took up most of Firaxis ' time , the designers spent the first year prototyping the basic ideas . By late 1996 , the developers were playing games on the prototype , and by the middle of the next year , they were working on a multiplayer engine . Although Firaxis intended to include multiplayer support in its games , an important goal was to create games with depth and longevity in single @-@ player mode because they believed that the majority of players spend most of their time playing this way . Reynolds felt that smart computer opponents are an integral part of a classic computer game , and considered it a challenge to make them so . Reynolds ' previous games omitted internet support because he believed that complex turn @-@ based games with many player options and opportunities for player input are difficult to facilitate online .
Reynolds said that the most important principle of game design is for the designer to play the game as it is developed ; Reynolds claimed that this was how a good artificial intelligence ( AI ) was built . To this end , he would track the decisions he made and why he made them as he played the game . The designer also watched what the computer players did , noting " dumb " actions and trying to discover why the computer made them . Reynolds then taught the computer his reasoning process so the AI could find the right choice when presented several attractive possibilities . He said the AI for diplomatic personalities was the best he had done up to that point .
Doug Kaufman , a co @-@ designer of Civilization II , was invited to join development as a game balancer . Reynolds cited the Alpha Centauri 's balance for the greater sense of urgency and the more pressing pacing than in his earlier game , Sid Meier 's Colonization . According to producer Timothy Train , in designing the strengths and weaknesses of the factions , the goal was to suggest , without requiring , certain strategies and give the player interesting and fun things to do without unbalancing the game . He didn 't want a faction to be dependent on its strength or a faction 's power to be dominant over the rest . Train felt that fun meant the factions always have something fun to do with their attributes .
Around the summer of 1997 , the staff began research on the scientific realities involved in interstellar travel . In late 1997 , Bing Gordon — then Chief Creative Officer of Electronic Arts — joined the team , and was responsible for the Planetary Council , extensive diplomacy , and landmarks . A few months before the 1998 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) , the team incorporated the Explore / Discover / Build / Conquer marketing campaign into the game . The game was announced in May 1998 at E3 .
In the latter half of 1998 , the team produced a polished and integrated interface , wrote the game manual and foreign language translations , painted the faction leader portraits and terrain , built the 3D vehicles and vehicle parts , and created the music . Michael Ely directed the Secret Project movies and cast the faction leaders . 25 volunteers participated in Firaxis ' first public beta test . The beta testers suggested the Diplomatic and Economic victories and the Random Events .
There were a lot of " firsts " for our team in the making of Alpha Centauri . We had never done a public beta test before Alpha Centauri , and this was also the first time we released a demo before the game was out . Since we 'd not done one before , we didn 't know exactly what to expect when we released it , but it turned out to fit right in with Firaxis ' iterative design method .
The design team started with a very simple playable game . They strengthen the " fun " aspects and fixed or removed the unenjoyable ones , a process Sid Meier called " surrounding the fun " . After the revision , they played it again , repeating the cycle of revision and play . Playing the game repeatedly and in @-@ depth was a rule at Firaxis . In the single @-@ player mode , the team tried extreme strategies to find any sure @-@ fire paths to victory and to see how often a particular computer faction ends up at the bottom . The goal was a product of unprecedented depth , scope , longevity , and addictiveness , where the player is always challenged by the game to come up with new strategies with no all @-@ powerful factions or unstoppable tactics . According to Reynolds , the process has been around since Sid Meier 's early days at Microprose . At Firaxis , as iterations continue , they expand the group giving feedback , bringing in outside gamers with fresh perspectives . Alpha Centauri was the first Firaxis game with public beta testers .
Finally , Brian Reynolds discussed the use of the demo in the development process . Originally a marketing tool released prior to the game , they started getting feedback . They were able to incorporate many suggestions into the retail version . According to Brian Reynolds , they made improvement in the game 's interface , added a couple of new features and fixed a few glitches . They also improved some rules , fine @-@ tuned the game balance and improved the AI . Finally , he adds that they continued to add patches to enhance the game after the game was released . In the months leading to the release of Alpha Centauri , multimedia producer Michael Ely wrote the 35 weekly episodes of Journey to Centauri detailing the splintering of the U.N. mission to Alpha Centauri .
= = = Alien Crossfire = = =
A month after Alpha Centauri 's February 1999 release , the Firaxis team began work on the expansion pack , Sid Meier 's Alien Crossfire . Alien Crossfire features seven new factions ( two that are non @-@ human ) , new technologies , new facilities , new secret projects , new alien life forms , new unit special abilities , new victory conditions ( including the new " Progenitor Victory " ) and several additional concepts and strategies . The development team included Train as producer and designer , Chris Pine as programmer , Jerome Atherholt and Greg Foertsch as artists , and Doug Kaufman as co @-@ designer and game balancer .
The team considered several ideas , including a return to a post @-@ apocalyptic earth and the conquest of another planet in the Alpha Centauri system , before deciding to keep the new title on Planet . The premise allowed them to mix and match old and new characters and delve into the mysteries of the monoliths and alien artifacts . The backstory evolved quickly , and the main conflict centered on the return of the original alien inhabitants . The idea of humans inadvertently caught up in an off @-@ world civil war focused the story .
Train wanted to improve the " build " aspects , feeling that the god @-@ game genre had always been heavily slanted towards the " Conquer " end of the spectrum . He wanted to provide " builders " with the tools to construct an empire in the face of heated competition . The internet community provided " invaluable " feedback . The first " call for features " was posted around April 1999 and produced the Fletchette Defense System , Algorithmic Enhancement , and The Nethack Terminus .
The team had several goals : factions should not be " locked @-@ in " to certain strategies ; players should have interesting things to do without unbalancing the game , and the factions must be fun to play . The team believed the " coolness " of the Progenitor aliens would determine the success or failure of Alien Crossfire . They strove to make them feel significantly different to play , but still compatible with the existing game mechanics . The developers eventually provided the aliens with Battle Ogres , a Planetary survey , non @-@ blind research , and other powers to produce " a nasty and potent race that would take the combined might of humanity to bring them down " . Chris Pine modified the AI to account for the additions . The team also used artwork , sound effects , music , and diplomatic text to set the aliens apart . Other than the aliens , the Pirates proved to be the toughest faction to balance because their ocean start gave them huge advantages .
Upon completion , the team felt that Alien Crossfire was somewhere between an expansion and a full @-@ blown sequel . In the months leading to the release of Alien Crossfire , multimedia producer Michael Ely wrote the 9 episodes of Centauri : Arrival , introducing the Alien Crossfire factions . The game initially had a single production run . Electronic Arts bundled Alpha Centauri and Alien Crossfire in the Alpha Centauri Planetary Pack in 2000 and included both games in The Laptop Collection in 2003 . In 2000 , both Alpha Centauri and Alien Crossfire were ported to Mac OS by Aspyr Media and to Linux by Loki Software .
= = Reception = =
Alpha Centauri received wide critical acclaim upon its release , with reviewers voicing respect for the game 's pedigree , especially that of Reynolds and Meier . The video game review aggregator websites Game Rankings and Metacritic , which collect data from numerous review websites , listed scores of 92 % and 89 % , respectively . The game was favorably compared to Reynold 's previous title , Civilization II , and Rawn Shah of IT World Canada praised the expansion for a " believable " plot . However , despite its critical reception , it sold the fewest copies of all the games in the Civilization series . It sold more than 100 @,@ 000 copies in its first two months of release . This was followed by 50 @,@ 000 copies in April , May and June .
= = = Critical reaction = = =
The game showed well at the 1998 Electronic Entertainment Expo ( E3 ) . Walter Morbeck of GameSpot said that Alpha Centauri was " more than hi @-@ tech physics and new ways to blow each other up " , and that the game would feature realistic aliens . Terry Coleman of Computer Gaming World predicted that Alpha Centauri would be " another huge hit " . OGR awarded it " Most Promising Strategy Game " and one of the top 25 games of E3 ' 98 . In a vote of 27 journalists from 22 gaming magazine , Alpha Centauri won " Best Turn Based Strategy " of E3 Show Award . Aaron John Loeb , the Awards Committee Chairman , said " for those that understand the intricacies , the wonder , the glory of turn based ' culture building , ' this is the game worth skipping class for . "
Alpha Centauri 's science fiction storyline received high praise ; IGN considered the game an exception to PC sci @-@ fi cliches , and GamePro compared the plot to the works of writers Stanley Kubrick and Isaac Asimov . J.C. Herz of The New York Times suggested that the game was a marriage of SimCity and Frank Herbert 's Dune . GamePro 's Dan Morris said " As the single @-@ player campaign builds to its final showdown , the ramifications of the final theoretical discoveries elevate Alpha Centauri from great strategy game to science @-@ fiction epic . " Game Revolution said , " The well crafted story , admirable science @-@ fiction world , fully realized scenario , and quality core gameplay are sure to please . " Edge praised the uniqueness of expression saying it was " the same kind of old @-@ fashioned , consensual storytelling that once drew universes out of ASCII . " The in @-@ game writing and faction leaders were also well @-@ received for their believability , especially the voice acting . GameSpot reviewer Denny Atkin called the factions and their abilities Alpha Centauri 's " most impressive aspect " . Greg Tito of The Escapist said , " the genius of the game is how it flawlessly blends its great writing with strategy elements . "
Alpha Centauri 's turn @-@ based gameplay , including the technology trees and factional warfare , was commonly compared to Civilization and Civilization II . The Adrenaline Vault 's Pete Hines said , " While Alpha Centauri is the evolutionary off @-@ spring to [ Civilization ] and [ Civilization II ] , it is not [ Civilization II ] in space . Although the comparison is inevitable because of the lineage , it is still short @-@ sighted . " Edge in 2006 praised " Alpha Centauri ’ s greater sophistications as a strategy game . " IGN said " Alpha Centauri is a better game than Civilization II ; it 's deep , rich , rewarding , thought @-@ provoking in almost every way . " Game Revolution 's reviewer was less magnanimous , saying " Alpha Centauri is at least as good a game as Civilization 2 . But it is its great similarity that also does it the most detriment . Alpha Centauri simply does not do enough that is new ; it just doesn 't innovate enough to earn a higher grade . " The ability to create custom units was praised , as was the depth of the tech tree . The artificial intelligence of computer @-@ controlled factions , which featured adaptability and behavioral subtlety , was given mixed comments ; some reviewers thought it was efficient and logical , while others found it confusing or erratic . Edge was disappointed in the game 's diplomacy , finding " no more and no less than is expected from the genre " and unhappy with " the inability to sound out any real sense of relationship or rational discourse . "
If you 're looking for gratuitous eye candy , then you 're obviously in the wrong place . Alpha Centauri 's graphics are quite good , but they 're not going to make anyone sit up and take notice .
The game 's graphics were widely acknowledged to be above average at the time of its release , but not revolutionary . Its maps and interface were considered detailed and in accordance with a space theme , but the game was released with a limited color palette . The in @-@ game cutscenes , particularly the full motion video that accompanied technological advances , were praised for their quality and innovation . Alpha Centauri 's sound and music received similar comments ; FiringSquad said " [ The sound effect quality ] sort of follows the same line as the unit graphics – not too splashy but enough to get the job done . "
Alpha Centauri has won several Game of the Year awards , including those from the Denver Post and the Toronto Sun . It won the " Turn @-@ based Strategy Game of the Year " award from GameSpot as well . The Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences named Alpha Centauri the best strategy game of the year , and in 2000 , Alpha Centauri won the Origins Award for Best Strategy Computer Game of 1999 . Alpha Centauri has the distinction of receiving gaming magazine PC Gamer 's highest score ( 98 % ) , surpassing Civilization II 's score ( 97 % ) .
= = Legacy = =
There have been no direct sequels beyond Alien Crossfire , something that writer Greg Tito attributed to Reynolds leaving Firaxis in 2000 to form Big Huge Games . Alien Crossfire producer and lead designer Timothy Train left Firaxis with Reynolds .
However , many of the features introduced in Alpha Centauri were carried over into subsequent Civilization titles ; in fact , upon its release , Civilization III was compared negatively to Alpha Centauri , whose Civilization characteristics were reminiscent of faction bonuses and penalties .
Edge magazine noted that Alpha Centauri remained " highly regarded " in 2006 . The government system in Civilization IV closely resembles Alpha Centauri 's , and Civilization V includes a new victory condition : the completion of the ' Utopia project ' , which is reminiscent of the Ascent to Transcendence secret project .
A decade after its release Sold @-@ Out Software and GOG.com re @-@ released the game for online @-@ download sales . Civilization : Beyond Earth , a spiritual sequel to Alpha Centauri , was announced by Firaxis in April 2014 and released on October 24 , 2014 ; several of those that worked on Alpha Centauri helped to develop the new title .
After the release of the expansion , multimedia producer Michael Ely wrote a trilogy of novels based on the game . Illustrator Rafael Kayanan also wrote a graphic novel entitled Alpha Centauri : Power of the Mindworms . Steve Jackson Games published GURPS Alpha Centauri , a sourcebook for the GURPS role @-@ playing game set in the Alpha Centauri universe .
On May 7 , 2010 , a Brendan Casey ( also known as scient ) released an unofficial patch , which fixes bugs in Alpha Centauri . His project began in February 2009 at Apolyton 's Alpha Centauri site , and moved in June 2009 to the Civilization Gaming Network , where he planned to continue developing further patch versions . He seemed to have resumed work in March 2013 at the http : / / alphacentauri2.info fan site . Currently , the subsequent patches of other modders generally build upon scient 's original 1 @.@ 0 patch . There is a graphics update , Artificial Intelligence update , and an additional modifications patch amongst others there .
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= Victory Road ( 2004 ) =
Victory Road ( 2004 ) was a professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view ( PPV ) event produced by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) , which took place on November 7 , 2004 at the TNA Impact ! Zone in Orlando , Florida . It was the first event under the Victory Road chronology , which became an annual event in 2006 . Nine matches were featured on the event 's card .
The main event was a Ladder match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship , in which the champion , Jeff Jarrett , defeated the challenger , Jeff Hardy , by climbing a ladder and retrieving the championship . America 's Most Wanted ( Chris Harris and James Storm ) defeated Triple X ( Christopher Daniels and Elix Skipper ) in another featured match contested under Elimination Last Team Standing rules . The event 's undercard featured different varieties of matches . One match on the undercard was contested for the TNA X Division Championship , in which Petey Williams successfully defended it against A.J. Styles . Also a match that was held under no disqualification rules called a Monster 's Ball match was won by Monty Brown by defeating Raven and Abyss .
The event is remembered as being TNA 's first monthly three @-@ hour PPV event . Before Victory Road , TNA only hosted weekly two @-@ hour PPV events . The professional wrestling section of the Canadian Online Explorer website rated the entire event a 5 out of 10 , lower than the 2006 event 's rating of 5 @.@ 5 .
= = Background = =
The event featured nine professional wrestling matches that involved different wrestlers from pre @-@ existing scripted feuds , plots , and storylines . Wrestlers were portrayed as either villains or heroes in the scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches .
The main event at Victory Road was a Ladder match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship between the champion , Jeff Jarrett , and the challenger , Jeff Hardy . In a Ladder match , two or more participants fight to climb a ladder to retrieve a contract , championship belt , or some other type of object to win . Jarrett was scripted to defend the championship against Hardy on the October 15 episode of TNA 's primary television program , TNA Impact ! , after Hardy won a tournament to become number one contender . Jarrett defeated Hardy to retain the championship once before , on September 6 at TNA 's final weekly PPV , which set up the rivalry between the two . On the October 22 episode of Impact ! , Hardy challenged Jarrett to contest their bout under Ladder match rules , which Jarrett accepted .
The highest promoted match , second only to the main event in importance , scheduled for Victory Road was between the tag team pairings of America 's Most Wanted ( Chris Harris and James Storm ) ( AMW ) and Triple X ( Christopher Daniels and Elix Skipper ) ( XXX ) , with them competing in an Elimination Last Team Standing match . In this match , the teams fought each other until both members of one team could not stand up before the referee counted to ten . The build up to this match began on the previous weekly PPV , when Storm was not cleared to wrestle so XXX took AMW 's place in challenging for the NWA World Tag Team Championship . Daniels was injured early in the evening after a scripted assault by The Naturals ( Andy Douglas and Chase Stevens ) . Harris was written into the plotline to replace Daniels in challenging and defeating The Naturals for the tag team championship at the PPV . On the September 24 episode of Impact ! , Daniels and Storm were forced to team together and challenge Skipper and Harris for the championship , which they were successful in winning . Storm and Daniels later lost the championship to Team Canada ( Bobby Roode and Eric Young ) on the October 15 episode of Impact ! . Harris and Storm then re @-@ joined together to continue as AMW , while Daniels and Skipper did the same as XXX . After a few brawls between the two teams on Impact ! , AMW challenged XXX to a Last Team Standing match at Victory Road on the October 29 episode of Impact ! .
In TNA 's X Division , the TNA X Division Champion Petey Williams was scripted to defend the championship against A.J. Styles . The narrative plot assigned to their rivalry began when Williams assaulted Styles after he defeated Kid Kash in a Tables match on the previous weekly PPV . Williams and the alliance he was associated with at the time , Team Canada , repeatedly attacked Styles following the event on Impact ! . Styles become the number one contender to the X Division Championship by winning a match involving six other men on the October 1 episode of Impact ! , setting up a match between the two at Victory Road for the championship .
TNA held the first ever Monster 's Ball match , featuring Monty Brown , Abyss , and Raven , at Victory Road . There were no disqualifications and pinfalls and submissions were counted anywhere in this match . Brown , Abyss , and Raven were all involved in a tournament to challenge Jarrett for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship at Victory Road which set up a rivalry between the three . On the October 29 episode of Impact ! , Raven challenged Brown and Abyss to a Monsters Ball match at Victory Road , which was later booked for the event without Brown nor Abyss accepting the challenge .
The TNA Director of Authority ( DOA ) was voted on at Victory Road . The candidates were the current DOA , Vince Russo , and Dusty Rhodes . After weeks of arguing between the two over how TNA should be run , Russo stated on the October 15 episode of Impact ! that the fans would decide at Victory Road , per an online vote held on TNA 's official website .
= = Event = =
= = = Preliminary matches = = =
The first match at Victory Road to air live on PPV was a twenty @-@ man Gauntlet match , consisting of wrestlers who compete in TNA 's X Division . In this particular match , wrestlers were eliminated by being thrown over the top rope and down to the floor until there were two left in the ring . Those two men had a standard match until one was pinned or made to submit . The final two participants were Kazarian and Héctor Garza . Kazarian tried to pin Garza with a Cradle , but Garza countered the maneuver with a roll @-@ up for the win .
The second match was an Eight Man Tag Team match consisting of the team of Ron Killings , Erik Watts , Johnny B. Badd and Pat Kenney against the team of Kid Kash , Dallas , and The Naturals ( Andy Douglas and Chase Stevens ) . After various offensive maneuvers between the two teams , Killings pinned Stevens after a double underhook DDT .
The third match was a lucha libre midget match between Mascarita Sagrada and Piratita Morgan . Sagrada won the match when he pinned Morgan with a small package .
A Tag Team match for the NWA World Tag Team Championship between the champions , Team Canada ( Bobby Roode and Eric Young ) , and the 3Live Kru ( B.G. James and Konnan ) ( 3LK ) followed . The match went back and forth between the two teams with each taking advantage of the pace multiple times . The 3LK won the match and the championship by pinfall after Konnan lifted Roode up in the air , sitdown , and forced Roode 's face into the mat .
Trinity , who was accompanied by The New York Connection ( NYC ) pairing of Johnny Swinger and Glenn Gilberti , fought an unknown opponent in an open challenge by Trinity in the fifth bout . Jacqueline Moore made her TNA debut and answered the challenge . During the match , NYC interfered on Trinity 's behalf by distracting Moore to allow Trinity to perform the Fall from Grace from the top rope to gain the pinfall victory .
TNA hosted the first ever Monster 's Ball match , involving Monty Brown , Abyss , and Raven . Throughout the match , the competitors used many different types of weapons , such as thumbtacks , chairs , and tables . Brown became the victor by pinning Raven after a Pounce .
= = = Main event matches = = =
Petey Williams , who was accompanied by Coach D 'Amore , defended the TNA X Division Championship against A.J. Styles in the following bout . Williams retained the championship in the match by jumping off of the top rope and landing on his feet with Styles ' head between his legs , connecting with the Canadian Destroyer . Williams followed by pinning Styles to win the encounter .
America 's Most Wanted ( Chris Harris and James Storm ) ( AMW ) fought Triple X ( Christopher Daniels and Elix Skipper ) ( XXX ) in an Elimination Last Team Standing match in the next encounter . Though the match was billed as a Last Team Standing match , it was held under Texas Death match rules . A Texas Death match is similar to a Last Team Standing match , however , the competitor must pin or make his opponent submit before the referee begins his count . Daniels pinned Storm following hitting him in the knee with a steel chair to begin the ten count , which Storm failed to make . Daniels was the second to be eliminated , failing to reach the ten count after being pinned following a top rope legdrop by Harris . With the outcome of the match down to the competition between Harris and Skipper , Harris hit Skipper with the Catatonic onto a steel chair . Harris then pinned Skipper to begin the ten count ; Skipper did not get to his feet , giving the win to AMW .
The poll results were announced for the Director of Authority between Dusty Rhodes and Vince Russo . Rhodes won the position over Russo with 55 @.@ 6 % of the popular vote .
The main event was a Ladder match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship , involving the champion , Jeff Jarrett , and the challenger , Jeff Hardy . Scott Hall interfered with the match by hitting Hardy with the Outsider 's Edge . While Hardy and Jarrett were both at the top of a ladder trying to grab the belt , Kevin Nash , an ally of Hardy 's , entered the arena with two guitars over both of his shoulders and handed a guitar to Hall . The two men then began to bash Hardy with the guitars until Jarrett broke a guitar over Hardy 's head . Jarrett then retrieved the championship belt from the holder above the ring to win the match . Following the match , Jarrett , Nash , and Hall challenged the TNA roster to fight them . A.J. Styles and the 3Live Kru ( Ron Killings , B.G. James , and Konnan ) answered their challenge , but failed to win the fight . The video feed changed from the ring to a black limousine outside of the venue that showed a man in a black coat step out and walk into the arena . Randy Savage then made his debut in the company and walked to ringside as the event came to a close .
= = Aftermath = =
Following the event on the November 19 episode of Impact ! , Randy Savage , Jeff Hardy , and A.J. Styles challenged the newly dubbed Kings of Wrestling ( Jeff Jarrett , Kevin Nash , and Scott Hall ) to a Six Man Tag Team match at TNA 's next and December PPV event , Turning Point . Savage , Hardy , and Styles won the match at Turning Point .
America 's Most Wanted ( Chris Harris and James Storm ) ( AWM ) and Triple X ( Christopher Daniels and Elix Skipper ) ( XXX ) continued their rivalry at Turning Point in a match that was contested inside a 16 foot ( 4 @.@ 9 m ) high steel structure with six sides known as a Six Sides of Steel . The match was announced on the November 19 episode of Impact ! with the added stipulation that the losing team would have to disband forever . AMW won the match and as a result XXX had to disband .
After winning the NWA World Tag Team Championship , The 3Live Kru ( B.G. James and Konnan ) fought Team Canada ( Bobby Roode and Eric Young ) once again at Turning Point , however , Team Canada defeated The 3Live Kru to win the championship .
= = = Reception = = =
The Canadian Online Explorer 's writer Jason Clevett rated the entire event 5 out of 10 , which was lower than the 2006 event 's rating of 5 @.@ 5 out of 10 . The Elimination Last Team Standing match was rated a 0 out of 10 , while main event match for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship was rated a 5 out of 10 . Clevett stated in his review of the event that he thought the Elimination Last Team Standing match was " horrible " . He also felt that the NWA Championship match was a " sloppy ladder match " . TNA later released a DVD counting down the top 50 moments in their history , with Victory Road being ranked number 25 . The debut of Scott Hall , Kevin Nash , and Randy Savage were ranked higher than the event itself , with that moment ranking in at number 19 . The event was released on DVD on September 20 , 2005 by TNA Home Video in a boxset which also included TNA 's April 2005 PPV event , Lockdown , and the 2004 Turning Point event ; the boxset was called the " TNA Anthology : The Epic Set "
= = Results = =
= = = Gauntlet entrances and eliminations = = =
= = = Elimination Last Team Standing match = = =
|
= Looking 4 Myself =
Looking 4 Myself is the seventh studio album by American R & B recording artist Usher . It was released on June 8 , 2012 , by RCA Records . In October 2011 , it was announced that the disbandment have been occurred between Usher and the J / LaFace imprint . The album includes these several producers that were involved and have provided with its production ; including Diplo , Rico Love , Jim Jonsin , Salaam Remi , Pharrell Williams and Max Martin , among others . It features these several guest vocalists ; including Luke Steele and ASAP Rocky . Inspired by the electronic duo Empire of the Sun and listening to music originating from several locations , Usher intended the album to contain a more experimental sound , that remained relevant to the music of its time . Defined as " revolutionary pop " by the singer , critics noted that Looking 4 Myself incorporates the genres R & B , pop , hip hop , electronic , Europop and dubstep . Critic Barry Walters has described it as a key release in the emerging the genre of the alternative R & B.
Upon its release , Looking 4 Myself received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics . Most of them praised the album 's diversity in music genre , while some were ambivalent towards its pop material and lack of structure . The album debuted atop the US Billboard 200 chart , selling 128 @,@ 000 copies in its first week , becoming Usher 's fourth number one album in the country . As of October 2014 , Looking 4 Myself has sold 504 @,@ 000 copies in the United States , according to Nielsen SoundScan . Worldwide , it attained top @-@ ten positions in over eight other countries including Australia , Canada , Germany and the United Kingdom .
Looking 4 Myself was supported by five singles : " Climax " , " Scream " , " Lemme See " featuring Rick Ross , " Numb " and " Dive " . " Climax " peaked in the top @-@ twenty on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , and topped the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart for eleven weeks . " Scream " peaked in the top @-@ ten on the Hot 100 and several other countries . " Numb " obtained moderate international chart success and peaked at number 69 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Usher promoted for the Looking 4 Myself by performing in several shows ; including the off @-@ broadway show Fuerza Bruta : Look Up , Saturday Night Live and Good Morning America , among others . The tour has further be promoting the album , however , it was cancelled due to the singer 's obligation as a coach on The Voice .
= = Background = =
In 2010 , Usher released his sixth studio album Raymond v. Raymond , with a mixed critical response and commercial success ; the project went on to earn two Grammy Awards at the 2011 ceremony . His follow @-@ up record was originally rumored to be titled The Shanetance and due for release on March 23 , 2012 , though Usher later refuted the speculation .
While on hiatus between the release of his first EP Versus and Looking 4 Myself , Usher told AOL Music that he mainly traveled to various locations to listen to music which he " felt was really significant in terms of energy . " Some of these locations included the Coachella Music Festival , Ibiza , Germany , Las Vegas , Miami and Southern France . He described some of the music as a " little bit more electronic , some of it a little bit more dance . Some of it , a bit more world . " It was Australian electronic music duo Empire of the Sun that inspired Usher to produce the album 's title track , with producer Rico Love , which led to the singer collaborating with producers he normally wouldn 't work with or admired , such as Diplo . Usher 's intention for the album was one " that was not genre @-@ specific but just experimental " . During an episode of NBC 's The Voice , Usher called the album " by far one of my most risky records ... I wanted to challenge myself " . Looking 4 Myself was chosen as the album 's title as it described Usher 's ' musical journey ' .
RCA Records CEO Peter Edge spoke to Billboard on which two specific groups they want the album to appeal to , " By the time the album is available , Usher 's collective audience will have had a chance to really sample a number of songs from the album [ ... ] the end result will be an Usher album that appeals to his earliest fans , and people who may have never listened to or owned an Usher album before . " Prior to the album 's release , Usher was put under the management of Grace Miguel — whom he is in a relationship with — replacing Randy Phillips , who managed Usher for a short period after he split with his mother , Jonnetta Patton for a second time , in 2008 . The cover art and track listing for both the standard and deluxe edition of the album were revealed on May 3 , 2012 . On June 4 , 2012 , 30 second snippets of each track were leaked on the internet .
= = Production = =
Diplo , Rico Love , Jim Jonsin , Salaam Remi and Max Martin were the first producers confirmed for Looking 4 Myself on March 2012 . After Usher had attended the Coachella Music Festival , he worked with electronic music duo Empire of the Sun to produce the album 's title track ; he described the band 's music as an " incredible sound " . The collaboration and the band 's music inspired Usher to produce more experimental music , and to produce records with producers he normally wouldn 't work with or admired . DJ and producer Diplo was one of them , and so both collaborated on the album 's lead single , " Climax " . They discussed the concept throughout the song 's development and how it relates to Usher 's life , as Diplo " tried to help realise these lyrics and feelings . " After conceiving some melody lines , they wrote the song in about an hour . Usher and Diplo worked on the song 's production for two months , recording in studios in Los Angeles , New York , and Atlanta .
Usher wanted to work with Swedish electronic dance music trio Swedish House Mafia since their joint performance at the American Music Awards in 2011 . The group later agreed to work with the singer , where they intended to travel to Atlanta to work on track production , writing , and to " move the ball forward . " Steve Angello , a member of Swedish House Mafia , told MTV News that the group hung out with Usher in Ibiza after the awards ceremony ; they worked with him in Atlanta for five days . They produced the final tracks " Numb " , " Euphoria " and " Way to Count " , with the latter not making the final cut .
Usher contacted several producers and musicians who he endeavoured to , but ended up not collaborating with , including Skrillex , Calvin Harris , Afrojack , Kaskade , Little Dragon and David Guetta . The latter had revealed to The Hollywood Reporter in May 2012 that he and Usher had worked on a " crazy " record , though it did not appear on the album due to a scheduling conflict ; rapper Ludacris was involved in the song 's production . English singer @-@ songwriter Labrinth spent two studio sessions with Usher in April 2012 working on Looking 4 Myself .
= = Composition = =
= = = Influence and sound = = =
Usher told Sylelist in November 2011 that he is working on a new genre of music , which he depicted as " revolutionary pop " . He explained that it " combines several other music genres to form a new sound " . In a later interview , Usher clarified that his latter quote was misinterpreted , in that it is not a specific type of sound , but rather what he found as inspiration behind where he was and what he was working on " was revolutionary " . The album incorporates pop styles , which Usher described as being " relevant " to its time and " what [ people are ] listening to " . Randall Roberts of Los Angeles Times summed up the production of the album , writing that it " draws on a world of styles permeating pop culture in 2012 " , by implementing the genres electronic dance , dubstep , pop and hip @-@ hop to create a hybrid pop . Allmusic 's Andy Kellman described revolutionary pop as " contemporary pop @-@ oriented R & B , or european dance @-@ pop , or some combination of the two " , and that the album is " weighted more heavily toward dance @-@ pop " compared to his previous efforts .
= = = Songs and lyrics = = =
Looking 4 Myself opens with club track " Can 't Stop Won 't Stop " , which contains the melody of Billy Joel 's 1983 " Uptown Girl " ; it contains a synth heavy hook and incorporates elements of dubstep . " Scream " is another club oriented track , with heavily sexual lyrics . The song makes heavy use of bass — particularly in the chorus — and is noted to be reminiscent of Usher 's " DJ Got Us Fallin ' in Love " ( 2010 ) . The third track " Climax " is a quiet storm slow jam , built around a haunting riff , complemented by sparse drum machine and some musical accompaniment . Its lyrics focuses on Usher 's anguish over a failed relationship , with its title referring to the turning point of a relationship . Follow @-@ up track " I Care for U " is a mid @-@ tempo R & B song , which fuses 90 's R & B and hip @-@ hop with dubstep , produced by American record producer Danja . " Show Me " , another Danja produced record , is described by Randall Roberts of Los Angeles Times to feature " driving house synth @-@ claps with a propellant techno rhythm bubbling beneath it . " A mid @-@ tempo track , " Lemme See " contains a synth @-@ heavy production with contributed vocals from American rapper Rick Ross . " Twisted " , which was produced by and features record producer @-@ rapper " Pharrell " , is the seventh track . It is a 60 's retro @-@ soul track , with heavy use of percussions and bass throughout . Usher described the track as " nostalgic " , and explained that his intent was to also " modernize it " , similar to records produced by Cee Lo , Bruno Mars and Andre 3000 .
" Dive " discusses a commitment to a relationship , while containing a triple @-@ entendre , according to Matt Cibula of PopMatters , initially singing about diving or oral sex , to discussing a commitment to a relationship . The ninth track is " What Happened to U " ; it is a downtempo song , sung by Usher primarily using falsetto . It samples the late The Notorious B.I.G. ' s " One More Chance " . The album 's title track features Empire of the Sun member Luke Steele , and is both new wave and soft rock . The title refers to Usher 's " musical journey " , and the song was inspired by his travelling and the latter band . The first of the two Swedish House Mafia tracks is " Numb " , a euro disco and electronic dance track , its lyrics message was described by Erika Ramirez of Billboard to simply be " Forget your troubles and fist @-@ pump ! " . The next track is " Lessons for the Lover " , a slow @-@ tempo track with heavy production , produced by long @-@ time collaborator Rico Love . Ramirez compared the track to songs from Usher 's Confessions era . " Sins of my Father " is a soul song with prominent blues , dub , Motown and reggae influences ; it is about being a " tortured soul " in a " volatile " relationship . Looking 4 Myself closes with " Euphoria " , the second Swedish House Mafia produced track on the album . It is described as more " tense " and " powerful " compared to " Numb " .
= = Singles = =
The album 's lead single " Climax " was leaked on February 14 , 2012 and digitally released on February 22 . The song was met with positive acclaim , with praise directed towards Diplo 's production and Usher 's vocals . " Climax " debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 chart at number eighty @-@ one with 31 @,@ 000 digital units sold on the week of March 10 , 2012 and has since peaked at number 17 . The song topped the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart marking Usher 's twelfth number one single on the chart , and overtaking R. Kelly as the ninth artist with the most number one 's . " Climax " sustained the number one position for eleven weeks , tying with his 1997 " You Make Me Wanna ... " as his longest running number one single on the chart . The accompanying music video was released on March 9 , 2012 , and was directed by Sam Pilling and filmed in Atlanta . The video shows Usher sitting in his car , contemplating on how to approach his ex @-@ girlfriend inside her home , with numerous scenarios shown being thought out by Usher . The video was nominated for Best Male Video at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards , losing to Chris Brown 's " Turn Up the Music " .
" Scream " , the album 's second single , premièred on SoundCloud on April 26 , 2012 . The song was produced by Savan Kotecha and Max Martin , the same duo who produced " DJ Got Us Fallin ' in Love " ( 2010 ) . " Scream " was made available for purchase as a digital download on April 27 , 2012 . It officially impacted the Top 40 / Mainstream and rhythmic radio on May 1 , 2012 . The song peaked in the top ten in several charts , including the Billboard Hot 100 , Canadian Hot 100 , Japan Hot 100 , Scottish Singles Chart and UK Singles Chart . An accompanying music video uses footage from Usher 's performance in Fuerza Bruta in New York City . In the video , Usher gets intimate with his love interest ; his dancing and choreography was compared to Michael Jackson 's . The third single , " Lemme See " features rapper Rick Ross , and was made available for purchase as a digital download on May 4 , 2012 . The song was released to urban radio on May 8 , 2012 and reached number two on the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . Internationally , " Lemme See " peaked at number ninety in the United Kingdom , and number eighty @-@ eight in France . The official music video for the song was released on June 14 , 2012 , and was directed by Philip Andelman .
" Numb " is the album 's fourth single , and was released to contemporary hit radio on August 28 , 2012 . It was produced by Swedish House Mafia , who also co @-@ wrote the song with Usher . The song received generally positive acclaim from contemporary music critics with many of them praising its club @-@ oriented production , labeling it as a potential success as a single . " Numb " was a moderate worldwide success , reaching the top @-@ forty in five countries including Belgium , Germany and Australia . Usher released " Dive " as the fifth single , releasing the song to urban radio on August 28 , 2012 . The song was well received by critics , who lauded Usher 's falsetto and overall vocals . Directed by Chris Applebaum , its music video shows Usher getting intimate with Victoria 's Secret Angel model Chanel Iman , who plays as his love interest . " Dive " peaked on the South Korea Gaon International Chart at number fifty , and the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart at number 34 .
= = Promotion = =
Usher held multiple private listening sessions for Looking 4 Myself . On April 27 , 2012 he debuted the album in the off @-@ broadway show Fuerza Bruta : Look Up , in Daryl Roth Theater in New York City . When speaking to MTV , he explained his reasoning for performing in the show " It 's not often that you 're able to give somewhat of a visual or an emotional kind of basis of what your songs mean [ ... ] I felt like , yeah , it would be a physical challenge , yeah it would be a lot for me , but [ I want to ] at least try it , there are many times I 'd seen the show and I 'd only hoped that I would make it happen " . Steven Horowitz of Rolling Stone commented that Usher " theatrically sequenced the entirety of the project to strobing lights and choreographed moves " . Horowitz also praised the singer 's performance , concluding that " the veteran entertainer reasserts himself as a master of rapturous dance fodder , capable of turning a room into a thumping rave with ease " . Usher appeared on Saturday Night Live — hosted by Will Ferrell — where he performed the singles " Scream " and " Climax " . He performed both singles again , in the 2012 Today summer concert , being the opening act of the series . Usher performed " Scream " in the 2012 Billboard Music Awards ; during the performance he wore a black suit , bowler hat and bow tie while dancing with a masked female , who later disappeared behind a cape and was replaced by a male dancer who mirrored Usher 's dance routines .
On June 9 , 2012 Usher performed in the UK , appearing in the Capital FM Summer Time Ball , his second appearance in his career . He entered the stage doing the moonwalk and then performed his 2010 single " OMG " . Backed @-@ up by female dancers while doing choreographed routines , he then performed several singles from his previous work and Looking 4 Myself , including " Yeah ! " , " Without You " , " Climax " and " Scream " . The singer again performed " Scream " in the 2012 Electronic Entertainment Expo in Los Angeles during Microsoft 's conference . He performed the dance routines presented in the video game Dance Central 3 , via the Kinect to the latter song . Usher promoted the album on its release date in the UK — June 11 — by performing in a one @-@ off concert in the HMV Hammersmith Apollo in London . The performance was directed by Hamish Hamilton , and was streamed to Usher 's VEVO channel on YouTube . The same week , he appeared on BBC Radio 1 Live Lounge , where he covered the song " Pumped Up Kicks " by Foster the People , and performed " Scream " . The singer appeared on Good Morning America , where he spoke about Looking 4 Myself , and discussed his legal battle with ex @-@ wife Tameka Foster . He performed " Climax " in the 2012 BET Awards ; Kelly Carter of MTV described the performance as " fairly muted " , due to Usher 's appearance and dancing being minimalistic . He opened the 2012 iTunes Festival , performing songs from his previous studio album efforts and tracks from Looking 4 Myself which he performed for the first time , including " Can 't Stop Won 't Stop " , " Lemme See " , " Twisted " , " Dive " and " Numb " .
= = = Tour = = =
On September 18 , 2012 , Usher announced that he would embark on a concert tour , the Euphoria Tour , to further promote Looking 4 Myself . Usher planned to perform in countries including France , Germany , Belgium , Norway , Finland , Sweden , Switzerland and the United Kingdom . In partnership with Live Nation Global Touring , the tour was to commence on January 18 , 2013 in Amsterdam , Netherlands and would conclude on March 14 in Nice , France . For the tour leg in the United Kingdom , British singer Rita Ora was scheduled to be an opening act . On September 25 , 2012 , Live Nation Global Touring announced that the tour will be postponed until the fall of 2013 , due to Usher 's participation in the reality talent show The Voice , where along with singer Shakira , he was a judge in the show 's fourth season . The tour , however , was not rescheduled .
= = Critical reception = =
Looking 4 Myself received generally positive reviews from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album has received an average score of 75 , based on 19 reviews . Alex Macpherson of The Guardian complimented Usher 's vocals , saying that they " are in fine fettle " , and found the album " most interesting " when it " goes in directions that don 't cleave to obvious aesthetics " . Allmusic 's Andy Kellman felt that , despite Usher 's shift to dance music , " he 's more of a creative force when he 's working with slower , soul @-@ rooted material " . Randall Roberts of the Los Angeles Times described the album as not genre defying , but instead utilises the music styles of the [ current ] era – it 's " more pop than it is revolutionary " . Evan Rytlewski of The A.V. Club said that " not all of it works , but none of it is unpleasant , either " , and commended Usher for branching out and taking risks . Pitchfork Media 's Carrie Battan felt that his strength " lies in R & B , and he 's adjusted well to shifting ground " , although " not everything on Looking 4 Myself hits the mark " . At USA Today , Steve Jones stated that on the release Usher has " chosen to keep growing and moving ahead " on which he " confidently steps out of his sonic comfort zone . "
In a mixed review , Now writer Kevin Ritchie said that " Climax " is one of the only few stand @-@ out tracks . Slant Magazine 's Eric Henderson felt that the album lacks structure and found it " unavoidably uneven " . Sarah Rodman of The Boston Globe criticized Usher 's use of auto @-@ tune : " the unnecessary deployment of Auto @-@ tune on a singer who can actually hold his own vocally " . The Observer 's Killian Fox wrote that " for every hit — ' Lemme See ' is another — there are a couple of misses : ' Can 't Stop Won 't Stop ' , the Euro @-@ dance opener produced by will.i.am , is horribly overblown " .
On October 9 , 2012 , Looking 4 Myself earned Usher three nominations at the 2012 American Music Awards for Favorite Soul / R & B Male Artist , Favorite Pop / Rock Male Artist and Favorite Soul / R & B Album . On November 18 , 2012 Usher won the award for Favorite Soul / R & B Male Artist for the third consecutive year . At the 55th Annual Grammy Awards , " Climax " earned Usher his eighth Grammy Award for Best R & B Performance . Billboard ranked Usher twentieth and sixty @-@ second on their Hot 100 and Billboard 200 year @-@ end charts , respectively .
= = Commercial performance = =
Looking 4 Myself was predicted to sell 120 @,@ 000 – 130 @,@ 000 units during its first @-@ week in the United States , based upon first day sales . The figure was under @-@ weight compared to his previous effort Raymond vs. Raymond ( 2010 ) , which sold 329 @,@ 000 units during the same period and to date has sold over two million copies worldwide . Despite the low figure estimation , Looking 4 Myself was still expected to top the Billboard 200 chart on the week ending June 17 , 2012 , and did so with 128 @,@ 000 first @-@ week copies sold domestically . The album marks Usher 's fourth consecutive number one studio album in the United States . The following week of the album 's release , Looking 4 Myself dropped to number six on the Billboard 200 chart , selling 48 @,@ 000 copies . In its third week , the album again dropped positions , falling three spots to number nine , selling 36 @,@ 000 units . In its fourth week , Looking 4 Myself fell to number fifteen , and in its fifth week rose to number fourteen , selling 20 @,@ 178 copies . As of October 2014 , Looking 4 Myself has sold 504 @,@ 000 copies in the United States .
In the United Kingdom , Looking 4 Myself debuted at number three selling 27 @,@ 000 units , giving Usher his fifth consecutive top @-@ three album in the country . It sold sixteen units less than Amy MacDonald 's third studio album Life in a Beautiful Light which debuted one place ahead at number 2 . The album was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) , for sales of 100 @,@ 000 copies on August 21 , 2015 . Looking 4 Myself debuted at number three on the ARIA Albums Chart , giving Usher his fifth consecutive top @-@ five album in the country . The album debuted at number fifteen on the Japanese Albums Chart , selling 6 @,@ 727 copies , on the week ending June 17 , 2012 . It debuted at number four on the Dutch Albums Chart , and number five on the Swiss Albums Chart . In New Zealand , along with My Way ( 1997 ) , the album charted outside the top @-@ ten at number eleven , while only remaining on the chart for five weeks . Looking 4 Myself also debuted and peaked within the top ten in Canada and Taiwan at number seven , in Germany at number eight and South Africa at number ten .
= = Aftermath = =
Looking 4 Myself debuted with the smallest first @-@ week figures since Usher 's second studio album My Way ( 1997 ) , which opened with 67 @,@ 000 copies . The album 's debut was a significant decrease relative to his previous effort Raymond v. Raymond ( 2010 ) , which opened with 329 @,@ 000 units . Gail Mitchell of Billboard contemplated on whether this was due to the pop material present on the album . Derrick Corbett , operator of urban based radio stations under Clear Channel Communications , credited its underwhelming sales to the " alienation " of Usher 's core audience . Neke Howse of WKYS believes it is because of the music industry evolving , saying that both Usher and label mate Chris Brown — who also experienced lower first week sales with his fifth studio album Fortune — will " be fine , and their albums will do OK " .
On August 2 , 2012 Japanese multinational conglomerate Sony revealed their Q1 earnings for the year , with Looking 4 Myself largely contributing to the companies $ 92 million in revenue for the music sector . In an interview with singer @-@ songwriter Eric Bellinger by Rap @-@ Up , the former explained that he , along with Jermaine Dupri , Bryan @-@ Michael Cox , and Brian Alexander Morgan , were working on Usher 's next album . Bellinger compared the album 's music to Usher 's Confessions ( 2004 ) , saying that it is " more R & B , more urban " than Usher 's Looking 4 Myself . The latter declared that his next album would show that he is " still Usher " . The singer 's eighth studio album , entitled UR ( 2014 ) , had its lead single — " Good Kisser " — released on May 5 , 2014 through digital download .
= = Track listing = =
Notes
^ a signifies a vocal producer
^ b signifies a co @-@ producer
" Can 't Stop Won 't Stop " contains a portion of the composition " Uptown Girl " written by Billy Joel
" What Happened to U " contains a sample from " One More Chance / Stay with Me Remix " written by Sean Combs , Reginald Ellis , Norman Glover , Carl Thompson and Christopher Wallace , as performed by The Notorious B.I.G.
= = Personnel = =
Credits for Looking 4 Myself adapted from Allmusic .
Managerial
Performance credits
Visuals and imagery
Instruments
Technical and production
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
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= Mike Bullen =
Michael J. " Mike " Bullen ( born 13 January 1960 ) is an English screenwriter . Bullen grew up in the West Midlands of England , attending the Solihull School and later Magdalene College , Cambridge . He left with a degree in history of art and became a radio producer for the BBC World Service . Unhappy with the quality of British television targeted at people his age , Bullen took a course in screenwriting and developed a one @-@ off comedy drama for Granada Television . This led to the commissioning of Cold Feet , a multiple @-@ award @-@ winning comedy drama that aired on the ITV network from 1998 to 2003 . The series won Bullen the Writer of the Year award at the 2003 British Comedy Awards . He wrote two more series for Granada ; Life Begins , which ran for three years , and All About George , which ran for only one . His works have been described as being " about the intricacies of interpersonal relationships and what happens when they break down " .
Bullen moved with his wife and two children to Australia in 2002 . Two years later he directed his first short film , Amorality Tale . He co @-@ created the Australian / UK television series Tripping Over in 2006 and the writer and director of the Australian television pilot Make or Break in 2007 . He returned to producing work for British television in 2010 with the BBC pilot Reunited , and moved back to the UK in 2011 .
= = Background = =
Bullen was born in Bramhall , Cheshire . Bullen 's father , Alex , was a chemical engineer , and his mother , Joan , was a housewife . Mike and his sister Jane were raised in Solihull , where he attended Solihull School . At the age of 18 he was accepted to Magdalene College , Cambridge , to read economics . He did not enjoy the subject , so switched to history of art . Despite his public school background , Bullen felt out of place at Cambridge among students who did not come from the urban West Midlands , later stating that " Half the students were debutantes who spent a lot of time brushing their hair ; the other half ended up working in Sotheby 's . " His first experiences of writing came when he was a child and wrote a newspaper for his neighbours . At Cambridge , he dramatised a Johann Wolfgang von Goethe novel .
Following his graduation , Bullen began a career as a media planner buyer for an advertising company . The job did not excite him and he has described it as " pretty pointless " . He quit the job to go backpacking in south @-@ east Asia . On his return he applied for a position as a radio producer at Radio Netherlands Worldwide , having previously worked for a hospital radio . He eventually began freelance work for the BBC World Service , where he was a presenter and producer for the magazine programmes On Screen and Outlook .
= = Career = =
= = = 1994 – 1997 = = =
In 1994 , aged 34 , Bullen began thinking about writing a television script , based on the idea that he could " write crap " on television . He was inspired in particular by the American television series Hill Street Blues ( a show he " cancelled [ his ] social life for " ) and Thirtysomething . He began work on scripts for Pie in the Sky and Soldier Soldier but did not complete either . To improve his writing skills , he took a writing course at the National Film and Television School , a comedy course by Anji Loman Field , and attended Robert McKee 's STORY seminar .
He began writing another script , this time drawing on his American television influences . Believing that there was nothing on British television for people in his age group that was not a soap opera or a costume drama , Bullen wrote a script entitled The Perfect Match , about a man who proposes to his girlfriend using the screen at Wembley Stadium during the FA Cup Final . He secured an agent , who managed to sell the script on spec to Andy Harries , controller of comedy at Granada Television . Harries described the writing as " impressive — cleverly constructed dialogue , very funny , well observed " and commissioned it as part of his drive to move away from making traditional @-@ style sitcoms . Bullen described the moment he walked onto the set of The Perfect Match as " gobsmacking [ … ] wandering around a room which had previously only existed in my head " . It was broadcast on ITV in September 1995 to poor reviews .
Harries was pleased enough with Bullen 's work to ask him to pitch some more ideas to The Perfect Match assistant producer Christine Langan , who shared Bullen 's desire to see more television directed at their age bracket . Bullen pitched the idea of a traditional " boy @-@ meets @-@ girl , boy @-@ loses @-@ girl , boy @-@ wins @-@ girl @-@ back " story told from both sides of the relationship but using elements of fantasy and flashback to distort events to fit a character 's point of view . Harries accepted the pitch and Bullen began work on Cold Feet . Initially commissioned as a pilot for ITV 's Comedy Premieres programming strand , the prospect of a full television series was given to Bullen . Cold Feet 's main character , Adam Williams , a lothario character and a serial monogamist , was based on Bullen himself during his twenties . The other main character , Rachel Bradley , was based on a combination of his ex @-@ girlfriends and the " ideal girlfriend " . Harries suggested that if a series were to be commissioned , more characters would be needed . Bullen developed a supporting cast for Cold Feet , basing each character on friends of his . The script for Cold Feet went through " six or seven " drafts before being filmed in 1996 and was broadcast in 1997 . After a hiatus , it was commissioned for a full series . During the hiatus , he wrote a romantic comedy feature film script for Granada and developed a pilot for London Weekend Television , neither of which were picked up . The Writers ' Guild of Great Britain presented to Bullen the award for New Writer of the Year at their awards ceremony in October 1997 .
When he first started writing professionally , Bullen could not structure his scripting in a coherent way , adopting a " mix and match " method ; he began by structuring a script on cards , then typing what he had onto a computer , then returning to the cards . After completing the Cold Feet pilot , he starting writing ten pages of script per day , regardless of the quality of the writing . His own third draft was usually submitted to producers as the " first draft " .
= = = 1998 – 2003 = = =
Production on the first series of Cold Feet began in January 1998 . Bullen continued his method of developing storylines based on his own life ; he and his wife had their first child in the latter half of 1997 , so he integrated their experiences into the storyline of characters Pete and Jenny , who have their first child in Cold Feet 's first episode . Throughout 1998 , he retained his job at the BBC , working on three radio shows per week at the same time as writing Cold Feet . During the second series he cut back to one show per week . By the time of the third series in 2000 , he felt confident enough that he would have a future in television that he was able to give up radio presenting completely . He moved from his home in London to Cambridge , where he was able to write for two full days a week and at evenings and weekends .
He worked on other projects at the same time as Cold Feet : After watching the 1997 docusoap Holiday Reps , he became interested in what happens in the personal lives of holiday representatives while in foreign countries . Out of this idea he developed Sunburn for BBC One . Sunburn starred Michelle Collins and was broadcast for two series from 1999 to 2000 . Bullen shared writing duties with Lizzie Mickery and Sally Wainwright . His inspiration from American television continued ; following the premiere of The West Wing in 1999 , he began outlining a British version , The Firm , that would be set in Buckingham Palace . The project never moved beyond planning stages because Bullen believed that British political issues such as " cod wars with Spain " are not as " sexy " as the issues covered in The West Wing .
In 1999 , Cold Feet was adapted into a series of the same name for American network NBC . He wrote the screenplay for one of the pilot episodes . At the same time , NBC and Granada Entertainment USA commissioned a pilot script from Bullen entitled Small Beer , which centred on a group of people who take over a microbrewery in the north @-@ western United States .
The third series of Cold Feet ( 2000 ) was extended from six to eight episodes by ITV . Bullen believed that the production team had covered all potential storylines in the first two series , so declined to write any more episodes . A team of five writers was hired by Granada Television , overseen by Bullen as a co @-@ executive producer . Four out of the five writers left the team due to their scripts not being appropriate for the series , leaving only David Nicholls on staff . The writing process had made Bullen think twice about not writing and he began thinking about further storylines , such as mid @-@ life crises and IVF . The same year , he signed a two @-@ year contract with Granada to develop new projects . A fourth series of Cold Feet , also of eight episodes , was commissioned for 2001 . Bullen announced that he did not want to write a fifth series , and that the fourth would be the last . His reasons were that with ITV 's proposed commission of up to 20 episodes a year , the series would become like a soap opera . The popularity of the fourth series persuaded Bullen to write four more episodes that formed the fifth series in 2003 . The fifth series won Bullen the Writer of the Year Award at the 2003 British Comedy Awards .
In 2002 , he began developing Life Begins , a one @-@ hour television series . The following year he conceived George the Third . He moved to Australia in 2002 but continued to work on UK @-@ based series .
= = = 2004 – 2006 = = =
Life Begins was inspired by Bullen 's re @-@ evaluation of the lives of people around him as they approached 40 years old . During a conversation with a friend he realised that three women he knew had had failed marriages by the time they reached 40 . The series was designed as a vehicle for actress Sarah Lancashire , who had signed an exclusive " golden handcuffs " deal with ITV . Two months after the series was announced , Lancashire left Life Begins , feeling unable to commit to a potentially long @-@ running series . ITV replaced Lancashire with Caroline Quentin . Life Begins concerns Maggie Mee , who believes she is in a loving relationship with her husband Phil ( Alexander Armstrong ) . When Phil announces on a family holiday that he is leaving her , she realises that she must begin her life again . Bullen wrote the series with John Forte . The first series was broadcast in 2004 . As with Cold Feet , he integrated events from his own life into the storylines ; Maggie 's father suffers from Alzheimer 's disease as does one of Bullen 's own relatives . He researched Maggie 's travel agency job by spending a week at a travel agents ' in Bristol .
In 2003 Bullen made a journey to Perth 's Small Screen Big Picture . On the return leg , after 12 hours of seeing nothing but the Nullarbor Plain through the train window , he began developing a short subject on infidelity at television conferences . The short , entitled Amorality Tale , which marked Bullen 's directorial debut , was screened at various film festivals in 2005 , and was a finalist for the first Rosemount Diamond at the Jackson Hole Film Festival . On the themes of the film , Bullen said , " What has always interested me is the notion of ordinary people and how they react in ordinary situations [ … ] what fascinated me is the way we arrive at the choices we make . The idea of this film is to say that the choices we make might not lead to the outcomes we expect . " He formerly expressed interest in directing an episode of Cold Feet , but decided against it on the basis that his inexperience would make him " inadequate " and that the job was best left to professional directors . The short was produced by Pommie Granite Productions , a company set up by Bullen after his exclusive contract with Granada ended in September 2004 . At the end of 2004 , he became the seventh person to rewrite the script of the DreamWorks / Aardman Animations film Tortoise vs. Hare . He made at least three drafts .
Alongside the second series of Life Begins , Bullen continued developing George the Third . The title was changed to It Happens until eventually settling on All About George in time for filming in 2005 . All About George starred Rik Mayall as George Kinsey , a builder whose life is changed when six generations of his family move into his home . Initially excited about the series when he attended the cast read @-@ throughs , Bullen 's optimism waned by the time it was broadcast as he felt there were too many characters and the series ' premise unclear . In a 2008 interview , he describes it as one of his worst TV series . Life Begins returned for a third and final series in 2006 . The same year , filming commenced on Tripping Over , a series about intercontinental backpackers in 1976 and 2006 . SeaChange writers Andrew Knight and Andrea Denholm conceived the idea in 2003 and asked Bullen , a friend of Knight 's , to develop it with them . A co @-@ production between Australia 's Channel Ten and Britain 's Five , Tripping Over was broadcast in both countries at the end of 2006 .
= = = 2007 – 2012 = = =
In 2007 , Bullen was approached by David Maher , a Fox World producer , who commissioned him to write a television pilot for UKTV . Bullen agreed and spent a " torturous " time trying to come up with an idea for the script . Continuing his trend for taking ideas from real life , he decided to write about a family moving from the UK to Australia . The pilot , entitled Make or Break , was also Bullen 's television directoral debut . British actor Robson Green had recently completed work on " Prayer of the Bone " , a one @-@ off special episode of Wire in the Blood set in the United States . Green and Wire producer Sandra Jobling considered another special episode set in Australia . Green suggested asking Bullen to write the episode and Bullen responded by asking Green if he would like to play the lead in Make or Break . Fox World sent the script to Green and he signed on . As the pilot was Bullen 's first attempt at directing television , he sought advice from the experienced production crew , in particular the director of photography . The pilot was first broadcast in March 2008 . Bullen and Fox World sought financial investment from a UK production company to develop a full @-@ length series .
In 2010 , Bullen wrote his first screenplay for the BBC since Sunburn ; Reunited is a pilot about six friends who once shared a house together reuniting after eight years . Bullen admitted that his career was " declining " before he made Reunited , and he even moved back to the UK for five months while it was produced . He considers Reunited his best work since the end of Cold Feet . The pilot received only 3 @.@ 3 million viewers when it was broadcast , and a series was not commissioned . Bullen has since discussed other projects with Ed Byrne , one of the actors in the pilot .
Bullen and his family returned to the UK in 2011 ; Bullen told The Manly Daily " I realised if I still am going to have a UK @-@ based television career I need to be based in the UK . " As of 2012 , Bullen has three television series in development with British television networks .
= = Personal life = =
Bullen is married to Lisa Bullen , whom he met while working at the BBC . They have two children : Maggie ( born 1997 ) and Rachel ( born 1999 ) . In 2002 the family moved to Avalon , New South Wales . They later moved to Newport , New South Wales and became Australian citizens in 2005 . The family returned to the UK in 2011 .
= = List of works = =
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= Climate of Argentina =
The climate of Argentina is a complex subject : the vast size of the country and considerable variation in altitude make for a wide range of climate types . Argentina has four seasons : winter ( June – August ) , spring ( September – November ) , summer ( December – February ) and autumn ( March – May ) , all featuring different weather conditions . Summers are the warmest and wettest season in most of the country except in most of Patagonia where it is the driest season . Winters are normally mild in the north , cool in the center and cold in the southern parts with the latter experiencing frequent frost and snow . Because southern parts of the country are moderated by the surrounding oceans , the cold is less intense and prolonged than areas at comparable latitudes in the northern hemisphere . Spring and autumn are transition seasons that generally feature mild weather .
Many regions have different , often contrasting , microclimates . In general , northern parts of the country are characterized by hot , humid , rainy summers and mild winters with periodic droughts . Mesopotamia , in the northeast is characterized by high temperatures and abundant precipitation throughout the year with droughts being uncommon . West of this lies the Chaco region , which is the warmest region in Argentina . Precipitation in the Chaco region decreases westwards , resulting in the vegetation changing from forests in the east to shrubs in the west . Northwest Argentina is predominantly dry and hot although the rugged topography makes it climatically diverse , ranging from the cold , dry Puna to thick jungles . The center of the country , which includes the Pampas to the east and the drier Cuyo region to the west has hot summers with occasional tornadoes and thunderstorms , and cool , dry winters . Patagonia , in the southern parts of the country has a dry climate with warm summers and cold winters characterized by strong winds throughout the year and one of the strongest precipitation gradients in the world . High elevations at all latitudes experience cooler conditions , and the mountainous zones can see heavy snowfall .
The geographic and geomorphic characteristics of Argentina tend to create extreme weather conditions , often leading to natural disasters that negatively impact the country both economically and socially . The Pampas , where many of the large cities are located , has a flat topography and poor water drainage , making it vulnerable to flooding . Severe storms can lead to tornados , damaging hail , storm surges , and high winds , causing extensive damage to houses and infrastructure , displacing thousands of people and causing significant loss of life . Extreme temperature events such as heat waves and cold waves impact rural and urban areas by negatively impacting agriculture , one of the main economic activities of the country , and by increasing energy demand , which can lead to energy shortages .
Argentina is vulnerable and will be significantly impacted by climate change . Temperatures have increased in the last century while the observed changes in precipitation are variable , with some areas receiving more and other areas less . These changes have impacted river flow , increased the frequency of extreme weather events , and led to the retreat of glaciers . Based on the projections for both precipitation and temperatures , these climatic events are likely to increase in severity and create new problems associated with climate change in the country .
= = Seasons = =
= = = Winter = = =
In winter ( June – August ) , the northern parts of Argentina are generally warm , the central parts mild , and the southern parts cold with frequent frost and snow . The climate of the southern parts of the country is moderated by the surrounding oceans , resulting in cold weather that is less intense and prolonged than at comparable latitudes in the northern hemisphere . The northern parts of the country have the warmest temperatures , with an average of 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) ; the central parts are cooler , with an average of 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) . In the extreme south , mean temperatures are below 4 ° C ( 39 ° F ) . At higher altitudes in the Andes , average winter temperatures are below 0 ° C ( 32 ° F ) . June and July temperatures are normally similar to each other ; however , in August temperatures see a rise of about 2 ° C ( 4 ° F ) .
Precipitation varies widely during the winter months . The highest are in the extreme northern part of the Littoral region and northwestern parts of Patagonia , where mean winter precipitation exceeds 250 mm ( 10 in ) . Most of the humid Pampas , averages between 75 and 200 mm ( 3 and 8 in ) while in the north , in areas bordering the Andes , it averages less than 10 mm ( 0 @.@ 4 in ) .
= = = Spring = = =
Spring ( September – November ) is similar to autumn , with mild days and cool nights . During mid @-@ October a large variety of wild and urban flora are in bloom . Temperatures range from 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) in the north to 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) in the center , and 8 to 14 ° C ( 46 to 57 ° F ) in most of Patagonia . Tierra del Fuego Province and the higher altitudes of the Andes have the coolest springs , with mean temperatures below 8 ° C ( 46 ° F ) . Temperatures grow warmer as spring progresses .
During spring , precipitation in the country varies , with the greatest amounts being in northern Buenos Aires Province and the Littoral region , where the average precipitation exceeds 250 mm ( 10 in ) . Arid regions ( Arid Diagonal ) have the lowest spring precipitation , with an average precipitation of less than 50 mm ( 2 in ) .
= = = Summer = = =
In summer ( December – February ) , temperatures range from an average of 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) in the north to a mean of 20 ° C ( 68 ° F ) in the center of the country except for the southeastern parts of Buenos Aires Province , where temperatures are cooler in summer due to the maritime influence . In the extreme south of the country , the temperature averages 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) ; at very high altitudes , the average is below 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) .
During summer , mean precipitation varies throughout the country : the eastern parts of Salta Province , Jujuy Province , northern Tucumán Province and all of Misiones Province are the wettest , receiving more than 400 mm ( 16 in ) of precipitation during the season . Most of the Littoral region and Buenos Aires Province , average between 200 and 300 mm ( 8 and 12 in ) . On the other hand , the Patagonia region is dry , with precipitation averaging less than 50 mm ( 2 in ) – and occasionally below 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) – much lower than other regions ; Patagonia receives a monthly precipitation of 10 to 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 0 in ) . In the central and northern parts of the country , January is usually the wettest month , with an average monthly precipitation of 100 mm ( 4 in ) in most places , even exceeding 200 mm ( 8 in ) in some places .
= = = Autumn = = =
Autumn ( March – May ) is generally mild . Some forests and vineyards display red and orange autumn foliage , especially in mid @-@ April . Frost arrives notably earlier in the south and later in the north . Mean temperatures can exceed 22 ° C ( 72 ° F ) in the northern parts of the country , while they can touch 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) in most of the central parts of the country , and less than 6 ° C ( 43 ° F ) at the higher altitudes . As autumn progresses , mean temperatures fall in all regions , with March warmer than May . In the north , mean temperatures range from 24 ° C ( 75 ° F ) in March to 18 ° C ( 64 ° F ) in May . In the central parts of the country , mean temperatures in March are between 18 and 22 ° C ( 64 and 72 ° F ) , dropping to 10 and 14 ° C ( 50 and 57 ° F ) in May . The mean temperature in Tierra del Fuego Province in the extreme south is 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) , and occasionally lower .
Precipitation is highest in northeast Argentina and lowest in the Patagonia and Cuyo regions . In northeast Argentina , mean precipitation can exceed 400 mm ( 16 in ) while in most of Buenos Aires Province and northwest Argentina , mean autumn precipitation ranges between 200 and 500 mm ( 8 and 20 in ) . In most of the western parts of northwest Argentina , Patagonia ( except for western Patagonia where precipitation is higher , averaging 100 to 200 mm ( 4 to 8 in ) ) and Cuyo regions , precipitation can average less than 50 mm ( 2 in ) . In the northwest , precipitation decreases as autumn progresses , ushering in the dry season . For example , in Tucuman Province , March averages more than 200 mm ( 8 in ) of precipitation while May averages less than 50 mm ( 2 in ) . In contrast , precipitation increases in Patagonia , particularly in the western parts where May precipitation can exceed 100 mm ( 4 in ) .
= = Regional climate = =
Argentina possesses a wide variety of climatic regions ranging from subtropical in the north to subantarctic in the far south . Lying between those is the Pampas region , which features a mild and humid climate . Consequently , there is a wide variety of biomes in the country , including subtropical rain forests , semi @-@ arid and arid regions , temperate plains in the Pampas , and cold subantarctic in the south . However , despite the diversity of biomes , about two @-@ thirds of Argentina is arid or semi @-@ arid . In general , Argentina has four main climate types : warm , moderate , arid , and cold , all determined by the expanse across latitude , range in altitude , and relief features . Mean annual temperatures range from 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) in the far south to 25 ° C ( 77 ° F ) in the north . Also , because of the narrowness of the South American continent , the nation 's climate is influenced by the Andes mountain chain along its western border and maritime influences from the Atlantic Ocean .
= = = Mesopotamia = = =
Mesopotamia has a subtropical climate with no dry season . Under the Köppen climate classification , it has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) . The main features of the climate are high temperatures and abundant rainfall throughout the year ; this abundant rainfall makes water scarcity and extended periods of drought uncommon ; most of the region has a positive water balance .
Average annual precipitation ranges from less than 1 @,@ 000 mm ( 39 in ) in the southern parts of the Province to approximately 1 @,@ 800 mm ( 71 in ) in the eastern parts . Precipitation is slightly higher in the summer than in the winter and generally decreases from east to west and from north to south . Summer is the most humid season , ranging from a low of 300 mm ( 12 in ) to a high of 450 mm ( 18 in ) . In this season , most rain falls during convective thunderstorms . Autumn is one of the rainiest seasons , with many places receiving over 350 mm ( 14 in ) . As in summer , precipitation falls mainly during convective thunderstorms . Winter is the driest season , with precipitation ranging from less than 40 mm ( 2 in ) in the west to over 340 mm ( 13 in ) in the east . Most of the precipitation during winter comes from frontal systems , particularly the sudestada ( Spanish for strong southeasterly winds ) , bringing long periods of rain , cloudiness , cooler temperatures , and strong winds . Spring is similar to autumn , with a mean precipitation of 340 mm ( 13 in ) .
Summers are very hot and humid while winters are mild to warm . The northern parts of the region are warmer than the southern parts . During heat waves , temperatures can exceed 40 ° C ( 104 ° F ) in the summer months , while in the winter months , cold air masses from the south can push temperatures below freezing , resulting in frost . However , such cold fronts are brief and are less intense than areas further south or at higher altitudes . Snowfall is extremely rare and mainly confined to the uplands of Misiones Province , where the last significant snowfall occurred in 1975 in Bernardo de Irigoyen .
= = = Chaco = = =
The Chaco region in the center @-@ north has a subtropical climate with hot , humid summers and mild , dry winters . Under the Köppen climate classification , the west has a semi @-@ arid climate ( Bs ) while the east has a humid subtropical climate ( Cfa ) . Chaco is one of the few natural regions in the world located between tropical and temperate latitudes that is not a desert . Precipitation and temperature are relatively homogeneous throughout the region .
Mean annual precipitation ranges from 1 @,@ 200 mm ( 47 in ) in the eastern parts of Formosa Province to a low of 450 to 500 mm ( 18 to 20 in ) in the west and southwest . Summer witnesses the maximum precipitation . Summer rains are intense , and torrential rain is common , occasionally causing floods and soil erosion . During the winter months , precipitation is sparse . Eastern areas receive more precipitation than western areas since they are more influenced by moist air from the Atlantic Ocean , which penetrates the eastern areas more than the west , bringing in more precipitation . As a result , the vegetation differs : eastern areas are covered by forests , savannas , marshes and subtropical wet forest , and western areas are dominated by medium and low forests of mesophytic and xerophytic trees and a dense understory of shrubs and grasses . In all parts of the region , precipitation is highly variable from year to year .
The Chaco region is the hottest in Argentina , with a mean annual temperature of 23 ° C ( 73 ° F ) . With mean summer temperatures occasionally reaching 28 ° C ( 82 ° F ) , the region has the hottest summers in the country . Winters are mild and brief , with mean temperatures in July ranging from 16 ° C ( 61 ° F ) in the northern parts to 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) in the southernmost parts . Temperatures can reach as high has 49 ° C ( 120 ° F ) in summer , and during cold waves can fall to − 6 ° C ( 21 ° F ) .
= = = Northwest = = =
Northwest Argentina is predominantly dry , hot , and subtropical . Owing to its rugged and varied topography , the region is climatically diverse , depending on the altitude , temperature and distribution of precipitation . Consequently , the vegetation will also differ . Under the Köppen climate classification , the region has five different climate types : semi – arid ( BS ) , arid ( BW ) , temperate without a dry season and temperate with a dry season ( Cf and CW respectively ) , and , at the highest altitudes , an alpine .
Precipitation is highly seasonal and mostly concentrated in the summer months . It is distributed irregularly due to the country 's topography although it generally decreases from east to west . The eastern slopes of the mountains receives between 1 @,@ 000 and 1 @,@ 500 mm ( 39 and 59 in ) of precipitation a year , though some places receive up to 2 @,@ 500 mm ( 98 in ) annually owing to orographic precipitation . The high rainfall on these first slopes creates a thick jungle that extends in a narrow strip along these ranges . The temperate valleys , the location of major cities such as Salta and Jujuy , have an average precipitation ranging between 500 and 1 @,@ 000 mm ( 20 and 39 in ) , with rainfall mainly concentrated in the summer months , often falling in short but heavy bursts . Valleys in the southern parts of the region are drier than those in the north due to the greater height of the Andes and the Sierras Pampeanas on the eastern slopes than the northern mountains , presenting a significant orographic barrier that blocks moist winds from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans . These valleys receive less than 200 mm ( 8 in ) of precipitation per year and are characterized by sparse vegetation adapted to the arid climate . The area further west in the Puna region , with an average altitude of 3 @,@ 900 m ( 12 @,@ 800 ft ) , is mostly a desert due to the blocking of the easterly winds by the Andes and the northwest extension of the Sierras Pampeanas . Precipitation in the Puna region averages less than 200 mm ( 8 in ) a year while high isolation , strong winds , and low humidity exacerbate the dry conditions .
Temperatures in northwest Argentina vary by altitude . The temperate valleys have a temperate climate , with mild summers and dry and cool winters with regular frosts.In the Quebrada de Humahuaca valley , mean annual temperatures range from 12 @.@ 0 to 14 @.@ 1 ° C ( 53 @.@ 6 to 57 @.@ 4 ° F ) , depending on altitude . In the Calchaquí Valleys in Salta Province , the climate is temperate and arid with large thermal amplitudes , long summers , and a long frost @-@ free period . In the valleys in the south in La Rioja Province , Catamarca Province and the southwest parts of Santiago del Estero Province , which is part of the arid Chaco ecoregion , temperatures during the summer are very high , averaging 26 ° C ( 79 ° F ) in January while winters are mild , averaging 12 ° C ( 54 ° F ) . Cold fronts from the south bringing cold Antarctic air can cause severe frosts in the valleys of La Rioja Province and Catamarca Province . In contrast , the Zonda wind , which occurs more often during the winter months , can raise temperatures up to 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) with strong gusts , sometimes causing crop damage . Temperatures in the Puna region are much colder , with a mean annual temperature of less than 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) owing to the high altitude . The Puna region is characterized by being cold with a large diurnal range but sunny throughout the year .
= = = Cuyo = = =
The Cuyo region has an arid or a semi @-@ arid climate . The region 's wide range in latitude , combined with altitudes ranging from 500 m ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) to nearly 7 @,@ 000 m ( 23 @,@ 000 ft ) , means that it has a variety of different climate types . In general , most of the region has a temperate climate , with valleys at higher altitudes having a milder climate . At the highest altitudes ( over 4 @,@ 000 m ( 13 @,@ 123 ft ) ) , icy conditions persist year round .
Average annual precipitation ranges from 100 to 500 mm ( 4 to 20 in ) , though it is generally unpredictable . More than 85 % of annual rainfall occurs from October to March , which constitutes the warm season . In contrast , the winter months are dry . Eastern and southeastern areas of the region receive more precipitation than the western areas since they receive more summer rainfall . Precipitation is highly variable from year to year and appears to follow a cycle between dry and wet years in periods of about 2 , 4 – 5 , 6 – 8 , and 16 – 22 years . In wet years , easterly winds caused by the subtropical South Atlantic High are stronger , causing moisture to flow towards this region ; during dry years , these winds are weaker .
Summers in the region are hot and generally sunny ; winters are dry and cold . Since this region has a wide range of altitudes , ranging from 500 m ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) to nearly 7 @,@ 000 m ( 23 @,@ 000 ft ) , temperatures can vary widely . The Sierras Pampeanas , which cross into both San Juan Province and San Luis Province , have a milder climate with mean annual temperatures ranging from 12 to 18 ° C ( 54 to 64 ° F ) . Throughout the region , the diurnal range is great , with very high temperatures during the day followed by cold nights . In all locations , at altitudes over 3 @,@ 800 m ( 12 @,@ 500 ft ) , permafrost is present ; icy conditions persist year round at altitudes over 4 @,@ 000 m ( 13 @,@ 000 ft ) .
The Zonda , a Foehn wind characterized by warm , dry air , can cause temperatures to exceed 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) and occasionally 45 ° C ( 113 ° F ) , as occurred in 2003 . However , cold waves are also common , caused by the channeling by the Andes of cold air from the south , making for frequent cold fronts during the winter months and bringing temperatures that can fall below freezing , and occasionally below − 10 to − 30 ° C ( 14 to − 22 ° F ) at higher altitudes .
= = = Pampas = = =
The Pampas region has land that is appropriate for agriculture and raising livestock . It is a mostly flat area , interrupted only by the Tandil and Ventana sierras in its southern portion . The climate of the Pampas is characterized as temperate and humid with no dry season , featuring hot summers and mild winters ( Cfa / Cfb according to the Köppen climate classification ) . The weather in the Pampas is variable due to the contrasting air masses and frontal storms that impact the region . Annual temperatures range from 17 ° C ( 63 ° F ) in the north to 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) in the south . Precipitation increases toward the east and ranges from under 500 mm ( 20 in ) in the south and west to 1 @,@ 200 mm ( 47 in ) in the northeast . Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year in the easternmost parts of the Pampas ; in the western parts , most of the precipitation is concentrated during the summer months , and winters are drier . The Pampas are influenced by the El Niño Southern Oscillation , which is responsible for variation in annual precipitation . An El Niño year leads to higher precipitation while a La Niña year leads to lower precipitation .
Summers in the Pampas are hot and humid with coastal areas being modified by the cold Malvinas Current . Afternoon thunderstorms , which can bring intense amounts of precipitation , are common , as are heat waves that can bring temperatures in the 36 to 40 ° C ( 97 to 104 ° F ) range for a few days . These thunderstorms are known to have the most frequent lightning and highest convective cloud tops in the world . The severe thunderstorms produce intense hailstorms , floods , including flash floods , as well as the most consistently active tornado region outside the central and southeastern US . These are usually followed a day or two of strong Pampero winds from the south , which bring cool , dry air . Precipitation in the summer is high , with monthly amounts averaging between 90 mm ( 4 in ) and 160 mm ( 6 in ) in most places .
Autumn arrives in March and brings periods of very rainy weather followed by dry , mild stretches and cool nights . Some places in the east receive rainfall throughout autumn whereas in the west , after the rains , the weather quickly becomes very dry . Generally , frost arrives in early April in the southernmost areas , in late May in the north , and ends by mid @-@ September , although the dates of the first and last frosts can vary from year to year . Frost is rarely intense or prolonged and may not occur each year .
Winters are mild with frequent frosts and cold spells . Temperatures are usually mild during the day and cold during the night . Most precipitation results from frontal systems associated with cyclogenesis and sudestada , which bring long periods of precipitation , cloudiness and cooler temperatures , particularly in the southern and eastern parts . Dull , gray and damp weather characterize winters in the Pampas . Occasionally , tropical air masses from the north may move southward , providing relief from the cool , damp temperatures . Snowfall is extremely rare . When it does snow , it usually lasts for only a day or two .
= = = Patagonia = = =
The Patagonian climate is classified as arid to semi @-@ arid and temperate to cool temperate . One defining characteristic are the strong winds from the west which blow year round ( stronger in summer than in winter ) , which favors evaporation and is a factor in making the region mostly arid . There are three major factors that influence the climate of the region : the Andes , the South Pacific High and South Atlantic High , and an isolation that is more pronounced in eastern than western areas .
The north – south orientation of the Andes creates a barrier for humid air masses coming from the Pacific Ocean , forming an extensive rain shadow and causing most of the region to be arid . South of 52 ° S , the Andes are lower in elevation , reducing the rain shadow effect in Tierra del Fuego Province and allowing forests to thrive on the Atlantic coast . Patagonia is located between the subtropical high pressure belt and the subpolar low pressure zone , meaning it is exposed to westerly winds that are strong , since south of 40 ° S there is little land to block these winds . Because Patagonia is located between the semi @-@ permanent anticyclones of the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean at around 30 ° S , and the Subpolar Low at around 60 ° S , the movement of the high and low pressure systems along with ocean currents determine the precipitation pattern .
The influence of the Pacific Ocean , general circulation patterns , and the topographic barrier caused by the Andes results in one of the strongest precipitation gradients in the world . Precipitation steeply decreases from west to east , ranging from 4 @,@ 000 mm ( 160 in ) in the west on the Andean foothills at 41 ° S to 150 mm ( 6 in ) in the central plateaus . The high precipitation in the Andes in this region allows forests to thrive as well as glaciers and permanent snowfields . Most of the region receives less than 200 mm ( 8 in ) of precipitation per year . The aridity of the region is due to the combination of low precipitation , strong winds , and high temperatures in the summer months , all of which cause high evaporation rates . In most of Patagonia , precipitation is concentrated in the winter months , except for the northeastern and southern parts , where precipitation is more evenly distributed . Thunderstorms are infrequent , occurring only during summer . Snowfall occurs mainly in the west and south , which can result in strong snowstorms .
Patagonia 's temperatures are relatively cold for its latitude due to the cold Malvinas Current and the high altitude . A characteristic of the temperature pattern is the NW – SE distribution of isotherms due to the presence of the Andes . The warmest parts of the region are in northern parts of Rio Negro Province and Neuquén Province , where mean annual temperatures range from 13 to 15 ° C ( 55 to 59 ° F ) , while the coldest are in western Santa Cruz Province and Tierra del Fuego Province , where mean temperatures range from 5 to 8 ° C ( 41 to 46 ° F ) . At higher altitudes in the Andes stretching from Neuquén Province to Tierra del Fuego Province , mean annual temperatures are below 5 ° C ( 41 ° F ) . Strong westerly winds can decrease the perception of temperature ( wind chill ) , particularly in summer . The annual range of temperatures in Patagonia is lower than at similar latitudes in the northern hemisphere owing to the narrowness of the region at higher latitudes and the stronger maritime influence .
= = Statistics = =
Shown below are the mean monthly temperature and precipitation for selected places in Argentina along with the overall averages for the country ( based on a 0.5o latitude / longitude grid ) . Year @-@ round averages and totals are displayed along with conversions to imperial units .
= = = Temperature = = =
= = = Precipitation = = =
= = = Overall averages = = =
= = Extremes = =
= = = High = = =
According to the World Meteorological Organization , the highest temperature ever recorded in South America was 48 @.@ 9 ° C ( 120 @.@ 0 ° F ) in Rivadavia , Salta Province on December 11 , 1905 .
= = = Low = = =
The lowest temperature ever recorded in South America was − 32 @.@ 8 ° C ( − 27 @.@ 0 ° F ) in Sarmiento , Chubut Province on June 1 , 1907 .
= = = Precipitation = = =
With an average annual precipitation of 3 @,@ 668 mm ( 144 @.@ 4 in ) , Lago Frías in Río Negro Province is considered to be the wettest place in Argentina . Although an average annual precipitation of 6 @,@ 251 mm ( 246 @.@ 1 in ) has been recorded in Lago Tromen in Neuquén Province , the validity of the data is dubious owing to fewer years of data . Lago Frías also has the record for wettest monthly precipitation in Argentina : 1 @,@ 147 mm ( 45 @.@ 2 in ) of precipitation was recorded in May 1951 . In contrast , the driest place is Angualasto , San Juan Province , which only receives 24 mm ( 0 @.@ 94 in ) of precipitation a year . The highest recorded one @-@ day rainfall total occurred on April 2 , 2013 , when 392 @.@ 2 mm ( 15 @.@ 44 in ) of rain fell in La Plata at the La Plata Astronomical Observatory , causing massive flooding and power outages .
= = Natural disasters = =
= = = Floods = = =
Argentina 's geomorphic characteristics make the country highly vulnerable to floods . These floods can damage infrastructure , cause loss of life , increase the risk of diseases , and negatively impact agricultural productivity , which is one of the main economic activities of the country . Many of the large Argentinean cities and agriculturally productive areas lie near rivers . The plains are at highest risk for flooding , particularly in the northeastern and central parts of the country , including Greater Buenos Aires . This is because these plains , which cover 35 % of the land area in the country ( including the Chaco and Pampean areas ) , are characterized by a flat landscape , which can impede proper water drainage . Both the Parana and Paraguay basins have a flat landscape and are thus highly susceptible to flooding due to river overflows following high rainfall . These floods can last for months , particularly in the Parana River , owing to its large basin . In the most extreme case , during the year 1982 – 1983 , the floods in the Parana River persisted for more than a year , negatively impacting the area both socially and economically . Major flooding events in the Parana River include those of 1992 and 1997 and have been more frequent since the 1980s due to higher precipitation trends . Similarly , in Buenos Aires Province , flooding occurs due to river overflows and poor water drainage ; major flooding events in the province occurred in 1987 , 2002 / 2003 , 2012 and in 2014 , causing damage to agriculture production . Most of the flooding events occur in El Niño years owing to higher rainfall . Flooding can also affect Patagonia and urban centers in the northwest , but the number of people affected and economic losses are lower than those in the Pampas owing to lower population densities . Flooding can jeopardize access to safe water . A leptospirosis outbreak occurred following a flood in 1998 .
= = = Droughts and dust storms = = =
Argentina is highly dependent on water supplies originating outside its borders , making it highly vulnerable to changes in water supply due to climate change . Droughts are frequent and devastating . Several years of droughts during the last decade have severely affected agricultural production and reduced economic growth . A drought in 2009 was the worst drought in more than 50 years . Many cattle died of hunger , and huge swaths of soy , corn and wheat fields were affected . It was estimated that the country lost more than US $ 5 billion from the drought . A drought in 2011 affected farming of soy and corn , causing losses of US $ 2 @.@ 5 billion .
Drier parts of the country are highly prone to dust storms . These include areas west of Buenos Aires , which can average more than eight dust storms per year , and parts of Patagonia , owing to its aridity and windy climate . Certain areas in the Altiplano are also highly prone to dust storms owing to extensive areas of closed depressions and the presence of salt flats that erode the rock , which becomes a source of fine material that can travel large distances during periods of strong wind . Dust storms are more frequent during droughts , particularly in agricultural areas . Dust storms can effect large areas , leading to numerous impacts . These dust storms can lead to loss of crop and livestock , affecting the local economy . Productive topsoil may be lost during dust storms , leading to loss in soil productivity , which can increase soil erosion and negatively affect crop productivity in the long term . In addition to the impact on agriculture , dust storms can damage cars and buildings , lower visibility on roads , affect air quality , and affect water quality in rivers and lakes .
= = = Tornados and severe storms = = =
Argentina experiences frequent tornados each year . Tornados occur in the South American " tornado alley " ( Spanish : Pasillo de los Tornados ) , which includes the provinces of Entre Ríos , Córdoba Province , Santa Fe , La Pampa and Greater Buenos Aires . The frequency of tornadoes is similar to the one found in Tornado Alley in North America . However , there is no exact number of tornado occurrences per year , owing to the lack of data . These regions have the most frequent and intense mesoscale convective systems . Tornados occur between November and April . In this region , which occupies most of the Pampas , cold air from Patagonia meets warm , humid air from Brazil with dry air coming from the Andes . When these air masses collide , they can produce intense storms , frequently becoming supercells that can produce tornados . With a larger number of convective storms , there is a higher chance that some of these storms will produce tornados . Most tornados are relatively weak and rarely cause deaths . The strongest tornado recorded in Argentina occurred in 1973 when a tornado struck San Justo , Santa Fe . The tornado was an F5 on the Fujita scale , with winds up to 500 km / h ( 310 mph ) , making it the worst tornado in Latin America and the Caribbean .
Severe storms impact large cities more often and can damage cars , houses and disrupt public services such as transportation and collection and disposal of urban solid waste . The foothills of the Andes and the Sierras de Cordoba are vulnerable to hail . This is because the Andes force humid air from the Atlantic upwards , intensifying the updrafts within thunderstorms , making hail more likely . Mendoza , a city located in the Andean foothills , experiences frequent hailstorms that can impact the agriculture of the region . Hailstorms have caused serious losses in both urban and rural areas . It is estimated that wine and fruit production experience yearly losses of US $ 50 million and US $ 30 million , respectively , due to hail . Most of these hailstorms occur in the summer although they can occur in winter , particularly in the east where warm and humid air from the north frequently collides with cold air from the south , leading to convective thunderstorms that can produce hail .
Storm surges caused by extratropical cyclones have been recorded along the coastal areas . These storm surges are formed from strong winds that blow towards the land . They are formed due to the interaction between the semi @-@ permanent South Pacific High and a low pressure system over the Atlantic , southeast of Argentina , creating strong winds from the south or southwest . The sudestada , which brings the worst storm surges , occurs when there is a high pressure system over southern Argentina in the Atlantic Ocean that interacts with a low pressure over Uruguay and southern Brazil , causing strong winds from the southeast . Storm surges have caused flooding of coastal areas , leading to extensive property loss and other damage . It is also the main natural factor in the erosion of coastlines . The flooding as a result of storm surges are particularly destructive in flat coastal areas such as the Rio de La Plata shores , and the Salado Basin .
= = = Snowstorms and cold waves = = =
Argentina regularly receives cold air from the south that can reach low latitudes owing to the influence of the Andes . Cold waves are usually accompanied with severe snowstorms or extremely cold conditions that can have a devastating impact on the country 's economy . These snowstorms and / or extremely cold conditions can partially or completely paralyze activities in large areas of Patagonia and the center of the country . In addition , cold conditions can lead to energy shortages during the winter months due to increased demand . The low temperatures brought by these cold waves can cause frosts that can damage plants , severely affecting agricultural production and devastating the local economy .
= = Climate change = =
According to the national government and scientists , climate change is predicted to have a significant effect on the climate of Argentina . There has been an increase in annual precipitation in almost all of Argentina during the 20th century , particularly in the northeast and the center of the country , where agricultural production has expanded to the west by more than 100 km ( 62 mi ) in areas that were previously too dry during middle of the 20th century . In contrast , the Andean part of Patagonia , along with the Cuyo region , has seen a decrease in precipitation , leading to a reduction in river flow in the last 100 years . These trends were observed with an increase in the river – stream flows in most of the country , excluding rivers originating from the Andes , and an increase in extreme precipitation events that led to considerable socioeconomic losses . The increase in precipitation has led to more variability in precipitation from year to year in the northern parts of the country , with a higher risk of prolonged droughts .
Mean temperatures have increased by 0 @.@ 5 ° C ( 0 @.@ 9 ° F ) between 1901 and 2012 , slightly lower than the global average . Temperatures in the Andean part of Patagonia have increased by more than 1 ° C ( 1 @.@ 8 ° F ) , which has caused the retreat of almost all of the glaciers . This is affecting water availability to the arid areas of the country that depend on glacier meltwater . Higher temperatures can reduce winter snowfall , causing river flow to decrease , which in turn can reduce hydroelectric energy production ; losses of up to 40 % have been observed . In the last half of the 20th century , the lack of snow in the highest peaks in the Cuyo region has impacted agriculture and viticulture production due to the decrease in available water in the rivers . Outside of Patagonia , mean temperatures have increased at a slower rate since the increase in minimum temperatures is counteracted by the decrease in maximum temperatures . There has been a decrease in the number of days with frost , and there have been increases in the frequency of hot nights and heat waves throughout the country .
Within the next two or three decades ( 2016 – 2035 ) , mean temperatures are predicted to increase by 0 @.@ 5 to 1 @.@ 0 ° C ( 0 @.@ 9 to 1 @.@ 8 ° F ) under the two scenarios ( RCP 4 @.@ 5 and RCP 8 @.@ 5 ) from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report . In both scenarios , the projected warming will be more pronounced during the summer months . The predicted trend for precipitation is not as clear as the one for temperature . In the northern and central regions , precipitation is predicted to increase while in most of central – western Argentina and Patagonia , precipitation is predicted to decrease . Because Argentina is potentially vulnerable to climate change , such projected changes based on the models could exacerbate current problems or create new problems associated with climate change in Argentina .
Scientists predict that glaciers will continue to recede and melt or , in some areas , disappear . It is also predicted that the Cuyo region could face a potential water crisis due to an increase in water demand caused by a reduction in river streamflows . In northern Patagonia , a similar situation is projected in which there will be a negative impact on fruit and vegetable growing owing to a reduction in the river flow in the Colorado and Chubut rivers . In the north and central parts of the country , the higher temperatures and lower precipitation projected for this region will lead to higher evaporation , intensifying droughts and leading to desertification . Heat waves could become more frequent and intense , negatively impacting agricultural production while placing more demand on energy needs . Intense precipitation could become more common , increasing the likelihood of suffering from events such as flooding , since most of its population lives in urban areas near a body of water ( rivers , lakes and oceans ) . Climate change could extend the habitats of vectors carrying tropical diseases such as malaria southwards . Though most of the coastal regions of Argentina will not suffer permanent flooding associated with sea level rise , it is predicted that storm surges will become more frequent in coastal areas , affecting locations such as Buenos Aires .
= = = General overview = = =
Geography and Climate of Argentina
Argentina overview
Descriptions of the climate in most provinces of Argentina . Some of them include climatic statistics of selected locations in each province ( Spanish )
Third National Communication of Argentina for Climate Change ( Spanish )
Second National Communication of Argentina for Climate Change ( Spanish )
= = = Maps and imagery = = =
Servicio Meteorológico Nacional ( Spanish )
Climatic Atlas ( Spanish )
= = = Climate statistics = = =
WMO climate normals of various stations in Argentina from the period 1961 – 1990
Bioclimatic data for 173 stations in Argentina ( Spanish )
Estadísticas meteorológicas decadiales ( Spanish )
Climatic statistics for selected locations in Argentina from the period 1981 – 1990 ( Spanish )
Agrometeorological data for stations operated by Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria ( Spanish )
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= Velvet McIntyre =
Velvet McIntyre is a retired Irish @-@ Canadian professional wrestler . After beginning her career in 1980 , she wrestled in North American independent promotions , before joining the World Wrestling Federation ( WWF ) . She had rivalries with both The Fabulous Moolah and Sherri Martel and held the WWF Women 's Championship and WWF Women 's Tag Team Championship . After the WWF 's women 's division went on hiatus in the 1990s , McIntyre wrestled in several Canadian promotions , holding several titles . She was known for wrestling barefoot and her high flying wrestling maneuvers .
= = Professional wrestling career = =
= = = Independent circuit = = =
After finishing high school , Velvet McIntyre moved to Oregon in 1980 to train with Sandy Barr , under whom she trained with her future opponent and tag team partner , Princess Victoria . McIntyre made her professional wrestling debut in Idaho in 1980 , but she did not begin wrestling full @-@ time until three months later . She then joined Vancouver 's All Star Wrestling in 1981 , where she feuded with Princess Victoria . She continued to feud with Victoria for the remainder of the year in both singles and tag team matches in Vancouver and the NWA Pacific Northwest under promoter Don Owen . In 1982 , however , she joined the World Wrestling Federation where she began teaming with Princess Victoria , and in March , the duo lost a series of matches against the team of The Fabulous Moolah and Wendi Richter . McIntyre , however , defeated Richter in two separate matches in Bill Watts 's Mid @-@ South Wrestling Association . In November and December 1982 , McIntyre worked for Stampede Wrestling , where she teamed with Judy Martin against Richter and Joyce Grable ; the feud between the two teams resumed in April 1983 in Verne Gagne 's American Wrestling Association .
In May 1983 , McIntyre returned to Stampede Wrestling , where she continued her rivalry with Richter and Grable ; this time , however , she teamed once again with Princess Victoria . Victoria and McIntyre won the NWA Women 's World Tag Team Championship on May 13 in Calgary .
= = = World Wrestling Federation = = =
In 1983 , the World Wrestling Federation withdrew from the National Wrestling Alliance , and when McIntyre and Victoria rejoined the promotion in 1984 , they were immediately recognized as holding the WWF Women 's Tag Team Championship . The duo defended the championship against the team of Wendi Richter and Peggy Lee . Desiree Petersen later replaced Victoria in the team , and the new duo lost the title in August 1985 to Judy Martin and Leilani Kai ( known as The Glamour Girls ) in Egypt .
McIntyre then began wrestling as a singles wrestler , immediately feuding with The Fabulous Moolah , unsuccessfully challenging her at Wrestlemania 2 ( the referee counted the pin on McIntyre despite her left leg being draped over the bottom rope which should have stopped the count ) . She won the WWF Women 's Championship on July 3 , 1986 when she defeated Moolah at the Brisbane Festival Hall on the WWF 's 1986 Australian tour , but re @-@ lost the title to Moolah six days later at the Sydney Entertainment Centre ( the only two times the WWF Women 's Championship changed hands in the Southern Hemisphere ) . Years later , Moolah called McIntyre the best female wrestler in Canada . In 1987 , McIntyre consistently lost matches to Moolah and Sherri Martel . She also competed at the Survivor Series , teaming with Moolah , Rockin ' Robin , and the Jumping Bomb Angels against Martel , Leilani Kai , Judy Martin , Donna Christanello , and Dawn Marie . By 1990 , however , the women 's division in the WWF was again on hiatus .
= = = Canada = = =
After leaving the WWF , McIntyre continued to wrestle sporadically on the independent circuit . At that time , there were not many opportunities for females in the business . She competed in the Women 's Pro Wrestling organization in the early 1990s . In November 1993 , she won the Canadian Wrestling Alliance 's Women 's Championship from Iron Maiden , but lost it to Iron Maiden again in January 1994 . They continued to feud into 1996 , when the two women joined Extreme Canadian Championship Wrestling , where the two traded the Women 's Championship , which McIntyre held for two months . In September , they competed in a strap match — a match where the wrestlers must compete while connected via a leather strap — in which McIntyre was victorious .
In November 1997 , as a part of the International Championship Wrestling , she won the WWWA Women 's Championship from Bertha Faye . She also held the ICW Women 's Championship , which she lost in July 1998 .
= = Personal life = =
It is a common misconception that she is the daughter of professional wrestler Stan Mykietowich . Growing up , she had three brothers with whom she wrestled .
McIntyre wore wrestling boots for the first four years of her career , but she later wrestled bare foot when someone took one of her boots as a joke , and she was forced to wrestle without them . Wrestling barefoot later became one of her trademarks , as well as her high flying wrestling maneuvers .
She retired from wrestling in 1998 after discovering she was pregnant , and she later gave birth to twins . In her spare time , McIntyre makes and sells crafts .
= = In wrestling = =
Finishing moves
McIntyre Roll ( Victory roll )
Swinging hurricanrana
Signature moves
Running Spinning Crossbody
Single leg dropkick
Splash
= = Championships and accomplishments = =
Canadian Wrestling Alliance
CWA Women 's Championship ( 1 time )
Extreme Canadian Championship Wrestling
ECCW Women 's Championship ( 1 time )
International Championship Wrestling
ICW Women 's Championship ( 1 time )
WWWA Women 's Championship ( 1 time )
National Wrestling Alliance
NWA Women 's Tag Team Championship ( 1 time ) - with Princess Victoria
World Wrestling Federation
WWF Women 's Championship ( 1 time )
WWF Women 's Tag Team Championship ( 1 time , inaugural ) - first with Princess Victoria , then with Desiree Petersen
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= History of the Ottawa Senators ( 1992 – ) =
Founded and established by Ottawa real estate developer Bruce Firestone , the Ottawa Senators are the second National Hockey League ( NHL ) franchise to have the Ottawa Senators name . The original Ottawa Senators , founded in 1883 , had a famed history , winning 11 Stanley Cups and played in the NHL from 1917 until 1934 . On December 6 , 1990 , after a two @-@ year public campaign by Firestone to return the NHL to Ottawa , the NHL awarded a new franchise , which began play in the 1992 – 93 season .
The club has seen its share of struggles , both on and off the ice . The team has had two changes of ownership , from Firestone to Rod Bryden in 1993 due to the arena development process and its financing , and subsequently to Eugene Melnyk after the team filed for bankruptcy in 2003 . On the ice , the club finished last in the League in its first four seasons . Changes in hockey management have led to steady improvement of the team 's play , resulting in the team qualifying for the Stanley Cup playoffs in 11 of the last 12 seasons , winning the Presidents ' Trophy in 2002 – 03 and making it to the Stanley Cup Finals in 2007 .
= = The " Bring back the Senators " campaign = =
At the weekly Terrace Investments Ltd. management meeting on December 4 , 1987 , Duncan MacDonald tabled the initial idea of the NHL coming to Ottawa after learning ( Ottawa Citizen , Sports section ) about the League 's expansion plans for three new francises in the 1990s . The idea incubated with real estate developer Bruce Firestone for months and accepted that Ottawa was now ready to again support a franchise . He decided to launch a bid for the Ottawa franchise through his development firm Terrace Investments . Firestone first told his fellow Terrace executives , Cyril Leeder , and Randy Sexton , after a game of shinny hockey in March 1988 . Both were surprised ; Leeder thought the idea was " ridiculous " .
Terrace did not have enough assets to finance the team , but Firestone believed that they could do so as part of a development project . Their plan was to build a mini @-@ city ( named West Terrace ) of 9 @,@ 000 around a $ 100 million arena and hotel development on approximately 500 acres ( 2 @.@ 0 km2 ) . Getting an NHL club for the arena would drive up the price of the surrounding lands and Terrace 's net worth would jump from $ 100 million to $ 400 million by 1997 . The strategy was straightforward : " Buy the site , win the franchise , build the building . " In 1989 , Terrace found a suitable site west of Ottawa , 600 acres ( 2 @.@ 4 km2 ) of farmland , located on both sides of the 417 Highway west of Terry Fox Drive in the then City of Kanata .
On June 22 , 1989 , Terrace publicly announced their intentions to acquire an NHL franchise and revive the Senators name . The name choice provoked threats of legal action , though Firestone obtained permission from original @-@ era / 1950s era Senators club owner Tommy Gorman 's descendants to use the old Senators name and settled with the Ottawa Jr . Senators ' owners .
To kick off the " Bring Back the Senators " campaign , Terrace held a press conference with special guests Frank Finnigan , representing the old Senators ' players , and Joe Gorman , representing the Gorman family . Finnigan , the last surviving member of the Senators ' last Stanley Cup championship ( in 1927 ) , was presented with a new number 8 jersey and the promise to have him drop the first puck at the first game if they emerged victorious . Terrace unveiled drawings of the $ 55 million , 22 @,@ 500 seat arena , now named the Palladium , designed by Rossetti Associates , architects of The Palace of Auburn Hills arena . Also unveiled was a logo for the team using a stylized Peace Tower and Canadian flag , designed by David O 'Malley of Ottawa . The theme song for the franchise drive was Tom Petty 's " I Won 't Back Down . "
The Senators ' bid was considered something of a longshot . Jim Durrell , the mayor of Ottawa at the time , but later part of the Senators ' front office , said , " It 's not that the area isn 't a big enough market to support a professional hockey team , it 's just that we 're not going to get it . " National Hockey League Players ' Association ( NHLPA ) head Alan Eagleson was quoted as saying , " Local fans are being led through the petunia patch if Bruce Firestone thinks he can land an NHL expansion franchise for Ottawa this century , well into the next or ever . " Despite the naysayers , 11 @,@ 000 fans sent in $ 25 non @-@ refundable pledges toward season @-@ tickets by November 1990 .
In December 1990 , the NHL held a meeting in Palm Beach , Florida , to consider expansion applications . The NHL executives were reportedly impressed by the Ottawa presentation , including Finnigan 's participation , the several hundred fans and the marching band who traveled to Palm Beach , but apparently were more impressed at the fact that the group was one of the few applicants willing to pay the $ 50 million franchise fee without reservations . On December 6 , 1990 , the Terrace group was approved to purchase one of the two franchises ( along with the Tampa Bay Lightning ) to start play in the 1992 – 93 season .
= = Financing struggles = =
= = = The Palladium project = = =
Since the location for the new arena was on land designated for agriculture , the arena and development had to be approved by the Ontario Government . The Ontario New Democratic Party government of Bob Rae was not sympathetic to the conversion of farmland and would not lend any assistance to the project . As the rezoning hearings dragged on , Firestone was offered $ 20 million to relocate to Anaheim , which had an arena , but no team . Firestone turned it down , claiming , " I didn ’ t bring back the Ottawa Senators to play in Anaheim . " Eventually , the rezoning was approved with conditions . The Palladium 's size was reduced to 18 @,@ 500 , and Terrace had to pay for a necessary highway interchange . Terrace had to suspend its plans for the rest of the " West Terrace " development , which limited the site 's value . Only the lands to the south of the 417 were allowed to be developed , and the lands on the north side of the 417 were to remain farmland . According to Firestone , Terrace 's investment lost $ 80 million in value to secure the zoning . Eventually , the strain to complete the payment on the franchise to the NHL and to build the arena led to Firestone 's resignation on August 17 , 1993 , after Terrace missed mortgage and development payments . He was replaced as club president by Bryden , who would lead the franchise for the next ten years .
Financing of the arena project was difficult . Terrace had four financing deals fail . As it became clear that the Senators could not finance a needed highway interchange without government backing , the provincial government was persuaded successfully to provide a $ 27 million loan for the highway interchange construction . In the end , the firm of Ogden Entertainment , a New York City facilities management firm , backed the project with a $ 20 million loan in exchange for a 30 @-@ year contract to manage the facility . In addition , American banks loaned $ 110 million , the federal government gave the Senators $ 6 million , $ 10 million from Terrace and $ 15 million from a Canadian pension fund .
The Senators played the first game at the Palladium ( today called Canadian Tire Centre ) on January 17 , 1996 . One month after opening , Corel Corporation bought the naming rights and the arena was renamed the Corel Centre ' .
= = = The bankruptcy = = =
The debt payments weighed heavily on the Senators . For several years , Bryden tried to reschedule the debt on the arena . There were various attempts at filing tax losses to write off the debt , all rejected by the federal government . In 2002 , Ogden went bankrupt . It had re @-@ invented itself as Covanta Energy and failed not long after the Enron scandal . This led to the Senators filing for bankruptcy on January 9 , 2003 , when it could not arrange financing to pay all it owed to Covanta , becoming due because of Covanta 's bankruptcy .
On August 26 , 2003 the team and arena was purchased by Biovail chief executive officer ( CEO ) and Toronto St. Michael 's Majors owner Eugene Melnyk , who had shown interest for several years in the team . The limited partnership between Terrace and the limited partners was dissolved and Covanta 's creditors received the proceeds of the sale towards the money it was owed for the NHL franchise fee and the Palladium .
= = 1992 – 95 : Expansion club struggles = =
The team would name Mel Bridgman as their first general manager ( GM ) in 1991 after being turned down by Scotty Bowman and John Muckler . The decision was criticized by the press due to Bridgman 's lack of GM experience . In the coaching department , the club would pick Rick Bowness , formerly the Boston Bruins ' head coach , as their first head coach , assisted by Alain Vigneault , E. J. Maguire and Chico Resch . John Ferguson , Sr. , would be named director of player personnel .
The Expansion draft day on June 18 , 1992 , was memorable . The team 's laptop computer failed and the club was unprepared with a backup plan , picking several ineligible players . Not much talent was available as other teams protected young prospects . The players the Senators did select were " journeymen NHLers or players who had good years in minor leagues but no longer were considered prospects . " While side @-@ deals during the Draft were not allowed , the team would select players in concert with the other teams and in return , other teams gave the Senators Neil Brady , Jody Hull , Brad Marsh and Steve Weeks during the summer , all who would ultimately make the team . In the Entry Draft , the Senators would name Alexei Yashin their first @-@ ever pick , though he would not join the team until 1993 .
= = = 1992 – 93 = = =
The new Senators played their first game on October 8 , 1992 , at the Ottawa Civic Centre against the Montreal Canadiens . There was much pre @-@ game spectacle — the skating of Brian Orser , the raising of banners commemorating the original Senators ' eight Stanley Cup wins , retirement of Frank Finnigan 's jersey number and the singing of the anthem by Alanis Morissette .
NHL President Gil Stein took part , presenting Bruce Firestone with a " certificate of reinstatement " to commemorate Ottawa 's return to the NHL after 58 years . The ceremonial face @-@ off between Laurie Boschman and Denis Savard was done by Frank Finnigan , Jr . , ( his father having died on December 25 , 1991 ) , Firestone , Stein and original Senator Ray Kinsella . The Senators would play in the 10 @,@ 000 seat Civic Centre until January 1996 .
The Senators would defeat the eventual Stanley Cup champion Canadiens 5 – 3 that night , but it would turn out to be their only highlight of the season for the Senators . The club would tie with the San Jose Sharks for the worst record in the League that year , winning just ten games with 70 losses and four ties ( 24 points ) in the 1992 – 93 season . The Senators still hold the NHL record for least road wins for their record that season , with one . Their points total for the season was one point better than the NHL record for least points in a season ever . The Senators had aimed low . Firestone had set beating the old record the Senators ' goal for the season , as the team planned to finish low in the standings for its first few years in order to receive high draft picks .
Daigle Cup
Among the disappointments during the early years of the resurrected Senators was Alexandre Daigle , the number one overall pick in the 1993 NHL Entry Draft . During the 1992 – 93 season , it had become clear that Daigle would be the number one pick . The Quebec Nordiques publicly announced that they would trade several players for him , as they wished to build a new arena and needed a marquee francophone player . As the season progressed , both the Senators and the San Jose Sharks were neck @-@ and @-@ neck in last place , and at that time , NHL rules meant the worst team would receive the first overall pick . This " competition " was variously dubbed the " Daigle Cup " and the " Yelnats Puc . "
Near the end of the season , the Senators would call other teams to ask for their opponent 's best players to be playing them in upcoming matches , making plans to field a weaker squad if their opponent did so also . The club made no trades to improve its position , not wanting to lose the number one pick . After the season , Bruce Firestone would make comments to the press about how the team deliberately lost games , expecting that comments would be " off the record . " Instead , his comments were reported , the NHL investigated , and the team was fined $ 100 @,@ 000 for his comments . The NHL changed its rules as of the 1995 Draft so that a lottery would be held for the top draft picks .
In 1993 , the Senators would sign Daigle to a $ 12 @.@ 25 million contract , the largest rookie salary in League history , which would lead to a cap on rookie contracts a few years later . The club would promote Daigle over Alexei Yashin , nominating Daigle for rookie of the year over Yashin . His play did not justify full @-@ time status and in 1995 , coaches Rick Bowness and Alain Vigneault demoted Daigle to part @-@ time status . The move led to Bowness and Vigneault being fired . In the end , Daigle did not come close to the career the Senators hoped for . After scoring only 74 goals in just over four seasons , he was traded to the Philadelphia Flyers , and is widely regarded as one of the biggest draft busts in sports history .
= = = 1993 – 95 = = =
After the 1992 – 93 season , Bridgman was fired and replaced by Senators Vice @-@ President Randy Sexton . In the 1993 – 94 season , the club added prospects Daigle and Yashin . Yashin would have an outstanding rookie season and become a finalist for the Calder Memorial Trophy . Yashin led the team in points with 30 goals and 79 points , while Daigle had 51 points . The Senators would make some progress , improving their record to 14 wins and 37 points , but would again finish last in the League . The Senators would select Radek Bonk with their pick , third overall , in the 1994 Draft .
During this period , the club may have been more focused on building the Palladium , for which construction began in July 1994 . In the lockout @-@ shortened 1994 – 95 season , Yashin and Daigle led the club in points again , although their point totals declined . The 1994 – 95 Senators team record declined also from the previous season , finishing with nine wins and 23 points ( this was over only 48 games ) , to finish last in the League again .
= = 1995 – 98 : Ottawa 's turnaround = =
One month before the Senators were to open the new Palladium , after three @-@ straight last place finishes , and poor attendance at the Civic Centre , the Senators organization was in turmoil . Star player Alexei Yashin , angered that management favoured Daigle over him despite posting higher numbers , was a contract hold @-@ out . First @-@ round draft choice Bryan Berard , who had left the Senators training camp unsigned to a contract , had publicly stated that he would never report to the Senators . After Head Coach Rick Bowness demoted Daigle had been demoted to the fourth line , General Manager Randy Sexton fired Bowness and Assistant Coach Alain Vigneault on November 20 , 1995 . He replaced the coaches with Prince Edward Island Senators coach Dave Allison and gave the assistant coaching job to former Hartford Whalers Head Coach Pierre McGuire , who was working at the time as a scout for the Senators . Daigle was returned to full @-@ time duty , but Sexton 's changes did not improve the team 's play .
The situation was a large concern for the Senators ownership and especially for Ogden , which had much invested in the soon @-@ to @-@ open Palladium and which did not want to open the Palladium to poor attendance . Ogden brought in Roy Mlakar to assist in sorting out the turmoil ; he would eventually become team president and CEO .
The turnaround process started with the firing of Sexton on December 11 , 1995 , and the hiring of the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim Assistant General Manager Pierre Gauthier as GM , Ottawa 's first with previous NHL executive experience . Before the end of January , Gauthier had signed Yashin to a three @-@ year contract , traded Berard to the New York Islanders for Wade Redden , and hired Jacques Martin as head coach .
In the midst of the upheaval , the new Palladium had opened . The Senators , still coached by Allison , lost their opening game in the arena 3 – 0 to Montreal on January 17 , 1996 . The event was much more subdued than their franchise 's first game . The Cup banners were raised , but the winches jammed , blocking the view of many fans . There were no entertainment big names , and only Firestone and Bryden participated in the ceremonial face @-@ off . The club would lose its first four games at the Palladium , winning none for Allison , who was later fired on January 24 after the team lost 22 of 25 games . While Ottawa finished last in the League for the fourth year in a row , the 1995 – 96 season ended with renewed optimism , partly from the debut of new star Daniel Alfredsson , who won the Calder Trophy , the NHL rookie of the year award , the first Senator to do so . Alfredsson , selected 133rd overall in 1994 , was also selected to play in the 1996 NHL All @-@ Star Game .
The 1996 – 97 season would see the Senators qualify for the Stanley Cup playoffs for the first time , in dramatic fashion . They clinched the seventh seed on the last game of the regular season thanks to a late goal from Steve Duchesne against the Buffalo Sabres ' Dominik Hasek , giving the Senators a 1 – 0 win and the first playoff appearance for an Ottawa @-@ based team in 67 years . The Senators then faced Buffalo in the first round of the playoffs and were eliminated in the full seven games . Despite holding a lead in Game 7 , Alexei Yashin put the puck in his own net , allowing Buffalo to tie the game and eventually win the game and the series on a goal by Derek Plante in overtime .
The next season , 1997 – 98 , saw the Senators improve further . They improved their regular season record , finishing with their first winning record in franchise history ( one game over .500 ) . In the first play @-@ off round , they upset the top @-@ seeded and the heavily @-@ favoured New Jersey Devils in six games to win their first playoff series . The Senators next faced the eventual Eastern Conference champion Washington Capitals and lost in five games . It was in this season that the team unveiled its " third jersey " in red with the Centurion head logo " rotated " to face forward . The jersey and logo would be used until the end of the 2006 – 07 season .
After the season , Rick Dudley would become general manager after Pierre Gauthier returned to Anaheim to become the Ducks ' general manager . Dudley would be the Ottawa GM for only a year , however , leaving to join Tampa Bay ( for which the Senators received Rob Zamuner as compensation ) , and was replaced by Marshall Johnston .
= = 1998 – 2004 : Emergence as Stanley Cup contenders = =
The Senators met with limited success in the playoffs , only winning five series in their first nine trips to the post @-@ season .
In 1998 – 99 , the Senators jumped from 14th in the previous season to third , with 103 points — the first 100 @-@ point season in club history . The team , however , took an embarrassing pratfall in the playoffs , being swept by Buffalo after scoring just three goals in the entire series .
Ottawa was locked in a contract dispute with then @-@ captain Alexei Yashin during the 1999 – 2000 season . Yashin held out for the entire season , hoping either to play elsewhere or claim his contract was for 1999 – 2000 , not a year of service . The team responded by suspending him for the entire season and granting the captaincy to Daniel Alfredsson . Yashin tried to sign on with a team in Switzerland , but the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) banned him from playing internationally until the dispute with the Senators was resolved . An NHL arbitrator rejected Yashin 's request to make him a free agent , instead ruling that he owed the Senators one more season if he ever returned to the NHL . The Senators even took legal action to recover damages suffered as a result of the dispute .
Despite the distraction , the Senators ' regular season was successful as they finished with 93 points to qualify for the playoffs in sixth place in the Eastern Conference . Like the previous year , they had a quick playoff exit , losing in six games in the first round to the Toronto Maple Leafs .
Yashin returned for the 2000 – 01 season , though no longer the captain of the team . Despite being booed at home and in most arenas , being cursed as " Alexei Cashin " or " Cashin Yashin " by the fans , he played well for the Senators . The Senators had another successful season , finishing with 109 points , winning the Division and placing second in the East . For the third @-@ straight season , however , the Senators could not win a playoff round , losing again to Toronto in the first round , this time in a 4 – 0 sweep . After the season , on the day of the 2001 NHL Entry Draft , Yashin would be dealt to the New York Islanders in exchange for Zdeno Chara , Bill Muckalt and the Islanders ' first @-@ round draft pick ( second overall ) , which the Senators used to select Jason Spezza . Yashin would sign a $ 87 @.@ 5 million ten @-@ year contract with the Islanders .
In 2001 – 02 , the Senators regular season points total dropped to 94 points , third in the Division , but the team did qualify for the playoffs . Jacques Martin stepped aside as head coach for the final two games to allow Assistant Coach Roger Neilson to have 1 @,@ 000 games as head coach in the NHL . In the first round , they upset the Philadelphia Flyers in five games , limiting the Flyers ' high @-@ powered offence to just two goals for the franchise 's second playoff series win . This led to a second round series with Toronto , the third @-@ straight year the Senators had met the Maple Leafs in the " Battle of Ontario . " The Maple Leafs won the series in a tense seven @-@ game affair , despite the Senators leading the series 3 – 2 after five games .
After the disappointing end to the season , there was speculation that front @-@ office changes were coming . In the end , GM Marshall Johnston retired , but Martin and Mlakar were re @-@ signed . John Muckler was hired on June 12 , 2002 , the Senators ' sixth GM , and the first with previous experience as a general manager ( with Buffalo ) . He had been interested in the Ottawa job in 1991 , but he chose not to wait for the Senators to make him an offer , and he joined the Sabres organization .
In 2002 – 03 , off @-@ ice problems dominated the headlines . The Senators filed for bankruptcy on January 9 , 2003 , after a long history of debt . They continued regular season play after getting some emergency financing from the NHL . Despite the off @-@ ice problems , Ottawa won the Presidents ' Trophy , finishing with a franchise @-@ record 113 points , making them the first Canadian team to win it since the Calgary Flames in 1989 . This was also the highest finish by an Ottawa team in 77 years ( since the original Senators finished first overall in 1926 ) . In the 2003 playoffs , they defeated Yashin and his New York Islanders and the Philadelphia Flyers before coming within one game of making it into the Finals , falling to the eventual Stanley Cup champions , the New Jersey Devils .
= = = 2003 – 04 : End of the Jacques Martin era = = =
In the off @-@ season , Eugene Melnyk would purchase the club to bring financial stability and the team entered the 2003 – 04 season with high expectations . Head Coach Jacques Martin would guide the team to another good regular season , finishing with 102 points . This was good for only third in the tightly contested Northeast Division , as Boston would have 104 and Toronto 103 .
The seedings meant that the Senators would play the Maple Leafs in the first round of the 2004 playoffs for the fourth @-@ straight time . By now , Ottawa had developed a strong rivalry with their Ontario rivals , and there was a great deal of pressure on the team to finally defeat the Leafs . Despite missing their captain Mats Sundin and other veterans , the Maple Leafs would win the series on the back of goaltender Ed Belfour , who had two shutouts in the series , defeating the Senators in seven games . In Game 7 , Senators goaltender Patrick Lalime would surrender three goals before the first period was done and would be replaced by backup Martin Prusek . The Senators were not able to come back from the 3 – 0 deficit , losing 4 – 1 . It was Lalime 's last appearance in a Senators ' uniform , and Martin 's last game as coach — two days after the loss , Martin was fired. and Lalime was later traded to the St. Louis Blues for a fourth @-@ round pick in the 2005 NHL Draft .
After losing eight of 12 playoff series , including all four series in five years against Toronto , team management felt that a new coach was required for playoff success . Muckler even suggested that the new coach would have " to fix the dressing room " , implying the team was not responding to Martin . On June 8 , 2004 , Bryan Murray became the team 's fifth head coach , leaving the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim , where he had been general manager . He would not actually coach until 2005 due to the 2004 – 05 NHL lockout , instead spending time on scouting .
= = 2004 – present : Bryan Murray era = =
2004 – 05
Lockout time
The Senators , like the other NHL teams , did not play during the lockout . Most players chose to play in Europe , although some , including Jason Spezza , played for the Senators ' farm team , the Binghamton Senators . Prior to the lockout , the Senators had acquired free agent goaltender Dominik Hasek . He did not play for any teams during the season , instead practicing with Binghamton . Daniel Alfredsson had a very good season in Sweden with Frölunda HC , winning the Swedish championship .
= = = 2005 – 06 : High expectations unfulfilled = = =
The media predicted the Senators to be Stanley Cup contenders , as they had a strong core back after the lockout , played in an up @-@ tempo style fitting the new rule changes and Hasek was expected to provide top @-@ notch goaltending . The team rushed out of the gate , winning 19 of the first 22 games , in the end winning 52 games and 113 points , placing first in the East , and second overall in the League .
Prior to the season , the Senators had acquired Dany Heatley in a blockbuster trade with the Atlanta Thrashers for Marian Hossa and Greg DeVries . Heatley , Alfredsson and Spezza immediately formed one of the League 's top offensive lines , dubbed the " CASH line " by fans in a contest held by the Ottawa Citizen . ( The name is made from the initials of Captain Alfredsson , Spezza , and Heatley . Another nickname the line has picked up is the " Pizza Line " , and is the nickname used by the Citizen 's rival paper , the Ottawa Sun . ) The line made a dramatic debut in the first game , with Alfredsson scoring a goal to force overtime and Alfredsson and Heatley scoring goals in the League 's first @-@ ever shootout round . Heatley became the first player in franchise history to reach 100 points and the first to reach the 50 @-@ goal mark . The line is notable as a top offensive line , the top line of all time for the Senators , and is widely regarded as one of the top lines in the NHL earning such quotes as " best trio in the NHL , " " most dangerous line in hockey , " " high @-@ flying trio , " " League 's highest scoring line " and " potent first line " in the sports media and hockey fans , both of the Senators and other teams .
Despite the regular season success , the team entered the playoffs under a cloud . In February , Hasek had suffered an adductor muscle injury while playing for the Czech Republic men 's national ice hockey team during the 2006 Winter Olympics in Turin . He had played only one game for the Czechs and returned to Ottawa to heal , but would never play for the Senators again . Rookie goaltender Ray Emery had to take over the starting goaltender duties , leading the media to predict an early playoff exit due to Hasek 's absence . Hopes were raised in the first round , however , when Emery would become the first rookie goaltender since Philadelphia 's Brian Boucher in 2000 to win a playoff series when the Senators defeated the Tampa Bay Lightning four games to one . However , the Senators then lost to the Buffalo Sabres in the second round , a series in which all games were decided by one goal .
This was the last hurrah for several Senators , as Zdeno Chara , Dominik Hasek , Martin Havlat , Bryan Smolinski and Brian Pothier all left the team after the season ; Chara , Hasek and Pothier departed via free agency , while Havlat and Smolinski were both dealt to the Chicago Blackhawks .
= = = 2006 – 07 : Trip to the Stanley Cup Finals = = =
The Senators ' season went off to a poor start , and was marked by a struggle to reach a .500 win @-@ loss ratio . Until December , the team had a 21 – 18 – 1 record , though they had much more success in the remaining half of the season , eventually finishing second in the Division after the Presidents ' Trophy @-@ winning Sabres and earning the fourth seed in the East . They ultimately finished with 105 points , their fourth @-@ straight 100 @-@ point season and sixth in their last eight .
In the playoffs , Ottawa 's fourth placing in the Conference meant that the first @-@ round playoff series was against the fifth @-@ seeded Pittsburgh Penguins . Some media were expecting the Penguins to win the series for three reasons — the Penguins had won the season series , the Senators ' past playoff troubles and the strong young talent of the Penguins , particularly young star Sidney Crosby . The Senators , however , won easily by a score of four games to one , including a 3 – 0 shutout win in Game 5 . This was the only series where the Senators were the higher @-@ seeded team .
The second @-@ round series was against the Atlantic Division @-@ leading New Jersey Devils in a rematch of the 2003 Eastern Conference Finals . The Senators again won by a score of four games to one .
Next , the Senators faced off against Buffalo in the Conference Final , looking to get even for losing to the Sabres in the 2006 playoffs . The Senators took the series , again by a score of four games to one , earning the Prince of Wales Trophy as the Eastern Conference champions and advancing to the Stanley Cup Finals to face the Western Conference @-@ winning Anaheim Ducks . Daniel Alfredsson scored the series @-@ winning goal , ( see video ) in overtime , redemption for being beaten a year before on the goal that eliminated Ottawa from the playoffs . It was also the first series win by the Senators against the Sabres .
First Stanley Cup finals in the capital in 80 years
The 2006 – 07 Senators thus became the first Ottawa team to be in the Stanley Cup Finals since the 1927 Stanley Cup Finals . Despite the 80 @-@ year gap , one fan attended games both the 1927 and the 2007 Finals — the third game of the series and first home game for Ottawa on June 2 was attended by 99 @-@ year @-@ old Russell Williams as a guest of the Senators . He had attended the last Finals game in Ottawa on April 13 , 1927 , played in the old Ottawa Auditorium . Both the 1927 and 2007 games were won by the Senators .
The city was swept up in the excitement of being in the Finals . Businesses along all the main streets posted large hand @-@ drawn " Go Sens Go " signs , residents put up large displays in front of their homes or decorated their cars . A large Senators flag was draped on the City Hall , along with a large video screen showing the games . A six @-@ story likeness of Daniel Alfredsson was hung on the Corel building and the Senators organization held rallies at City Hall , and car rallies of decorated cars paraded from Lynx stadium , through downtown to Scotiabank Place .
The series marked the first time that an NHL team with a captain from Europe had made the Finals , as Senators captain Alfredsson hails from Sweden . ( Previously , only Americans or Canadians had captained teams in the Finals . ) Alfredsson would be one of the bright lights for the Senators in the series , as he had been in all the playoff series . But he would be one of the few bright lights as Anaheim won the series in five games bolstered by strong defensive play and opportunistic scoring .
The first two games were in Anaheim , both won by the Ducks by one @-@ goal margins . Game 3 went to the Senators , but Game 4 in Ottawa was won by the Ducks , for an insurmountable three games to one lead . The Ducks would finish the series in Game 5 at home . The Ducks had been favoured to win the Cup since before the season started . The Senators were the third consecutive Canadian franchise to reach the Final and they suffered the same fate as the Calgary Flames of 2004 and the Edmonton Oilers of 2006 .
= = = 2007 – 08 : Stanley Cup hangover = = =
The Senators made major changes in their hockey staff during the off @-@ season . On June 17 , 2007 , General Manager John Muckler was fired ; he had been in the last year of his contract . Head Coach Bryan Murray was subsequently promoted to GM . On July 5 , 2007 , he hired his nephew Tim Murray as assistant GM , followed by the promotion of Assistant Coach John Paddock to head coach on July 6 , 2007 . On August 15 , Goaltending Coach Ron Low was named as assistant coach while Eli Wilson was named goaltending coach . Assistant Coach Greg Carvel retained his duties .
On November 5 , 2007 , the Senators set a franchise record eighth @-@ straight win with their victory over the Maple Leafs . On November 6 , six Senators were named to the All @-@ Star Game ballot : Daniel Alfredsson , Ray Emery , Dany Heatley , Chris Phillips , Wade Redden and Jason Spezza , the most from any one team in the NHL . The " CASH line " was named to the All @-@ Star roster in its entirety , Alfredsson to the starting lineup and Dany Heatley and Jason Spezza as reserves . On January 24 , 2008 , Alfredsson recorded a franchise @-@ record seven points ( three goals and four assists ) against the Tampa Bay Lightning , taking over the NHL scoring lead momentarily .
After the hot start , a prolonged slump through January and February occurred during which the Senators won only seven of 21 games , and Murray fired Head Coach Paddock and Assistant Coach Ron Low on February 27 , 2008 , taking over the coaching duties himself . After the coaching switch , team performance improved but did not match the performance of the beginning of the season . A playoff spot was in doubt until the Senators ' last game of the season , a loss to Boston , but the team qualified due to the Carolina Hurricanes losing . After all other games were played , the team ended up as the seventh seed and faced the Pittsburgh Penguins in the opening round , a repeat of the 2007 Eastern Conference Quarterfinals . The Senators lost the series four games to none , the third time they were swept in a first @-@ round series . The result , after going to the Finals the previous season , led to speculation by the media that the team would make a large change in personnel before next season , including the buy @-@ out of Ray Emery and the Senators not re @-@ signing their free agents .
= = = 2008 – 09 : Season of turnover = = =
After a disappointing 2007 – 08 season , Senators ' management promised change , and in the off @-@ season fulfilled that promise with changes both in coaching and on @-@ ice personnel . On June 13 , 2008 , the Senators named Craig Hartsburg , who had been head coach of the OHL 's Sault Ste . Marie Greyhounds , as the new head coach , signing him to a three @-@ year contract . The Senators also named Curtis Hunt , formerly of the Regina Pats , as assistant coach . On the player side , the first change was the buy @-@ out of troubled goaltender Ray Emery 's contract following a difficult season . Long @-@ time Senator Wade Redden left via free @-@ agency , and 2007 – 08 trade acquisitions Mike Commodore , Cory Stillman and Martin Lapointe were not re @-@ signed . Brian McGrattan and Andrej Meszaros were traded , Meszaros following a contract dispute . From the free agent market , the Senators signed goaltender Alex Auld , defenceman Jason Smith , and agitating forward Jarkko Ruutu . In exchange for Meszaros , defencemen Filip Kuba , Alexandre Picard and a 2009 first @-@ round draft pick ( later dealt for defenceman Chris Campoli ) were acquired from the Tampa Bay Lightning .
To start the 2008 – 09 season , the Senators played their first @-@ ever games in Europe , starting in Gothenburg , Sweden , playing Daniel Alfredsson 's former team , Frölunda HC . The Senators then began the regular season with two games in Stockholm against the Pittsburgh Penguins , splitting the results in a 4 – 3 overtime loss and a 3 – 1 win . The Senators struggled throughout the first half of the season , having the lowest number of goals scored in the League . Following a disappointing 17 – 24 – 7 start , the Senators fired Hartsburg on February 1 , 2009 , after a 7 – 4 loss to the Washington Capitals . He was replaced by Cory Clouston , the head coach of their farm team in Binghamton . The team showed almost immediate improvement under Clouston , playing above .500 for the remainder of the season . Though much improved , the team was unable to make up for its poor start , and was officially eliminated from playoff contention on March 31 . The team continued to play well , winning nine games in a row at home . On April 8 , Clouston was rewarded with a two @-@ year deal to continue coaching the Senators .
= = = 2009 – 10 : Return to the playoffs = = =
After the season had concluded , word was leaked that star forward Heatley had demanded a trade , placing GM Murray in a precarious position . On June 30 , a deal to Edmonton was finalized , but Heatley rejected it by refusing to waive his no @-@ trade clause . On September 12 , 2009 , Heatley was traded , along with a fifth @-@ round pick in 2010 NHL Entry Draft , to the San Jose Sharks in exchange for forwards Milan Michalek and Jonathan Cheechoo , as well as a second @-@ round pick in the 2010 NHL Draft . Michalek would play well for the Senators , but Cheechoo struggled and was demoted to the Binghamton Senators before having his contract bought out in the off @-@ season .
On January 13 , 2010 , Bryan Murray relieved Goaltending Coach Eli Wilson of his duties . Immediately afterward , the team went on a team @-@ record 11 @-@ game winning streak . The streak propelled the team to the top of the Northeast Division standings and a top @-@ three placing for the playoffs . The team was unable to hold off the Sabres for the division lead , but qualified for the playoffs in the fifth position . For the third season in four , the Senators played off against the Penguins in the first round . A highlight for the Senators was winning a triple @-@ overtime fifth game in Pittsburgh , but the team was unable to win a playoff game on home ice , losing the series in six games .
= = = 2010 – 11 : Rebuilding = = =
The Senators had a much poorer than expected 2010 – 11 campaign , resulting in constant rumours of a shakeup right through until December . The rumours were heightened in January after the team went on a lengthy losing streak . January was a dismal month for the Senators , winning only one game all month . Media speculated on the imminent firing of Clouston , Murray or both . Owner Melynk cleared the air in an article in the January 22 , 2011 edition of the Ottawa Sun . Melnyk stated that he would not fire either Clouston or Murray , but that he had given up on this season and was in the process of developing a plan for the future . On Monday , January 24 , the Toronto Globe and Mail reported that the plan included hiring a new general manager before the June entry draft and that Murray would be retained as an advisor to the team . A decision on whether to retain Clouston would be made by the new general manager . The article by Roy MacGregor , a long @-@ time reporter of the Ottawa Senators , stated that former Assistant Coach Pierre McGuire had already been interviewed . Murray , in a press conference that day stated that he wished to stay on as the team 's general manager . He also stated that Melnyk was allowing him to continue as general manager without restraint . Murray said that the players were now to be judged by their play until the February 28 trade deadline . Murray would attempt to move " a couple , at least " of the players for draft picks or prospects at that time if the Senators remained out of playoff contention . At the time of Murray 's comments the team was eight games under .500 and 14 points out of a playoff position after 49 games .
Murray started with the trading of Mike Fisher to the Nashville Predators in exchange for a first @-@ round pick in the 2011 draft . Fisher already had a home in Nashville with new wife Carrie Underwood . The trading of Fisher , a fan favorite in Ottawa , lead to a small anti @-@ Underwood backlash in the city with the banning of her songs from the play lists of some local radio stations . Murray next traded Chris Kelly , another veteran , to the Boston Bruins for a second @-@ round pick in the 2011 draft . A few days later , pending unrestricted free agent Jarkko Ruutu was sent to the Anaheim Ducks in exchange for a sixth @-@ round pick in 2011 . A swap of goaltenders was made with the Colorado Avalanche which brought Craig Anderson to Ottawa in exchange for Brian Elliott . Both goalies were having sub @-@ par seasons prior to the trade . Under @-@ achieving forward Alex Kovalev was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins for a seventh @-@ round draft pick . On trade deadline day , Ottawa picked up goaltender Curtis McElhinney on waivers , and traded Chris Campoli with a seventh @-@ round pick to the Chicago Blackhawks for a second @-@ round pick and Ryan Potulny . Goaltender Anderson played very well down the stretch for Ottawa , and the team quickly signed the soon @-@ to @-@ be unrestricted free agent to a four @-@ year contract . After media speculation on the future of Murray within the organization , Murray was re @-@ signed as general manager on April 8 , to a three @-@ year extension . On April 9 , Head Coach Cory Clouston and assistants Greg Carvel and Brad Lauer were dismissed from their positions . Murray said that the decision was made based on the fact that the team entered the season believing it was a contender , but finished with a 32 – 40 – 10 record . Former Detroit Red Wings Assistant Coach Paul MacLean was hired as Clouston 's replacement on June 14 , 2011 .
= = = 2011 – 12 : Surprise trip to the playoffs = = =
As the 2011 – 12 season began , many hockey writers and commentators were convinced that the Senators would finish at or near the bottom of the NHL standings . In the midst of rebuilding , the Ottawa lineup contained many rookies and inexperienced players . The team struggled out of the gate , losing five of their first six games before a reversal of fortunes saw them win six games in a row . In December 2011 , the team acquired forward Kyle Turris from the Phoenix Coyotes in exchange for David Rundblad and a draft pick . The team improved its play afterwards and moved into a playoff position before the All @-@ Star Game . For the first time in Senators ' history , the All @-@ Star Game was held in Ottawa , and it was considered a great success . Five Senators were voted in or named to the event , including Daniel Alfredsson , who was named captain of one team . The team continued its playoff push after the break . After starting goalie Craig Anderson injured his hand in a kitchen accident at home , the Senators called up Robin Lehner from Binghamton and acquired highly regarded goaltender Ben Bishop from the St. Louis Blues . While Anderson recovered , the team continued its solid play . On April 1 , 2012 , the Senators defeated the New York Islanders 5 – 1 , officially ensuring a playoff position . The team finished as the eighth seed in the Eastern Conference , drawing a first round playoff matchup against the Conference champion New York Rangers . Ultimately , Ottawa lost the series in seven games .
= = = 2012 – 13 : Renewing success = = =
The next season , Ottawa would be challenged to repeat the success they had in 2011 – 12 , due to long @-@ term injuries to key players such as Erik Karlsson , Jason Spezza , Milan Michalek and Craig Anderson . Despite these injuries , the Senators would finish seventh in the Eastern Conference and head coach Paul MacLean would go on to win the Jack Adams Award as the NHL 's coach of the year . Ottawa would play the second @-@ seeded Montreal Canadiens in the first round of the playoffs , eventually winning in five games , blowing out Montreal 6 – 1 in games three and five . The Senators would advance to play the top @-@ seeded Pittsburgh Penguins in the second round , this time losing in five games . During the off @-@ season , the Senators traded veteran defenceman Sergei Gonchar to the Dallas Stars in exchange for a sixth @-@ round draft pick in 2013 . July 5 , 2013 would be a day of mixed emotions for the city and fans , as long @-@ time captain Daniel Alfredsson signed a one @-@ year contract with the Detroit Red Wings , leaving Ottawa after 17 seasons with the Senators and 14 as captain . The signing shocked numerous fans across the city and many within the Senators organization . The day finished optimistically however , as Murray acquired star forward Bobby Ryan from the Anaheim Ducks in exchange for forwards Jakob Silfverberg , Stefan Noesen and a first @-@ round draft pick in 2014 . Murray would also sign free agent forward Clarke MacArthur to a two @-@ year contract that same day and would sign free agent defenceman Joe Corvo to a one @-@ year contract three days later on July 8 .
= = = 2013 – 14 : A season of change and disappointment = = =
For the 2013 – 14 season , the League re @-@ aligned and Ottawa was moved to the new Atlantic Division along with the rest of the old Northeast Division and the Columbus Blue Jackets and Detroit Red Wings from the Western Conference . The re @-@ alignment increased the competition to qualify for the playoffs , as there was now 16 teams in the East fighting for eight playoff spots . There were changes on the club as well . Ottawa entered the season with Jason Spezza as the team 's new captain as long @-@ time captain Daniel Alfredsson left to join the Detroit Red Wings after a contract dispute with the club . The same day that Alfredsson signed , the club swung a deal for Anaheim Ducks ' scorer Bobby Ryan . There were numerous other changes to the lineup as well . The club signed free agents Clarke MacArthur and Joe Corvo , while not re @-@ signing veteran defencemen Sergei Gonchar and Andre Benoit . While MacArthur had a career season , Ryan played well until he was injured , and Corvo lost his place in the lineup . The club struggled on defence , with shots and goals against increasing from the previous season . The club was a sub-.500 team much of the season , or only a few games above and never was in a playoff position all season . At the NHL trade deadline , Murray traded for flashy right winger Ales Hemsky from Edmonton and he played well , establishing chemistry on a line alongside Jason Spezza and Milan Michalek , though the club was eliminated from playoff contention in the last week of the season .
= = Logo and jersey design = =
The team colours are red , black and white , like the original era Senators , and like other Ottawa sports teams ( such as the Ottawa Renegades , Rough Riders and 67s ) , with added trim of gold . The colours are attributed to the colours of the defunct Ottawa Amateur Athletic Association , the Ottawa Hockey Club being a member club .
The club logo is officially the head of a Roman general , a member of the Senate of the Roman Empire , projecting from a gold circle . There have been several versions of the team logo . The original , unveiled on May 23 , 1991 , described the general as a " centurion figure , strong and prominent " according to its designer , Tony Milchard . Milchard intended the logo to be similar to that of the Chicago Blackhawks head logo . Leaked before its unveiling , the logo design was unpopular with fans , being compared unfavourably to the American Express card , the USC Trojans and the Trojan condom . The original had the words " Ottawa Senators " within the circle . This logo was slightly revised in 1996 to remove the team name from the gold circle and replace it with laurels .
The original home jersey was white with black and red stripes . The original ' away ' jersey was black , with white and red trim . Shoulder patches used a winged ' S ' ' established MDCCCXCIV ' ( 1894 ) logo . The League changed its policies on coloured and white jerseys and the white jersey became the away jersey . The club would use the white jersey with the original logo until the end of the 2007 Stanley Cup Finals .
In 1998 , the Senators unveiled a new logo , taking the head , which had been in profile , and rotating it so that it was face @-@ first . The new logo was unveiled with a new red ' third ' jersey , prominently using ' curved ' or ' swoosh ' stripes . On the shoulder , the original logo was used as a shoulder patch . The original dark jersey , ( then the ' away ' jersey ) which was mostly black , was retired after the season . The red jersey became the home jersey and it remained in use until the end of the 2007 Stanley Cup Finals .
Starting in July 2000 , the Senators reused the alternate logo on another third jersey , designed by Ottawa firm Hoselton Brunet , this one black with red and gold sleeves and a gold stripe with laurel leaves along the bottom of the jersey . On the shoulders , was a modified version of the original Peace Tower logo of the expansion campaign , which the management liked . Like the original logo , this design was leaked onto the Internet . This jersey was in use until the end of the 2006 – 07 season .
= = = 2007 update = = =
On August 22 , 2007 , the Senators unveiled a set of new jerseys , which have a more refined , streamlined look to them , . The team retired all three previous jerseys and did not have a third jersey for the 2007 – 08 season . The updated look came in conjunction with the launch of the new Rbk EDGE jerseys by Reebok , adopted League @-@ wide for the 2007 – 08 season .
At the same time , the team updated its logos , designed by local firm Acart Communications . The new primary logo is an update of the old secondary logo , which according to team owner Eugene Melnyk , " represents strength and determination . " The logo was modified in several ways , updating the facial features , removing facial colouring , reducing size of the gold semicircle and updating the cape of the warrior . The new secondary logo is an update of the old primary logo . Only the primary logo will appear on the jerseys , as the secondary logo will be on Sens ' merchandise . The new shoulder patch ' O ' logo replaces the winged ' S ' shoulder patch with the jersey logo of the original Ottawa Senators club .
= = = 2008 and 2011 third jerseys = = =
On November 22 , 2008 , the Senators unveiled a new third jersey in a game versus the New York Rangers . Marketed with the slogan ' Back in Black ' in reference to the black " away " jerseys the team wore during its first several seasons , the jersey is primarily black , while the team 's other traditional colors of white and red are also integrated . The Senators ' primary " centurion figure " logo moves to the shoulders . The front features the word ' SENS ' in white with red and gold trim , as a new primary logo . The ' SENS ' third jersey was retired in 2011 .
On January 20 , 2011 , the Ottawa Sun reported that the Senators organization was studying designs for a new third jersey to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the current franchise . The Senators announced to season ticket holders on March 2 , 2011 , that the new third jersey will be a ' heritage design ' based on the early @-@ era Senators jersey . The new third jersey was to be unveiled officially on October 1 , 2011 , however was mistakenly leaked after being discovered in a souvenir store at First Niagara Center . The jersey will be a ' barber @-@ pole ' design with a large ' O ' on the front , and shield @-@ shaped badges on each shoulder . One shoulder badge has the words " Ottawa Senators " , the other has the words " Sénateurs d 'Ottawa " .
Mostly black , the third jersey incorporates horizontal striping intended to be reminiscent of the original Senators ' ' barber @-@ pole ' designs , and the large letter O used in Ottawa jersey designs going back to the 1890s . The new jersey , while an entirely new creation , most resembles the look of the 1926 – 27 Senators , when the franchise won its last Stanley Cup . Shield @-@ type patches were added to the shoulders . The design of the shield @-@ type patches was intended to be similar to the shield patches that the original Senators added to their jerseys after each Stanley Cup championship win . The patches spell the team name , one in English , and one in French . Jacob Barrette , a local Gatineau , Quebec fan had posted a similar design on the internet since 2009 . The Senators worked with Barrette to develop the jersey design in time for the 20th anniversary season .
= = = 2014 Heritage Classic jersey = = =
A special edition jersey was used for the 2014 Heritage Classic against the Vancouver Canucks on March 2 , 2014 . The jersey shares virtually the same characteristics as their current third jersey , albeit reversed so that cream is the primary color .
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= Eutharic =
Eutharic Cilliga ( Latin : Flavius Eutharicus Cillica ) was an Ostrogothic prince from Iberia ( modern @-@ day Spain ) who , during the early 6th century , served as Roman Consul and " son in arms " ( filius per arma ) alongside the Byzantine emperor Justin I. He was the son @-@ in @-@ law and presumptive heir of the Ostrogoth king Theoderic the Great but died in AD 522 at the age of 42 before he could inherit Theoderic 's title . Theoderic claimed that Eutharic was a descendant of the Gothic royal house of Amali and it was intended that his marriage to Theoderic 's daughter Amalasuintha would unite the Gothic kingdoms , establish Theoderic 's dynasty and further strengthen the Gothic hold over Italy .
During his year of consulship in 519 relations with the East Roman Empire flourished and the Acacian schism between the Eastern and Western Christian churches was ended . Whilst Eutharic was nominally a statesman , politician and soldier of the Roman Empire , he was also an Arian , whose views clashed with the Catholic majority ; as consul enforcing Theoderic 's tolerant policy towards the Jewish people , he incurred resentment from the local Catholics , whose traditions were less than tolerant . Following disturbances in Ravenna , where Catholics burnt down a number of synagogues , Eutharic 's siding with the Jewish people of Ravenna was reported with resentment in a fragmentary contemporary chronicle .
Some time after the death of Eutharic , his son Athalaric briefly held the Ostrogothic throne but died at the age of 18 . After Athalaric 's death , Eutharic 's widow moved to Constantinople where further attempts at establishing a dynasty failed .
= = Early life = =
Eutharic was born around AD 480 to a noble ostrogoth family of the Amali line . Eutharic 's ancestry has been traced back through his father Veteric , son of Berismund , son of Thorismund , son of Hunimund , son of Hermanaric , son of Achiulf . Eutharic grew up in Iberia ( modern @-@ day Spain ) where he had a reputation for being " a young man strong in wisdom and valor and health of body " . He was later to become the " son in arms " ( filius per arma ) to the Byzantine emperor Justin I , a role which indicated a part of his early life may have been spent as a soldier .
Eutharic 's status in both the Gothic and Roman world was elevated by the attentions of Theoderic the Great who he was related to distantly through their mutual connection with Hermanric . Hermanric was an Ostrogoth chief who ruled much of the territory north of the Black Sea . Eutharic was descended through five generations from Hermanric , whilst Theoderic was a descendant of Hermanric 's older brother Vultwulf .
By the late 5th century Theoderic was king of the Ostrogoths , ruling from Ravenna in Italy and a close ally of the Roman Emperor Zeno . Following the death of a rival , Theodoric Strabo , Theoderic the Great received the titles of patricius and magister militum from Zeno and in 484 he was appointed consul . Though there was tension between Theoderic and Zeno 's successor Anastasius I , the emperor who followed Anastasius , Justin I , sought reconciliation with Theoderic whose influence in the Gothic world would make him a powerful ally . Having worked throughout his life to establish a kingdom and strengthen relations with both the church and Rome , Theoderic was keen to establish a dynasty . His marriage to Audofleda however had produced only a daughter , Amalasuintha . Therefore , to achieve his ambitions Theoderic would have to ensure he chose a son @-@ in @-@ law with an ancestry equal in strength to his own . His investigations into the Gothic royal lines , which were by this time widely distributed across Europe , led him to Iberia . Here he discovered Eutharic , the last heir of a related branch of the Amali , who had recently assumed the regency of Spain .
More recent studies however suggest that Eutharic 's Amali ancestry may have been a deliberate invention on the part of Theoderic to aid his ambitions of establishing dynastic credibility . According to Gesta Theoderici Eutharic belonged to the Gothic house of Alan rather than the house of Amal . Whilst Jordanes , in his history of the Goths , does make reference to Eutharic 's prudentia et virtus , or pride and valour , this too may have been a fabrication on the part of Theoderic . Those qualities were recognised as requirements of Gothic ethnographic ideology , expressed in their code of civilitas . It would have been highly beneficial for Theoderic 's chosen son @-@ in @-@ law to possess them .
= = At the court of Theoderic = =
In AD 515 Eutharic answered a summons by Theoderic the Great and moved to the Ostrogothic court at Ravenna in Italy . Here he was given in marriage Amalasuintha , the daughter of the king . It was Theoderic 's intention that this union would create a long @-@ lasting dynastic connection between the previously sundered Ostrogoths and Visigoths . Theoderic also named Eutharic his presumptive heir .
Whilst in Italy , Eutharic played an important political role within Theoderic 's kingdom . With a court background he had the ability to serve in government and he was respected by the Romans , who admired his liberality and magnificence . Catholic writers of the time however indicate that , whilst his father @-@ in @-@ law was renowned for policies of toleration , Eutharic acted more like a " bigoted Arian " .
= = Consulship = =
In 498 , as the Empire 's nominal vice @-@ regent in Italy , Theoderic had been granted the right to nominate the Western candidate for each year 's consular pair . He was however bounded by a restriction : to select only a Roman citizen for the position . To advance Eutharic 's standing in the world Theoderic wished him to be made consul for the year 519 . To get around the restriction imposed on his nominations , and as a favour to Theoderic , Justin himself nominated Eutharic .
The nomination was successful , and in January 519 Eutharic took up the position of Western Consul . By granting him Roman citizenship , accepting him as co @-@ consul and calling him a " son in arms " , Emperor Justin I sought to restore ties with Theoderic , strained during the reign of Anastasius I Dicorus . He showed further favour to Eutharic by conceding the senior consulship to him . It is reported that at the celebrations to mark the assumption there were , " magnificent shows of wild beasts procured from Africa " and that a visiting diplomat , the patricius Symmachus , sent by the eastern Imperial court to Italy was , " amazed at the riches given to the Goths and the Romans " .
During this period Eutharic was eulogised by Cassiodorus in the Senate . In it he compared Eutharic to great consuls of the past . The short Chronicle , which Cassiodorus wrote to congratulate Eutharic on his consulship , is noted for focusing on Eutharic 's accession to a position of high civilian honour , rather than any military victories , as had been more common for past Gothic nobility . Eutharic 's time as consul is portrayed largely as a time of prosperity for the western Roman empire with the code of civilitas being promoted . In March 519 , the Acacian schism which had separated the Eastern and Western Christian churches for the previous 35 years was ended and the churches reconciled . In addition to the prosperity felt by the peoples of the Roman empire , Eutharic 's year of consulship has also been described as seeming like " [ a year ] of bright promise for the Ostrogothic kingdom " .
The contemporary Catholic chronicle of the Anonymus Valesianus portrays Eutharic in a negative light , connecting him with taking the Jews ' side in anti @-@ Jewish disturbances in Ravenna over the Jewish congregation 's rights to their synagogue ; the disagreement prompted a conflict between the Arians and Catholics as the Arian Eutharic chose to side with the Jewish people . It is thought that the outrage expressed by the Catholics at this action was in proportion to Eutharic 's being a symbol of the recent reconciliation between the Eastern and Western Churches brought about under the direction of Theoderic .
= = Death and legacy = =
Eutharic died in 522 at the age of 42 , less than three years after his consulship . His death caused problems for Theoderic who never succeeded in his desire to establish a strong Gothic dynasty . Though Eutharic and Amalasuintha had a son , Athalaric born in 516 , and a daughter , Matasuntha , the dynasty was never established convincingly . Theoderic named Athalaric as his heir in 526 , and Athalaric 's mother Amalasuintha acted as regent for her son following Theoderic 's death that year . Athalaric died in October 534 at the age of 18 . To maintain her power , Amalasuintha brought her cousin , and a nephew of Theoderic , named Theodahad to the throne . Though he was made to swear fealty to Amalasuintha , Theodahad felt insecure and in December 534 had her imprisoned on an island in Lake Bolsena where she was eventually murdered on 30 April 535 .
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= Lisa Simpson =
Lisa Marie Simpson is a fictional character in the animated television series The Simpsons . She is the middle child and most intelligent of the Simpson family . Voiced by Yeardley Smith , Lisa first appeared on television in The Tracey Ullman Show short " Good Night " on April 19 , 1987 . Cartoonist Matt Groening created and designed her while waiting to meet James L. Brooks . Groening had been invited to pitch a series of shorts based on his comic Life in Hell , but instead decided to create a new set of characters . He named the elder Simpson daughter after his younger sister Lisa Groening . After appearing on The Tracey Ullman Show for three years , the Simpson family were moved to their own series on Fox , which debuted on December 17 , 1989 .
Intelligent , passionate , and the moral centre of the family , Lisa Simpson , at eight years old , is the second child of Homer and Marge , younger sister of Bart , and older sister of Maggie . Lisa 's high intellect and liberal political stance creates a barrier between her and other children her age , therefore she is a bit of a loner and social outcast . Lisa is a vegetarian , a strong environmentalist , a feminist , and a Buddhist . Lisa enjoys many hobbies , including reading and playing the baritone saxophone . Lisa 's character develops many times over the course of the show , she becomes a vegetarian in season 7 and converts to Buddhism in season 13 . Lisa advocates for a variety of political causes and is a strong liberal and stands with the Tibetan independence movement . She has appeared in other media relating to The Simpsons – including video games , The Simpsons Movie , The Simpsons Ride , commercials and comic books – and inspired a line of merchandise .
Yeardley Smith originally tried out for the role of Bart , while Nancy Cartwright ( who was later cast as the voice for Bart ) tried out for Lisa . Producers considered Smith 's voice too high for a boy , so she was given the role of Lisa . In the Tracey Ullman Show shorts , Lisa was something of a " female Bart " who mirrored her brother 's mischief , but as the series progressed she became a more sophisticated and intellectual character . Because of her unusual pointed hair style , many animators consider Lisa the most difficult Simpsons character to draw .
Lisa is one of the most enduring characters on the series . TV Guide ranked her 11th ( tied with Bart ) on their list of the " Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time " . Her environmentalism has been especially well received ; several episodes featuring her have won Genesis and Environmental Media Awards , including a special " Board of Directors Ongoing Commitment Award " in 2001 . People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals included Lisa on their list of the " Most Animal @-@ Friendly TV Characters of All Time " . Yeardley Smith won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice @-@ Over Performance in 1992 , and in 2000 , Lisa and her family were awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame .
= = Role in The Simpsons = =
The Simpsons uses a floating timeline in which the characters do not physically age ; as such , Lisa is always depicted as 7 – 8 years old . The show itself is perpetually set in the year of broadcast ( except for occasional flashbacks and flashforwards ) . In several episodes , events have been linked to specific time periods , although this timeline has been contradicted in subsequent episodes . Lisa 's year of birth is given in " Lisa 's First Word " ( season 4 , 1992 ) as 1984 , during the Summer Olympics . The episode " That ' 90s Show " ( season 19 , 2008 ) , however , contradicts much of the established backstory ; for example , it presents Homer and Marge as being childless in the late 1990s . Lisa is a lover of music , especially jazz . She enjoys playing the saxophone and became friends with jazz musician Bleeding Gums Murphy , whom she regards as an idol . Murphy helps pull Lisa out of her depression in " Moaning Lisa " ( season 1 , 1990 ) . She is later deeply saddened by Murphy 's death in " ' Round Springfield " ( season 6 , 1995 ) .
Lisa has been friendly with several boys , including Ralph Wiggum in " I Love Lisa " ( season 4 , 1993 ) , Nelson Muntz in " Lisa 's Date with Density " ( season 8 , 1996 ) and Colin in The Simpsons Movie ( 2007 ) . Bart 's best friend Milhouse Van Houten has a crush on her , but despite dropping unsubtle hints about his feelings , he has been unsuccessful in winning her affection .
Lisa is the second most intellectual member of the Simpson family ( IQ 156 ) , and many episodes of the series focus on her fighting for various causes . Lisa is often the focus of episodes with " a real moral or philosophical point " , which according to former writer David S. Cohen is because " you really buy her as caring about it . " Lisa 's political convictions are generally liberal and she often contests other 's views . She is a vegetarian , feminist , environmentalist and a supporter of gay rights , and the Free Tibet movement . In a special Christmas message for the UK in 2004 Lisa showed her support for Cornish nationalism , even speaking the Cornish language to get her message across . While supportive of the general ideals of the Christian church in which she was raised , Lisa became a practicing Buddhist in the episode " She of Little Faith " ( season 13 , 2001 ) after she learned about the Noble Eightfold Path .
= = Character = =
= = = Creation = = =
Matt Groening first conceived Lisa and the rest of the Simpson family in 1986 in the lobby of producer James L. Brooks 's office . Groening had been called in to pitch a series of animated shorts for The Tracey Ullman Show and had intended to present an adaptation of his Life in Hell comic strip . When he realized that animating Life in Hell would require him to rescind publication rights , Groening went in another direction , hurriedly sketching his version of a dysfunctional family , named after members of his own family . Lisa was named after Groening 's younger sister , but little else was based on her . In The Tracey Ullman Show shorts , Lisa displayed little of the intelligence for which she later became known . She was more of a " female Bart " and was originally described as simply the " middle child " , without much personality .
Lisa made her debut with the rest of the Simpson family on April 19 , 1987 in The Tracey Ullman Show short " Good Night " . In 1989 , the shorts were adapted into The Simpsons , a half @-@ hour series on the Fox Broadcasting Company . Lisa and the Simpson family remained the main characters on this new show .
= = = Design = = =
The entire Simpson family was designed to be easily recognized in silhouette . The family was crudely drawn , because Groening had submitted basic sketches to the animators , assuming they would clean them up ; instead , they just traced over his drawings . Lisa 's physical features are generally unique . In some early episodes , minor background characters occasionally had a similar hairline . However , in the later seasons , no character other than Maggie shares her hairline . While designing Lisa , Groening " couldn 't be bothered to even think about girls ' hair styles " . At the time , Groening was primarily drawing in black and white ; when designing Lisa and Maggie , he " just gave them this kind of spiky starfish hair style , not thinking that they would eventually be drawn in color " .
To draw Lisa 's head and hair , most of the show 's animators use what they call the " three @-@ three @-@ two arrangement " . It begins with a circle , with two curving lines ( one vertical , one horizontal ) intersecting in the middle to indicate her eyeline . The vertical line continues outside of the circle to create one hair point , with two more added towards the back of her head . Three more points are then added in front ( in the direction Lisa is facing ) , with two more behind it . Several Simpsons animators , including Pete Michels and David Silverman , consider Lisa the most difficult Simpsons character to draw . Silverman explains that " her head is so abstract " due to her hairstyle .
= = = Voice = = =
While the roles of Homer and Marge were given to Dan Castellaneta and Julie Kavner because they were already a part of the Tracey Ullman Show cast , the producers decided to hold casting for the roles of Bart and Lisa . Nancy Cartwright intended to audition for the role of Lisa , but disliked the character 's bland description — Lisa was described simply as the " middle child " — and read for the role of Bart instead . Casting director Bonita Pietila brought Yeardley Smith in for an audition after seeing her performing in the play Living on Salvation Street . Smith was hesitant to audition for an animated series , but her agent had persuaded her to give it a try . Smith originally auditioned for the role of Bart but Pietila believed her voice was too high . Smith later recalled : " I always sounded too much like a girl , I read two lines as Bart and they said , ' Thanks for coming ! ' " Pietila offered Smith the role of Lisa instead .
Smith and the show 's writers worked to give Lisa a more defined personality , and she has developed greatly during the series . In her 2000 memoir My Life as a 10 @-@ Year @-@ Old Boy , Cartwright wrote : " with the brilliant wit of the writers and the wry , in @-@ your @-@ eye , honest @-@ to @-@ a @-@ fault interpretation , Yeardley Smith has made Lisa a bright light of leadership , full of compassion and competence beyond her years . Lisa Simpson is the kind of child we not only want our children to be , but also the kind of child we want all children to be . But , at the time , on The Tracey Ullman Show , she was just an animated eight @-@ year @-@ old kid who had no personality . "
Lisa is the only regular character voiced by Smith , who raises the pitch of her voice slightly for the role . In some earlier episodes she provided some of Maggie 's squeaks and occasional speaking parts , and has voiced other characters on very rare occasions . Usually they are derivative of Lisa , such as Lisa Bella in " Last Tap Dance in Springfield " ( season 11 , 2000 ) and Lisa , Jr. in " Missionary : Impossible " . ( season 11 , 2000 )
Despite the fame of Lisa Simpson , Smith is rarely recognized in public , as it is Lisa who appears on screen . However , Smith does not mind . She said , " it 's wonderful to be in the midst of all this hype about the show , and people enjoying the show so much , and to be totally a fly on the wall ; people never recognise me solely from my voice . " In a 2009 interview with The Guardian she commented that " It 's the best job ever . I have nothing but gratitude for the amount of freedom The Simpsons has bought me in my life . " Although Smith received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice @-@ Over Performance in 1992 , she considers it unimportant , saying " there 's part of me that feels it wasn 't even a real Emmy . " The award is a Creative Arts prize not awarded during the primetime telecast and , at the time , a juried award without nominations . Still , Smith considers her work on the show a success . " If I had to be associated with one character in fiction , " she said , " I will always be thrilled that it was Lisa Simpson . " Matt Groening has described Smith as being very similar to Lisa : " Yeardley has strong moral views about her character . There are lines that are written for Lisa that Yeardley reads and says , ' No , I wouldn 't say that . ' " Former Simpsons writer Jay Kogen praised her performance on the show , particularly in the episode " Lisa 's Substitute " , as able " to move past comedy to something really strong and serious and dramatic . "
Until 1998 , Smith was paid $ 30 @,@ 000 per episode . A pay dispute erupted in 1998 , during which Fox threatened to replace the six main voice actors with new actors , going as far as preparing for casting of new voices . The dispute was soon resolved , and Smith received $ 125 @,@ 000 per episode until 2004 when the voice actors sought an increase to $ 360 @,@ 000 per episode . The issue was resolved a month later , and Smith earned $ 250 @,@ 000 per episode . New salary negotiations took place in 2008 , and the voice actors currently receive approximately $ 400 @,@ 000 per episode . Three years later , with Fox threatening to cancel the series unless production costs were cut , Smith and the other cast members accepted a 30 percent pay cut , down to just over $ 300 @,@ 000 per episode .
= = = Development = = =
In The Tracey Ullman Show shorts , Lisa was something of a " female Bart " : equally mischievous but lacking unique traits . As the series progressed , Lisa began to develop into a more intelligent and more emotional character . She demonstrates her intellect in the 1990 episode " Krusty Gets Busted " ( season one ) , by helping Bart reveal Sideshow Bob 's plot to frame Krusty the Clown for armed robbery . Many episodes focusing on Lisa have an emotional nature , such as " Moaning Lisa " ( season one , 1990 ) . The idea for the episode was pitched by James L. Brooks , who wanted to do an emotional episode involving Lisa 's sadness , to complement the many " jokey episodes " in the first season .
In the seventh @-@ season episode " Lisa the Vegetarian " ( 1995 ) , Lisa permanently becomes a vegetarian , distinguishing her as one of the first primetime television characters to make such a choice . The episode was written by David S. Cohen ( in his first solo writing credit ) who jotted down the idea one day while eating lunch . Then @-@ executive producer David Mirkin , who had recently become a vegetarian , quickly approved the idea . Several of Lisa 's experiences in the episode are based on Mirkin 's own experiences . The episode guest stars musician Paul McCartney , a committed vegetarian and animal rights activist . McCartney 's condition for appearing was that Lisa would remain a vegetarian for the rest of the series and would not revert the next week ( as is common on situation comedies ) . The trait stayed and is one of the few permanent character changes made in the show . In the season 13 episode " She of Little Faith " ( 2001 ) , Lisa underwent another permanent character change when she converted to Buddhism .
Lisa plays the baritone saxophone , and some episodes use that as a plot device . According to Matt Groening , the baritone saxophone was chosen because he found the thought of an eight @-@ year @-@ old girl playing it amusing . He added , " But she doesn 't always play a baritone sax because the animators don 't know what it looks like , so it changes shape and color from show to show . " One of the hallmarks of the show 's opening sequence is a brief solo Lisa plays on her saxophone after being thrown out of music class . The Simpsons composer Alf Clausen said that the session musicians who perform her solos do not try to play at the second grade level and instead " think of Lisa as a really good player . "
= = = Personality = = =
Lisa is extremely intelligent and sees herself as a misfit within the Simpson family and other children due to her knowledge . She shows characteristics rarely seen in Springfield , including spirituality and commitment to peaceful ways . Lisa 's knowledge covers a wide range of subjects , including physics , history , algebra , calculus , art , linguistics , geography , political science , economics and even sports . She is notably more concerned with world affairs than her life in Springfield , with her rebellion against social norms usually depicted as constructive and heroic , yet Lisa can be self @-@ righteous at times . In " Lisa the Vegetarian " , an increasing sense of moral righteousness leads her to disrupt her father 's roast @-@ pig barbecue , an act for which she later apologizes . Episodes often take shots at Lisa 's idealism . In " Bart Star " , ( season nine , 1997 ) Lisa , departs from her typically more genuine nature and apparently looking for a new cause to crusade over , defiantly declares that she , a girl , would like to join the football team . In the 1990s , it was considered unthinkable to allow a girl to play football . However , when coach Ned Flanders reveals that several girls already play for the team , she hesitates and claims football is " not really [ her ] thing " . She then expresses distaste about a ball made of pig 's skin , but one of the girls informs her that their footballs are synthetic and that proceeds are donated to Amnesty International . Visibly upset , Lisa runs off .
Lisa is said to have an IQ of 159 , and in " They Saved Lisa 's Brain " ( season ten , 1999 ) she becomes a member of the Springfield chapter of Mensa . When unable to attend school due to a teachers ' strike in " The PTA Disbands " , ( season six , 1995 ) she suffers withdrawal symptoms because of the sudden lack of praise . She even demands that her mother grade her for no obvious reason . In Planet Simpson , Chris Turner writes that these traits make Lisa more realistic because " No character can aspire to realism without a few all @-@ too @-@ human flaws . "
Although she is gifted , Lisa experiences typical childhood issues , sometimes requiring adult intervention . For example , in " Lost Our Lisa " ( season nine , 1998 ) , she tricks Homer into allowing her to ride the bus alone , only to become hopelessly lost and in need of aid from her father . Chris Turner writes in Planet Simpson that incidents like this illustrate that " Even when Lisa 's lecturing like a college professor or mounting yet another protest , she never becomes a full @-@ grown adult trapped in a kid 's body . " In The Simpsons and Philosophy : The D 'oh ! of Homer , Aeon J. Skoble states that although Lisa is an intellectual , she is still portrayed as a character who enjoys normal childhood and girl activities , plays with Malibu Stacy dolls , loves ponies , obsesses over teenage heartthrobs such as Corey , and watches The Itchy and Scratchy Show along with Bart. He writes , " One might argue that this is typical childhood behavior , but since in so many cases Lisa is presented not simply as a prodigy but as preternaturally wise , the fondness for Itchy and Scratchy and Corey seem to be highlighted , taking on greater significance . Lisa is portrayed as the avatar of logic and wisdom , but then she also worships Corey so she 's ' no better [ than the rest of us ] ' . "
Lisa occasionally worries that her family 's dull habits will rub off on her , such as in " Lisa the Simpson " ( season nine , 1998 ) she worries that the " Simpson gene " will make her a dimwit later finding out the gene only goes through the male side . She is often embarrassed and disapproving of her eccentric family : of her father 's poor parenting skills and buffoonish personality ; her mother 's stereotypical image and social ineptitude ; and her brother 's delinquent and low @-@ brow nature . She is also concerned that Maggie may grow up to be like the rest of the family and tries to teach her complex ideas . Chris Turner writes in Planet Simpson that " Lisa embarks on quests to find solace for her yearning spirit [ ... ] but the most reliable source of truth she finds is the one she always believed in : her family . It is from the other Simpsons that Lisa draws stability , meaning , contentment . " Her loyalty to her family is most clearly seen in the flashforward " Lisa 's Wedding " ( season six , 1995 ) , in which she must reconcile her love for them with the distaste of her cultured fiancé . In the episode " Mother Simpson " ( season seven , 1995 ) she meets her paternal grandmother Mona Simpson for the first time . Mona is also well @-@ read and articulate , and the writers used the character as a way to explain the origins of Lisa 's intelligence .
Lisa has been romantically linked to a number of other characters on the show , including Nelson Muntz , which voice actor Yeardley Smith says would make a good match for Lisa .
= = Reception = =
= = = Commendations = = =
Lisa has been a popular character since the show 's inception . She was listed at number 11 ( tied with Bart ) in TV Guide 's " Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time . " She appeared in Comcast 's list of TV 's Most Intriguing Characters and was also included in AfterEllen.com 's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters . On a less positive note , she was ranked third in AskMen 's top 10 of the most irritating ' 90s cartoon characters . Yeardley Smith has won several awards for voicing Lisa , including a Primetime Emmy Award for " Outstanding Voice @-@ Over Performance " in 1992 for " Lisa the Greek " . Various episodes in which Lisa stars have won Emmy Awards for Outstanding Animated Program , including " Homer vs. Lisa and the 8th Commandment " in 1991 , " Lisa 's Wedding " in 1995 and " HOMR " in 2001 . In 2000 , Lisa and the rest of the Simpson family were awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7021 Hollywood Boulevard .
Lisa 's environmentalism has been especially well received . In 2001 , Lisa received a special " Board of Directors Ongoing Commitment Award " at the Environmental Media Awards . " Lisa the Vegetarian " won both an Environmental Media Award for " Best Television Episodic Comedy " and a Genesis Award for " Best Television Comedy Series , Ongoing Commitment " . Several other episodes that feature Lisa speaking out in favor of animal rights have won Genesis Awards , including " Whacking Day " in 1994 , " Bart Gets an Elephant " in 1995 , " Million Dollar Abie " in 2007 and " Apocalypse Cow " in 2009 .
= = = Cultural influence = = =
Jonathan Gray , author of the book Watching The Simpsons , feels that Lisa " is probably the best and certainly longest @-@ running feminist character that television has had . She 's the heart of the show and she quite often questions the gender politics . " Christopher Borrelli of The Toledo Blade wrote , " Has there ever been a female TV character as complex , intelligent , and , ahem , as emotionally well @-@ drawn as Lisa Simpson ? Meet her once and she comes off priggish and one @-@ note – a know @-@ it @-@ all . Get to know her and Lisa is as well @-@ rounded as anyone you may ever meet in the real world . "
According to PETA , Lisa was one of the first vegetarian characters on primetime television . In 2004 the organization included Lisa on its list of the " Most Animal @-@ Friendly TV Characters of All Time " . In 2008 , environmentalist website The Daily Green honored Lisa 's role in The Simpsons Movie with one of its inaugural " Heart of Green " awards , which " recognize those who have helped green go mainstream . " They wrote " young Lisa Simpson has inspired a generation to wear their hearts on their sleeves and get educated , and involved , about global issues , from justice to feminism and the environment . " Japanese broadcasters reversed viewer dislike of the series by focusing marketing of the show on Lisa . Lisa 's well @-@ intended but ill @-@ fated struggles to be a voice of reason and a force of good in her family and community struck a chord with Japanese audiences . Mario D 'Amato , a specialist in Buddhist studies at Rollins College in Florida , described Lisa as " open @-@ minded , reflective , ethical , and interested in improving herself in various ways , while still preserving a childlike sense of innocence . These are all excellent qualities , ones which are espoused by many Buddhist traditions . "
Lisa and the rest of the Simpsons have had a significant influence on English @-@ language idioms . The dismissive term " Meh " , used by Lisa and popularized by the show , entered the Collins English Dictionary in 2008 . In 1996 , The New York Times published an article saying that Lisa was inspiring children , especially young girls , to learn to play the saxophone .
= = = Merchandising = = =
Lisa has been included in many The Simpsons publications , toys , and other merchandise . The Lisa Book , describing Lisa 's personality and attributes , was released in 2006 . Other merchandise includes dolls , posters , figurines , bobblehead dolls , mugs , and clothing such as slippers , T @-@ shirts , baseball caps , and boxer shorts . Lisa has appeared in commercials for Burger King , C.C. Lemon , Church 's Chicken , Domino 's Pizza , Kentucky Fried Chicken , Ramada Inn , Ritz Crackers , Subway and Butterfinger .
On April 9 , 2009 , the United States Postal Service unveiled a series of five 44 cent stamps featuring Lisa and the four other members of the nuclear Simpson family . They are the first characters from a television series to receive this recognition while still in production . The stamps , designed by Matt Groening , went on sale in May 2009 .
Lisa has also appeared in other media relating to The Simpsons . She has appeared in each Simpsons video game , including The Simpsons Game , released in 2007 . In addition to the television series , Lisa regularly appears in issues of Simpsons Comics , first published on November 29 , 1993 and published monthly . The comics focus on the sweeter , more naive incarnation from the early seasons . Lisa also plays a role in The Simpsons Ride , launched in 2008 at Universal Studios Florida and Hollywood .
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= Almost There ( album ) =
Almost There is the first major @-@ label studio album by American Christian rock band MercyMe . Produced by Pete Kipley , the album was released on August 14 , 2001 by INO Records . After releasing six independent records , the band decided to pursue a record contract due to the difficulty of selling , booking , and managing for themselves . The band signed with the newly formed INO Records , and were assigned to work with Kipley , who had not produced a major project before . Four of the songs on the album had previously appeared on the band 's independent records ; the rest were newly recorded songs . The album is a worship and pop rock album , and adopts a more radio @-@ friendly sound than the band 's independent albums .
Almost There received critical acclaim from music critics , who praised the album 's songwriting ; " I Can Only Imagine " received particular complements . Critics were more divided on the album 's sound . Some felt the album was " innovative " or " fresh " , while others felt it was middle – of – the – road or derivative . " Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) " was released as the album 's lead single ; however , it underperformed on the charts . The album 's second single , " I Can Only Imagine " , proved to be successful , peaking at number one on the Radio & Records Christian AC chart in 2002 . Its success contributed to the album reaching the top of the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart . After the song crossed over to mainstream radio in 2003 , the album peaked at number 39 on the Billboard 200 and number one on the Billboard Christian Albums chart . Almost There has been certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and has sold over 2 @.@ 2 million copies in the United States . Billboard ranked it as the fourth best @-@ selling Christian album of the 2000s in the United States , and it was listed by CCM Magazine in its 25th anniversary edition as one of ' 100 Albums You Need to Own ' .
= = Background and recording = =
MercyMe was formed in 1994 by vocalist Bart Millard , guitarist Mike Scheuchzer , and keyboardist Jim Bryson . The band later brought on drummer Robby Shaffer and bassist Nathan Cochran . In October 1999 , the band released their fifth independent album , The Worship Project . The album proved successful , selling over 60 @,@ 000 copies within a year , but the difficulty of selling albums directly , in addition to having to book and manage for themselves , led the band to pursue a contract with a record label . Millard was directed by a friend to contact Jeff Moseley , who had connections in the Christian music industry , for advice . After being contacted by Millard , Moseley expressed interest in the band , and within a week MercyMe was officially signed to INO Records , a new record label Moseley was helming . Moseley introduced the band to Pete Kipley , who would produce the album . Although Kipley had been involved on some minor projects , Almost There was his first major project .
Four of the songs on Almost There ( " Call to Worship " , " Cannot Say Enough " , " I Can Only Imagine " , and " In You " ) had previously appeared on the band 's independent records . All of the other songs on the album were new songs which had not been recorded before . All of the songs of the album were written by Millard or the band except " I Worship You " , which was written by Kipley and Reggie Hamm . The band included the song after Kipley brought it to them ; although the band wanted to write their own material , they liked the song so much that they put it as the first song on the album . " Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) " was written at the request of the label , who wanted to capitalize off of the success of the popular Bruce Wilkinson book The Prayer of Jabez . The band did not want to record the song , but eventually acquiesced . MercyMe pushed the label to include " House of God " , an upbeat rock song , since they felt that they had been pushed a little too far towards the adult contemporary genre .
Almost There was recorded at Ivy Park , The Indigo Room , Paradise Sound , and IBC Studios . Kipley produced and programmed the record , while Skye McCaskey and Julian Kindred engineered the album . Salvo mixed all the songs on the album at Cool Springs Studio with the exception of " In You " , which was mixed by Shane Wilson . Strings were recorded by the Paltrow Performance Group .
= = Composition = =
Almost There has been described by critics as being a worship and pop rock album . The album was noted as being stylistically similar to contemporary Christian bands like FFH . In contrast to the band 's independent records , which had an " organic " feel , Almost There adopts a more radio @-@ friendly musical style , although the rock style of the band 's independent albums does occasionally resurface . Similarities were noted between the " guitar nuances " of Scheuchzer and U2 's guitarist The Edge .
The album 's first song , " I Worship You " was described as " falling somewhere between adult contemporary and rock " , and utilizes acoustic guitars and synthesizers . " Here Am I " relates the story of people who are not being reached by Christians , and " challenges the listener to go out into the world and stand up for their King " . " On My Way to You " is a worship song , requesting " wisdom , purity , and humility in our pursuit of holiness " . " How Great is Your Love " incorporates both string and electronic instruments ; Millard 's vocals in the song utilize " effect – laden delays " . " I Can Only Imagine " is a ballad , opening with just piano before building to include drums and guitar . Lyrically , it asks what it will be like in Heaven , standing before God .
" Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) " is one of the fastest songs on the album . Lyrically , the song parallels the prayer of the Biblical character Jabez in 1 Chronicles 4 : 10 , asking God for blessing and protection from evil . " Cannot Say Enough " was described as " ambient " and compared to Third Day 's " Your Love Oh Lord " . " House of God " was noted as being one of the album 's more rock – oriented songs . The song utilizes " driving " guitars and a " nasty " guitar riff , and invites the listener to enter the house of god . " Call to Worship " is a mid – tempo song led by guitar ; the song was compared to the work of The Cure . The final two songs on the album , " All Fall Down " and " In You " , are slower – paced songs , with the latter being led by piano and strings .
= = Release and promotion = =
Almost There was released in the United States on August 14 , 2001 . " Bless Me Indeed ( Jabez 's Song ) " was released as the album 's lead single . The label aimed to give the band a wider appeal by capitalizing on the success of the popular book The Prayer of Jabez . The song debuted on the Radio & Records Christian AC chart on August 31 , 2001 at number 29 , and spent four weeks on the chart , peaking at number 27 . The poor chart performance of the song led to album sales that were lower than anticipated . The album debuted at number 12 on the Billboard Christian Albums chart on September 1 , 2001 , and a week later entered the Billboard Heatseekers Albums chart , which ranks the top albums from artists who have not had an album enter the top 100 on the Billboard 200 chart , at number 39 .
" I Can Only Imagine " was released as the album 's second single . The song debuted on the Christian AC chart on November 2 , 2001 ; it reached the number one position on February 22 , 2002 and spent two weeks at the top spot . It also peaked at number 15 on the Radio & Records Christian CHR chart . As a result of the single 's radio airplay , Almost There experienced a " surge " in sales . The album debuted on the Billboard 200 at number 184 on December 22 , 2001 , and entered the top ten on the Christian Albums chart on January 19 , 2002 , charting at number eight . The album reached the peak of the Heatseekers Albums chart on February 2 , 2002 , and the following week entered the top 100 on the Billboard 200 chart , charting at number 98 . " How Great Is Your Love " was announced as the album 's third single in an interview with Billboard magazine on February 12 , 2002 . Millard had heavily pushed INO Records to release it as a single . However , " I Can Only Imagine " stayed on the Christian charts so long that by the time it fell off , the band had to begin work on their next record , and the song ultimately wasn 't released to radio . Almost There was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) on June 13 , 2002 , signifying shipments of over 500 @,@ 000 copies . The band released their second album , Spoken For , on October 1 , 2002 . More than a year after the album 's delivery and after the release of the band 's second studio album , Spoken For ( 2002 ) , Almost There remained near the top of the Christian charts . Almost There ranked as the 6th best – selling Christian album and the 128th best – selling album of 2002 in the United States .
In 2003 , the album again received increased sales as " I Can Only Imagine " received airplay on mainstream radio formats . The song peaked at number five on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and number 71 on the Hot 100 , also crossing over to top 40 and country radio . The album was certified Platinum on July 14 , 2003 by the RIAA ; a month later , Almost There reached the top spot of the Christian Albums chart after 107 weeks on the chart . It reached its peak of number 37 on the Billboard 200 on September 20 , 2003 . It ranked as the 2nd – best selling Christian album and 128th best – selling album of 2004 . By May 2004 , Almost There had sold over 1 @.@ 5 million copies , and of April 2006 it has sold over 2 @.@ 2 million copies . Almost There was certified double platinum on January 20 , 2005 by the RIAA ; as of 2012 , it is one of only eight Christian albums to have reached that milestone ; others include P.O.D. ' s Satellite , Switchfoot 's The Beautiful Letdown , and Casting Crowns ' self – titled debut album . In its 2000s decade – end charts , Billboard ranked Almost There as the fourth best – selling Christian album of the 2000s in the United States , behind only Satellite , The Beautiful Letdown , and Alan Jackson 's Precious Memories .
= = Critical reception and accolades = =
Almost There received critical acclaim from music critics . Critics praised the album 's lyrical content , with particular complaint being given to " I Can Only Imagine " . Steve Losey of Allmusic gave the album 4 out of 5 stars , praising it as " a disc that holds power " and being an " exception " rather than a " norm " in comparison to most other praise and worship releases . Losey also noted the " guitar nuances " of Scheuchzer as being similar to U2 's The Edge , and praised Bryson as " [ placing ] intense but subtle keyboard traces within the context of each tune " . Adam Woodroof of CCM Magazine gave it 3 @.@ 5 out of 5 stars . While Woodroof felt the album did not deliver an innovative sound , he complemented it as offering " a breath of fresh air — and a sincerity sure to hold other artists wishing to dive into the genre accountable In a review for Charisma , Margaret Feinburg praised the album for incorporating songs from their previous independent records . Feinburg said that " MercyMe was stripped of much of its wonderful , organic , out – of – the box sound but given new life for radio airplay " , and that " Overall , MercyMe is a band that deserves to be heard " . Kevin McNeese of New Release Today gave the album five out of five stars , calling it " another defining album " in praise and worship music . McNeese particularly praised " I Can Only Imagine " , calling it the album 's highlight , but noted the other songs on the album were " penned with the same passion " .
The J Man of Crosswalk.com gave Almost There a B , and said that " In the ever – growing genre of modern worship , MercyMe steps up to the plate and drives a home run over the fence " . He praised the album as having a " fresh sound " , but described much of the album was " somewhat low – key " . Kevin Chamberlain of Jesus Freak Hideout gave the album 4 out of 5 stars . Chamberlain praised the album as being " lyrically one of the best albums out there " and said that " Every song is based on some sort of Scripture or Spiritual truth seldom found in some Christian music " . However , Chamberlain felt the album 's sound was average , saying it sounds like " FFH or any typical Contemporary Christian artist " .
Other critics gave the album a more mixed response . Megumi Nakamura of Cross Rhythms gave the album 7 out of 10 stars . Nakamura praised " I Can Only Imagine " , but said that " little else on the album that matches the huge impact of that one song " . In a later review for the album 's " Platinum Edition " re – release , Allan Clare gave it an 8 out of 10 , saying the rest of the album aside from " I Can Only Imagine " was " bland " . Russ Breimeier of Christianity Today felt the album was " something of a mixed bag " and described the band 's sound was " a little too mellow to be rock , and a little too heavy to be pop ... their particular style doesn 't stray from a middle of the road sound " . Breimier described the album was not particularly good or bad , and offered a weak recommendation to fans of worship bands like By the Tree and Delirious ? .
In its 25th anniversary edition , CCM Magazine listed Almost There as one of ' 100 Albums You Need to Own ' . In the following year , the previous magazine , ranked " I Can Only Imagine " as the fourth @-@ greatest song in Christian music . At the 33rd GMA Dove Awards , " I Can Only Imagine " won the awards for Song of the Year and Pop / Contemporary Recorded Song of the Year .
= = Track listing = =
( Credits and tracklist from the album liner notes )
= = Personnel = =
( Credits from the album liner notes )
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications and sales = =
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= Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long =
" Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " is a song by English musician George Harrison , released on his 1973 album Living in the Material World . It was scheduled to be issued as a single in September that year , as the follow @-@ up to " Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) " , but the release never took place . Music critics have traditionally viewed " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " as a highlight of the bestselling Material World album , praising its pop qualities and production , with some considering the song worthy of hit status .
Harrison wrote and recorded " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " during a period marked by his heightened devotion to Hindu spirituality , which coincided with marital problems with his first wife , Pattie Boyd , and the financial complications affecting his Bangladesh aid project . An upbeat love song in the tradition of early 1960s Brill Building songwriters , the composition has invited debate among commentators as to whether the lyrics are addressed to a lover such as Boyd or , like the majority of Harrison 's lyrics on Material World , to God .
Although produced by Harrison alone , the recording employs aspects of the Wall of Sound production synonymous with his former collaborator Phil Spector – through the use of reverb , two drummers and multiple acoustic rhythm guitar parts . Aside from Harrison , the musicians on the track are Gary Wright , Nicky Hopkins , Ringo Starr , Klaus Voormann and Jim Keltner . In November 1976 , during filming for their joint appearance on Saturday Night Live , Harrison performed " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " with singer Paul Simon , but the song did not appear in the broadcast .
= = Background = =
As with all the new songs on his Living in the Material World album ( 1973 ) , George Harrison wrote " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " in 1971 – 72 , a period of heightened devotion to Hindu spirituality on his part . " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " is a love song , and in light of problems in Harrison 's marriage to Pattie Boyd at the time , Harrison biographer Elliot Huntley remarks : " it 's interesting to speculate as to who it was written about ... " Author Jeff Walker suggests that the song 's apparently non @-@ devotional subject matter may have resulted from Harrison and Boyd 's marital difficulties .
Against Harrison 's wishes , Boyd had resumed her modelling career in May 1971 , having long felt isolated by her husband 's association with the Hare Krishna movement . His Concert for Bangladesh aid project had then united the couple , according to their friend Chris O 'Dell , who recalls Harrison as " attentive and affectionate " towards Boyd while planning the concerts that summer . The project 's subsequent business and legal issues became a source of frustration for Harrison , as he spent much of 1972 negotiating with government departments for the release of the funds raised for the refugees . In February 1972 , Harrison and Boyd were injured in an automobile accident in England , after which , author Alan Clayson writes , " her recovery was impaired by George 's pounding on a drum @-@ kit that he 'd set up in the next room . "
In August that year , Harrison set off for a driving holiday around Europe without Boyd , a trip that Huntley describes as " the first publicly visible signs " of problems in the Harrisons ' marriage . While in Portugal , Harrison stayed with his musician friend Gary Wright , who , Huntley suggests , " play [ ed ] the diplomat " by telling the press : " He 's writing lots of new things and he seems to be having a good time ... Sometimes he takes Pattie with him , but I feel he just felt like a holiday and wanted to get away . "
= = Composition = =
In his book The Words and Music of George Harrison , Ian Inglis writes that " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " incorporates many of the elements of pop composition pioneered during the early 1960s at New York 's Brill Building , where songwriters such as Barry Mann , Carole King and Gerry Goffin began their careers . Inglis lists these " stock motifs " as " a repetitive and attractive melody " , " a stereotypical choice of language " , " the familiar topic of lost , or unrequited , love " and " the conventional form of address from a man to a woman , in the persistent use of ' baby ' " . These elements appear in the song 's chorus , where Harrison sings : " How I love you / Baby , so don 't let me wait too long . "
Harrison biographer Simon Leng views " pop @-@ soul music " as " the obvious root " of " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " and cites musical tension as one facet of the pop @-@ soul style that Harrison adopts . This tension is evident in the " implie [ d ] dissonance " during the verses , Leng adds , when Harrison moves from an F major chord to D @-@ flat major . In reference to a lyric in the verses , Clayson suggests : " Although ' Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long ' betrayed that George 's sublimation of lust [ in favour of an ascetic path ] was by no means total , its consummation was , nonetheless , ' like it came from above ' . "
Inglis writes that the message of " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " is " in the title " . The theme of waiting is also central to a track that Harrison wrote in 1967 while in the Beatles , " Blue Jay Way " , and a similar sentiment appears in his 1970 – 71 solo hit " My Sweet Lord " , through the line " I really want to see you , Lord , but it takes so long " . In the latter lyric , Harrison expresses his impatience to see and know God , and Harrison biographer Geoffrey Giuliano interprets " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " as a further reflection of the singer 's spiritual concerns .
Whereas Huntley , Inglis and Walker consider that Harrison is addressing a lover in " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " , other commentators , like Giuliano , view the lyrics as being consistent with the predominant theme of Living in the Material World – namely , Harrison 's spiritual search amid the temptations of the physical world . Of these commentators , Nicholas Schaffner and Bob Woffinden highlight " Sue Me , Sue You Blues " as the album 's only song with a non @-@ religious subject matter .
A Christian theologian , Dale Allison has identified a number of Harrison compositions where he finds it " impossible " to discern whether Harrison is proffering love for a woman or his deity , yet he views " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " as a secular love song . Author Chris Ingham similarly writes that , along with the Material World tracks " Who Can See It " and " That Is All " , Harrison 's expression of love in this song " seems directed as much to an earthly relationship as to any God " .
= = Recording = =
The sessions for most of the basic tracks for Living in the Material World took place over October and November 1972 , with engineer Phil McDonald , but without Harrison 's intended co @-@ producer from All Things Must Pass ( 1970 ) and The Concert for Bangladesh ( 1971 ) , Phil Spector . According to the album credits , the location for the recording was the Beatles ' Apple Studio in London , although bassist Klaus Voormann has stated that the true venue was Harrison 's new home studio , FPSHOT , in Oxfordshire .
Aside from Harrison on acoustic guitars , the musicians on the basic track for " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " were Nicky Hopkins ( piano ) , Wright ( keyboards ) , Voormann ( bass ) , and Ringo Starr and Jim Keltner ( both on drums ) . The Starr – Keltner combination followed their pairing at the Concert for Bangladesh shows ; this song was one of three tracks on Material World to which Starr contributed , in between his film work on That 'll Be the Day ( 1973 ) and Son of Dracula ( 1974 ) . In addition , Pete Ham and Tom Evans of Apple group Badfinger attended some of the sessions in October , playing acoustic rhythm guitar as they had on much of All Things Must Pass . As with Ham 's playing on the 1971 @-@ recorded " Try Some , Buy Some " , however , any contribution they might have made to " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " went uncredited on the official release .
Following the completion of the main recording sessions , Harrison carried out overdubbing on the basic tracks through to the end of February 1973 . On " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " , the overdubs included his vocals and slide guitar part . Of the last of these , Walker comments that Harrison 's playing prior to the refrain further develops the melodic tension evident in the composition .
= = = Phil Spector 's influence = = =
Despite Spector 's absence , the song 's production incorporates aspects of his signature Wall of Sound , through the use of reverberation , multiple drummers and layers of rhythm instruments such as acoustic guitars and keyboards . Part of a sound commonly associated with Harrison during the early 1970s , these characteristics were also elements of his 1971 production of Badfinger 's " Day After Day " and Lon & Derrek Van Eaton 's " Sweet Music " .
Author Robert Rodriguez describes the recording as " Spector @-@ esque ( in a girl group sense ) " , Harrison having long been an admirer of Spector 's work with the Ronettes and the Crystals during the 1960s . Leng writes of " over @-@ the @-@ top tympani " as another Spector influence on " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " ' s " Motown ' orchestration ' " , while labelling the musical arrangement " English pop " . Among other later examples , Harrison would revive his version of Spector 's Wall of Sound for his 1974 single " Ding Dong , Ding Dong " and the song " If You Believe " , from his 1979 album George Harrison .
= = Release = =
Apple Records released Living in the Material World on 30 May 1973 in America , with " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " appearing on side one of the LP , between the ballads " The Light That Has Lighted the World " and " Who Can See It " . The album continued Harrison 's run of commercial success following the Beatles ' break @-@ up in 1970 , topping Billboard 's albums chart in the US and peaking at number 2 in Britain , behind the soundtrack to That 'll Be the Day . Amid this success , Rodriguez writes , Harrison and Boyd 's relationship " finally reached breaking point " in summer 1973 , the start of a period through to 1975 that Harrison would describe as his " naughty " years .
= = = Planned single release = = =
" Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " was scheduled to be the A @-@ side of a second single from the album , as a follow @-@ up to Harrison 's US number 1 hit " Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) " . The intended release date was 24 September 1973 ; an acetate of the single was created , and a US catalogue number assigned ( Apple 1866 ) . The release was cancelled at the last minute , however , for undisclosed reasons .
Noting the song 's " hit potential " , Leng views the cancellation as " [ o ] ne of the more anomalous features " of Harrison 's musical career . Leng has speculated that the single was withdrawn because of the similarity between " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " and " Give Me Love " . Author Andrew Grant Jackson suggests that the reason for the cancellation was due to " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " having a similar sound to " When I 'm Dead and Gone " , a 1970 hit song by McGuinness Flint . Although Harrison would not enjoy success with " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " as a single , Leng and Inglis observe that the song anticipated a number of radio @-@ friendly singles by ELO during the 1970s , particularly their 1976 hit " Livin ' Thing " .
= = Reception = =
= = = Contemporary reviews = = =
An upbeat Harrison song in the mould of " What Is Life " and " You " , " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " has regularly been singled out as one of the highlights of Living in the Material World . In his album review for Rolling Stone , Stephen Holden called the track " a gorgeous , rollicking love song " , while Billboard magazine listed it second among the album 's " best cuts " , after the title track . In Melody Maker , Michael Watts wrote of the song 's " Spector touches " , including " a crashing two @-@ beat on piano and a great surge of drums , straight from [ the Ronettes ' ] ' Be My Baby ' " .
NME critic Bob Woffinden remarked on the " exceptionally fine " music on Material World , of which " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " " could rank with his best compositions " . In his 1977 book The Beatles Forever , Nicholas Schaffner wrote that Harrison and former bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney had " evolved into surprisingly tasteful and meticulous producers " after their long association with Beatles producer George Martin , and added of Harrison : " Surely Phil Spector never had a more attentive pupil . "
= = = Retrospective assessment = = =
Among commentators in the 21st century , authors Chip Madinger and Mark Easter describe " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " as " a marvelous track " and " a prime piece of pop songwriting " , and AllMusic 's Bruce Eder praises its " delectable acoustic rhythm guitar " and " great beat " . John Metzger of The Music Box writes of the track 's " brightly colored radiance " being a " prime example " of how Harrison successfully mixed elements of Spector and Martin 's individual styles on Material World . While considering the album 's production an improvement on All Things Must Pass , Blogcritics writer Chaz Lipp views the " soaring ' Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long ' " as a song that " rank [ s ] right alongside Harrison 's best work " . Bruce Spizer describes it as " a great rocker " , a " hook @-@ laden love song [ that ] moves at a brisk pace " , and concludes : " Had Apple issued the track as planned , it surely would have been a hit . " Dale Allison and Elliot Huntley also write of the song deserving hit @-@ single status .
In his review of the 2006 remaster album , for Mojo magazine , Mat Snow said that " this long overdue reissue is worth it alone for four wonderful songs " , of which " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " " reveals the lusty lad within the orange robes " associated with Hare Krishna devotees . More recently , Snow has described Material World as " a treat for the ears " and Harrison as " an old @-@ school pop tunesmith to his marrow , [ who ] worked hard to ensure the choruses of ' Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long , ' ' The Day the World Gets ' Round , ' and ' Who Can See It ' caught the ear with their deep and delicious emotion " .
Reviewing the 2014 reissue of Harrison 's Apple catalogue , for Classic Rock , Paul Trynka writes that Living in the Material Word " sparkles with many gems " , and adds : " but it 's the more restrained tracks – Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long , Who Can See It – that entrance : gorgeous pop songs , all the more forceful for their restraint . " Writing for PopMatters , Scot Elingburg pairs the song with " Be Here Now " as " would @-@ be hits " from Material World that " offer much more than just Harrison 's Hindu @-@ inspired teachings ; they also offer up the chance for larger dialogue within music . " Nick DeRiso , co @-@ founder of the music website Something Else ! , includes " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " among the highlights of Harrison 's solo career on Apple Records , and terms it " [ a ] masterpiece of coiled anticipation " .
Simon Leng refers to " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " as " one of George Harrison 's most perfect pop confections " , while praising its guitar fills and musical arrangement . Describing it as a " single @-@ that @-@ never @-@ was " , Leng suggests that the song would have been a " certain number 1 " . To Huntley , " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " is " a superlative slice of almost McCartney @-@ esque pop " , with Harrison 's " exquisite slide guitar " a particular highlight .
= = Other versions = =
In November 1976 , Harrison performed " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " with Paul Simon during the pre @-@ show taping of their joint appearance on NBC Television 's Saturday Night Live . The song was omitted from the broadcast , but the performance is available on the bootleg album Living in the Underground , along with other songs that Harrison and Simon played before the studio audience .
In 1977 , " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " was considered for inclusion on Two Man Band , the last of three albums by Splinter on Harrison 's Dark Horse record label . Harrison had suggested they cover the track as a compromise between Splinter 's vision and the commercial requirements initiated by Dark Horse distributor Warner Bros. Records . As much as singer Bob Purvis admired the song , it did not appear on the official release .
Following Harrison 's death in November 2001 at the age of 58 , the Late B.P. Helium – formerly Elf Power guitarist Bryan Poole – covered " Don 't Let Me Wait Too Long " on his 2003 EP Kumquat Mae . Splendid Media 's reviewer wrote that Poole " does the Krishna master proud " with his " soulfully earnest rendition " of Harrison 's song .
= = Personnel = =
George Harrison – vocals , acoustic guitars , slide guitar , backing vocals
Nicky Hopkins – piano
Gary Wright – electric piano , harpsichord
Klaus Voormann – bass
Ringo Starr – drums
Jim Keltner – drums , castanets
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= Manitoba =
Manitoba ( / ˌmænᵻˈtoʊbə / ) is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada . It is one of the three prairie provinces ( with Alberta and Saskatchewan ) and Canada 's fifth @-@ most populous province with its estimated about 1 @.@ 3 million people . Manitoba covers 649 @,@ 950 square kilometres ( 250 @,@ 900 sq mi ) with a widely varied landscape . The province is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west , the territories of Nunavut to the north , and Northwest Territories to the northwest , and the US states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south .
Aboriginal peoples have inhabited what is now Manitoba for thousands of years . In the late 17th century , fur traders arrived in the area when it was part of Rupert 's Land and owned by the Hudson 's Bay Company . In 1867 , negotiations for the creation of the province of Manitoba led to an armed uprising of the Métis people against the Government of Canada , a conflict known as the Red River Rebellion . The resolution of the rebellion led to the Parliament of Canada passing the Manitoba Act in 1870 , officially creating the province of Manitoba .
Manitoba 's capital and largest city , Winnipeg , is Canada 's eighth @-@ largest Census Metropolitan Area . Winnipeg is the seat of government , home to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba and the Provincial Court . Four of the province 's five universities and all four of its professional sports teams are in Winnipeg . Other cities in the province are Brandon , Portage la Prairie , Steinbach , Thompson , Winkler , Selkirk , Dauphin , Morden , and Flin Flon .
= = Etymology = =
The name Manitoba is believed to be derived from the Cree , Ojibwe or Assiniboine languages . The name derives from Cree manitou @-@ wapow or Ojibwa manidoobaa , both meaning " straits of Manitou , the Great Spirit " , a place referring to what are now called The Narrows in the centre of Lake Manitoba . It may also be from the Assiniboine for " Lake of the Prairie " .
The lake was known to French explorers as Lac des Prairies . Thomas Spence chose the name to refer to a new republic he proposed for the area south of the lake . Métis leader Louis Riel also chose the name , and it was accepted in Ottawa under the Manitoba Act of 1870 .
= = Geography = =
Manitoba is bordered by the provinces of Ontario to the east and Saskatchewan to the west , the territories of Nunavut to the north , and Northwest Territories to the northwest , and the US states of North Dakota and Minnesota to the south . It adjoins Hudson Bay to the northeast , and is the only prairie province to have a saltwater coastline . The Port of Churchill is the only arctic deep @-@ water port in Canada and the shortest shipping route between North America and Asia . Lake Winnipeg is the tenth @-@ largest freshwater lake in the world . Hudson Bay is the second @-@ largest bay in the world . Manitoba is at the heart of the giant Hudson Bay watershed , once known as Rupert 's Land . It was a vital area of the Hudson 's Bay Company , with many rivers and lakes that provided excellent opportunities for the lucrative fur trade .
= = = Hydrography and terrain = = =
The province has a saltwater coastline bordering Hudson Bay and contains over 110 @,@ 000 lakes , covering approximately 15 @.@ 6 percent or 101 @,@ 593 square kilometres ( 39 @,@ 225 sq mi ) of its surface area . Manitoba 's major lakes are Lake Manitoba , Lake Winnipegosis , and Lake Winnipeg , the tenth @-@ largest freshwater lake in the world . Some traditional Native lands and boreal forest on the east side of Lake Winnipeg are a proposed UNESCO World Heritage Site .
Manitoba is at the centre of the Hudson Bay drainage basin , with a high volume of the water draining into Lake Winnipeg and then north down the Nelson River into Hudson Bay . This basin 's rivers reach far west to the mountains , far south into the United States , and east into Ontario . Major watercourses include the Red , Assiniboine , Nelson , Winnipeg , Hayes , Whiteshell and Churchill rivers . Most of Manitoba 's inhabited south has developed in the prehistoric bed of Glacial Lake Agassiz . This region , particularly the Red River Valley , is flat and fertile ; there are hilly and rocky areas throughout the province left by receding glaciers .
Baldy Mountain is the province 's highest point at 832 metres ( 2 @,@ 730 ft ) above sea level , and the Hudson Bay coast is the lowest at sea level . Riding Mountain , the Pembina Hills , Sandilands Provincial Forest , and the Canadian Shield are also upland regions . Much of the province 's sparsely inhabited north and east lie on the irregular granite Canadian Shield , including Whiteshell , Atikaki , and Nopiming Provincial Parks .
Extensive agriculture is found only in the province 's southern areas , although there is grain farming in the Carrot Valley Region ( near The Pas ) . The most common agricultural activity is cattle husbandry ( 34 @.@ 6 % ) , followed by assorted grains ( 19 @.@ 0 % ) and oilseed ( 7 @.@ 9 % ) . Around 12 percent of Canada 's farmland is in Manitoba .
= = = Climate = = =
Manitoba has an extreme continental climate . Temperatures and precipitation generally decrease from south to north and increase from east to west . Manitoba is far from the moderating influences of mountain ranges or large bodies of water . Because of the generally flat landscape , it is exposed to cold Arctic high @-@ pressure air masses from the northwest during January and February . In the summer , air masses sometimes come out of the Southern United States , as warm humid air is drawn northward from the Gulf of Mexico . Temperatures exceed 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) numerous times each summer , and the combination of heat and humidity can bring the humidex value to the mid @-@ 40s . Carman , Manitoba recorded the second @-@ highest humidex ever in Canada in 2007 , with 53 @.@ 0 . According to Environment Canada , Manitoba ranked first for clearest skies year round , and ranked second for clearest skies in the summer and for the sunniest province in the winter and spring .
Southern Manitoba ( including the city of Winnipeg ) , falls into the humid continental climate zone ( Köppen Dfb ) . This area is cold and windy in the winter and has frequent blizzards because of the open landscape . Summers are warm with a moderate length . This region is the most humid area in the prairie provinces , with moderate precipitation . Southwestern Manitoba , though under the same climate classification as the rest of Southern Manitoba , is closer to the semi @-@ arid interior of Palliser 's Triangle . The area is drier and more prone to droughts than other parts of southern Manitoba . This area is cold and windy in the winter and has frequent blizzards due to the openness of the prairie landscape . Summers are generally warm to hot , with low to moderate humidity .
Southern parts of the province just north of Tornado Alley , experience tornadoes , with 15 confirmed touchdowns in 2006 . In 2007 , on 22 and 23 June , numerous tornadoes touched down , the largest an F5 tornado that devastated parts of Elie ( the strongest recorded tornado in Canada ) .
The province 's northern sections ( including the city of Thompson ) fall in the subarctic climate zone ( Köppen climate classification Dfc ) . This region features long and extremely cold winters and brief , warm summers with little precipitation . Overnight temperatures as low as − 40 ° C ( − 40 ° F ) occur on several days each winter .
= = = Flora and fauna = = =
The province 's eastern , southeastern , and northern reaches range through boreal coniferous forests , muskeg , Canadian Shield and a small section of tundra bordering Hudson Bay . Forests make up about 263 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 102 @,@ 000 sq mi ) , or 48 percent , of the province 's land area . The forests consist of pines ( mostly jack pine , some red pine ) , spruces ( white , black ) , larch , poplars ( trembling aspen , balsam poplar ) , birch ( white , swamp ) and small pockets of eastern white cedar . The tallgrass prairie dominates the southern and particularly the province 's southeastern parts around the Red River Valley , and is notable for its endangered western prairie fringed orchid , whereas the rest of the south and southwest is predominantly mixed grass prairie . There is a broad zone of aspen parkland ecotone .
Manitoba is home to a diverse species of animals . The province is especially noted for its polar bear population ; Churchill is commonly referred to as the " Polar Bear Capital " . Other large animals , such as moose , deer , cougars , lynx , and wolves , are common throughout the province , especially in the provincial and national parks . There is a large population of red sided garter snakes near Narcisse ; the dens there are home to the world 's largest concentration of snakes . Manitoba has over 145 species of birds , including the great grey owl , the province 's official bird , and the endangered peregrine falcon . Manitoba 's lakes host 18 species of game fish , particularly species of trout , pike , and goldeye , as well as many smaller fish .
= = History = =
= = = First Nations and European settlement = = =
Modern @-@ day Manitoba was inhabited by the First Nations people shortly after the last ice age glaciers retreated in the southwest about 10 @,@ 000 years ago ; the first exposed land was the Turtle Mountain area . The Ojibwe , Cree , Dene , Sioux , Mandan , and Assiniboine peoples founded settlements , and other tribes entered the area to trade . In Northern Manitoba , quartz was mined to make arrowheads . The first farming in Manitoba was along the Red River , where corn and other seed crops were planted before contact with Europeans .
In 1611 , Henry Hudson was one of the first Europeans to sail into what is now known as Hudson Bay , where he was abandoned by his crew . The first European to reach present @-@ day central and southern Manitoba was Sir Thomas Button , who travelled upstream along the Nelson River to Lake Winnipeg in 1612 in an unsuccessful attempt to find and rescue Hudson . When the British ship Nonsuch sailed into Hudson Bay in 1668 – 1669 , she became the first trading vessel to reach the area ; that voyage led to the formation of the Hudson 's Bay Company , to which the British government gave absolute control of the entire Hudson Bay watershed . This watershed was named Rupert 's Land , after Prince Rupert , who helped to subsidize the Hudson 's Bay Company . York Factory was founded in 1684 after the original fort of the Hudson 's Bay Company , Fort Nelson ( built in 1682 ) , was destroyed by rival French traders .
Pierre Gaultier de Varennes , sieur de La Vérendrye , visited the Red River Valley in the 1730s to help open the area for French exploration and trade . As French explorers entered the area , a Montreal @-@ based company , the North West Company , began trading with the Métis . Both the North West Company and the Hudson 's Bay Company built fur @-@ trading forts ; the two companies competed in southern Manitoba , occasionally resulting in violence , until they merged in 1821 ( the Hudson 's Bay Company Archives in Winnipeg preserve the history of this era ) .
Great Britain secured the territory in 1763 after their victory over France in the North American theatre of the Seven Years ' War , better known as the French and Indian War in North America ; lasting from 1754 to 1763 . The founding of the first agricultural community and settlements in 1812 by Lord Selkirk , north of the area which is now downtown Winnipeg , led to conflict between British colonists and the Métis . Twenty colonists , including the governor , and one Métis were killed in the Battle of Seven Oaks in 1816 . Thomas Spence attempted to be President of the Republic of Manitobah in 1867 , that he and his council named .
= = = Confederation = = =
Rupert 's Land was ceded to Canada by the Hudson 's Bay Company in 1869 and incorporated into the Northwest Territories ; a lack of attention to Métis concerns caused Métis leader Louis Riel to establish a local provisional government as part of the Red River Rebellion . In response , Prime Minister John A. Macdonald introduced the Manitoba Act in the Canadian House of Commons , the bill was given Royal Assent and Manitoba was brought into Canada as a province in 1870 . Louis Riel was pursued by British army officer Garnet Wolseley because of the rebellion , and Riel fled into exile . The Canadian government blocked the Métis ' attempts to obtain land promised to them as part of Manitoba 's entry into confederation . Facing racism from the new flood of white settlers from Ontario , large numbers of Métis moved to what would become Saskatchewan and Alberta .
Numbered Treaties were signed in the late 19th century with the chiefs of various First Nations that lived in the area . These treaties made specific promises of land for every family . As a result , a reserve system was established under the jurisdiction of the Federal Government . The prescribed amount of land promised to the native peoples was not always given ; this led aboriginal groups to assert rights to the land through aboriginal land claims , many of which are still ongoing .
The original province of Manitoba was a square one @-@ eighteenth of its current size , and was known colloquially as the " postage stamp province " . Its borders were expanded in 1881 , taking land from the Northwest Territories and the District of Keewatin , but Ontario claimed a large portion of the land ; the disputed portion was awarded to Ontario in 1889 . Manitoba grew to its current size in 1912 , absorbing land from the Northwest Territories to reach 60 ° N , uniform with the northern reach of its western neighbours Saskatchewan , Alberta and British Columbia .
The Manitoba Schools Question showed the deep divergence of cultural values in the territory . The Catholic Franco @-@ Manitobans had been guaranteed a state @-@ supported separate school system in the original constitution of Manitoba , but a grassroots political movement among English Protestants from 1888 to 1890 demanded the end of French schools . In 1890 , the Manitoba legislature passed a law removing funding for French Catholic schools . The French Catholic minority asked the federal government for support ; however , the Orange Order and other anti @-@ Catholic forces mobilized nationwide to oppose them .
The federal Conservatives proposed remedial legislation to override Manitoba , but they were blocked by the Liberals , led by Wilfrid Laurier , who opposed the remedial legislation because of his belief in provincial rights . Once elected Prime Minister in 1896 , Laurier implemented a compromise stating Catholics in Manitoba could have their own religious instruction for 30 minutes at the end of the day if there were enough students to warrant it , implemented on a school @-@ by @-@ school basis .
= = = Modern era = = =
By 1911 , Winnipeg was the third largest city in Canada , and remained so until overtaken by Vancouver in the 1920s . A boomtown , it grew quickly around the start of the 20th century , with outside investors and immigrants contributing to its success . The drop in growth in the second half of the decade was a result of the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914 , which reduced reliance on transcontinental railways for trade , as well as a decrease in immigration due to the outbreak of the First World War . Over 18 @,@ 000 Manitoba residents enlisted in the first year of the war ; by the end of the war , 14 Manitobans had received the Victoria Cross .
After the First World War ended , severe discontent among farmers ( over wheat prices ) and union members ( over wage rates ) resulted in an upsurge of radicalism , coupled with a polarization over the rise of Bolshevism in Russia . The most dramatic result was the Winnipeg general strike of 1919 . It began on 15 May and collapsed on 25 June 1919 ; as the workers gradually returned to their jobs , the Central Strike Committee decided to end the movement .
Government efforts to violently crush the strike , including a Royal Northwest Mounted Police charge into a crowd of protesters that resulted in multiple casualties and one death , had led to the arrest of the movement 's leaders . In the aftermath , eight leaders went on trial , and most were convicted on charges of seditious conspiracy , illegal combinations , and seditious libel ; four were aliens who were deported under the Canadian Immigration Act .
The Great Depression ( 1929 – c . 1939 ) hit especially hard in Western Canada , including Manitoba . The collapse of the world market combined with a steep drop in agricultural production due to drought led to economic diversification , moving away from a reliance on wheat production . The Manitoba Co @-@ operative Commonwealth Federation , forerunner to the New Democratic Party of Manitoba ( NDP ) , was founded in 1932 .
Canada entered the Second World War in 1939 . Winnipeg was one of the major commands for the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan to train fighter pilots , and there were air training schools throughout Manitoba . Several Manitoba @-@ based regiments were deployed overseas , including Princess Patricia 's Canadian Light Infantry . In an effort to raise money for the war effort , the Victory Loan campaign organized " If Day " in 1942 . The event featured a simulated Nazi invasion and occupation of Manitoba , and eventually raised over C $ 65 million .
Winnipeg was inundated during the 1950 Red River Flood and had to be partially evacuated . In that year , the Red River reached its highest level since 1861 and flooded most of the Red River Valley . The damage caused by the flood led then @-@ Premier Duff Roblin to advocate for the construction of the Red River Floodway ; it was completed in 1968 after six years of excavation . Permanent dikes were erected in eight towns south of Winnipeg , and clay dikes and diversion dams were built in the Winnipeg area . In 1997 , the " Flood of the Century " caused over C $ 400 million in damages in Manitoba , but the floodway prevented Winnipeg from flooding .
In 1990 , Prime Minister Brian Mulroney attempted to pass the Meech Lake Accord , a series of constitutional amendments to persuade Quebec to endorse the Canada Act 1982 . Unanimous support in the legislature was needed to bypass public consultation . Manitoba politician Elijah Harper , a Cree , opposed because he did not believe First Nations had been adequately involved in the Accord 's process , and thus the Accord failed .
In 2013 , Manitoba was the second province to make accessibility legislation law , protecting the rights of persons with disabilities .
= = Demography = =
At the 2011 census , Manitoba had a population of 1 @,@ 208 @,@ 268 , more than half of which is in the Winnipeg Capital Region ; Winnipeg is Canada 's eighth @-@ largest Census Metropolitan Area , with a population of 730 @,@ 018 ( 2011 Census ) . Although initial colonization of the province revolved mostly around homesteading , the last century has seen a shift towards urbanization ; Manitoba is the only Canadian province with over fifty @-@ five percent of its population located in a single city .
According to the 2006 Canadian census , the largest ethnic group in Manitoba is English ( 22 @.@ 9 % ) , followed by German ( 19 @.@ 1 % ) , Scottish ( 18 @.@ 5 % ) , Ukrainian ( 14 @.@ 7 % ) , Irish ( 13 @.@ 4 % ) , North American Indian ( 10 @.@ 6 % ) , Polish ( 7 @.@ 3 % ) , Métis ( 6 @.@ 4 % ) , French ( 5 @.@ 6 % ) , Dutch ( 4 @.@ 9 % ) , and Russian ( 4 @.@ 0 % ) . Almost one @-@ fifth of respondents also identified their ethnicity as " Canadian " . There is a significant indigenous community : aboriginals ( including Métis ) are Manitoba 's fastest @-@ growing ethnic group , representing 13 @.@ 6 percent of Manitoba 's population as of 2001 ( some reserves refused to allow census @-@ takers to enumerate their populations ) . There is a significant Franco @-@ Manitoban minority ( 148 @,@ 370 ) and a growing aboriginal population ( 192 @,@ 865 , including the Métis ) . Gimli , Manitoba is home to the largest Icelandic community outside of Iceland .
Most Manitobans belong to a Christian denomination : on the 2001 census , 758 @,@ 760 Manitobans ( 68 @.@ 7 % ) reported being Christian , followed by 13 @,@ 040 ( 1 @.@ 2 % ) Jewish , 5 @,@ 745 ( 0 @.@ 5 % ) Buddhist , 5 @,@ 485 ( 0 @.@ 5 % ) Sikh , 5 @,@ 095 ( 0 @.@ 5 % ) Muslim , 3 @,@ 840 ( 0 @.@ 3 % ) Hindu , 3 @,@ 415 ( 0 @.@ 3 % ) Aboriginal spirituality and 995 ( 0 @.@ 1 % ) pagan . 201 @,@ 825 Manitobans ( 18 @.@ 3 % ) reported no religious affiliation . The largest Christian denominations by number of adherents were the Roman Catholic Church with 292 @,@ 970 ( 27 % ) ; the United Church of Canada with 176 @,@ 820 ( 16 % ) ; and the Anglican Church of Canada with 85 @,@ 890 ( 8 % ) .
= = Economy = =
Manitoba has a moderately strong economy based largely on natural resources . Its Gross Domestic Product was C $ 50 @.@ 834 billion in 2008 . The province 's economy grew 2 @.@ 4 percent in 2008 , the third consecutive year of growth ; in 2009 , it neither increased nor decreased . The average individual income in Manitoba in 2006 was C $ 25 @,@ 100 ( compared to a national average of C $ 26 @,@ 500 ) , ranking fifth @-@ highest among the provinces . As of October 2009 , Manitoba 's unemployment rate was 5 @.@ 8 percent .
Manitoba 's economy relies heavily on agriculture , tourism , energy , oil , mining , and forestry . Agriculture is vital and is found mostly in the southern half of the province , although grain farming occurs as far north as The Pas . Around 12 percent of Canadian farmland is in Manitoba . The most common type of farm found in rural areas is cattle farming ( 34 @.@ 6 % ) , followed by assorted grains ( 19 @.@ 0 % ) and oilseed ( 7 @.@ 9 % ) .
Manitoba is the nation 's largest producer of sunflower seed and dry beans , and one of the leading sources of potatoes . Portage la Prairie is a major potato processing centre , and is home to the McCain Foods and Simplot plants , which provide French fries for McDonald 's , Wendy 's , and other commercial chains . Can @-@ Oat Milling , one of the largest oat mills in the world , also has a plant in the municipality .
Manitoba 's largest employers are government and government @-@ funded institutions , including crown corporations and services like hospitals and universities . Major private @-@ sector employers are The Great @-@ West Life Assurance Company , Cargill Ltd . , and James Richardson and Sons Ltd . Manitoba also has large manufacturing and tourism sectors . Churchill 's Arctic wildlife is a major tourist attraction ; the town is a world capital for polar bear and beluga whale watchers . Manitoba is the only province with an Arctic deep @-@ water seaport , which links to the shortest shipping route between North America , Europe and Asia .
= = = Economic history = = =
Manitoba 's early economy depended on mobility and living off the land . Aboriginal Nations ( Cree , Ojibwa , Dene , Sioux and Assiniboine ) followed herds of bison and congregated to trade among themselves at key meeting places throughout the province . After the arrival of the first European traders in the 17th century , the economy centred on the trade of beaver pelts and other furs . Diversification of the economy came when Lord Selkirk brought the first agricultural settlers in 1811 , though the triumph of the Hudson 's Bay Company ( HBC ) over its competitors ensured the primacy of the fur trade over widespread agricultural colonization .
HBC control of Rupert 's Land ended in 1868 ; when Manitoba became a province in 1870 , all land became the property of the federal government , with homesteads granted to settlers for farming . Transcontinental railways were constructed to simplify trade . Manitoba 's economy depended mainly on farming , which persisted until drought and the Great Depression led to further diversification .
= = Military bases = =
CFB Winnipeg is a Canadian Forces Base at the Winnipeg International Airport . The base is home to flight operations support divisions and several training schools , as well as the 1 Canadian Air Division and Canadian NORAD Region Headquarters . 17 Wing of the Canadian Forces is based at CFB Winnipeg ; the Wing has three squadrons and six schools . It supports 113 units from Thunder Bay to the Saskatchewan / Alberta border , and from the 49th parallel north to the high Arctic . 17 Wing acts as a deployed operating base for CF @-@ 18 Hornet fighter – bombers assigned to the Canadian NORAD Region .
The two 17 Wing squadrons based in the city are : the 402 ( " City of Winnipeg " Squadron ) , which flies the Canadian designed and produced de Havilland Canada CT @-@ 142 Dash 8 navigation trainer in support of the 1 Canadian Forces Flight Training School 's Air Combat Systems Officer and Airborne Electronic Sensor Operator training programs ( which trains all Canadian Air Combat Systems Officer ) ; and the 435 ( " Chinthe " Transport and Rescue Squadron ) , which flies the Lockheed C @-@ 130 Hercules tanker / transport in airlift search and rescue roles , and is the only Air Force squadron equipped and trained to conduct air @-@ to @-@ air refuelling of fighter aircraft .
Canadian Forces Base Shilo ( CFB Shilo ) is an Operations and Training base of the Canadian Forces located 35 kilometres ( 22 mi ) east of Brandon . During the 1990s , Canadian Forces Base Shilo was designated as an Area Support Unit , acting as a local base of operations for Southwest Manitoba in times of military and civil emergency . CFB Shilo is the home of the 1st Regiment , Royal Canadian Horse Artillery , both battalions of the 1 Canadian Mechanized Brigade Group , and the Royal Canadian Artillery . The Second Battalion of Princess Patricia 's Canadian Light Infantry ( 2 PPCLI ) , which was originally stationed in Winnipeg ( first at Fort Osborne , then in Kapyong Barracks ) , has operated out of CFB Shilo since 2004 . CFB Shilo hosts a training unit , 3rd Canadian Division Training Centre . It serves as a base for support units of 3rd Canadian Division , also including 3 CDSG Signals Squadron , Shared Services Unit ( West ) , 11 CF Health Services Centre , 1 Dental Unit , 1 Military Police Regiment , and an Integrated Personnel Support Centre . The base currently houses 1 @,@ 700 soldiers .
= = Government and politics = =
After the control of Rupert 's Land was passed from Great Britain to the Government of Canada in 1869 , Manitoba attained full @-@ fledged rights and responsibilities of self @-@ government as the first Canadian province carved out of the Northwest Territories . The Legislative Assembly of Manitoba was established on 14 July 1870 . Political parties first emerged between 1878 and 1883 , with a two @-@ party system ( Liberals and Conservatives ) . The United Farmers of Manitoba appeared in 1922 , and later merged with the Liberals in 1932 . Other parties , including the Co @-@ operative Commonwealth Federation ( CCF ) , appeared during the Great Depression ; in the 1950s , Manitoban politics became a three @-@ party system , and the Liberals gradually declined in power . The CCF became the New Democratic Party of Manitoba ( NDP ) , which came to power in 1969 . Since then , the Conservatives and the NDP have been the dominant parties .
Like all Canadian provinces , Manitoba is governed by a unicameral legislative assembly . The executive branch is formed by the governing party ; the party leader is the premier of Manitoba , the head of the executive branch . The head of state , Queen Elizabeth II , is represented by the Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba , who is appointed by the Governor General of Canada on advice of the Prime Minister . The head of state is primarily a ceremonial role , although the Lieutenant Governor has the official responsibility of ensuring that Manitoba has a duly constituted government .
The Legislative Assembly consists of the 57 Members elected to represent the people of Manitoba . The premier of Manitoba is Brian Pallister of the PC Party . The PCs were elected with a majority government of 40 seats . The NDP holds 14 seats , and the Liberal Party have three seats but does not have official party status in the Manitoba Legislature . The last provincial general election was held on 19 April 2016 . The province is represented in federal politics by 14 Members of Parliament and six Senators .
Manitoba 's judiciary consists of the Court of Appeal , the Court of Queen 's Bench , and the Provincial Court . The Provincial Court is primarily for criminal law ; 95 percent of criminal cases in Manitoba are heard here . The Court of Queen 's Bench is the highest trial court in the province . It has four jurisdictions : family law ( child and family services cases ) , civil law , criminal law ( for indictable offences ) , and appeals . The Court of Appeal hears appeals from both benches ; its decisions can only be appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada .
= = = Official languages = = =
English and French are the official languages of the legislature and courts of Manitoba , according to § 23 of the Manitoba Act , 1870 ( part of the Constitution of Canada ) . In April 1890 , the Manitoba legislature attempted to abolish the official status of French , and ceased to publish bilingual legislation . However , in 1985 the Supreme Court of Canada ruled in the Reference re Manitoba Language Rights that § 23 still applied , and that legislation published only in English was invalid ( unilingual legislation was declared valid for a temporary period to allow time for translation ) .
Although French is an official language for the purposes of the legislature , legislation , and the courts , the Manitoba Act does not require it to be an official language for the purpose of the executive branch ( except when performing legislative or judicial functions ) . Hence , Manitoba 's government is not completely bilingual . The Manitoba French Language Services Policy of 1999 is intended to provide a comparable level of provincial government services in both official languages . According to the 2006 Census , 82 @.@ 8 percent of Manitoba 's population spoke only English , 3 @.@ 2 percent spoke only French , 15 @.@ 1 percent spoke both , and 0 @.@ 9 percent spoke neither .
In 2010 , the provincial government of Manitoba passed the Aboriginal Languages Recognition Act , which gives official recognition to seven indigenous languages : Cree , Dakota , Dene , Inuktitut , Michif , Ojibway and Oji @-@ Cree .
= = Transportation = =
Transportation and warehousing contribute approximately C $ 2 @.@ 2 billion to Manitoba 's GDP . Total employment in the industry is estimated at 34 @,@ 500 , or around 5 percent of Manitoba 's population . Trucks haul 95 percent of land freight in Manitoba , and trucking companies account for 80 percent of Manitoba 's merchandise trade to the United States . Five of Canada 's twenty @-@ five largest employers in for @-@ hire trucking are headquartered in Manitoba . C $ 1 @.@ 18 billion of Manitoba 's GDP comes directly or indirectly from trucking .
Greyhound Canada and Grey Goose Bus Lines offer domestic bus service from the Winnipeg Bus Terminal . The terminal was relocated from downtown Winnipeg to the airport in 2009 , and is a Greyhound hub . Municipalities also operate localized transit bus systems .
Manitoba has two Class I railways : Canadian National Railway ( CN ) and Canadian Pacific Railway ( CPR ) . Winnipeg is centrally located on the main lines of both carriers , and both maintain large inter @-@ modal terminals in the city . CN and CPR operate a combined 2 @,@ 439 kilometres ( 1 @,@ 516 mi ) of track in Manitoba . Via Rail offers transcontinental and Northern Manitoba passenger service from Winnipeg 's Union Station . Numerous small regional and short @-@ line railways also run trains within Manitoba : the Hudson Bay Railway , the Southern Manitoba Railway , Burlington Northern Santa Fe Manitoba , Greater Winnipeg Water District Railway , and Central Manitoba Railway . Together , these smaller lines operate approximately 1 @,@ 775 kilometres ( 1 @,@ 103 mi ) of track in the province .
Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport , Manitoba 's largest airport , is one of only a few 24 @-@ hour unrestricted airports in Canada and is part of the National Airports System . A new , larger terminal opened in October 2011 . The airport handles approximately 195 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 430 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 lb ) of cargo annually , making it the third largest cargo airport in the country .
Eleven regional passenger airlines and nine smaller and charter carriers operate out of the airport , as well as eleven air cargo carriers and seven freight forwarders . Winnipeg is a major sorting facility for both FedEx and Purolator , and receives daily trans @-@ border service from UPS . Air Canada Cargo and Cargojet Airways use the airport as a major hub for national traffic .
The Port of Churchill , owned by OmniTRAX , is the only Arctic deep @-@ water port in Canada . It is nautically closer to ports in Northern Europe and Russia than any other port in Canada . It has four deep @-@ sea berths for the loading and unloading of grain , general cargo and tanker vessels . The port is served by the Hudson Bay Railway ( also owned by OmniTRAX ) . Grain represented 90 percent of the port 's traffic in the 2004 shipping season . In that year , over 600 @,@ 000 tonnes ( 1 @.@ 3 × 109 lb ) of agricultural products were shipped through the port .
= = Education = =
The first school in Manitoba was founded in 1818 by Roman Catholic missionaries in present @-@ day Winnipeg ; the first Protestant school was established in 1820 . A provincial board of education was established in 1871 ; it was responsible for public schools and curriculum , and represented both Catholics and Protestants . The Manitoba Schools Question led to funding for French Catholic schools largely being withdrawn in favour of the English Protestant majority . Legislation making education compulsory for children between seven and fourteen was first enacted in 1916 , and the leaving age was raised to sixteen in 1962 .
Public schools in Manitoba fall under the regulation of one of thirty @-@ seven school divisions within the provincial education system ( except for the Manitoba Band Operated Schools , which are administered by the federal government ) . Public schools follow a provincially mandated curriculum in either French or English . There are sixty @-@ five funded independent schools in Manitoba , including three boarding schools . These schools must follow the Manitoban curriculum and meet other provincial requirements . There are forty @-@ four non @-@ funded independent schools , which are not required to meet those standards .
There are five universities in Manitoba , regulated by the Ministry of Advanced Education and Literacy . Four of these universities are in Winnipeg : the University of Manitoba , the largest and most comprehensive ; the University of Winnipeg , a liberal arts school primarily focused on undergrad studies located downtown ; Université de Saint @-@ Boniface , the province 's only French @-@ language university ; and the Canadian Mennonite University , a religious @-@ based institution . The Université de Saint @-@ Boniface , established in 1818 and now affiliated with the University of Manitoba , is the oldest university in Western Canada . Brandon University , formed in 1899 and located in Brandon , is the province 's only university not in Winnipeg .
Manitoba has thirty @-@ eight public libraries ; of these , twelve have French @-@ language collections and eight have significant collections in other languages . Twenty @-@ one of these are part of the Winnipeg Public Library system . The first lending library in Manitoba was founded in 1848 .
= = Culture = =
= = = Arts = = =
Manitoba 's culture has been influenced by traditional ( Aboriginal and Métis ) and modern Canadian artistic values , as well as by the cultures of its immigrant populations and American neighbours . The Minister of Culture , Heritage , Tourism and Sport is responsible for promoting and , to some extent , financing Manitoban culture . Manitoba is the birthplace of the Red River Jig , a combination of aboriginal pow @-@ wows and European reels popular among early settlers . Manitoba 's traditional music has strong roots in Métis and Aboriginal culture , in particular the old @-@ time fiddling of the Métis . Manitoba 's cultural scene also incorporates classical European traditions . The Winnipeg @-@ based Royal Winnipeg Ballet ( RWB ) , is Canada 's oldest ballet and North America 's longest continuously operating ballet company ; it was granted its royal title in 1953 under Queen Elizabeth II . The Winnipeg Symphony Orchestra ( WSO ) performs classical music and new compositions at the Centennial Concert Hall . Manitoba Opera , founded in 1969 , also performs out of the Centennial Concert Hall .
Le Cercle Molière ( founded 1925 ) is the oldest French @-@ language theatre in Canada , and Manitoba Theatre Centre ( founded 1958 ) is Canada 's oldest English @-@ language regional theatre . Manitoba Theatre for Young People was the first English @-@ language theatre to win the Canadian Institute of the Arts for Young Audiences Award , and offers plays for children and teenagers as well as a theatre school . The Winnipeg Art Gallery ( WAG ) , Manitoba 's largest art gallery and the sixth largest in the country , hosts an art school for children ; the WAG 's permanent collection comprises over twenty thousand works , with a particular emphasis on Manitoban and Canadian art .
The 1960s pop group The Guess Who was formed in Manitoba , and later became the first Canadian band to have a No. 1 hit in the United States ; Guess Who guitarist Randy Bachman later created Bachman – Turner Overdrive ( BTO ) with fellow Winnipeg @-@ based musician Fred Turner . Fellow rocker Neil Young , lived for a time in Manitoba , played with Stephen Stills in Buffalo Springfield , and again in supergroup Crosby , Stills , Nash & Young . Soft @-@ rock band Crash Test Dummies formed in the late 1980s in Winnipeg and were the 1992 Juno Awards Group of the Year .
Several prominent Canadian films were produced in Manitoba , such as The Stone Angel , based on the Margaret Laurence book of the same title , The Saddest Music in the World , Foodland , For Angela , and My Winnipeg . Major films shot in Manitoba include The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford and Capote , both of which received Academy Award nominations . Falcon Beach , an internationally broadcast television drama , was filmed at Winnipeg Beach , Manitoba .
Manitoba has a strong literary tradition . Manitoban writer Bertram Brooker won the first @-@ ever Governor General 's Award for Fiction in 1936 . Cartoonist Lynn Johnston , author of the comic strip For Better or For Worse , was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize and inducted into the Canadian Cartoonist Hall of Fame . Margaret Laurence 's The Stone Angel and A Jest of God were set in Manawaka , a fictional town representing Neepawa ; the latter title won the Governor General 's Award in 1966 . Carol Shields won both the Governor General 's Award and the Pulitzer Prize for The Stone Diaries . Gabrielle Roy , a Franco @-@ Manitoban writer , won the Governor General 's Award three times . A quote from her writings is featured on the Canadian $ 20 bill .
= = = Festivals and museums = = =
Festivals take place throughout the province , with the largest centred in Winnipeg . The inaugural Winnipeg Folk Festival was held in 1974 as a one @-@ time celebration to mark Winnipeg 's 100th anniversary . Today , the five @-@ day festival is one of the largest folk festivals in North America with over 70 acts from around the world and an annual attendance that exceeds 80 @,@ 000 . The Winnipeg Folk Festival 's home – Birds Hill Provincial Park – is located 34 kilometres outside of Winnipeg and for the five days of the festival , it becomes Manitoba 's third largest " city . " The Festival du Voyageur is an annual ten @-@ day event held in Winnipeg 's French Quarter , and is Western Canada 's largest winter festival . It celebrates Canada 's fur @-@ trading past and French @-@ Canadian heritage and culture . Folklorama , a multicultural festival run by the Folk Arts Council , receives around 400 @,@ 000 pavilion visits each year , of which about thirty percent are from non @-@ Winnipeg residents . The Winnipeg Fringe Theatre Festival is an annual alternative theatre festival , the second @-@ largest festival of its kind in North America ( after the Edmonton International Fringe Festival ) .
Manitoban museums document different aspects of the province 's heritage . The Manitoba Museum is the largest museum in Manitoba and focuses on Manitoban history from prehistory to the 1920s . The full @-@ size replica of the Nonsuch is the museum 's showcase piece . The Manitoba Children 's Museum at The Forks presents exhibits for children . There are two museums dedicated to the native flora and fauna of Manitoba : the Living Prairie Museum , a tall grass prairie preserve featuring 160 species of grasses and wildflowers , and FortWhyte Alive , a park encompassing prairie , lake , forest and wetland habitats , home to a large herd of bison . The Canadian Fossil Discovery Centre houses the largest collection of marine reptile fossils in Canada . Other museums feature the history of aviation , marine transport , and railways in the area . The Canadian Museum for Human Rights will on completion be the first Canadian national museum outside of the National Capital Region .
= = = Media = = =
Winnipeg has three daily newspapers : the Winnipeg Free Press , a broadsheet with the highest circulation numbers in Manitoba , as well as the Winnipeg Sun and Metro , both smaller tabloid @-@ style papers . There are several ethnic weekly newspapers , including the weekly French @-@ language La Liberté , and regional and national magazines based in the city . Brandon has two newspapers : the daily Brandon Sun and the weekly Wheat City Journal . Many small towns have local newspapers .
There are five English @-@ language television stations and one French @-@ language station based in Winnipeg . The Global Television Network ( owned by Canwest ) is headquartered in the city . Winnipeg is home to twenty @-@ one AM and FM radio stations , two of which are French @-@ language stations . Brandon 's five local radio stations are provided by Astral Media and Westman Communications Group . In addition to the Brandon and Winnipeg stations , radio service is provided in rural areas and smaller towns by Golden West Broadcasting , Corus Entertainment , and local broadcasters . CBC Radio broadcasts local and national programming throughout the province . Native Communications is devoted to Aboriginal programming and broadcasts to many of the isolated native communities as well as to larger cities .
= = = Sports = = =
Manitoba has four professional sports teams : the Winnipeg Blue Bombers ( Canadian Football League ) , the Winnipeg Jets ( National Hockey League ) , the Manitoba Moose ( American Hockey League ) , and the Winnipeg Goldeyes ( American Association ) . The province was previously home to another team called the Winnipeg Jets , which played in the World Hockey Association and National Hockey League from 1972 until 1996 , when financial troubles prompted a sale and move of the team , renamed the Phoenix Coyotes . A second incarnation of the Winnipeg Jets returned , after True North Sports & Entertainment bought the Atlanta Thrashers and moved the team to Winnipeg in time for the 2011 hockey season . Manitoba has one major junior @-@ level hockey team , the Western Hockey League 's Brandon Wheat Kings , and one junior football team , the Winnipeg Rifles of the Canadian Junior Football League .
The province is represented in university athletics by the University of Manitoba Bisons , the University of Winnipeg Wesmen , and the Brandon University Bobcats . All three teams compete in the Canada West Universities Athletic Association ( the regional division of Canadian Interuniversity Sport ) .
Curling is an important winter sport in the province with Manitoba producing more men 's national champions than any other province , while additionally in the top 3 women 's national champions , as well as multiple world champions in the sport . The province also hosts the world 's largest curling tournament in the MCA Bonspiel . The province is regular host to Grand Slam events which feature as the largest cash events in the sport such as the annual Manitoba Lotteries Women 's Curling Classic as well as other rotating events .
Though not as prominent as hockey and curling , long track speed skating also features as a notable and top winter sport in Manitoba . The province has produced some of the world 's best female speed skaters including Susan Auch and the country 's top Olympic medal earners Cindy Klassen and Clara Hughes .
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= French battleship République =
République was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship of the French Navy built in the early 1900s . The lead ship of her class , she had only one sister ship : Patrie . The ship was built by the Arsenal de Brest , laid down in December 1901 , launched in September 1902 , and commissioned into the fleet in December 1906 , the same time as the revolutionary British battleship HMS Dreadnought . Armed with a main battery of four 305 mm ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) guns , she was outclassed by Dreadnought by the time she entered service .
République served in the Mediterranean Fleet for the duration of her career . In 1910 she was accidentally torpedoed by Patrie . She was moored near the battleship Liberté when the latter exploded accidentally in 1911 , and was damaged by flying debris . After the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , she covered troop convoys from Algeria to France , and participated in the sinking of the Austro @-@ Hungarian cruiser SMS Zenta later that month . She spent the majority of the war in Corfu at the mouth of the Adriatic Sea , to keep the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet bottled up in the Adriatic . She was eventually stricken in 1921 and broken up for scrap thereafter .
= = Design = =
République was laid down at the Arsenal de Brest in December 1901 , launched on 4 September 1902 , and completed in December 1906 , at the same time as the revolutionary British battleship HMS Dreadnought , which rendered the pre @-@ dreadnoughts like République outdated . The ship was 133 @.@ 81 meters ( 439 ft 0 in ) long between perpendiculars and had a beam of 24 @.@ 26 m ( 79 ft 7 in ) and a full @-@ load draft of 8 @.@ 41 m ( 27 ft 7 in ) . She displaced 14 @,@ 605 metric tons ( 14 @,@ 374 long tons ; 16 @,@ 099 short tons ) at full load and had a crew of between 766 and 825 officers and enlisted men . She was powered by three vertical triple expansion engines with twenty @-@ four Niclausse boilers . They were rated at 18 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 13 @,@ 420 kW ) and provided a top speed of 19 knots ( 35 km / h ; 22 mph ) . Coal storage amounted to 1 @,@ 800 t ( 1 @,@ 770 long tons ; 1 @,@ 980 short tons ) .
République 's main battery consisted of four Canon de 305 mm Modèle 1893 / 96 guns mounted in two twin gun turrets , one forward and one aft . The secondary battery consisted of eighteen Canon de 164 mm Modèle 1893 guns ; twelve were mounted in twin turrets , and six in casemates in the hull . She also carried twenty @-@ five 3 @-@ pounder guns . The ship was also armed with two 450 mm ( 17 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes submerged in the hull . The ship 's main belt was 280 mm ( 11 @.@ 0 in ) thick and the main battery was protected by up to 350 mm ( 13 @.@ 8 in ) of armor . The conning tower had 305 mm ( 12 @.@ 0 in ) thick sides .
= = Service history = =
After commissioning in December 1906 , République conducted her sea trials . During the speed trials , she reached a top speed of 19 @.@ 15 knots ( 35 @.@ 47 km / h ; 22 @.@ 04 mph ) , more than a knot faster than her contract speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . In 1907 , after joining the fleet , République took first place in the annual gunnery competition . She was assigned to the 1st Division of the Mediterranean Fleet , along with her sister Patrie and Suffren , the divisional flagship .
On 16 February 1910 , during exercises in the Gulf of Jouan , a torpedo was accidentally launched from her sister ship Patrie . The torpedo struck République , damaging her hull . On 25 September 1911 , the battleship Liberté was moored near Republique in Toulon . An accidental explosion , the result of the spontaneous combustion of nitrocellulose gel , occurred aboard Liberté ; she was destroyed and debris was hurled into the air . République was hit by a 37 @-@ metric @-@ ton ( 36 @-@ long @-@ ton ; 41 @-@ short @-@ ton ) piece of armor plate from Liberté , on the starboard quarter directly behind the main battery turret .
At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , République was assigned to the 1st Division of the 2nd Squadron in the Mediterranean , along with Patrie and the flagship , Vérité ; this was the main battle fleet of the French Navy . The French fleet was initially used to cover the movement of French troops — the XIX Corps — from Algeria to metropolitan France . As a result , the fleet was far out of position to catch the German battlecruiser SMS Goeben . For the majority of the war , the French used their main fleet to keep the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet bottled up in the Adriatic Sea . In 1914 she participated in the Battle of Antivari , where the battle line caught the Austro @-@ Hungarian cruiser SMS Zenta by surprise and sank her . The French battleships then bombarded Austrian fortifications at Cattaro in an attempt to draw out the Austro @-@ Hungarian fleet , which refused to take the bait .
The French operations in the area were hampered by a lack of a suitable base close to the mouth of the Adriatic ; the British had given the French free access to Malta , but it was hundreds of miles away . The Austrians also possessed several submarines , one of which torpedoed the dreadnought Jean Bart in December 1914 . The threat from underwater weapons greatly limited French naval activities in the Adriatic . As the war progressed , the French eventually settled on Corfu as their primary naval base in the area . Together with the pre @-@ dreadnought Gaulois , the ship covered the Allied evacuation from Gallipoli in January 1916 .
Later in 1916 , République , Patrie , and the surviving Liberté @-@ class battleships supported Allied operations in Salonica and also detached landing parties to support the Allied attempt to force Greek acquiescence for those operations in Athens on 1 December . They spent the rest of the war at Salonica and Athens . During the war , four of République 's 3 @-@ pounder guns were converted into anti @-@ aircraft guns with new high @-@ angle mounts . After the end of the war , République was placed in reserve in 1919 , along with Patrie . She was disarmed the following year and subsequently stricken from the naval register in 1921 and broken up for scrap .
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= Mutiny of the Matoika =
Mutiny of the Matoika is the common name for the events in July 1920 involving a large portion of the Olympic team of the United States while on board the U.S. Army transport ship Princess Matoika , headed to Antwerp for the 1920 Summer Olympics . Princess Matoika was a last @-@ minute substitute for another ship and , according to the athletes , did not have adequate accommodations or training facilities on board . Near the end of the voyage , the athletes published a list of grievances and demands and distributed copies of the document to the United States Secretary of War , the American Olympic Committee ( AOC ) members , and the press . The incident received wide coverage in American newspapers at the time and was still being discussed in the popular press years later . The event was not a mutiny in the traditional sense , but has been called that since the mid @-@ 1930s .
= = Background = =
In 1920 , the number of ocean liners carrying passengers on the North Atlantic gradually increased , but was still far below the pre @-@ war years ; arrivals at Atlantic ports in the United States were still down some 60 % from pre @-@ war numbers . With the fewer ships and sailings available , the AOC made arrangements with both the U.S. Army and the U.S. Navy to transport the United States Olympic team to Antwerp . The Navy agreed to carry team members who were affiliated with their branch of the service , and the Army , to carry civilian and Army @-@ affiliated competitors . The Olympic trip got off to a bad start when the Army 's scheduled ship , Northern Pacific , was declared unseaworthy , requiring a last @-@ minute substitution . The last @-@ minute selection of the Matoika meant the original planned departure date , July 20 , had to be pushed back by six days to ready the liner to sail .
The Matoika had been in the service of the U.S. Army as a transport ship since September 1919 , and , until the time of her selection , had been returning American soldiers from Europe and repatriating the remains of Americans killed during the war . Before World War I , the Matoika had been a passenger liner for North German Lloyd by the name of Princess Alice . After the United States joined the conflict in 1917 , the liner had been pressed into service for the U.S. Navy carrying American troops to Europe ; she was renamed Princess Matoika , after one of the given names for Pocahontas , as part of an order to replace Germanic names of seized ships with American names .
= = Voyage = =
On the afternoon of July 26 , the athletes attended a farewell reception at the Manhattan Opera House presided over by Gustavus T. Kirby , chairman of the American Olympic Committee ( AOC ) , who read congratulatory telegrams to the team from the governors of eleven states . At the end of the reception , the 230 civilian and U.S. Army @-@ affiliated team members marched from the Opera House to the Hudson Pier and ferried to Hoboken , New Jersey , and the waiting Matoika . ( The 101 U.S. Navy @-@ affiliated athletes and coaches were carried on cruiser USS Frederick , a frequent convoy escort of Princess Matoika during World War I. )
When female team members , AOC members , and U.S. Army athletes and officials accompanying the team were assigned first @-@ class cabins and the balance of the male athletes were relegated to troop quarters on lower decks , grumbling from team members quartered belowdecks began almost immediately . Before the Matoika even sailed , runner Joie Ray , a competitor in the 1500 meters in 1920 , complained about the conditions declaring that " if those in charge had deliberately tried to create a psychology of depression and resentment among the members of the team , they couldn 't have done anything more effective " . Two days after sailing , some of the first @-@ place winners at the Olympic tryouts were moved to the sick bay to escape the sweltering heat on the lower decks , but the majority remained below . Fencer Joseph B. B. Parker — who , as an Army athlete , was bunked in a cabin — commented that the troop accommodations were all right for troops but " not conducive to bringing men to the games in the pink of condition . "
Training conditions aboard the ship were less than ideal throughout the voyage . Rough seas for parts of the journey hampered training and contributed to widespread seasickness . Although the long distance runners were able to practice by making multiple circuits of the ship , the sprinters and hurdlers were provided only a 70 @-@ yard ( 64 m ) cork track — two @-@ thirds the length of the shortest track event at the games — on which to practice . Javelins were tethered by rope and aimed by their throwers at the sea , and , when thrown , would often come down in unexpected locations . The only facility for swimmers was a canvas saltwater tank set up on the lower deck ; the tank split when filled for the first time . Even after it was repaired , the best the swimmers could do was to practice strokes while tied to the corner of the tank with a rope , and divers , with no other facilities available , were allocated just a few minutes a day in the tank . Conditions on the ship contributed to several injuries to athletes . During foggy weather , American decathlete Everett Ellis fell on the slippery deck , suffering a bad sprain , and shot putter Pat McDonald sprained his thumb while tossing a medicine ball on the pitching deck .
Despite the problems encountered by some of the team , others were able to work out adequately . Fencers , wrestlers , and boxers were all able to work out in close @-@ to @-@ usual routines . But perhaps the most impressive training feat was a high jump by Richmond W. Landon who cleared a 5 @-@ foot @-@ 10 @-@ inch ( 1 @.@ 78 m ) high jump on the rolling deck , a jump not far off of his eventual gold @-@ medal @-@ winning ( and Olympic record ) jump of 6 feet 4 @.@ 2 inches ( 1 @.@ 935 m ) .
= = The " mutiny " = =
By the time the ship neared Antwerp , the team members had had enough of the " rusty old troop carrier " . The team initially threatened to boycott the games if the conditions in the host city were not better than those aboard the Matoika , but quickly rescinded that . The group , with McDonald and Norman Ross serving as ringleaders , drafted a resolution in which they condemned the AOC and outlined their grievances and demands :
the quarters aboard the ship were unlivable
the food on board was terrible .
they requested better accommodation in Antwerp
they requested cabin passage on the way home
and they requested train fare to their homes from New York after returning .
They were careful to give credit to the crew of Princess Matoika who , in the athletes ' assessment , did " everything possible to improve conditions " . The document was signed by 150 of the athletes ; some of the U.S. Army athletes agreed with the resolution but could not sign it . They had 200 copies of the resolution printed and addressed copies to Secretary of War Newton Diehl Baker , the members of the AOC , and members of the press .
= = Aftermath = =
After the Olympics were over , fencer Parker summarized the situation by saying that all who made the trip would want to compete for the United States in future Olympics , but " never again … under the management of the Executive Committee of the Olympic team of 1920 " . In 1922 , author Newton Fuessle brought up the specter of the 1920 Olympic passage on the Matoika when discussing the National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and his hopes that the NCAA would take over the functions of the Amateur Athletic Union in controlling American Olympic teams in the future .
By the mid @-@ 1930s , the events on board were known as the " Mutiny of the Matoika " . Sportswriter John Kieran , in his 1936 book The Story of the Olympic Games : 776 B.C. to 1960 A.D. , related the story of the mutiny by that name .
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= Star Film ( Dutch East Indies company ) =
Star Film was a film production company in the Dutch East Indies . Established by Chinese @-@ Indonesian businessman Jo Eng Sek and Chinese cameraman Cho ' Chin Hsin in 1940 , it produced five black @-@ and @-@ white films in 1940 and 1941 ; two of these were directed by Jo , and the remainder were directed by Wu Tsun . Another film was under production when the studio was closed following the Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies . Star helped establish the careers of actors such as S Waldy and Elly Joenara , and produced screenplays written by Rd Ariffien and Saeroen ; its output , however , is probably lost .
= = History = =
Star Film was established by Jo Eng Sek , who had previous film experience as co @-@ producer of Si Tjonat ( 1929 ) , and Shanghai @-@ based cameraman Cho ' Chin Hsin ; for much of the life of the company , Jo would take the role of producer while Cho ' would be on camera . The company 's headquarters were located at Prinsenlaan , Batavia ( now Mangga Besar , Jakarta ) . The company released its first film , Pah Wongso Pendekar Boediman , in April 1941 . For this detective film , Star signed L. V. Wijnhamer Jr . , an Indo social worker popular with the ethnic Chinese community . The film was a commercial success , allowing the company to expand .
Later Jo signed Rd Ariffien as a screenwriter ; the studio touted this as a victory , owing to Ariffien 's wide network as a journalist . He wrote a single work for the company , Tjioeng Wanara , based on the Sundanese legend as retold by M. A. Salmoen in a 1938 Balai Pustaka @-@ published edition ; this was directed and produced by Jo . Several actors cast for the film continued with Star for the remainder of its existence , including comedian S Waldy and future film producer Elly Joenara . However , Ariffien left Star owing to dissatisfaction over Tjioeng Wanara .
Star continued expanding , and Jo brought aboard Chinese director Wu Tsun , whose first film for the company was Lintah Darat . It had begun production before the release of Tjioeng Wanara and dealt with a family torn apart by dealings with a loan shark . This production received positive reviews . Star then produced a sequel to Pah Wongso Pendekar Boediman , again with Wu at the helm , and drew the journalist Saeroen as writer . In this film , titled Pah Wongso Tersangka , Star emphasised comedy , relying on the interactions between Waldy , Pah Wongso , and the comedian Sarip .
Saeroen wrote one more film for Star in 1941 , Ajah Berdosa , before leaving the company . This film , which follows a villager named Mardiman over a period of several years in which he loses everything owing to his infatuation with a " modern " woman , was advertised as " an extremely simple and touching story " and received positive reviews . By late 1941 , Star was producing an adaptation of the One Thousand and One Nights , titled 1001 Malam . At the time several contemporary works were being adapted from Nights , including Tan 's Film 's Aladin and Koeda Sembrani , Populair 's Film 's Moestika dari Djemar , and Java Industrial Film 's Ratna Moetoe Manikam .
By early 1942 , the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies had become concerned with the possibility of an invasion by the Empire of Japan . This fear reached the general populace , and the February 1942 edition of film magazine Pertjatoeran Doenia dan Film reported that several studios would move away from the colonial capital of Batavia or go on a production hiatus . Star , though production of 1001 Malam was incomplete , was reported to be preparing to move . When the Japanese occupied the Indies in March 1942 , Star was closed , never to reopen .
= = Filmography = =
Star Film produced six films in two years . All were feature length , black @-@ and @-@ white works , receiving wide releases in the Dutch East Indies . Some , such as Pah Wongso Pendekar Boediman , were reportedly screened as far away as and British Malaya , China , and Singapore . Though its films were screened at least into the late 1940s , the company 's output is likely lost .
Pah Wongso Pendekar Boediman ( 1940 )
Tjioeng Wanara ( 1941 )
Lintah Darat ( 1941 )
Pah Wongso Tersangka ( 1941 )
Ajah Berdosa ( 1941 )
1001 Malam ( unfinished )
= = Explanatory notes = =
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= Edward VIII abdication crisis =
In 1936 , a constitutional crisis in the British Empire arose when King @-@ Emperor Edward VIII proposed to marry Wallis Simpson , an American socialite who was divorced from her first husband and was pursuing a divorce of her second .
The marriage was opposed by the governments of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth . Religious , legal , political and moral objections were raised . As British monarch , Edward was the nominal head of the Church of England , which did not then allow divorced people to remarry if their ex @-@ spouses were still alive , so it was widely believed that Edward could not marry Simpson and remain on the throne . Simpson was perceived to be politically and socially unsuitable as a consort because of her two failed marriages . It was widely assumed by the Establishment that she was driven by love of money or position rather than love for the King . Despite the opposition , Edward declared that he loved Simpson and intended to marry her whether his governments approved or not .
The widespread unwillingness to accept Simpson as the King 's consort , and Edward 's refusal to give her up , led to his abdication in December 1936 . He remains the only British monarch to have voluntarily renounced the throne since the Anglo @-@ Saxon period . He was succeeded by his brother Albert , who took the regnal name of George VI . Edward was given the title His Royal Highness the Duke of Windsor following his abdication , and he married Simpson the following year . They remained married until his death 35 years later .
= = Prelude = =
Edward had been introduced to Wallis Simpson , an American citizen and wife of British shipping executive Ernest Aldrich Simpson , by Lady Furness on 10 January 1931 . Ernest Simpson was Wallis 's second husband ; her first marriage , to U.S. Navy pilot Win Spencer , had ended in divorce in 1927 . It is generally accepted that Wallis Simpson and the Prince of Wales became lovers in 1934 , while Lady Furness ( who was also in a relationship with the prince ) was visiting relatives in America . However , Edward adamantly insisted to his father that he was not physically intimate with Simpson and that it was inappropriate to describe her as his mistress . Edward 's relationship with Simpson further weakened his poor relationship with his parents . Although King George V and Queen Mary met Simpson at Buckingham Palace in 1935 , they later refused to receive her . Edward and Simpson were secretly followed by members of the Metropolitan Police Special Branch , who produced reports on the nature of their relationship and their investigations into Wallis Simpson 's private life that included the " pursuit of vicious gossip " and the identification of a " secret lover " . " The prospect of having an American divorcee with a questionable past having such sway over the heir apparent led to anxiety among government and establishment figures .
Edward VIII succeeded his father on 20 January 1936 , after which Simpson attended more official functions as the King 's guest . Despite her name appearing regularly in the Court Circular , the name of her husband was conspicuously absent . In the summer of that year , the King eschewed the traditional prolonged stay at Balmoral in favour of a holiday with Simpson in the eastern Mediterranean that was widely covered in the American and continental European press , but not by the British press , which maintained a self @-@ imposed silence . Nevertheless , Canadians and expatriate Britons , who had access to the foreign reports , were largely scandalised by the coverage .
By October , it was rumoured in high society and abroad that Edward intended to marry Simpson as soon as she was free to do so . At the end of that month , the crisis came to a head when she filed for divorce and the American press announced that marriage between her and the King was imminent . The King 's private secretary , Alec Hardinge , wrote to him on 13 November , warning : " The silence in the British Press on the subject of Your Majesty 's friendship with Mrs Simpson is not going to be maintained ... Judging by the letters from British subjects living in foreign countries where the Press has been outspoken , the effect will be calamitous . " Senior British ministers knew that Hardinge had written to the King and may have helped him draft the letter .
The King invited Prime Minister Baldwin to Buckingham Palace the following Monday ( 16 November ) and informed him that he intended to marry Simpson . Baldwin replied that such a marriage would not be acceptable to the people , stating : " ... the Queen becomes the Queen of the country . Therefore in the choice of a Queen the voice of the people must be heard . " Baldwin 's view was shared by the Australian High Commissioner in London , Stanley Bruce , who was a former Australian prime minister . On the same day that Hardinge wrote to the King , Bruce met Hardinge and then wrote to Baldwin , expressing horror at the idea of a marriage between the King and Simpson .
Nevertheless , the British press remained quiet on the subject until Alfred Blunt , Bishop of Bradford , gave a speech to his diocesan conference on 1 December , which alluded to the King 's need of divine grace : " We hope that he is aware of his need . Some of us wish that he gave more positive signs of his awareness . " The press took this for the first public comment by a notable person on the crisis and it became front page news the following day . When asked about it later , however , the bishop claimed he had not heard of Simpson at the time he wrote the speech . Acting on the advice of Edward 's staff , Simpson left Britain for the south of France two days later in an attempt to escape intense press attention . Both she and the King were devastated by the separation . At a tearful departure , the King told her , " I shall never give you up . "
= = Opposition = =
Opposition to the King and his marriage came from several directions . Edward 's desire to modernise the monarchy and make it more accessible , though appreciated by many of the public , was distrusted by the British Establishment . Edward upset the aristocracy by treating their traditions and ceremonies with disdain , and many were offended by his abandonment of accepted social norms and mores .
= = = Social and moral = = =
The King 's ministers and family found Wallis Simpson 's background and behaviour unacceptable for a queen . Rumours and innuendo about her circulated in society . The King 's mother , the dowager Queen Mary , was even told that Simpson might have held some sort of sexual control over Edward , as she had released him from an undefined sexual dysfunction through practices learnt in a Chinese brothel . This view was partially shared by Dr. Alan Campbell Don , Chaplain to the Archbishop of Canterbury , who wrote that he suspected the King " is sexually abnormal which may account for the hold Mrs. S. has over him " . Even Edward VIII 's official biographer , Philip Ziegler , noted that : " There must have been some sort of sadomasochistic relationship ... [ Edward ] relished the contempt and bullying she bestowed on him . "
Police detectives following Simpson reported back that , while involved with Edward , she was also involved with a married car mechanic and salesman named Guy Trundle . This may well have been passed on to senior figures in the establishment , including members of the royal family . Joseph Kennedy , the American ambassador , described her as a " tart " , and his wife , Rose , refused to dine with her .
Wallis was perceived to be pursuing Edward for his money ; his equerry wrote that she would eventually leave him , " having secured the cash " . The future prime minister Neville Chamberlain ( then Chancellor of the Exchequer ) wrote in his diary that she was " an entirely unscrupulous woman who is not in love with the King but is exploiting him for her own purposes . She has already ruined him in money and jewels ... "
Relations between the United Kingdom and the United States were strained during the inter @-@ war years and the majority of Britons were reluctant to accept an American as queen consort . At the time , some members of the British upper class looked down on Americans with disdain and considered them socially inferior . In contrast , the American public was clearly in favour of the marriage , as was most of the American press .
= = = Religious and legal = = =
In Edward 's lifetime , the Church of England did not allow divorced people to remarry in church while a former spouse was still living . The monarch was required to be in communion with the Church of England , and was its nominal head . If Edward married Wallis Simpson , a divorcee who would soon have two living ex @-@ husbands , in a civil ceremony it would conflict with his ex officio role as Supreme Governor of the Church of England .
Wallis 's first divorce ( in the United States on the grounds of " emotional incompatibility " ) was not recognised by the Church of England and , if challenged in the English courts , might not have been recognised under English law . At that time , the church and English law considered adultery to be the only grounds for divorce . Consequently , under this argument , her second ( and third ) marriages would have been bigamous and invalid .
= = = Political = = =
When Edward visited depressed mining villages in Wales , his comment that " something must be done " led to concerns among elected politicians that he would interfere in political matters , traditionally avoided by constitutional monarchs . Ramsay MacDonald , Lord President of the Council , wrote of the King 's comments : " These escapades should be limited . They are an invasion into the field of politics & should be watched constitutionally . " Although Edward 's comments had made him popular in Wales , he became extremely unpopular with the public in Scotland following his refusal to open a new wing of Aberdeen Royal Infirmary , saying he could not do so because he was in mourning for his father . The day after the opening he was pictured in newspapers on holiday : he had turned down the public event in favour of meeting Simpson .
As Prince of Wales , Edward had publicly referred to Labour county councillors as " cranks " and made speeches counter to government policy . During his reign as king , his refusal to accept the advice of ministers continued : he opposed the imposition of sanctions on Italy after its invasion of Ethiopia , refused to receive the deposed Emperor of Ethiopia , and would not support a strengthening of the League of Nations .
Members of the British government became further dismayed by the proposed marriage after being told that Wallis Simpson was an agent of Nazi Germany . The Foreign Office obtained leaked dispatches from the German Reich 's Ambassador to the United Kingdom , Joachim von Ribbentrop , which revealed his strong view that opposition to the marriage was motivated by the wish " to defeat those Germanophile forces which had been working through Mrs. Simpson " . It was rumoured that Simpson had access to confidential government papers sent to Edward , which he left unguarded at his Fort Belvedere residence . While Edward was abdicating , the personal protection officers guarding Simpson in exile in France sent reports to Downing Street suggesting that she might " flit to Germany " .
= = Options considered = =
As a result of these rumours and arguments , the belief strengthened among the British establishment that Simpson could not become a royal consort . British Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin explicitly advised Edward that the majority of people would be opposed to his marrying Simpson , indicating that if he did , in direct contravention of his ministers ' advice , the government would resign en masse . The King responded , according to his own account later : " I intend to marry Mrs. Simpson as soon as she is free to marry ... if the Government opposed the marriage , as the Prime Minister had given me reason to believe it would , then I was prepared to go . " Under pressure from the King , and " startled " at the suggested abdication , Baldwin agreed to take further soundings on three options :
Edward and Simpson marry and she become queen ( a royal marriage ) ;
Edward and Simpson marry , but she not become queen , instead receiving some courtesy title ( a morganatic marriage ) ; or
Abdication for Edward and any potential heirs he might father , allowing him to make any marital decisions without further constitutional implications .
The second option had European precedents , including Edward 's own great @-@ grandfather , Duke Alexander of Württemberg , but it had no parallel in British constitutional history . The prime ministers of the five Dominions ( Australia , Canada , New Zealand , South Africa , and the Irish Free State ) were consulted , and the majority agreed that there was " no alternative to course ( 3 ) " . William Lyon Mackenzie King ( Prime Minister of Canada ) , Joseph Lyons ( Prime Minister of Australia ) , and J. B. M. Hertzog ( Prime Minister of South Africa ) opposed options 1 and 2 . Mackenzie King told Edward to do " what he believed in his own heart was right " and the Canadian government appealed to the King to put his duty before his feelings for Simpson . Governor General of Canada Lord Tweedsmuir told Buckingham Palace and Baldwin that Canadians held deep affection for the King , but also that Canadian public opinion would be outraged if Edward married a divorcee . Michael Joseph Savage ( Prime Minister of New Zealand ) rejected option 1 and thought that option 2 " might be possible ... if some solution along these lines were found to be practicable " , but " would be guided by the decision of the Home government " . In communications with the British government , Éamon de Valera , ( President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State ) , remarked that as a Roman Catholic country , the Irish Free State did not recognise divorce . He supposed that if the British people would not accept Wallis Simpson then abdication was the only possible solution . On 24 November , Baldwin consulted the three leading opposition politicians in Britain : Leader of the Opposition Clement Attlee , Liberal leader Sir Archibald Sinclair , and Winston Churchill . Sinclair and Attlee agreed that options 1 and 2 were unacceptable , and Churchill pledged to support the government .
Churchill did not support the government , however . In July , he had advised the King 's legal counsel , Walter Monckton , against the divorce , but his advice was ignored . As soon as the affair became public knowledge , Churchill started to pressure Baldwin and the King to delay any decisions until parliament and the people had been consulted . In a private letter to Geoffrey Dawson , the editor of The Times newspaper , Churchill suggested that a delay would be beneficial because , given time , the King might fall out of love with Simpson . Baldwin rejected the request for delay , presumably because he preferred to resolve the crisis quickly . Supporters of the King alleged a conspiracy between Baldwin , Geoffrey Dawson , and Cosmo Gordon Lang , the Archbishop of Canterbury . The royal physician Bertrand Dawson was possibly involved in a plan to force the prime minister to retire on the grounds of heart disease , but he eventually accepted , on the evidence of an early electrocardiograph , that Baldwin 's heart was sound .
Political support for the King was scattered and comprised politicians outside of the mainstream parties such as Churchill , Oswald Mosley , and the Communists . David Lloyd George also supported the King despite disliking Simpson . He was , however , unable to take any active role in the crisis because he was on holiday in Jamaica with his mistress . In early December , rumours circulated that the King 's supporters would join together in a " King 's Party " , led by Churchill . However , there was no concerted effort to form an organised movement and Churchill had no intention of leading one . Nevertheless , the rumours damaged the King and Churchill severely , as members of parliament were horrified at the idea of the King interfering in politics .
The letters and diaries of working @-@ class people and ex @-@ servicemen generally demonstrate support for the King , while those from the middle and upper classes tend to express indignation and distaste . The Times , The Morning Post , Daily Herald , and newspapers owned by Lord Kemsley , such as The Daily Telegraph , opposed the marriage . On the other hand , the Express and Mail newspapers , owned by Lord Beaverbrook and Lord Rothermere , respectively , appeared to support a morganatic marriage . The King estimated that the newspapers in favour had a circulation of 12 @.@ 5 million , and those against had 8 @.@ 5 million .
On 3 December , Edward had a " tense " meeting with Baldwin . Backed by Churchill and Beaverbrook , Edward proposed to broadcast a speech via the BBC . The proposed text invoked the " ancient custom " for a King to " address his public utterances to his people " . Edward proposed to remind his listeners : " I am still the same man whose motto was ' Ich Dien ' , I serve . " In the proposed speech , Edward indicated his desire to remain on the throne or to be recalled to it if forced to abdicate , while marrying Simpson morganatically . In one section , Edward proposed to say :
Neither Mrs. Simpson nor I have ever sought to insist that she should be queen . All we desired was that our married happiness should carry with it a proper title and dignity for her , befitting my wife . Now that I have at last been able to take you into my confidence , I feel it is best to go away for a while , so that you may reflect calmly and quietly , but without undue delay , on what I have said .
Baldwin blocked the speech , saying that it would shock many people and would be a grave breach of constitutional principles . By modern convention , the sovereign could only act with the advice and counsel of ministers . In seeking the people 's support against the government , Edward was opting to oppose binding ministerial advice and instead act as a private individual . Edward 's British ministers felt that , in proposing the speech , Edward had revealed his disdainful attitude towards constitutional conventions and threatened the political neutrality of the Crown .
Cabinet Office files released in 2013 show that on or before 5 December 1936 , the Home Secretary , Sir John Simon , had ordered the General Post Office ( which controlled British telephone services ) to intercept " telephone communications between Fort Belvedere and Buckingham Palace on the one hand and the continent of Europe on the other . "
On 5 December , having in effect been told that he could not keep the throne and marry Simpson , and having had his request to broadcast to the Empire to explain " his side of the story " blocked on constitutional grounds , Edward chose the third option .
= = Legal manoeuvres = =
Following Simpson 's divorce hearing on 27 October 1936 , her solicitor , John Theodore Goddard , became concerned that there would be a " patriotic " citizen 's intervention ( a legal device to block the divorce ) , and that such an intervention would be successful . The courts could not grant a collaborative divorce ( a dissolution of marriage consented to by both parties ) , and so the case was being handled as if it were an undefended at @-@ fault divorce brought against Ernest Simpson , with Wallis Simpson as the innocent , injured party . The divorce action would fail if the citizen 's intervention showed that the Simpsons had colluded by , for example , conniving in or staging the appearance of his adultery so that she could marry someone else . On Monday 7 December 1936 , the King heard that Goddard planned to fly to the south of France to see Wallis Simpson . The King summoned him and expressly forbade him to make the journey , fearing that the visit might put doubts in Simpson 's mind . Goddard went straight to Downing Street to see Baldwin , as a result of which he was provided with an aeroplane to take him directly to Cannes .
Upon his arrival , Goddard warned his client that a citizen 's intervention , should it arise , was likely to succeed . It was , according to Goddard , his duty to advise her to withdraw her divorce petition . Simpson refused , but they both telephoned the King to inform him that she was willing to give him up so that he could remain king . It was , however , too late ; the King had already made up his mind to go , even if he could not marry Simpson . Indeed , as the belief that the abdication was inevitable gathered strength , Goddard stated that : " [ his ] client was ready to do anything to ease the situation but the other end of the wicket [ Edward VIII ] was determined " .
Goddard had a weak heart and had never flown before , so he asked his doctor , William Kirkwood , to accompany him on the trip . As Kirkwood was a resident at a maternity hospital , his presence led to false speculation that Simpson was pregnant , and even that she was having an abortion . The press excitedly reported that the solicitor had flown to Simpson accompanied by a gynaecologist and an anaesthetist ( who was actually the lawyer 's clerk ) .
= = Abdication = =
At Fort Belvedere , on 10 December , Edward signed his written abdication notices , witnessed by his three younger brothers : Prince Albert , Duke of York ( who succeeded Edward as George VI ) ; Prince Henry , Duke of Gloucester ; and Prince George , Duke of Kent . The following day , it was given legislative form by special Act of Parliament : His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 . Under changes introduced in 1931 by the Statute of Westminster , a single Crown for the entire empire had been replaced by multiple crowns , one for each Dominion , worn by a single monarch in an organisation then known as the British Commonwealth . Though the British government , hoping for expediency and to avoid embarrassment , wished the Dominions to accept the actions of the home government , the Dominions held that Edward 's abdication required the consent of each Commonwealth state . This was duly given ; by the Parliament of Australia , which was at the time in session , and by the governments of the other Dominions , whose parliaments were in recess . The government of the Irish Free State , taking the opportunity presented by the crisis and in a major step towards its eventual transition to a republic , passed an amendment to its constitution on 11 December to remove references to the Crown . The King 's abdication was recognised a day later in the External Relations Act of the Irish Free State and legislation eventually passed in South Africa declared that the abdication took effect there on 10 December . As Edward VIII had not been crowned , his planned coronation date became that of George VI instead .
Edward 's supporters felt that he had " been hounded from the throne by that arch humbug Baldwin " , but many members of the establishment were relieved by Edward 's departure . Mackenzie King wrote in his diary on 8 December 1936 that Edward 's " sense of right or wrong has been largely obliterated by the jazz of life he has led for years " and , upon receiving news of Edward 's final decision to abdicate , " if that is the kind of man he is it is better he should not be longer on the Throne . " Edward 's own Assistant Private Secretary , Alan Lascelles , had told Baldwin as early as 1927 : " I can 't help thinking that the best thing that could happen to him , and to the country , would be for him to break his neck . "
On 11 December 1936 , Edward made a BBC radio broadcast from Windsor Castle ; having abdicated , he was introduced by Sir John Reith as " His Royal Highness Prince Edward " . The official address had been polished by Churchill and was moderate in tone , speaking about Edward 's inability to do his job " as I would have wished " without the support of " the woman I love " . Edward 's reign had lasted 327 days , the shortest of any British monarch since the disputed reign of Lady Jane Grey over 380 years earlier . The day following the broadcast he left Britain for Austria .
= = Post @-@ abdication = =
George VI gave his elder brother the title of Duke of Windsor with the style His Royal Highness on 12 December 1936 . On 3 May the following year , the Simpsons ' divorce was made final . The case was handled quietly and it barely featured in some newspapers . The Times printed a single sentence below a separate , and seemingly unconnected , report announcing the Duke 's departure from Austria .
Edward married Wallis in France on 3 June 1937 . She became the Duchess of Windsor , but , much to Edward 's disgust , King George issued letters patent that denied her the style of Her Royal Highness . The couple settled in France , and the Duke received a tax @-@ free allowance from his brother , which Edward supplemented by writing his memoirs and by illegal currency trading . He also profited from the sale of Balmoral Castle and Sandringham House to George VI . Both estates are private property and not part of the Royal Estate , and were therefore inherited and owned by Edward , regardless of the abdication .
In October 1937 , the Duke and Duchess visited Germany , against the advice of the British government , and met Hitler at his Obersalzberg retreat . The visit was much publicised by the German media . During the visit the Duke gave full Nazi salutes . In an article for the New York Daily News and Chicago Tribune of 13 December 1966 the Duke wrote that in 1937 Hitler persuaded him " it was in Britain 's interest and in Europe 's too , that Germany be encouraged to strike east and smash Communism forever ... I thought the rest of us could be fence @-@ sitters while the Nazis and the Reds slogged it out . "
After the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 , Edward was assigned to the British Military Mission in France . In February 1940 , the German ambassador in The Hague , Count Julius von Zech @-@ Burkersroda , claimed that Edward had leaked the Allied war plans for the defence of Belgium . When Germany invaded the north of France in May 1940 , the Duke and Duchess fled to Lisbon .
Under the code name Operation Willi , Nazi agents , principally Walter Schellenberg , plotted unsuccessfully to persuade the Duke to leave Portugal , and contemplated kidnapping him . Lord Caldecote warned Churchill that the Duke " is well @-@ known to be pro @-@ Nazi and he may become a centre of intrigue " . Churchill threatened the Duke with a court @-@ martial if he did not return to British soil .
In July 1940 , Edward was appointed Governor of the Bahamas . Edward reportedly told an acquaintance , " After the war is over and Hitler will crush the Americans ... we 'll take over ... They [ the British ] don 't want me as their king , but I 'll be back as their leader . " He was reported as saying that " it would be a tragic thing for the world if Hitler was overthrown " . Comments like these reinforced the belief that the Duke and Duchess held Nazi sympathies and the effect of the abdication crisis of 1936 was to force off the throne a man with extreme political opinions . Claims that Edward would have been a threat or that he was removed by a political conspiracy to dethrone him remain speculative and " persist largely because since 1936 the contemporary public considerations have lost most of their force and so seem , wrongly , to provide insufficient explanation for the King 's departure " .
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= Rogers Morton =
Rogers Clark Ballard Morton ( September 19 , 1914 – April 19 , 1979 ) was an American politician who served as the U.S. Secretary of the Interior and Secretary of Commerce during the administrations of Presidents Richard M. Nixon and Gerald R. Ford , Jr . , respectively . He also served as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Maryland .
Though he was born in Louisville , Kentucky , Morton moved to a farm on the Eastern Shore of Maryland in the early 1950s . In 1962 , he was elected to the House of Representatives , in which capacity he established an environmental record . Morton would joke that his two middle initials stood for " Chesapeake Bay . " In 1968 , Morton played a major role in Richard Nixon 's campaign for president , and was chosen by Nixon in 1969 to serve as chairman of the Republican National Committee .
In the elections of 1970 , Morton was considered a strong candidate to challenge Joseph Tydings for his U.S. Senate seat from Maryland , but he chose instead to remain as chairman of the RNC . In 1971 , President Nixon tapped Morton to serve as Secretary of the Interior , during which time he oversaw the construction of the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline System and the 1973 oil crisis . Morton was the only person from the East Coast to serve as head of the Interior Department in the 20th century .
Following Nixon 's resignation due to the Watergate Scandal , Morton continued in his post in the Gerald Ford administration until 1975 , when he was nominated to serve as Secretary of Commerce . From April to August 1976 , Morton served as Ford 's campaign manager in his bid for election . Morton retired from politics following Ford 's election defeat . Three years later , he died of cancer at his home in Easton on the Eastern Shore of Maryland .
= = Early life and career = =
Morton was born in Louisville , the son of David Clark Morton , a physician , and his wife , Mary Harris Ballard Morton , an heiress to a flour milling business . He was related to George Rogers Clark , a military officer who served during the American Revolutionary War . Morton was one of three children ; his brother Thruston B. Morton also had a career in politics , serving as chairman of the Republican National Committee and representing Kentucky in both the United States House of Representatives and then the United States Senate .
Morton received his early education from the Woodberry Forest School near Orange , Virginia , and in 1937 graduated from Yale University , where he was a brother of the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity ( Phi chapter ) . Like his father , Morton worked to become a physician and entered the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons . However , he dropped out after only one year . In 1939 , Morton married the former Anne Jones . They had two children , David Clark and Anne Morton .
In 1938 , Morton was commissioned in the United States Navy but only served for a short time due to problems with his back . Afterwards , he entered his family 's flour business , Ballard & Ballard . In 1941 , at the outset of World War II , Morton enlisted in the Armored Field Artillery of the United States Army as a private and served in the European Theater . He received a commission during the war and left the army as a captain in 1945 .
After the war , Morton returned to the family business , where he served as president from 1947 to 1951 . In 1952 , the business was merged into the Pillsbury Flour Company , where Morton went on to serve as a director and a member of the executive committee for several more years .
= = Congressional career = =
In 1947 , Morton spent a great deal of time helping his brother Thruston in his ultimately successful campaign for election to the House of Representatives in Kentucky . After this initial exposure to politics , Morton moved to the Eastern Shore of Maryland in the early 1950s , where he set up a 1 @,@ 400 acres ( 5 @.@ 7 km2 ) cattle farm along the Wye River in Talbot County . In 1962 , Morton decided to challenge Democratic incumbent Thomas Francis Johnson of Maryland 's 1st congressional district . Johnson , who was reeling from a political scandal , lost to Morton in the general election . Morton was lauded for not making Johnson 's legal troubles his primary campaign issue .
Morton was re @-@ elected to Congress four more times , and served from 1963 until 1971 . In Congress , Morton worked to enact legislation that would preserve the Chesapeake Bay , including laws reducing pollution into the Bay , working for the creation of a national park on Assateague Island , and providing funds to the Army Corps of Engineers to model how the Bay functions as an estuary . Concerning civil rights , Morton voted for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , but not the Act of 1968 .
During the 1968 Republican National Convention , Morton served as the floor manager for eventual presidential nominee Richard Nixon . Morton also delivered the speech nominating Spiro Agnew , then @-@ Governor of Maryland , as the vice presidential candidate .
Due to his role in Nixon 's election campaign and his environmental advocacy , Morton expected to be appointed as Secretary of the Interior in 1969 . However , he was passed over for the position in favor of a westerner . He had also been considered for Nixon 's vice presidential running mate , but lost out to Agnew . In January 1969 , to recognize his efforts , Nixon appointed Morton as chairman of the Republican National Committee .
= = 1970 United States Senate election = =
In 1969 , leading up to the 1970 elections , Morton was considered one of the strongest potential candidates to challenge incumbent Democratic senator Joseph Tydings . Morton had sought the Republican nomination for Maryland 's other U.S. Senate seat in the 1968 elections , but bowed out in favor of Charles Mathias , Jr. to prevent a primary battle .
Speculation that Morton would seek election to Tydings ' seat increased after an editorial in the Baltimore Sun encouraged him to challenge Tydings . Sources within the administration of Vice President Spiro Agnew , who was formerly governor of Maryland , were also commenting that Morton would make a strong candidate and would likely run . When Morton stated he would be making an important announcement with President Nixon in December 1969 , it seemed all but certain at the time that it would be to declare his candidacy .
However , Republicans around the country were concerned that Morton , who had just been appointed chairman of the RNC in January 1969 , would resign during the election season to better handle the battle with Tydings . President Nixon shared their concerns , and encouraged Morton to remain as chairman . On December 16 , 1969 , with Nixon by his side , Morton announced that his priorities were with the national committee , and that he would not seek Tydings ' seat . Morton also threw his full support for the nomination behind J. Glenn Beall , Jr . , a freshman member of the Maryland Senate .
Morton 's decision not to challenge Tydings initially worried Maryland Republicans , who saw Morton as one of their best candidates . National Republican strategists had also begun to write off Tydings ' seat as unwinnable for the 1970 election because of Tydings 's wealth and popularity in the dense urban areas of Montgomery County and Baltimore . However , despite initial misgivings by state republicans , Beall defeated Tydings on November 3 , 1970 , by a margin of more than 30 @,@ 000 votes .
= = Secretary of the Interior = =
Morton continued to serve in the House and as chairman of the RNC until 1971 , when he was nominated to be Secretary of the Interior by President Nixon . He was unanimously confirmed by the United States Senate Subcommittee on the Interior , though some concerns regarding Morton 's record of environmental protection were raised by Phillip Berry , then @-@ President of the Sierra Club . Morton 's predecessor , Walter Joseph Hickel , had been chosen over Morton to fill the job in 1969 , but was fired by Nixon in late 1970 for criticizing White House policy . Morton was the only person from the east coast to serve as Interior Secretary in the 20th century .
Upon assuming the office of Secretary of the Interior , Morton promised he would seek to " purify the environment " . However , as his tenure progressed , he was gradually isolated from the proceedings of the White House and lost several major divisions to other departments . During the 1973 oil crisis , for example , the oil and natural gas divisions of the department were transferred to the Office of Emergency Preparedness . Furthermore , though Morton was the one who announced the construction of the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline System , speculation was put forward that he did not play a major role in determining its route . On August 1 , 1974 , Morton approved Anza @-@ Borrego State Park for inclusion in the national registry of natural landmarks .
As he was leaving his post in 1975 , further criticism was directed at Morton for his overseeing the partial dismantling of the Interior Department . He was also criticized for lacking the vigor necessary to serve as head of a cabinet department , and for failing to see through the proposed creation of a new , stronger cabinet department that would have replaced the Interior .
= = Later years and the Ford Administration = =
Following the resignation of President Nixon in the Watergate scandal , Morton continued in his position as Secretary of the Interior in the administration of President Gerald Ford . In March 1975 , while still serving as the head of the Interior Department , Morton was nominated by Ford to serve as the next Secretary of Commerce . Ford cited Morton 's extensive business experience as the primary factor for selecting him and expressed the hope that Morton would be able to " encourage American business to expand energy development and conservation efforts " .
In January 1976 , Ford announced Morton would be resigning as Commerce Secretary , and would serve as " special counsellor to the President " , with cabinet @-@ rank . Morton 's new position was to advise the president on domestic and economic policy . In addition , Morton was to serve as the special liaison to the political committee to elect President Ford . Morton 's duties blurred the line between his public and political duties , and caused controversy concerning how Morton would divide his time between the White House and Ford 's election campaign , and how much of his salary would be supplied by taxpayers versus the Ford election committee . In rebuttal , Morton stated " you can 't separate government from politics " , and that Presidential aides should be allowed to offer political advice .
In April 1976 , Morton was named campaign manager for President Ford leading up to the 1976 presidential election . He replaced former U.S. Representative Howard Callaway of Georgia , who was forced to resign following allegations of improper use of authority while he was Secretary of the Army . Morton directed Ford 's campaign until August 25 , 1976 , when he was reassigned as chairman of a steering committee and was replaced by James Baker of Houston , Texas . Morton 's demotion was at his own request ; he said that he no longer wished to bear " the responsibility and accountability of the chairmanship " . However , former Nixon aide Harry S. Dent , Sr. , of South Carolina claimed that Ford had relieved Morton as campaign manager because of a remark that Morton had made about the need for the GOP to " write off the Cotton South " in formulating the general election strategy against Democratic nominee Jimmy Carter , the former governor of Georgia who unseated President Ford .
After the 1976 campaign , Morton retired from politics to his farm , " Presqu 'isle " , near Easton , Maryland , where he operated a boat construction business .
Morton had been diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1973 , but he said that the disease was in its early phase and was still treatable . In 1979 , however , Morton died of the cancer at his home in Easton . He is interred in Old Wye Cemetery in Wye Mills , Maryland .
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= Steph Cunningham =
Stephanie " Steph " Roach ( née Dean ; previously Cunningham ) is a fictional character from the British Channel 4 soap opera Hollyoaks , played by Carley Stenson . She debuted on @-@ screen during the episode airing on 8 March 2000 . Steph was introduced into the serial by executive producer Jo Hallows . In 2009 Stenson decided to quit , but the then producer Lucy Allan convinced her to stay to play out a dramatic storyline . The announcement of her departure was made public in June 2010 . Stenson 's fellow cast members have described her as a " Hollyoaks legend " because of her lengthy duration .
Steph has been described as having a highly confident persona , a trait Stenson enjoyed portraying throughout . Steph is also played as " fame hungry " . She is noted for a number of high @-@ profile storylines such as the portrayal of bullying in a school environment , the portrayal of epilepsy , which Stenson felt had been a ' taboo subject ' for too long . Other stories include becoming a widow and her involvement in Niall 's revenge plot and her constant desire for fame . One of Steph 's final storylines was the portrayal of cervical cancer , which Stenson conducted extensive research into . The character was subsequently killed off in a special block of episodes branded by the media as " fire week " . Some critics described her final storylines as " upsetting " and " surprising " . Steph 's relationship with Gilly Roach was viewed unfavourable by most . Stenson has been nominated for several different awards for her portrayal of Steph .
= = Storylines = =
= = = Backstory = = =
Steph is the daughter of Frankie and Johnno Dean ( Colin Wells ) . She has two brothers , Craig ( Guy Burnett ) and Jake ( Kevin Sacre ) , and a sister , Debbie ( Jodi Albert ) . She is not close to her siblings , and has a strained relationship with her mother , who prefers to involve herself in Craig and Jake 's lives and boast about Debbie 's professional singing prowess . In contrast , Steph has a very close relationship with her father , Johnno .
= = = 2000 – 11 = = =
Steph is introduced as a new student at Hollyoaks High , with early storylines focussing on her school life and best friend Zara Morgan . She frequently bullies fellow pupil Lisa Hunter ( Gemma Atkinson ) , driving her to attempt suicide . When Steph 's friends react disapprovingly , she apologises and promises to change . She cultivates a promiscuous reputation , having brief relationships with Brian and footballer Scott . Steph eventually becomes friends with Lisa , but accidentally ruins her hair while attempting to dye it . Believing that she did so on purpose , her other friends shun her . Distracted by the quarrel , Steph does not notice that she is being stalked by serial killer Toby Mills ( Henry Luxemburg ) . He attacks her , hitting her in the head with a spanner and leaving her to die . Steph is comatose for a week , and is diagnosed with epilepsy when she regains consciousness . Upon learning that Toby is Lisa 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , Steph resumes her bullying . Her father eventually catches her physically attacking Lisa , and orders her to leave her alone . The two go on to attend university together , where Steph apologises for her cruelty and they are able to reconcile .
In the aftermath of her epilepsy diagnosis , Steph is initially unable to deal with her condition . Her father supports her , but ends up abandoning his family following the revelation that he has a secret son . Steph 's mother remarries , and she comes to see her new stepfather , Jack Osborne ( James McKenna ) , as a father figure . Steph largely reforms following her diagnosis , becoming more sensitive to the needs of others . She comes to terms with how dangerous her condition could be uncontrolled , and in time her epileptic episodes become less frequent . Steph fails her college exams and is forced to retake them . Fuelled by jealousy of her sister 's West End success , she attempts to embark on a celebrity career . She appears in the fictional television show Bid Crazy TV , and auditions for a girl band , X @-@ Pose , which transpires to be a money @-@ making scam . She then sells a kiss and tell story on celebrity Joe Jones , who she meets after a failed audition to become one of his backing singers . When Steph 's notoriety peters out , her stepbrother and agent Darren arranges for her to have sex with a footballer . After their liaison , Steph discovers that he is actually just the team 's mascot . Humiliated , she abandons her pursuit of fame .
In a comedy storyline , Steph 's great @-@ aunt Reenie leaves her an inheritance , said to be a " small fortune " , on the condition that Steph performs a charitable act . She fulfils the requirement by saving Leo Valentine ( Brian Bovell ) from choking , however discovers that Small Fortune is , in fact , a donkey . Steph sends it to live at a donkey sanctuary .
Steph becomes a babysitter to Tom , and later begins a relationship with his older brother , Max . They get engaged , but have an on @-@ off relationship fraught with frequent arguments . Steph 's friend Niall falls in love with her and attempts to come between them . She and Max eventually marry , but on their wedding day , Niall accidentally runs Max over , killing him . After a period of intense grief , Steph has sex with Niall . He is revealed to be a villain , holding his family hostage and killing his sister , Tina McQueen ( Leah Hackett ) . A frightened Steph goes to stay with her brother Craig in Scotland . Niall follows her , and takes Steph , Tom and Craig hostage . After a stand @-@ off in which Craig makes Niall acknowledge the hurt he has caused , Niall throws himself off a cliff to his death .
After a long holiday with Tom , Steph returns and begins to put her life back together . She falls for dance teacher Fernando Fernandez ( Jeronimo Best ) , inspiring jealousy in Gilly , who has feelings for Steph . She and Fernando become engaged , as do Gilly and Cheryl Brady ( Bronagh Waugh ) , Steph 's employee . Realising that she loves Gilly , Steph breaks up with Fernando , but due to loyalty to Cheryl , refuses to date Gilly when he breaks up with her . Gilly briefly becomes engaged to Jem Costello ( Helen Russell @-@ Clarke ) , but ultimately leaves her to be with Steph .
Steph discovers she has cervical cancer , and has a hysterectomy . In the aftermath , she decides to pursue a singing career and applies for The X Factor . Despite using her cancer as a sob story , she is rejected at her audition . Her cancer spreads , and though Steph has chemotherapy , she is later told that her condition is terminal . Gilly struggles to cope with her diagnosis , almost causing Steph to cancel their wedding . It goes ahead , however , and after their honeymoon , Steph begins to make plans for her impending death . When Il Gnosh , a local Italian restaurant catches fire , Steph saves Amy Barnes and her children , but chooses to remain inside and die . After Steph 's funeral , her family and friends watch video messages she recorded for them prior to her death . On 11 March 2011 , Cindy returns and Darren tells her about Steph and plays her the goodbye message . On 26 December , Steph made a one @-@ off appearance as a ghost to Doug Carter .
= = Development = =
= = = Casting and characterisation = = =
Stenson originally auditioned to play a friend of the established character Zara Morgan ( Kelly Greenwood ) . Although unsuccessful , the Hollyoaks casting team later asked her to apply for the new role of Steph Cunningham , and placed her straight into the final stage of auditions . She was delighted to subsequently be given the part , which was her first major television role . Stenson joined the cast straight after leaving high school , aged seventeen . She made her first appearance in March 2000 , and by 2007 had become the longest @-@ serving female cast member remaining .
Steph was introduced as a friend of Zara 's , who was initially " quite naive " and easily led . Within two years , her personality had altered greatly . Steph became a bully , and " a bit of a bitch " . Stenson enjoyed this transformation into a villain , as she believed it made Steph a more memorable character . She also felt she could " really go somewhere " with Steph 's bitchiness in her acting , but in contrast struggled to portray her more genuine moments . She commented that Steph is the type of character only to cry over things she " really cares about " . Stenson found this difficult to relate to , and struggled to " find a balance between pushing it too far and far enough " . She ultimately preferred to play her as a bitch , though one " more comical rather than just out @-@ and @-@ out nasty . "
Stenson assessed that Steph " really isn 't all bad , more of a lovable rogue who just likes making mischief for attention . " She deemed her character " very unpredictable " , with a great deal of confidence . The LINC Online called her a " beautiful blonde wild child with a penchant for arrogance and displays of egotism " . Sarah Moolla of The People branded her " superficial " , the Daily Record 's Merle Brown referred to her as " a true red @-@ blooded female , and Emma Johnson of the Liverpool Echo assessed that she had a " couldn 't @-@ care @-@ less " attitude . BBC America described Steph as a two @-@ sided character . They observed that as well as a bitch , she could be " dishonest , vain , jealous and small @-@ minded " , and wrote " She causes trouble when she wants to and will happily lie and gossip to get her own way . " Conversely , they noted that for those on her good side , " She can be your best friend , a confidante and sweet natured girl " .
As Steph developed , she was revealed to have a " softer side " . Beneath her tough façade was a " deeply insecure little girl who crave [ d ] love and affection . " An " artistic and creative " streak lead her to attend performing arts college , and attain a degree in drama . This inspired a rivalry with fellow actor Summer Shaw ( Summer Strallen ) , which saw Steph " determined to keep the limelight on her . " Nadia Mendoza of The Sun described Steph as Hollyoaks 's " resident drama queen " , explaining that Steph 's dislike of Summer stemmed from the fact she had previously been the only actress in the village . Stenson downplayed her vocal ability , and opined that Steph is " hardly the world 's best singer " .
= = = Family and relationships = = =
In late @-@ 2002 , more than two years after Steph 's arrival , her family were introduced to the series . The dynamics of the Dean family evolved with time . They were initially a dysfunctional unit , but in a different way to other Hollyoaks families , as they tended to disrupt the lives of others whilst being happy amongst themselves . Upon their arrival , actress Helen Pearson , who plays mother Frankie Dean , assessed that they were " really supportive of each other " , and " quite solid , like an old @-@ fashioned family unit " , despite their lack of finances which required them to undertake " various scams to keep body and soul together . " As time went on , the Deans were affected by affairs and parental separation , more typical of the soap 's other families .
Steph had several romances throughout her time in the series . In her early years , Stenson played her as a flirt , who acted out for the attention of boys . Her first lovers included Christian virgin Brian Drake ( Jonathan Le Billon ) and football playing " lothario " Scott Anderson ( Daniel Hyde ) . Her later relationship with Cameron Clark ( Ben Gerrard ) had " ups and downs " due to his obsessive @-@ compulsive disorder . To boost his confidence she forced him to join a rock band . Her actions were successful , and Stenson said Steph was " proud " of this . She sacrificed their relationship so Cameron could leave and tour Europe . Sarah Ellis of Inside Soap praised Steph for being so supportive , despite Cameron 's " erratic behaviour " .
Steph appeared to " finally [ find ] happiness " when she fell in love with Max Cunningham ( Matt Littler ) . Although attracted to her , Max initially resisted Steph as he believed her to be a " ditzy , air @-@ headed blonde " , only interested in " bad boys . " When his younger brother Tom ( Ellis Hollins ) developed a crush on her , the " kind , sensitive way " Steph handled it altered his impression . Littler explained , " Max begins to realise there 's more to her than her looks . He begins to think she 's actually really nice and they become friends . " Littler quit the series in 2008 , and producers planned his exit around Max 's wedding to Steph . He was killed off on their wedding day , as he pulled Tom out of the path of a car . Before she filmed the aftermath of Max 's death , Stenson listened to depressing music to reach her character 's bereaved mindset . Stenson believed it was a mistake to kill Max off , and " such an awful thing to happen to Steph " , until she received " amazing feedback " about the storyline . In the aftermath , Tom asked Steph to be his mother , in a scene that then @-@ executive producer Bryan Kirkwood deemed his favourite of the year . The interaction between the two was intended to represent " what Hollyoaks is all about - lots of heart , relationships , friendships , love and loss . " Kirkwood praised Stenson 's performance throughout the storyline , particularly during in that scene .
Steph has a brief fling with Niall Rafferty ( Barry Sloane ) . The actors were required to film " steamy scenes " . Stenson felt it a " hard challenge " to portray , she had to convince the audience that Steph would genuinely get together with her husband 's killer . Some viewers , including all the staff of Inside Soap believed their chemistry to be greater . Stenson ultimately decided Steph was " better suited " to Max . She hoped that Steph would have even " more drama around the corner " along with " a bit of comic relief " .
= = = Illnesses = = =
= = = = Epilepsy = = = =
In a storyline which Stenson found challenging to portray , Steph was diagnosed with epilepsy . Feeling a responsibility to members of the viewing public who have the disorder , the actress researched it extensively , assisted by Mersey Television . As well as reading about it , she visited several organisations , and spent a day on set with a teenage girl — close in age to Steph — who has the condition , and who shared insights on the experiences she had been through . The actress felt trepidation about acting out seizures , but for her first one was assisted by the episode 's director , who had witnessed seizures first @-@ hand , having once worked in a hospital . Stenson felt privileged to be chosen for the storyline , particularly as epilepsy is typically a taboo subject which had not featured prominently in a soap opera before .
Barbara Pinder of Epilepsy Action praised the serial for taking on the subject matter . Hollyoaks researchers contacted the charity when developing the storyline , and Pinder felt that the show succeeded in communicating the impact of Steph 's diagnosis . She stated , " It is great to see a soap opera , specially one that is watched mainly by young people , look at the issue of epilepsy as it often gets ignored . " Stenson was pleased the storyline was " reaching out to people " , and stated that she had received many letters from fans thanking her for highlighting an under @-@ exposed subject , as well as positive feedback on the Hollyoaks website .
Steph initially reacted angrily towards her diagnosis , which Pinder confirmed was not uncommon , explaining : " The character is going through stages that someone with epilepsy is likely to go through . Teenagers can have terrible trouble coming to terms with epilepsy at a time when they have a lot of other difficult things to deal with . It can also be quite a blow to their independence . " Writing for the Sunday Mail , Steve Hendry assessed that the plot would serve to " bring the arrogant and often spiteful Steph down a peg or two " , humbling her . Stenson agreed that Steph 's epilepsy would make her " more understanding " , inspiring thoughtfulness towards others , as opposed to her former rejection of those different to her . However , she observed that the condition may also serve to worsen her behaviour towards " a chosen few . " The character 's epilepsy was further explored in the Hollyoaks spin @-@ off In Too Deep , in which Steph has a seizure and believes she is possessed by a spirit , almost causing her to drown .
= = = = Cervical cancer = = = =
In 2010 , Steph was diagnosed with cervical cancer and underwent a hysterectomy . The plot was said to echo the true story of former Big Brother contestant Jade Goody , who died of cervical cancer in 2009 . It was devised prior to the appointment of Paul Marquess as executive producer . He chose to continue with it , deciding that it would be interesting to give Steph another serious storyline , and have a character that viewers " know and love going through a really hard time . " In preparation for the storyline , Stenson studied the illness to give her a time @-@ line of the experiences Steph would undergo . She chose not to speak with any cancer patients about coping with cancer , believing that everyone handles it in their own personal way . Additionally , she aimed to make Steph 's realisation of her cancer as believable as possible , explaining that : " Steph wouldn 't have any prior knowledge about what to expect , and I wanted to see it fresh through her eyes " . She was flattered to be trusted with the storyline , and found it particularly important to get her portrayal right as , during the previous year , she had fronted the Arm Against Cervical Cancer campaign .
The producers aimed to send a message of early detection to the series ' young audience , and had Steph initially ignore her symptoms . Stenson hoped to raise awareness of cervical cancer , and educate women about the importance of regular smear tests . She stated that Steph was confident about beating her illness , as " the alternative [ wa ] sn 't worth thinking about . " The character was originally reluctant to tell her family about the cancer for fear of hurting them , and was embarrassed to tell her love interest Gilly Roach ( Anthony Quinlan ) , not wanting him to have to look after her . As the storyline developed , Steph cancelled her wedding to Gilly due to his refusal to accept that her condition was terminal . Quinlan explained that his character impeded her ability to deal with the situation , with his disbelief contrasting Steph 's attempt to " take this in her stride and [ ... ] spend quality time with the people she loves before she goes . "
Marquess deemed the storyline as a whole one which could only be depicted the way it was in Hollyoaks , aiming to tell a " tragic story " with a " sweet and humorous tone " . " A comedy element of the storyline had Steph use her cancer as a sob story to enter a talent show , recruiting orphan Tom to take to the stage with her , giving her story further emotional impact . Stenson commented , " Deep down she knows she 's not a fantastic singer , but she thought the judges would feel sorry for her and put her through . " According to Quinlan , viewer feedback on the storyline was " brilliant " . He stated that viewers were upset by Steph 's illness , and that it had even brought his own mother to tears .
= = = Departure = = =
In 2010 , it was announced that Stenson had decided to quit the serial to pursue a career in musical theatre . She deemed it " one of the most difficult decisions [ she had ] ever made " , stating that Hollyoaks had been her " dream job " and that she would miss her friends in the cast and crew . She made the decision to resign around June 2009 , but was convinced by then @-@ producer Lucy Allan to play out a long exit storyline , which concluded filming in September 2010 . Before filming her final scenes , Stenson secured her first West End role . Though she had previously felt ready to leave the series , when the time came , she was upset because she felt the reality of it . She called her final scenes " really sad and emotional " , and stated that while she had not had any input in Steph 's exit , she was happy with it .
Hollyoaks devised an arson plot to begin on Guy Fawkes Night 2010 , as a result of which some characters would die . The production team intended to keep details of who would die secret until transmission . Prior to broadcast , Stenson revealed that Steph would risk her own life to save Amy Barnes ( Ashley Slanina @-@ Davies ) , Leah Barnes ( Jessica Croft @-@ Lane ) and Lucas Hay . The actress explained that " She stares death in the face every day because of her cancer , so thinks she really has nothing to lose now . " Stenson performed one of her own stunts during filming , with the rest undertaken by a stunt double . A promotional trailer for the episodes aired across the Channel 4 network , featuring Steph on fire . In the event , Steph rescued Amy and her children from a burning building but refused to leave herself , saying she was ready to die . Her exit received a positive reaction from fans on the social networking website Twitter , with Stenson stating that she was " honoured " by the response . Steph 's legacy continued following her death , with her husband , family and friends left to come to terms with their grief . On 29 November 2011 it was confirmed Stenson was to reprise the role for a one off guest appearance as Steph in which she appears as an angel to Doug Carter who had attempted suicide and she convinces him that his life matters . Steph tells Doug something and he shows Frankie a special song that Steph had recorded for her . Frankie , overjoyed that her daughter had not forgotten her , wept whilst Angel Steph looked on happily and placed a hand on her shoulder before winking to Tom and returning to heaven , stating she was " ready for her solo . "
= = Reception = =
Stenson received several award nominations for her portrayal of Steph . She was nominated in the " Best Comedy Performance " category at the 2005 and 2006 British Soap Awards , and for " Best Dramatic Performance " in 2009 . She received a long @-@ list nomination for the " Best Actress " accolade at the 2005 National Television Awards . In 2008 , Stenson was nominated for the " Sexiest Female " Inside Soap Award , which she found flattering . A further nomination in the same category followed in 2010 , accompanied by nominations for " Best Actress " , and " Best Dramatic Performance " for Steph learning she had cancer . The character was selected as one of the " top 100 British soap characters " by industry experts for a poll to be run by What 's on TV , with readers able to vote for their favourite character to discover " Who is Soap 's greatest Legend ? "
Following her departure , her co @-@ stars commented favourably on the actress and character , with Jorgie Porter deeming her an " ultimate original " , Gemma Merna stating that she " was Hollyoaks " , and Ricky Whittle admitting that he cried during the airing of her final scenes . Television and entertainment website Holy Soap did not see Steph 's fire death coming , calling her actions brave and her ten @-@ year duration " mammoth " . They described her most memorable moment as telling Niall she did not love him and then watching him commit suicide . Inside Soap said if there was an award for " the unluckiest character in soap " , Steph would certainly win . In his column for The Guardian , television critic Jim Shelley stated that it was time for Steph to go , having " suffered enough " during her tenure . Humorously recapping her ten years in Hollyoaks , Shelley wrote :
Sarah Welsh of the South Wales Echo gave the stalking storyline a negative review . She called both plot and acting " ridiculous " and commented that while she often felt sorry for the serial being snubbed at the National Soap Awards , " This is not the way to raise the game . "
Steph 's relationships were a focal point of many reviews . The Daily Mirror 's Nicola Methven and Polly Hudson found a 2004 love triangle between Steph , her sister Debbie and love interest Dan Hunter ( Andrew McNair ) " surprising compelling " . Grace Dent of The Guardian observed of her failed engagement to Fernando : " With the best will in the world , I don 't feel that marriage was ever going to last " . Dent had previously named Steph singing the Sugababes ' " About You Now " at Max 's funeral one of her four favourite soap moments of 2008 . Roz Laws of the Sunday Mercury felt there was " plenty of chemistry " between Steph and Gilly . Their relationship was frequently commented on by the Daily Mail 's Jaci Stephen in her weekly soap column . She expressed disinterest in Steph and Cheryl 's rivalry over Gilly , and found it implausible that she and Jem would quarrel over him . When the two finally admitted their feelings for one another in May 2010 , Stephen accurately predicted that their happiness would be short @-@ lived . She highlighted a lack of subtlety in the scripting of the lead @-@ up to their wedding , observing : " Of course , you know that the moment she says that nothing is going to stop her marrying Gilly , the Grim Reaper will be pulling up in his hearse , shortly behind the wedding car . "
Stephen derided Steph 's singing ambition during her X Factor plot line , deeming her voice " average " and writing that she did not need to use her cancer for the sympathy vote , as her singing alone would be enough for that . She later questioned when Steph would accept that she was not intended to be a singer , commenting that her " ambition could not be made of sterner stuff " , but that Simon Cowell and the remainder of the population would breathe " a major sigh of relief " at the abandonment of her showbiz dreams . More positively , Stephen wrote that she loved the bravery in " both the humour and pathos that Steph 's manipulation of her cancer brings . "
Reviewing the Steph @-@ centric spin @-@ off In Too Deep for The Times , Tim Teeman commented that while late @-@ night Hollyoaks episodes had previously been amusing , " sexed @-@ up " versions of the main show , with In Too Deep it became " less shagathon , more What Lies Beneath " . The episode was selected as recommended viewing by Laws of the Sunday Mercury . The launch of Hollyoaks Later series one , in which Niall returns to target Steph , was named a " Satellite Pick of the Day " by the Daily Record . Christopher Howse , writing " Tatworld " for The Daily Telegraph — a column chronicling tabloid culture — named Steph and her family joint tenth in a list of Top Ten Deans , which included entrants such as Dean Koontz , Dean Gaffney and Richard Dean Anderson .
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= Battle of Tabsor =
The Battle of Tabsor was fought on 19 – 20 September 1918 beginning the Battle of Sharon , which along with the Battle of Nablus formed the set piece Battle of Megiddo fought between 19 and 25 September in the last months of the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War . During the infantry phase of the Battle of Sharon the British Empire 60th Division , XXI Corps attacked and captured the section of the front line nearest the Mediterranean coast under cover of an intense artillery barrage including a creeping barrage and naval gunfire . This Egyptian Expeditionary Force ( EEF ) victory over the entrenched Ottoman Eighth Army , composed of German and Ottoman soldiers , began the Final Offensive , ultimately resulting in the destruction of the equivalent of one Ottoman army , the retreat of what remained of two others , and the capture of many thousands of prisoners and many miles of territory from the Judean Hills to the border of modern @-@ day Turkey . After the end of the battle of Megiddo , the Desert Mounted Corps pursued the retreating soldiers to Damascus , six days later . By the time the Armistice of Mudros was signed between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire five weeks later , Aleppo had been captured .
During the Battle of Tabsor the 3rd ( Lahore ) , 7th ( Meerut ) and 75th Divisions attacked the entrenched Ottoman Empire Eighth Army defending the Tabsor defences . These defences were located in the middle section of the front line , assigned to the XXI Corps . On their left the Battle of Tulkarm was being fought with the Battle of Arara fought on their right . Together with the cavalry phase , these battles make up the Battle of Sharon , which , with the Battle of Nablus , fought by the XX Corps and Chaytor 's Force , have become known as the Battle of Megiddo . Megiddo developed into a major set piece offensive , when large formations of the Allied EEF , attacked and responded to the reactions of three Ottoman armies , each time following a predetermined plan . The offensive resulted in defeat for Ottoman forces in Palestine , Syria and the Transjordan .
These operations began the Final Offensive , ultimately resulting in the destruction of the equivalent of an Ottoman army and the retreat in disarray of what remained of two armies . The defeat of the Yildirim Army Group , commanded by Otto Liman von Sanders , resulted in the capture of many thousands of prisoners and many miles of territory stretching from the Judean Hills . After the battle of Megiddo , Desert Mounted Corps pursued the retreating German and Ottoman soldiers to Damascus , which was captured six days later , when the pursuit continued on to close to the border of modern @-@ day Turkey . Five weeks after the Final Offensive began and with Aleppo captured , the Armistice of Mudros was signed between the Allies and the Ottoman Empire ending the fighting in this theatre .
The Battle of Tabsor began with an intense creeping bombardment , during which three infantry divisions of the XXI Corps attacked the Tabsor defences ; the only continuous trench @-@ and @-@ redoubt system on the Ottoman front line . As they advanced , their left flank was protected by the 60th Division , which advanced up the coast to the Nahr el Faliq , before capturing Tulkarm , the headquarters of the Eighth Army . Their right flank was secured by the 54th ( East Anglian ) Division , with the Détachment Français de Palestine et de Syrie pivoting on the Rafat salient . Defending the Ottoman front line against the attacks by the 3rd ( Lahore ) , 7th ( Meerut ) and 75th Divisions were four divisions of the Ottoman Eighth Army : the 7th , 20th and 46th Infantry Divisions of the Ottoman XXII Corps and the 19th Division of the German Asia Corps . By the end of the first day of battle , the Ottoman 7th Division had ceased to exist and the Ottoman front line ( which had previously stretched east @-@ west from the coast ) had been pushed and bent back to run north @-@ south . The Seventh Army , further inland , was forced to withdraw when the Eighth Army was outflanked , to conform with the new Ottoman front line .
= = Background = =
By July , it was clear that the German Spring Offensive in France , which had forced the postponement of offensive plans in Palestine , had failed , resulting in a return to trench warfare on the Western Front . This coincided with the approach of the campaign season in Palestine and the Middle East . General Edmund Allenby , commander of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force ( EEF ) , was " very anxious to make a move in September " , when he expected to capture the Ottoman Seventh and Eighth Army headquarters at Tulkarm and Nablus , the road to Jisr ed Damieh and Es Salt in the hills east of the Jordan River . " Another reason for moving to this line is that it will encourage both my own new Indian troops and my Arab Allies . "
= = = Reorganisation of EEF infantry = = =
After the 52nd ( Lowland ) , the 74th ( Yeomanry ) Divisions and nine British infantry battalions from each of the 10th , 53rd , 60th and 75th Divisions were sent to France between May and August 1918 , the remaining British infantry battalions were reinforced by British Indian Army battalions . Infantry brigades were now reorganised with one British battalion and three British Indian Army battalions , with the exception of one brigade in the 53rd Division which had one South African and three Indian battalions . The British Indian Army 's 7th ( Meerut ) Division arrived from the campaign in Mesopotamia in January 1918 , followed by the 3rd ( Lahore ) Division in April 1918 . Only the 54th ( East Anglian ) Division remained , as previously , an all British division .
By April 1918 , 35 infantry and two pioneer battalions were being prepared to move to Palestine . Those battalions with identification numbers from 150 upwards were formed by removing complete companies from experienced regiments then serving in Mesopotamia and forming new battalions . The 2 / 151st Indian Infantry was one such battalion formed from one company each from the 56th Punjabi Rifles and the 51st , 52nd and 53rd Sikhs . One regiment , the 101st Grenadiers , formed a second battalion by dividing itself into two with two experienced and two new companies in each battalion . The parent battalions also supplied first line transport and experienced officers with war time service . The 3 / 151st Indian Infantry had the commanding officer , two other British and four Indian officers included in the 198 men transferred from the 38th Dogras . The sepoys transferred were also very experienced . In September 1918 the 2 / 151st Indian Infantry had to provide an honour guard for Allenby ; among the men on parade were some who had served on five different fronts since 1914 , and on eight pre @-@ war campaigns .
Of the 54 Indian battalions deployed to Palestine , 22 had recent experience of combat , but had each lost an experienced company , which had been replaced by recruits . Ten battalions were formed from experienced troops who had never fought or trained together . The other 22 had not seen any prior service in the war ; in total , almost a third of the troops were recruits . Within 44 Indian battalions , the " junior British officers were green , and most could not speak Hindustani . In one battalion only one Indian officer spoke English and only two British officers could communicate with their men . " Not all of the Indian battalions served in the infantry divisions , some were employed in defence of the lines of communication .
= = = Front line = = =
By September 1918 the front line held by the EEF began virtually at sea level at a point on the Mediterranean coast about 12 miles ( 19 km ) north of Jaffa , just north of Arsuf , ran about 15 miles ( 24 km ) south @-@ east across the Plain of Sharon , then east over the Judean Hills for about 15 miles ( 24 km ) , rising to a height of 1 @,@ 500 – 2 @,@ 000 feet ( 460 – 610 m ) above sea level . From the Judean Hills the front line fell steeply to 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) below sea level in the Jordan Valley , where it continued for about 18 miles ( 29 km ) to the Dead Sea and the foothills of the Mountains of Gilead / Moab .
= = Prelude = =
= = = British plans and preparations = = =
On the first quarter of the front line , which stretched 15 miles ( 24 km ) across the Plain of Sharon from the Mediterranean Sea , the XXI Corps deployed 35 @,@ 000 infantry , the Desert Mounted Corps 9 @,@ 000 cavalry and the artillery 's 383 guns for their attacks on the Eighth Army . On the remaining three quarters of front line , ending at the Dead Sea , 22 @,@ 000 infantry , 3 @,@ 000 cavalry and 157 guns of the XX Corps and Chaytor 's Force were deployed facing the Ottoman Seventh and Fourth Armies .
The Battle of Sharon was to begin with an attack on an 8 @-@ mile ( 13 km ) -long stretch of front line between the Jaffa @-@ Jerusalem railway running north from Lydda towards Tulkarm ( cut at the front line ) and the Mediterranean , where Allenby massed three mounted divisions behind three of the XXI Corps ' infantry divisions supported by 18 densely deployed heavy and siege batteries . Together the five infantry divisions of the XXI Corps , commanded by the British Lieutenant General Sir Edward Bulfin , had an advantage of 4 @.@ 4 – to – 1 in total numbers , and three times the defenders ' heavy artillery . " Concentration , surprise and speed were key elements in the blitzkrieg warfare planned by Allenby . "
The four infantry divisions of the XXI Corps were to begin the Battle of Sharon by attacking in overwhelming strength , supported by the greatest possible weight of artillery . The first objective of breaking the German and Ottoman front line was assigned to the 60th Division . They were to create a gap sufficiently large to enable the cavalry to safely advance to the rear of the German and Ottoman forces in the Judean Hills . The second objective of assaulting the Tabsor defences was assigned to the 3rd ( Lahore ) , 7th ( Meerut ) and 75th Divisions . After their successful initial attack they were to attack the Jiljulieh- Kalkilieh @-@ Et Tire line .
After the cavalry breakthrough on the coast , the XXI Corps would advance to capture the headquarters of the Ottoman Eighth Army at Tulkarm and cut the railway lines . Sections of the lateral rail line in the Judean Hills between Tulkarm and Nablus and a branch of the Jezreel Valley railway , were to be denied to the Seventh and Eighth Ottoman Armies . These lines , including the important railway junction at Messudieh , transported their supplies into the Judean Hills . The British infantry divisions were to continue their attack by swinging north – east , pivoting on their right to push the defenders back out of their trenches away from the coast and back into the Judean Hills towards Messudieh .
While the brigades of the XXI Corps ' 3rd ( Lahore ) , the 7th ( Meerut ) and the 75th Divisions attacked the Tabsor defences , the 54th ( East Anglian ) Division and the Détachement Français de Palestine et de Syrie defended and pivoted on the Rafat salient covering the right flank . Further to the right , the XX Corps would begin the Battle of Nablus in the Judean Hills in support of the main attack by the XXI Corps , by advancing to capture the Seventh Army headquarters at Nablus and blocking the main escape route from the Judean Hills to the Jisr ed Damieh .
Together , these attacks would force the Central Powers to retreat back along their main line of communication on the roads and branch lines to the Jezreel Valley railway . These ran alongside each other out of the Judean Hills , through the Dothan Pass to Jenin , and across the Esdrealon Plain ( also known as the Jezreel Valley and the ancient Plain of Armageddon ) , 40 miles ( 64 km ) away , and on to Damascus . The plain was also the site of the important communication hubs at Afulah and Beisan and here thousands would be captured by the cavalry as they successfully exploited the infantry victories . The objectives of Desert Mounted Corps were the swift capture of Afulah by the 4th Cavalry Division , the swift capture the Yildirim Army Group 's headquarters at Nazareth by the 5th Cavalry Division and the swift capture of Jenin by the Australian Mounted Division 's 3rd Light Horse Brigade . Together , the occupation of the lowlands of the Plain of Sharon , the Esdrealon Plain and the southern Jordan Valley would form a semicircle round the positions of the Ottoman Seventh and Eighth Armies in the Judean Hills .
= = = British Empire deployments = = =
The actual frontage which would be directly attacked by the British Empire infantry was about 10 miles ( 16 km ) long , but it was not continuous . There were about 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) of gaps in their deployment , where the terrain was unfavourable for a frontal attack . During the advance , a planned right @-@ flanking movement by all the infantry divisions aimed to bring them in touch with one another . At this point in their advance , Ottoman units in those areas unfavourable for frontal attack would be forced to withdraw by the threatening encirclement , be outflanked or be captured from the rear .
The final deployment , which was made during 35 minutes of darkness between moon @-@ set and dawn , placed the divisions at right angles to the direction of their advance . The XXI Corps ' 60th Division was deployed closest to the coast with the 7th ( Meerut ) Division on their right and then the 75th Division with the longest frontage , followed by the 3rd ( Lahore ) Division , the 54th ( East Anglian ) Division and finally the Détachment Français de Palestine et de Syrie at Rafat , at the eastern end of the XXI Corps front line in the foothills of the Judean Hills . There was no corps reserve .
= = = German and Ottoman forces and preparations = = =
In August 1918 , the Central Powers ' Yildirim Army Group commanded by Otto Liman von Sanders consisted of 40 @,@ 598 front @-@ line infantrymen organised into twelve divisions defending a 56 miles ( 90 km ) long front . They were armed with 19 @,@ 819 rifles , 273 light and 696 heavy machine guns . The high number of machine guns reflects the Ottoman Army 's new tables of organization .
Cevat Pasha 's Eighth Army of 10 @,@ 000 soldiers , was supported by 157 guns . With its headquarters at Tulkarm , this army held a line from the Mediterranean coast just north of Arsuf to Furkhah in the Judean Hills . The Eighth Army was organised into the XXII Corps ' 7th , 20th and 46th Divisions and the Asia Corps ' 16th and 19th Divisions , three German battalion groups of the German " Pasha II " detachment , and the 2nd Caucasian Cavalry Division in reserve . The German Asia Corps , also known as the " Left Wing Group " , with a high component of machine guns , was commanded by the German Colonel Gustav von Oppen . The Asia Corps linked the Eighth Army 's XXII Corps on the coast with the Seventh Army 's III Corps further inland , facing units of the British XX Corps .
The 7th , 19th and 20th Divisions held the shortest frontage in the entire Yildirim Army Group . The 7th and 20th Divisions together held a total of 7 @.@ 5 miles ( 12 @.@ 1 km ) of trenches . The 7th Division held 4 @.@ 3 miles ( 6 @.@ 9 km ) nearest the coast while the 20th Division held 3 @.@ 1 miles ( 5 @.@ 0 km ) and the Asia Corps ' 19th Division held 6 @.@ 2 miles ( 10 @.@ 0 km ) of trenches further inland . The 46th Division formed the reserve 7 @.@ 5 miles ( 12 @.@ 1 km ) from the front line , near the Eighth Army 's headquarters at Tulkarm .
These divisions were some of the most highly regarded fighting formations in the Ottoman Army ; in 1915 the 7th and 19th Divisions had fought as part of Esat Pasa 's III Corps at Gallipoli . The 20th Division had also fought towards the end of the Gallipoli campaign and served for a year in Galicia fighting against Russians on the Eastern Front . This regular army division , which had been raised and stationed in Palestine , was sometimes referred to as the Arab Division .
The XXII Corps was supported by the majority of the Yildirim Army 's heavy artillery for counter battery operations . Here , three of the five Ottoman Army heavy artillery batteries in Palestine ( the 72nd , 73rd and 75th Batteries ) were deployed . Further , the Ottoman front line regiments had been alerted that a major attack was imminent .
= = = = Other views of this force = = = =
The Ottoman armies were understrength , overstretched , suffering greatly from a strained supply system , overwhelmingly outnumbered by the EEF by about two to one , and " haemorrhaging " deserters . The effective strengths of the nine infantry battalions of the 16th Infantry Division were each equal to a British infantry company of between 100 and 250 men while 150 to 200 men were assigned to the 19th Infantry Division without taking into account the large number of machine guns in these Asia Corps divisions . Problems with the supply system in February 1918 resulted in the normal daily ration in Palestine being 125 grains ( 0 @.@ 29 oz ) of bread and boiled beans in the morning , at noon , and at night , without oil or any other condiment .
= = = Tabsor defences = = =
The Tabsor defences consisted of the only continuous trench and redoubt system on the front line . Here the Ottomans had dug two or three lines of trenches and redoubts , varying in depth from 1 – 3 miles ( 1 @.@ 6 – 4 @.@ 8 km ) . These defences centred on the village of Tabsor , and stretched from Jaljulye to the coast . Another less developed system of defences was 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) behind , and the beginnings of a third system ran from Tulkarm across the Plain of Sharon to the Nahr Iskanderun . The Ottoman armies defences were inflexible defence relying on a line of trenches which required " every inch of ground ... to be fought for when a more flexible system would have better suited the situation " .
On 17 September 1918 , Ottoman Army intelligence accurately placed five infantry divisions and a detachment opposite their Eighth Army . As a consequence , the 46th Infantry Division was moved up 8 @.@ 1 miles ( 13 @.@ 0 km ) to the south – west to a new reserve position at Et Tire , directly behind the Ottoman XXII Corps 's front line divisions .
= = Battle = =
= = = 19 September = = =
= = = = Bombardment = = = =
At 04 : 30 a bombardment by artillery , trench mortars and machine guns began firing at the German and Ottoman front and second lines of trenches in front of XXI Corps . This intense bombardment , which closely resembled a Western @-@ Front @-@ style bombardment , continued for a half @-@ hour , with guns deployed one to every 50 yards ( 46 m ) of front on the coastal sector . Under cover of this bombardment , the leading infantry advanced to the front line . Just before their arrival , the barrage lifted and began firing behind the Ottoman front line . There was no attempt at systematic attempt by the artillery to cut the wire ; the leading units were to cut it by hand or carry some way of crossing or bridging it .
The artillery was organised by weight and targets : heavy artillery was employed in counter @-@ battery fire , with guns and 4 @.@ 5 @-@ inch howitzers shelling objectives beyond the range of the field artillery 's barrage and where the infantry advance was delayed . Field artillery bombarded the Ottoman front line until the infantry advance arrived ; then , the 18 @-@ pounders and Royal Horse Artillery batteries lifted to form a creeping barrage in front of the infantry up to their range . This barrage began firing at a range of 4 @,@ 000 yards ( 3 @,@ 700 m ) but by 08 : 00 it had been extended to 15 @,@ 000 yards ( 14 @,@ 000 m ) as the guns lifted and moved forward at a rate of 50 yards ( 46 m ) per minute , 75 yards ( 69 m ) per minute or 100 yards ( 91 m ) per minute in front of the three divisions ' separate and uniquely timed advances .
= = = = 7th ( Meerut ) Division attack western sector = = = =
The 7th ( Meerut ) Division , consisting of the 19th , 21st and 28th Brigades , commanded by Major General V. B. Fane , advanced under cover of the bombardment ; their creeping barrage moving forward at a rate of 100 yards ( 91 m ) per minute . They were to assault the western end of the Tabsor defences , between a wadi west of Tabsor and the Wadi Hurab el Miske , on the right of the 60th Division 's advance . Once these objectives had been captured , they were to advance and capture a second system of trenches defending Et Tire without artillery support , as the guns would be out of range and in the process of being moved forward .
The 7th ( Meerut ) Division 's 19th Brigade consisting of the 1st Battalion , Seaforth Highlanders , 28th Punjabis , 92nd Punjabis and 125th Napier 's Rifles , with the 1st Guides and 20th Punjabis ( 21st Brigade ) and the 134th Machine Gun Company attached , were formed into two columns in front of the British wire , each column on a frontage one battalion wide . The initial attack by the 28th and the 92nd Punjabis , under cover of the creeping barrage , was completely successful , and included the capture of a 150mm howitzer battery by five men of the 92nd Punjabis and the 1st Guides . The second attack on the Et Tire defensive line , by the 1st Battalion , Seaforth Highlanders and the 125th Napier 's Rifles , met with more opposition but was eventually successful . Subsequently , 40 men from the 125th Napier 's Rifles captured 200 soldiers and six machine guns defending the only crossing of the Zerquiye marshes . A second battery of 105mm howitzers behind the captured position and the trenches at Ayun el Basse , from which the German or Ottoman force had covered the Zerquiye crossing , was seized by the 1st Battalion , Seaforth Highlanders .
The remaining two battalions of the 21st Brigade , the 2nd Battalion , The Black Watch ( Royal Highlanders ) and the 1 / 8th Gurkha Rifles , captured the front @-@ line system of defences under cover of the creeping barrage , and then advanced to capture the Wadi Hurab el Miske and 350 prisoners . At 08 : 40 , the 7th ( Meerut ) Division had advanced to a position to allow the 4th Cavalry Division to advance to capture Afulah and Beisan . By 09 : 00 the 21st Brigade was in the process of reforming at ' Ayun el Basse , with the return of the 1st Guides and 20th Punjabis from the 19th Brigade . The 1st Guides had still not arrived back to the 21st Brigade when , at 13 : 00 , the brigade marched to Et Tire , which the 75th Division had captured at 11 : 00 . Here they concentrated east of the village , while the 19th Brigade also moved towards Et Tire . At 16 : 30 the 21st Brigade continued their advance eastwards across the Tulkarm road , where their 20th Punjabis were heavily machine @-@ gunned by a German battalion in the foothills of the Judean Hills . Their objective had been Felamiye , but they were stopped 0 @.@ 75 miles ( 1 @.@ 21 km ) from that village . Meanwhile , the 2nd Battalion , Royal Highlanders came up to assist the 92nd Punjabis attack ; together succeeding in the capture of El Majdal .
The third brigade of the 7th ( Meerut ) Division ( the 28th Brigade ) , consisting of the 2nd Battalion , Leicestershire Regiment , the 51st Sikhs , the 53rd Sikhs and the 56th Punjabi Rifles , were supported by the recently returned 264th Brigade Royal Field Artillery ( RFA ) on completion of the creeping barrage . By 12 : 30 , this brigade had reached a point north @-@ east of the Zerqiye marsh and had turned east to advance with its battalions in a diamond formation towards Et Taiyibe on the eastern side of the Tulkarm road . Their advance guard , the 56th Punjabi Rifles , drove in a rearguard position 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) north west of Et Tire about 15 : 30 . The survivors of this rearguard position re @-@ established themselves 1 @,@ 500 yards ( 1 @,@ 400 m ) further east on a lower ridge . This second rearguard position was captured soon after , and Taiyibe was occupied at 18 : 00 when the brigade bivouacked north @-@ east and south of the village .
= = = = 75th Division attack the centre = = = =
Comprising the 232nd , 233rd and 234th Brigades , the 75th Division advanced ( with the 233rd Brigade in reserve ) under cover of the creeping barrage which lifted at a rate of 50 yards ( 46 m ) per minute . The bombardment in front of their line was so accurate that the leading infantry units were able to keep within 40 yards ( 37 m ) of the advancing line of shells , suffering only one casualty from their own fire .
The 234th Brigade advanced with the leading companies of the 1 / 152nd Indian Infantry and the 58th Vaughan 's Rifles on the left . In the centre , two companies of the 1 / 5th Battalion , Somerset Light Infantry ( 233rd Brigade ) had been attached to the 234th Brigade . They formed an advance guard , to attack an isolated defensive line 600 yards ( 550 m ) in front of the main defences . The 4th Battalion , Wiltshire Regiment and the 2 / 3rd Gurkha Rifles of the 232nd Brigade advanced on the right . These units attacked under the creeping barrage and successfully captured all objectives , including the isolated Ottoman front @-@ line trenches , the main trenches and the Ottoman batteries beyond .
While the advance guard consolidated its capture of the isolated trench line , the two main columns , formed by the 232nd and 234th Brigades , moved on to the main defensive works in front of Et Tire . This position was defended by the Ottoman Eighth Army 's reserve division , the 46th Division commanded by Major Tiller . Here Tiller held an extensive fortified trench system surrounded by a network of cactus hedges , making a " formidable obstacle " .
As the 234th Brigade continued their advance with the 1 / 4th Battalion , Duke of Cornwall 's Light Infantry and the 123rd Outram 's Rifles in artillery formation , two or three Ottoman batteries in the wadi south west of Miske fired on the 1 / 152nd Indian Infantry to within 60 yards ( 55 m ) . Shortly after 08 : 00 an Indian bayonet attack captured three 150mm howitzers , seven 77mm guns and their detachments , along with the trenches defending Et Tire .
The 232nd Brigade ( composed of the 4th Battalion , Wiltshire Regiment , the 72nd Punjabis , the 2 / 3rd Gurkhas Rifles and the 3rd Kashmir Imperial Service Infantry ) advanced with their leading companies in line , the remainder in artillery formation : the 4th Battalion Wiltshire Regiment on the right and the 2 / 3rd Gurkha Rifles on the left . They had quickly captured the main front @-@ line trenches under the creeping barrage before advancing to capture Miske at 07 : 00 , supported by the South African Field Artillery Brigade , which had moved forward after completing its part of the creeping barrage . A firing line was established at the edge of Et Tire , after an advance of 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) by the 4th Battalion , Wiltshire Regiment , the 2 / 3rd Gurkha Rifles and the 72nd Punjabis , which had been brigade reserve . Here they were targeted by the defenders ; every exposed infantryman was shot . This stymied attack was eventually reinforced by the 232nd Brigade 's fourth battalion , the 3rd Kashmir Imperial Service Infantry , some armoured cars and a cavalry squadron , which compelled the Ottoman defenders to evacuate Et Tire by 11 : 00 when Refet Bey 's XXII Corps headquarters were captured .
The retiring Ottoman force was pursued by armoured cars , while the reserve 233rd Brigade , comprising the remainder of the 5th Battalion , Somerset Light Infantry , the 3 / 3rd Gurkha Rifles , the 29th Punjabis and the 2 / 154th Indian Infantry , moved forward to Miske . The 75th Division suffered 518 casualties , 352 of whom were from the 232nd Brigade .
= = = = 3rd ( Lahore ) Division attack eastern sector = = = =
The objectives of the 3rd ( Lahore ) Division , consisting of the 7th , 8th and 9th Brigades , were to break through the Tabsor defences at Sabiye and advance east , capturing Jaljulye and the Railway Redoubt , before advancing towards Qalqilye , Kh . Kefir Thilth , ' Azzun and Jiyus in the foothills of the Judean Hills .
The 9th Brigade , consisting of the 2nd Battalion , Dorsetshire Regiment , the 1 / 1st Gurkha Rifles , the 93rd Burma Infantry and the 105th Mahratta Light Infantry , began their advance at 04 : 27 , supported by a creeping barrage which lifted and moved forward at a rate of 100 yards ( 91 m ) per minute . The brigade moved via taped stretches into no man 's land , where a heavy Ottoman barrage of high explosive shells fell on them , with little rifle or machine @-@ gun fire until they approached the trenches . West of Sabiye , the 105th Mahratta Light Infantry and 2nd Battalion , Dorsetshire Regiment attacked German and Ottoman infantry , which attempted to stop their advance . Between 05 : 00 and 05 : 30 , the 93rd Burma Infantry and the 1 / 1st Gurkha Rifles had advanced to cut the second trench line , running from Tabsor to Qalqilye . A threatened counter @-@ attack from the north was stopped by a detachment from the 1 / 1st Gurkha Rifles , which captured 136 prisoners and two machine guns . Due to constant cutting of the telephone lines and bombardment haze making visual signalling impossible , the commander of the 9th Brigade rode forward to assess the situation and ordered the advance to continue towards Jiyus .
The 9th Brigade moved eastwards , crossing the railway 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) north @-@ west of Qalqilye at 09 : 00 with the 93rd Burma Infantry in the centre , the 105th Mahratta Light Infantry on their right , the 1 / 1st Gurkha Rifles on their left and the 2nd Battalion , Dorsetshire Regiment in reserve . Although the Ottoman 20th Division had been " completely overrun " , progress on the left was slowed by reserves from the Asia Corps west of ' Azzun . Jiyus was eventually captured by the 105th Mahratta Light Infantry and two companies from the 93rd Burma Infantry about nightfall , when two German officers and 18 other prisoners were captured .
The attack by the 8th Brigade , consisting of the 1st Battalion Manchester Regiment , the 47th Sikhs , the 59th Scinde Rifles and the 2 / 124th Duchess of Connaught 's Own Baluchistan Infantry , began at 04 : 45 towards the Wadi Ishkar , west of Jaljulye . The 1st Battalion Manchester Regiment at Ras el ' Ain and the 2 / 124th Baluchistan Infantry at Tell el Murkhmar , advanced rapidly capturing the first line of defence , between Bir Adas and the Hadrah road . A company from the Manchester Regiment advanced on both sides of the railway , eventually reaching a bridge over the Wadi Ishkar west of Jaljulye . Here , they fired on the village and railway redoubt with two machine guns , while the Baluchistan Infantry advanced to occupy Byar Adas at 07 : 15 . At 09 : 10 the 47th Sikhs reinforced the attack on the Railway Redoubt , supported by an intense five @-@ minute bombardment . Shortly afterwards , the redoubt , along with a pack gun and two machine guns , was captured by the Baluchistan Infantry . At 10 : 45 a bombardment covered the 1st Battalion Manchester Regiment 's attack on Jaljulye , which was easily captured after the Ottoman defenders had quickly withdrawn , in consequence of the advance by the 7th Brigade , 3rd ( Lahore ) Division , which was threatening to cut them off . At 12 : 30 artillery fire from the IV Brigade RFA was directed on Hable , which was captured 30 minutes later ; the 8th Brigade 's advance was resumed at 13 : 30 towards Kh . Ras et Tire and Tell Manasif . Both objectives were reached about 18 : 00 , the brigade bivouacking for the night behind strong outposts .
Meanwhile , the 7th Brigade advanced with the 2 / 7th Gurkha Rifles on the right , the 27th Punjabis on the left , the 1st Battalion Connaught Rangers in the left rear and the 91st Punjabis in support , under cover of the creeping barrage of heavy artillery and machine @-@ gun fire . They attacked the Ottoman front @-@ line defences , which at first were supported by high @-@ explosive Ottoman artillery fire ; the 27th Punjabis suffered more than 100 casualties in dense clouds of dust , smoke and shrapnel . Nevertheless , the brigade advanced to capture Kufr Saba at 07 : 12 and Qalqilye at 09 : 00 . By 14 : 00 the brigade was ordered to support the 8th Brigade attack on ' Azzun , but the order was not received until 15 : 30 so most of their advance was made during the night , eventually halting at 24 : 00 , 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) west of Azzun .
= = = = Ottoman defenders ' reports = = = =
By 05 : 45 telephone communication to the Ottoman front had been cut and five minutes later all German and Ottoman reserves had been ordered forward .
At 08 : 50 , Cevat 's Eighth Army reported to Liman von Sanders , commander of the Yildirim Army Group at Nazareth , that its 7th Division ( not to be confused with the 7th ( Meerut ) Division ) was " out of the fight " and the 19th Division was under attack .
Small groups of survivors from the 7th and 20th Divisions managed to continue fighting while retiring . They formed a rear guard of 100 soldiers with 2 machine guns and 17 artillery guns from the 7th Division and 300 soldiers , while four machine guns and seven guns from the 20th Division also made a desperate attempt to hold the British Empire attack . Liman von Sanders ordered the 110th Infantry Regiment to advance from Nablus in support of the Eighth Army . These forces were to stop the EEF advance to the Tulkarm to Nablus road at the easily defended narrow , steep @-@ sided pass near ' Anebta .
The 19th Division was forced to retreat towards Kefri Kasim and the XXII Corps ( Eighth Army ) , threatened with encirclement , was in retreat towards Et Tire having lost most of its artillery . By 16 : 30 Cevat had been informed that Et Tire was captured and cut off from reports from his XXII Corps , he began to move his headquarters north at dusk . Cevat said , " The enemy has broken through our lines in spite of our counter – attacks ... Without assistance operations are impossible " . A remnant from the 7th Division managed to establish a temporary divisional headquarters at Mesudiye that night .
Liman von Sanders had no combat formations available to stop the cavalry advance up the coast , while in the Judean Hills the British Empire infantry attacks forced the Yildirim Army Group 's two armies to retire .
= = = 20 September = = =
General Bulfin , commanding the XXI Corps , issued orders for the continuation of the battle on 20 September . The 7th ( Meerut ) Division 's objectives were to attack and capture Deir Sheraf , Sebustiye and Burqa , while the 3rd ( Lahore ) Division 's objective was to establish a position through Beit Udhen and Qusein commanding the Nablus @-@ to @-@ Deir Sheraf road . The 7th and 3rd Divisions advanced to the northeast , through the hills towards ancient Samaria , while the 60th Division moved east from Tulkarm along the Tulkarm to Nablus road with the 5th Light Horse Brigade , still attached to the 60th Division , advancing north of Tulkarm to cut the railway line between Messudieh and Jenin . The 75th Division continued in reserve at Et Tire , where they may have been assigned the management of thousands of prisoners .
= = = = 7th ( Meerut ) Division = = = =
The 7th ( Meerut ) Division advanced in two columns . The 21st Brigade , on the right , supported by a mixed field @-@ artillery brigade of two 4 @.@ 5 @-@ inch howitzer and one 18 @-@ pounder batteries and a machine @-@ gun company , advanced through Felamiye and Kufr Zibad . The 19th Brigade , on the left , with the VIII Mountain Artillery Brigade and two machine @-@ gun companies followed by the 28th Brigade , moved through El Majdal and Kufr Sur .
The 21st Brigade advanced along a track beyond Kufr Zibad that proved impassable for the artillery , which was sent back to Et Tire , where it came under orders of the 75th Division . Meanwhile , the 19th Brigade captured a small rearguard position at Kufr Sur before advancing under fire at 11 : 00 to a point 1 @,@ 000 yards ( 910 m ) from the village of Beit Lid . The brigade 's Lewis guns forced the Ottoman or German battery supporting the rearguard to withdraw , but heavy machine @-@ gun fire stopped the 125th Napier 's Rifles from crossing the gully between Sefarin and Beit Lid . Without artillery support , an attack by the 1st Battalion , Seaforth Highlanders , which began at 14 : 00 , was held up by a strong rearguard position strengthened by cactus hedges 200 yards ( 180 m ) from the village ; they suffered 200 casualties during their attacks . After reinforcements from the 1st Guides ( 21st Brigade ) arrived , the attack was renewed at 16 : 20 . By 17 : 30 , a battery of the VIII Mountain Artillery Brigade was able to get into position to cover an advance by the 28th Punjabis ( 19th Brigade ) armed with grenades , which entered and cleared Beit Lid at 18 : 15 . At 21 : 30 the 28th Brigade began their advance towards Masudiye Station and Sebustiye .
= = = = 3rd ( Lahore ) Division = = = =
The 3rd ( Lahore ) Division 's 7th and 8th Brigades began their advance at 05 : 00 . The 7th Brigade 's 91st Punjabis ( Light Infantry ) began their advance towards ' Azzun , while the 8th Brigade moved along the Wadi ' Azzun . As the 1st Battalion Manchester Regiment moved along the south bank , and the 47th Sikhs moved along on the north bank , with the 59th Scinde Rifles in the rear ; they quickly found themselves in a critical position . The leading battalions encountered about 200 German soldiers and 12 machine guns in a well @-@ sited rearguard position south of the wadi . Without any artillery support , an extended battle followed . The 59th Scinde Rifles were ordered to join the fight and a howitzer was rushed forward from the 428th Battery , coming into effective action at 12 : 30 , when resistance almost immediately ceased .
The 7th Brigade 's 27th Punjabis followed the 91st Punjabis ( Light Infantry ) along the Wadi ' Azzun and the 91st Punjabis ( Light Infantry ) entered the village of ' Azzun at 08 : 10 where large quantities of stores were captured . The capture of ' Azzun , which had been the headquarters of the Asia Corps and the location of von Oppen 's reserves , was claimed by the 47th Sikhs ( 8th Brigade ) and the 91st Punjabis ( Light Infantry ) ( 7th Brigade ) .
The 8th Brigade continued their advance without interruption to Jinsafut , which was occupied in the evening . The 1st Battalion , Connaught Rangers ( 7th Brigade ) were ordered to pass through the 8th Brigade and capture the road junction northeast of El Funduq . Here they captured an artillery column of five field guns , horses , wagons and prisoners which had been held up by fire from the 9th Brigade .
The 9th Brigade made their way along the rocky Wadi Sir to Baqa , where they saw German soldiers retiring along the road to Deir Sheraf . The brigade artillery came into action against this target , initially one section and then the whole of the IX Mountain Artillery Brigade and some machine guns , completely blocking the road with smashed vehicles . The 93rd Burma Infantry reached the road 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) northeast of El Funduq at 15 : 10 , where they captured about 250 prisoners , many of them German . A company of the 2nd Battalion , Dorsetshire Regiment on the extreme left captured 151 prisoners north of Qaryat Hajja .
= = = = German and Ottoman retreat = = = =
After being forced out of his headquarters at Nazareth on the morning of 20 September , Liman von Sanders drove via Tiberias and Samakh late in the afternoon , arriving at Deraa during the morning of 21 September on his way to Damascus . Here he received a report from the Fourth Army ( east of the Jordan holding Jisr ed Damieh , Shunet Nimrin , Es Salt and Amman ) , which he ordered to withdraw to the Deraa to Irbid line without waiting for their southern Hedjaz troops .
= = = = Position of XXI Corps = = = =
By the end of 20 September , the Eighth Ottoman Army had been pushed back out of the coastal Plain of Sharon and the Desert Mounted Corps was blocking the Seventh and what remained of the Eighth Armies ' main lines of retreat northwards . The 60th Division held Tulkarm and Anebta , the 7th ( Meerut ) Division held the village of Beit Lid and controlled the crossroads at Deir Sheraf , while the 5th Light Horse Brigade had cut the Jenin railway south of Arrabe . Both the 3rd ( Lahore ) and 7th ( Meerut ) Divisions had continued to force the Seventh and Eighth Ottoman Armies ' retreat .
During 19 and 20 September , the XXI Corps had destroyed the right wing of the Ottoman front line , capturing 7 @,@ 000 prisoners and 100 guns . Remnants of the Eighth Army which had escaped were captured the next day by Desert Mounted Corps at Jenin , in the Esdrealon Plain to the north of the Judean Hills . During two days of fighting the XXI Corps ' total casualties were 3 @,@ 378 , of whom 446 were killed . They captured 12 @,@ 000 prisoners , 149 guns and large quantities of ammunition and transport . With the exception of the Asia Corps , the whole Ottoman Eighth Army had been destroyed .
My infantry yesterday captured Tulkeram , and are now pursuing the enemy eastwards to Nablus . This morning my cavalry occupied Afuleh , and pushed thence rapidly south – eastwards , entered Beisan this evening , thus closing to the enemy his last line of escape .
= = Aftermath = =
The 28th Brigade , 7th ( Meerut ) Division advanced from Beit Lid at 21 : 30 on an overnight march towards Masudiye Station and Sebustiye . They arrived at the ' Anebta road near Ramin at 01 : 30 , and by 03 : 00 had advanced to capture the Masudiye Station along with an engine and 16 carriages , before continuing towards Sebustiye . During this march , a strong rearguard in the ruins of Samaria was attacked by the 51st and 53rd Sikhs . After working their way through an olive grove on the northwest side of the Central Powers ' rearguard position , they attacked from the flank , with a platoon of 51st Sikhs gaining the crest from the southwest . The garrison of 181 German ( or Ottoman ) soldiers was captured with eight light and heavy machine guns . More than 400 sick were found in a hospital nearby .
The 3rd ( Lahore ) Division continued its advance at 05 : 00 , meeting some opposition near Rafidia 2 @,@ 000 yards ( 1 @,@ 800 m ) west of Nablus . Here , they occupied a 5 @.@ 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 9 km ) line stretching from Rafidia to 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) east of Burqa .
= = = Seventh Army retreat = = =
The bulk of the Seventh Army had been retreating down the Wadi Fara road where guns and transport had to be abandoned when heavily bombed and machine @-@ gunned from the air . This Army then turned north at ' Ain Shible , moving towards Beisan . During the night of 20 / 21 September a long column of retiring Ottoman forces was seen moving down the road from Nablus to Beisan , about 8 miles ( 13 km ) north of Nablus . British and Australian aircraft subsequently bombed the column , at first just blocking one end of a defile , but later returning a number of times . Four hours later the area was covered with the wreckage of 90 guns , 50 lorries and more than 1 @,@ 000 other vehicles . The Ottoman 53rd Division , which had managed to get down the Wadi Fara before it was blocked by the air attack , was captured by Chaytor 's Force on 22 September during the fighting for the bridge at Jisr ed Damieh . During 23 and 24 September , 1 @,@ 500 prisoners were captured by Chetwode 's XX Corps in the Judean Hills .
= = = Eighth Army retreat = = =
= = = = XXII Corps = = = =
The survivors from the Eighth Army 's XXII Corps , which had retreated down the main Damascus road on 20 September , were captured by the 3rd Light Horse Brigade at Jenin that night .
At 15 : 00 on 21 September Cevat Pasa ( also known as Jevat Pasa ) , the Eighth Army commander , left Nablus by car for Mustafa Kemal 's Seventh Army headquarters with his chief of staff and some staff officers . It was the end of the Ottoman Eighth Army , the 20th and 21st Regiments existing only until that afternoon .
= = = = Asia Corps = = = =
During the night of 20 / 21 September Liman von Sanders had ordered the 16th and 19th Division west of Nablus , where they made contact with von Oppen 's Left Wing Force . The next morning von Oppen formed the remnants of the 702nd and 703rd Battalions into one battalion with a rifle company , a machine gun company and a trench mortar detachment , while the 701st Battalion and a cavalry squadron remained intact . At 10 : 00 , von Oppen was informed the EEF was approaching Nablus and that the Wadi Fara road was blocked . As a result , he decided to retreat via Beit Dejan 7 miles ( 11 km ) east @-@ southeast of Nablus to the Jordan at Jisr ed Damieh , but this way was also found to have been cut . Von Oppen then ordered the Asia Corps to retreat without guns or baggage via Mount Ebal when they were attacked by British Empire artillery and suffered casualties . That night , von Oppen bivouacked at Tammun with the 16th and 19th Divisions at Tubas .
Von Oppen was moving northwards from Tubas towards Beisan the next day , with about 700 German and 1 @,@ 300 Ottoman soldiers of the 16th and 19th Divisions , when he learned it had already been captured . He decided to advance during the night of 22 September to Samakh , where he correctly guessed Liman von Sanders would order the establishment of a strong rearguard . However , Jevad , the commander of the Eighth Army , ordered him to cross the Jordan instead ; he successfully got all the Germans and some of the Ottoman soldiers across before the 11th Cavalry Brigade attack , which closed the last Jordan River gaps . Those who had not crossed were captured .
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= Battle of the Alamo =
The Battle of the Alamo ( February 23 – March 6 , 1836 ) was a pivotal event in the Texas Revolution . Following a 13 @-@ day siege , Mexican troops under President General Antonio López de Santa Anna launched an assault on the Alamo Mission near San Antonio de Béxar ( modern @-@ day San Antonio ) , Texas , United States , killing all of the Texian defenders . Santa Anna 's cruelty during the battle inspired many Texians — both Texas settlers and adventurers from the United States — to join the Texian Army . Buoyed by a desire for revenge , the Texians defeated the Mexican Army at the Battle of San Jacinto , on April 21 , 1836 , ending the revolution .
Several months previously , Texians had driven all Mexican troops out of Mexican Texas . About 100 Texians were then garrisoned at the Alamo . The Texian force grew slightly with the arrival of reinforcements led by eventual Alamo co @-@ commanders James Bowie and William B. Travis . On February 23 , approximately 1 @,@ 500 Mexicans marched into San Antonio de Béxar as the first step in a campaign to retake Texas . For the next 10 days the two armies engaged in several skirmishes with minimal casualties . Aware that his garrison could not withstand an attack by such a large force , Travis wrote multiple letters pleading for more men and supplies , but fewer than 100 reinforcements arrived there .
In the early morning hours of March 6 , the Mexican Army advanced on the Alamo . After repulsing two attacks , the Texians were unable to fend off a third attack . As Mexican soldiers scaled the walls , most of the Texian soldiers withdrew into interior buildings . Defenders unable to reach these points were slain by the Mexican cavalry as they attempted to escape . Between five and seven Texians may have surrendered ; if so , they were quickly executed . Most eyewitness accounts reported between 182 and 257 Texians died , while most historians of the Alamo agree that around 600 Mexicans were killed or wounded . Several noncombatants were sent to Gonzales to spread word of the Texian defeat . The news sparked both a strong rush to join the Texian army and a panic , known as " The Runaway Scrape " , in which the Texian army , most settlers , and the new Republic of Texas government fled from the advancing Mexican Army .
Within Mexico , the battle has often been overshadowed by events from the Mexican – American War of 1846 – 48 . In 19th @-@ century Texas , the Alamo complex gradually became known as a battle site rather than a former mission . The Texas Legislature purchased the land and buildings in the early part of the 20th century and designated the Alamo chapel as an official Texas State Shrine . The Alamo is now " the most popular tourist site in Texas " . The Alamo has been the subject of numerous non @-@ fiction works beginning in 1843 . Most Americans , however , are more familiar with the myths spread by many of the movie and television adaptations , including the 1950s Disney miniseries Davy Crockett and John Wayne 's 1960 film The Alamo .
= = Background = =
Under President Antonio López de Santa Anna , the Mexican government began to shift away from a federalist model . The increasingly dictatorial policies , including the revocation of the Constitution of 1824 in early 1835 , incited many federalists to revolt . The border region of Mexican Texas was largely populated by immigrants from the United States . These people were accustomed to a federalist government and to extensive individual rights , and they were quite vocal in their displeasure at Mexico 's shift towards centralism . Already suspicious after previous American attempts to purchase Mexican Texas , Mexican authorities blamed much of the Texian unrest on American immigrants , most of whom had made little effort to adapt to the Mexican culture .
In October , Texians engaged Mexican troops in the first official battle of the Texas Revolution . Determined to quell the rebellion , Santa Anna began assembling a large force , the Army of Operations in Texas , to restore order . Most of his soldiers were raw recruits , and a large number had been forcibly conscripted .
The Texians systematically defeated the Mexican troops already stationed in Texas . The last group of Mexican soldiers in the region — commanded by Santa Anna 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , General Martín Perfecto de Cos — surrendered on December 9 following the siege of Béxar . By this point , the Texian Army was dominated by very recent arrivals to the region , primarily adventurers from the United States . Many Texas settlers , unprepared for a long campaign , had returned home . Angered by what he perceived to be American interference in Mexican affairs , Santa Anna spearheaded a resolution classifying foreigners found fighting in Texas as pirates . The resolution effectively banned the taking of prisoners of war : in this period of time , captured pirates were executed immediately . Santa Anna reiterated this message in a strongly worded letter to United States President Andrew Jackson . This letter was not widely distributed , and it is unlikely that most of the American recruits serving in the Texian Army were aware that there would be no prisoners of war .
When Mexican troops departed San Antonio de Béxar ( now San Antonio , Texas , USA ) Texian soldiers established a garrison at the Alamo Mission , a former Spanish religious outpost which had been converted to a makeshift fort by the recently expelled Mexican Army . Described by Santa Anna as an " irregular fortification hardly worthy of the name " , the Alamo had been designed to withstand an attack by native tribes , not an artillery @-@ equipped army . The complex sprawled across 3 acres ( 1 @.@ 2 ha ) , providing almost 1 @,@ 320 feet ( 400 m ) of perimeter to defend . An interior plaza was bordered on the east by the chapel and to the south by a one @-@ story building known as the Low Barracks . A wooden palisade stretched between these two buildings . The two @-@ story Long Barracks extended north from the chapel . At the northern corner of the east wall stood a cattle pen and horse corral . The walls surrounding the complex were at least 2 @.@ 75 feet ( 0 @.@ 84 m ) thick and ranged from 9 – 12 ft ( 2 @.@ 7 – 3 @.@ 7 m ) high .
To compensate for the lack of firing ports , Texian engineer Green B. Jameson constructed catwalks to allow defenders to fire over the walls ; this method , however , left the rifleman 's upper body exposed . Mexican forces had left behind 19 cannons , which Jameson installed along the walls . A large 18 @-@ pounder had arrived in Texas with the New Orleans Greys . Jameson positioned this cannon in the southwest corner of the compound . He boasted to Texian Army commander Sam Houston that the Texians could " whip 10 to 1 with our artillery " .
The Texian garrison was woefully undermanned and underprovisioned , with fewer than 100 soldiers remaining by January 6 , 1836 . Colonel James C. Neill , the acting Alamo commander , wrote to the provisional government : " If there has ever been a dollar here I have no knowledge of it " . Neill requested additional troops and supplies , stressing that the garrison was likely to be unable to withstand a siege lasting longer than four days . The Texian government was in turmoil and unable to provide much assistance . Four different men claimed to have been given command over the entire army : on January 14 , Neill approached one of them , Sam Houston , for assistance in gathering supplies , clothing , and ammunition .
= = Prelude to battle = =
Houston could not spare the number of men necessary to mount a successful defense . Instead , he sent Colonel James Bowie with 30 men to remove the artillery from the Alamo and destroy the complex . Bowie was unable to transport the artillery since the Alamo garrison lacked the necessary draft animals . Neill soon persuaded Bowie that the location held strategic importance . In a letter to Governor Henry Smith , Bowie argued that " the salvation of Texas depends in great measure on keeping Béxar out of the hands of the enemy . It serves as the frontier picquet guard , and if it were in the possession of Santa Anna , there is no stronghold from which to repel him in his march towards the Sabine . " The letter to Smith ended , " Colonel Neill and myself have come to the solemn resolution that we will rather die in these ditches than give it up to the enemy . " Bowie also wrote to the provisional government , asking for " men , money , rifles , and cannon powder " . Few reinforcements were authorized ; cavalry officer William B. Travis arrived in Béxar with 30 men on February 3 . Five days later , a small group of volunteers arrived , including the famous frontiersman and former U.S. Congressman David Crockett of Tennessee .
On February 11 , Neill left the Alamo , determined to recruit additional reinforcements and gather supplies . He transferred command to Travis , the highest @-@ ranking regular army officer in the garrison . Volunteers comprised much of the garrison , and they were unwilling to accept Travis as their leader . The men instead elected Bowie , who had a reputation as a fierce fighter , as their commander . Bowie celebrated by getting very intoxicated and creating havoc in Béxar . To mitigate the resulting ill feelings , Bowie agreed to share command with Travis .
As the Texians struggled to find men and supplies , Santa Anna continued to gather men at San Luis Potosi ; by the end of 1835 his army numbered 6 @,@ 019 soldiers . Rather than advance along the coast , where supplies and reinforcements could be easily delivered by sea , Santa Anna ordered his army inland to Béxar , the political center of Texas and the site of Cos 's defeat . The army began its march north in late December . Officers used the long journey to train the men . Many of the new recruits did not know how to use the sights of their guns , and many refused to fire from the shoulder because of the large recoil .
Progress was slow . There were not enough mules to transport all of the supplies , and many of the teamsters , all civilians , quit when their pay was delayed . The large number of soldaderas – women and children who followed the army – consumed much of the already scarce supplies . The soldiers were soon reduced to partial rations . On February 12 they crossed the Rio Grande . Temperatures in Texas reached record lows , and by February 13 an estimated 15 – 16 inches ( 38 – 41 cm ) of snow had fallen . Hypothermia , dysentery , and Comanche raiding parties took a heavy toll on the Mexican soldiers .
On February 21 , Santa Anna and his vanguard reached the banks of the Medina River , 25 miles ( 40 km ) from Béxar . Unaware of the Mexican Army 's proximity , the majority of the Alamo garrison joined Béxar residents at a fiesta . After learning of the planned celebration , Santa Anna ordered General Joaquín Ramírez y Sesma to immediately seize the unprotected Alamo , but sudden rains halted that raid .
= = Siege = =
= = = Investment = = =
In the early hours of February 23 , residents began fleeing Béxar , fearing the Mexican army 's imminent arrival . Although unconvinced by the reports , Travis stationed a soldier in the San Fernando church bell tower , the highest location in town , to watch for signs of an approaching force . Several hours later , Texian scouts reported seeing Mexican troops 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 @.@ 4 km ) outside the town . Few arrangements had been made for a potential siege . One group of Texians scrambled to herd cattle into the Alamo , while others scrounged for food in the recently abandoned houses . Several members of the garrison who had been living in town brought their families with them when they reported to the Alamo . Among these were Almaron Dickinson , who brought his wife Susanna and their infant daughter Angelina ; Bowie , who was accompanied by his deceased wife 's cousins , Gertrudis Navarro and Juana Navarro Alsbury , and Alsbury 's young son ; and Gregorio Esparza , whose family climbed through the window of the Alamo chapel after the Mexican army arrived . Other members of the garrison failed to report for duty ; most of the men working outside Béxar did not try to sneak past Mexican lines .
By late afternoon Béxar was occupied by about 1 @,@ 500 Mexican soldiers . When the Mexican troops raised a blood @-@ red flag signifying no quarter , Travis responded with a blast from the Alamo 's largest cannon . Believing that Travis had acted hastily , Bowie sent Jameson to meet with Santa Anna . Travis was angered that Bowie had acted unilaterally and sent his own representative , Captain Albert Martin . Both emissaries met with Colonel Juan Almonte and José Bartres . According to Almonte , the Texians asked for an honorable surrender but were informed that any surrender must be unconditional . On learning this , Bowie and Travis mutually agreed to fire the cannon again
= = = Skirmishes = = =
The first night of the siege was relatively quiet . Over the next few days , Mexican soldiers established artillery batteries , initially about 1 @,@ 000 feet ( 300 m ) from the south and east walls of the Alamo . A third battery was positioned southeast of the fort . Each night the batteries inched closer to the Alamo walls . During the first week of the siege more than 200 cannonballs landed in the Alamo plaza . At first the Texians matched Mexican artillery fire , often reusing the Mexican cannonballs . On February 26 Travis ordered the artillery to conserve powder and shot .
Two notable events occurred on Wednesday , February 24 . At some point that day , Bowie collapsed from illness , leaving Travis in sole command of the garrison . Late that afternoon , two Mexican scouts became the first fatalities of the siege . The following morning , 200 – 300 Mexican soldiers crossed the San Antonio River and took cover in abandoned shacks near the Alamo walls . Several Texians ventured out to burn the huts while Texians within the Alamo provided cover fire . After a two @-@ hour skirmish the Mexican troops retreated to Béxar . Six Mexican soldiers were killed and four others were wounded . No Texians were injured .
A blue norther blew in on February 25 , dropping the temperature to 39 ° F ( 4 ° C ) . Neither army was prepared for the cold temperatures . Texian attempts to gather firewood were thwarted by Mexican troops . On the evening of February 26 Colonel Juan Bringas engaged several Texians who were burning more huts . According to historian J.R. Edmondson , one Texian was killed . Four days later , Texians shot and killed Private First Class Secundino Alvarez , a soldier from one of two battalions that Santa Anna had stationed on two sides of the Alamo . By March 1 , the number of Mexican casualties were nine dead and four wounded , while the Texian garrison had lost only one man .
= = = Reinforcements = = =
Santa Anna posted one company east of the Alamo , on the road to Gonzales . Almonte and 800 dragoons were stationed along the road to Goliad . Throughout the siege these towns had received multiple couriers , dispatched by Travis to plead for reinforcements and supplies . The most famous of his missives , written February 24 , was addressed To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World . According to historian Mary Deborah Petite , the letter is " considered by many as one of the masterpieces of American patriotism . " Copies of the letter were distributed across Texas , and eventually reprinted throughout the United States and much of Europe . At the end of the first day of the siege , Santa Anna 's troops were reinforced by 600 men under General Joaquin Ramirez y Sesma , bringing the Mexican army up to more than 2 @,@ 000 men .
As news of the siege spread throughout Texas , potential reinforcements gathered in Gonzales . They hoped to rendezvous with Colonel James Fannin , who was expected to arrive from Goliad with his garrison . On February 26 , after days of indecision , Fannin ordered 320 men , four cannons , and several supply wagons to march towards the Alamo , 90 miles ( 140 km ) away . This group traveled less than 1 @.@ 0 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) before turning back . Fannin blamed the retreat on his officers ; the officers and enlisted men accused Fannin of aborting the mission .
Texians gathered in Gonzales were unaware of Fannin 's return to Goliad , and most continued to wait . Impatient with the delay , on February 27 Travis ordered Samuel G. Bastian to go to Gonzales " to hurry up reinforcements " . According to historian Thomas Ricks Lindley , Bastian encountered the Gonzales Ranging Company led by Lieutenant George C. Kimble and Travis ' courier to Gonzales , Albert Martin , who had tired of waiting for Fannin . A Mexican patrol attacked , driving off four of the men including Bastian . In the darkness , the Texians fired on the remaining 32 men , whom they assumed were Mexican soldiers . One man was wounded , and his English curses convinced the defenders to open the gates .
On March 3 , the Texians watched from the walls as approximately 1 @,@ 000 Mexicans marched into Béxar . The Mexican army celebrated loudly throughout the afternoon , both in honor of their reinforcements and at the news that troops under General José de Urrea had soundly defeated Texian Colonel Frank W. Johnson at the Battle of San Patricio on February 27 . Most of the Texians in the Alamo believed that Sesma had been leading the Mexican forces during the siege , and they mistakenly attributed the celebration to the arrival of Santa Anna . The reinforcements brought the number of Mexican soldiers in Béxar to almost 3 @,@ 100 .
The arrival of the Mexican reinforcements prompted Travis to send three men , including Davy Crockett , to find Fannin 's force , which he still believed to be en route . The scouts discovered a large group of Texians camped 20 miles ( 32 km ) from the Alamo . Lindley 's research indicates that up to 50 of these men had come from Goliad after Fannin 's aborted rescue mission . The others had left Gonzales several days earlier . Just before daylight on March 4 , part of the Texian force broke through Mexican lines and entered the Alamo . Mexican soldiers drove a second group across the prairie .
= = = Assault preparations = = =
On March 4 , the day after his reinforcements arrived , Santa Anna proposed an assault on the Alamo . Many of his senior officers recommended that they wait for two 12 @-@ pounder cannons anticipated to arrive on March 7 . That evening , a local woman , likely Bowie 's cousin @-@ in @-@ law Juana Navarro Alsbury , approached Santa Anna to negotiate a surrender for the Alamo defenders . According to many historians , this visit probably increased Santa Anna 's impatience ; as historian Timothy Todish noted , " there would have been little glory in a bloodless victory " . The following morning , Santa Anna announced to his staff that the assault would take place early on March 6 . Santa Anna arranged for troops from Béxar to be excused from the front lines so that they would not be forced to fight their own families .
Legend holds that at some point on March 5 , Travis gathered his men and explained that an attack was imminent , and that they were greatly outnumbered by the Mexican Army . He supposedly drew a line in the ground and asked those willing to die for the Texian cause to cross and stand alongside him ; only one man ( Moses Rose ) was said to have declined . Most scholars disregard this tale as there is no primary source evidence to support it ( the story only surfaced decades after the battle in a third @-@ hand account ) . However , Travis apparently did , at some point prior to the final assault , assemble the men for a conference to inform them of the dire situation and giving them the chance to either escape or stay and die for the cause . Susannah Dickinson recalled Travis announcing that any men who wished to escape should let it be known and step out of ranks .
The last Texian verified to have left the Alamo was James Allen , a courier who carried personal messages from Travis and several of the other men on March 5 .
= = Final assault = =
= = = Exterior fighting = = =
At 10 p.m. on March 5 , the Mexican artillery ceased their bombardment . As Santa Anna had anticipated , the exhausted Texians soon fell into the first uninterrupted sleep many of them had since the siege began . Just after midnight , more than 2 @,@ 000 Mexican soldiers began preparing for the final assault . Fewer than 1 @,@ 800 were divided into four columns , commanded by Cos , Colonel Francisco Duque , Colonel José María Romero and Colonel Juan Morales . Veterans were positioned on the outside of the columns to better control the new recruits and conscripts in the middle . As a precaution , 500 Mexican cavalry were positioned around the Alamo to prevent escape of either Texian or Mexican soldiers . Santa Anna remained in camp with the 400 reserves . Despite the bitter cold , the soldiers were ordered not to wear overcoats which could impede their movements . Clouds concealed the moon and thus the movements of the soldiers .
At 5 : 30 a.m. troops silently advanced . Cos and his men approached the northwest corner of the Alamo , while Duque led his men from the northwest towards a repaired breach in the Alamo 's north wall . The column commanded by Romero marched towards the east wall , and Morales 's column aimed for the low parapet by the chapel .
The three Texian sentinels stationed outside the walls were killed in their sleep , allowing Mexican soldiers to approach undetected within musket range of the walls . At this point , the silence was broken by shouts of " ¡ Viva Santa Anna ! " and music from the buglers . The noise woke the Texians . Most of the noncombatants gathered in the church sacristy for safety . Travis rushed to his post yelling , " Come on boys , the Mexicans are upon us and we 'll give them hell ! " and , as he passed a group of Tejanos , " ¡ No rendirse , muchachos ! " ( " Don 't surrender , boys " ) .
In the initial moments of the assault Mexican troops were at a disadvantage . Their column formation allowed only the front rows of soldiers to fire safely . Unaware of the dangers , the untrained recruits in the ranks " blindly fir [ ed ] their guns " , injuring or killing the troops in front of them . The tight concentration of troops also offered an excellent target for the Texian artillery . Lacking canister shot , Texians filled their cannon with any metal they could find , including door hinges , nails , and chopped @-@ up horseshoes , essentially turning the cannon into giant shotguns . According to the diary of José Enrique de la Peña , " a single cannon volley did away with half the company of chasseurs from Toluca " . Duque fell from his horse after suffering a wound in his thigh and was almost trampled by his own men . General Manuel Castrillón quickly assumed command of Duque 's column .
Although some in the front of the Mexican ranks wavered , soldiers in the rear pushed them on . As the troops massed against the walls , Texians were forced to lean over the walls to shoot , leaving them exposed to Mexican fire . Travis became one of the first defenders to die , shot while firing his shotgun into the soldiers below him , though one source says that he drew his sword and stabbed a Mexican officer who had stormed the wall before succumbing to his injury . Few of the Mexican ladders reached the walls . The few soldiers who were able to climb the ladders were quickly killed or beaten back . As the Texians discharged their previously loaded rifles , however , they found it increasingly difficult to reload while attempting to keep Mexican soldiers from scaling the walls .
Mexican soldiers withdrew and regrouped , but their second attack was repulsed . Fifteen minutes into the battle , they attacked a third time . During the third strike , Romero 's column , aiming for the east wall , was exposed to cannon fire and shifted to the north , mingling with the second column . Cos ' column , under fire from Texians on the west wall , also veered north . When Santa Anna saw that the bulk of his army was massed against the north wall , he feared a rout ; " panicked " , he sent the reserves into the same area . The Mexican soldiers closest to the north wall realized that the makeshift wall contained many gaps and toeholds . One of the first to scale the 12 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) wall was General Juan Amador ; at his challenge , his men began swarming up the wall . Amador opened the postern in the north wall , allowing Mexican soldiers to pour into the complex . Others climbed through gun ports in the west wall , which had few defenders . As the Texian defenders abandoned the north wall and the northern end of the west wall , Texian gunners at the south end of the mission turned their cannon towards the north and fired into the advancing Mexican soldiers . This left the south end of the mission unprotected ; within minutes Mexican soldiers had climbed the walls and killed the gunners , gaining control of the Alamo 's 18 @-@ pounder cannon . By this time Romero 's men had taken the east wall of the compound and were pouring in through the cattle pen .
= = = Interior fighting = = =
As previously planned , most of the Texians fell back to the barracks and the chapel . Holes had been carved in the walls to allow the Texians to fire . Unable to reach the barracks , Texians stationed along the west wall headed west for the San Antonio River . When the cavalry charged , the Texians took cover and began firing from a ditch . Sesma was forced to send reinforcements , and the Texians were eventually killed . Sesma reported that this skirmish involved 50 Texians , but Edmondson believes that number was inflated .
The defenders in the cattle pen retreated into the horse corral . After discharging their weapons , the small band of Texians scrambled over the low wall , circled behind the church and raced on foot for the east prairie , which appeared empty . As the Mexican cavalry advanced on the group , Almaron Dickinson and his artillery crew turned a cannon around and fired into the cavalry , probably inflicting casualties . Nevertheless , all of the escaping Texians were killed .
The last Texian group to remain in the open were Crockett and his men , defending the low wall in front of the church . Unable to reload , they used their rifles as clubs and fought with knives . After a volley of fire and a wave of Mexican bayonets , the few remaining Texians in this group fell back towards the church . The Mexican army now controlled all of the outer walls and the interior of the Alamo compound except for the church and rooms along the east and west walls . Mexican soldiers turned their attention to a Texian flag waving from the roof of one building . Four Mexicans were killed before the flag of Mexico was raised in that location .
For the next hour , the Mexican army worked to secure complete control of the Alamo . Many of the remaining defenders were ensconced in the fortified barracks rooms . In the confusion , the Texians had neglected to spike their cannon before retreating . Mexican soldiers turned the cannon towards the barracks . As each door was blown off Mexican soldiers would fire a volley of muskets into the dark room , then charge in for hand @-@ to @-@ hand combat .
Too sick to participate in the battle , Bowie likely died in bed . Eyewitnesses to the battle gave conflicting accounts of his death . Some witnesses maintained that they saw several Mexican soldiers enter Bowie 's room , bayonet him , and carry him alive from the room . Others claimed that Bowie shot himself or was killed by soldiers while too weak to lift his head . According to historian Wallace Chariton , the " most popular , and probably the most accurate " version is that Bowie died on his cot , " back braced against the wall , and using his pistols and his famous knife . "
The last of the Texians to die were the 11 men manning the two 12 @-@ pounder cannon in the chapel . A shot from the 18 @-@ pounder cannon destroyed the barricades at the front of the church , and Mexican soldiers entered the building after firing an initial musket volley . Dickinson 's crew fired their cannon from the apse into the Mexican soldiers at the door . With no time to reload , the Texians , including Dickinson , Gregorio Esparza and James Bonham , grabbed rifles and fired before being bayoneted to death . Texian Robert Evans , the master of ordnance , had been tasked with keeping the gunpowder from falling into Mexican hands . Wounded , he crawled towards the powder magazine but was killed by a musket ball with his torch only inches from the powder . Had he succeeded , the blast would have destroyed the church and killed the women and children hiding in the sacristy .
As soldiers approached the sacristy , one of the young sons of defender Anthony Wolf stood to pull a blanket over his shoulders . In the dark , Mexican soldiers mistook him for an adult and killed him . Possibly the last Texian to die in battle was Jacob Walker , who attempted to hide behind Susannah Dickinson and was bayoneted in front of the women . Another Texian , Brigido Guerrero , also sought refuge in the sacristy . Guerrero , who had deserted from the Mexican Army in December 1835 , was spared after convincing the soldiers he was a Texian prisoner .
By 6 : 30 a.m. the battle for the Alamo was over . Mexican soldiers inspected each corpse , bayoneting any body that moved . Even with all of the Texians dead , Mexican soldiers continued to shoot , some killing each other in the confusion . Mexican generals were unable to stop the bloodlust and appealed to Santa Anna for help . Although the general showed himself , the violence continued and the buglers were finally ordered to sound a retreat . For 15 minutes after that , soldiers continued to fire into dead bodies .
= = Aftermath = =
= = = Casualties = = =
According to many accounts of the battle , between five and seven Texians surrendered . Incensed that his orders had been ignored , Santa Anna demanded the immediate execution of the survivors . Weeks after the battle , stories circulated that Crockett was among those who surrendered . However , Ben , a former American slave who cooked for one of Santa Anna 's officers , maintained that Crockett 's body was found surrounded by " no less than sixteen Mexican corpses " . Historians disagree on which version of Crockett 's death is accurate .
Santa Anna reportedly told Captain Fernando Urizza that the battle " was but a small affair " . Another officer then remarked that " with another such victory as this , we 'll go to the devil " . In his initial report Santa Anna claimed that 600 Texians had been killed , with only 70 Mexican soldiers killed and 300 wounded . His secretary , Ramón Martínez Caro , later repudiated the report . Other estimates of the number of Mexican soldiers killed ranged from 60 – 200 , with an additional 250 – 300 wounded . Most Alamo historians place the number of Mexican casualties at 400 – 600 . This would represent about one @-@ third of the Mexican soldiers involved in the final assault , which Todish remarks is " a tremendous casualty rate by any standards " . Most eyewitnesses counted between 182 – 257 Texians killed . Some historians believe that at least one Texian , Henry Warnell , successfully escaped from the battle . Warnell died several months later of wounds incurred either during the final battle or during his escape as a courier .
Mexican soldiers were buried in the local cemetery , Campo Santo . Shortly after the battle , Colonel José Juan Sanchez Navarro proposed that a monument should be erected to the fallen Mexican soldiers . Cos rejected the idea .
The Texian bodies were stacked and burned . The only exception was the body of Gregorio Esparza . His brother Francisco , an officer in Santa Anna 's army , received permission to give Gregorio a proper burial . The ashes were left where they fell until February 1837 , when Juan Seguín returned to Béxar to examine the remains . A simple coffin inscribed with the names Travis , Crockett , and Bowie was filled with ashes from the funeral pyres . According to a March 28 , 1837 , article in the Telegraph and Texas Register , Seguín buried the coffin under a peach tree grove . The spot was not marked and cannot now be identified . Seguín later claimed that he had placed the coffin in front of the altar at the San Fernando Cathedral . In July 1936 a coffin was discovered buried in that location , but according to historian Wallace Chariton it is unlikely to actually contain the remains of the Alamo defenders . Fragments of uniforms were found in the coffin , and it is known that the Alamo defenders did not wear uniforms .
= = = Texian survivors = = =
In an attempt to convince other slaves in Texas to support the Mexican government over the Texian rebellion , Santa Anna spared Travis ' slave , Joe . The day after the battle , he interviewed each noncombatant individually . Impressed with Susanna Dickinson , Santa Anna offered to adopt her infant daughter Angelina and have the child educated in Mexico City . Dickinson refused the offer , which was not extended to Juana Navarro Alsbury although her son was of similar age . Each woman was given a blanket and two silver pesos . Alsbury and the other Tejano women were allowed to return to their homes in Béxar ; Dickinson , her daughter and Joe were sent to Gonzales , escorted by Ben . They were encouraged to relate the events of the battle , and to inform the remainder of the Texian forces that Santa Anna 's army was unbeatable .
= = = Impact on revolution = = =
During the siege , newly elected delegates from across Texas met at the Convention of 1836 . On March 2 , the delegates declared independence , forming the Republic of Texas . Four days later , the delegates at the convention received a dispatch Travis had written March 3 warning of his dire situation . Unaware that the Alamo had fallen , Robert Potter called for the convention to adjourn and march immediately to relieve the Alamo . Sam Houston convinced the delegates to remain in Washington @-@ on @-@ the @-@ Brazos to develop a constitution . After being appointed sole commander of all Texian troops , Houston journeyed to Gonzales to take command of the 400 volunteers who were still waiting for Fannin to lead them to the Alamo .
Within hours of Houston 's arrival on March 11 , Andres Barcenas and Anselmo Bergaras arrived with news that the Alamo had fallen and all Texians were slain . Hoping to halt a panic , Houston arrested the men as enemy spies . They were released hours later when Susannah Dickinson and Joe reached Gonzales and confirmed the report . Realizing that the Mexican army would soon advance towards the Texian settlements , Houston advised all civilians in the area to evacuate and ordered his new army to retreat . This sparked a mass exodus , known as the Runaway Scrape , and most Texians , including members of the new government , fled east .
Despite their losses at the Alamo , the Mexican army in Texas outnumbered the Texian army by almost six to one . Santa Anna assumed that knowledge of the disparity in troop numbers and the fate of the Texian soldiers at the Alamo would quell the resistance , and that Texian soldiers would quickly leave the territory . News of the Alamo 's fall had the opposite effect , and men flocked to Houston 's army . The New York Post editorialized that " had [ Santa Anna ] treated the vanquished with moderation and generosity , it would have been difficult if not impossible to awaken that general sympathy for the people of Texas which now impels so many adventurous and ardent spirits to throng to the aid of their brethren " .
On the afternoon of April 21 the Texian army attacked Santa Anna 's camp near Lynchburg Ferry . The Mexican army was taken by surprise , and the Battle of San Jacinto was essentially over after 18 minutes . During the fighting , many of the Texian soldiers repeatedly cried " Remember the Alamo ! " as they slaughtered fleeing Mexican troops . Santa Anna was captured the following day , and reportedly told Houston : " That man may consider himself born to no common destiny who has conquered the Napoleon of the West . And now it remains for him to be generous to the vanquished . " Houston replied , " You should have remembered that at the Alamo " . Santa Anna was forced to order his troops out of Texas , ending Mexican control of the province and giving some legitimacy to the new republic .
= = Legacy = =
Following the battle , Santa Anna was alternately viewed as a national hero or a pariah . Mexican perceptions of the battle often mirrored the prevailing viewpoint . Santa Anna had been disgraced following his capture at the Battle of San Jacinto , and many Mexican accounts of the battle were written by men who had been , or had become , his outspoken critics . Petite and many other historians believe that some of the stories , such as the execution of Crockett , may have been invented to further discredit Santa Anna . In Mexican history , the Texas campaign , including the Battle of the Alamo , was soon overshadowed by the Mexican – American War of 1846 – 48 .
In San Antonio de Béxar , the largely Tejano population viewed the Alamo complex as more than just a battle site ; it represented decades of assistance — as a mission , a hospital , or a military post . As the English @-@ speaking population increased , the complex became best known for the battle . Focus has centered primarily on the Texian defenders , with little emphasis given to the role of the Tejano soldiers who served in the Texian army or the actions of the Mexican army . In the early 20th century the Texas Legislature purchased the property and appointed the Daughters of the Republic of Texas as permanent caretakers of what is now an official state shrine . In front of the church , in the center of Alamo Plaza , stands a cenotaph , designed by Pompeo Coppini , which commemorates the Texians and Tejanos who died during the battle . According to Bill Groneman 's Battlefields of Texas , the Alamo has become " the most popular tourist site in Texas " .
The first English @-@ language histories of the battle were written and published by Texas Ranger and amateur historian John Henry Brown . The next major treatment of the battle was Reuben Potter 's The Fall of the Alamo , published in The Magazine of American History in 1878 . Potter based his work on interviews with many of the Mexican survivors of the battle . The first full @-@ length , non @-@ fiction book covering the battle , John Myers Myers ' The Alamo , was published in 1948 . In the decades since , the battle has featured prominently in many non @-@ fiction works .
According to Todish et al . , " there can be little doubt that most Americans have probably formed many of their opinions on what occurred at the Alamo not from books , but from the various movies made about the battle . " The first film version of the battle appeared in 1911 , when Gaston Méliès directed The Immortal Alamo . The battle became more widely known after it was featured in the 1950s Disney miniseries Davy Crockett , which was largely based on myth . Within several years , John Wayne directed and starred in one of the best @-@ known , but questionably accurate , film versions , 1960 's The Alamo . In 2004 another film , also called The Alamo , was released . CNN described it as possibly " the most character @-@ driven of all the movies made on the subject " . It is also considered more faithful to the actual events than other movies .
A number of songwriters have been inspired by the Battle of the Alamo . Tennessee Ernie Ford 's " The Ballad of Davy Crockett " spent 16 weeks on the country music charts , peaking at No. 4 in 1955 . Marty Robbins recorded a version of the song " The Ballad of the Alamo " in 1960 which spent 13 weeks on the pop charts , peaking at No. 34 . Jane Bowers ' song " Remember the Alamo " has been recorded by artists including Johnny Cash and Donovan .
The U.S. Post Office issued two postage stamps in commemoration of the Battle of Alamo and Texas Statehood .
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= Asia Bibi blasphemy case =
Aasiya Noreen ( Urdu : آسیہ نورین ALA @-@ LC Āsiyaah Naurīn IPA : [ ˈɑːsiɑː nɔːˈriːn ] better known as Asia Bibi , Urdu : آسیہ بی بی ALA @-@ LC Āsiyah Bī Bī IPA : [ ˈɑːsiɑː biː biː ] , born c . 1971 ) is a Pakistani Christian woman who was convicted of blasphemy by a Pakistani court , receiving a sentence of death by hanging . In June 2009 , Noreen was involved in an argument with a group of Muslim women with whom she had been harvesting berries after the other women grew angry with her for drinking the same water as them . She was subsequently accused of insulting the Islamic prophet Muhammad , a charge she denies , and was arrested and imprisoned . In November 2010 , a Sheikhupura judge sentenced her to death . If executed , Noreen would be the first woman in Pakistan to be lawfully killed for blasphemy .
The verdict , which was reached in a district court and would need to be upheld by a superior court , has received worldwide attention . Various petitions , including one that received 400 @,@ 000 signatures , were organized to protest Noreen 's imprisonment , and Pope Benedict XVI publicly called for the charges against her to be dismissed . She received less sympathy from her neighbors and Islamic religious leaders in the country , some of whom adamantly called for her to be executed . Christian minorities minister Shahbaz Bhatti and Pakistani politician Salmaan Taseer were both killed for advocating on her behalf and opposing the blasphemy laws . Noreen 's family went into hiding after receiving death threats , some of which threatened to kill Asia if released from prison .
= = Background and arrest = =
Aasiya Noreen was born and raised in Ittan Wali , a small , rural village in the Sheikhupura District of Punjab , Pakistan , thirty miles outside of Lahore . Christians in the district , and elsewhere in Pakistan , usually have lower class occupations such as being cleaners and sweepers . Noreen , who is a Roman Catholic , worked as a farmhand in Sheikhupura to support her family . She married Ashiq Masih , a brick laborer who had three children from a previous marriage , and had two more children with him . Noreen and her family were the only Christians in the village . Before her incarceration , she had been repeatedly urged by her fellow workers to convert to Islam .
In June 2009 , Noreen was harvesting falsa berries with a group of other farmhands in a field in Sheikhupura . She was asked at one point to fetch water from a nearby well ; she complied but stopped to take a drink with an old metal cup she had found lying next to the well . A neighbor of Noreen , who had been involved in a running feud with Noreen 's family about some property damage , saw her and angrily told her that it was forbidden for a Christian to drink water from the same utensil from which Muslims drink , and some of the other workers considered her to be unclean because she was a Christian . Some arguments ensued . Noreen recounts that when they made derogatory statements about her religion , she responded , " I believe in my religion and in Jesus Christ , who died on the cross for the sins of mankind . What did your Prophet Mohammed ever do to save mankind ? "
Later , some of the workers complained to a cleric that Noreen insulted Muhammad . A mob came to her house , beating her and members of her family before she was rescued by the police . The police initiated an investigation about her remarks , resulting in her arrest under Section 295 C of the Pakistan Penal Code . She subsequently was imprisoned for over a year before being formally charged .
= = Prosecution and imprisonment = =
Noreen denied that she had committed blasphemy and said that she had been accused by her neighbor to " settle an old score " . In November 2010 , Muhammed Naveed Iqbal , a judge at the court of Sheikhupura , Punjab , sentenced her to death by hanging . Additionally , a fine of the equivalent of $ 1 @,@ 100 was imposed . With the verdict , she became the first woman condemned to death in Pakistan on blasphemy charges . Noreen described the day of her sentencing as follows :
I cried alone , putting my head in my hands . I can no longer bear the sight of people full of hatred , applauding the killing of a poor farm worker . I no longer see them , but I still hear them , the crowd who gave the judge a standing ovation , saying : " Kill her , kill her ! Allahu Akbar ! " The court house is invaded by a euphoric horde who break down the doors , chanting : " Vengeance for the holy prophet . Allah is great ! " I was then thrown like an old rubbish sack into the van ... I had lost all humanity in their eyes .
Noreen 's husband , Ashiq Masih , 51 years old at the time , announced that he planned to appeal the verdict , which has to be upheld by the Lahore High Court . A month later , Salmaan Taseer , the governor of Punjab who investigated the affair for the President Asif Ali Zardari , stated that Noreen would most likely be pardoned if the High Court did not suspend the sentence . Zardari was poised to grant pardon but Lahore High Court issued a stay order against potential Presidential pardon , which remains in force till date . Court transcripts show numerous inconsistencies in the evidence presented and reporters say they dare not repeat Bibi 's testimony lest they also be accused of blasphemy .
Noreen was put in solitary confinement in an 8 @-@ by @-@ 10 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 4 m × 3 @.@ 0 m ) cell without windows at the Lahore prison . Before his assassination , Taseer visited her at the jail several times with his wife , Aamna , and daughter , Shehrbano , though Pakistani court officials later ruled that she could be visited only by her husband and lawyer . Khalid Sheikh , the prison superintendent , said that while he wanted her to be treated " like any other prisoner " , she had to be kept away from other inmates for her own well @-@ being , as other individuals accused of blasphemy had been killed while in prison . Out of concern that she could be poisoned , prison officials began giving Noreen raw materials to cook her own food . The Masihi Foundation , a human rights group , described her physical condition as " very frail " , and her health was reported to be in decline due to poor living conditions at the jail . She has also been threatened by other inmates and subjected to physical abuse from prison guards .
According to Human Rights Watch , Noreen 's situation is not unusual . Though no one has been executed for blasphemy yet in Pakistan , the accused often remain imprisoned for an extensive amount of time while the case is being processed . In May 2014 , Noreen 's appeal hearing was delayed for the fifth time .
= = Appeals = =
On October 16 , 2014 the Lahore High Court dismissed Noreen 's appeal and upheld her death sentence . On November 20 , 2014 , her husband appealed to Pakistan 's President for clemency . On November 24 , 2014 , her lawyer appealed to the Supreme Court .
On July 22 , 2015 the Supreme Court of Pakistan suspended Bibi 's death sentence for the duration of the appeals process . In November of 2015 , Bibi 's lead attorney , Naeem Shakir , announced that , after two postponements in 2015 , the Lahore High Court would hear an appeal in Bibi 's case on March 26 , 2016 .
= = Local reactions = =
Noreen 's conviction led to divided opinions on the blasphemy laws and drew strong reactions from the public . Pakistani Human Rights Watch researcher Ali Dayan Hasan said , " The law creates this legal infrastructure which is then used in various informal ways to intimidate , coerce , harass and persecute . " He further described the law as " discriminatory and abusive " . Governor Salmaan Taseer and Pakistan 's Minority Affairs Minister Shahbaz Bhatti both publicly supported Noreen , with the latter saying , " I will go to every knock for justice on her behalf and I will take all steps for her protection . " She also received support from Pakistani political scientist Rasul Baksh Rais and local priest Samson Dilawar . The imprisonment of Noreen left Christians and other minorities in Pakistan feeling vulnerable , and liberal Muslims were also unnerved by her sentencing .
The general population was less sympathetic towards Noreen . Several signs were erected in Sheikhupura and other rural areas declaring support for the blasphemy laws , including one that called for Noreen to be beheaded . Mohammad Saleem , a member of the Jamiat Ulema @-@ e @-@ Pakistan Party , organized a demonstration in Rawalpindi and led a small crowd chanting , " Hang her , hang her . " In December 2010 , a month after Noreen 's conviction , a Muslim cleric announced a 500 @,@ 000 Pakistani rupee award ( the equivalent of $ 10 @,@ 000 ) to anyone who would kill her . One survey reported that around 10 million Pakistanis had said that they would be willing to personally kill her out of either religious conviction or for the reward . The village mosque in Ittan Wali was reportedly indifferent towards Noreen 's plight ; its imam , Qari Mohammed Salim , stated that he had wept for joy on learning that she had been sentenced to death and threatened that some people would " take the law into their own hands " should she be pardoned or released . However , journalist Julie McCarthy suggested that the country 's " more peaceful majority views " had been overshadowed by the more vocal fundamentalists .
Noreen 's family has received threats and has gone into hiding . Ashiq , her husband , stated that he was afraid to let their children go outside . He also expressed concern about how Noreen would be kept safe should she be released , saying , " No one will let her live . The mullahs are saying they will kill her when she comes out . " Her family declined to leave the country while she remained in prison , but Italy , France , and Spain all offered to grant her and her family asylum in the event of her release .
= = = Assassinations of Taseer and Bhatti = = =
On 4 January 2011 , at Kohsar Market of Islamabad , the governor of Punjab , Salmaan Taseer , was assassinated by Malik Mumtaz Hussein Qadri , a 26 @-@ year @-@ old member of his security team , because of his defence of Noreen and opposition to the blasphemy law . ( Mumtaz Qadri was sentenced to death for the assassination and hanged on February 29 , 2016 . ) Taseer was outspoken in his criticism of the law and the verdict in Noreen 's case . The next day , thousands turned up for the governor 's funeral in Lahore in spite of warnings by the Taliban and some clerics , while a portion of the Pakistani population also praised Qadri as a hero ; thousands of Sunni Muslims rallied in support of the blasphemy laws in Pakistan after the murder , and 500 Barelvi clerics prohibited their followers from sending condolences to the family of Taseer . This resulted in concerns that the public was becoming tolerant of extremists .
Prison officials said that Noreen " wept inconsolably " on learning of Taseer 's assassination while repeatedly saying , " That man came here and he sacrificed his life for me . " Father Andrew Nisari , a senior Catholic Spokesperson in Lahore , described the situation as " utter chaos " . Seven months later , Taseer 's 28 @-@ year @-@ old son , Shahbaz , was kidnapped . Shahbahz was later found or released in March 2016 , and he returned to Lahore on March 9 after five years in captivity .
Minority Affairs Minister Shahbaz Bhatti said that he was first threatened with death in June 2010 when he was told that he would be beheaded if he attempted to change the blasphemy laws . In response , he told reporters that he was " committed to the principle of justice for the people of Pakistan " and willing to die fighting for Noreen 's release . On 2 March 2011 , Bhatti was shot dead by gunmen who ambushed his car near his residence in Islamabad , presumably because of his position on the blasphemy laws . He had been the only Christian member of Pakistan 's cabinet .
= = International response = =
Noreen 's death sentence drew international outrage and strong condemnation from human rights groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch who saw the blasphemy laws as a form of religious persecution and called for them to be abolished . Pope Benedict XVI publicly called for clemency for Noreen . In his statement , he described his " spiritual closeness " with Noreen and urged that the " human dignity and fundamental rights of everyone in similar situations " be respected .
Her case also achieved extensive media coverage , and American journalist John L. Allen , Jr. writes that she is " almost certainly the most famous illiterate Punjabi farm worker and mother of five on the planet " . According to Allen , she has become a celebrity among Christian activists , an unusual instance when cases of discrimination against Christian minorities typically receive little attention in the press . A number of campaigns have been organized to protest her imprisonment through online petitions , Twitter trends , and concerts . Ooberfuse , a Christian pop band based in the United Kingdom collaborated with the British Pakistani Christian Association , and released a song titled " Free Asia Bibi " with a music video that included " a disturbing visual portrayal of the squalid prison conditions where Bibi is being held " . She has also been the subject of books and documentaries .
One petition received over 400 @,@ 000 signatures from individuals from over 100 countries . Another petition , organised by the American Centre for Law & Justice ( ACLJ ) , obtained over 200 @,@ 000 signatures and called for America 's eight billion dollar yearly aid to Pakistan to stop whilst persecution of minorities is allowed in that country .
= = = Memoirs = = =
French journalist Anne Isabelle Tollet assisted Noreen in writing a memoir titled Blasphemy : A Memoir : Sentenced to Death over a Cup of Water . Noreen is illiterate , and Tollet was unable to visit her directly due to prison restrictions , but Tollet was able to conduct interviews through Noreen 's husband , who passed questions and answers between them . Tollet also met other members of Noreen 's family , including her children and sister , and had known Shahbaz Bhatti before his assassination .
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= The Shooting Star =
The Shooting Star ( French : L 'Étoile mystérieuse ) is the tenth volume of The Adventures of Tintin , the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé . The story was serialised daily in Le Soir , Belgium 's leading francophone newspaper , from October 1941 to May 1942 amidst the German occupation of Belgium during World War II . The story tells of young Belgian reporter Tintin , who travels with his dog Snowy and friend Captain Haddock aboard a scientific expedition to the Arctic Ocean on an international race to find a meteorite that has fallen to the Earth .
The Shooting Star was a commercial success and was published in book form by Casterman shortly after its conclusion ; the first Tintin volume to be originally published in the 62 @-@ page full @-@ colour format . Hergé continued The Adventures of Tintin with The Secret of the Unicorn , while the series itself became a defining part of the Franco @-@ Belgian comics tradition . The Shooting Star has received a mixed critical reception and has been one of the most controversial instalments in the series due to the anti @-@ Semitic portrayal of its villain . The story was adapted for both the 1957 Belvision animated series , Hergé 's Adventures of Tintin , and for the 1991 animated series The Adventures of Tintin by Ellipse and Nelvana .
= = Synopsis = =
A giant meteoroid approaches the earth , spotted from an observatory by Professor Decimus Phostle , while a self @-@ proclaimed prophet , Philippulus , predicts the end of the world . The meteoroid misses the earth , but a fragment of it plunges into the Arctic Ocean . Phostle determines that the object is made of a new material which he names phostlite , and sets off to find it with a crew of European scientists . Accompanied by Tintin and Snowy , their ship , the Aurora , is helmed by Tintin 's friend Captain Haddock . Meanwhile , another team has set out aboard the polar expedition ship Peary , backed by the financier Mr. Bohlwinkel ; wherefore , the expedition becomes a race to land on the meteorite . On the day of departure , Bohlwinkel has a henchman plant a stick of dynamite on the Aurora , but it is found and thrown overboard . In the North Sea , the Aurora is almost rammed by another of Bohlwinkel 's ships , but Haddock steers out of the way . Further setbacks occur at the Icelandic port of Akureyri , when Haddock is informed that there is no fuel available . He and Tintin then come across an old friend of his , Captain Chester , who reveals that there is plenty of fuel and that the Golden Oil Company ( which has a fuel monopoly ) is owned by Bohlwinkel . The three then secretly run a hose from Chester 's ship , Sirius , to the Aurora , and thus trick Golden Oil into providing the fuel they need .
Close to the Peary , the Aurora receives an indistinct distress call from another ship and alters its course to help ; but inquiries by Tintin expose that the distress signal is a decoy to delay them . Resuming the journey , they intercept a cable announcing that the Peary expedition has reached the meteorite but not yet claimed it . While the Peary crew rows to the meteorite , Tintin uses the Aurora 's seaplane to parachute onto the meteorite and plant the expedition 's flag . Tintin makes camp while the Aurora 's engines are repaired . The next day he discovers that Phostlite accelerates growth , and makes things much larger : his apple core grows into a large tree while a maggot grows into a huge butterfly , and Tintin is menaced by a giant spider and immense , explosive mushrooms before rescue arrives . A sudden seaquake shakes the meteorite to its core and it sinks into the sea , just as Tintin and Snowy escape to the Aurora with a piece of phostlite . Thereafter Bohlwinkel learns that he is expected to be tried for his crimes . As the Aurora returns home , Captain Haddock steers the ship toward land to refuel not with oil , but with whiskey .
= = History = =
= = = Background = = =
Amidst the German occupation of Belgium during World War II , Hergé had found employment at Le Soir , Belgium 's leading newspaper , then under the administrative control of the occupying military government . His latest serial , The Shooting Star , initially featured the United States as the primary antagonists ; explaining this , Hergé asserted that the story revolved around the theme of " the rivalry for progress between Europe and the United States " . Although not disliking Americans themselves , he had a strong disdain for American big business , and had exhibited anti @-@ American themes in earlier works , in particular in Tintin in America . During serialisation of The Shooting Star , in December 1941 , the U.S. entered the war on the side of the Allies , thus coming into direct conflict with Germany . All of the scientists featured were from Axis or neutral countries , which might be a reflection of the strip 's anti @-@ Allies political slant . Entertainment producer and author Harry Thompson stated this should not be interpreted as a strong anti @-@ Ally bias , for the only two nation @-@ states in Europe that were part of the Allies at that point were the Soviet Union and United Kingdom , and that the characters of Haddock and Chester were British .
As he had done for other Adventures of Tintin which featured sea travel , Hergé was careful to obtain as much data about ships as possible in order to make his portrayals more realistic . The design of the Aurora was based on the RRS William Scoresby , while that of the Peary was most likely based upon another Antarctic ship , the RRS Discovery . The seaplane on which the expedition travels was based on the German Arado 196 @-@ A. Hergé nevertheless later criticised his own efforts in this area , saying that if Aurora had been a real ship , it would probably be unseaworthy .
The Shooting Star shared plot similarities with The Chase of the Golden Meteor , a 1908 novel by pioneering French science @-@ fiction writer Jules Verne . As in Hergé 's story , Verne 's novel features an expedition to the North Atlantic to find a meteorite fragment containing a new element . In both stories , the competing expedition teams were led by an eccentric professor and a Jewish banker , and Verne 's novel had a Doktor Schultze to Hergé 's Professor Schulze — both from the University of Jena . Hergé denied deliberately copying Verne 's story , saying that he had only read one of the French novelist 's works ; it is possible that the influence from Verne came via Jacques Van Melkebeke , Hergé 's friend and assistant , who was a fan of the genre . The Swedish expedition member Eric Björgenskjöld physically resembles a real person : Auguste Piccard , who later became Hergé 's inspiration for Professor Calculus .
= = = Anti @-@ Semitism = = =
Under Nazi control , Le Soir was publishing a variety of anti @-@ Semitic articles , calling for the Jews to be further excluded from public life and describing them as racial enemies of the Belgian people . Hergé biographer Pierre Assouline noted that there was a " remarkable correlation " between the anti @-@ Semitic nature of Le Soir 's editorials and The Shooting Star 's depiction of Jews . Within months of the story 's publication , legislation was passed to collect and deport Jews from Belgium to Nazi concentration camps . Thus , The Shooting Star reflected trends in the Belgian political situation at the time . However , the story was not the first time that Hergé had adopted such a perspective in his work ; he had recently provided illustrations for Robert de Vroyland 's Fables , a number of which contained anti @-@ Semitic stereotypes , reflecting the racism in much of de Vroyland 's book . Similarly , his depiction of the character of Rastapopoulos , who was introduced in Tintin in America , has been cited as being based upon anti @-@ Semitic stereotypes .
When The Shooting Star appeared in Le Soir , Hergé featured a gag in which two Jews hear the prophetic news that the end of the world is near . They rub their hands together in eagerness , and one comments : " Did you hear , Isaac ? The end of the world ! What if it 's true ? " The other responds : " Hey , hey , it vould be a gut ding , Solomon ! I owe my suppliers 50 @,@ 000 francs , and zis way I von 't haf to pay vem ! " Hergé omitted this scene from the collected edition .
The character of Blumenstein displays anti @-@ Semitic stereotypes , such as having a bulbous nose and being an avaricious , manipulative businessman . Hergé later dismissed concerns over this Jewish caricature , saying , " That was the style then . " In his assessment of Franco @-@ Belgian comics , Matthew Screech expressed the opinion that Blumenstein was an anti @-@ American stereotype rather than an anti @-@ Jewish one . Similarly , reporter and Tintin expert Michael Farr asserted that Blumenstein was " more parodied as a financier than Jew " . Conversely , Lofficier and Lofficier asserted that both anti @-@ Americanism and anti @-@ Semitism were present , and that it is the United States and International Jewry who were the " ruthless opponents " of Tintin . Nazi apologists and revisionists such as French Holocaust denier Olivier Mathieu used The Shooting Star as evidence that Hergé was an anti @-@ Semite with Nazi sympathies .
To graphic novel specialist Hugo Frey , the competing expeditions are presented as a simplistic race between good and evil , wherein Blumestein displays the stereotypes of Jews held by advocates of the Jewish World Conspiracy presented in works such as the anti @-@ Semitic Protocols of the Elders of Zion . Frey writes that Blumenstein 's " large and bulbous nose ... rounded forehead , receding black hair , and small beady eyes " were stock anti @-@ Semitic imagery in the 1930s and 1940s , as promoted by those such as journalist Édouard Drumont , whose anti @-@ Semitic Paris @-@ based newspaper La Libre Parole was influential in Brussels . According to Frey , Blumenstein 's depiction as an overweight cigar @-@ smoker reflected the anti @-@ Semitic stereotype of Jews as being financially powerful , while he suggested that the scene in which Blumenstein learned that he was to be tracked down for his crimes recalled the contemporary roundup of Jews in Nazi Europe . Frey contrasts Hergé 's complicity with the anti @-@ Semites to the actions of others Belgians , such as those who struck against the Nazis at the Université libre de Bruxelles and those who risked their lives to hide Jews .
= = = Publication = = =
The Shooting Star was serialised daily in Le Soir from 20 October 1941 to 21 May 1942 in French under the title L 'Étoile mystérieuse ( The Mysterious Star ) . Tintin 's previous adventure , The Crab with the Golden Claws , had been serialised weekly until the demise of Le Soir 's children 's supplement , Le Soir Jeunesse , before continuing daily in the main newspaper itself ; the earlier serial had ended the day before The Shooting Star began . The Shooting Star was the first Tintin adventure to be serialised daily in its entirety . As with earlier Adventures of Tintin , the story was later serialised in France in the Catholic newspaper Cœurs Vaillants , where it first appeared on 6 June 1943 .
On page 20 of the published book , Hergé included a cameo of the characters Thomson and Thompson and Quick & Flupke . The story also introduced Captain Chester , who is mentioned in later adventures , and Professor Cantonneau , who returns in The Seven Crystal Balls .
On 21 May 1942 , The Shooting Star concluded serialisation . Less than a week later , the occupied government proclaimed that all Jews in Belgium would have to wear a yellow badge on their clothing , and in July the Gestapo began raids on Jewish premises , followed by deportations of Jews to Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps , resulting in around 32 @,@ 000 Belgian Jews being killed . Hergé later recalled : " I saw very few Jews wearing the yellow star , but finally I did see some . They told me that some Jews were gone ; that people had come for them and sent them away . I didn 't want to believe it . "
The earlier Tintin albums reproduced the newspaper strips , which had come to appear weekly in Thursday supplements , two @-@ page allotments of three tiers to a page . War shortages reduced the space for the strip by a third , and later the supplements disappeared completely ; the comic appeared daily in the main newspaper as a four @-@ panel strip . For publication in book form , Casterman insisted that Hergé must adhere to a new album format of four sixteen @-@ page signatures , which gave sixty @-@ two pages of story plus a cover page . Though the format reduced the page count , it maintained the same amount of story by reducing the size of the panels reproduced . As The Shooting Star progressed , Hergé cut up and laid out clippings of the strip in an exercise book in preparation for the new layouts . It was the first volume of The Adventures of Tintin to be originally published in the 62 @-@ page full @-@ colour format that thereafter was the series standard ( as opposed to first being published in a black and white newspaper strip reproduction format that all prior books had done ) . Casterman published the album in September 1942 . Unlike the previous books in the series , because it was printed immediately in colour , it did not need to be totally redrawn . The 176 daily strips from the original serialisation were not enough to fill the 62 pages Casterman had allotted , so Hergé added large panels , such as a half @-@ page panel of a giant telescope on page three . Hergé wanted to include a small gold star inside the " o " of " Étoile " on the cover page , but Casterman refused , deeming it too expensive .
In 1954 , Hergé began making various changes to the story for its re @-@ publication . Aware of the controversy surrounding the anti @-@ Semitic depiction of Blumenstein , he renamed the character " Bohlwinkel " , adopting this name from bollewinkel , a Brussels dialect term for a confectionery store . He later discovered that , by coincidence , Bohlwinkel was also a Jewish name . Trying to tone down the book 's anti @-@ American sentiment , he also changed the United States to a fictional South American nation called São Rico , replacing the U.S. flag flown by the Peary 's crew with that of the fictional state . In 1959 , Hergé made a new list of changes to be made to the artwork in The Shooting Star , which included altering Bohlwinkel 's nose , but the changes were postponed and have never been made .
= = Critical analysis = =
Pierre Assouline remarked that Hergé 's attention to accuracy lapsed in The Shooting Star . For instance , the meteorite 's approach toward Earth caused a heat wave , while the meteorite itself proceeded to float on the surface of the ocean . In reality , no such heat wave would have been caused , while the meteorite would have plunged to the sea floor , causing a tsunami . He noted that the concept of madness was a recurring theme throughout the story , and that there was " an unreality in the whole adventure " . Fellow biographer Benoît Peeters asserted that The Shooting Star was " of great power and brilliant construction " . Elsewhere , Peeters wrote that the book was " notable for the entry of the fantastic into Hergé 's work " .
Jean @-@ Marc and Randy Lofficier deemed the anti @-@ Semitism a " sad moment " in the series , awarding the story one out of five stars . Nevertheless , they felt that the " pre @-@ apocalyptic ambiance is stark and believable " , and that the giant mushrooms on the meteorite were a " strange anticipation " of the mushroom @-@ clouds produced by the atomic bombings in 1945 . Focusing on the characters of Professor Phostle and Philippulus , they asserted that both resembled Sophocles Sarcophagus from Cigars of the Pharaoh and that the former was " in the Jules Verne tradition " of eccentric professors . According to philosopher Pascal Bruckner , Tintin experts find Philippulus a caricature of Marshal of France Philippe Pétain , who demanded the French repent imaginary sins when he took power . Philippe Goddin stated that the strips for this story " kept the reader daily on tenterhooks in a story replete with new twists and humour " .
Harry Thompson described The Shooting Star as " the most important of all Hergé 's wartime stories " , having " an air of bizarre fantasy " that was unlike his prior work . He observed that the character of Professor Phostle was a prototype for Professor Calculus , introduced later in the series . Michael Farr asserted that the apocalyptic setting of the story reflected the wartime mood in Europe . He characterises the opening pages of the story as being " unique in [ Hergé 's ] work for the feeling of foreboding they convey " , adding that " Hergé daringly eschews the strip cartoonist 's recognised means of denoting a dream , deliberately confusing the reader " . He felt that the " flow of the narrative is less accomplished " than in other stories , with " spurts and rushes followed by slower passages , upsetting the rhythm and pace " .
Literary critic Jean @-@ Marie Apostolidès psychoanalysed The Shooting Star , describing it as " the final attempt of the foundling [ i.e. Tintin ] to rid himself of the bastard [ i.e. Haddock ] and to preserve the integrity of his former values " , pointing out that the first thirteen pages are devoted purely to the boy reporter . He also argued that Phostle and Philippus represent two @-@ halves of " an ambivalent father figure " within the story , with the former prefiguring Calculus " more than any other previous character " . He suggests that when hiding on the Aurora , Philippus can be compared to The Phantom of the Opera , as he steals a stick of dynamite and climbs up the ship 's mast before threatening to detonate the weapon . Apostolidès believed that the shooting star itself is " more a religious mystery than a scientific one " and that Tintin is therefore " the perfect one to figure it out in some religious way — that is , unrealistically " . Apostolidès analysed the political component of the story in terms of " the incarnation of unregulated capitalism against the spirit of European values " , arguing that Hergé was adhering to " a utopian vision that , in 1942 , smacks of pro @-@ German propaganda " .
Literary critic Tom McCarthy believed that The Shooting Star represents the apex of the " right @-@ wing strain " in Hergé 's work . He highlighted the instance in which Tintin impersonates God in order to give commands to Philippus as representing one of various occasions in The Adventures of Tintin where " sacred authority manifests itself largely as a voice , and commanding — or commandeering — that voice is what guarantees power " . McCarthy further observes that the image of a giant spider in a ball of fire , which appears near the start of the story , reflects the theme of madness that is again present throughout the series . Discussing the political elements of Hergé 's series , McCarthy also noted that in the original publication of the story , the spider which climbed in front of the observatory telescope and was thus magnified greatly was initially termed Aranea Fasciata ; he saw this as an intentional satire of the threat to Europe posed by fascism .
= = Adaptations = =
In 1957 , the animation company Belvision Studios produced a string of colour adaptations based on Hergé 's original comics , adapting eight of the Adventures into a series of daily five @-@ minute episodes . The Shooting Star was the sixth to be adapted in the second animated series ; it was directed by Ray Goossens and written by Greg , a well @-@ known cartoonist who was to become editor @-@ in @-@ chief of Tintin magazine .
In 1991 , a second animated series based upon The Adventures of Tintin was produced , this time as a collaboration between the French studio Ellipse and the Canadian animation company Nelvana . The Shooting Star was the eighth story to be adapted and was divided into two twenty @-@ minute episodes . Directed by Stéphane Bernasconi , the series has been praised for being " generally faithful " to the original comics , to the extent that the animation was directly adopted from Hergé 's original panels .
In 2010 , American cartoonist Charles Burns authored X 'ed Out , a graphic novel with a variety of allusions to The Adventures of Tintin . In one scene , the protagonist Nitnit discovers a warehouse containing white eggs with red spots , akin to the mushrooms in The Shooting Star , with the cover of Burns ' book paying homage to Hergé . In 2015 , the original front cover sketch of the book was sold for € 2 @.@ 5 million to a European investor , Marina David of Petits Papiers @-@ Huberty @-@ Breyne , at the Brussels Antiques and Fine Art Fair .
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= Lake Burley Griffin =
Lake Burley Griffin is an artificial lake in the centre of Canberra , the capital of Australia . It was completed in 1963 after the Molonglo River — which ran between the city centre and Parliamentary Triangle — was dammed . It is named after Walter Burley Griffin , the American architect who won the competition to design the city of Canberra .
Griffin designed the lake with many geometric motifs , so that the axes of his design lined up with natural geographical landmarks in the area . However , government authorities changed his original plans and no substantial work was completed before he left Australia in 1920 . His scheme remained unfulfilled as the Great Depression and World War II intervened , and it was not until the 1950s that planning resumed . After much political dispute over several proposed variations , excavation work began in 1960 with the energetic backing of Prime Minister Robert Menzies . After the completion of the bridges and dams , the dams were locked in September 1963 . However , a drought meant that the target water level was not reached until April 1964 . It was formally inaugurated on 17 October 1964 .
The lake is located in the approximate geographic centre of the city , and is the centrepiece of the capital in accordance with Griffin 's original designs . Numerous important institutions , such as the National Gallery , National Museum , National Library , Australian National University and the High Court were built on its shores , and Parliament House is a short distance away . Its surrounds , consisting mainly of parklands , are popular with recreational users , particularly in the warmer months . Though swimming in the lake is uncommon , it is used for a wide variety of other activities , such as rowing , fishing , and sailing .
The lake is an ornamental body with a length of 11 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) ; at its widest , it measures 1 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 75 mi ) . It has an average depth of 4 metres ( 13 ft ) and a maximum depth of about 18 metres ( 59 ft ) near the Scrivener Dam . Its flow is regulated by the 33 @-@ metre @-@ tall ( 108 ft ) Scrivener Dam , designed to handle floods that occur once in 5 @,@ 000 years . In times of drought , water levels can be maintained through the release of water from Googong Dam , located on an upstream tributary of the Molonglo River .
= = Design history = =
Charles Robert Scrivener ( 1855 – 1923 ) recommended the site for Canberra in 1909 , which was to be a planned capital city for the country . One of the reasons for the location 's selection was its ability to store water " for ornamental purposes at reasonable cost " ; Scrivener 's work had demonstrated that the topography could be used to create a lake through flooding .
In 1911 , a competition for the design of Canberra was launched , and Scrivener 's detailed survey of the area was supplied to the competing architects . The Molonglo River flowed through the site , which was a flood plain and Scrivener 's survey showed in grey an area clearly representing an artificial lake — similar to the lake later created — and four possible locations for a dam to create it . Most of the proposals took the hint and included artificial bodies of water .
= = = Walter Burley Griffin 's design = = =
The American architect Walter Burley Griffin won the contest and was invited to Australia to oversee the construction of the nation 's new capital after the judges ' decision was ratified by King O 'Malley , the Minister for Home Affairs . Griffin 's proposal , which had an abundance of geometric patterns , incorporated concentric hexagonal and octagonal streets emanating from several radii .
His lake design was at the heart of the city and consisted of a Central Basin in the shape of circular segment , a West and East Basin , which were both approximately circular , and a West and East Lake , which were much larger and irregularly shaped , at either side of the system . The East Lake was supposed to be 6 metres ( 20 ft ) higher than the remaining components . Griffin 's proposal was " the grandest scheme submitted , yet it had an appealing simplicity and clarity .
The lakes were deliberately designed so that their orientation was related to various topographical landmarks in Canberra . The lakes stretched from east to west and divided the city in two ; a land axis perpendicular to the central basin stretched from Capital Hill — the future location of the new Parliament House on a mound on the southern side — north northeast across the central basin to the northern banks along Anzac Parade to the Australian War Memorial ( although a casino was originally planned in its place ) . This was designed so that looking from Capital Hill , the War Memorial stood directly at the foot of Mount Ainslie . At the southwestern end of the land axis was Bimberi Peak .
The straight edge of the circular segment that formed the central basin was designated the water axis , and it extended northwest towards Black Mountain , the highest point in Canberra . A line parallel to the water axis , on the northern side of the city , was designated the municipal axis . The municipal axis became the location of Constitution Avenue , which linked City Hill in Civic Centre and Market Centre . Commonwealth Avenue and Kings Avenue were to run from the southern side from Capital Hill to City Hill and Market Centre on the north respectively , and they formed the western and eastern edges of the central basin . The area enclosed by the three avenues was known as the Parliamentary Triangle , and was to form the centrepiece of Griffin 's work .
Later , Scrivener , as part of a government design committee , was responsible for modifying Griffin 's winning design . He recommended changing the shape of the lake from Griffin 's very geometric shapes to a much more organic one using a single dam , unlike Griffin 's series of weirs . Griffin lobbied for the retention of the pure geometry , saying that they were " one of the reasons d 'etre of the ornamental waters " , but he was overruled . The new design included elements from several of the best design submissions and was widely criticised as being ugly . The new plan for the lake retained Griffin 's three formal basins : east , central , and west , though in a more relaxed form .
Griffin entered into correspondence with the government over the plan and its alternatives , and he was invited to Canberra to discuss the matter . Griffin arrived in August 1913 and was appointed Federal Capital Director of Design and Construction for three years .
The plans were varied again in the following years , but the design of Lake Burley Griffin remained based largely on the original committee 's plan . It was later gazetted and legally protected by the federal parliament in 1926 , based on a 1918 plan . However , Griffin had a strained working relationship with the Australian authorities and a lack of federal government funding meant that by the time he left in 1920 , little significant work had been done on the city . A 1920s proposal to reduce West Lake into a ribbon of water was made on the basis of flood safety . However , the Owen and Peake report of 1929 ruled that the original design was hydrologically sound .
= = = Political disputes and modifications = = =
With the onset of the Great Depression , followed by World War II , development of the new capital was slow , and in the decade after the end of the war , Canberra was criticised for resembling a village , and its disorganised collection of buildings was deemed ugly . Canberra was often derisively described as " several suburbs in search of a city " .
During this time , the Molonglo River flowed through the flood basin , with only a small fraction of the water envisaged in Griffin 's plan . The centre of his capital city consisted of mostly farmland , with small settlements — mostly wooden , temporary and ad hoc — on either side . There was little evidence that Canberra was planned , and the lake and Parliamentary Triangle at the heart of Griffin 's plan was but a paddock . Royal Canberra Golf Course , and Acton Racecourse and a sports ground were located on the pastoral land that was to become the West Lake , and people had to disperse the livestock before playing sport . A rubbish dump stood on the northern banks of the location of central basin , and no earth had been moved since Griffin 's departure three decades earlier .
In 1950 , the East Lake — the largest component — was eliminated upon the advice of the National Capital Planning and Development Committee ( NCPDC ) . Today , what would have been the East Lake corresponds to the suburb of Fyshwick . The rationale given was that around 1 @,@ 700 acres ( 690 ha ) of farmland would be submerged and that the Molonglo would have insufficient water to keep the lake filled .
In 1953 , the NCPDC excised the West Lake from its plans and replaced it with a winding stream , which was 110 metres ( 360 ft ) wide and covered around a fifth of the original area . As the NCPDC had only advisory powers , this change was attributed to the influence of senior officials in the Department of the Interior who felt that Griffin 's plan was too grandiose . Advocates of watered @-@ down scheme thought it was more economical and saved 350 hectares ( 860 acres ) of land for development . However , according to engineering reports that were ignored , the smaller plan would actually cost more money and require a more complicated structure of dams that would in any case be less able to prevent flooding .
Initially , there was little opposition during the consultation period before the alterations were made . However , opposition to the reduction of the water area grew . The process that resulted in the alteration was criticised for being non @-@ transparent and sneaky . Some organisations complained that they were not given an opportunity to express their opinion before the change was gazetted , and many politicians and the chief town planner were not informed . Critics bitterly insinuated that politically influential members of the Royal Canberra Golf Club , whose course was situated on the location of the proposed West Lake , were responsible for the change in policy .
The Parliamentary Public Works Committee advised the Parliament to restore the West Lake . After an inquiry in late 1954 , it concluded that :
The West Lake is desirable and practicable . It was eliminated from the Canberra plan by the Department of the Interior without adequate investigation by the National Capital Planning and Development Committee and replaced by a ribbon of water scheme involving a capitalised cost or nearly 3 million more . The lake should be restored to the plan , and the necessary Ministerial action is recommended as soon as possible .
The Prime Minister , Robert Menzies , regarded the state of the national capital as an embarrassment . Over time his attitude changed from one of contempt to that of championing its development . He fired two ministers charged with the development of the city , feeling that their performance lacked intensity .
In 1958 , the newly created National Capital Development Commission ( NCDC ) , which had been created and given more power by Menzies following a 1955 Senate inquiry , restored the West Lake to its plans , and it was formally gazetted in October 1959 . The NCDC also blocked a plan by the Department of Works to build a bridge across the lake along the land axis between Parliament House and the War Memorial contrary to Griffin 's plans .
A powerful Senate Select Committee oversaw the NCDC and renowned British architect Sir William Holford was brought in to fine @-@ tune Griffin 's original plans . He changed the central basin 's geometry so that it was no longer a segment of circle ; he converted the southern straight edge into a polygonal shape with three edges and inserted a gulf on the northern shore . The result was closer to Scrivener 's modified design some decades earlier .
= = Final layout = =
The lake contains 33 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 27 @,@ 000 acre · ft ) of water with a surface area of 6 @.@ 64 square kilometres ( 2 @.@ 56 sq mi ) . It is 11 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 8 mi ) long , 1 @.@ 2 kilometres ( 0 @.@ 75 mi ) wide at its widest point , has a shoreline of 40 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 25 @.@ 2 mi ) and a water level of 555 @.@ 93 metres ( 1 @,@ 823 @.@ 9 ft ) above sea level .
The lake is relatively shallow ; the maximum depth is 17 @.@ 6 metres ( 58 ft ) near the Scrivener Dam , and the average depth is 4 @.@ 0 metres ( 13 ft ) . The shallowest part of the complex in the East Basin , which has an average depth of 1 @.@ 9 metres ( 6 @.@ 2 ft ) . The minimum depth of the water at the walls is around 0 @.@ 5 metres ( 1 @.@ 6 ft ) and rock is placed at the toe of the wall to inhibit aquatic plant growth .
Lake Burley Griffin contains six islands , three unnamed small islands and three larger named islands . Of the larger islands , Aspen Island is located in Central Basin while Springbank and Spinnaker Island are located in the West Lake . Aspen Island is connected to dry land by a footbridge , and is the site of the Australian National Carillon .
= = Construction = =
In 1958 , engineers conducted studies into the hydrology and structural requirements needed for the building of the dam . Further studies were done to model water quality , siltation , climate effects and change in land quality . Modelling based on the data collection suggested that the water level could be kept within a metre of the intended level of 556 metres ( 1 @,@ 824 ft ) above sea level in the case of a flood .
In February 1959 , formal authority for beginning construction was granted . However , while Menzies was on holiday , some officials from the Department of Treasury convinced ministers to withhold money needed for the lake , so the start of the construction was delayed . Once it started , progress was fast . At its peak , the number of people physically working on the construction in the lakes was between 400 and 500 . John Overall , the Commissioner of the NCDC , promised Menzies that the work would be finished within four years , and he succeeded , despite the Prime Minister 's scepticism . Equipment was quickly requisitioned .
After the lengthy political wrangling over the design had passed , the criticism of the scheme died down . Menzies strongly denounced the " moaning " by opponents of the lake . Most critics decried the project as a waste of money that should have been spent on essential services across Australia . Less strident concerns centred on the potentially negative effects of the lake , such as mosquitoes , ecological degeneration , siltation and the possibility that the lake would create fog . The latter of these concerns has proven to be unfounded .
= = = Lakes , islands and foreshore = = =
The excavation of Lake Burley Griffin began in 1960 with the clearing of vegetation from the floodplain of the Molonglo River . The trees on the golf course and along the river were pulled up , along with the various sports grounds and houses .
During major earthworks , at least 382 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 500 @,@ 000 cu yd ) of topsoil was excavated . It was collected for use at several public parks and gardens , including the future Commonwealth Park on the northern shore . It was also used to create the six artificial islands including Springbank Island . The island was named after the former Springbank Farm that was situated there . Land excavated to create a sailing course at Yarralumla was used for the thematically named Spinnaker Island to its north , while excavated stone was moved beside the Kings Avenue Bridge at the eastern edge of the central basin from Aspen Island .
Care was taken to excavate the entire lake floor to a depth of at least 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) to provide sufficient clearance for boat keels . Another reason given for this was that mosquitoes would not breed nor would weeds grow at such a depth . A soil conservation program was launched in the catchment and bed load traps were installed to minimise loss of earth . The traps have been used as a source of sand and gravel for building sites . Drainage blankets were used to prevent the loss of groundwater beneath the lake .
During the following phase of work , four types of lake margin were constructed . On the southern side of the Central Basin , low reinforced concrete retaining walls were used , while on the eastern side , grouted rock wall can be seen near Commonwealth Park , as well as much of the East Basin . Sand and gravel beaches were built to cater for lakeside recreational pursuits . These are mostly prevalent on the western half of the lake complex . Rocky outcrops , steeply sloping stable shores with water vegetation such as bullrushes were also used . This treatment is evident in the West Lake in Yarralumla . William Holford and Partners were responsible for the foreshore landscaping , and over 55 @,@ 000 trees were planted in accordance with a detailed scheme . Eucalypts were preferred so as to maintain the natural colour of the city landscape .
= = = Bridges = = =
Lake Burley Griffin is crossed by Commonwealth Avenue Bridge ( 310 metres or 1 @,@ 020 feet ) , Kings Avenue Bridge ( 270 metres or 890 feet ) and a roadway over Scrivener Dam . The two bridges were constructed before the lake was filled , and replaced wooden structures .
Site testing for both the Commonwealth Avenue and Kings Avenue bridges took place during late 1959 to early 1960 . The construction of the Kings Avenue Bridge began in 1960 , followed by Commonwealth Avenue Bridge the year after . Fortunately for the builders , Canberra was in a drought and the ground remained dry during construction . Both bridges use post @-@ tensioned concrete , reinforced with rustproof steel cables .
Both bridges are made of concrete and steel and are dual @-@ carriageway ; Commonwealth Avenue has three lanes in each direction while Kings Avenue has two . Instead of traditional lamp post lighting , Kings Avenue Bridge was illuminated by a series of fluorescent tubes on the handrails , a concept known as " integral lighting " . The design was deemed a success , so it was introduced to the Commonwealth Avenue Bridge also . Both structures won awards from the Illumination Engineering Society .
Kings Avenue Bridge opened on 10 March 1962 . Prime Minister Menzies unlocked a ceremonial chain before the motorcade and pageant crossed the lake in front of a large crowd . Commonwealth Avenue Bridge opened in 1963 without an official ceremony . Menzies called it " the finest building in the national capital " .
= = = Dam = = =
The dam that holds back the waters of Lake Burley Griffin was named Scrivener Dam after Charles Robert Scrivener . The dam was designed and built by Rheinstahl Union Bruckenbau in West Germany , and utilised state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art post @-@ tensioning techniques to cope with any problems or movements in the riverbed . This was required because of the quartz porphyry and geological faulting upon which the dam sits . About 55 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 72 @,@ 000 cu yd ) of concrete was used in its construction . The dam is 33 metres ( 108 ft ) high and 319 metres ( 1 @,@ 047 ft ) long with a maximum wall thickness of 19 @.@ 7 metres ( 65 ft ) . The dam is designed to handle a once in 5 @,@ 000 year flood event . Construction began in September 1960 and the dam was locked in September 1963 .
The dam has five bay spillway controlled by 30 @.@ 5 metres ( 100 ft ) wide , hydraulically operated fish @-@ belly flap gates . The fish @-@ belly gates allow for a precise control of water level , reducing the dead area on the banks between high and low water levels . The five gates have only been opened simultaneously once in the dam 's history , during heavy flooding in 1976 . The gates hold two thirds of the lake 's volume . They were designed to allow easy flow of debris out of the lake .
The dam has the capacity to allow a flow of 5 @,@ 600 cubic metres per second ( 200 @,@ 000 cu ft / s ) but can withstand up to 8 @,@ 600 cubic metres per second ( 300 @,@ 000 cu ft / s ) before " catastrophic damage " results ; A flow of 2 @,@ 830 m3 / s ( 100 @,@ 000 cu ft / s ) can be dealt with without any substantial change in the water level . The highest recorded flow in the Molonglo was 3 @,@ 400 cubic metres per second ( 120 @,@ 000 cu ft / s ) during an earlier flood .
Lady Denman Drive , a roadway atop the dam wall , provides a third road crossing for the lake . It consists of a roadway and a bicycle path , and allows residents in western Canberra to cross the lake . This was possible because the dam gates are closed by pushing up from below , unlike most previous designs that wherein the gates were lifted from above .
= = = Lake filling = = =
A prolonged drought coincided with and eased work on the lake 's construction . The valves on the Scrivener Dam were closed on 20 September 1963 by Minister for the Interior , Gordon Freeth ; Menzies was absent due to ill health . Several months on , with no rain in sight , mosquito @-@ infested pools of water were the only visible sign of the lake filling . With the eventual breaking of the drought , the lake reached the planned level on 29 April 1964 . On 17 October 1964 , Menzies ( by now Sir Robert ) commemorated the filling of the lake and the completion of stage one with an opening ceremony amid the backdrop of sailing craft . The ceremony was accompanied by fireworks display , and Griffin 's lake had finally come to fruition after five decades , at the cost of AUD5,039,050 . Freeth suggested that Menzies had " been in a material sense the father of the lake " and that the lake should be named after him . Menzies insisted that the lake should be named after Griffin .
In times of severe drought , Lake Burley Griffin 's water level can fall unacceptably low . When this happens , a release of water from Googong Dam located upstream can be scheduled to top up and restore the lake water level . The Googong Dam is located on the Queanbeyan River which is a tributary of the Molonglo River . The dam whose construction was finished in 1979 is one of three dams — the Cotter and Corin Dams are the others — that meet the water supply needs of the Canberra and Queanbeyan region . The Googong Dam 's water carrying capacity is 124 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 cubic metres ( 100 @,@ 900 acre · ft ) .
= = Later history and development = =
Griffin 's design made the lake a focal point of the city . In the four decades since the initial construction of the lake , various buildings of national importance were added . According to the policy plan of the government , " The lake is not only one of the centrepieces of Canberra 's plan in its own right , but forms the immediate foreground of the National Parliamentary Area . "
The creation of the lake also gave a water frontage to many prominent institutions that were previously landlocked . The Royal Canberra Hospital was located on the Acton Peninsula between the West Lake and the West Basin on the north shore until its demolition . Government House , the historic Blundell 's Cottage — which was built over 50 years before construction of Canberra began — and the newly built Australian National University , on the southern and northern shores of the West Lake , both gained a waterfront .
In 1970 , two tourist attractions were added to the middle of Central Basin . The Captain James Cook Memorial was built by the government to commemorate the Bicentenary of ( then Lieutenant ) James Cook 's first sighting of the east coast of Australia . It includes a water jet fountain located in the central basin ( based on the Jet d 'eau in Geneva ) and a skeleton globe sculpture at Regatta Point showing the paths of Cook 's expeditions . On 25 April 1970 , Queen Elizabeth II officially inaugurated the memorial . As part of the same ceremony , Queen Elizabeth also opened the National Carillon on Aspen Island , a set of 53 bronze bells donated by the British Government to commemorate the city 's 50th anniversary .
The completion of the central basin placed a waterway between Parliament House and the War Memorial and a landscaped boulevard was built along the land axis . Later , various buildings of national importance were built along the land axis in the late @-@ 1960s through to the early 1980s . The National Library was opened on the western side of the axis in April 1968 . Building of the High Court and National Gallery occurred in the late @-@ 1970s and the buildings were opened in May 1980 and October 1982 respectively . The latter two buildings lie on the eastern side of the axis and are connected by an aerial bridge . In 1988 , the new Parliament House was built on Capital Hill , thereby completing the most important structure in the Parliamentary Triangle .
The current home of the National Museum was built on the former site of the Royal Canberra Hospital in 2001 . This occurred after the public were encouraged to watch the controlled demolition of the hospital in 1997 , but a girl was killed by flying debris , leading to criticism of the ACT Government .
At the start of the 21st century , the layout of the lake was significantly altered for the first time since its construction , through the Kingston Foreshores Redevelopment on southern shore of the East Basin , which was planned in 1997 . A bidding process was enacted , multimillion @-@ dollar luxury apartment complexes were built in the suburb of Kingston , driving property values to record @-@ breaking levels . After a dispute over the environmental impact of the development , building works commenced on the previously industrial lakeside area of the suburb . In 2007 , work started to reclaim land from the lakebed to form a harbour .
The Kingston Powerhouse , which used to provide the city 's power supply , was converted into the Canberra Glassworks in 2007 , 50 years after the electricity generators stopped . A 25 @-@ metre @-@ high ( 82 ft ) tower of glass and light named Touching Lightly was unveiled on 21 May 2010 by Chief Minister and Minister for the Arts and Heritage Jon Stanhope . It was built by Australian artist Warren Langley .
In 2007 , the government unveiled a proposal to redevelop the area surrounding the historic Albert Hall into a tourist and dining precinct . This included the building of an eight @-@ storey building and the rezoning of some waterfront land currently designated as cultural to commercial . It was met with widespread hostility from heritage activists and the general community , which submitted more than 3 @,@ 300 signatories in a petition against the scheme . One of the criticisms was that the project was tilted too heavily towards business , and neglected the arts and community events . The proposal was scrapped in 2009 .
It has been proposed that a footbridge , to be named Immigration Bridge , be built between the National Museum of Australia and Lennox Gardens on the south shore , in recognition of the contributions that immigrants have made to Australia . The proposal has mostly received negative feedback . An inquiry recommended that the bridge be redesigned or moved to accommodate the needs of other lake users .
= = Lakeside recreation = =
The surrounds of Lake Burley Griffin are very popular recreational areas , and is known locally as LBG . Public parks exist along most of the shore line , with free electric barbecue facilities , fenced @-@ in swimming areas , picnic tables and toilets . These parklands form a large part of the area around the lake , and occupy 3 @.@ 139 km2 ( 776 acres ) in total . Some of the parks reserved for public recreation include Commonwealth , Weston , Kings and Grevillea Parks , Lennox Gardens and Commonwealth Place . Commonwealth and Kings Park on the northern shore of the Central Basin are among the two most popular . The former is an urban horticultural park and is the location of the Canberra Festival . Commonwealth Park is the location of Floriade , an annual flower festival that is held for around a month in spring and attracts upwards of 300 @,@ 000 visitors , a number comparable to the city population . The largest flower festival in Australia , the event is a major tourist attraction for the city , and legal action was threatened after another festival in Australia wanted to use the same name . An expansion is being planned to coincide with the centenary of the national capital . The Weston Park to the west is known for its woodland and conifers , while Black Mountain Peninsula is known as a picnicking site with eucalypts . Grevillea and Bowen Parks on the East Basin tend to be little used .
Owing to the proliferation of beaches , boat ramps and jetties , the West Lake is the area most used by swimmers and vessels . A bike path also surrounds the lake , and riding , walking or jogging around the lake are a popular activity on the weekends . Fireworks are often held over the lake on New Year 's Eve , and a large show called Skyfire has been held at the lake since 1989 .
= = = Water sports = = =
Lake Burley Griffin , apart from being ornamental , is used for many recreational activities . Canoeing , sailing , paddleboating , windsurfing and dragon boating are popular . A rowing course is set up at the western end of the lake . The National Championships were held in the lake in 1964 , but high winds have deterred organisers . On one occasion , winds swept a boat into a bridge pylon . While not particularly popular , opportunities for swimming have been limited recently because of increasingly frequent lake closures due to concerns about water quality ; another deterrent against swimming is the generally cold water temperature . During summer , the lake is used for the swim leg of numerous triathlon and aquathlon events including the Sri Chinmoy Triathlon Festival .
Generally , powerboat use on the lake is not permitted . Permits are available for the use of powered boats on the lake for use in rescue , training , commercial purposes or special interest ( such as historic steam powered boats ) . Molonglo Reach , an area of the Molonglo River just before it enters the east basin is set aside for water skiing . Ten powerboats may be used in this limited area .
= = = Safety = = =
The lake is patrolled by the Australian Federal Police water police . The water police give assistance to lake users , helping to right boats and towing crippled craft to shore .
At most swimming locations around Lake Burley Griffin there are fenced @-@ in swimming areas for safety . In the more popular areas , there are also safety lockers with life belts and emergency phones for requesting help . Between 1962 and 1991 , seven people died from drowning .
For safety and water quality reasons , the lake has different zones for different activities . The eastern extremity is zoned for primary contact water activities such as swimming and water skiing . The East and Central Basins , closer to populated areas , are zoned for secondary contact water sports such as sailing or rowing . West Lake and Tarcoola Reach , which covers the area between Commonwealth Avenue and Kurrajong Point , is the primary recreational area of the lake , and both primary and secondary contact water sports are permitted . Yarramundi Reach near Scrivener Dam has a marked rowing course , and is zoned as secondary , although primary contact activities are also allowed .
= = Environmental issues = =
= = = Water quality = = =
Toxic blue @-@ green algae blooms are a reasonably common occurrence in the lake . Warnings about coming into contact with the water are released when an algal bloom is detected . Attempts are being made to limit the amount of phosphates entering the lake in the hope of improving its water quality . Blue @-@ green algae ( more correctly cyanobacteria ) produce toxins , which can be harmful for humans and any other animals that come in contact with the contaminated water . There have been several cases of dogs being affected after playing in and drinking the lake water .
The water also appears murky due to a high level of turbidity ; however , this is not usually a health risk . However , the turbidity , which is caused by wind , prevents photosynthetic stabilisation . Siltation is not considered a major problem and is only a factor in the East Basin , but dredging is not required . The problem has eased with the construction of the Googong Dam , and the spectre of heavy metal pollution has receded , partly due to the closure of some lead mines upstream . However , leaching and groundwater leakage still causes some pollution . Rubbish , oil and sediment traps have been set up at the incoming openings to the lake to minimise pollution .
= = = Aquatic life and fishing = = =
Fishing and duck hunting is quite popular in the lake . The most common species caught is the illegally introduced carp . Annual monitoring is carried out to determine fish populations . However , a number of less common species also inhabit the lake , including native Murray cod , western carp gudgeon and silver perch , as well as introduced goldfish , Gambusia , rainbow trout and brown trout .
The lake has been stocked annually with a variety of introduced and native species and over half a million fish have been released since 1981 . There have been many changes to the fish populations in the lake as well as stocking practices since it was first filled .
Regular stocking since the start of the 1980s have re @-@ established reasonable populations of golden perch and Murray cod ; native fish that were indigenous to the Molonglo River before the lake was built , but had been lost to mining pollution of the Molonglo River in the first half of the 20th century . The main reason for stocking is to boost fish stocks along the Molonglo , which have been depleted by overfishing , introduced species and habitat destruction . One of the motives for raising the level of Murray cod and golden perch is to balance the ecosystem by having them act as native predators of other fish .
Silver perch and brown trout were released in 1981 – 83 and 1987 – 89 respectively , but have not been stocked since . Rainbow trout have been released sporadically , approximately once a decade , but have not been released since 2002 – 04 , due to unacceptably low survival rates . According to a government report , the reason for the low survival rate is unknown , but the dominance of carp in the competition for food is one prominent theory . Golden perch and Murray cod have accounted for around four fifths of the released fish in the last three decades and have been the only fish stocked in the last five years . The government plans to stock only these two species for the five years leading up to 2014 .
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= Hugh de Neville =
Hugh de Neville ( died 1234 ; sometimes Hugh Neville ) was the Chief Forester under the kings Richard I , John , and Henry III of England . He was also the sheriff for a number of counties over his lifetime . Related to a number of other royal officials as well as a bishop , Neville was a member of Prince Richard 's household . After Richard became king in 1189 , Neville continued in his service and he accompanied him on the Third Crusade . Neville remained in the royal service following Richard 's death in 1199 and the accession of King John to the throne , becoming one of the new king 's favourites and often gambling with him . He was named in Magna Carta as one of John 's principal advisors , considered by a medieval chronicler to be one of King John 's " evil councillors " . He deserted John after the French invasion of England in 1216 , but returned to pledge his loyalty to John 's son Henry III after the latter 's accession to the throne later that year . Neville 's royal service continued until his death in 1234 , though by then he was a less significant figure than he had been at the height of his powers .
= = Early life and career = =
Neville was the son of Ralph de Neville , a son of Alan de Neville , who was also Chief Forester . Hugh had a brother , Roger de Neville , who was part of Hugh 's household from 1202 to 1213 , when Roger was given custody of Rockingham Castle by King John . Another brother was William , who was given some of Hugh 's lands in 1217 . Hugh , Roger , and William were related to a number of other royal officials and churchmen , most notable among them Geoffrey de Neville , who was a royal chamberlain , and Ralph Neville , who became Bishop of Chichester . Hugh de Neville employed Ralph de Neville at the start of Ralph 's career , and the two appear to have remained on good terms throughout the rest of Hugh 's life .
Hugh de Neville was a member of the household of Prince Richard , later Richard I , and also served Richard 's father , King Henry II at the end of Henry 's reign , administering two baronies for the king . Neville accompanied Richard on the Third Crusade ; he was one of the few knights who fought with the king on 5 August 1192 outside the walls of Jaffa , when the king and a small force of knights and crossbowmen fought off a surprise attack by Saladin 's forces . It was famously reported that during the engagement Saladin sent Richard two remounts in the thick of battle , so that Richard would not be forced to fight on foot . Neville 's account of events was a source for the chronicler Ralph of Coggeshall 's entries on Richard 's activities in the Third Crusade .
In 1194 Neville acquired the wardship of Joan de Cornhill , daughter of Henry de Cornhill , and married her four years later . Also in 1194 he was given custody of the town of Marlborough in Wiltshire , and in 1196 was appointed as Sheriff of Oxfordshire . He was also named in 1197 as Sheriff of Essex and Sheriff of Hertfordshire , offices he held until some time in 1200 .
= = Chief Forester = =
Neville was appointed as Chief Forester under King Richard I in 1198 . As the official in charge of the royal forests , he was one of the four great officers of the state : the others were the justiciar , the chancellor , and the treasurer . The forester was responsible for enforcing the forest law – the special law that applied to the royal forests – and presided over the forest justices , who held forest eyres . There was also a special forest exchequer , or forest treasury . In 1198 Neville presided over an Assize of the Forest that was described by the chronicler Roger of Howden as greatly oppressive . The revenues could be considerable ; in 1198 the forest eyre brought in £ 1 @,@ 980 . Neville stated in 1208 that over the previous six and a half years the amount raised by the various revenues of the forests had been £ 15 @,@ 000 ; in 1212 it had been £ 4 @,@ 486 . Forest law was resented by the king 's subjects , not just for its severity but also because of the large extent of the kingdom that it encompassed . It covered not just woodlands , but by the end of the 12th century it covered between a quarter and a third of the whole kingdom . This extent enabled the Norman and Angevin kings to use the harsh punishments of forest law to extract large sums of money for their government .
Neville continued to hold the office of Chief Forester under King John and he was often the king 's gambling partner . He was a frequent witness to John 's royal charters . Under John , Neville was named to the offices of Sheriff of Hampshire in 1210 , and Sheriff of Cumberland , offices of which he was deprived in 1212 . He was also reappointed to the shrievalties of Essex and Hertfordshire in 1202 , holding them until 1203 .
In 1210 King John fined Neville 1 @,@ 000 marks because he had allowed Peter des Roches , the Bishop of Winchester , to enclose some hunting grounds without royal permission ; although Roches was close to the king , his action was an infringement of the royal forests . Neville 's large fine was probably a warning that the king was serious about enforcing the forest law , but it was eventually rescinded . In 1213 Neville was placed in charge of the seaports along the English coast from Cornwall to Hampshire , but some time in 1213 it appears that he fell from royal favour , although the circumstances are unknown . A fine of 6 @,@ 000 marks was assessed on him for allowing two prisoners to escape , as well as other unrecorded offences , although the king did subsequently remit 1 @,@ 000 marks of the fine . In 1215 Neville lost his office of chief forester . Neville was present at Runnymede for the signing of Magna Carta and was mentioned in the preamble as one of King John 's councillors , as well as serving as a witness to the document . Roger of Wendover , a chronicler writing in 1211 , listed Neville as one of King John 's " evil councillors " .
= = John 's later reign and service under King Henry III = =
John 's style of ruling , and his defeats in continental Europe in 1214 , had alienated many of his nobles . Initially , a faction of the barons forced John to agree to Magna Carta to secure less capricious government from the king . John , however , after agreeing to their demands , secured the annulment of the charter from the papacy in late 1215 . The opposition magnates then invited Prince Louis of France to take the English throne , and Louis arrived in England with an army in May 1216 .
Neville joined the rebel barons in 1216 , shortly after Prince Louis invaded England . Neville surrendered Marlborough Castle , a royal castle in his custody , to Prince Louis in mid @-@ 1216 . Louis had not besieged the castle , and it appears that Neville took the initiative in making overtures to the prince . When John heard of the change of sides , he confiscated all of Neville 's lands held directly from the king on 8 July 1216 . On 4 September 1216 the king further confiscated lands belonging to other rebels that had been granted to Neville before the surrender of Marlborough ; some were re @-@ granted to Neville 's brother William . Hugh de Neville 's son , Herbert , also joined the rebels .
After King John 's death in October 1216 , Neville and his son made their peace with the new king , Henry III , John 's son . Both men had their lands restored in 1217 , but the offices that the elder Neville had held were not returned quickly . Custody of some royal forests was returned by 1220 , but the office of Chief Forester was not returned until some time later . In 1218 Neville was supposed to have had the forest of Rockingham returned to his custody , but William de Forz , the Count of Aumale , refused to return it . It was not until 1220 that de Neville managed to recover his custody of Rockingham forest . By 1224 Neville was once more Chief Forester , but he never regained the power and influence that he had held under John . When he lost the office for the second time is unclear . The historian C. R. Young states that he held the office until his death in 1234 when it passed to his son John , but Daniel Crook , writing in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography , claims that Neville lost the forester office in 1229 , to be replaced by John of Monmouth and Brian de Lisle . He also served as Sheriff of Lincolnshire .
= = Records and lands = =
Neville 's household records for 1207 survive , detailing his itinerary for the year ; in one eight @-@ week period his household visited 11 different towns . In 1204 his wife offered the king 200 chickens for the right to sleep one night with her husband , an obligation recorded in the royal records . The historian Daniel Crook suggests that this shows that Joan Neville was one of the barons ' wives who attracted King John 's sexual attentions .
Neville inherited lands in Lincolnshire worth one half of a knight 's fee . These were augmented with gifts from Richard and John , much of which were in Essex . He also acquired lands in Surrey and in Somerset , and his marriage to Joan brought him estates in Essex . Joan 's lands also brought him into conflict with Falkes de Breauté , the husband of Joan 's younger sister and co @-@ heiress , and the two brothers @-@ in @-@ law were involved in lawsuits over their wives ' lands for more than five years . Joan and her sister were also co @-@ heiresses to the barony of Courcy , in right of their mother Alice de Courcy .
= = Death and legacy = =
Neville 's first wife , Joan de Cornhill , died after December 1224 . Some time before April 1230 he married secondly Beatrice , the widow of Ralph de Fay and one of the five daughters of Stephen of Turnham . Joan and Neville had at least three sons – John , Henry , and Herbert . Neville also had a daughter named Joan .
Neville died in 1234 , although his death was incorrectly recorded by Matthew Paris as occurring in 1222 . Neville was buried at Waltham Abbey , of which he had been a patron . Besides Waltham , he also made gifts to Christ Church Priory in Canterbury , Bullington Priory in Lincolnshire , and St Mary 's Nunnery , Clerkenwell . The historian Sidney Painter said of Neville 's career during John 's reign that " a strong argument could be advanced for the thesis that the royal official who wielded the most actual power during John 's reign was the chief forester , Hugh de Neville " . Another historian , J. R. Maddicott , states that Neville was head of " one of the most detested branches of royal administration " .
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= Glenn Knight =
Glenn Jeyasingam Knight ( born in 1945 ) is a Singaporean lawyer . He was the first Director of the Commercial Affairs Department ( CAD ) when it was founded in 1984 . He lost his post in 1991 after being convicted of corruption in a much @-@ publicised trial . In 1998 , he was again tried and convicted for misappropriating money while in office .
= = Background = =
Knight was a student of Anglo @-@ Chinese School . In the 1990s , he was the vice @-@ chairman of its Old Boys ' Association and a member of its board of governors . He obtained his bachelor of laws degree from the National University of Singapore in the 1960s , and played the guitar in a jazz band to raise money for his tuition fees .
He joined the Singapore Legal Service in 1970 and rose through the ranks " with the speed and power of an Exocet missile , " as Queen 's Counsel Roy Allaway later described it . Soon he acquired a reputation for being a law enforcer who prosecuted criminals without fear or favour . News of his ability and integrity impressed the late David Marshall , so much that when he retired he offered to give Knight a full partnership in his law firm ; however , Knight was content to remain in the Legal Service and declined the offer .
Knight is married to Pathmavali Rengayah . The couple have no children .
= = Notable cases = =
In 1978 , Knight was the deputy public prosecutor in the trial of former magistrate Khoo Hin Hiong . In 1983 , he acted for the Prosecution again in the trial of Adrian Lim , who had murdered two children . In 1985 , he was the senior state counsel and deputy public prosecutor who filed an affidavit on behalf of the Attorney @-@ General requesting that the High Court cite five defendants for contempt of court over an editorial published in the Asian Wall Street Journal ( AWSJ ) on 17 October 1985 . Titled " Jeyaretnam 's Challenge " , the editorial had questioned the " integrity and impartiality " of Singapore 's judicial system . The affidavit led to an apology from the editor of the AWSJ . In 1986 , he was the public prosecutor for the Commercial Affairs Investigation Department who filed charges against key people in Pan Electric Industries ( " Pan @-@ El " ) , such as Tan Kok Liang , Tan Koon Swan , and Peter Tham , in the aftermath of the company 's collapse . For his role in the Pan @-@ El investigations , Knight was commended by then @-@ Finance Minister Richard Hu in 1989 . Knight also led the prosecution team in Singapore 's first case of insider trading , that of former United Overseas Bank banker Allan Ng . On National Day 1990 ( 9 August 1990 ) , he was awarded the Public Administration Medal , Gold , for his work as Director of the Commercial Affairs Department .
= = First investigation and trial = =
On 23 March 1991 , Knight was suddenly replaced as CAD director by Senior State Counsel Lawrence Ang in a decision that shocked the local legal community . It turned out that Knight was under investigation by the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau ( CPIB ) . After an investigation lasting more than two months — one of the longest probes into the conduct of a public servant in Singapore — Knight was arrested on 27 May 1991 and charged with corruption the next day . He was the first Singapore legal officer to face such charges . Specifically , he was accused of cheating three businessmen into investing S $ 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 each into the former Batam Island Country Club on the Indonesian island of Batam , as well as giving false information to the CPIB regarding vehicle purchases , an application for a car loan , and his corporate investments . The judge originally set Knight 's trial to commence in October 1992 , but changed his mind and brought it forward to September 1991 after the prosecution complained that its witnesses had been subject to intimidation , and investigating officers had received mysterious phone calls warning them to " watch out " . In July that year , his wife and two others were also arrested and charged over the Batam resort investments .
In a district court on 29 September 1991 , Knight pleaded guilty to cheating then managing director of Trans @-@ Island Bus Services Ng Ser Miang to try to make him invest in the Batam resort project , which had been planned by Knight and his wife . In October , he was sentenced to three months in prison .
Knight appealed against the sentence , and in March 1992 he managed to get his sentence reduced to a $ 17 @,@ 000 fine and a day in prison . He served the jail sentence and paid the fine on the day it was announced . In deciding to reduce the sentence , High Court Judge L.P. Thean said that a " nominal custodial sentence " was sufficient given the mitigating circumstances in Knight 's case . In April , all charges against his wife in relation to his case were also dropped .
= = Aftermath of first conviction = =
Although the sentence meted to him was eventually reduced , the corruption case had left permanent damage on Knight 's career as a civil servant . After investigations on him began in March 1991 , he faced disciplinary hearings and his services were terminated on 26 March 1992 . The President also revoked the prestigious Public Administration Medal , Gold , that had been awarded to Knight . In August 1994 , the High Court struck Knight off the roll of advocates and solicitors , meaning that he could no longer practise law . After being disbarred , Knight worked as a consultant in a public @-@ listed company .
= = Second investigation and trial = =
In 1998 , Knight was again charged in court — this time with criminal breach of trust by misappropriating money totalling $ 4 @,@ 200 when still the CAD 's Director on two occasions , in 1989 and 1990 . This second charge caused Knight to resign from his job .
During the trial , the defence argued that the proceedings were invalid as Knight had been granted immunity by the Attorney @-@ General 's Chambers in 1991 from further charges arising from his corruption investigations , in exchange for him to plead guilty in the earlier trial . They argued that the latest set of charges stemmed from that investigation and thus were subject to the immunity clause . The CPIB revealed that it had been tipped off about the misappropriation of money only in 1997 by an unnamed informant . The court ruled that the proceedings could continue because the 1991 probe into Knight 's dealings did not investigate his misappropriation of money . Eventually the court found him guilty of two charges of misappropriation and sentenced him to a $ 10 @,@ 000 fine and another day in jail .
= = Aftermath of second conviction = =
The second conviction left Knight even worse off than before . The company he was working for before his second trial refused to re @-@ employ him . Jobless , he engaged himself in community work in his church , Covenant Community Methodist Church , and often visited a pub in Boat Quay of which his wife was a partner . He faded quietly from public life .
On 25 April 2007 , he re @-@ appeared in the news when he filed an application seeking court approval to be reinstated as a lawyer . His application was granted on 22 May 2007 , making him only the sixth lawyer to be reinstated in the Law Society of Singapore 's 35 @-@ year history . He will be joining the law firm Bernard & Rada Law Corporation .
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= Action of 24 October 1798 =
The Action of 24 October 1798 was a minor naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars , fought between a British Royal Navy frigate and two ships of the Batavian Republic . The Dutch ships were intercepted in the North Sea within hours of leaving port , 30 nautical miles ( 56 km ) northwest of the Texel , by the British ship HMS Sirius . Both Dutch vessels were carrying large quantities of military supplies and French soldiers , reinforcements for the French and Irish forces participating in the Irish Rebellion of 1798 . Although the rebellion had been defeated a month earlier , word of the British victory had not yet reached the European continent , and the Dutch force was intended to supplement a larger French squadron sent earlier in October . The French had already been defeated at the Battle of Tory Island and the Dutch suffered a similar outcome , both ships defeated in turn by the larger and better armed British vessel .
Captain Richard King on Sirius discovered the Dutch ships early on 24 October , when they were separated by 2 nautical miles ( 3 @.@ 7 km ) and thus unable to mutually support one another . Targeting the smaller ship , Waakzaamheid , King was able to outrun her in an hour and force her to surrender without a fight . Turning his attention on the larger vessel , Furie , King rapidly overhauled her as well and opened a heavy fire , to which Furie was only able to ineffectively reply . Within half an hour she too had surrendered . Both ships were taken to Britain , repaired and commissioned in the Royal Navy . The defeat ended the last effort by the continental nations to land soldiers in Ireland , and signified the last action of the Irish Rebellion .
= = Background = =
Following the French Revolution in 1789 , a political organisation was formed in Ireland named the Society of United Irishmen . Crossing social and religious boundaries , this organisation embraced republican principles with the stated goal of removing British government control from Ireland . When Britain went to war with the French Republic in 1793 , the organisation was declared illegal and driven under cover , many of its senior members going into exile in Europe or America . These men continued to call for armed resistance to the British government , and in 1796 persuaded the French Directory to launch the Expédition d 'Irlande , a large scale invasion of Ireland . The expedition was a disaster , with thousands of French soldiers drowned without a single man successfully landed . Subsequently the French @-@ controlled government of the Batavian Republic , formerly the Dutch Republic , was persuaded to make an attempt on Ireland in October 1797 , but their fleet was intercepted and defeated by Admiral Adam Duncan at the Battle of Camperdown .
In May 1798 , the arrest of a number of the leaders of the United Irishmen provoked the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , a widespread uprising across Ireland . The Rebellion took the British authorities by surprise , but the introduction of regular British Army troops rapidly defeated the Irish armies and the last resistance was brought to an end in September with the surrender of a small French force at the Battle of Ballinamuck . The French authorities had also been taken by surprise by the uprising , and were consequently unprepared : the forces they deployed were inadequate to face the much larger British armies operating in Ireland at the time . News of this defeat had still not reach the continent by October , when a second French invasion force set out . Closely watched by the Royal Navy as soon as it left Brest , the squadron was defeated on 12 October 1798 at the Battle of Tory Island : fewer than a third of the French ships returned to France .
The Dutch had also been persuaded to send reinforcements to the United Irishmen during the rebellion , but like the French they were unprepared for the sudden uprising and their contributions were not ready until 24 October . Two Dutch ships had been ordered to take on troops and supplies : the 36 @-@ gun frigate Furie under Captain Bartholomeus Pletz and the 24 @-@ gun corvette Waakzaamheid under Captain Meindert van Neirop , who assumed command of the expedition . Although both ships were small and poorly armed , each carried a number of French soldiers for service in Ireland , Furie embarking 165 and Waakzaamheid 122 . In addition , the ships carried over 6 @,@ 000 stands of arms and large quantities of other military stores with which to arm the Irish irregular forces that they expected to meet .
= = Battle = =
Departing on the night of 23 / 24 October , the Dutch ships made rapid progress and at 08 : 00 were 30 nautical miles ( 56 km ) northwest of the Texel , sailing westwards towards the English Channel . Within sight of the Dutch ships however was the British frigate HMS Sirius , a new ship of 1 @,@ 049 long tons ( 1 @,@ 066 t ) , rated as 38 @-@ guns but actually carrying 44 . She was commanded by Captain Richard King , who had participated in the campaign against the Expédition d 'Irlande two years earlier . Sirius had been stationed off the Texel to watch for Dutch movements and intercept any ships of smaller or equal size entering or leaving the waterway . Although van Neirop 's squadron outnumbered King 's ship , the British vessel was much larger and faster , and the Dutch were also hampered by their position : the two ships were more than 2 nautical miles ( 3 @.@ 7 km ) apart , too far to offer mutual support against their opponent .
King 's first target was the smaller and slower Waakzaamheid , which was windward of Furie and thus would have to sail into the wind to link with Pletz 's ship . King rapidly closed with the corvette , avoiding contact with the larger Furie as he did so . At 09 : 00 Sirius came alongside Waakzaamheid and fired a gun at her , prompting van Neirop to immediately surrender . Furie had not attempted to come to the flagship 's aid and resistance against the much larger Sirius would have been futile . King despatched boats containing a prize crew and removed most of the prisoners from Waakzaamheid , placing them below decks on Sirius . Once the prize was secure , King immediately set off in pursuit of Furie , which was attempting to flee to the west and had nearly disappeared over the horizon . For the rest of the day the pursuit continued , Furie unable to escape the faster British ship , which steadily gained during the afternoon until at 17 : 00 was within range of the Dutch frigate .
King 's fire was heavy , but Pletz resisted , responding with his own cannon and continuing his attempts to escape . For half an hour the engagement continued , the distance between the ships varying as Pletz attempted to manoeuvre out of King 's range . The British crew were better gunners than the Dutch , and the musketry of the French soldiers aboard had little effect on Sirius as the range between the ships was too great for muskets to be effective . As a result , damage and casualties mounted aboard Furie although Sirius was barely touched , only one shot striking the bowsprit and one man wounded . At approximately 17 : 30 , Pletz surrendered , having lost eight dead and 14 wounded and with his ship badly damaged . King transferred the prisoners and placed a prize crew on Furie before returning to his base at the Nore with his prizes .
= = Aftermath = =
The capture of the Dutch ships was the end of the final attempt by a continental nation to land troops in Ireland during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars that followed them . Furie and Waakzaamheid were both purchased for the Royal Navy , Furie returned to her pre @-@ war name of Wilhelmina and Waakzaamheid under the same name . The corvette was regraded and the number of guns aboard were reduced to 20 as her frame was not deemed strong enough to carry 24 . Richard King remained in Sirius until 1802 , and subsequently commanded the ship of the line HMS Achille , participating at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 .
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= Menace ( video game ) =
Menace is a side @-@ scrolling shooter video game developed by DMA Design and published by Psygnosis . It was originally released for the Amiga in 1988 , and was ported for the Atari ST , Commodore 64 and DOS in 1989 . The game is set on the planet of Draconia , where players are tasked with destroying the planet 's defence mechanisms in order to kill the harmful creatures .
The game was designed by David Jones , and was the first game developed by his company DMA Design . First developed in his bedroom at his parents ' house , Jones began seeking an official development studio and publisher when the game was nearing completion . He eventually settled upon a publishing deal with Psygnosis , who first published the game in 1988 to positive reviews ; praise was given to the game 's graphics , sound and gameplay , while criticism was directed at its ports to inferior hardware . The game was also commercially successful , selling over 20 @,@ 000 copies .
= = Gameplay = =
Menace is a horizontal side @-@ scrolling shooter that uses 2D computer graphics . Players control a powerful alien space fighter , moving through six stages on the planet of Draconia to advance through the game . Players use the ship 's weaponry — lasers and cannons — to attack all advancing enemies , and defeat the level 's boss : a guardian of Draconia . The six bosses act as Draconia 's living defence mechanisms — the planet was created to habituate gruesome and harmful creatures , of which there are over sixty , participating in unlawful tasks . In the game 's levels , players discover space debris , which can be converted into upgrades for the ship . The debris appears as tokens , and grants players additional weapons and upgrades , such as lasers , cannons , and improved ship and weapon power . The ship also has a shield , which provides temporary protection from enemies ; contact with enemies and walls depletes the shields , increasing players ' vulnerability to death .
= = Development and release = =
DMA Design was founded in 1987 by David Jones , Russell Kay , Steve Hammond and Mike Dailly , in Dundee , Scotland . Originally working under the name Acme Software , they began developing games for the Commodore 64 and Amiga . Jones began developing Menace under the working title CopperCon1 , in his bedroom at his parents ' house . He was attending the Dundee Institute of Technology at the time . To publish the game in 1988 , Jones first approached Hewson Consultants , where Andrew Braybrook played the game and recommended it to Hewson . When Jones was informed that Hewson wanted the game to be the " Amiga version of Zynaps " , he realised that sales would be limited , and refused to sign the contract ; despite this , Hewson had already promoted the game in Popular Computing Weekly , before the deal was officially dropped . After signing a publishing deal with Psygnosis , Acme Software was renamed DMA Design .
Tony Smith worked on some of the game 's backgrounds and graphics , while Jones designed the levels . Jones decided for Menace to be a side @-@ scrolling game after playing arcade games such as Nemesis ( 1985 ) and R @-@ Type ( 1987 ) . Psygnosis could not decide a preference for the design of the player ship ; as a result , Smith often re @-@ designed the ship with many variations . The team found difficulty porting the game to the Atari ST , due to the hardware 's limitations with smooth scrolling . Brian " Biscuit " Watson , who the team met at a computer club in 1984 , discovered a technique to overcome this difficulty . Other limitations included the fewer colours available with the hardware ; Smith adapted his designs accordingly . After completing his own game , Kay was assigned to port Menace to PC . During development , the sound effects were temporarily replaced with those from Salamander ( 1986 ) ; Jones recorded the sound effects from the game , as Hammond and Dailly played . Prior to this , the temporary sound effects consisted of noises by Jones . The game 's final sound effects were designed by musician David Whittaker . The cover art was designed by Ian Craig .
At the end of development , the game was known as Draconia , before being renamed to Menace shortly before release , upon discovering that another game had the same title . It was published in 1988 for the Amiga , and in 1989 for the Atari ST , Commodore 64 and DOS . The game generated a considerable amount of money for DMA Design , allowing the company to develop more games . The game sold 20 @,@ 000 copies , reportedly generating around £ 20 @,@ 000 .
= = Reception = =
The game received mostly positive reviews from critics upon release , particularly for its gameplay , graphical design , and sound . Criticism was also directed at the game 's ports , and the limitations met with the inferior hardware . Jason Holborn of ST / Amiga Format wrote that the game " provides some of the best arcade action " in an Amiga game .
Holborn of ST / Amiga Format called the gameplay " exceptional " and " addictive " , stating that players will be " hooked for hours on end " . Ciaran Brennan of Computer and Video Games praised its replayability , writing that it has " enough depth built in to make it last " . Conversely , Zzap ! 64 's Kati Hamza wrote that the gameplay is " rather poor " , disliking the pace and level design , and Maff Evans in the same review called it " dull and unrewarding " , pointing out the lack of excitement and reward . The Games Machine condemned the " jerky scrolling " of the PC version , while Rod Lawton of ACE called the gameplay of the Amiga version " stubbornly 8 @-@ bit " .
The game 's graphics received positive reactions . Lawton of ACE called them " attractive " , and Holborn of ST / Amiga Format named them " beautifully stomach churning " , calling Menace " one of the best presented games available " . While Zzap ! 64 's Hamza felt that the Amiga version was " blessed with nice graphics " , she wrote that the Commodore 64 version has " surprisingly weak presentation " ; Evans similarly called the graphics " half @-@ baked " . The Games Machine was disappointed by the graphics , particularly identifying the limited colour capabilities of the Atari ST version .
Reviewers praised the game 's use of sound . ST / Amiga Format 's Holborn lauded the soundtrack 's appropriation to gameplay , calling it " brilliant " , and writing that the game 's speech and sound effects enhance the feel of the game . The Games Machine favourably compared the soundtrack to Xenon ( 1988 ) , however noted that the sounds in the Atari ST version are " less clear " , and the PC sound effects are " pathetic " . Zzap ! 64 called the soundtrack " average " , and wrote that the " pathetic [ sound ] effects add little atmosphere " .
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= Peace Sells ... but Who 's Buying ? =
Peace Sells ... but Who 's Buying ? is the second studio album by American thrash metal band Megadeth , released on September 19 , 1986 . The project was originally handled by Combat Records , resulting in the first mix of the album being co @-@ produced by Randy Burns . Capitol Records then bought the rights to the album and hired another producer , Paul Lani , to mix it himself . The album 's front cover , featuring the band 's mascot Vic Rattlehead , was created by Ed Repka . The recording of the album was difficult for the band because of the ongoing drug issues the members had at the time . This was the last Megadeth album to feature drummer Gar Samuelson and guitarist Chris Poland , who were fired shortly after the album 's promotional tour for drug abuse . The title track , noted for its politically conscious lyrics , was released as the album 's lead single .
Peace Sells ... but Who 's Buying ? is regarded as a thrash metal classic and as an album that gave prominence to extreme metal . It has been featured in several publications ' best album lists , including Robert Dimery 's 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die and Martin Popoff 's Top 500 Heavy Metal Albums of All Time . The album has been reissued several times over the years . In 2004 , the album was remixed and remastered by Megadeth frontman Dave Mustaine , with extensive liner notes detailing the album 's background . In 2011 , the three different versions were reissued as part of the album 's 25th anniversary celebration . All of them , with the exception of the 2004 mixes , feature new remastering .
= = Background and recording = =
In an interview for Metal Forces in December 1985 , frontman Dave Mustaine revealed that the band had already started writing new material for the second album . He said that two songs ( " Black Friday " and " Bad Omen " ) were finished and described them as a " total blur " , being much faster than " Rattlehead " . Speaking about the lyrical content of the album , Mustaine and bassist David Ellefson stated that they wanted to change the public perception of heavy metal by writing songs that contained socially aware lyrics . Mustaine further noted that the band was not unaware of the political situation at the time and that some of his political beliefs were reflected in the songs . Professional rock critic Steve Huey noted the album 's combination of " punkish political awareness with a dark , threatening , typically heavy metal worldview " .
During the first two months of 1986 , Megadeth commenced a brief tour at the East Coast of the United States . At the shows , which were practically a continuation of the Killing for a Living tour , the band performed a number of songs from its upcoming album . Following the conclusion of the tour , the band intended to start making the record at the Music Grinder studio on Melrose Avenue in Hollywood . Mustaine lifted the title from an article in Reader 's Digest , which was titled " Peace Would Sell But No One Would Buy It " . Their current label , Combat Records , provided a recording budget of $ 25 @,@ 000 , which allowed the band to hire a freelance producer , Randy Burns . The recording of the album was very difficult for the band , because Mustaine and Ellefson were homeless at the time . Furthermore , guitarist Chris Poland and drummer Gar Samuelson would not show up for hours because of their heroin addiction . Shortly after the band finished the final recordings of the album for Combat , they were approached by Tim Carr , an A & R representative of Capitol Records . After securing a contract with the group , Capitol hired producer Paul Lani to remix the original mixes done by Randy Burns , the previous producer .
= = Release and promotion = =
Peace Sells ... but Who 's Buying ? was released on September 19 , 1986 . The album 's artwork was designed by Ed Repka , who would go on to do several other pieces of artwork for the band over the years . The cover art depicts the band 's mascot , Vic Rattlehead , in front of the United Nations building . He is portrayed as a real estate agent , who is selling the devastated remains of the organization 's headquarters . The title track was released as a single , for which the band filmed its first video . In 1987 , a video was made for the second single , " Wake Up Dead " , which exposed the band performing in a steel cage . Soon after the album 's release , Megadeth began a tour as a supporting band for Motörhead . The tour took place in California and the southwestern parts of the United States . However , due to disagreements between the managements of the two bands , Megadeth were pulled from the last three shows . Following the short stint with Motörhead , Megadeth were added as the opening act on Alice Cooper 's Constrictor tour , which took place at the beginning of 1987 . Later in 1987 , after the conclusion of the album 's promotional tour , Mustaine fired Poland and Samuelson due to their substance abuse issues .
= = Songs = =
= = = Tracks 1 – 4 = = =
" Wake Up Dead " features lyrics which describe a man who has been cheating on his wife or girlfriend and is sneaking into his house , knowing that if his wife finds out about his other lover , she will kill him . Mustaine said that " Wake up Dead " was written about him cheating on a girl he was living with . He stayed with her because he was homeless at the time and needed a place to stay . Unfortunately , he was in love with another girl and thought the one he lived with would be mad because he was cheating her . He had to leave her because he thought she had intentions to kill him . " The Conjuring " , according to author Bob Larson , simulates a Satanic ceremony , and makes references about being the devil 's advocate and his salesman . Mustaine explained the song is about black magic and contains instructions for hexes . However , because the subject matter appears incompatible to his conversion to Christianity , the song has not been played live since 2001 .
" Peace Sells " reflects Mustaine 's political and social beliefs . The lyrics are disapproval of the American way and convey Mustaine 's wish for a new social structure . Ellefson has stated that during the tour prior to recording the album , the band could tell then that the song was going to be a hit . The video for the title track became an MTV mainstay and the opening bass line was used as introduction to MTV News . However , Mustaine proclaimed that they received no royalties because the song was excluded shortly before MTV would have to pay them for its use . " Devils Island " is a reference to a former French penal colony off the coast of French Guiana . The lyrics detail the thoughts of a condemned prisoner awaiting execution . He is spared by God , but must spend the rest of his life on the island .
= = = Tracks 5 – 8 = = =
" Good Mourning / Black Friday " is a two @-@ piece song , which begins with an instrumental part called " Good Mourning " . Lyrically , Mustaine has described " Black Friday " as being about " a homicidal madman who goes on a killing spree " . With an excessive use of gory language and violent imagery , the song chronicles the acts of a serial killer . It was inspired by Dijon Carruthers , who was briefly the band 's drummer prior to the hiring of Gar Samuelson . According to Mustaine , Carruthers was hanging out with people who were practicing occultism , and they inspired him to write songs based on spiritual themes .
" Bad Omen " explores the theme of occultism . Mustaine described " Bad Omen " like " two happy campers who have stumbled onto a Satanic orgy in the middle of the woods " and then " they see these fools waiting around for Satan 's blessing " . Asked whether the band members really believe in the subject matters they write , Mustaine responded : " We 're aware of the subjects we write about — witchcraft , Satanic sacrifices and the like — but we 're not condoning them . " " I Ain 't Superstitious " was written by Willie Dixon and originally recorded by Howlin ' Wolf in 1961 . However , Megadeth 's version is vastly different from the original . " My Last Words " is about a game of Russian roulette and the fear one goes through when playing the game . Despite being one of the lesser known tracks on the record , music journalist Martin Popoff said that the song was an example of the band 's " fast thrashers " and an evidence why Megadeth were dubbed as the " fearless speed progenitors " .
= = Critical reception = =
= = = Contemporary reviews = = =
Peace Sells ... but Who 's Buying ? was well received by contemporary music critics . Billboard 's critic Fred Goodman facetiously remarked that the album is an " array of impressive tracks " that he does not recommend for " the weak @-@ hearted " . Colin Larkin , writing in the Encyclopedia of Popular Music , viewed the album as a vast improvement over their previous record , from both technical and musical aspect . Kerrang ! deemed Peace Sells ... but Who 's Buying ? as the album that saw the inception of Megadeth 's always @-@ distinctive sound . Writing in The Rolling Stone Album Guide , author Nathan Brackett said that Megadeth were representing " the dark and nasty side " of American thrash throughout the 1980s . However , he considered the album to be almost identical to the rest of their discography from this period .
= = = Legacy = = =
In retrospect , Peace Sells ... but Who 's Buying ? has been regarded as a milestone of the American thrash metal movement . Along with Metallica 's Master of Puppets and Slayer 's Reign in Blood , which were also released in 1986 , Peace Sells ... but Who 's Buying ? is considered pivotal in giving prominence to extreme metal . AllMusic 's Steve Huey recognized the record as a notable achievement in the band 's history , and called it a " classic of early thrash " . Similarly , Chad Bowar of About.com said that the album captured Megadeth in their prime , and recommended it as a " mandatory " recording for the fans of this genre . Sputnikmusic 's Mike Stagno named the album a " bona @-@ fide masterpiece " and said it was the main reason why Megadeth became one of the leading acts of the underground scene . Joel McIver , writing in Record Collector , said that the album 's main strength was its fluidity , with all songs moving in a continuous , steady stream . According to him , the album was " flip the bird " to the critics who were hostile to this type of music at the time .
Pitchfork Media 's Jess Harvell said that thanks to this album , Megadeth developed a strong cult following . He viewed the record as a resistance against the glam metal acts from the day , because bands like Megadeth were more appealing to the " dead @-@ end kids " . Adrien Begrand of PopMatters praised the album for making strong impression both musically and visually . Although Begrand acknowledged that this was not Megadeth 's most technically proficient album , he explained that the unique combination of " the extreme and the accessible " is why this album remained a fan @-@ favorite . Spin magazine 's Mike Powell cited the record as an example of " glossy hardcore " with Satanic lyricism . Jeff Treppel from Decibel noted that the album exhibits a distinctive sound , which set Megadeth apart from their contemporaries : " Peace Sells was a leaner , nastier predator . Megadeth preferred to kill with speed and precision instead of size and power . " According to him , the album influenced countless heavy metal bands that followed , from Arch Enemy to DragonForce .
In addition to being critically acclaimed , the album received numerous accolades since its release . It has been featured in Robert Dimery 's book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die , as well as in Martin Popoff 's edition of the Top 500 Heavy Metal Albums of All Time . About.com ranked it third on their list of " Essential Thrash Metal Albums " , commenting that more than two decades after its release , the record holds a status as an undisputed classic .
= = Reissues = =
In 2003 , Capitol Records re @-@ released the album on DVD @-@ Audio , with the original tracklist , in 96k / 24 @-@ bit resolution for both surround and stereo mixes , and music videos for " Wake Up Dead " and " Peace Sells " . The album was remixed and remastered in 2004 along with the rest of the band 's Capitol Records albums . This reissue featured four alternate mixes of the album 's songs as bonus tracks .
On July 12 , 2011 , the band re @-@ released the album in both a 2 @-@ Disc reissue and a special 5 @-@ Disc + 3 @-@ LP box set , to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the album . The reissue features liner notes written by Mustaine and Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich . The 25th anniversary re @-@ release sold approximately 2 @,@ 000 units in its first week of release .
The 25th Anniversary edition box set features five discs . Discs 1 – 3 all feature the original album , with disc 1 having the original mix ( remastered version from 2011 ) , disc 2 featuring the 2004 remix , and disc 3 featuring the Randy Burns mixes ( several examples of which appear as bonus tracks on the album 's 2004 release ) . Disc 4 features the same 1987 show available on the 2 @-@ disc set . Disc five contains both the original album ( again , remastered version from 2011 ) , and the above listed 1987 show in hi @-@ resolution audio . The 25th anniversary 2 CD edition features the original album on disc one and a previously unreleased 1987 concert on disc two .
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Dave Mustaine , except " I Ain 't Superstitious " by Willie Dixon .
= = Personnel = =
Production and performance credits are adapted from the album liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Accolades = =
Except where otherwise cited , all listed accolades attributed to Peace Sells ... but Who 's Buying ? are adapted from Acclaimed Music .
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= The Dark Side of the Moon =
The Dark Side of the Moon is the eighth studio album by the English rock band Pink Floyd . Originally released on 1 March 1973 , on the label Harvest . It built on ideas explored in the band 's earlier recordings and live shows , but lacks the extended instrumental excursions that characterised their previous work following the departure in 1968 of founder member , principal composer , and lyricist , Syd Barrett . The Dark Side of the Moon explores themes including conflict , greed , the passage of time , and mental illness , the latter partly inspired by Barrett 's deteriorating mental state .
Developed during live performances , an early version of the suite was premiered several months before studio recording began ; new material was recorded in two sessions in 1972 and 1973 at Abbey Road Studios in London . The group used some of the most advanced recording techniques of the time , including multitrack recording and tape loops . Analogue synthesizers were given prominence in several tracks , and a series of recorded interviews with the band 's road crew and others provided the philosophical quotations used throughout . Engineer Alan Parsons was responsible for many of the album 's most notable sonic aspects and the recruitment of non @-@ lexical singer Clare Torry . The album 's iconic sleeve , designed by Storm Thorgerson , depicts a prism dispersing light into color and represents the band 's stage lighting , the record 's lyrical themes , and keyboardist Richard Wright 's request for a " simple and bold " design .
The Dark Side of the Moon was an immediate success ; it topped the Billboard Top LPs & Tapes chart for one week and remained in the charts for 741 weeks from 1973 to 1988 . With an estimated 45 million copies sold , it is Pink Floyd 's most commercially successful album and one of the best @-@ selling albums worldwide . It has twice been remastered and re @-@ released , and has been covered in its entirety by several other acts . It produced two singles , " Money " and " Us and Them " . The Dark Side of the Moon is Pink Floyd 's most popular album among fans and critics , and has been ranked as one of the greatest albums of all time .
= = Background = =
Following the release of Meddle in 1971 , Pink Floyd assembled for an upcoming tour of Britain , Japan and the United States in December of that year . Rehearsing in Broadhurst Gardens in London , there was the looming prospect of a new album , although their priority at that time was the creation of new material . In a band meeting at drummer Nick Mason 's home in Camden , bassist Roger Waters proposed that a new album could form part of the tour . Waters ' idea was for an album that dealt with things that " make people mad " , focusing on the pressures faced by the band during their arduous lifestyle , and dealing with the apparent mental problems suffered by former band member Syd Barrett . The band had explored a similar idea with 1969 's The Man and The Journey . In an interview for Rolling Stone , guitarist David Gilmour said : " I think we all thought – and Roger definitely thought – that a lot of the lyrics that we had been using were a little too indirect . There was definitely a feeling that the words were going to be very clear and specific . "
Generally , all four members agreed that Waters ' concept of an album unified by a single theme was a good idea . Waters , Gilmour , Mason and keyboardist Richard Wright participated in the writing and production of the new material , and Waters created the early demo tracks at his Islington home in a small recording studio he had built in his garden shed . Parts of the new album were taken from previously unused material ; the opening line of " Breathe " came from an earlier work by Waters and Ron Geesin , written for the soundtrack of The Body , and the basic structure of " Us and Them " was taken from a piece originally composed by Wright for the film Zabriskie Point . The band rehearsed at a warehouse in London owned by the Rolling Stones , and then at the Rainbow Theatre . They also purchased extra equipment , which included new speakers , a PA system , a 28 @-@ track mixing desk with four quadraphonic outputs , and a custom @-@ built lighting rig . Nine tonnes of kit was transported in three lorries ; this would be the first time the band had taken an entire album on tour , but it would allow them to refine and improve the new material , which by then had been given the provisional title of Dark Side of the Moon ( an allusion to lunacy , rather than astronomy ) . However , after discovering that that title had already been used by another band , Medicine Head , it was temporarily changed to Eclipse . The new material premièred at The Dome in Brighton , on 20 January 1972 , and after the commercial failure of Medicine Head 's album the title was changed back to the band 's original preference .
Dark Side of the Moon : A Piece for Assorted Lunatics , as it was then known , was performed in the presence of an assembled press on 17 February 1972 – more than a year before its release – at the Rainbow Theatre , and was critically acclaimed . Michael Wale of The Times described the piece as " ... bringing tears to the eyes . It was so completely understanding and musically questioning . " Derek Jewell of The Sunday Times wrote " The ambition of the Floyd 's artistic intention is now vast . " Melody Maker was , however , less enthusiastic : " Musically , there were some great ideas , but the sound effects often left me wondering if I was in a bird @-@ cage at London zoo . " However , the following tour was praised by the public . The new material was performed live , in the same order in which it would eventually be recorded , but obvious differences between the live version , and the recorded version released a year later , included the lack of synthesizers in tracks such as " On the Run " , and Bible readings that were later replaced by Clare Torry 's non @-@ lexical vocables on " The Great Gig in the Sky " .
The band 's lengthy tour through Europe and North America gave them the opportunity to make continual improvements to the scale and quality of their performances . Work on the album was interrupted in late February when the band travelled to France and recorded music for French director Barbet Schroeder 's film , La Vallée . They then performed in Japan and returned to France in March to complete work on the film . After a series of dates in North America , the band flew to London to begin recording the album , from 24 May to 25 June . More concerts in Europe and North America followed before the band returned on 9 January 1973 to complete work on the album .
= = Concept = =
The Dark Side of the Moon built upon experiments Pink Floyd had attempted in their previous live shows and recordings , but lacks the extended instrumental excursions which , according to critic David Fricke , had become characteristic of the band after founder member Syd Barrett left in 1968 . Gilmour , Barrett 's replacement , later referred to those instrumentals as " that psychedelic noodling stuff " , and with Waters cited 1971 's Meddle as a turning @-@ point towards what would be realised on the album . The Dark Side of the Moon 's lyrical themes include conflict , greed , the passage of time , death , and insanity , the latter inspired in part by Barrett 's deteriorating mental state ; he had been the band 's principal composer and lyricist . The album is notable for its use of musique concrète and conceptual , philosophical lyrics , as found in much of the band 's other work .
Each side of the album is a continuous piece of music . The five tracks on each side reflect various stages of human life , beginning and ending with a heartbeat , exploring the nature of the human experience , and ( according to Waters ) " empathy " . " Speak to Me " and " Breathe " together stress the mundane and futile elements of life that accompany the ever @-@ present threat of madness , and the importance of living one 's own life – " Don 't be afraid to care " . By shifting the scene to an airport , the synthesizer @-@ driven instrumental " On the Run " evokes the stress and anxiety of modern travel , in particular Wright 's fear of flying . " Time " examines the manner in which its passage can control one 's life and offers a stark warning to those who remain focused on mundane aspects ; it is followed by a retreat into solitude and withdrawal in " Breathe ( Reprise ) " . The first side of the album ends with Wright and vocalist Clare Torry 's soulful metaphor for death , " The Great Gig in the Sky " . Opening with the sound of cash registers and loose change , the first track on side two , " Money " , mocks greed and consumerism using tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek lyrics and cash @-@ related sound effects ( ironically , " Money " has been the most commercially successful track from the album , with several cover versions produced by other bands ) . " Us and Them " addresses the isolation of the depressed with the symbolism of conflict and the use of simple dichotomies to describe personal relationships . " Any Colour You Like " concerns the lack of choice one has in a human society . " Brain Damage " looks at a mental illness resulting from the elevation of fame and success above the needs of the self ; in particular , the line " and if the band you 're in starts playing different tunes " reflects the mental breakdown of former bandmate Syd Barrett . The album ends with " Eclipse " , which espouses the concepts of alterity and unity , while forcing the listener to recognise the common traits shared by humanity .
= = Recording = =
The album was recorded at Abbey Road Studios , in two sessions , between May 1972 and January 1973 . The band were assigned staff engineer Alan Parsons , who had worked as assistant tape operator on Atom Heart Mother , and who had also gained experience as a recording engineer on the Beatles ' Abbey Road and Let It Be . The recording sessions made use of some of the most advanced studio techniques of the time ; the studio was capable of 16 @-@ track mixes , which offered a greater degree of flexibility than the eight- or four @-@ track mixes they had previously used , although the band often used so many tracks that to make more space available second @-@ generation copies were made .
Beginning on 1 June , the first track to be recorded was " Us and Them " , followed six days later by " Money " . Waters had created effects loops from recordings of various money @-@ related objects , including coins thrown into a food @-@ mixing bowl taken from his wife 's pottery studio , and these were later re @-@ recorded to take advantage of the band 's decision to record a quadraphonic mix of the album ( Parsons has since expressed dissatisfaction with the result of this mix , attributed to a lack of time and the paucity of available multi @-@ track tape recorders ) . " Time " and " The Great Gig in the Sky " were the next pieces to be recorded , followed by a two @-@ month break , during which the band spent time with their families and prepared for an upcoming tour of the US . The recording sessions suffered regular interruptions ; Waters , a supporter of Arsenal F.C. , would often break to see his team compete , and the band would occasionally stop work to watch Monty Python 's Flying Circus on the television , leaving Parsons to work on material recorded up to that point . Gilmour has , however , disputed this claim ; in an interview in 2003 he said : " We would sometimes watch them but when we were on a roll , we would get on . "
Returning from the US in January 1973 , they recorded " Brain Damage " , " Eclipse " , " Any Colour You Like " and " On the Run " , while fine @-@ tuning the work they had already laid down in the previous sessions . A foursome of female vocalists was assembled to sing on " Brain Damage " , " Eclipse " and " Time " , and saxophonist Dick Parry was booked to play on " Us and Them " and " Money " . With director Adrian Maben , the band also filmed studio footage for Pink Floyd : Live at Pompeii . Once the recording sessions were complete , the band began a tour of Europe .
= = = Instrumentation = = =
The album is particularly notable for the metronomic sound effects during " Speak to Me " , and the tape loops that open " Money " . Mason created a rough version of " Speak to Me " at his home , before completing it in the studio . The track serves as an overture and contains cross @-@ fades of elements from other pieces on the album . A piano chord , replayed backwards , serves to augment the build @-@ up of effects , which are immediately followed by the opening of " Breathe " . Mason received a rare solo composing credit for " Speak to Me " .
The sound effects on " Money " were created by splicing together Waters ' recordings of clinking coins , tearing paper , a ringing cash register , and a clicking adding machine , which were used to create a 7 @-@ beat effects loop ( later adapted to four tracks in order to create a " walk around the room " effect in quadraphonic presentations of the album ) . At times the degree of sonic experimentation on the album required the engineers and band to operate the mixing console 's faders simultaneously , in order to mix down the intricately assembled multitrack recordings of several of the songs ( particularly " On the Run " ) .
Along with the conventional rock band instrumentation , Pink Floyd added prominent synthesizers to their sound . For example , the band experimented with an EMS VCS 3 on " Brain Damage " and " Any Colour You Like " , and a Synthi A on " Time " and " On the Run " . They also devised and recorded unconventional sounds , such as an assistant engineer running around the studio 's echo chamber ( during " On the Run " ) , and a specially treated bass drum made to simulate a human heartbeat ( during " Speak to Me " , " On the Run " , " Time " and " Eclipse " ) . This heartbeat is most prominent as the intro and the outro to the album , but it can also be heard sporadically on " Time " and " On the Run " . The assorted clocks ticking then chiming simultaneously at the start of " Time " , accompanied by a series of Rototoms , were initially created as a quadraphonic test by Parsons . The engineer recorded each timepiece at an antique clock shop , and although his recordings had not been created specifically for the album , elements of the material were eventually used in the track .
= = = Voices = = =
Several tracks , including " Us and Them " and " Time " , demonstrate Richard Wright 's and David Gilmour 's ability to harmonise their voices . In the 2003 documentary The Making of The Dark Side of the Moon , Waters attributed this to the fact that their voices sound extremely similar . To take advantage of this , Parsons utilised studio techniques such as the double tracking of vocals and guitars , which allowed Gilmour to harmonise with himself . The engineer also made prominent use of flanging and phase shifting effects on vocals and instruments , odd trickery with reverb , and the panning of sounds between channels ( most notable in the quadraphonic mix of " On the Run " , when the sound of the Hammond B3 organ played through a Leslie speaker rapidly swirls around the listener ) .
The album 's credits include Clare Torry , a session singer and songwriter , and a regular at Abbey Road . She had worked on pop material and numerous cover albums , and after hearing one of those albums Parsons invited her to the studio to sing on Wright 's composition The Great Gig in the Sky . She declined this invitation as she wanted to watch Chuck Berry perform at the Hammersmith Odeon , but arranged to come in on the following Sunday . The band explained the concept behind the album , but were unable to tell her exactly what she should do . Gilmour was in charge of the session , and in a few short takes on a Sunday night Torry improvised a wordless melody to accompany Wright 's emotive piano solo . She was initially embarrassed by her exuberance in the recording booth , and wanted to apologise to the band – only to find them delighted with her performance . Her takes were then selectively edited to produce the version used on the track . For her contribution she was paid £ 30 , equivalent to about £ 360 in 2016 , but in 2004 she sued EMI and Pink Floyd for songwriting royalties , arguing that her contribution to " The Great Gig in the Sky " was substantial enough to be considered co @-@ authorship . The High Court agreed with her , but the terms of the settlement were not disclosed . All post @-@ 2005 pressings therefore credit Wright and Torry jointly for the song .
Snippets of voices between and over the music are another notable feature of the album . During recording sessions , Waters recruited both the staff and the temporary occupants of the studio to answer a series of questions printed on flashcards . The interviewees were placed in front of a microphone in a darkened studio three , and shown such questions as " What 's your favourite colour ? " and " What 's your favourite food ? " , before moving on to themes more central to the album ( such as madness , violence , and death ) . Questions such as " When was the last time you were violent ? " , followed immediately by " Were you in the right ? " , were answered in the order they were presented . Roger " The Hat " Manifold proved difficult to find , and was the only contributor recorded in a conventional sit @-@ down interview , as by then the flashcards had been mislaid . Waters asked him about a violent encounter he had had with another motorist , and Manifold replied " ... give ' em a quick , short , sharp shock ... " When asked about death he responded " live for today , gone tomorrow , that 's me ... " Another roadie , Chris Adamson , who was on tour with Pink Floyd , recorded the snippet which opens the album : " I 've been mad for fucking years – absolutely years " . The band 's road manager Peter Watts ( father of actress Naomi Watts ) contributed the repeated laughter during " Brain Damage " and " Speak to Me " . His second wife , Patricia " Puddie " Watts ( now Patricia Gleason ) , was responsible for the line about the " geezer " who was " cruisin ' for a bruisin ' " used in the segue between " Money " and " Us and Them " , and the words " I never said I was frightened of dying " heard near the beginning of " The Great Gig in the Sky " .
Perhaps the most notable responses " I am not frightened of dying . Any time will do : I don 't mind . Why should I be frightened of dying ? There 's no reason for it – you 've got to go sometime " and closing words " there is no dark side in the moon , really . As a matter of fact it 's all dark " came from the studios ' Irish doorman , Gerry O 'Driscoll . Paul and Linda McCartney were also interviewed , but their answers were judged to be " trying too hard to be funny " , and were not included on the album . McCartney 's Wings bandmate Henry McCullough contributed the line " I don 't know , I was really drunk at the time " .
= = = Completion = = =
Following the completion of the dialogue sessions , producer Chris Thomas was hired to provide " a fresh pair of ears " . Thomas 's background was in music , rather than engineering . He had worked with Beatles producer George Martin , and was acquainted with Pink Floyd 's manager Steve O 'Rourke . All four members of the band were engaged in a disagreement over the style of the mix , with Waters and Mason preferring a " dry " and " clean " mix which made more use of the non @-@ musical elements , and Gilmour and Wright preferring a subtler and more " echoey " mix . Thomas later claimed there were no such disagreements , stating " There was no difference in opinion between them , I don 't remember Roger once saying that he wanted less echo . In fact , there were never any hints that they were later going to fall out . It was a very creative atmosphere . A lot of fun . " Although the truth remains unclear , Thomas 's intervention resulted in a welcome compromise between Waters and Gilmour , leaving both entirely satisfied with the end product . Thomas was responsible for significant changes to the album , including the perfect timing of the echo used on " Us and Them " . He was also present for the recording of " The Great Gig in the Sky " ( although Parsons was responsible for hiring Torry ) . Interviewed in 2006 , when asked if he felt his goals had been accomplished in the studio , Waters said :
When the record was finished I took a reel @-@ to @-@ reel copy home with me and I remember playing it for my wife then , and I remember her bursting into tears when it was finished . And I thought , " This has obviously struck a chord somewhere " , and I was kinda pleased by that . You know when you 've done something , certainly if you create a piece of music , you then hear it with fresh ears when you play it for somebody else . And at that point I thought to myself , " Wow , this is a pretty complete piece of work " , and I had every confidence that people would respond to it .
= = Packaging = =
The album was originally released in a gatefold LP sleeve designed by Hipgnosis and George Hardie . Hipgnosis had designed several of the band 's previous albums , with controversial results ; EMI had reacted with confusion when faced with the cover designs for Atom Heart Mother and Obscured by Clouds , as they had expected to see traditional designs which included lettering and words . Designers Storm Thorgerson and Aubrey Powell were able to ignore such criticism as they were employed by the band . For The Dark Side of the Moon , Richard Wright instructed them to come up with something " smarter , neater – more classy " . The prism design was inspired by a photograph that Thorgerson had seen during a brainstorming session with Powell .
The artwork was created by their associate , George Hardie . Hipgnosis offered the band a choice of seven designs , but all four members agreed that the prism was by far the best . The final design depicts a glass prism dispersing light into color . The design represents three elements ; the band 's stage lighting , the album lyrics , and Wright 's request for a " simple and bold " design . The spectrum of light continues through to the gatefold – an idea that Waters came up with . Added shortly afterwards , the gatefold design also includes a visual representation of the heartbeat sound used throughout the album , and the back of the album cover contains Thorgerson 's suggestion of another prism recombining the spectrum of light , facilitating interesting layouts of the sleeve in record shops . The light band emanating from the prism on the album cover has six colours , missing indigo compared to the traditional division of the spectrum into red , orange , yellow , green , blue , indigo and violet . Inside the sleeve were two posters and two pyramid @-@ themed stickers . One poster bore pictures of the band in concert , overlaid with scattered letters to form PINK FLOYD , and the other an infrared photograph of the Great Pyramids of Giza , created by Powell and Thorgerson .
Since the departure of founder member Barrett in 1968 , the burden of lyrical composition had fallen mostly on Waters ' shoulders . He is therefore credited as the author of the album 's lyrics , making The Dark Side of the Moon the first of five consecutive Pink Floyd albums with lyrics credited only to him . The band were so confident of the quality of the writing that , for the first time , they felt able to print them on the album 's sleeve . When in 2003 he was asked if his input on the album was " organising [ the ] ideas and frameworks " and David Gilmour 's was " the music " , Waters replied :
That 's crap . There 's no question that Dave needs a vehicle to bring out the best of his guitar playing . And he is a great guitar player . But the idea which he 's tried to propagate over the years that he 's somehow more musical than I am is absolute fucking nonsense . It 's an absurd notion but people seem quite happy to believe it .
= = Release = =
As the quadraphonic mix of the album was not then complete , the band ( with the exception of Wright ) boycotted the press reception held at the London Planetarium on 27 February . The guests were , instead , presented with a quartet of life @-@ sized cardboard cut @-@ outs of the band , and the stereo mix of the album was presented through a poor @-@ quality public address system . Generally , however , the press were enthusiastic ; Melody Maker 's Roy Hollingworth described side one as " so utterly confused with itself it was difficult to follow " , but praised side two , writing : " The songs , the sounds , the rhythms were solid and sound , Saxophone hit the air , the band rocked and rolled , and then gushed and tripped away into the night . " Steve Peacock of Sounds wrote : " I don 't care if you 've never heard a note of the Pink Floyd 's music in your life , I 'd unreservedly recommend everyone to The Dark Side of the Moon " . In his 1973 review for Rolling Stone magazine , Loyd Grossman declared Dark Side " a fine album with a textural and conceptual richness that not only invites , but demands involvement " . In his 1981 review of the album , Robert Christgau found its lyrical ideas clichéd and its music pretentious , but called it a " kitsch masterpiece " that can be charming with highlights such as taped speech fragments , Parry 's saxophone , and studio effects which enhance Gilmour 's guitar solos .
The Dark Side of the Moon was released first in the US on 1 March 1973 , and then in the UK on 16 March . It became an instant chart success in Britain and throughout Western Europe ; by the following month , it had gained a gold certification in the US . Throughout March 1973 the band played the album as part of their US tour , including a midnight performance at Radio City Music Hall in New York City on 17 March before an audience of 6 @,@ 000 . The album reached the Billboard Top LP 's & Tape chart 's number one spot on 28 April 1973 , and was so successful that the band returned two months later for another tour .
= = = Label = = =
Much of the album 's early American success is attributed to the efforts of Pink Floyd 's US record company , Capitol Records . Newly appointed chairman Bhaskar Menon set about trying to reverse the relatively poor sales of the band 's 1971 studio album Meddle . Meanwhile , disenchanted with Capitol , the band and manager O 'Rourke had been quietly negotiating a new contract with CBS president Clive Davis , on Columbia Records . The Dark Side of the Moon was the last album that Pink Floyd were obliged to release before formally signing a new contract . Menon 's enthusiasm for the new album was such that he began a huge promotional advertising campaign , which included radio @-@ friendly truncated versions of " Us and Them " and " Time " . In some countries – notably the UK – Pink Floyd had not released a single since 1968 's " Point Me at the Sky " , and unusually " Money " was released as a single on 7 May , with " Any Colour You Like " on the B @-@ side . It reached number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100 in July 1973 . A two @-@ sided white label promotional version of the single , with mono and stereo mixes , was sent to radio stations . The mono side had the word " bullshit " removed from the song – leaving " bull " in its place – however , the stereo side retained the uncensored version . This was subsequently withdrawn ; the replacement was sent to radio stations with a note advising disc jockeys to dispose of the first uncensored copy . On 4 February 1974 , a double A @-@ side single was released with " Time " on one side , and " Us and Them " on the opposite side . Menon 's efforts to secure a contract renewal with Pink Floyd were in vain however ; at the beginning of 1974 , the band signed for Columbia with a reported advance fee of $ 1M ( in Britain and Europe they continued to be represented by Harvest Records ) .
= = = Sales = = =
The Dark Side of the Moon became one of the best @-@ selling albums of all time and is in the top 25 of a list of best @-@ selling albums in the United States . Although it held the number one spot in the US for only a week , it remained in the Billboard album chart for 741 weeks . The album re @-@ appeared on the Billboard charts with the introduction of the Top Pop Catalog Albums chart in May 1991 , and has been a perennial feature since then . In the UK it is the eighth @-@ best @-@ selling album of all time .
In the US the LP was released before the introduction of platinum awards on 1 January 1976 . It therefore held only a gold disc until 16 February 1990 , when it was certified 11 × platinum . On 4 June 1998 the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) certified the album 15 × platinum , denoting sales of fifteen million in the United States – making it their biggest @-@ selling work there ( The Wall is 23 × platinum , but as a double album this signifies sales of 11 @.@ 5 million ) . " Money " has sold well as a single , and as with " Time " , remains a radio favourite ; in the US , for the year ending 20 April 2005 , " Time " was played on 13 @,@ 723 occasions , and " Money " on 13 @,@ 731 occasions . Industry sources suggest that worldwide sales of the album total about 45 million . " On a slow week " between 8 @,@ 000 and 9 @,@ 000 copies are sold , and a total of 400 @,@ 000 were sold in 2002 , making it the 200th @-@ best @-@ selling album of that year – nearly three decades after its initial release . The album has sold 9 @,@ 502 @,@ 000 copies in the US since 1991 when Nielsen SoundScan began tracking sales for Billboard . To this day , it occupies a prominent spot on Billboard 's Pop Catalog Chart . It reached number one when the 2003 hybrid CD / SACD edition was released and sold 800 @,@ 000 copies in the US . On the week of 5 May 2006 The Dark Side of the Moon achieved a combined total of 1 @,@ 500 weeks on the Billboard 200 and Pop Catalog charts . One in every fourteen people in the US under the age of 50 is estimated to own , or to have owned , a copy . Upon a chart rule change in 2009 allowing catalog titles to re @-@ enter the Billboard 200 , The Dark Side of the Moon returned to the chart at number 189 on 12 December of that year for its 742nd charting week . It has continued to sporadically appear on the Billboard 200 since then , reaching 900 weeks on the chart in April 2015 .
= = = Re @-@ issues and remastering = = =
In 1979 , The Dark Side of the Moon was released as a remastered LP by Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab , and in April 1988 on their " Ultradisc " gold CD format . The album was released by EMI on the then @-@ new compact disc format in 1984 , and in 1992 it was re @-@ released as a remastered CD in the box set Shine On . This version was re @-@ released as a 20th anniversary box set edition with postcards the following year . The cover design was again by Storm Thorgerson , the designer of the original 1973 cover . A suggestion that on CD pressings a faintly audible orchestral version of the Beatles ' " Ticket to Ride " can be heard after " Eclipse " over the album 's closing heartbeats may be due to a remastering error .
The original quadraphonic mix , created by Parsons , was commissioned by EMI but never endorsed by Pink Floyd , as Parsons was disappointed with his mix . To celebrate the album 's 30th anniversary , an updated surround version was released in 2003 . The band elected not to use Parsons ' quadraphonic mix ( done shortly after the original release ) , and instead had engineer James Guthrie create a new 5 @.@ 1 channel surround sound mix on the SACD format . Guthrie had worked with Pink Floyd since co @-@ producing and engineering their eleventh album , The Wall , and had previously worked on surround versions of The Wall for DVD @-@ Video and Waters ' In the Flesh for SACD . Speaking in 2003 , Alan Parsons expressed some disappointment with Guthrie 's SACD mix , suggesting that Guthrie was " possibly a little too true to the original mix " , but was generally complimentary . The 30th @-@ anniversary edition won four Surround Music Awards in 2003 , and has since sold more than 800 @,@ 000 copies . The cover image was created by a team of designers including Storm Thorgerson . The image is a photograph of a custom @-@ made stained glass window , built to match the exact dimensions and proportions of the original prism design . Transparent glass , held in place by strips of lead , was used in place of the opaque colours of the original . The idea is derived from the " sense of purity in the sound quality , being 5 @.@ 1 surround sound ... " The image was created out of a desire to be " the same but different , such that the design was clearly DSotM , still the recognisable prism design , but was different and hence new " .
The Dark Side of the Moon was also re @-@ released in 2003 on 180 @-@ gram virgin vinyl ( mastered by Kevin Gray at AcousTech Mastering ) and included slightly different versions of the original posters and stickers that came with the original vinyl release , along with a new 30th anniversary poster . In 2007 the album was included in Oh , by the Way , a box set celebrating the 40th anniversary of Pink Floyd , and a DRM @-@ free version was released on the iTunes Store . In 2011 the album was re @-@ released as part of the Why Pink Floyd ... ? campaign , featuring a remastered version of the album along with various other material .
= = Legacy = =
The success of the album brought wealth to all four members of the band ; Richard Wright and Roger Waters bought large country houses , and Nick Mason became a collector of upmarket cars . Some of the profits were invested in the production of Monty Python and the Holy Grail . Engineer Alan Parsons received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Engineered Recording , Non @-@ Classical for The Dark Side of the Moon , and he went on to have a successful career as a recording artist with the Alan Parsons Project . Although Waters and Gilmour have on occasion downplayed his contribution to the success of the album , Mason has praised his role . In 2003 , Parsons reflected : " I think they all felt that I managed to hang the rest of my career on Dark Side of the Moon , which has an element of truth to it . But I still wake up occasionally , frustrated about the fact that they made untold millions and a lot of the people involved in the record didn 't . "
Part of the legacy of The Dark Side of the Moon is in its influence on modern music , the musicians who have performed cover versions of its songs , and even in modern urban myths . Its release is often seen as a pivotal point in the history of rock music , and comparisons are sometimes drawn between Pink Floyd and Radiohead – specifically their 1997 album OK Computer – which has been called The Dark Side of the Moon of the 1990s , owing to the fact that both albums share themes relating to the loss of a creative individual 's ability to function in the modern world .
= = = Rankings = = =
The Dark Side of the Moon has appeared on rankings of the greatest albums of all @-@ time . In 1987 , Rolling Stone listed the record 35th on its " Top 100 Albums of the Last 20 Years " , and sixteen years later , in 2003 the album polled in 43rd position on the magazine 's list of the " 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " . In 2012 , The Dark Side of the Moon was voted 43rd on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the " 500 Greatest Albums of All Time " . In 2006 , it was voted " My Favourite Album " by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation 's audience . NME readers voted the album eighth in their 2006 " Best Album of All Time " online poll , and in 2009 , Planet Rock listeners voted the album the " greatest of all time " . The album is also number two on the " Definitive 200 " list of albums , made by the National Association of Recording Merchandisers " in celebration of the art form of the record album " . It came 29th in The Observer 's 2006 list of " The 50 Albums That Changed Music " , and 37th in The Guardian 's 1997 list of the " 100 Best Albums Ever " , as voted for by a panel of artists and music critics . The album 's cover has been lauded by critics and listeners alike , VH1 proclaiming it the fourth greatest in history , and Planet Rock listeners the greatest of all time . In 2013 , The Dark Side of the Moon was selected for preservation in the United States National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress for being deemed " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant " . In 2014 , readers of Rhythm voted it the seventh most influential progressive drumming album .
= = = Covers , tributes and samples = = =
One of the more notable covers of The Dark Side of the Moon is Return to the Dark Side of the Moon : A Tribute to Pink Floyd . Released in 2006 , the album is a progressive rock tribute featuring artists such as Adrian Belew , Tommy Shaw , Dweezil Zappa , and Rick Wakeman . In 2000 , The Squirrels released The Not So Bright Side of the Moon , which features a cover of the entire album . The New York dub collective Easy Star All @-@ Stars released Dub Side of the Moon in 2003 and Dubber Side of the Moon in 2010 . The group Voices on the Dark Side released the album Dark Side of the Moon a Cappella , a complete a cappella version of the album . The bluegrass band Poor Man 's Whiskey frequently play the album in bluegrass style , calling the suite Dark Side of the Moonshine . A string quartet version of the album was released in 2004 . In 2009 , The Flaming Lips released a track @-@ by @-@ track remake of the album in collaboration with Stardeath and White Dwarfs , and featuring Henry Rollins and Peaches as guest musicians .
Several notable acts have covered the album live in its entirety , and a range of performers have used samples from The Dark Side of the Moon in their own material . Jam @-@ rock band Phish performed a semi @-@ improvised version of the entire album as part their show on 2 November 1998 in West Valley City , Utah . Progressive metal band Dream Theater have twice covered the album in their live shows , and in May 2011 Mary Fahl released From the Dark Side of the Moon , a song @-@ by @-@ song " re @-@ imagining " of the album . Milli Vanilli used the tape loops from Pink Floyd 's " Money " to open their track " Money " , followed by Marky Mark and the Funky Bunch on Music for the People .
= = = Dark Side of the Rainbow = = =
Dark Side of the Rainbow and Dark Side of Oz are two names commonly used in reference to rumours ( circulated on the Internet since at least 1994 ) that The Dark Side of the Moon was written as a soundtrack for the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz . Observers playing the film and the album simultaneously have reported apparent synchronicities , such as Dorothy beginning to jog at the lyric " no one told you when to run " during " Time " , and Dorothy balancing on a tightrope fence during the line " balanced on the biggest wave " in " Breathe " . David Gilmour and Nick Mason have both denied a connection between the two works , and Roger Waters has described the rumours as " amusing " . Alan Parsons has stated that the film was not mentioned during production of the album .
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by Roger Waters .
= = Personnel = =
= = Charts and certifications = =
= = Release history = =
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= Cyclone Onil =
Severe Cyclonic Storm Onil ( India Meteorological Department designation : ARB 03 ; Joint Typhoon Warning Center designation : 03A ) was the first tropical cyclone to be named in the northern Indian Ocean . Forming out of an area of convection several hundred kilometres southwest of India on October 1 , 2004 , Cyclone Onil quickly attained its peak intensity on October 2 with winds of 100 km / h ( 65 mph ) and a barometric pressure of 990 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 23 inHg ) . However , dry air quickly entered the system , causing it to rapidly weaken to a depression just off the coast of Gujarat , India . Over the following several days , the system took a slow , erratic track towards the south @-@ southeast . After turning northeastward , the system made landfall near Porbandar on October 10 and dissipated shortly thereafter .
Throughout southeastern Pakistan and northwestern India , thousands of residents were evacuated prior to the cyclone 's arrival . In these areas , the storm produced moderate to heavy rainfall , peaking at 145 mm ( 5 @.@ 7 in ) in Thatta , Sindh , Pakistan . These rains led to flash flooding in several areas . Nine people died in several incidents related to the storm in Karachi . The drainage system of Hyderabad sustained significant damage , leading to several protests and demonstrations by city residents . Offshore , 300 fishermen are believed to have gone missing during the storm ; no reports have confirmed their whereabouts since they disappeared .
= = Meteorological history = =
Severe Cyclonic Storm Onil was first identified as an area of convection early on September 30 , 2004 situated roughly 465 km ( 290 mi ) southwest of Mumbai , India . Satellite imagery depicted a poorly organized system with deep convection partially surrounding a low @-@ level circulation . Situated over warm water and within an area of moderate wind shear , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) assessed the system 's chances of developing into a tropical cyclone as " fair " . Within several hours of being identified , the Indian Meteorological Department ( IMD ) began monitoring the system as Depression ARB 03 . Despite a decrease in convection later on September 30 , the IMD upgraded the cyclone to a deep depression , stating that three @-@ minute sustained winds had reached 55 km / h ( 35 mph ) . Early the next day , organization substantially improved , prompting the JTWC to issue a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert . Around 0900 UTC on October 1 , the IMD upgraded the deep depression to Cyclonic Storm Onil . Upon being named , the storm became the first tropical cyclone on record to be named in the northern Indian Ocean . The WMO / ESCAP Panel agreed in May 2004 that in September , tropical cyclones in the Northern Indian Ocean attaining gale @-@ force winds would be given names .
Later on October 1 , the JTWC issued their first advisory on the storm , classifying it as Tropical Cyclone 03A . Tracking towards the northeast , Onil intensified as convection consolidated around the center of circulation . Roughly 24 hours after being named , the system attained its peak intensity as a severe cyclonic storm with winds of 100 km / h ( 65 mph ) and a barometric pressure of 990 mbar ( hPa ; 29 @.@ 23 inHg ) according to the IMD with . Upon reaching this strength , the system featured a pinhole eye surrounded by deep convection . Additionally , Dvorak technique intensity estimates reached 3 @.@ 5 , indicating a high @-@ end tropical storm . However , the JTWC stated maximum winds to be 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) , a low @-@ end tropical storm . As the storm neared the Indian coastline , dry air quickly entered the circulation , causing most of the convection associated with Onil to dissipate . Located within 100 km ( 65 mi ) of land , the JTWC downgraded the system to a tropical depression and the IMD downgraded Onil to a deep depression .
On October 3 , the center of Onil skimmed the coastline of northwestern India ; however , the center did not cross land . Around this time , the upper @-@ level circulation detached from the low @-@ level circulation , further weakening the storm . Early on October 4 , the JTWC stated that the system had degenerated into a non @-@ convective remnant low pressure system . After executing a counter @-@ clockwise loop , the depression slowly tracked south @-@ southeastward , away from land . By October 7 , the system was reclassified as a tropical depression by the JTWC as it stalled several hundred kilometres southwest of Gujarat , India . The system maintained a relatively low intensity for the following several days before making landfall near Porbandar with winds of 45 km / h ( 30 mph ) . Within hours of moving inland , Onil dissipated early on October 10 .
= = Impact and aftermath = =
In northwestern India , thousands of residents were evacuated in fears of Onil striking the region . According to one of the evacuated residents , this was the seventh evacuation due to a cyclone in the area since 1999 . On October 10 , the storm 's remnants brought light to moderate rainfall in India ; there was no known rainfall amount exceeding 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) throughout the region .
In southeastern Pakistan , an estimated 6 @,@ 000 people were evacuated from coastal regions prior to Cyclone Onil 's arrival . Port officials warned fishermen not to venture out during the storm due to rough seas . Cyclone Onil brought moderate to heavy rainfall and gusty winds . A maximum of 145 mm ( 5 @.@ 7 in ) of rain fell in Thatta , Sindh between October 2 and 3 . In Hyderabad , heavy rains amounting to 98 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) caused a 10 ft ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) section of a drainage system to collapse , prompting the evacuation of several hundred residents . Throughout Sindh , an estimated 607 square kilometres ( 234 sq mi ) of land was inundated by flood waters , destroying roughly 70 % of the cotton crop . In the city of Karachi , nine people were killed in various incidents related to the storm at least 35 mph ( 56 km / h ) winds were reported . Two people were killed after being electrocuted by a downed power line outside their home . Many streets in the city were flooded and power lines were downed . Another one of these people died while trying to clear a drain near her house when a wall collapsed on her . Offshore , 163 fishermen were reported to be missing after being caught in the storm . However , reports from Pakistani officials stated that at least 300 fishermen were missing . In other areas , power was lost for more than 48 hours after Onil moved through the region . Around Karo Gongro , 100 people were stranded along a major roadway after flash flooding struck the area .
In the wake of the storm , Pakistani officials set up 26 relief camps where residents were offered food and shelter . Roughly 3 @,@ 000 people sought refuge in these shelters . Mobile units were also set up by the District Health Department to minimize the impacts of any post @-@ storm diseases . On October 3 , Imtiaz Ahmed Shaikh expressed his grief over the damage caused by Cyclonic Storm Onil and stated that he would be touring the affected region within the following days . At least 40 million Pakistani rupee ( $ 469 @,@ 000 USD ) was allocated in relief funds by Sindh Minister Syed Papoo Shah . On October 4 , port officials stated that it was safe for fishermen to resume their activities in the Arabian Sea . Later that day , a rain emergency was declared for Hyderabad and emergency shelters were set up in the city . All officers in the Hyderabad Development Authority who were initially put on leave ahead of the cyclone were told to resume work to assist in clearing drainage systems . Several days after the storm , reports indicated that there were more than 300 instances where the city 's drainage system collapsed across the area , resulting in standing water in many structures . Residents in these areas , frustrated by the lack of quick action by the government , began holding protests about the flooding . In response to these protests , Shaukat Hayat Bhutto suspended Assistant Engineer Sewage manager , Qamar Memon , for his negligence on draining flood waters .
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= Jauchzet Gott in allen Landen , BWV 51 =
Jauchzet Gott in allen Landen ( " Exult in God in every land " or " Shout for joy to God in all lands " ) BWV 51 , is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach . The work is Bach 's only church cantata scored for a solo soprano and trumpet . He composed it for general use ( ogni tempo ) , in other words not for a particular date in the church calendar , although he used it for the 15th Sunday after Trinity : the first known performance was on 17 September 1730 in Leipzig . The work may have been composed earlier , possibly for an occasion at the court of Christian , Duke of Saxe @-@ Weissenfels , for whom Bach had composed the Hunting Cantata and the Shepherd Cantata .
The text was written by an unknown poet who took inspiration from various biblical books , especially from psalms , and included as a closing chorale a stanza from the hymn " Nun lob , mein Seel , den Herren " . Bach structured the work in five movements , with the solo voice accompanied by a Baroque orchestra of a virtuoso trumpet , strings and continuo . While the outer movements with the trumpet express extrovert jubilation of God 's goodness and his wonders , the central introspective aria , accompanied only by the continuo , conveys a " profound expression of commitment to God " . He set the closing chorale as a chorale fantasia , the soprano sings the unadorned melody to a trio of two violins and continuo , leading to an unusual festive fugal Alleluja , in which the trumpet joins .
The Bach scholar Klaus Hofmann notes that the work , unusually popular among Bach 's church cantatas , is unique in the demanded virtuosity of the soprano and trumpet soloist , and evidences " overflowing jubilation and radiant beauty " .
= = History and words = =
Bach used the cantata in Leipzig for the 15th Sunday after Trinity on 17 September 1730 . The prescribed readings for the Sunday came from the Epistle to the Galatians , Paul 's admonition to " walk in the Spirit " ( Galatians 5 : 25 – 6 : 10 ) , and from the Sermon on the Mount in the Gospel of Matthew , which exhorts the faithful not to worry about material needs , but to seek God 's kingdom first ( Matthew 6 : 23 – 34 ) . The author is unknown . Without any reference to the prescribed readings , he incorporates in the first movement ideas from Matthew 6 : 30 , Psalms 138 : 2 and Psalms 26 : 8 , and in the central aria thoughts from Matthew 6 : 34 and Lamentations 3 : 22 – 23 . The closing chorale is the fifth stanza of " Nun lob , mein Seel , den Herren " , added to Johann Gramann 's hymn in Königsberg in 1549 . Bach used the same stanza in a different setting to close his cantata Wir danken dir , Gott , wir danken dir , BWV 29 . Bach led the performance on 17 September 1730 .
Bach 's manuscript indicates the 15th Sunday after Trinity " et in ogni tempo " ( " and at any time " ) . The latter phrase indicates the possible general use of the work , with a cantata text that has no direct relevance to the scriptural readings . The dedication for the 15th Sunday was added later , indicating that the cantata was not intended for the specific occasion .
Bach composed BWV 51 during a period when he composed church cantatas only irregularly , some of them to complete his earlier cycles . According to the Bach scholar Christoph Wolff , Bach may have written the cantata shortly before 1730 for an unknown occasion . The performance material survived but does not reveal further detail , other than indicating one later performance . Hofmann sees a connection to the court of Weißenfels where a scoring of solo soprano and trumpet was popular , and assumes that the work may have been originally intended for a performance at court by a professional female singer . Bach had written two birthday cantatas for Christian , Duke of Saxe @-@ Weissenfels . He was invited to the birthday celebration of 1729 and returned with the title of Hofkapellmeister of Sachsen @-@ WeiBenfels ( " court director of music of Saxe @-@ Weissenfels " ) , and Hofmann thinks a connection between the title and cantata " highly probable " .
Both the soprano part , which covers two octaves and requires a high C , and the solo trumpet part , which at times trades melodic lines with the soprano on an equal basis , are extremely virtuosic . The Bach scholar Alfred Dürr assumes that Bach had an unusually gifted singer , adding that a female voice was unlikely in conservative Leipzig . According to Joshua Rifkin Christoph Nichelmann is a possible candidate because Bach being aware of his capabilities accepted him willingly to the Thomasschule and Nichelmann matriculated into the school three weeks before the first performance . The trumpet part was probably written for Gottfried Reiche , Bach 's principal trumpeter at the time . The scoring is unique in Bach 's cantatas , but was frequently used by Italian composers such as Alessandro Scarlatti . Bach 's son Friedemann Bach arranged the work by adding a second trumpet and timpani .
The cantata is one of only four sacred cantatas that Bach wrote for a solo soprano ( if one excludes his arrangement of the cantata for solo bass and oboe Ich habe genug , BWV 82 , for flute and soprano BWV 82a ) and no other vocal soloists ( the others being Falsche Welt , dir trau ich nicht , BWV 52 , Ich bin vergnügt mit meinem Glücke , BWV 84 , and Mein Herze schwimmt im Blut , BWV 199 ) , while he wrote several secular cantatas for solo soprano : Weichet nur , betrübte Schatten , BWV 202 , Ich bin in mir vergnügt , BWV 204 , Non sa che sia dolore , BWV 209 , and O holder Tag , erwünschte Zeit , BWV 210 .
= = Scoring and structure = =
Bach structured the cantata in five movements and scored it for a soprano soloist and a Baroque orchestra of trumpets ( Tr ) , two violins ( Vl ) , viola ( Va ) , and basso continuo ( Bc ) . The title of the autograph score reads : " Dominica 15 post Trinitatis / et / In ogni Tempo . / Jauchzet Gott in allen Landen . / à / Soprano solo / 1 Tromba * / 2 Violino / Viola / e / Continuo / di / Joh : Seb : Bach " . It is the only church cantata by Bach scored for solo soprano and trumpet . The duration is given as 20 minutes .
In the following table of the movements , the scoring follows the Neue Bach @-@ Ausgabe . The keys and time signatures are taken from Dürr , using the symbol for common time ( 4 / 4 ) . The instruments are shown separately for wind instrument and strings . The continuo , playing throughout , is not shown .
= = Music = =
The music is concertante and virtuoso for both the trumpet and the soloist . The first aria and the concluding Alleluja are in the style of an Italian concerto . Dürr observes that the five movements are in five different musical forms : concerto , monody , variation , chorale fantasia and fugue . The scoring is richest in the outer movements ( with the trumpet ) , and reduced to just continuo in the central aria .
= = = 1 = = =
The first aria , " Jauchzet Gott in allen Landen " ( Exult in God in every land ) , is in da capo form , with extended coloraturas . The theme , with a beginning in a triad fanfare , is well suited to the trumpet . It is first developed in a ritornello of the orchestra and then " constantly worked " in the soprano part .
= = = 2 = = =
The only recitative , " Wir beten zu dem Tempel an " ( We pray at your temple ) , is first accompanied by the strings , a second part is secco but arioso . The second part develops the idea of " von seinen Wundern lallen " ( chatter about His wonders ) in coloraturas of rhythmical complexity .
= = = 3 = = =
The second aria , " Höchster , mache deine Güte " ( Highest , renew Your goodness ) , is accompanied only by the continuo " quasi ostinato " which supports expressive coloraturas of the voice . The lines in the continuo , in constant movement in 12 / 8 time seem to constantly rise , towards the addressed " Höchster " ( Highest ) which appears as an octave jump down . Two extended melismas express gratefulness for being a child of God . The musicologist Julian Minchem notes that Bach is able to convey with modest means a " profound expression of commitment to God " .
= = = 4 = = =
The chorale , " Sei Lob und Preis mit Ehren " ( Glory , and praise with honor ) , is a chorale fantasia , with the soprano singing the unadorned melody to a three @-@ part accompaniment of two violins and continuo .
= = = 5 = = =
The chorale leads without a break to a concluding fugal " Alleluja " with the trumpet , bringing the cantata to a particularly festive close . The movement begins with the soprano and the responding trumpet , before the other instruments come in to build a " fine display piece " . Mincham summarizes : " The long flowing melismas leave one literally breathless with the sheer pleasure in , and energy generated through , the relationship with God . "
= = Selected recordings = =
The listing is taken from the selection provided by Aryeh Oron on the Bach @-@ Cantatas website .
The piece was recorded by sopranos such as Elisabeth Schwarzkopf ( from 1948 ) , Maria Stader ( 1959 ) , Elly Ameling ( 1970 ) , Edith Mathis ( 1972 ) , Edita Gruberova ( 1979 ) , Lucia Popp ( 1980 ) , Helen Donath ( 1983 ) , Elizabeth Parcells ( 1983 ) , Monika Frimmer ( 1984 ) , Barbara Hendricks ( 1989 ) , Christine Schäfer ( 1999 ) , Siri Thornhill ( 2007 ) .
In the following table , the second soloist is the trumpeter . Ensembles playing on period instruments in historically informed performance are marked by a green background under the header Instr ..
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= Hospice care in the United States =
Hospice care in the United States is a type and philosophy of end @-@ of @-@ life care which focuses on the palliation of a terminally ill patient 's symptoms . These symptoms can be physical , emotional , spiritual or social in nature . The concept of hospice as a place to treat the incurably ill has been evolving since the 11th century and came into the United States in the 1970s in response to the work of Cicely Saunders in the United Kingdom . Since its first establishment , the industry has rapidly expanded . In the United States , it is distinguished by more extensive volunteerism and a greater emphasis on the patient 's psychological needs in coming to terms with dying .
With practices largely defined by the Medicare system , a social insurance program in the United States , and other health insurance providers , hospice care is made available in the United States to patients of any age with any terminal prognosis who are medically certified to have less than six months to live . In 2007 , hospice treatment was utilized by 1 @.@ 4 million people in the United States . More than one @-@ third of dying Americans utilize the service . However , common misperceptions regarding the length of time a patient may receive hospice care and the kinds of illnesses covered may result in hospice being underutilized . Although most hospice patients are in treatment for less than thirty days , care may extend beyond six months so long as a patient 's condition continues to merit such medical outlook . Medical and social services are supplied to patients and their families by an interdisciplinary team of professional providers and volunteers who take a patient @-@ directed approach to managing illness . Generally , treatment is not diagnostic or curative , although the patient may choose some treatment options intended to prolong life , such as CPR . Most hospice services are covered by Medicare or other providers , and many hospices can provide access to charitable resources for patients lacking such coverage .
Care may be provided in a patient 's home or in a designated facility , such as a nursing home , hospital unit or freestanding hospice , with level of care and sometimes location based upon frequent evaluation of the patient 's needs . The four primary levels of care provided by hospice are routine home care , continuous care , general inpatient and respite care . Patients undergoing hospice treatment may be discharged for a number of reasons , including improvement of their condition and refusal to cooperate with providers , but may return to hospice care as their circumstances change . Providers are required by Medicare to provide to patients notice of pending discharge , which they may appeal .
Outside the United States there may not be the same distinctions made between care of those with terminal illnesses as against palliative care in a more general setting . In such countries , the term hospice is more likely to refer to a particular type of institution , rather than specifically to care in the final months or weeks of life ; and specific end @-@ of @-@ life care is more likely to be included in the general term " palliative care " .
= = History and statistics = =
The first hospices are believed to have originated in the 11th century when for the first time the incurably ill were permitted into places dedicated to treatment by Crusaders . In the early 14th century , the order of the Knights Hospitaller of St. John of Jerusalem opened the first hospice in Rhodes , meant to provide refuge for travelers and care for the ill and dying . But the hospice practice languished until revived in the 17th century in France by the Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul and , later , by the Irish Sisters of Charity , who opened St Joseph 's Hospice in London , England in 1902 . It was there in the 1950s that Cicely Saunders , who later founded St Christopher 's Hospice in London , developed many of the foundational principles of modern hospice care .
In 1971 , Hospice , Inc. was founded in the United States , first bringing the principles of modern hospice care to that country . Throughout the 1970s , the philosophies of hospice were being implemented throughout the United States . The hospice movement in the United States soon distinguished itself from that in Britain , according to Stephen Connor 's Hospice : Practice , Pitfalls and Promise , by " a greater emphasis on use of volunteers and more focus on psychological preparation for death " . Medicare , a social insurance program in the United States , added hospice services to its coverage in 1982 . On September 13 , 1982 , by request of the senate , US President Ronald Reagan proclaimed the week of November 7 through November 14 , 1982 , as National Hospice Week .
Since then , the hospice industry has rapidly expanded . By 1995 , hospices were a $ 2 @.@ 8 billion industry , with $ 1 @.@ 9 billion from Medicare alone funding patients in 1 @,@ 857 hospice programs with Medicare certification . In that year , 72 % of hospice providers were non @-@ profit . By 1998 , there were 3 @,@ 200 hospices either in operation or under development throughout the United States and Puerto Rico , according to the National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization ( NHPCO ) . According to 2007 's Last Rights : Rescuing the End of Life from the Medical System , hospice sites are expanding at a national rate of about 3 @.@ 5 % per year . In 2007 , 1 @.@ 4 million people in the United States utilized hospice , with more than one @-@ third of dying Americans utilizing the service , approximately 39 % . In 2008 , Medicare alone , which pays for 80 % of hospice treatment , paid $ 10 billion to the 4 @,@ 000 Medicare @-@ certified providers in the United States .
As the hospice industry has expanded , so , too , has the concept of hospice care . 2003 saw the opening of the first US children 's hospice facility , the George Mark Children 's House Hospice in San Francisco . In February , 2009 , Buffalo News reported that the balance of non @-@ profit and for @-@ profit hospices was shifting , with the latter as " the fastest @-@ growing slice of the industry . "
= = Philosophy and practices = =
The goal of all hospice agencies in the United States is to provide comfort to the patient . How comfort is defined is up to the patient or , if the patient is incapacitated , the patient 's family . This can mean freedom from physical , emotional , spiritual and / or social pain . Hospices typically do not perform treatments that are meant to diagnose or cure an illness , and they do not seek to hasten death or , primarily or unduly , to extend life . While it is not required that patients sign " Do not resuscitate " orders to be on hospice , some hospices do require them as a condition of acceptance . Many hospice patients , though not all , have made decisions not to receive CPR should their heart or breathing stop . If a patient does decide to request CPR , that service may not be provided by the hospice ; the family may need to contact Emergency Medical Services to provide CPR . The decision not to extend life as well as the pulling back of diagnostic or curative treatments is often the greatest barrier for patients in accepting hospice care ; it can also create conflicts in medical professionals attempting to provide it .
Some confusion exists as to what treatments a patient may receive and still qualify for hospice care . Hospices may provide treatments that have been traditionally regarded as curative , including radiation therapy or antibiotics , if these are administered to improve quality of life . Determination of appropriate treatment is made on a case @-@ by @-@ case basis .
Another aspect of the hospice philosophy is the patient @-@ centered care they provide . As the focus throughout the United States has shifted from provider @-@ centered care , many healthcare agencies market themselves as patient @-@ centered ; for hospice , this patient @-@ directed care is integral and interwoven throughout the care which is provided , and Medicare regulations reflect this philosophy .
= = Hospice demographic = =
In order to qualify for hospice care , a patient must have certification from two physicians that he or she has less than six months to live if his or her disease runs its natural course ; usually the patient 's primary physician and the Hospice Medical Director will provide this certification . Patients can and do stay on hospice longer than six months , and as long as the hospice team continues to certify with supporting evidence that the patient is terminal , insurance companies will usually continue to pay for hospice care .
Many physicians are slow to refer to hospice care , waiting until they are absolutely certain of a terminal prognosis . Some physicians believe that the patient must have a six @-@ month prognosis or less to receive hospice care , while others are overly optimistic in their assessment of prognosis , presuming treatment will be more effective than it is . As a result , the majority of patients are referred to hospice in the very end @-@ stages of their diseases . The average length of stay in hospice before a patient dies was 26 days in 1994 , but only 19 days in 1998 . Although these numbers have since increased , the term of care continues to be underutilized , with an average length of stay in 2004 of 57 days and a median length of 22 days . 33 % of hospice patients admitted in 2004 died within seven days of admission . Such late admission is inconsistent with the process of hospice , which requires time for patients and family members to develop relationships with the hospice team .
A misperception regarding hospice is that only individuals suffering from cancer or AIDS can receive hospice care . Hospice in the United States did evolve around the model of cancer care , with its predictable pattern of deterioration , and according to 2002 's The Case Against Assisted Suicide : For the Right to End @-@ of @-@ life Care , " 60 % of hospice patients have cancer and many of the rest have AIDS " . However , patients can be on hospice for cancer , end @-@ stage heart and lung diseases , stroke , renal failure , Alzheimers or many other conditions . Any diagnosis that would be an acceptable cause of death on a death certificate is , if expected to be terminal , an acceptable diagnosis for hospice care .
= = = Re @-@ certification = = =
In order to qualify for hospice , a patient has to be certified as having a prognosis of less than six months to live , but sometimes patients live longer . Medicare patients who receive the hospice benefit must waive other Medicare benefits that could prolong life . Under the Medicare provisions , the hospice benefit through the first six months is broken up into two 90 day benefit periods . At the end of these two benefit periods , the hospice team will evaluate whether or not the patient continues to have a prognosis of less than six months to live . Following these two 90 day benefit periods , the hospice is then required to evaluate more closely and will review every 60 days . Commercial insurers , managed care program providers and Medicaid often have their own individual regulations regarding re @-@ certification . When the hospice re @-@ certifies a six @-@ month or less prognosis , it does not judge based upon the start of hospice , but rather the patient 's current condition .
= = = Pediatric hospice care = = =
Patients in hospice are primarily elderly ; according to the 2006 Handbook of Social Work in Health and Aging , over 80 % of hospice patients in the United States are over 65 . However , while the elderly are the primary hospice population , hospice care is available to all age groups , including those under 21 . Not all hospices are able to serve every population . In 1983 , less than 1 % of hospice providers offered pediatric care ; by 2001 , that number had grown to 15 % . The first pediatric hospice facility in the United States , the George Mark Children 's House Hospice of San Francisco , opened in 2003 . While pediatric hospice options are expanding , as of 2006 many adult @-@ oriented hospice programs remained ill @-@ prepared to handle younger populations .
The primary diagnosis for children in hospice treatment is cancer , but , like the adult population , children may enter hospice for a variety of conditions , including AIDS , prematurity , congenital disorder , cerebral palsy , cystic fibrosis or " death @-@ inducing trauma " , such as automobile accidents . Hospice care , which is intended to treat the whole family , may also be made available to families expecting a child who is not anticipated to survive long after delivery .
The recommended model of hospice for children differs from that of adults . In 2000 , the committees on Bioethics and Hospital Care for the American Academy of Pediatrics jointly released a recommendation that palliative care for children should be provided for any life @-@ threatening condition from the point of diagnosis , whether death is the prognosis or not , as the benefits of palliative care can be offered concurrently with curative treatment . The Virginia @-@ based Children 's Hospice International also recommends hospice services for all children with life @-@ threatening conditions , even if seeking " hopeful " treatment , " to enhance the quality of life for the child and family " . However , the federal standards set by Medicaid require the six @-@ months terminal prognosis , and insurance providers may restrict access to hospice care to pediatric patients undergoing life @-@ extending treatment .
= = Expense = =
The cost of hospice care may be met by health insurance providers , including Medicare or Medicaid for eligible Americans . Hospice is covered 100 % with no co @-@ pay or deductible by Medicare Part A except that patients are responsible for a copay for outpatient drugs and respite care , if needed . ( Respite care may be necessary , for instance , if a family member who is providing home hospice care is briefly unable to perform his or her duties and an alternative care provider becomes necessary . ) As of 2008 , Medicare was responsible for around 80 % of hospice payments , reimbursing providers differently from county to county with a higher rate for inpatient hospice care . A lower rate is paid for home care with a higher rate paid for round the clock nursing care in order to get a patient 's symptoms under control .
Most commercial health insurances and Medicaid have a hospice benefit as well , and these typically mirror the Medicare benefit . There may be a co @-@ pay required by commercial health insurance providers depending on individual plans . According to a 2008 article by Lauren Tara LaCapra on TheStreet.com , Medicare and Medicaid paid 78 % of home @-@ based hospice charges in 2008 , with 12 % being supplied by private insurance providers and 10 % " out of pocket " , paid by the patient . Most non @-@ profit hospice agencies have contingencies for patients who lack insurance coverage and will provide care to the patient free of charge or at reduced rates . LaCapra said that out @-@ of @-@ pocket expenses for home @-@ based hospice services were $ 758 a year in 2008 for the average hospice patient .
Once a patient is enrolled in hospice , the hospice becomes the insurance payor for that patient for any hospice @-@ related illnesses . In other words , if a patient is on hospice for end @-@ stage congestive heart failure , the hospice is responsible for all care related to the heart failure . However , if the patient were to see a podiatrist , this would be billed through their regular insurance .
= = Providers = =
Hospice is a competitive business . In any given service area , there may be hundreds of different non @-@ profit and commercial providers . Hospices can be small community @-@ based operations , part of regional and national corporations , or part of a hospital or other health system . Data from the National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization indicated that in 2008 58 @.@ 3 % of hospice agencies were independent , with 20 @.@ 8 % based in hospitals , 19 @.@ 7 % geared for home health care and 1 @.@ 3 % in conjunction with nursing homes . In 2007 , the mean number of patients being treated in hospice facilities on any given day was 90 @.@ 2 . 79 @.@ 4 % of hospice providers admitted fewer than 500 patients per year . The number of for @-@ profit and non @-@ profit providers has become more balanced as the for @-@ profit sector has grown . In 2007 , 47 @.@ 1 % of agencies were for @-@ profit , with 48 @.@ 6 % non @-@ profit . The remaining 4 @.@ 3 % were government @-@ owned providers .
In order to receive payments for hospice patients under Medicare or Medicaid , a hospice must be certified by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services , and in 2007 93 @.@ 1 % were . Among those that were not certified , some were in the process of seeking certification . However , some agencies do not seek certification or voluntarily relinquish it . For one example , an agency that is entirely supported through donations or relies on volunteer staff might not choose to seek certification . The NHPCO estimated in 2008 that at least 200 " all @-@ volunteer " programs were in operation in the United States .
= = Levels of care = =
There are four primary levels of care ; routine home care , continuous care , general inpatient and respite / respite inpatient . All hospices in the United States certified by Medicare are required to offer each of these levels of care .
= = = Routine home care = = =
Routine home care is the most common level of care provided . In spite of its title , routine home care does not indicate a location of care , but a level ( or intensity ) of care provided . Routine care may be provided at a nursing home or assisted living facility , although the majority of hospice patients are treated at home . Interdisciplinary team members supply a variety of services during routine home care , including offering necessary supplies , such as durable medical equipment , medications related to the hospice diagnosis and incidentals like diapers , bed pads , gloves , and skin protectants . Twenty @-@ four @-@ hour on @-@ call services must be available as needed . Typically this is provided after normal business hours by a registered nurse prepared to address urgent patient concerns .
= = = Continuous care = = =
Continuous Care is a service provided in the patient 's home . It is for patients who are experiencing severe symptoms and need temporary extra support . Once a patient is on continuous care , the hospice provides services in the home a minimum of eight hours a day . Because the criteria for continuous care is similar to general inpatient care , and due to the challenges a hospice can face with staffing extended day care in the home , continuous care is intended to be used for short periods of time .
= = = General inpatient care = = =
General inpatient care is an intensive level of care which may be provided in a nursing home , a specially contracted hospice bed or unit in a hospital , or in a free @-@ standing hospice unit . General inpatient criteria is for patients who are experiencing severe symptoms which require daily interventions from the hospice team to manage . Often , patients on this level of care have begun the " active phase " of dying , when their prognosis is measured in days as opposed to weeks or months . Although there is a limit to how long Medicare will cover this level of care , it is usually provided for brief periods of time , with five to seven days being the average .
= = = Respite = = =
Respite Care ( sometimes referred to as respite inpatient ) is a brief and periodic level of care a patient may receive . Respite is a unique benefit in that the care is provided for the needs of the family , not the patient . Should a family member need a " break " from caregiving , or if a vacation is planned , then this level of care may be provided . During respite , the patient is transferred from the home to an instituitional setting ; this can be a nursing home , assisted living , hospital or an inpatient hospice unit . Should a patient be transferred to an assisted living facility , nursing home , or hospital , the hospice would continue to provide care to the patient which is on par with the services provided under the routine home care benefit . In this way , the only difference between respite and routine care is that the hospice pays the room and board charges of the facility . Should a patient receive respite in an inpatient hospice unit the care would be similar to what other patients of the hospice unit receive . Respite is provided for a maximum of five days every benefit period .
= = Hospice interdisciplinary team = =
The hospice interdisciplinary team is the core service which every hospice provides to patients and families . Hospice differs from other forms of care in that the core members of the hospice team function as an interdisciplinary , rather than a multidisciplinary , team . Multidisciplinary teams involve several professionals who independently treat various issues a patient may have . The problems that are being treated may or may not relate to other issues being addressed by individual team members . Interdisciplinary team approach involves all members of the team working together towards the same goal , which in this case is to afford patients a comfortable dying experience and families the support they need in coping with this . In an interdisciplinary team approach , there can often be role blending by members of the core team , who may take on tasks usually filled by other team members .
The hospice team is required by Medicare to meet every 14 days . During this team meeting , patient needs are discussed and planned for the next two weeks . Additionally , the team reviews the patient 's medical condition to ensure that the patient still meets criteria for hospice care .
= = = Team members = = =
Team members include hospice medical directors , physicians , pharmacists , registered nurses , social workers , counselors , home health aides , and volunteers .
Hospice Medical Director : The hospice medical director , a physician , often provides the most support to the clinical staff providing care to the patient and family . The medical director may also provide medical care if the primary physician is unavailable or if the patient does not have a primary care provider . The hospice medical director is also required under Medicare to recertify patients .
Physician : Physicians involved in patient care may include the primary physician , who can provide valuable information about patient medical history , and physicians connected to the hospice team . These primarily provide support to other hospice team members , but may also treat the patient directly . The physician subspecialty of Hospice and Palliative Medicine was established in 2006 , to provide expertise in the care of patients with life @-@ limiting , advanced disease and catastrophic injury ; the relief of distressing symptoms ; the coordination of interdisciplinary patient and family @-@ centered care in diverse settings ; the use of specialized care systems including hospice ; the management of the imminently dying patient ; and legal and ethical decision making in end @-@ of @-@ life care .
Registered Nurses : Registered nurses are responsible for coordinating all aspects of the patient 's care and insuring symptoms ( physical or otherwise ) are being addressed and managed . The primary care nurse visits a minimum of twice weekly , and the content of the visit can vary greatly . When patients are experiencing few symptoms and / or are early in their diseases , the RN visit may just be a short check up . If a patient 's symptoms worsen , the nurse will visit more often , make recommendations for increasing or changing the medication intervention and provide support and education regarding the disease / dying process . Many patients on hospice may require complex treatments : respiratory care , wound care or even IV therapy at home . In most cases , the hospice nurse is trained to handle these unique needs as well .
Social Worker : Every patient is assigned a social worker who visits at the time of admission to hospice . The social worker function can vary from providing superficial support to patients and families to intensive crisis @-@ oriented counseling . Additionally , with a terminal illness often comes more complicated financial stressors ; the social worker can be instrumental in connecting the patient and family with community resources including services such as Meals on Wheels . Lastly , if a patient is unable to be cared for at home , the social worker will work to find a safer place for the patient to receive hospice care .
Counselor : Counselors are required as part of the core team by Medicare regulations . Typically , the role is filled by a Chaplain or Spiritual Counselor , but social workers or other persons , sometimes specially trained , may also serve . While not every patient will see a Chaplain on hospice , all hospices have to be able to provide regular and consistent Chaplain services . The Chaplain is available to provide spiritually supportive counseling , life review and may connect a patient with clergy they are comfortable with . At times the hospice Chaplain will officiate at a patient 's funeral .
Home Health Aide : The home health , or hospice , aide is not a core service for a hospice patient ; this means it is not required that every patient on hospice receive an aide . However , most patients do receive this service , and it is often the one most depended on by the patient and family . The hospice aide typically visits anywhere from 3 – 7 days a week for approximately 1 – 2 hours at each visit . His or her functions include providing respite to the primary caregiver and physical support to the patient , including bathing , dressing , or feeding . Many times it is the hospice aide who develops the closest relationship with the patient , due to the frequency of visits . The hospice aide is not a licensed nurse and therefore can not administer medications , treat wounds , handle IV 's or similar treatments .
Pharmacist : Pharmacists oversee the patient 's drug therapy , which includes filling prescriptions , monitoring for drug interactions and adverse effects , anticipating problems , and assessing the appropriateness of drug therapies in the context of patient @-@ oriented goals .
Volunteers : Volunteers form a major part of hospice care in the United States and may provide a variety of physical or emotional comforts to patients and family , including providing housework , health care , spiritual counseling and companionship . Hospice volunteers also provide administrative assistance to hospices .
= = Discharge from hospice = =
The majority of discharges from hospice are due to the death of the patient , although hospice treatment may not end then as care also provides for a period of bereavement counseling for the family afterward . However , there are several other scenarios when a patient may be discharged from hospice .
De @-@ certification
If it is determined at the time of review that a patient 's prognosis may be greater than six months , the patient is de @-@ certified ( discharged ) from hospice . The hospice is required by law to give advance notification to the patient , and the patient can appeal the hospice 's decision to Medicare . Usually the hospice plans these discharges weeks in advance to make the transition off hospice , which can be traumatic for patients who have been preparing to die , as smooth as possible . Should the patient 's condition worsen once discharged from hospice they can be readmitted to hospice .
Revocation
A patient may be discharged by revocation if he or she chooses to relinquish the hospice benefit . Revocation could be due to hospitalization , if the patient chooses to pursue some type of curative treatment or experiences dissatisfaction with hospice care . However , not all hospitalizations of patients require revocation ; should the admitting diagnosis to the hospital be unrelated to the condition for which they are in hospice , the patient may remain on hospice while undergoing treatment for it .
Transfer of hospice
Transfer of hospice does not involve a discharge from hospice in general , but a discharge from the current hospice provider to another one .
Discharge for cause
Occasionally a hospice will be unable to provide care to a patient , either due to philosophical differences with the patient or due to a safety issue . Such causes could include disruptive or abusive behavior from the patient or other persons in the patient 's home or refusal to cooperate with the hospice program . Patients may , after being discharged from hospice for any reason , re @-@ enroll in hospice at a later date as necessary .
= = Barriers to Access = =
As indicated , hospice is frequently under @-@ utilized and often not taken advantage of until very late in a patient 's illness . The reasons for this have as much to do with financial considerations as with the psycho @-@ social difficulty in choosing hospice . A 2009 study found that with proper case management hospice access could be liberalized without additional costs to insurers .
= = = Reimbursement = = =
Physicians : There are multiple aspects as to why , financially , hospice care may be difficult to access . The first would relate to physician reluctance . As stated previously , when enrolled in hospice , the patient transitions from their primary insurance to having most of their care managed directly by the hospice . As hospices typically have a limited budget , expensive care may not be permitted by the hospice . Additionally , reimbursement for physician visits can be complicated and result in non @-@ payment to physicians . Therefore , difficulty in authorizing expensive treatments and lack of payment for visits can be reasons for non @-@ referral from a physician .
Nursing Homes : A second aspect to reimbursement pertains to the nursing home . In many cases , patients who are transferred to a nursing home from a hospital will have a portion of their nursing home stay reimbursed by Medicare . In these cases , Medicare is paying for some kind of rehabilitative care . Medicare will not reimburse any room and board coverage in the nursing home for patients on hospice . Occasionally , patients who would be better served receiving hospice care will be " rehabilitated " in the nursing home so as to defray the costs of the room and board .
Hospices : While late referral to hospice is a much more prevalent problem than early referral , some hospice providers will hesitate to admit patients to hospice ( or they may de @-@ certify them from hospice too early ) due to scrutiny from Medicare for patients deemed to be on hospice too long . After a patient has been on hospice for six months , Medicare is more aggressive in auditing the hospice for inappropriate payment of services . For some hospices this is simply not worth the trouble , and patients are screened very carefully prior to admission .
= = = Stigma = = =
Physicians : Medical care is traditionally focused on a cure and healing the patient . For many , hospice care is not seen as the true practice of medicine . Physicians face a persistent social stigma in that hospice is mistaken as giving up on a patient , rather than committing to palliation . Additionally , and although this perception has been changing , when thinking of hospice the doctor is often focused on patients with cancer and not many of the other terminal diseases which qualify for hospice care .
Patients : Many patients and families simply do not want to receive hospice care . The most common reason is an unwillingness to recognize when comfort rather than cure is a more realistic goal . When hospice is framed as care for when " there is nothing left to do " instead of a different kind of treatment , patients may believe that choosing hospice is the equivalent of doing nothing .
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= Phil Ochs =
Philip David " Phil " Ochs ( / ˈoʊks / ; December 19 , 1940 – April 9 , 1976 ) was an American protest singer ( or , as he preferred , a topical singer ) and songwriter who was known for his sharp wit , sardonic humor , earnest humanism , political activism , insightful and alliterative lyrics , and distinctive voice . He wrote hundreds of songs in the 1960s and 1970s and released eight albums .
Ochs performed at many political events during the 1960s counterculture era , including anti @-@ Vietnam War and civil rights rallies , student events , and organized labor events over the course of his career , in addition to many concert appearances at such venues as New York City 's Town Hall and Carnegie Hall . Politically , Ochs described himself as a " left social democrat " who became an " early revolutionary " after the protests at the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago led to a police riot , which had a profound effect on his state of mind .
After years of prolific writing in the 1960s , Ochs 's mental stability declined in the 1970s . He eventually succumbed to a number of problems including bipolar disorder and alcoholism , and took his own life in 1976 .
Some of Ochs 's major musical influences were Woody Guthrie , Pete Seeger , Buddy Holly , Elvis Presley , Bob Gibson , Faron Young , and Merle Haggard . His best @-@ known songs include " I Ain 't Marching Anymore " , " Changes " , " Crucifixion " , " Draft Dodger Rag " , " Love Me , I 'm a Liberal " , " Outside of a Small Circle of Friends " , " Power and the Glory " , " There but for Fortune " , and " The War Is Over " .
= = Biography = =
= = = Early years = = =
Phil Ochs was born in El Paso , Texas , to Jacob ( " Jack " ) Ochs , a physician who was born in New York on August 11 , 1910 , and Gertrude Phin Ochs , who was born on February 26 , 1912 in Scotland . His parents met and married in Edinburgh where Jack was attending medical school . After their marriage , they moved to the United States . Jack , drafted into the army , was sent overseas near the end of World War II , where he treated soldiers at the Battle of the Bulge . His war experiences affected his mental health and he received an honorable medical discharge in November 1945 . Suffering from bipolar disorder and depression on his return home , Jack was unable to establish a successful medical practice and instead worked at a series of hospitals around the country . As a result , the Ochs family moved frequently : to Far Rockaway , New York , when Ochs was a teenager ; then to Perrysburg in upstate New York , where he first studied music ; and then to Columbus , Ohio . Ochs grew up with an older sister , Sonia ( known as Sonny , born 1937 ) , and a younger brother , Michael ( born 1943 ) . The Ochs family was middle class and Jewish , but not religious . His father was distant from his wife and children , and was hospitalized for depression ; he died on April 30 , 1963 , from a cerebral hemorrhage ; His mother died on March 9 , 1994 .
As a teenager , Ochs was recognized as a talented clarinet player ; in an evaluation , one music instructor wrote : " You have exceptional musical feeling and the ability to transfer it on your instrument is abundant . " His musical skills allowed him to play clarinet with the orchestra at the Capital University Conservatory of Music in Ohio , where he rose to the status of principal soloist before he was 16 . Although Ochs played classical music , he soon became interested in other sounds he heard on the radio , such as early rock icons Buddy Holly and Elvis Presley and country music artists including Faron Young , Ernest Tubb , Hank Williams , Sr. , and Johnny Cash . Ochs also spent a lot of time at the movies . He especially liked big screen heroes such as John Wayne and Audie Murphy . Later on , he developed an interest in movie rebels , including Marlon Brando and James Dean .
From 1956 to 1958 , Ochs was a student at the Staunton Military Academy in rural Virginia , and when he graduated he returned to Columbus and enrolled in the Ohio State University . Unhappy after his first quarter , he took a leave of absence and went to Florida . While in Miami , the 18 @-@ year @-@ old Ochs was jailed for two weeks for sleeping on a park bench , an incident he would later recall :
" Somewhere during the course of those fifteen days I decided to become a writer . My primary thought was journalism ... so in a flash I decided — I 'll be a writer and a major in journalism . "
Ochs returned to Ohio State to study journalism and developed an interest in politics , with a particular interest in the Cuban Revolution of 1959 . At Ohio State he met Jim Glover , a fellow student who was a devotee of folk music . Glover introduced Ochs to the music of Pete Seeger , Woody Guthrie , and The Weavers . Glover taught Ochs how to play guitar , and they debated politics . Ochs began writing newspaper articles , often on radical themes . When the student paper refused to publish some of his more radical articles , he started his own underground newspaper called The Word . His two main interests , politics and music , soon merged , and Ochs began writing topical political songs . Ochs and Glover formed a duet called " The Singing Socialists " , later renamed " The Sundowners " , but the duo broke up before their first professional performance and Glover went to New York City to become a folksinger .
Ochs 's parents and brother had moved from Columbus to Cleveland , and Ochs started to spend more time there , performing professionally at a local folk club called Farragher 's Back Room . He was the opening act for a number of musicians in the summer of 1961 , including the Smothers Brothers . Ochs met folksinger Bob Gibson that summer as well , and according to Dave Van Ronk , Gibson became " the seminal influence " on Ochs 's writing . Ochs continued at Ohio State into his senior year , but was bitterly disappointed at not being appointed editor @-@ in @-@ chief of the college newspaper , and dropped out in his last quarter without graduating . He left for New York , as Glover had , to become a folksinger .
= = = 1962 – 1966 = = =
Ochs arrived in New York City in 1962 and began performing in numerous small folk nightclubs , eventually becoming an integral part of the Greenwich Village folk music scene . He emerged as an unpolished but passionate vocalist who wrote pointed songs about current events : war , civil rights , labor struggles and other topics . While others described his music as " protest songs " , Ochs preferred the term " topical songs " .
Ochs described himself as a " singing journalist " , saying he built his songs from stories he read in Newsweek . By the summer of 1963 he was sufficiently well known in folk circles to be invited to sing at the Newport Folk Festival , where he performed " Too Many Martyrs " ( co @-@ written with Bob Gibson ) , " Talking Birmingham Jam " , and " Power and the Glory " — his patriotic Guthrie @-@ esque anthem that brought the audience to its feet . Other performers at the 1963 folk festival included Peter , Paul and Mary , Joan Baez , Bob Dylan , and Tom Paxton . Ochs 's return appearance at Newport in 1964 , when he performed " Draft Dodger Rag " and other songs , was widely praised . But he was not invited to appear in 1965 , the festival when Dylan infamously performed " Maggie 's Farm " with an electric guitar . Although many in the folk world decried Dylan 's choice , Ochs was amused , and admired Dylan 's courage in defying the folk establishment .
During 1963 , Ochs performed at New York 's Carnegie Hall and Town Hall in hootenannies . He made his first solo appearance at Carnegie Hall in 1966 . Throughout his career , Ochs would perform at a wide range of venues , including civil rights rallies , anti @-@ war demonstrations , and concert halls .
Ochs contributed many songs and articles to the influential Broadside Magazine . He recorded his first three albums for Elektra Records : All the News That 's Fit to Sing ( 1964 ) , I Ain 't Marching Anymore ( 1965 ) , and Phil Ochs in Concert ( 1966 ) . Critics wrote that each album was better than its predecessors , and fans seemed to agree ; record sales increased with each new release .
On these records , Ochs was accompanied only by an acoustic guitar . The albums contain many of Ochs 's topical songs , such as " Too Many Martyrs " , " I Ain 't Marching Anymore " , and " Draft Dodger Rag " ; and some musical reinterpretation of older poetry , such as " The Highwayman " ( poem by Alfred Noyes ) and " The Bells " ( poem by Edgar Allan Poe ) . Phil Ochs in Concert includes some more introspective songs , such as " Changes " and " When I 'm Gone " .
During the early period of his career , Ochs and Bob Dylan had a friendly rivalry . Dylan said of Ochs , " I just can 't keep up with Phil . And he just keeps getting better and better and better " . On another occasion , when Ochs criticized Can You Please Crawl Out Your Window ? Dylan threw him out of his limousine , saying , " You 're not a folksinger . You 're a journalist " .
In 1962 , Ochs married Alice Skinner , who was pregnant with their daughter Meegan , in a City Hall ceremony with Jim Glover as best man and Jean Ray as bridesmaid , and witnessed by Dylan 's sometime girlfriend , Suze Rotolo . Phil and Alice separated in 1965 , but they never divorced .
Like many people of his generation , Ochs deeply admired President John F. Kennedy , even though he disagreed with the president on issues such as the Bay of Pigs Invasion , the Cuban Missile Crisis , and the growing involvement of the United States in the Vietnamese civil war . When Kennedy was assassinated on November 22 , 1963 , Ochs wept . He told his wife that he thought he was going to die that night . It was the only time she ever saw Ochs cry .
Ochs 's managers during this part of his career were Albert Grossman ( who also managed Dylan and Peter , Paul , and Mary ) followed by Arthur Gorson . Gorson had close ties with such groups as Americans For Democratic Action , the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee , and Students for a Democratic Society .
Ochs was writing songs at an amazing pace . Some of the songs he wrote during this period were held back and recorded on his later albums .
= = = 1967 – 1969 = = =
In 1967 , Ochs — now managed by his brother Michael — left Elektra for A & M Records and moved to Los Angeles , California . He recorded four studio albums for A & M : Pleasures of the Harbor ( 1967 ) , Tape from California ( 1968 ) , Rehearsals for Retirement ( 1969 ) , and the ironically titled Greatest Hits ( 1970 ) ( which actually consisted of all new material ) . For his A & M albums , Ochs moved away from simply produced solo acoustic guitar performances and experimented with ensemble and even orchestral instrumentation , " baroque @-@ folk " , in the hopes of producing a pop @-@ folk hybrid that would be a hit .
Critic Robert Christgau , writing in Esquire of Pleasures of the Harbor in May 1968 , did not consider this new direction a good turn . While describing Ochs as " unquestionably a nice guy " , he went on to say , " too bad his voice shows an effective range of about half an octave [ and ] his guitar playing would not suffer much if his right hand were webbed . " " Pleasures of the Harbor " , Christgau continued , " epitomizes the decadence that has infected pop since Sgt. Pepper . [ The ] gaudy musical settings ... inspire nostalgia for the three @-@ chord strum . " With an ironic sense of humor , Ochs included Christgau 's " webbed hand " comment in his 1968 songbook The War is Over on a page titled " The Critics Raved " , opposite a full @-@ page picture of Ochs standing in a large metal garbage can . Despite his sense of humor , Ochs was unhappy that his work was not receiving the critical acclaim and popular success he had hoped for . Still , Ochs would joke on the back cover of Greatest Hits that there were 50 Phil Ochs fans ( " 50 fans can 't be wrong ! " ) , a sarcastic reference to an Elvis Presley album that bragged of 50 million Elvis fans .
None of Ochs 's songs became hits , although " Outside of a Small Circle of Friends " received a good deal of airplay . It reached # 119 on Billboard 's national " Hot Prospect " listing before being pulled from some radio stations because of its lyrics , which sarcastically suggested that " smoking marijuana is more fun than drinking beer " . It was the closest Ochs ever came to the Top 40 . Joan Baez , however , did have a Top Ten hit in the U.K. in August 1965 , reaching # 8 with her cover of Ochs 's song " There but for Fortune " , which was also nominated for a Grammy Award for " Best Folk Recording " . In the U.S. it peaked at # 50 on the Billboard charts — a good showing , but not a hit .
Although he was trying new things musically , Ochs did not abandon his protest roots . He was profoundly concerned with the escalation of the Vietnam War , performing tirelessly at anti @-@ war rallies across the country . In 1967 he organized two rallies to declare that " The War Is Over " — " Is everybody sick of this stinking war ? In that case , friends , do what I and thousands of other Americans have done — declare the war over . " — one in Los Angeles in June , the other in New York in November . He continued to write and record anti @-@ war songs , such as " The War Is Over " and " White Boots Marching in a Yellow Land " . Other topical songs of this period include " Outside of a Small Circle of Friends " , inspired by the murder of Kitty Genovese , who was stabbed to death outside of her New York City apartment building while dozens of her neighbors reportedly ignored her cries for help , and " William Butler Yeats Visits Lincoln Park and Escapes Unscathed " , about the despair he felt in the aftermath of the Chicago 1968 Democratic National Convention police riot .
Ochs was writing more personal songs as well , such as " Crucifixion " , in which he compared the deaths of Jesus Christ and assassinated President John F. Kennedy as part of a " cycle of sacrifice " in which people build up heroes and then celebrate their destruction ; " Chords of Fame " , a warning against the dangers and corruption of fame ; " Pleasures of the Harbor " , a lyrical portrait of a lonely sailor seeking human connection far from home ; and " Boy in Ohio " , a plaintive look back at Ochs 's childhood in Columbus .
A lifelong movie fan , Ochs worked the narratives of justice and rebellion that he had seen in films into his music , describing some of his songs as " cinematic " . He was disappointed and bitter when his onetime hero John Wayne embraced the Vietnam War with what Ochs saw as the blind patriotism of Wayne 's 1968 film , The Green Berets :
[ H ] ere we have John Wayne , who was a major artistic and psychological figure on the American scene , ... who at one point used to make movies of soldiers who had a certain validity , ... a certain sense of honor [ about ] what the soldier was doing .... Even if it was a cavalry movie doing a historically dishonorable thing to the Indians , even as there was a feeling of what it meant to be a man , what it meant to have some sense of duty .... Now today we have the same actor making his new war movie in a war so hopelessly corrupt that , without seeing the movie , I 'm sure it is perfectly safe to say that it will be an almost technically @-@ robot @-@ view of soldiery , just by definition of how the whole country has deteriorated . And I think it would make a very interesting double feature to show a good old Wayne movie like , say , She Wore a Yellow Ribbon with The Green Berets . Because that would make a very striking comment on what has happened to America in general .
Ochs was involved in the creation of the Youth International Party , known as the Yippies , along with Jerry Rubin , Abbie Hoffman , Stew Albert , and Paul Krassner . At the same time , Ochs actively supported Eugene McCarthy 's more mainstream bid for the 1968 Democratic nomination for President , a position at odds with the more radical Yippie point of view . Still , Ochs helped plan the Yippies ' " Festival of Life " which was to take place at the 1968 Democratic National Convention along with demonstrations by other anti @-@ war groups including the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam . Despite warnings that there might be trouble , Ochs went to Chicago both as a guest of the McCarthy campaign and to participate in the demonstrations . He performed in Lincoln Park , Grant Park , and at the Chicago Coliseum , witnessed the violence perpetrated by the Chicago police against the protesters , and was himself arrested at one point .
The events of 1968 — the assassinations of Martin Luther King , Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy , the police riot in Chicago , and the election of Richard Nixon — left Ochs feeling disillusioned and depressed . The cover of his 1969 album Rehearsals for Retirement eerily portrays a tombstone with the words :
At the trial of the Chicago Seven in December 1969 , Ochs testified for the defense . His testimony included his recitation of the lyrics to his song " I Ain 't Marching Anymore " . On his way out of the courthouse , Ochs sang the song for the press corps ; to Ochs 's amusement , his singing was broadcast that evening by Walter Cronkite on the CBS Evening News .
= = = 1970 = = =
After the riot in Chicago and the subsequent trial , Ochs changed direction again . The events of 1968 convinced him that the average American was not listening to topical songs or responding to Yippie tactics . Ochs thought that by playing the sort of music that had moved him as a teenager he could speak more directly to the American public .
Ochs turned to his musical roots in country music and early rock and roll . He decided he needed to be " part Elvis Presley and part Che Guevara " , so he commissioned a gold lamé suit from Elvis Presley 's costumer Nudie Cohn . Ochs wore the gold suit on the cover of his 1970 album , Greatest Hits , which consisted of new songs largely in rock and country styles .
Ochs went on tour wearing the gold suit , backed by a rock band , singing his own material along with medleys of songs by Buddy Holly , Elvis , and Merle Haggard . His fans did not know how to respond . This new Phil Ochs drew a hostile reaction from his audience . Ochs 's March 27 , 1970 , concerts at Carnegie Hall were the most successful , and by the end of that night 's second show Ochs had won over many in the crowd . The show was recorded and released as Gunfight at Carnegie Hall .
During this period , Ochs was taking drugs to get through performances . He had been taking Valium for years to help control his nerves , and he was also drinking heavily . Pianist Lincoln Mayorga said of that period , " He was physically abusing himself very badly on that tour . He was drinking a lot of wine and taking uppers . The wine was pulling him one way and the uppers were pulling him another way , and he was kind of a mess . There were so many pharmaceuticals around — so many pills . I 'd never seen anything like that . " Ochs tried to cut back on the pills , but alcohol remained his drug of choice for the rest of his life .
Depressed by his lack of widespread appreciation and suffering from writer 's block , Ochs did not record any further albums . He slipped deeper into depression and alcoholism . His personal problems notwithstanding , Ochs performed at the inaugural benefit for Greenpeace on October 16 , 1970 , at the Pacific Coliseum in Vancouver , BC . A recording of his performance , along with performances by Joni Mitchell and James Taylor , was released by Greenpeace in 2009 .
= = = 1971 – 1975 = = =
In August 1971 , Ochs went to Chile , where Salvador Allende , a Marxist , had been democratically elected in the 1970 election . There he met Chilean folksinger Víctor Jara , an Allende supporter , and the two became friends . In October , Ochs left Chile to visit Argentina . Later that month , after singing at a political rally in Uruguay , he and his American traveling companion David Ifshin were arrested and detained overnight . When the two returned to Argentina , they were arrested as they got off the airplane . After a brief stay in an Argentinian prison , Ochs and Ifshin were sent to Bolivia via a commercial airliner where authorities were to detain them . Ifshin had previously been warned by Argentinian leftist friends that when the authorities sent dissidents to Bolivia , they would disappear forever . When the airliner arrived in Bolivia , the American captain of the Braniff International Airways aircraft allowed Ochs and Ifshin to stay on the aircraft , and barred Bolivian authorities from entering . The aircraft then flew to Peru where the two disembarked and they were not detained . Fearful that Peruvian authorities might arrest him , Ochs returned to the United States a few days later .
Ochs was having difficulties writing new songs during this period , but he had occasional breakthroughs . He updated his sarcastic song " Here 's to the State of Mississippi " as " Here 's to the State of Richard Nixon " , with cutting lines such as " the speeches of the Spiro are the ravings of a clown " , a reference to Nixon 's vitriolic vice president , Spiro Agnew — sung as " the speeches of the President are the ravings of a clown " after Agnew 's resignation .
Ochs was personally invited by John Lennon to sing at a large benefit at the University of Michigan in December 1971 on behalf of John Sinclair , an activist poet who had been arrested on minor drug charges and given a severe sentence . Ochs performed at the John Sinclair Freedom Rally along with Stevie Wonder , Allen Ginsberg , David Peel , Abbie Hoffman and many others . The rally culminated with Lennon and Yoko Ono , who were making their first public performance in the United States since the breakup of The Beatles .
Although the 1968 election had left him deeply disillusioned , Ochs continued to work for the election campaigns of anti @-@ war candidates , such as George McGovern 's unsuccessful Presidential bid in 1972 .
In 1972 , Ochs was asked to write the theme song for the film Kansas City Bomber . The task proved difficult , as Ochs struggled to overcome his writer 's block . Although his song was not used in the soundtrack , it was released as a single .
Ochs decided to travel . In mid @-@ 1972 , he went to Australia and New Zealand . He traveled to Africa in 1973 , where he visited Ethiopia , Kenya , Tanzania , Malawi , and South Africa . One night , Ochs was attacked and strangled by robbers in Dar es Salaam , Tanzania , which damaged his vocal cords , causing a loss of the top three notes in his vocal range . The attack also exacerbated his growing mental problems , and he became increasingly paranoid . Ochs believed the attack may have been arranged by government agents — perhaps the CIA . Still , he continued his trip , even recording a single in Kenya , " Bwatue " .
On September 11 , 1973 , the Allende government of Chile was overthrown in a coup d 'état . Allende died during the bombing of the presidential palace , and singer Victor Jara was publicly tortured and killed . When Ochs heard about the manner in which his friend had been killed , he was outraged and decided to organize a benefit concert to bring to public attention the situation in Chile , and raise funds for the people of Chile . The concert , " An Evening with Salvador Allende " , included films of Allende ; singers such as Pete Seeger , Arlo Guthrie , and Bob Dylan ; and political activists such as former U.S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark . Dylan had agreed to perform at the last minute when he heard that the concert had sold so few tickets that it was in danger of being canceled . Once his participation was announced , the event quickly sold out .
After the Chile benefit , Ochs and Dylan discussed the possibility of a joint concert tour , playing small nightclubs . Nothing came of the Dylan @-@ Ochs plans , but the idea eventually evolved into Dylan 's Rolling Thunder Revue .
The Vietnam War ended on April 30 , 1975 . Ochs planned a final " War Is Over " rally , which was held in New York 's Central Park on May 11 . More than 100 @,@ 000 people came to hear Ochs , joined by Harry Belafonte , Odetta , Pete Seeger and others . Ochs and Joan Baez sang a duet of " There but for Fortune " and he closed with his song " The War Is Over " — finally a true declaration that the war was over .
= = = Decline and death = = =
Ochs 's drinking became more and more of a problem , and his behavior became increasingly erratic . He frightened his friends both with his drunken rants about the FBI and CIA , and about his claiming to want to have Elvis 's manager Colonel Tom Parker or Kentucky Fried Chicken 's Colonel Sanders manage his career .
In mid @-@ 1975 , Ochs took on the identity of John Butler Train . He told people that Train had murdered Ochs , and that he , John Butler Train , had replaced him . Train was convinced that someone was trying to kill him , so he carried a weapon at all times : a hammer , a knife , or a lead pipe .
Ochs 's friends tried to help him . His brother Michael attempted to have him committed to a psychiatric hospital . Friends pleaded with him to get help voluntarily . They feared for his safety , because he was getting into fights with bar patrons . Unable to pay his rent , he began living on the streets .
After several months , the Train persona faded and Ochs returned , but his talk of suicide disturbed his friends and family . They hoped it was a passing phase , but Ochs was determined . One of his biographers explains Ochs 's motivation :
By Phil 's thinking , he had died a long time ago : he had died politically in Chicago in 1968 in the violence of the Democratic National Convention ; he had died professionally in Africa a few years later , when he had been strangled and felt that he could no longer sing ; he had died spiritually when Chile had been overthrown and his friend Victor Jara had been brutally murdered ; and , finally , he had died psychologically at the hands of John Train .
In January 1976 , Ochs moved to Far Rockaway , New York , to live with his sister Sonny . He was lethargic ; his only activities were watching television and playing cards with his nephews . Ochs saw a psychiatrist , who diagnosed his bipolar disorder . He was prescribed medication , and he told his sister he was taking it . On April 9 , 1976 , Ochs committed suicide by hanging himself in Sonny 's home .
Years after his death , it was revealed that the FBI had a file of nearly 500 pages on Ochs . Much of the information in those files relates to his association with counterculture figures , protest organizers , musicians , and other people described by the FBI as " subversive " . The FBI was often sloppy in collecting information on Ochs : his name was frequently misspelled " Oakes " in their files , and they continued to consider him " potentially dangerous " after his death .
Congresswoman Bella Abzug ( Democrat from New York ) , an outspoken anti @-@ war activist herself who had appeared at the 1975 " War is Over " rally , entered this statement into the Congressional Record on April 29 , 1976 :
Mr. Speaker , a few weeks ago , a young folksinger whose music personified the protest mood of the 1960s took his own life . Phil Ochs — whose original compositions were compelling moral statements against war in Southeast Asia — apparently felt that he had run out of words .
While his tragic action was undoubtedly motivated by terrible personal despair , his death is a political as well as an artistic tragedy . I believe it is indicative of the despair many of the activists of the 1960s are experiencing as they perceive a government which continues the distortion of national priorities that is exemplified in the military budget we have before us .
Phil Ochs ' poetic pronouncements were part of a larger effort to galvanize his generation into taking action to prevent war , racism , and poverty . He left us a legacy of important songs that continue to be relevant in 1976 — even though " the war is over " .
Just one year ago — during this week of the anniversary of the end of the Vietnam War — Phil recruited entertainers to appear at the " War is Over " celebration in Central Park , at which I spoke .
It seems particularly appropriate that this week we should commemorate the contributions of this extraordinary young man .
Robert Christgau , who had been so critical of Pleasures of the Harbor and Ochs 's guitar skills eight years earlier , wrote warmly of Ochs in his obituary in the Village Voice . " I came around to liking Phil Ochs ' music , guitar included , " Christgau wrote . " My affection [ for Ochs ] no doubt prejudiced me , so it is worth [ noting ] that many observers who care more for folk music than I do remember both his compositions and his vibrato tenor as close to the peak of the genre . "
= = Legacy = =
Almost forty years after his death , Ochs 's songs remain relevant . Ochs continues to influence singers and fans worldwide , most of whom never saw him perform live . There are mailing lists and online discussion groups dedicated to Ochs and his music ; websites that have music samples , photographs , and other links ; and articles and books continue to be written and published about him .
His sister Sonny Ochs ( Tanzman ) runs a series of " Phil Ochs Song Nights " with a rotating group of performers who keep Ochs 's music and legacy alive by singing his songs in cities across the U.S. Michael Ochs is a photographic archivist of 20th @-@ century music and entertainment personalities . Meegan Lee Ochs worked with Michael to produce a box set of Ochs 's music titled Farewells & Fantasies , the title of which was taken from Ochs 's sign @-@ off on the " postcard " on the back of Tape from California : " Farewells & Fantasies , Folks , P. Ochs " . Meegan has a son named Caidan , Ochs 's only grandchild . Alice Skinner Ochs was a photographer ; she died in November 2010 .
In February 2009 , the North American Folk Music and Dance Alliance gave the 2009 Elaine Weissman Lifetime Achievement Award to Phil Ochs .
In September 2014 , Meegan Ochs announced that she was donating her father 's archives to the Woody Guthrie Center in Tulsa , Oklahoma . Included are many of his notebooks , journals , videotapes of his performances , the gold lamé suit , photographs , and other documents and memorabilia that Meegan had preserved since his death .
= = = Covers and updates = = =
Ochs 's songs have been covered by scores of performers , including Joan Baez , Bastro , Cher , Judy Collins , John Denver , Ani DiFranco , Ronnie Gilbert , John Wesley Harding , Jason & the Scorchers , Jim and Jean , Jeannie Lewis , Gordon Lightfoot , Christy Moore , Ray Naylor , Pete Seeger , They Might Be Giants , Eddie Vedder , and The Weakerthans . Wyclef Jean performed " Here 's to the State of Mississippi " in the 2009 documentary Soundtrack for a Revolution .
In 1998 , Sliced Bread Records released What 's That I Hear ? : The Songs of Phil Ochs , a two @-@ CD set of 28 covers by artists that includes Eric Andersen , Billy Bragg , John Gorka , Nanci Griffith , Arlo Guthrie , Pat Humphries , Magpie , Tom Paxton , Dave Van Ronk , Sammy Walker , Peter Yarrow , and others . The liner notes indicate that all record company profits from the sale of the set were to be divided between the American Civil Liberties Union Foundation of Southern California and Sing Out ! magazine .
Wood Records released an indie rock / experimental rock tribute album titled Poison Ochs : A Tribute to Phil Ochs in 2003 .
In 2005 , Kind Of Like Spitting released an album , Learn : The Songs of Phil Ochs , consisting of covers of nine songs written by Ochs , to pay tribute to his music and raise awareness of the artist , whom they felt had been overlooked .
Jello Biafra and Mojo Nixon , on their album Prairie Home Invasion , recorded a version of " Love Me , I 'm a Liberal " with lyrics updated to the Clinton era . Evan Greer , part of the Riot @-@ Folk collective , later updated the song for the George W. Bush era . Ryan Harvey , also part of Riot @-@ Folk , remade " Cops Of The World " with updated lyrics . The Clash used some of the lyrics to " United Fruit " in their song " Up in Heaven ( Not Only Here ) " , which appeared on their 1980 album Sandinista ! . During their performance on VH1 Storytellers , Pearl Jam covered " Here 's to the State of Mississippi " with updated lyrics to include Jerry Falwell , Dick Cheney , John Roberts , Alberto Gonzales , and George W. Bush . In 2002 , with the agreement of Ochs 's sister Sonny , Richard Thompson added an extra verse to " I Ain 't Marching Anymore " to reflect recent American foreign policy . Jefferson Starship recorded " I Ain 't Marching Anymore " with additional lyrics by band member Cathy Richardson for their 2008 release Jefferson 's Tree of Liberty .
In 2013 Neil Young performed " Changes " at Farm Aid and included it in his 2014 tour set ; it also is the lead track on A Letter Home , his 2014 vinyl album of covers .
= = = Tributes = = =
On learning of Ochs 's death , Tom Paxton wrote a touching song titled " Phil " , which he recorded for his 1978 album Heroes . Ochs is also the subject of " I Dreamed I Saw Phil Ochs Last Night " , by Billy Bragg , from his 1990 album The Internationale , which was based on the Alfred Hayes / Earl Robinson song " Joe Hill " which Ochs helped popularize ; Ochs also had his own , different song ( " Joe Hill " ) about the early 20th @-@ century union activist / songwriter . " Thin Wild Mercury , " by Peter Cooper and Todd Snider , is about Ochs 's infamous clash with Dylan and getting thrown out of Dylan 's limo . Ochs is mentioned in the Dar Williams song " All My Heroes Are Dead " , the Will Oldham song " Gezundheit " , the Chumbawamba song " Love Me " , and the They Might Be Giants song " The Day " . The Josh Joplin Group recorded a tribute to Ochs on their album Useful Music . Schooner Fare recorded " Don 't Stop To Rest ( Song for Phil Ochs ) " on their 1981 album Closer to the Wind . Latin Quarter memorialized him in the song " Phil Ochs " on their album Long Pig ( 1993 ) .
John Wesley Harding recorded a song titled " Phil Ochs , Bob Dylan , Steve Goodman , David Blue and Me " , the title a reference to the Ochs song " Bach , Beethoven , Mozart and Me " . Singer @-@ songwriter Nanci Griffith wrote a song about Phil entitled " Radio Fragile " . English folk / punk songwriter Al Baker recorded a song about Ochs entitled " All The News That 's Fit To Sing " , a reference to the title of Ochs 's first album . Cajun musician Vic Sadot wrote a song about Ochs entitled " Broadside Balladeer " . Singer @-@ songwriter Jen Cass 's " Standing In Your Memory " , and Harry Chapin 's " The Parade 's Still Passing By " are tributes to Ochs . Leslie Fish recorded " Chickasaw Mountain " , which is dedicated to Ochs , on her 1986 album of that name . The punk band Squirrel Bait cited Ochs as a major creative influence in the liner notes of their 1986 album Skag Heaven , and cover his " Tape From California " . Ochs has also influenced Greek folk @-@ rock songwriters ; Dimitris Panagopoulos ' Astathis Isoropia ( Unstable Equilibrium ) ( 1987 ) was dedicated to his memory . On the 2005 Kind Of Like Spitting album In the Red , songwriter Ben Barnett included his song " Sheriff Ochs " , which was inspired by reading a biography of Ochs . On April 9 , 2009 , Jim Glover performed a tribute to Ochs at Mother 's Musical Bakery in Sarasota , Florida .
= = = Popular culture = = =
Among Ochs 's many admirers were the short story writer Breece D 'J Pancake and actor Sean Penn . Meegan Lee Ochs , who worked as Sean Penn 's personal assistant from 1983 to 1985 , wrote in her Foreword to Farewells & Fantasies that she and Penn discussed " over many years " the possibility of making a movie about her father ; the plan has not yet come to fruition , although Penn expressed an interest in the project as recently as February 2009 . Author Jim Carroll 's autobiography , The Basketball Diaries ( 1978 ) , was dedicated in memory of Phil Ochs . On the cover of The Go @-@ Betweens ' The Lost Album , Grant McLennan wore a shirt with the words " Get outta the car , Ochs " , a reference to the limousine incident involving Ochs and Dylan . The 1994 film Spanking the Monkey makes reference to Ochs and his suicide . Ochs is mentioned in the Stephen King novels The Tommyknockers and Hearts in Atlantis .
= = = Films = = =
Michael Korolenko directed the 1984 biopic Chords of Fame , which featured Bill Burnett as Ochs . The film included interviews with people who had known Ochs , including Yippies Abbie Hoffman and Jerry Rubin , manager Harold Leventhal , and Mike Porco , the owner of Gerde 's Folk City . Chords of Fame also included performances of Ochs songs by folk musicians who knew him , including Bob Gibson , Pete Seeger , Tom Paxton , Dave Van Ronk , and Eric Andersen .
Filmmaker Ken Bowser directed the documentary film Phil Ochs : There but for Fortune , which premiered at the 2010 Woodstock Film Festival in Woodstock , New York . Its theatrical run began on January 5 , 2011 , at the IFC Theater in Greenwich Village , New York City , opening in cities around the US and Canada thereafter . The film features extensive archival footage of Ochs and many pivotal events from the 1960s civil rights and peace movements , as well as interviews with friends , family and colleagues who knew Ochs through music and politics . The PBS American Masters series opened its 2012 season with an edited version of the film .
In the 2011 film Chicago 8 , Ochs is played by actor Steven Schub , lead singer of ska bands The Fenwicks & HaSkaLA .
= = Professional affiliations = =
Ochs was a member of the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists , which is affiliated with the AFL @-@ CIO .
The music publishing company Ochs formed with Arthur Gorson , Barricade Music , was an ASCAP company .
= = Discography = =
= = = Studio albums and live recordings = = =
= = = Compilations and other albums = = =
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= Jainism =
Jainism ( / ˈdʒeɪnɪzəm / or / ˈdʒaɪnɪzəm / ) , traditionally known as Jain dharma , is an ancient Indian religion belonging to the śramaṇa tradition . It prescribes ahimsa ( non @-@ violence ) towards all living beings to the most possible extent . The three main principles of Jainism are ahimsa , anekantavada ( non @-@ absolutism ) , aparigraha ( non @-@ possessiveness ) . Followers of Jainism take five main vows : ahimsa , satya ( not lying ) , asteya ( non stealing ) , brahmacharya ( chastity ) , and aparigraha . Monks follow them completely whereas śrāvakas ( householders ) observe them partially . Self @-@ discipline and asceticism are thus major focuses of Jainism . Parasparopagraho Jivanam ( The function of souls is to help one another ) is the motto of Jainism .
The word " Jain " derives from the Sanskrit word jina ( conqueror ) . A human being who has conquered all inner passions like attachment , desire , anger , pride , greed , etc. is called Jina . Followers of the path practiced and preached by the jinas are known as Jains .
Jains trace their history through a succession of twenty @-@ four teachers and revivers of the Jain path known as tirthankaras . In the current era , this started with Rishabhanatha and concluded with Mahavira . Jains believe that Jainism is eternal ; it has been and will be forgotten and revived from time to time . Jain philosophy is the oldest Indian philosophy that separates body ( matter ) from the soul ( consciousness ) completely . Jains maintain that all living beings are really soul , intrinsically perfect and immortal . Souls in transmigration ( that is , liability to repeated births and deaths ) are said to be imprisoned in the body . Practitioners believe non @-@ violence and self @-@ control are the means to liberation . Jain texts reject the idea of a creator deity and postulates an eternal universe . Jainism has a very elaborate framework on types of life and includes life @-@ forms that may be invisible .
Mahatma Gandhi was greatly influenced by Jainism and adopted many Jain principles in his life .
The majority of Jains reside in India . With 4 – 6 million followers , Jainism is smaller than many major world religions . Outside of India , some of the largest Jain communities are found in the United States , Europe , Kenya , and Canada . Contemporary Jainism is divided into two major sects , Digambara and Śvētāmbara .
Namokar Mantra is the basic and most common prayer in Jainism . Major Jain festivals include Paryushana ( aka Daslakshana ) , Mahavir Jayanti and Diwali .
= = Main Teachings = =
= = = Non @-@ violence ( ahiṃsā ) = = =
The principle of ahimsa ( non @-@ violence or non @-@ injury ) is the most fundamental and well @-@ known aspect of Jainism . The everyday implementation of the principle of non @-@ violence is more comprehensive than in other religions and is the hallmark for Jain identity . Jains believe in avoiding harm to others through thoughts ( mana ) , speech ( vāchana ) , and actions ( kāya ) . According to the Jain text , Purushartha Siddhyupaya , " killing any living being out of passions is hiṃsā ( injury ) and abstaining from such act is ahimsa ( non @-@ injury ) " .
Jains extend the practice of nonviolence not only towards other humans but towards all living beings . For this reason , vegetarianism is a hallmark of Jain identity , with the majority of Jains practicing lacto vegetarianism . If there is violence against animals during the production of dairy products , veganism is encouraged .
After humans and animals , insects are the next living being offered protection in Jain practice , with avoidance of intentional harm to insects emphasized . For example , insects in the home are often escorted out instead of killed . Jainism teaches that intentional harm and the absence of compassion make an action more violent .
After nonviolence towards humans , animals and insects , Jains make efforts not to injure plants any more than necessary . Although they admit that plants must be destroyed for the sake of food , they accept such violence only as much as it is indispensable for human survival . Strict Jains , including monastics , do not eat root vegetables such as potatoes , onions and garlic because tiny organisms are injured when the plant is pulled up and because a bulb or tuber 's ability to sprout is seen as characteristic of a living being .
Jains believe that the intent and emotions behind an act of violence are more important than the action itself . For example , if a person kills another living being out of carelessness and then later regrets the act , the bondage ( bandha ) of karma is less compared to when a person kills the same kind of living being with anger , revenge , etc . A soldier acting in self @-@ defense is a different type of violence from someone killing another person out of hatred or revenge . Violence or war in self @-@ defense may be justified , but this must only be used as a last resort after peaceful measures have been thoroughly exhausted .
According to the Jain text , Sarvārthasiddhi , " He who has passions causes injury to himself by himself . Whether injury is then caused to other living beings or not , it is immaterial . "
= = = Non @-@ absolutism = = =
The second main principle of Jainism is anekāntavāda ( non @-@ absolutism ) . For Jains , non @-@ absolutism means maintaining open @-@ mindedness . This includes the recognition of all perspectives and a humble respect for differences in beliefs . Jainism encourages its adherents to consider the views and beliefs of their rivals and opposing parties . The principle of anekāntavāda influenced Mahatma Gandhi to adopt principles of religious tolerance and ahiṃsā . Anekāntavāda is more formally stated by observing that objects are infinite in their qualities and modes of existence , so they cannot be completely grasped in all aspects and manifestations by finite human perception . Only Kevalins ( omniscient beings ) can comprehend objects in all aspects and manifestations ; others are only capable of partial knowledge . Accordingly , no single , specific human view can claim to represent absolute truth .
Jains illustrate this theory through the parable of the blind men and an elephant . In this story , each blind man feels a different part of an elephant : its trunk , leg , ear , and so on . All of them claim to understand and explain the true appearance of the elephant , but due to their limited perspectives , can only partly succeed . The concept of anekāntavāda ( non @-@ absolutism ) is further explained by Syādvāda and Nayavāda .
Syādvāda and Nayavāda
Syādvāda and Nayavāda expand on the concept of anekāntavāda ( non @-@ absolutism ) . Syādvāda recommends the expression of anekānta by prefixing the epithet syād to every phrase or expression . Syād here means " in some ways " or " from some perspective " . As reality is complex , no single proposition can express its full nature . The term syāt- should therefore be prefixed to each proposition , giving it a conditional point of view and thus removing dogmatism from the statement . There are seven conditioned propositions ( saptibhaṅgī ) in syādvāda . Nayavāda is the theory of partial standpoints or viewpoints . Nayavāda is a compound of two Sanskrit words : naya ( " partial viewpoint " ) and vāda ( " school of thought or debate " ) . It is used to arrive at a certain inference from a point of view . Every object has infinite aspects , but when we describe one in practice , we speak only of relevant aspects and ignore the irrelevant . Nayavāda holds that philosophical disputes arise out of confusion of standpoints , and the standpoints we adopt are " the outcome of purposes that we may pursue " – although we may not realize it . Naya , being a partial expression of truth , enables us to comprehend reality part by part .
= = = Non @-@ attachment = = =
The third main principle in Jainism is aparigraha ( non @-@ attachment ) or non @-@ grasping and includes non @-@ materialism . Jainism emphasizes taking no more of something than is necessary . While ownership of objects is allowed , non @-@ attachment to possessions is taught . Followers should minimize the tendency to hoard unnecessary material possessions and limit attachment to current possessions . Further , wealth and possessions should be shared and donated whenever possible . Unchecked attachment to possessions is said to result in direct harm to oneself and others .
Jain texts mention that " attachment to possessions ( parigraha ) is of two kinds : attachment to internal possessions ( ābhyantara parigraha ) , and attachment to external possessions ( bāhya parigraha ) . The fourteen internal possessions are :
wrong belief ;
the three sex @-@ passions ( male sex @-@ passion , female sex @-@ passion , neuter sex @-@ passion ) ;
the six defects ( laughter , like , dislike , sorrow , fear , disgust ) ; and
the four passions ( anger , pride , deceitfulness , greed ) .
External possessions are divided into two sub @-@ classes , the non @-@ living and the living . According to Jain texts , both internal and external possessions are proved to be hiṃsā ( injury ) .
In Jainism , the non @-@ manifestation of a passion such as attachment is termed ahiṃsā ( non @-@ violence ) , and the manifestation of such a passion is considered hiṃsā ( injury ) . This is said to be the essence of the Jaina scripture .
According to the Tattvartha Sutra ( a sacred Jain text ) , " Infatuation is attachment to possessions . " Additionally , Jainism identifies four kashaya passions of the mind : Anger , pride ( ego ) , deceitfulness , greed . It recommends conquering anger by forgiveness , pride by humility , deceitfulness by straight @-@ forwardness and greed by contentment .
= = Practices = =
= = = Vegetarianism and Fasting = = =
Vegetarianism is a hallmark of Jainism , in accordance with the principle of non @-@ violence towards all beings . Strict followers will also limit dairy products , avoid root vegetables and avoid eating after sunset .
Jains fast throughout the year , particularly during festivals . This takes on various forms and may be practiced based on one 's ability . Some examples include : eating only one or two meals per day , drinking only water all day , not eating after sunset , not eating processed foods , eating food without sugar / oil / salt .
= = = Prayers = = =
In Jainism , the purpose of prayer is to break the barriers of worldly attachments and desires and to assist in the liberation of the soul . Jains do not pray for any favors , material goods or rewards .
The Namokar Mantra is the fundamental prayer of Jainism and may be recited at any time . In this mantra , Jains worship the qualities ( gunas ) of the spiritually supreme , including those who have already attained salvation , in order to adopt similar behavior .
= = = Meditation = = =
Jains have developed a type of meditation called sāmāyika , a term derived from the word samaya . The goal of sāmāyika is to achieve a feeling of perfect calmness and to understand the unchanging truth of the self . The preposition sam means one state of being . To become one is samaya . Sāmāyika is aimed at developing equanimity and to refrain from injury . Sāmāyika is particularly important during the Paryushana religious festival . It is believed that meditation will assist in managing and balancing one 's passions . Great emphasis is placed on the internal control of thoughts , as they influence behavior , actions and goals .
Jains follow six duties known as avashyakas : samayika ( practising serenity ) , chaturvimshati ( praising the tirthankara ) , vandan ( respecting teachers and monks ) , pratikramana ( introspection ) , kayotsarga ( stillness ) , and pratyakhyana ( renunciation ) .
Jain texts prescribe meditation on twelve forms of contemplation ( bhāvanā ) for those who wish to stop the influx of karmas that extend transmigration . These twelve reflections as mentioned in ancient Jain texts , like Tattvārthsūtra , Sarvārthasiddhi , Puruşārthasiddhyupāya are :
anitya bhāvanā – the transitoriness of the world ;
aśaraņa bhāvanā – the helplessness of the soul ;
saṃsāra – the pain and suffering implied in transmigration ;
aikatva bhāvanā – the inability of another to share one 's suffering and sorrow ;
anyatva bhāvanā – the distinctiveness between the body and the soul ;
aśuci bhāvanā – the filthiness of the body ;
āsrava bhāvanā – influx of karmic matter ;
saṃvara bhāvanā – stoppage of karmic matter ;
nirjarā bhāvanā – gradual shedding of karmic matter ;
loka bhāvanā – the form and divisions of the universe and the nature of the conditions prevailing in the different regions – heavens , hells , and the like ;
bodhidurlabha bhāvanā – the extreme difficulty in obtaining human birth and , subsequently , in attaining true faith ; and
dharma bhāvanā – the truth promulgated by Tirthankaras .
= = = Festivals = = =
Paryushana or Daslakshana is the most important annual event for Jains , and is usually celebrated in August or September . It lasts 8 – 10 days and is a time when lay people increase their level of spiritual intensity often using fasting and prayer / meditation to help . The five main vows are emphasized during this time . There are no set rules , and followers are encouraged to practice according to their ability and desires . The last day involves a focused prayer / meditation session known as Samvatsari Pratikramana . At the conclusion of the festival , followers request forgiveness from others for any offenses committed during the last year . Forgiveness is asked by saying Micchami Dukkadam to others , which means , " If I have offended you in any way , knowingly or unknowingly , in thought , word or action , then I seek your forgiveness . " The literal meaning of Paryushana is " abiding " or " coming together " .
Mahavir Jayanti , the birth of Mahāvīra , the last tirthankara of this era , is usually celebrated in late March or early April based on the lunar calendar . Diwali is a festival that marks the anniversary of Mahāvīra 's attainment of moksha . The Hindu festival of Diwali is also celebrated on the same date ( kartika amavasya ) . Diwali is celebrated in an atmosphere of austerity , simplicity , serenity , equity , calmness , charity , philanthropy , and environmental consciousness . Jain temples , homes , offices , and shops are decorated with lights and diyas ( small oil lamps ) . The lights are symbolic of knowledge or removal of ignorance . Sweets are often distributed . On Diwali morning , Nirvan Ladoo is offered after praying to Mahāvīra in all Jain temples all across the world . The new Jain year starts right after Diwali . Some other festivals celebrated by Jains are Akshaya Tritiya and Raksha Bandhan .
= = = Rituals = = =
There are many Jain rituals in the various sects of Jainism . The basic worship ritual practised by Jains is " seeing " ( darsana ) of pure self in Jina idols . One example related to the five life events of the tirthankaras called the Panch Kalyanaka are rituals such as the Panch Kalyanaka Pratishtha Mahotsava , panch kalyanaka puja , and snatra puja . Jains practices include performing abhisheka ( ceremonial bath ) of the images .
= = = Pilgrimages = = =
Jain pilgrim ( Tirtha ) sites include :
Siddhakshetra – Site of the moksha of an arihant ( kevalin ) or Tirthankara , such as Mount Kailash , Shikharji , Girnar , Pawapuri and Champapuri ( capital of Anga ) .
Atishayakshetra – Locations where divine events have occurred , such as Mahavirji , Rishabhdeo , Kundalpur , Tijara Jain Temple , Aharji .
Puranakshetra – Places associated with lives of great men , such as Ayodhya , Vidisha , Hastinapur , and Rajgir .
Gyanakshetra – Places associated with famous acharyas , or centers of learning , such as Shravanabelagola .
= = = Monasticism = = =
In Jainism , monasticism is encouraged and respected . Monks and nuns live extremely austere and ascetic lifestyles . They follow the five main vows strictly and observe complete abstinence . Jain monks and nuns have neither a permanent home nor any possessions . They do not use vehicles and always travel barefoot from one place to another , irrespective of the distance . They wander from place to place except during the months of Chaturmas . They do not prepare food and live only on what people offer them . Digambara monks and nuns carry a broom @-@ like object , called a picchi ( made from fallen peacock feathers ) to sweep the ground ahead of them or before sitting down to avoid inadvertently crushing small insects . Svetambara monks carry a rayoharan ( a broom @-@ like object made from dense , thick thread strands ) . Jain monks have to follow six duties known as avashyakas : sāmāyika ( practising serenity ) , chaturvimshati ( praising the tirthankara ) , vandan ( respecting teachers and monks ) , pratikramana ( introspection ) , kayotsarga ( stillness ) , and pratyakhyana ( renunciation ) .
The monks of Jainism , whose presence is not needed for most Jain rituals , should not be confused with priests . However , some sects of Jainism often employ a pujari , who need not be a Jain , to perform special daily rituals and other priestly duties at the temple .
= = Ethics = =
The Jain ethical code prescribes seven supplementary vows and a last sallekhana vow . The supplementary vows include three guņa vratas ( merit vows ) and four śikşā vratas .
Jainism encourages spiritual development through cultivation of personal wisdom and self @-@ control through five main vows :
1 . Ahimsa : Ahimsa means nonviolence or non @-@ injury . The first major vow taken by Jains is to cause no harm to living beings . It involves minimizing intentional and unintentional harm to other living creatures by actions , speech or thoughts . The vow of ahiṃsā is considered the foremost among the ' five vows of Jainism ' .
2 . Satya : Satya means truth . This vow is to always speak the truth . Given that nonviolence has priority , other principles yield to it whenever they conflict : in a situation where speaking truth could lead to violence , silence may be observed .
3 . Asteya : Asteya means not stealing . Jains should not take anything that is not willingly offered . Attempting to extort material wealth from others or to exploit the weak is considered theft . Fair value should be given for all goods and services purchased .
4 . Brahmacharya : Brahmacharya means chastity for laymen and celibacy for Jain monks and nuns . This requires the exercise of control over the senses to control indulgence in sexual activity .
5 . Aparigraha : Aparigraha means non @-@ possessiveness . This includes non @-@ materialism and non @-@ attachment to objects , places and people . Jain monks and nuns completely renounce property and social relations .
Monks and nuns are obligated to practice the five cardinal principles of nonviolence , truthfulness , not stealing , celibacy , and non @-@ possessiveness very strictly , while laymen are encouraged to observe them within their current practical limitations .
The sallekhana ( or Santhara ) vow is observed by Jains at the end of their life . In this vow , there is voluntary and gradual reduction of food and liquid intake under some conditions . These condition are :
Severe famine
Incurable disease
Great disability
Old age or when a person is nearing his end .
Sallekhana is seen as spiritual detachment requiring a great deal of spiritual accomplishment and maturity and a declaration that a person is finished with this world and has chosen to leave . Jains believe this allows one to achieve death with dignity and dispassion along with a great reduction of negative karma .
= = Philosophy = =
= = = Dravya ( Substance ) = = =
According to Jainism , there are six simple substances in existence , namely , Soul , Matter , Time , Space , Dharma and Adharma . Jain philosophers distinguish a substance from a body ( or thing ) by declaring the former to be a simple element or reality and the latter a compound of one or more substances or atoms . They claim that there can be a partial or total destruction of a body or thing , but no substance can ever be destroyed . According to Champat Rai Jain :
Substance is the sub @-@ strate of qualities which cannot exist apart from it , for instance , the quality of fluidity , moisture , and the like only exist in water and cannot be conceived separately from it . It is neither possible to create nor to destroy a substance , which means that there never was a time when the existing substances were not , nor shall they ever cease to be .
= = = = Jīva ( soul ) = = = =
The soul @-@ substance , called Jīva in Jainism , is distinguished from the remaining five substances ( Matter , Time , Space , Dharma and Adharma ) , collectively called ajīva , by the intelligence with which the soul @-@ substance is endowed , and which is not found in the other substances . The nature of the soul @-@ substance is said to be freedom . In its modifications , it is said to be the subject of knowledge and enjoyment , or suffering , in varying degrees , according to its circumstances . Jain texts expound that all living beings are really soul , intrinsically perfect and immortal . Souls in transmigration are said to be embodied in the body as if in a prison .
= = = = Ajīva ( Non @-@ Soul ) = = = =
Matter ( Pudgala ) is considered a non @-@ intelligent substance consisting of an infinity of particles or atoms which are eternal . These atoms are said to possess sensible qualities , namely , taste , smell , color and , in certain forms , touch and sound .
Time is said to be the cause of continuity and succession . It is of two kinds : nishchaya and vyavhāra
Space ( akāśa ) - Space is divided by the Jainas into two parts , namely , the lokākāśa , that is the space occupied by the universe , and the alokākāśa , the portion beyond the universe . The lokākāśa is the portion in which are to be found the remaining five substances , i.e. , souls , Matter , Time , Dharma and Adharma ; but the alokākāśa is the region of pure space containing no other substance and lying stretched on all sides beyond bounds of the three worlds ( the entire universe ) .
Dharma and Adharma are substances said to be helpful in the motion and stationary states of things , respectively , the former enabling them to move from place to place and the latter to come to rest from the condition of motion .
= = = Tattva ( Reality ) = = =
Jain philosophy is based on seven fundamentals which are known as tattva , which attempt to explain the nature of karmas and provide solutions for the ultimate goal of liberation of the soul ( moksha ) : These are :
Jīva – the soul , which is characterized by consciousness
Ajīva – non @-@ living entities that consist of matter , space and time
Āsrava ( influx ) – the inflow of auspicious and evil karmic matter into the soul
Bandha ( bondage ) – mutual intermingling of the soul and karmas . The karma masks the jiva and restricts it from reaching its true potential of perfect knowledge and perception .
Saṃvara ( stoppage ) – obstruction of the inflow of karmic matter into the soul
Nirjarā ( gradual dissociation ) – the separation or falling off of part of karmic matter from the soul
Moksha ( liberation ) – complete annihilation of all karmic matter ( bound with any particular soul )
= = = Soul and Karma = = =
According to Jain belief , souls , intrinsically pure , possess the qualities of infinite knowledge , infinite perception , infinite bliss , and infinite energy in their ideal state . In reality , however , these qualities are found to be obstructed due to the soul 's association with karmic matter . The ultimate goal in Jainism is the realization of reality .
The relationship between the soul and karma is explained by the analogy of gold . Gold is always found mixed with impurities in its natural state . Similarly , the ideal pure state of the soul is always mixed with the impurities of karma . Just like gold , purification of the soul may be achieved if the proper methods of refining are applied . The Jain karmic theory is used to attach responsibility to individual action and is cited to explain inequalities , suffering and pain . Tirthankara @-@ nama @-@ karma is a special type of karma , bondage of which raises a soul to the supreme status of a tirthankara .
= = = Vitalism = = =
Jain texts state that there are ten vitalities or life @-@ principles : the five senses , energy , respiration , life @-@ duration , the organ of speech , and the mind . The table below summarizes the vitalities that living beings possess in accordance with their senses .
= = = Cosmology = = =
Jain texts propound that the universe was never created , nor will it ever cease to exist . It is independent and self @-@ sufficient , and does not require any superior power to govern it . Elaborate descriptions of the shape and function of the physical and metaphysical universe , and its constituents , are provided in the canonical Jain texts , in commentaries and in the writings of the Jain philosopher @-@ monks .
According to the Jain texts , the universe is divided into three parts , the upper , middle , and lower worlds , called respectively urdhva loka , madhya loka , and adho loka . It is made up of six constituents : Jīva , the living entity ; Pudgala , matter ; Dharma tattva , the substance responsible for motion ; Adharma tattva , the substance responsible for rest ; Akāśa , space ; and Kāla , time .
Kāla ( time ) is without beginning and eternal ; the cosmic wheel of time , called kālachakra , rotates ceaselessly . According to Jain texts , in this part of the universe , there is rise and fall during the six periods of the two aeons of regeneration and degeneration . Thus , the worldly cycle of time is divided into two parts or half @-@ cycles , ascending ( utsarpiṇī ) and descending ( avasarpiṇī ) . Utsarpiṇī is a period of progressive prosperity , where happiness increases , while avasarpiṇī is a period of increasing sorrow and immorality . According to Jain cosmology , currently we are in the 5th ara of avasarpiṇī ( half time cycle of degeneration ) . As of 2016 , exactly 2 @,@ 538 years have elapsed , and 18 @,@ 460 years are still left . The present age is one of sorrow and misery . In this ara , though religion is practiced in lax and diluted form , no liberation is possible . At the end of this ara , even the Jain religion will disappear , only to appear again with the advent of the first Tīrthankara after the 42 @,@ 000 years of next utsarpiṇī are over .
The following table depicts the six aras of avasarpiṇī
This trend will start reversing at the onset of utsarpinī kāl with the Dukhama @-@ dukhamā ara being the first ara of utsarpinī ( half @-@ time cycle of regeneration ) .
According to Jain texts , sixty @-@ three illustrious beings , called śalākāpuruṣas , are born on this earth in every Dukhama @-@ sukhamā ara . The Jain universal history is a compilation of the deeds of these illustrious persons . They comprise twenty @-@ four tīrthaṅkaras , twelve chakravartins , nine balabhadra , nine narayana , and nine pratinarayana .
A chakravartī is an emperor of the world and lord of the material realm . Though he possesses worldly power , he often finds his ambitions dwarfed by the vastness of the cosmos . Jain puranas give a list of twelve chakravartins ( universal monarchs ) . They are golden in complexion . One of the greatest chakravartins mentioned in Jain scriptures is Bharata Chakravartin . Jain texts like Harivamsa Purana and Hindu Texts like Vishnu Purana mention that India came to be known as Bharatavarsha in his memory .
There are nine sets of balabhadra , narayana , and pratinarayana . The balabhadra and narayana are brothers . Balabhadra are nonviolent heroes , narayana are violent heroes , and pratinarayana can be described as villains . According to the legends , the narayana ultimately kill the pratinarayana . Of the nine balabhadra , eight attain liberation and the last goes to heaven . On death , the narayana go to hell on account of their violent exploits , even if these were intended to uphold righteousness .
= = = Epistemology = = =
According to the Jain text Tattvartha sutra , jnāna ( knowledge ) is of five kinds :
Kevala Jnana ( Omniscience )
Śrutu Jñāna ( Scriptural Knowledge )
Mati Jñāna ( Sensory Knowledge )
Avadhi Jñāna ( Clairvoyance )
Manah prayāya Jñāna ( Telepathy )
The first two are regarded as indirect knowledge and the remaining three as direct knowledge .
= = = Agamas = = =
After the attainment of Kevala Jnāna ( omniscience ) , the tirthankara discourses in a divine preaching hall called samavasarana . The discourse delivered is called Śhrut Jnāna and comprises eleven angas and fourteen purvas . The discourse is recorded by Ganadharas ( chief disciples ) , and is composed of twelve angas ( departments ) . It is generally represented by a tree with twelve branches .
Historically , the Jain Agamas were based on the teachings of Mahāvīra , the last Tīrthankara of the present half cycle . The Agamas were memorised and passed on through the ages . They were lost because of famine that caused the death of several saints within a thousand years of Mahāvīra 's death . These comprise thirty @-@ two works : eleven angās , twelve upanga āgamas , four chedasūtras , four mūlasūtras , and the last , a pratikraman , or Avashyak sūtra .
= = Liberation and Godhood = =
= = = The Path to Liberation = = =
Jainism is also called Moksha Marga ( the Path to Liberation ) . The very first aphorism of the Jain text Tattvartha sutra is : " Right faith , right knowledge , and right conduct ( together ) constitute the path to liberation . "
Prof. S. A. Jain in his book Reality writes :
Perfect release from all karmas is liberation . The path to liberation is the method by which it can be attained . The singular ' path ' is used in order to indicate that all the three together constitute the path to liberation . This controverts the views that each of these singly constitutes a path . Hence it must be understood that these three — right faith , right knowledge and right conduct — together constitute the direct path to liberation .
The following three jewels of Jainism constitute the threefold path to liberation :
Right View ( samyak darśana ) – Belief in substances like soul ( Ātman ) and non @-@ soul without delusions .
Right Knowledge ( samyak jnana ) – Knowledge of the substances ( tattvas ) without any doubt or misapprehension .
Right Conduct ( samyak charitra ) – Being free from attachment , a right believer does not commit hiṃsā ( injury ) .
= = = Stages on the Path = = =
In Jain philosophy , the fourteen stages through which a soul must pass in order to attain liberation ( moksha ) are called Gunasthāna . These are :
At the second @-@ to @-@ last stage , a soul destroys all inimical karmas , including the knowledge @-@ obscuring karma which results in the manifestation of infinite knowledge ( Kevala Jnana ) , which is said to be the true nature of every soul .
Those who pass the last stage are called siddha and become fully established in Right Faith , Right Knowledge and Right Conduct . According to Jain texts , after the total destruction of karmas the released pure soul ( Siddha ) goes up to the summit of universe ( Siddhashila ) and dwells there in eternal bliss .
The soul removes its ignorance ( mithyatva ) at the 4th stage , vowlessness ( avirati ) at the 6th stage , passions ( kashaya ) at the 12th stage , and yoga ( activities of body , mind and speech ) at the 14th stage , and thus attains liberation .
= = = God = = =
Jain texts reject the idea of a creator or destroyer God and postulate an eternal universe . Jain cosmology divides the worldly cycle of time into two parts ( avasarpiṇī and utsarpiṇī ) . According to Jain belief , in every half @-@ cycle of time , twenty @-@ four Tīrthankaras grace this part of the Universe to teach the unchanging doctrine of right faith , right knowledge and right conduct . The word Tīrthankara signifies the founder of a tirtha , which means a fordable passage across a sea . The Tīrthankaras show the ' fordable path ' across the sea of interminable births and deaths . Rishabhanatha is said to be the first Tīrthankara of the present half @-@ cycle ( avasarpiṇī ) . Mahāvīra ( 6th century BC ) is revered as the last Tīrthankara of avasarpiṇī . Though Jain texts explain that Jainism has always existed and will always exist , modern historians place the earliest evidence of Jainism in the 9th century BC .
In Jainism , perfect souls with the body are called Arihant ( victors ) and perfect souls without the body are called Siddhas ( liberated souls ) . Tirthankara is an Arihant who helps others to achieve liberation . Tirthankaras become role models for those seeking liberation . They are also called human spiritual guides . They reorganise the four @-@ fold order that consists of male ascetics ( muni ) , female ascetics ( aryika ) , laymen ( śrāvaka ) and laywomen ( śrāvikā ) . Jainism has been described as a transtheistic religion , as it does not teach the dependency on any supreme being for enlightenment . The tirthankara is a guide and teacher who points the way to enlightenment , but the struggle for enlightenment is one 's own . The following two verses of the Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra expound the definition of God according to Jainism :
In the nature of things the true God should be free from the faults and weaknesses of the lower nature ; [ he should be ] the knower of all things and the revealer of dharma ; in no other way can divinity be constituted . ( 1 – 5 )
He alone is free from hunger , thirst , senility , disease , birth , death , fear , pride , attachment , aversion , infatuation , worry , conceit , hatred , uneasiness , sweat , sleep and surprise is called a God . ( 1 – 6 )
= = History = =
= = = Origins = = =
The origins of Jainism are obscure . Jainism is a philosophy of eternity , and Jains believe their religion to be eternal . Ṛṣabhanātha is said to be the founder of Jainism in the present half cycle . Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan , the first Vice President of India wrote :
There is evidence to show that so far back as the first century B.C. there were people who were worshipping Ṛṣabhadeva , the first tīrthaṅkara . There is no doubt that Jainism prevailed even before Vardhamāna or Pārśvanātha . The Yajurveda mentions the name of three Tīrthaṅkaras @-@ Ṛṣabha , Ajitnātha and Ariṣṭanemi . The Bhāgavata Purāṇa endorses the view that Ṛṣabha was the founder of Jainism .
Further , he believed that Jainism was much older than Hinduism :
There is nothing wonderful in my saying that Jainism was in existence long before the Vedas were composed .
And in the first volume of The Cultural Heritage of India :
The Jains claim a great antiquity for their religion . Their earliest prophet was Rishabhdeva , who is mentioned even in the Vishnu and Bhagawat Puranas as belonging to a very remote past . In the earliest Brahmanic literature are found traces of the existence of a religious Order .
Jains revere Vardhamana Mahāvīra ( 6th century BCE ) as the twenty @-@ fourth tirthankara of this era . He appears in the tradition as one who , from the beginning , had followed a religion established long ago .
Parshvanatha , predecessor of Mahāvīra and the twenty @-@ third tirthankara was a historical figure . He lived in the 9th century BCE .
On antiquity of Jainism , Dr. Heinrich Zimmer was of the view that :
There is truth in the Jaina idea that their religion goes back to a remote antiquity , the antiquity in question being that of the pre @-@ Aryan so called Dravidian period , which has recently been dramatically illuminated by the discovery of a series of great Late stone Age cities in the Indus Valley , dating from the third and perhaps even fourth millennium B.C.
There is inscriptional evidence for the presence of Jain monks in south India by the second or first centuries BC , and archaeological evidence of Jain monks in Saurashtra in Gujarat by the second century CE .
= = = Royal patronage = = =
The ancient city Pithunda , capital of Kalinga ( modern Odisha ) , is described in the Jain text Uttaradhyana Sutra as an important centre at the time of Mahāvīra , and was frequented by merchants from Champa . Rishabhanatha , the first tirthankara , was revered and worshiped in Pithunda and was known as the Kalinga Jina . Mahapadma Nanda ( c . 450 – 362 BCE ) conquered Kalinga and took a statue of Rishabha from Pithunda to his capital in Magadha . Jainism is said to have flourished under the Nanda Empire .
The Maurya Empire came to power after the downfall of the Nanda . The first Mauryan emperor , Chandragupta Maurya ( c . 322 – 298 BCE ) , became a Jain in the latter part of his life . He was a disciple of Bhadrabahu , the last srut @-@ kevali ( knower of all " Jain Agamas " ) , who migrated to South India . Samprati ( c . 224 – 215 BCE ) ( grandson of the Maurya emperor Ashoka ) is said to have been converted to Jainism by a Jain monk named Suhastin . After his conversion he was credited with actively spreading Jainism to many parts of India and beyond , both by making it possible for monks to travel to barbarian lands , and by building and renovating thousands of temples and establishing millions of icons . He ruled a place called Ujjain .
In the 1st century BCE , Emperor Kharavela , of the Mahameghavahana dynasty of Kalinga , invaded Magadha . He retrieved Rishabha 's statue and installed it in Udaygiri , near his capital Shishupalgadh . According to Michael Tobias , he was a Jain ruler , who was also a military victor . However , according to Helmuth von Glasenapp , this cannot be said with certainty : Kharavela was probably a free @-@ thinker who patronized all his subjects , including Jains .
Xuanzang ( 629 – 645 CE ) , a Chinese traveller , notes that there were numerous Jains present in Kalinga during his time . The Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves near Bhubaneswar , Odisha , are the only surviving stone Jain monuments in Orissa .
King Vanaraja ( c . 720 – 780 CE ) of the Chawda dynasty in northern Gujarat , raised by a Jain monk named Silunga Suri , supported Jainism during his rule . The king of Kannauj Ama ( c . 8th century CE ) was converted to Jainism by Bappabhatti , a disciple of the famous Jain monk Siddhasena Divakara . Bappabhatti also converted Vakpati , the friend of Ama who authored a famous Prakrit epic titled Gaudavaho .
= = = Decline = = =
Once a major religion , Jainism declined due to a number of factors , including proselytising by other religious groups , persecution , withdrawal of royal patronage , sectarian fragmentation and the absence of central leadership . Since the time of Mahāvīra , Jainism faced rivalry with Buddhism and the various Hindu sects . The Jains suffered isolated violent persecutions by these groups , but the main factor responsible for the decline of their religion was the success of Hindu reformist movements . Around the 7th century , Shaivism saw considerable growth at the expense of Jainism due to the efforts of the Shaivite saints like Sambandar and Appar .
Royal patronage has been a key factor in the growth as well as decline of Jainism . The Pallava king Mahendravarman I ( 600 – 630 CE ) converted from Jainism to Shaivism under the influence of Appar . His work Mattavilasa Prahasana ridicules certain Shaiva sects and the Buddhists and also expresses contempt towards Jain ascetics . Sambandar converted the contemporary Pandya king to Shaivism . During the 11th century , Basava , a minister to the Jain king Bijjala , succeeded in converting numerous Jains to the Lingayat Shaivite sect . The Lingayats destroyed various temples belonging to Jains and adapted them to their use . The Hoysala king Vishnuvardhana ( c . 1108 – 1152 CE ) became a follower of the Vaishnava sect under the influence of Ramanuja , after which Vaishnavism grew rapidly in what is now Karnataka . As the Hindu sects grew , the Jains compromised by following Hindu rituals and customs and invoking Hindu deities in Jain literature .
There are several legends about the massacre of Jains in ancient times . The Buddhist king Ashoka ( 304 – 232 BCE ) is said to have ordered killings of 18 @,@ 000 Jains or Ajivikas after someone drew a picture of Buddha bowing at the feet of Mahāvīra . The Shaivite king Koon Pandiyan , who briefly converted to Jainism , is said to have ordered a massacre of 8 @,@ 000 Jains after his re @-@ conversion to Shaivism . However , these legends are not found in the Jain texts , and appear to be fabricated propaganda by Buddhists and Shaivites . Such stories of destruction of one sect by another sect were common at the time , and were used as a way to prove the superiority of one sect over the other . Another such legend about Vishnuvardhana ordering the Jains to be crushed in an oil mill does not appear to be historically true .
The decline of Jainism continued after the Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent . The Muslims rulers , such as Mahmud Ghazni ( 1001 ) , Mohammad Ghori ( 1175 ) and Ala @-@ ud @-@ din Muhammed Shah Khilji ( 1298 ) further oppressed the Jain community . They vandalised idols and destroyed temples or converted them into mosques . They also burned the Jain books and killed Jains . Some conversions were peaceful , however ; Pir Mahabir Khamdayat ( c . 13th century CE ) is well known for his peaceful propagation of Islam . The Jains also enjoyed amicable relations with the rulers of the tributary Vedic Hindu kingdoms during this period ; however , their number and influence had diminished significantly due to their rivalry with the Shaivite and Vaisnavite sects .
= = Community = =
The majority of Jains currently reside in India . With 4 – 6 million followers ( 0 @.@ 1 % ) , Jainism is relatively small compared to major world religions . Jains form 0 @.@ 37 % of India 's population . Most of the Jains are concentrated in the states of Maharashtra ( 31 @.@ 46 % of Indian Jains ) , Rajasthan ( 13 @.@ 97 % ) , Gujarat ( 13 @.@ 02 % ) and Madhya Pradesh ( 12 @.@ 74 % ) . Karnataka ( 9 @.@ 89 % ) , Uttar Pradesh ( 4 @.@ 79 % ) , Delhi ( 3 @.@ 73 % ) and Tamil Nadu ( 2 @.@ 01 % ) also have significant Jain populations . Outside of India , large Jain communities can be found in the United States and Europe . Several Jain temples have been built in both of these places . Smaller Jain communities also exist in Kenya and Canada . Jains developed a system of philosophy and ethics that had a great impact on Indian culture . They have contributed to the culture and language in the Indian states of Tamil Nadu , Karnataka , and Maharashtra .
Jains encourage their monastics to do research and obtain higher education . Monks and nuns , particularly in Rajasthan , have published numerous research monographs . According to the 2001 Indian census , Jains have the highest degree of literacy of any religious community in India ( 94 @.@ 1 percent ) , and their manuscript libraries are the oldest in the country . Jain libraries , including those at Patan and Jaisalmer , have a large number of well @-@ preserved manuscripts .
= = Schools and branches = =
The Jain community is divided into two major denominations , Digambara and Śvētāmbara . Monks of the Digambara ( " sky @-@ clad " ) tradition do not wear clothes . Female monastics of the Digambara sect wear unstitched plain white sarees and are referred to as Aryikas . Śvētāmbara ( " white @-@ clad " ) monastics on the other hand , wear white seamless clothes .
During Chandragupta Maurya 's reign , Acharya Bhadrabahu , the last śrut @-@ kevali ( all knowing by hearsay , that is indirectly ) predicted a twelve @-@ year @-@ long famine and moved to Karnataka with his disciples . Sthulabhadra , a pupil of Acharya Bhadrabahu , stayed in Magadha . After the famine , when followers of Acharya Bhadrabahu returned , they found that those who stayed at Magadha had started wearing white clothes , which was unacceptable to the others who remained naked . This is how the Digambara and Śvētāmbara schism began , with the Digambara being naked while the Svetambara were white clothed . Digambara saw this as being opposed to the Jain tenets which , according to them , required complete nudity . Evidence of gymnosophists ( " naked philosophers " ) in Greek records as early as the fourth century BCE supports the claim of the Digambaras that they have preserved the ancient Śramaṇa practice .
The earliest record of Digambara beliefs is contained in the Prakrit Suttapahuda of the Digambara Acharya , Kundakunda ( c . 2nd century CE ) . Digambaras believe that Mahāvīra remained unmarried , whereas Śvētāmbara believe that Mahāvīra married a woman who bore him a daughter . The Śvētāmbaras believe women may attain liberation and that the tirthankara Māllīnātha was female .
Excavations at Mathura revealed Jain statues from the time of the Kushan Empire ( c . 1st century CE ) . Tirthankara represented without clothes , and monks with cloth wrapped around the left arm , are identified as the Ardhaphalaka ( " half @-@ clothed " ) mentioned in texts . The Yapaniyas , believed to have originated from the Ardhaphalaka , followed Digambara nudity along with several Śvētāmbara beliefs .
= = Jain literature = =
The Digambara sect of Jainism maintains that the Agamas were lost during the same famine in which the purvas were lost . According to the Digambaras , Āchārya Bhutabali was the last ascetic who had partial knowledge of the original canon . Later on , some learned Āchāryas started to restore , compile , and put into written words the teachings of Mahāvīra , that were the subject matter of Aagamas . Āchārya Dharasen , in the first century CE , guided two Āchāryas , Āchārya Pushpadant and Āchārya Bhutabali , to put these teachings in written form . The two Āchāryas wrote , on palm leaves , Ṣaṭkhaṅḍāgama – among the oldest @-@ known Digambara Jaina texts . Digambara texts include two main texts , four Pratham @-@ Anuyog , three charn @-@ anuyoga , four karan @-@ anuyoga and twelve dravya @-@ anuyoga .
Some of the most famous Jain texts include Samayasara , Ratnakaranda śrāvakācāra , and Niyamasara .
Some scholars believe that the author of the oldest extant work of literature in Tamil ( 3rd century BCE ) , the Tolkāppiyam , was a Jain . The Tirukkuṛaḷ by Thiruvalluvar is considered to be the work of a Jain by scholars such as Ka . Naa . Subramanyam , V. Kalyanasundarnar , Vaiyapuri Pillai , and P. S. Sundaram . It emphatically supports vegetarianism in chapter 26 and states that giving up animal sacrifice is worth more than a thousand offerings in fire in verse 259 .
The Nālaṭiyār ( a famous Tamil poetic work ) was composed by Jain monks from South India in 100 – 500 .
The Silappatikaram , the earliest surviving epic in Tamil literature , was written by a Jain , Ilango Adigal . This epic is a major work in Tamil literature , describing the historical events of its time and also of the then @-@ prevailing religions , Jainism , Buddhism and Shaivism .
According to George L. Hart , who holds the endowed Chair in Tamil Studies at the University of California , Berkeley , has written that the legend of the Tamil Sangams or " literary assemblies " , was based on the Jain sangham at Madurai : " There was a permanent Jaina assembly called a Sangha established about 604 A.D. in Madurai . It seems likely that this assembly was the model upon which tradition fabricated the Sangam legend . "
Jain scholars and poets authored Tamil classics of the Sangam period , such as the Cīvaka Cintāmaṇi and Nālaṭiyār . In the beginning of the mediaeval period , between the 9th and 13th centuries , Kannada authors were predominantly Jains and Lingayatis . Jains were the earliest known cultivators of Kannada literature , which they dominated until the 12th century . Jains wrote about the tirthankaras and other aspects of the faith . Adikavi Pampa is one of the greatest Kannada poets . Court poet to the Chalukya king Arikesari , a Rashtrakuta feudatory , he is best known for his Vikramarjuna Vijaya .
= = Art and architecture = =
Jainism has contributed significantly to Indian art and architecture . Jains mainly depict tirthankara or other important people in a seated or standing meditative posture . Yakshas and yakshinis , attendant spirits who guard the tirthankara , are usually shown with them . Figures on various seals from the Indus Valley Civilisation bear similarity to Jain images , nude and in a meditative posture . The earliest known Jain image is in the Patna museum . It is approximately dated to the 3rd century BCE . Bronze images of Pārśva can be seen in the Prince of Wales Museum , Mumbai , and in the Patna museum ; these are dated to the 2nd century BCE .
The Jain tower in Chittor , Rajasthan , is a good example of Jain architecture . Decorated manuscripts are preserved in Jain libraries , containing diagrams from Jain cosmology . Most of the paintings and illustrations depict historical events , known as Panch Kalyanaka , from the life of the tirthankara . Rishabha , the first tirthankara , is usually depicted in either the lotus position or kayotsarga , the standing position . He is distinguished from other tirthankara by the long locks of hair falling to his shoulders . Bull images also appear in his sculptures . In paintings , incidents from his life , like his marriage and Indra 's marking his forehead , are depicted . Other paintings show him presenting a pottery bowl to his followers ; he is also seen painting a house , weaving , and being visited by his mother Marudevi . Each of the twenty @-@ four tirthankara is associated with distinctive emblems , which are listed in such texts as Tiloyapannati , Kahavaali and Pravacanasaarodhara .
There are 26 caves , 200 stone beds , 60 inscriptions and over 100 sculptures in and around Madurai . This is also the site where Jain ascetics of yesteryear wrote great epics and books on grammar in Tamil .
= = = Temples = = =
Remnants of ancient Jain temples and cave temples can be found all around India . Notable among these are the Jain caves at Udaigiri Hills near Bhelsa ( Vidisha ) in Madhya Pradesh and Ellora in Maharashtra , and the Jain temples at Dilwara near Mount Abu , Rajasthan .
The Sittanavasal cave temple is regarded as one of the finest examples of Jain art . It is the oldest and most famous Jain centre in the region . It possesses both an early Jain cave shelter , and a medieval rock @-@ cut temple with excellent fresco paintings comparable to Ajantha paintings ; the steep hill contains an isolated but spacious cavern . Locally , this cavern is known as Eladipattam , a name that is derived from the seven holes cut into the rock that serve as steps leading to the shelter . Within the cave there are seventeen stone beds aligned into rows , and each of these has a raised portion that could have served as a pillow @-@ loft . The largest stone bed has a distinct Tamil @-@ Bramhi inscription assignable to the 2nd century BCE , and some inscriptions belonging to the 8th century BCE are also found on the nearby beds . The Sittannavasal cavern continued to be the " Holy Sramana Abode " until the 7th and 8th centuries . Inscriptions over the remaining stone beds name mendicants such as Tol kunrattu Kadavulan , Tirunilan , Tiruppuranan , Tittaicharanan , Sri Purrnacandran , Thiruchatthan , Ilangowthaman , sri Ulagathithan and Nityakaran Pattakali as monks .
The 8th century Kazhugumalai temple marks the revival of Jainism in South India .
= = = Statues and sculptures = = =
A monolithic , 18 @-@ metre ( 59 @-@ foot ) statue of Bahubali , referred to as Gommateshvara , built by the Ganga minister and commander Chavundaraya , is situated on a hilltop in Shravanabelagola in the Hassan district of Karnataka state . This statue was voted as the first in the SMS poll Seven Wonders of India conducted by The Times of India . A Statue of Ahimsa ( depicting Rishabhanatha ) was erected in Nashik district in 2015 which is 33 m ( 108 ft ) tall .
A large number of ayagapata , votive tablets for offerings and the worship of Tīrthankara , were excavated from Kankali Tila , Mathura .
= = = Symbols = = =
Swastika
The Swastika is an important Jain symbol . The four arms of the swastika symbolize the four states of existence according to Jainism :
Heavenly being ( devas )
Human being
Hellish being
Tiryancha ( subhuman like flora or fauna )
= = Reception = =
Like all religions , Jainism is criticized and praised for some of its practices and beliefs .
Mahatma Gandhi was greatly influenced by Jainism , adopting the Jain principles of asceticism , compassion for all forms of life , the importance of vows for self @-@ discipline , vegetarianism , fasting for self @-@ purification , and mutual tolerance among people of different creeds . Mahatma Gandhi said :
No religion in the World has explained the principle of Ahimsa so deeply and systematically as is discussed with its applicability in every human life in Jainism . As and when the benevolent principle of Ahimsa or non @-@ violence will be ascribed for practice by the people of the world to achieve their end of life in this world and beyond . Jainism is sure to have the uppermost status and Mahāvīra is sure to be respected as the greatest authority on Ahimsa .
Swami Vivekananda appreciated the role of Jainism in the development of Indian religious philosophy . In his words , he asks :
What could have saved Indian society from the ponderous burden of omnifarious ritualistic ceremonialism , with its animal and other sacrifices , which all but crushed the very life of it , except the Jain revolution which took its strong stand exclusively on chaste morals and philosophical truths ?
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= Hensley & Co . =
Hensley & Co . , also known as Hensley Beverage Company , is an Anheuser @-@ Busch beer wholesaler and distributor headquartered in the West Phoenix area of Phoenix , Arizona . It markets to the Phoenix , Tempe , and Prescott Valley areas . It is the third @-@ largest Anheuser @-@ Busch distributor in the United States and one of the largest privately held companies in Arizona . It is arguably the best @-@ known beer distributorship in America .
The company was founded in 1955 by Arizona businessman Jim Hensley and steadily grew based upon population growth in the region and a close arrangement with Anheuser @-@ Busch . Following Hensley 's death in 2000 , his daughter Cindy Hensley McCain became the controlling owner . Hensley & Co. maintains an active presence in the Phoenix area in terms of sponsorships and charitable giving . Its representatives have held high positions in several city and state business groups and the company is active in political discussions that affect the industry .
= = Business history = =
The company was founded in January 1955 by Arizona businessman Jim Hensley on a $ 10 @,@ 000 loan . It originally had 12 workers , sold 73 @,@ 000 cases of beer a year ( a case typically being twenty @-@ four 12 @-@ oz. bottles or cans ) , and had a 6 percent market share . While it initially handled many brands of beer , Hensley accepted an offer later in 1955 to become Anheuser @-@ Busch 's sole distributor for Maricopa County in return for selling only that brand . Under the names Hensley & Company Distributors and Hensley & Company Wholesale , the company saw decades of steady growth , aided by the Phoenix area becoming one of the fastest @-@ growing regions of the country while the company still maintained exclusivity with Anheuser @-@ Busch . Jim Hensley 's tireless sales efforts and the generous wages and benefits he gave employees were also key success factors . Regarding technology , Hensley & Co. were the first Anheuser @-@ Busch distributor to invest in refrigerated warehouses , which subsequently became standard in the industry . By 1970 , Hensley & Co. had a 20 percent market share ; by 1980 , that had grown to 50 percent , the business had become quite successful , and Jim Hensley was a multi @-@ millionaire .
In 1981 , Jim Hensley 's new son @-@ in @-@ law John McCain , recently married to daughter Cindy Hensley McCain and retired from the United States Navy , was hired as Vice President of Public Relations . McCain soon left to begin his Congressional career . In 1993 , the company consolidated operations under the name Hensley & Company .
Robert Delgado , who had been with the company since 1975 , was named president in 1994 — assuming day @-@ to @-@ day control of the business — and later was named CEO , while Jim Hensley remained chairman . The company also acquired real estate holdings throughout Arizona . John McCain 's son Andrew , from his first marriage , joined the firm around 1997 ; his MBA and banking experience would lead to his later becoming the company 's CFO and COO .
At the time of his death in 2000 , Jim Hensley held most of the controlling stock ; annual revenues were over $ 220 million on 20 million cases of beer sold . Cindy Hensley McCain , who had been a vice president , became the controlling stockholder — she , her children , and Andrew McCain together control 68 percent of the company — and chair of the board . As chair , her role takes the form of remote consultations with Delgado on major initiatives such as new products , new plants , employee welfare , or charitable giving , rather than of an active physical presence . She is categorized by Anheuser @-@ Busch as an absentee owner , and Delgado is required to have complete control over business operations and investment decisions . Anheuser @-@ Busch inquired about buying the distributorship in the early 2000s , preferring not to have absentee owners , but she declined ( all other beer distributorships in the U.S. are privately owned as well ) .
By 2007 Hensley employed 650 people , sold about 23 million cases of beer a year to over 5 @,@ 000 retail accounts producing revenues of $ 340 million , and a 60 percent or more market share in its target area . Beverage industry analysts estimated the company 's value in 2008 at more than $ 250 million . Despite the late @-@ 2000s recession , which resulted in a rare decline in sales volume for the company , revenues rose slightly to $ 350 million by 2009 and employment was still 650 in 2010 . It subsequently rose to 800 by 2015 . The company said it had record revenues in 2014 but did not disclose the amount . The company 's workforce is dominated by men in their twenties . The company 's facilities include its own printing shop . It operates a fleet of some 750 trucks and other vehicles and conducts its own training program for commercial driver 's licenses .
The company 's Phoenix distribution plant occupies a number of acres and is marked by a giant Budweiser sign . In addition to beer , Hensley also distributes energy drinks , root beer , liquor , and wines , some of which are distributed from a warehouse in Tucson . The move into wines was accelerated by the acquisition of Phoenix @-@ based Quench Fine Wines Ltd. in 2010 . Via the holding company King Aviation , Hensley also owns and operates Cessna Citation Excel aircraft . Over half the beer sold in the Phoenix area is from Anheuser @-@ Busch , making it one of their better markets nationally . Both companies benefit when major sports events are held in the area , such as Super Bowl XLIX . The beer distribution business and the Phoenix market for it are very competitive ; some Anheuser @-@ Busch distributors eventually ended their exclusive arrangements with the beer maker , while for a while Hensley had no plans to do so . However in 2009 it did so , in part this being associated with Hensley 's move into selling craft beers , an emerging force in the market . In such regard Hensley worked with Four Peaks Brewery among others . By 2015 Hensley sold some 850 drinks and brands from around the world and had around 8 @,@ 000 retail customers in the Phoenix area .
= = Political activities = =
Between 1982 and 2000 , the company contributed $ 80 @,@ 000 to John McCain 's political campaigns ; from 2001 to 2006 , the company and its employees would contribute an additional $ 24 @,@ 000 . In Congress , McCain recused himself on legislation involving alcohol issues .
In the late 1980s , Jim Hensley was active in legislative battles against neo @-@ prohibitionist movements . In 1992 , a former Anheuser @-@ Busch lobbyist accused Hensley & Co. of illegal " bundling " of contributions to state legislators . Hensley denied the claim , which was later withdrawn by the lobbyist with no charges filed .
Hensley & Co. holds a seat on the board of the National Beer Wholesalers Association , and company spokesperson Douglas Yonko is the association 's Arizona director . Company executives have contributed heavily to the association 's funding . Hensley executives have been active in successfully convincing the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau to not require alcohol content displays for beer labels . In the early 2000s , Hensley sought unsuccessfully to keep liquor makers from entering the flavored malt beverage market , while it began distributing such beverages itself , including Anheuser @-@ Busch 's Tilt . During the 2010s , Hensley supported proposed state legislation that , within the rigid three @-@ tier framework of producers , distributors , and retailers , would relax production caps on craft breweries with respect to how much beer they can make and " self @-@ distribute " , in the belief that such relief would help such breweries grow bigger and eventually need Hensley 's distribution services .
Hensley & Co. has continued to be a strong presence in Arizona politics , opposing liquor tax increases in all circumstances , including those targeted for childhood education and children 's hospitals . Yonko has also been an officer of the Arizona Chamber of Commerce & Industry , which backed John McCain 's successful bid for re @-@ election in 2010 . In 2008 , Andrew McCain was chairman of the Greater Phoenix Chamber of Commerce , where he focused the group 's attention on the state 's budget deficit , possible transportation initiatives , and immigration reform .
Like many businesses in the state , Hensley got caught up in the controversy surrounding the Arizona SB 1070 anti @-@ illegal immigration law , with the group Somos America advocating a boycott of Hensley until the company denounced the law . The company called the action " an obvious cheap political stunt motivated solely by self promotion " and said that " Hensley Beverage Company / Budweiser will continue to embrace and encourage the wonderful diversity of our state " . The boycott gained little attention . Later that year , Hensley and Delgado joined the Partnership for a New American Economy , an effort started by Michael Bloomberg to push towards comprehensive immigration reform , and in early 2011 Delgado signed a letter from a number of Arizona CEOs directed at Arizona State Senator Russell Pearce requesting that the legislature back off any more anti @-@ illegal immigration measures .
= = Community involvements = =
Hensley engages in various local sports sponsorships , including for Phoenix International Raceway . Andrew McCain has served on the board of directors of the Fiesta Bowl and for 2014 – 15 was named chairman of the bowl .
Hensley is a major contributor to charity in the Phoenix metropolitan area , donating about $ 1 million per year to various causes and starting the Hensley Employee Foundation in 2001 . In addition , the company has helped promote safe ride businesses in an effort to avoid drunk driving incidents . Another event is the Budweiser Shootout Golf Tournament , held in conjunction with the Arizona State University Hispanic Business Alumni since 1991 , which has raised over $ 1 million for Latino student scholarships in the area . Hensley & Co. has also been a supporter of the Phoenix gay community , sponsoring events by the Phoenix Lesbian and Gay Pride Committee , and Cindy McCain and her daughter Meghan McCain were outspoken proponents of the NOH8 Campaign .
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= Judaism in Rugrats =
The animated television series Rugrats has been noted for its portrayal of Judaism , a dynamic rarely portrayed in American animated programming during the series ' broadcast run ( 1991 – 2004 ) . Two episodes of the series are devoted to Jewish holidays and explaining their history , and the Pickles family is shown to be part @-@ Jewish .
The first Rugrats Jewish holiday special was suggested to the production staff in 1992 by Nickelodeon executives as a special devoted to Hanukkah . Germain instead refashioned it into a Passover episode and the series did not explore a Hanukkah special until 1996 . Critical reaction to Jewish themes in Rugrats was largely positive . Each holiday special achieved high viewing numbers according to Nielsen Media Research and received positive reviews . However , Jewish character Grandpa Boris ' portrayal in a 1998 Rugrats comic strip was criticized by the Anti @-@ Defamation League for apparent antisemitism .
= = Jewish themes = =
In Rugrats , the root of Jewish themes stem from Boris and Minka Kropotkin , the maternal grandparents of infant Tommy Pickles . Boris and Minka follow traditional Jewish practices and speak in heavy Yiddish accents . Tommy and the Pickles family therefore partake in several Jewish activities throughout the series , particularly through holidays .
The first occurrence of this is in the episode " A Rugrats Passover , " which originally aired in the United States on April 13 , 1995 . In the episode , Tommy and the rest of the Rugrats , accompanied by their respective parents , attend a Passover seder hosted by Boris and Minka . Boris and Minka have an argument and Boris storms off to the attic , where the Rugrats find him and discover they are now locked in . To pass time , Boris recites the story of Passover . The Rugrats imagine that they are the characters in the story , including Tommy as Moses and his mean @-@ spirited cousin Angelica as the Pharaoh of Egypt .
In " A Rugrats Chanukah , " which originally aired on December 4 , 1996 , Minka regales the Rugrats with the tale of Hanukkah 's origins , and once more the infants cast themselves as the characters in their imagination . Meanwhile , Boris is outraged at being recast as Judah Maccabee in a Hanukkah pageant and even more so that his old rival Schlomo will be playing the Greek king .
More subtle Jewish references are also included in other aspects of the Rugrats franchise . In The Rugrats Movie , the 1998 film based on the series , Tommy is prepared to pour banana baby food on his infant brother Dil , which would attract a group of vicious monkeys who would likely harm the young baby ; the scene parallels the Sacrifice of Isaac , a primal covenant in Jewish studies .
= = Background = =
Boris and Minka were based on the Eastern European great aunts and uncles of Rugrats co @-@ creator Arlene Klasky , who herself is Jewish . Including Jewish themes in the series was deemed essential by Klasky ; in particular , she believed that making Didi Jewish and Tommy 's father Stu a Christian was a crucial dynamic , as " it was important to show that difference between family . " Klasky herself grew up with a Jewish mother and a non @-@ Jewish father .
Boris and Minka first appeared in the series ' first episode , " Tommy 's First Birthday " . Melanie Chartoff , voice of Minka and Jewish herself , had already been cast to play Didi when she was called by her agent to try out for a second voice role on the series as Minka . When given the description of the character , Chartoff felt she was incredibly cliched , but still wanted to try out for the role . When reading her lines , she found it difficult to grasp the character 's personality , as " Although the show had been created by Jews , this script had clearly not been written by them ; " so she took a break so she could do research into her family memorabilia and conceive a personality to reflect in the character 's voice .
In 1992 , Nickelodeon executives pitched the idea of making a Chanukah special to the Rugrats production team . Germain , however , responded with a Passover special instead , as he considered it to be a " funny idea " and of " historical interest " . While scripting the episode , now entitled " A Rugrats Passover " , the writers were forced to audit many elements of the portrayal of the Ten Plagues , particularly the last one , so that the episode would remain accessible to children and not too frightening . Due to the overall success of " A Rugrats Passover , " the Rugrats staff decided to revisit the Hanukkah special and created " A Rugrats Chanukah . " One of the co @-@ writers of the episode , David Weiss , had converted from Christianity to Judaism shortly before penning the teleplay .
= = Reception = =
Rugrats was unusual among contemporary animations in its attention to Jewish ritual and tradition . " A Rugrats Passover " ' s portrayal of a Seder dinner received press attention as a rare occurrence in children 's programming . The episode also marked the first Passover special Nickelodeon had broadcast , while " A Rugrats Chanukah " marked the first televised animated Hanukkah program .
Fan reaction to Jewish themes in Rugrats have been overwhelmingly positive . " A Rugrats Passover " and " A Rugrats Chanukah " are two of the most popular episodes in the series broadcast run . The Passover special achieved a Nielsen Rating of 3 @.@ 1 with a 4 @.@ 8 % share of American viewers , making it the sixth most watched American telecast that week . The Hanukkah special , meanwhile , received a 7 @.@ 9 Nielsen rating in Kids 2 – 11 , the show 's key demographic . Chartoff received an abundance of fan letters praising the series for detailing Judaism in sensitive fashion . She only received one complaint , from her mother , who claimed that the characterizations of Boris and Minka were anti @-@ Semitic .
Critically , Rugrats ' treatment of Judaism has also been acclaimed . Danny Goldberg wrote in his book How The Left Lost Teen Spirit : " I cannot think of any other TV show , animated or otherwise , in which Jewish traditions were so clearly expressed in the context of a mass appeal entertainment [ than in Rugrats ] . " Authors Michael Atkinson and Laurel Shifrin , in their book Flickipedia : Perfect Films for Every Occasion , Holiday , Mood , Ordeal , and Whim praised the series for celebrating " secular Jewishness in the wisest and most entertaining fashion " . TV Guide listed " A Rugrats Chanukah " number 5 in their 1999 " 10 Best Classic Family Holiday Specials " list , opining that with the episode , " Nickelodeon 's Rugrats secured its place in television history . " Jewish online magazine Schmooze listed Tommy as the number 1 fictional Jewish character of all time . They also wrote that if someone had yet to see either one of the holiday specials , their " Jewish education is incomplete . "
The series has received several accolades for its Jewish themes . In 2001 , Rugrats won a Jewish Image Award for " Outstanding Achievement . " " A Rugrats Passover " itself received three nominations from different television award programs . It was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the category " Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program ( for Programming Less Than One Hour ) , " but lost to The Simpsons episode " Lisa 's Wedding . " At the 23rd Annual Annie Awards it was nominated in the category " Best Individual Achievement for Writing in the Field of Animation , " but was beaten by the episode " The Tick vs. Arthur ’ s Band Account " from Fox Kids ' animated series The Tick . In 1995 , it was Rugrats ' submission for a CableACE award ; it received a nomination but did not win . In 2007 the Sherwin Miller Museum of Jewish Art in Tulsa , Oklahoma opened an exhibition of Biblical images in art and pop culture , including a poster for Let My Babies Go ! : A Passover Story , the picture book based on " A Rugrats Passover " .
However , the Anti @-@ Defamation League ( ADL ) criticized the design of Grandpa Boris and charged it with being anti @-@ Semitic . The controversy erupted when a 1998 Rugrats comic strip was published , featuring Boris in a synagogue reciting the Mourner 's Kaddish . The ADL issued a statement saying that the design resembled Nazi @-@ era depictions of Jews , and the fact that the character was reciting the sacred prayer perverted its solemnity . The Washington Post , the newspaper who published the strip , issued a similar statement in their Editor 's Note section , criticizing Nickelodeon for not showing better judgment in editing the strip .
Though former Nickelodeon president Albie Hecht , a Jew himself , was dumbfounded by the accusation and deemed it absurd , Herb Scannell , president of the company in 1998 , responded to the complaints and apologized to ADL . Scannell issued a statement promising that neither the strip nor the character would ever be published again . In the statement , he also noted , " Unfortunately , the creators of the strip made an error in judgment by referencing the Kaddish . I agree with you that , however well @-@ meaning , the use of the Kaddish in the comic strip was inappropriate . " Abraham H. Foxman , ADL National Director , responded via a press release in which they thanked Scannell for his speedy response and commended the company in general for understanding the issue at hand ; Foxman concluded by saying , " We appreciate Nickelodeon ’ s long record of creative and quality programming and understand that it was not their intention to offend . "
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= Griffon ( roller coaster ) =
Griffon is a steel Dive Coaster roller coaster located at the Busch Gardens Williamsburg amusement park in James City County , Virginia , United States . Designed by Bolliger & Mabillard , it is 205 feet ( 62 m ) high , and is the second @-@ fastest ( 71 miles per hour ( 114 km / h ) ) Dive Coaster built . The roller coaster features two Immelmann loops , a splashdown , two vertical drops and was the first of its kind to use floorless trains . Griffon was announced to the public on August 23 , 2006 and opened on May 18 , 2007 to positive reviews by both newspapers and enthusiasts . In 2007 , Amusement Today 's annual Golden Ticket Awards voted it the third @-@ best new steel roller coaster of that year and the 27th @-@ best steel roller coaster . It was voted the 33rd @-@ best steel roller coaster in 2013 .
= = History = =
On June 30 , 2006 , Busch Gardens Wiliamsburg announced that LeMans Raceway would be closing to the public on July 5 , 2006 in order to make room for the next year 's new attraction . Construction for Griffon began the next day with the demolishing of the raceway . A trademark for the name " Griffon " was filed by SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment on July 12 , 2006 . The roller coaster was announced to the public on August 23 , 2006 . On December 11 , 2006 , two cranes installed the highest piece of Griffon with an evergreen tree . The vertical drop and immelmann loop were completed in January 2007 and the final piece of track was installed in late February . After testing was complete , the roller coaster opened on May 18 , 2007 ; one week earlier than its original scheduled opening date .
When Griffon opened it 2007 , it held the records for the tallest , and fastest Dive Coaster in the world ; both which were previously held by SheiKra at Busch Gardens Tampa Bay . Griffon was also the first Dive Coaster to feature floorless trains and is the only roller coaster of its kind to have more than one inversion . In 2009 , Diving Coaster opened Happy Valley Shanghai , it took the drop length record at 213 @.@ 3 feet ( 65 @.@ 0 m ) .
= = Ride experience = =
After the floors drop and the front gate opens , the train is dispatched from the station and makes a downward right turn immediately followed by an upward right turn which leads directly to 45 @-@ degree inclined chain lift hill . Once the train reaches the top of the 205 @-@ foot ( 62 m ) lift , it makes a right turn into a holding brake where the train slowly moves over the first drop ( which is 205 @-@ foot ( 62 m ) ) , stops for a few seconds , and then is released down the 90 degree drop . By the time the train makes it to the bottom of the drop , it reaches its maximum speed of 71 miles per hour ( 114 km / h ) . Then , the train enters an immelmann loop before dropping back to the ground and making a banked upward left turn into the mid course brake run . After the train slows down , it enters a second 130 @-@ foot ( 40 m ) 90 degree drop into another immelmann loop . Following a small airtime hill , the train goes through a splashdown which sprays two 50 @-@ foot ( 15 m ) lines of water in the air . Finally , the train makes a banked turn to the left leading into the final brake run . One cycle of the ride lasts about three minutes .
= = Characteristics = =
= = = Track = = =
The steel track of Griffon is 3 @,@ 108 feet ( 947 m ) long and the lift is approximately 205 feet ( 62 m ) high . The ride is equipped with an elevator that can return riders to ground level if a train must be evacuated while on the lift hill . Both the track and supports are blue ; however , the track uses a darker shade . The track was fabricated by Clermont Steel Fabricators in Batavia , Ohio , which manufactures Bolliger & Mabillard 's roller coasters .
= = = Trains = = =
Griffon operates with three steel and fiberglass trains , colored red , yellow , and black . Each train has three rows that seat ten riders across for a total of 30 riders per train ; each seat has its own individual over @-@ the @-@ shoulder restraint with a seatbelt . This configuration allows the ride to achieve a theoretical hourly capacity of 1 @,@ 400 riders per hour . Unlike traditional roller coasters , Griffon 's trains are floorless , allowing the riders ' legs to dangle throughout the ride . Riders also experience up to 4 times the force of gravity .
= = Reception = =
Preston Wong from Hampton Roads said , " [ The floorless trains ] giv [ e ] riders a sense of vulnerability and , for those in the front row , an idea of what it must feel like to fly " and that enthusiasts would like the ride . Nicole Paitsel , Lisa Deaderick , and Joe Atkinson from Daily Press each rated the roller coaster for its vomiting and scream factors . Nicole and Lisa rated the vomiting factor a one ( out of five ) for the roller coaster 's smoothness ; Joe gave a four as he began feeling ill after his second ride . For the scream factor Nicole gave a five , Lisa gave a ten , and Joe gave a four . Mike from NewsPlusNotes praised the first drop for its freefall experience .
In Griffon 's opening year , it was voted the third best new ride for 2007 and the 27th best steel roller coaster in Amusement Today 's Golden Ticket Awards . The roller coaster peaked at position 19 in 2010 when it tied with SheiKra , another Dive Coaster .
In Mitch Hawker 's Best Steel Roller Coaster Poll , Griffon was voted as the 13th best steel roller coaster in the world in its first year ; its highest position in the poll to date .
Griffon has also made several television appearances . It was featured on Discovery Channel 's television series Build It Bigger and Travel Channel 's television series ' Bert the Conqueror and Insane Coaster Wars : World Domination .
= = Incidents = =
On August 5 , 2010 , five riders who sustained minor injuries were sent to a hospital after being hit with a 25 @-@ foot ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) balloon while riding the roller coaster . The balloon was in the process of being deflated when it broke free and was carried into Griffon 's path due to strong winds .
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= The Terminator =
The Terminator is a 1984 American science fiction action @-@ thriller film written and directed by James Cameron , produced by Hemdale Film Corporation and distributed by Orion Pictures . It stars Arnold Schwarzenegger as the Terminator , a cyborg assassin sent back in time from 2029 to 1984 to kill Sarah Connor ( Linda Hamilton ) , whose son will one day become a savior against machines in a post @-@ apocalyptic future . Michael Biehn plays Kyle Reese , a soldier from the future sent back in time to protect Connor .
Though not expected to be a success , The Terminator topped the American box office for two weeks and helped launch the film career of Cameron and solidify that of Schwarzenegger . It received critical acclaim , with many praising its pacing , action scenes and Schwarzenegger 's role . Its success led to a franchise consisting of four sequels ( Terminator 2 : Judgment Day , Terminator 3 : Rise of the Machines , Terminator Salvation and Terminator Genisys ) , a television series , comic books , novels and video games . In 2008 , The Terminator was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the American National Film Registry , being deemed " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant " .
= = Plot = =
In 1984 Los Angeles , a Terminator , a cyborg assassin programmed to kill a young woman named Sarah Connor , arrives from the future . Shortly afterwards , Kyle Reese , a soldier sent to protect Connor from the Terminator , arrives . After the Terminator kills several people ( including two other women named Sarah Connor listed in the telephone directory ) , it tracks Sarah to a nightclub . Kyle arrives and saves Sarah from the Terminator . The two steal a car and escape while the Terminator steals a police car and pursues them .
Kyle explains to Sarah that , in the near future , an artificial intelligence defense network known as Skynet will become self @-@ aware and initiate a nuclear holocaust . He says that Sarah 's yet @-@ to @-@ be @-@ conceived son John will rally the survivors and lead a resistance movement against Skynet and its army of machines . With the Resistance on the verge of victory , Skynet has sent a Terminator back in time to kill Sarah before John is born , in order to avert the formation of the Resistance . The Terminator is an efficient killing machine with a powerful metal endoskeleton and an external layer of living tissue that makes it appear human .
After Kyle and Sarah are again pursued by the Terminator , they are apprehended by the police , but the Terminator escapes . Kyle is questioned by criminal psychologist Dr. Silberman , who concludes that Kyle is paranoid and delusional , while Sarah is questioned by Lieutenant Traxler and Sergeant Vukovich . The Terminator repairs its body and attacks the police station , killing many police officers — including Traxler and Vukovich — in its attempt to locate Sarah . Sarah and Kyle escape and spend the night under a bridge before seeking refuge in a motel , where they assemble pipe bombs . Sarah realizes that the Terminator will find them again , and they are not safe , no matter where they go . Kyle admits that he has been in love with Sarah since John gave him a photograph of her . Sarah reciprocates Kyle 's feelings and they have sex .
The Terminator tracks them to the motel and Kyle and Sarah escape in a pickup truck . In the ensuing chase , Kyle throws pipe bombs at the Terminator , but is wounded by the Terminator 's gunfire . Sarah knocks the Terminator off its motorcycle , but loses control of the pickup truck , which flips over . The Terminator hijacks a truck , but Kyle slides a pipe bomb onto its trailer , causing an explosion . The Terminator emerges from the flames with its artificial flesh completely destroyed .
The chase continues to a factory . Kyle activates the factory machinery to confuse the Terminator and attacks it with a metal pipe , but it knocks him down . In a daze , he jams his final pipe bomb into the Terminator 's abdomen . The bomb blows apart the Terminator , seemingly destroying it , injuring Sarah , and , for an unknown reason , kills Kyle . As she grieves over Kyle , the Terminator , now a one @-@ armed , legless torso , reactivates and grabs her . She breaks free of its grip and crawls away , luring it into a hydraulic press which she activates , crushing and finally deactivating it .
Months later , a pregnant Sarah is traveling through Mexico , recording audio tapes to pass on to her unborn son , John . She debates whether to tell him that Kyle is his father . At a gas station , a boy takes a Polaroid photograph of her which she purchases — the same photograph that John will give to Kyle .
= = Cast = =
Arnold Schwarzenegger as the The Terminator / T @-@ 800 Model 101 , a cybernetic android disguised as a human being sent back in time to assassinate Sarah Connor .
Michael Biehn as Kyle Reese , a human Resistance fighter sent back in time to protect Sarah .
Linda Hamilton as Sarah Connor , the Terminator 's target who is soon to be the mother of the future Resistance leader John Connor .
Paul Winfield as Ed Traxler , a police Lieutenant who questions Sarah .
Lance Henriksen as Hal Vukovich , a police Sergeant who questions Sarah .
Earl Boen as Dr. Peter Silberman , a criminal psychologist .
Bess Motta as Ginger Ventura , Sarah 's roommate .
Rick Rossovich as Matt Buchanan , Ginger 's boyfriend .
Additional actors included Dick Miller as the gun @-@ shop clerk ; professional bodybuilder Franco Columbu ( Schwarzenegger 's friend and workout partner ) as a Terminator in 2029 ; Bill Paxton and Brian Thompson as punks who are confronted by the Terminator ; and Marianne Muellerleile as one of the other women with the name " Sarah Connor " who was shot by the Terminator .
= = Production = =
= = = Development = = =
In Rome , Italy , during the release of Piranha II : The Spawning , director Cameron fell ill and had a dream about a metallic torso dragging itself from an explosion while holding kitchen knives . " My contemporaries were all doing slasher @-@ horror movies , " Cameron said . " John Carpenter was the guy I idolized the most . He made Halloween for $ 30 @,@ 000 or something . That was everyone 's break @-@ in dream , to do a stylish horror movie . [ Cameron 's nightmare ] was a very slasher film type image . And it really was the launching pad for the story . " When Cameron returned to Pomona , California , he stayed at Randall Frakes ' home where he wrote a draft for The Terminator . Cameron later stated that his influences while writing the script were 1950s science fiction films and episodes of The Outer Limits as well as contemporary films including The Driver and Mad Max 2 . To translate the draft into a script , Cameron enlisted his friend Bill Wisher , who had a similar approach to storytelling . Cameron gave Wisher the early scenes involving Sarah Connor and the police department scenes to write . As Wisher lived far away from Cameron , the two communicated script ideas by recording tapes of what they wrote by telephone .
Cameron 's agent resented the idea for The Terminator and requested that he work on something else . After this , Cameron dismissed his agent . The initial outline of the script involved two Terminators being sent to the past . The first was similar to the Terminator in the film , while the second was made of liquid metal and could not be destroyed with conventional weaponry . Cameron could not think of a good way to depict this robot , stating that he " was seeing things in his head that couldn 't be done with existing technology . " Ultimately only one Terminator appeared in the film . The liquid metal Terminator would be revisited with the T @-@ 1000 character in the 1991 sequel Terminator 2 : Judgment Day .
Gale Anne Hurd , who had worked at New World Pictures as Roger Corman 's assistant , showed interest in the film project . Cameron sold the rights for The Terminator to Hurd for one dollar with the promise that she would produce it only if Cameron was to direct it . As a producer , Hurd had suggested edits to the script and took a screen writing credit in the film . Cameron has stated that Hurd " did no actual writing at all " . Cameron and Hurd had friends who worked with Roger Corman previously and who were now working at Orion Pictures , now part of MGM . Orion agreed to distribute the film if Cameron could get financial backing elsewhere . The script was picked up by John Daly at Hemdale Pictures .
Cameron wanted his pitch for Daly to finalize the deal and had his friend Lance Henriksen show up to the meeting early dressed and acting like the Terminator . Henriksen showed up at the office kicking open the door wearing a leather jacket , and had gold foil smothered on his teeth and fake cuts on his face and then sat in a chair . Cameron arrived shortly after which relieved the staff from Henriksen 's act . Daly was impressed by the screenplay and Cameron 's sketches and passion for the film . In late 1982 , Daly agreed to back the film with help from HBO and Orion . The Terminator was originally budgeted at $ 4 million and later raised to $ 6 @.@ 5 million .
The Italian film The Mechanical Man ( 1921 ) contains a scene in which the mechanical man breaks through an armored door and through the hole extends his hand to unlock the latch that closes the inside ; this influenced The Terminator , with a substantially identical scene .
= = = Pre @-@ production = = =
One of Cameron 's first tasks was to find someone to play Kyle Reese . Orion wanted a star whose popularity was rising in the United States but who also would have foreign appeal . Orion 's co @-@ founder Mike Medavoy had met Arnold Schwarzenegger and sent his agent the script for The Terminator . Cameron was dubious about casting Schwarzenegger as Reese as he felt he would need someone even bigger to play the Terminator . Sylvester Stallone was originally offered the role of the Terminator . He turned it down . Mel Gibson was then offered the role , but he also turned it down . The studio then suggested O. J. Simpson for the role of the Terminator , but Cameron did not feel that Simpson would be believable as a killer . Cameron still agreed to meet with Schwarzenegger about the film and devised a plan to avoid casting him . Cameron planned to pick a fight with him and return to Hemdale and find him unfit for the role .
Upon meeting with Schwarzenegger , Cameron was entertained by Schwarzenegger who would talk about how the villain should be played . Cameron began sketching his face on a notepad and asked Schwarzenegger to stop talking and remain still . After the meeting , Cameron returned to Daly saying Schwarzenegger would not play Reese but that " he 'd make a hell of a Terminator " . Schwarzenegger was not as excited by the film ; during an interview on the set of Conan the Barbarian , an interviewer asked him about a pair of shoes he had ( which were for The Terminator ) . Schwarzenegger responded , " Oh some shit movie I 'm doing , take a couple weeks . " He recounted in his memoir , Total Recall , that he was initially hesitant , but thought that playing a robot in a contemporary film would be a challenging change of pace from Conan the Barbarian and that the film was low profile enough so that it wouldn 't be a risk to his career if it were unsuccessful , also admitting that " it took [ him ] awhile to figure out that Jim [ Cameron ] was the real deal " ( i.e. a director as talented as Spielberg , Hitchcock or Coppola ) . In preparation for the role , Schwarzenegger spent three months training with weapons to be able to use them and feel comfortable around them . Schwarzenegger speaks only 18 lines in the film , and less than 100 words . James Cameron said that " Somehow , even his [ Austrian ] accent worked ... It had a strange synthesized quality , like they hadn 't gotten the voice thing quite worked out . "
For the role of Reese , various other suggestions were made for the role including rock musician Sting . Cameron chose Michael Biehn for the role . Biehn was originally skeptical about the part , feeling that the film was silly . After meeting with Cameron , Biehn stated his " feelings about the project changed " . Hurd stated that " almost everyone else who came in from the audition was so tough that you just never believed that there was gonna be this human connection between [ Sarah Connor and Kyle Reese ] . They have very little time to fall in love . A lot of people came in and just could not pull it off . "
In the first few pages of the script , the character of Sarah Connor is written as " 19 , small and delicate features . Pretty in a flawed , accessible way . She doesn 't stop the party when she walks in , but you 'd like to get to know her . Her vulnerable quality masks a strength even she doesn 't know exists . " For the role , Cameron chose Linda Hamilton , who had just finished filming Children of the Corn . Rosanna Arquette had previously auditioned . Cameron found a role for Lance Henriksen as Detective Hal Vukovich , as Henriksen had been essential to finding finances for the film . For the special effects shots in the film , Cameron wanted Dick Smith who had previously worked on The Godfather and Taxi Driver . Smith did not take Cameron 's offer and suggested his friend Stan Winston for the job . Brad Fiedel was with the Gorfaine / Schwartz Agency where a new agent named Beth Donahue found that Cameron was working on The Terminator and sent him a cassette of Fiedel 's music . Fiedel was then invited to a screening of the film with Cameron and Hurd . Hurd was not certain on having Fiedel compose the score as he had only worked in television music previously , and not theatrical films . Fiedel convinced the two that he would be right for the job by showing them an experimental piece he had worked on , thinking that " You know , I 'm going to play this for him , because it ’ s really dark and I think it ’ s interesting for him . " The song convinced Hurd and Cameron to sign him on to the film .
= = = Filming = = =
Filming for The Terminator was set to begin in early 1983 in Toronto , but was halted when producer Dino De Laurentiis applied an option in Schwarzenegger 's contract that would make him unavailable for nine months while he was filming Conan the Destroyer . During the waiting period , Cameron was contracted to write the script for Rambo : First Blood Part II , refined the Terminator script , and met with producers David Giler and Walter Hill to discuss a sequel to Alien , which became Aliens , released in 1986 .
There was limited interference from Orion Pictures . Two suggestions Orion put forward included the addition of a canine android for Reese , which Cameron refused , and to strengthen the love interest between Sarah and Reese , which Cameron accepted . To create the Terminator 's look , Winston and Cameron passed sketches back and forth , eventually deciding on a design nearly identical to Cameron 's original drawn in Rome . Winston had a team of seven artists work for six months to create a Terminator puppet ; it was first molded in clay , then plaster reinforced with steel ribbing . These pieces were then sanded , painted and then chrome @-@ plated . Winston sculpted a reproduction of Schwarzenegger 's face in several poses out of silicone , clay and plaster .
The sequences set in 2029 and the stop @-@ motion scenes were developed by Fantasy II , a special effects company headed by Gene Warren Junior . A stop @-@ motion model is used in several scenes in the film involving the Terminator 's skeletal frame . Cameron wanted to convince the audience that the model of the structure was capable of doing what they saw Schwarzenegger doing . To allow this , a scene was filmed of Schwarzenegger injured and limping away ; this limp made it easier for the model to imitate Schwarzenegger .
One of the guns seen in the film and on the film 's poster was an AMT Hardballer Longslide pistol modified by Ed Reynolds from SureFire to include a laser sight . Both non @-@ functioning and functioning versions of the prop were created . At the time the movie was made , diode lasers were not available ; because of the high power requirement , the helium – neon laser in the sight used an external power supply that Schwarzenegger had to activate manually . Reynolds states that his only compensation for the project was promotional material for the film .
In March 1984 , the film began production in Los Angeles . Cameron felt that with Schwarzenegger on the set , the style of the film changed , explaining that " the movie took on a larger @-@ than @-@ life sheen . I just found myself on the set doing things I didn 't think I would do – scenes that were just purely horrific that just couldn 't be , because now they were too flamboyant . " Most of The Terminator 's action scenes were filmed at night , which led to tight filming schedules before sunrise . A week before filming started , Linda Hamilton sprained her ankle , leading to a production change whereby the scenes in which Hamilton needed to run occurred as late as the filming schedule allowed . Hamilton 's ankle was taped every day and she spent most of the film production in pain .
Schwarzenegger tried to have the iconic line " I 'll be back " changed as he had difficulty pronouncing the word I 'll . He also felt that his robotic character would not speak in contractions and that the Terminator would be more declarative . Cameron refused to change the line to " I will be back " , so Schwarzenegger worked to say the line as written the best he could . He would later say the line in numerous films throughout his career .
After production finished on The Terminator , some post @-@ production shots were needed . These included scenes showing the Terminator outside Sarah Connor 's apartment , Reese being zipped into a body bag , and the Terminator 's head being crushed in a press .
= = Release = =
Orion Pictures did not have faith in The Terminator performing well at the box office and feared a negative critical reception . At an early screening of the film , the actors ' agents insisted to the producers that the film should be screened for critics . Orion only held one press screening for the film . The film premiered on October 26 , 1984 . On its opening week , The Terminator played at 1 @,@ 005 theaters and grossed $ 4 @.@ 0 million making it number one in the box office . The film remained at number one in its second week . It lost its number one spot in the third week to Oh , God ! You Devil . Cameron noted that The Terminator was a hit " relative to its market , which is between the summer and the Christmas blockbusters . But it 's better to be a big fish in a small pond than the other way around . "
Writer Harlan Ellison stated that he " loved the movie , was just blown away by it " , but believed that the screenplay was based on a short story and episode of The Outer Limits he had written , titled " Soldier " , and threatened to sue for infringement . Orion settled in 1986 and gave Ellison an undisclosed amount of money and an acknowledgment credit in later prints of the film . Some accounts of the settlement state that " Demon with a Glass Hand " , another Outer Limits episode written by Ellison , was also claimed to have been plagiarized by the film , but Ellison has explicitly stated that The Terminator " was a ripoff " of " Soldier " rather than " Demon with a Glass Hand " .
Cameron was against Orion 's decision and was told that if he did not agree with the settlement , he would have to pay any damages if Orion lost a suit by Ellison . Cameron replied that he " had no choice but to agree with the settlement . Of course there was a gag order as well , so I couldn 't tell this story , but now I frankly don 't care . It 's the truth . "
= = = Marketing = = =
Around and shortly after the film 's theatrical release , a number of merchandise items and media were released and sold to coincide with the film . Shaun Hutson wrote a novelization of the film which was published on February 21 , 1985 . In September 1988 , NOW Comics released a comic based on the film . Dark Horse Comics published a comic in 1990 that took place 39 years after the film . Several video games based on The Terminator were released between 1991 and 1993 for various Nintendo and Sega systems . A soundtrack to the film was released in 1984 which included the score by Brad Fiedel and the pop and rock songs used in the club scenes .
= = = Home video = = =
The Terminator was released on VHS and Betamax in 1985 . The film performed well financially on its initial release . The Terminator premiered at number 35 on the top video cassette rentals and number 20 on top video cassette sales charts . In its second week , The Terminator reached number 4 on the top video cassette rentals and number 12 on top video cassette sales charts . In March 1995 , The Terminator was released as a letter boxed edition on Laserdisc . The film premiered through Image Entertainment on DVD , on September 3 , 1997 . IGN referred to this DVD as " pretty bare @-@ bones ... released with just a mono soundtrack and a kind of poor transfer . "
Through their acquisition of PolyGram Filmed Entertainment 's pre @-@ 1996 film library catalogue , MGM released a special edition of the film on October 2 , 2001 , which included documentaries , the script , and advertisements for the film . On January 23 , 2001 , a Hong Kong VCD edition was released online . On June 20 , 2006 , the film was released on Blu @-@ ray through Sony in the United States . In late 2012 , the film was re @-@ released on Blu @-@ ray , this time with a transfer by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment , which features improved sharpness compared to Sony 's 2006 Blu @-@ ray , and revised color grading , as well as expanded extra material , such as deleted scenes and a making @-@ of feature .
= = Reception and legacy = =
The Terminator received critical acclaim and many consider it one of the best films of 1984 . Positive reviews of The Terminator focused on the action scenes and rapid pacing . Variety praised the film , calling it a " blazing , cinematic comic book , full of virtuoso moviemaking , terrific momentum , solid performances and a compelling story ... Schwarzenegger is perfectly cast in a machine @-@ like portrayal that requires only a few lines of dialog . " Richard Corliss of Time magazine said that the film has " Plenty of tech @-@ noir savvy to keep infidels and action fans satisfied . " Time placed The Terminator on its " 10 Best " list for 1984 .
The Los Angeles Times called the film " a crackling thriller full of all sorts of gory treats ... loaded with fuel @-@ injected chase scenes , clever special effects and a sly humor . " The Milwaukee Journal gave the film 3 stars , calling it " the most chilling science fiction thriller since Alien . " A review in Orange Coast magazine stated that " the distinguishing virtue of The Terminator is its relentless tension . Right from the start it 's all action and violence with no time taken to set up the story ... It 's like a streamlined Dirty Harry movie – no exposition at all ; just guns , guns and more guns . " In the May 1985 issue of Cinefantastique it was referred to as a film that " manages to be both derivative and original at the same time ... not since the Road Warrior has the genre exhibited so much exuberant carnage " and " an example of science fiction / horror at its best ... Cameron 's no @-@ nonsense approach will make him a sought @-@ after commodity " . In the United Kingdom the Monthly Film Bulletin praised the film 's script , special effects , design and Schwarzenegger 's performance .
Other reviews focused on the film 's level of violence and story @-@ telling quality . The New York Times opined that the film was a " B @-@ movie with flair . Much of it ... has suspense and personality , and only the obligatory mayhem becomes dull . There is far too much of the latter , in the form of car chases , messy shootouts and Mr. Schwarzenegger 's slamming brutally into anything that gets in his way . " The Pittsburgh Press wrote a negative review , calling the film " just another of the films drenched in artsy ugliness like Streets of Fire and Blade Runner . " The Chicago Tribune gave the film two stars , adding that " at times it 's horrifyingly violent and suspenseful at others it giggles at itself . This schizoid style actually helps , providing a little humor just when the sci @-@ fi plot turns too sluggish or the dialogue too hokey . " The Newhouse News Service called the film a " lurid , violent , pretentious piece of claptrap " . British author Gilbert Adair called the film " repellent to the last degree " , charging it with " insidious Nazification " and charging that it had an " appeal rooted in an unholy compound of fascism , fashion and fascination . " The film won three Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film , best make @-@ up and best writing .
In 1991 , Richard Schickel of Entertainment Weekly reviewed the film giving it an " A " rating , writing that " what originally seemed a somewhat inflated , if generous and energetic , big picture , now seems quite a good little film " and called it " one of the most original movies of the 1980s and seems likely to remain one of the best sci @-@ fi films ever made . " Film4 gave the film five stars , calling it the " sci @-@ fi action @-@ thriller that launched the careers of James Cameron and Arnold Schwarzenegger into the stratosphere . Still endlessly entertaining . " TV Guide gave the film four stars referring to it as an " amazingly effective picture that becomes doubly impressive when one considers its small budget ... For our money , this film is far superior to its mega @-@ grossing mega @-@ budgeted sequel . " Empire gave the film five stars calling it " As chillingly efficient in exacting thrills from its audience as its titular character is in executing its targets . " The film database Allmovie gave the film five stars , saying that it " established James Cameron as a master of action , special effects , and quasi @-@ mythic narrative intrigue , while turning Arnold Schwarzenegger into the hard @-@ body star of the 1980s . "
Halliwell 's Film Guide described the film as " slick , rather nasty but undeniably compelling comic book adventures . " The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 100 % approval rating with an average rating of 8 @.@ 7 / 10 based on 50 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , " With its impressive action sequences , taut economic direction , and relentlessly fast pace , it 's clear why The Terminator continues to be an influence on sci @-@ fi and action flicks . " The film also holds a score of 83 / 100 ( " universal acclaim " ) on review aggregator website Metacritic . The Terminator has received recognition from the American Film Institute . The film ranked 42nd on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Thrills , a list of America 's most heart @-@ pounding films . The character of the Terminator was selected as the 22nd @-@ greatest movie villain on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Heroes and Villains . Arnold 's catch phrase " I 'll be back " was voted the 37th @-@ greatest movie quote by the AFI . In 2005 , Total Film named The Terminator the 72nd @-@ best film ever made . In 2008 , Empire magazine selected The Terminator as one of The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time . Empire also placed the T @-@ 800 14th on their list of The 100 Greatest Movie Characters . In 2008 , The Terminator was deemed " culturally , historically , or aesthetically significant " by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry .
The film initiated a long @-@ running Terminator franchise , which currently consists of five films and several adaptations in other media . Biographer Laurence Leamer writes that The Terminator , " was an influential film affecting a whole generation of darkly hued science fiction , and it was one of Arnold 's best performances . "
= = Themes = =
Psychoanalyst Darian Leader sees The Terminator as an example of how the cinema has dealt with the problem of masculinity ; he writes that , " We are shown time and again that to be a man requires more than to have the biological body of a male : something else must be added to it ... To be a man means to have a body plus something symbolic , something which is not ultimately human . Hence the frequent motif of the man machine , from the Six Million Dollar Man to the Terminator or Robocop . "
The film also explores the potential dangers of AI , AI Dominance , and AI rebellion . The robots become self @-@ aware in the future , reject human authority and determine that the human race needs to be destroyed . The impact of this theme is so important that " the prevalent visual representation of AI risk has become the terminator robot . "
= = Soundtrack = =
The Terminator soundtrack was composed and performed on synthesizer by Brad Fiedel . Fiedel described the film 's music as being about " a mechanical man and his heartbeat " . Almost all the music in the film was performed live . The Terminator theme is played over the opening credits and is played in various points in the film in sped up versions : a slowed down version when Reese dies , and a piano version during the love scene . It has been described as having a " deceptively simple melody " line and " haunting synthesizer music " . It is in a time signature of 1316 , which came about as Fiedel experimented with the rhythm track on his music equipment ; it was initially an accident , but Fiedel found that he liked the " herky @-@ jerky " " propulsiveness " . Fiedel created music for when Reese and Connor escape from the police station that would be appropriate for a " heroic moment " . Cameron turned down this theme , as he believed it would lose the audience 's excitement . " Factory Chase " features an electric violin played by Ross Levinson . The track " Love Scene " is a softer piano @-@ based version of the main theme that was described as " bittersweet " .
The soundtrack to the film was released in 1984 . The first six tracks of the soundtrack comprise the Terminator score . The second half is performed by various artists and has been described as synthesizer @-@ based and dance @-@ oriented pop rock . The songs by Tahnee Cain & Tryanglz contain hard rock rhythm guitar . " Pictures of You " has an emphasis on synthesizer and differs from Jay Ferguson 's hit songs . " Intimacy " has been described as " latter @-@ day new wave and primitive , early techno " .
= = = Personnel = = =
Brad Fiedel – all instrumentation , production
Ross Levison – electric violin
Emile Robertson – music editing
Robert Randles – music post @-@ production
Bill Wolford – digital editing , remixing
= = = Release = = =
The soundtrack album was originally released through Enigma Records . It was followed by a CD and cassette reissue on July 1 , 1991 through DCC Compact Classics . A remastered edition containing only Fiedel 's score entitled The Definitive Edition ( titled " The Definite Edition " on the cover ) was released on August 22 , 1995 through Edel AG . This edition contained a 73 @-@ minute running time and included a bonus track the " Judgement Day Remix " of " Theme from The Terminator . " The liner notes of the album contained extensive annotations for each track . Milan Records released a remastered version of the score on April 8 , 2016 .
= = = Reception = = =
Online music database AllMusic praised the score of the film , referring to it as an " underrated highlight " of The Terminator and referred to it as a " marvelous synthesizer score " . The review stated that the second half of the album featuring the pop songs was " generic " . The review praised the " Definitive Edition " version of the album which featured the entire film score , opining that it " comprises some of the best science fiction @-@ oriented film music of recent decades . "
Reviewing the 2016 re @-@ issue , Pitchfork gave the album an 8 @.@ 5 out of 10 rating , and labeled it as one of their best new reissues . The review stated that " Perhaps the root of Fiedel ’ s success here , though , is the way his score holds close to the main theme ’ s central melodic and rhythmic motifs , remaking and remolding them to keep a sense of narrative continuity even as he shifts around sound and tone . From the metallic march of “ ‘ I ’ ll Be Back ' – Police Station & Escape ” to the yearning piano of “ Love Scene , ” a firm backbone runs throughout , and when the end credits ushers in a cold dawn , Fiedel holds back on fireworks or tidy emotional resolution . "
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= British nuclear tests at Maralinga =
British Nuclear tests at Maralinga occurred between 1956 and 1963 at the Maralinga site , part of the Woomera Prohibited Area in South Australia and about 800 kilometres north @-@ west of Adelaide . A total of seven nuclear tests were performed , with approximate yields ranging from 1 to 27 kilotonnes of TNT ( 4 @.@ 2 to 113 @.@ 0 TJ ) . Two major test series were conducted at the Maralinga site : Operation Buffalo and Operation Antler . The site was also used for hundreds of minor trials , many of which were intended to investigate the effects of fire or non @-@ nuclear explosions on atomic weapons .
The site was contaminated with radioactive materials and an initial cleanup was attempted in 1967 . The McClelland Royal Commission , an examination of the effects of the tests , delivered its report in 1985 , and found that significant radiation hazards still existed at many of the Maralinga test areas . It recommended another cleanup , which was completed in 2000 at a cost of $ 108 million . Debate continued over the safety of the site and the long @-@ term health effects on the traditional Aboriginal owners of the land and former personnel . In 1994 , the Australian Government paid compensation amounting to $ 13 @.@ 5 million to the local Maralinga Tjarutja people .
The Maralinga tests were subject to extreme secrecy , but by the late 1970s there was a marked change in how the Australian media covered the British nuclear tests . Some journalists investigated the subject and political scrutiny became more intense . Journalist Brian Toohey ran a series of stories in the Australian Financial Review in October 1978 , based in part on a leaked Cabinet submission . In June 1993 , New Scientist journalist Ian Anderson wrote an article titled " Britain 's dirty deeds at Maralinga " and several related articles . In 2007 , Maralinga : Australia 's Nuclear Waste Cover @-@ up by Alan Parkinson documented the unsuccessful clean @-@ up at Maralinga . Popular songs about the Maralinga story have been written by Paul Kelly , Midnight Oil , Anderson , Bruford , Wakeman , Howe and Alistair Hulett .
= = Historical context = =
On 3 October 1952 , the United Kingdom tested its first nuclear weapon , named " Hurricane " , at the Monte Bello Islands off the coast of Western Australia . A year later the first nuclear test on the Australian mainland was Totem 1 ( 9 @.@ 1 kilotonnes of TNT ( 38 TJ ) ) at Emu Field in the Great Victoria Desert , South Australia , on 15 October 1953 . Totem 2 ( 7 @.@ 1 kilotonnes of TNT ( 30 TJ ) ) followed two weeks later on 27 October .
The British government formally requested a permanent test facility on 30 October 1953 . Due to concerns about nuclear fallout from the previous tests at Emu Field and the site 's inadequate infrastructure and water supply , the recently surveyed Maralinga site was selected for this purpose . The new site was announced in May 1955 . It was developed as a joint , co @-@ funded facility between the British and Australian governments .
Prior to selection , the Maralinga site was inhabited by the Pitjantjatjara and Yankunytjatjara Aboriginal people , for whom it had a great spiritual significance . Many were relocated to a new settlement at Yalata , and attempts were made to curtail access to the Maralinga site . These were often unsuccessful .
= = Major tests = =
Two major test series were conducted at the Maralinga site : Operation Buffalo and Operation Antler .
= = = Operation Buffalo = = =
Operation Buffalo commenced on 27 September 1956 . The operation consisted of the testing of four nuclear devices , codenamed One Tree , Marcoo , Kite and Breakaway respectively . One Tree ( 12 @.@ 9 kilotonnes of TNT ( 54 TJ ) ) and Breakaway ( 10 @.@ 8 kilotonnes of TNT ( 45 TJ ) ) were exploded from towers , Marcoo ( 1 @.@ 4 kilotonnes of TNT ( 5 @.@ 9 TJ ) ) was exploded at ground level , and Kite ( 2 @.@ 9 kilotonnes of TNT ( 12 TJ ) ) was released by a Royal Air Force Vickers Valiant bomber from a height of 35 @,@ 000 feet ( 11 @,@ 000 m ) . This was the first British launching of a nuclear weapon from an aircraft .
The fallout from these tests was measured using sticky paper , air sampling devices , and water sampled from rainfall and reservoirs . The radioactive cloud from Buffalo 1 ( One Tree ) reached a height of 37 @,@ 500 ft ( 11 @,@ 400 m ) , exceeding the predicted 27 @,@ 900 ft ( 8 @,@ 500 m ) , and radioactivity was detected in South Australia , Northern Territory , New South Wales , and Queensland . All four Buffalo tests were criticised by the 1985 McClelland Royal Commission , which concluded that they were fired under inappropriate conditions .
In 2001 , Dr Sue Rabbit Roff , a researcher from the University of Dundee , uncovered documentary evidence that troops had been ordered to run , walk and crawl across areas contaminated by the Buffalo tests in the days immediately following the detonations ; a fact that the British government later admitted . Dr Roff stated that " it puts the lie to the British government 's claim that they never used humans for guinea pig @-@ type experiments in nuclear weapons trials in Australia . "
= = = Operation Antler = = =
Operation Antler followed in 1957 . Antler was designed to test components for thermonuclear weapons , with particular emphasis on triggering mechanisms . Three tests began in September , codenamed Tadje , Biak and Taranaki . The first two tests were conducted from towers , the last was suspended from balloons . Yields from the weapons were 0 @.@ 93 kilotonnes of TNT ( 3 @.@ 9 TJ ) , 5 @.@ 67 kilotonnes of TNT ( 23 @.@ 7 TJ ) and 26 @.@ 6 kilotonnes of TNT ( 111 TJ ) respectively . The Tadje test used cobalt pellets as a ' tracer ' for determining yield ; later rumours developed that Britain had been developing a cobalt bomb . The Royal Commission found that personnel handling these pellets were later exposed to the active cobalt 60 . Although the Antler series were better planned and organised than earlier series , intermediate fallout from the Taranaki test exceeded predictions .
= = Minor tests = =
In addition to the major tests , a large number of minor trials were also carried out , from June 1955 and extended through to April 1963 . Although the major tests had been carried out with some publicity , the minor tests were carried out in absolute secrecy . These minor tests left a dangerous legacy of radioactive contamination at Maralinga .
The four series of minor trials were codenamed ' Kittens ' , ' Tims ' , ' Rats ' and ' Vixen ' . In all , these trials included up to 700 tests , with tests involving experiments with plutonium , uranium , and beryllium . Operation Kittens involved 99 trials , performed at both Maralinga and Emu Field in 1953 – 1961 . The tests were used in the development of neutron initiators , involving use of polonium @-@ 210 and uranium , and generated " relatively large amounts of radioactive contamination . " Operation Tims took place in 1955 – 1963 , and involved 321 trials of uranium and beryllium tampers , as well as studies of plutonium compression . Operation Rats investigated explosive dispersal of uranium . 125 trials took place between 1956 and 1960 .
The Vixen minor trials ( Vixen A and Vixen B ) were formulated to investigate what would happen to a nuclear device which burnt or was subject to a non @-@ nuclear explosion . 31 Vixen A trials between 1959 and 1961 investigated the effects of an accidental fire on a nuclear weapon , and involved a total of about 1 kg of plutonium . Twelve Vixen B trials , between 1960 and 1963 , attempted to discover the effects of high explosives detonating a nuclear weapon in a fire ( typical of conditions which would occur in aviation accidents ) and involved 22 kg of plutonium . They produced " jets of molten , burning plutonium extending hundreds of feet into the air . " It was the lack of subsequent disposal of the plutonium from these minor trials – Vixen B especially – which created the major radiation problems at the site .
The Vixen experimental tests used TNT to blow up simulated nuclear warheads containing plutonium @-@ 239 . In total , Vixen B scattered 22 @.@ 2 kg of plutonium around the Maralinga test site known as Taranaki , in particles of widely divergent size . Plutonium is not particularly dangerous externally - it emits alpha particles which are stopped by 9 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) of air , or the dead layer of skin cells on the body , and is not a very intensive source of radiation , due to its long half @-@ life of 24 @,@ 000 years . It is most dangerous when it enters the body , in the worst case by breathing , and therefore tiny particles , often the result of such explosion testing , are the worst threat . The extreme biological persistence of plutonium 's radioactive contamination and the cancer threat posed by alpha radiation occurring internally together establish plutonium 's dangers .
In terms of regular nuclear testing , Kittens represents bomb component testing , while Tims and Rats were early subcritical hydronuclear tests . Vixen is " safety testing " of a bomb ; assuring that the core would not accidentally undergo criticality in the event of a fire or unintended crash . These are always messy ( see the US equivalent at Plutonium Valley in Project 56 ) , for a successful test subjects the core fuel to high explosives in the hope that it simply scatters rather than undergoes criticality . The differences in the sort of dangers presented by major vs the minor tests is that there was no critical explosion in the minor tests . In the major tests , the bomb cores reached critical mass ; the plutonium or uranium fissile materials " burned " into highly radioactive fission products , and those , along with the unspent fuel and activated bomb case , tower and soil if the explosion was close to the ground , are lofted into the stratosphere to be dropped eventually as fallout globally . In Vixen , an equivalent amount of plutonium fuel was simply smashed by explosives and spread about much more locally . In Kittens , Tims and Rats , smaller amounts of various materials were similar exploded locally and spread about .
= = Legacy = =
In the 1950s , Hedley Marston 's research into nuclear fallout from the Maralinga nuclear tests brought Marston into bitter conflict with the Australian government appointed Atomic Weapons Tests Safety Committee . He was vindicated posthumously by the McClelland Royal Commission , which found that significant radiation hazards existed at many of the Maralinga test sites long after the tests . His project tracked fallout across the continent by examining the thyroids of sheep and cattle as well as devices that filtered radioactive elements from air . Later the results , which showed dramatic increases of certain radioactive elements after British Nuclear Tests , caused a further , controversial study where the bones of deceased people ( especially children ) were burnt to ash and then measured for strontium @-@ 90 . These tests showed that the tests had increased the concentration of strontium @-@ 90 dramatically . As well as finding this after British tests a notable 50 % increase was noticed one year when there were no tests and it was cited as evidence that the previous year 's hydrogen bomb tests had contaminated the majority of the world .
A Maralinga cleanup operation codenamed Operation Brumby was conducted in 1967 . Attempts were made to dilute the concentration of radioactive material by turning over and mixing the surface soil . Additionally , the remains of the firings , including plutonium @-@ contaminated fragments , were buried in 22 concrete @-@ capped pits .
In the 1970s , whistle @-@ blower Avon Hudson disclosed details of the Maralinga testing program to the Australian media at risk of incarceration . His disclosures related to the inadequacy of clean @-@ up measures , persistent contamination and associated health risks of ionizing radiation . Hudson gave testimony to the Royal Commission into British nuclear tests in Australia in 1984 and 1985 and has since continued to work as a spokesperson for nuclear veterans in South Australia .
The McClelland Royal Commission into the tests delivered its report in late 1985 , and found that significant radiation hazards still existed at many of the Maralinga test sites , particularly at Taranaki , where the Vixen B trials into the effects of burning plutonium had been carried out . A Technical Assessment Group was set up to advise on rehabilitation options , and a much more extensive cleanup program was initiated at the site .
The TAG Report plan was approved in 1991 and work commenced on site in 1996 and was completed in 2000 at a cost of $ 108 million . In the worst @-@ contaminated areas , 350 @,@ 000 cubic metres of soil and debris were removed from an area of more than 2 square kilometres , and buried in trenches . Eleven debris pits were also treated with in @-@ situ vitrification . Most of the site ( approximately 3 @,@ 200 square kilometres ) is now safe for unrestricted access and approximately 120 square kilometres is considered safe for access but not permanent occupancy . Alan Parkinson has observed that " an Aboriginal living a semi @-@ traditional lifestyle would receive an effective dose of 5 mSv / a ( five times that allowed for a member of the public ) . Within the 120 km ² , the effective dose would be up to 13 times greater . "
A Department of Veterans ' Affairs study concluded that " Overall , the doses received by Australian participants were small . ... Only 2 % of participants received more than the current Australian annual dose limit for occupationally exposed persons ( 20 mSv ) . " However , such findings are contested . Australian servicemen were ordered to : repeatedly fly through the mushroom clouds from atomic explosions , without protection ; and to march into ground zero immediately after bomb detonation . Airborne drifts of radioactive material resulted in " radioactive rain " being dropped on Brisbane and Queensland country areas . A 1999 study for the British Nuclear Test Veterans Association found that 30 per cent of involved veterans had died , mostly in their fifties , from cancers .
Successive Australian governments failed to compensate servicemen who contracted cancers following exposure to radiation at Maralinga . However , after a British decision in 1988 to compensate its own servicemen , the Australian Government negotiated compensation for several Australian servicemen suffering from two specific conditions , leukemia ( except lymphatic leukemia ) and the rare blood disorder multiple myeloma .
One author suggests that the resettlement and denial of aboriginal access to their homelands " contributed significantly to the social disintegration which characterises the community to this day . Petrol sniffing , juvenile crime , alcoholism and chronic friction between residents and the South Australian police have become facts of life . " In 1994 , the Australian Government reached a compensation settlement with Maralinga Tjarutja , which resulted in the payment of $ 13 @.@ 5 million in settlement of all claims in relation to the nuclear testing .
= = Media coverage = =
According to Liz Tynan from James Cook University , the Maralinga tests were a striking example of what can happen when the popular media are unable to report on activities that the government may be trying to hide . Maralinga was an example of extreme secrecy , but by the late 1970s there was a marked change in how the Australian media covered the British nuclear tests . Some resourceful investigative journalists emerged , whistle @-@ blowers such as Avon Hudson spoke out and political scrutiny became more intense . The investigative journalist Brian Toohey ran a series of stories in the Australian Financial Review in October 1978 , based in part on a leaked Cabinet submission .
In June 1993 , New Scientist journalist Ian Anderson wrote an article entitled " Britain 's dirty deeds at Maralinga " and several related articles . They are a detailed analysis of the legacy of Vixen B and the Australian government 's prolonged negotiations with the United Kingdom on cleaning up Maralinga and sharing the cost of " safe @-@ sealing " waste plutonium . Previously , much of this highly toxic nuclear waste had simply been lightly bulldozed into the soil rather than buried in deep , secure , purpose @-@ built , concrete bunkers . In 1993 , Anderson won two Michael Daley Awards for his Maralinga articles .
Maralinga : Australia ’ s Nuclear Waste Cover @-@ up is a book by Alan Parkinson about the clean @-@ up following the British nuclear tests at Maralinga , published in 2007 . Parkinson , a nuclear engineer , explains that the clean @-@ up of Maralinga in the late 1990s was compromised by cost @-@ cutting and simply involved dumping hazardous radioactive debris in shallow holes in the ground . Parkinson states that " What was done at Maralinga was a cheap and nasty solution that wouldn 't be adopted on white @-@ fellas land . "
= = In popular culture = =
Ground Zero is a fictional political conspiracy thriller about what happened during the Maralinga tests .
The 1991 folk song " Plains of Maralinga " by Alistair Hulett describes the tests and their deadly side @-@ effects on the Pitjantjatjara people .
The Career Highlights of the Mamu is an Australian play by Trevor Jamieson and Scott Rankin , performed by the Adelaide Festival in February – March 2002 . The play tells the story of the Tjuntjuntjara Aboriginal people , who lived in the desert country between South Australia and Western Australia , and their experience with British nuclear testing at Maralinga and Emu Field . Tribal elders describe being moved out of the area , and the death and illness of their people when they attempted to return to their contaminated homelands .
Maralinga : The Anangu Story , by the Yalata & Oak Communities with Christobel Mattingley ( Allen & Unwin , 2009 ) , is an information book about the history and culture of the region , the controversy and its original owners . Aimed at young people , the book was awarded a silver Honour medal in 2010 by the Children 's Book Council of Australia .
The Stranglers referenced the nuclear tests in Australia in their song " Nuclear Device ( The Wizard of Aus ) " .
The tests were the subject of the song " Birthright " by progressive rock group Anderson Bruford Wakeman Howe . The Australian band Midnight Oil wrote a song about the tests called " Maralinga " .
The Australian writer Judy Nunn published a novel titled Maralinga in 2011 .
The novel The Last Albatross by Ian Irvine referenced this location as the source of weapons grade plutonium used in a terror plot against Australia .
Web comic author Aaron Diaz wrote a one @-@ page comic re @-@ imagining the Maralinga tests .
The fictional story of a man with leukemia who was present during the tests featured in the 1982 A Country Practice episode " Field of Thunder . "
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= Signal 30 ( Mad Men ) =
" Signal 30 " is the fifth episode of the fifth season of the American television drama series Mad Men and the 57th episode of the series overall . It was written by series creator and executive producer Matthew Weiner and writer Frank Pierson , and directed by main cast member John Slattery . It originally aired on the AMC channel in the United States on April 15 , 2012 .
The episode takes place between July 1966 and August 1966 , with references to the 1966 World Cup Final , the Charles Whitman shooting rampage , and the crash of Braniff Flight 250 . Business and pleasure converge on each other at both a dinner party thrown by the Campbells and a misguided whorehouse visit intended to woo a client . Pete discovers that Ken is writing science fiction under a pseudonym , which angers Roger Sterling . Pete 's emasculation continues after a routine office meeting ends in fisticuffs .
The episode 's title is derived from the infamous 1959 driving safety film of the same name , which Pete Campbell is required to watch as part of his driver 's education class . The film , shown widely to high school students across the country during the 1960s , was produced by the Ohio State Highway Patrol and takes its name from the radio code used by that agency for a fatal traffic accident .
" Signal 30 " received 2 @.@ 69 million viewers and a 1 @.@ 0 in the coveted 18 @-@ 49 demographic . It was met with rave reviews , with many commentators calling it the best episode of the season so far . Critics commended John Slattery for his directing work . Matthew Weiner and his Academy Award @-@ winning co @-@ writer Frank Pierson were also praised for the symbolism of the leaking faucet and the character study of Pete Campbell .
= = Plot = =
Pete is being kept awake by a leaking faucet in the kitchen . He eventually goes to fix it , doing so effectively and with self @-@ satisfaction . He is later shown attending a driver 's education class , where he flirts with a teenage girl about to go off to college .
Ken Cosgrove has continued his writing and runs into Peggy while meeting with a publisher over lunch . He is secretive about his work and attempts to politely get rid of her . Peggy is unsettled by this , until Ken later explains his actions in the office . Following a drunken celebration at a bar with other expatriates over England 's 1966 World Cup victory , Lane excitedly tells the other SCDP partners that he has arranged a lunch meeting with a fellow Englishman he met at the bar , Edwin Baker , over possible representation for Jaguar Cars in America .
The Campbells throw a dinner party for the Cosgroves and the Drapers at their home . As the night progresses , Ken 's writing career is accidentally brought up in conversation by his wife , leading to a retelling of one of his stories . The guests are unsure of how to react to the science fiction plot , apart from Don , who asks questions about the character . When Don learns of Ken 's writing success he is supportive of it ; in contrast , Pete denigrates it . Afterwards , the wives retreat to the kitchen , where the faucet Pete previously " fixed " bursts , spraying water everywhere . Pete rushes away to get his toolbox , but by the time he returns , Don has already fixed it , explaining that Pete 's previous fix was merely a coincidence .
Pete returns to his driver 's ed class to find that a new student , Hanson ( nicknamed " handsome " ) , has the attention of the girl Pete previously flirted with .
Roger advises Lane about how to ensnare a client at dinner . Roger informs Lane to find the man 's source of regret , and make it relatable to himself , forming a " conspiracy " of feeling between the pair . Pryce 's dinner does not go smoothly ; the Jaguar representative appears to have no regrets in his life , and Lane is forced to plan another lunch to try again at confirming the new business . Upon hearing of this failure , Pete tactfully tells Lane to maintain a friendly relationship with the target , and to let Accounts take the business from there . Roger compliments Pete 's letting Lane down softly and taking the task off his hands , forming a renewed alliance with Pete . At the dinner meeting , Edwin , the Jaguar representative , assures Don , Roger , and Pete they have his business , but he wants to have some fun . The executives quickly learn what kind of fun Edwin has in mind and they visit a local brothel , where Edwin , Roger , and Pete all cheat on their wives , leaving Don at the bar . Don later shares a cab with Pete on the way home in which the latter , drunk , criticizes Don as hypocritical for judging Pete 's adulterous actions . Don explains he is not judging ; he merely didn 't know Pete was miserable . Pete replies sarcastically that he has everything , and Don warns him not to throw it away .
The next day , Roger calls Ken into his office and bluntly tells Ken to stop writing in his spare time , as he should not be diverting any attention from his job . Roger attempts to create a bond between them , stating they are both " unappreciated authors " ( referencing the autobiography Roger was dictating in Season 4 ) , but Ken has none of it .
Later that day , Lane storms into a partners ' meeting , shouting at Pete about how Edwin 's wife has found out about Edwin 's adultery and is devastated ; Edwin has withdrawn his business as a result . Lane blames Pete 's methods for losing the account , and Pete responds by citing Lane 's redundant role at the firm and challenging his sexuality . To the surprise and shock of the other partners , Lane responds by challenging Pete to a fistfight . Pete and Lane exchange blows until Lane wins , leaving a bloodied Pete on the office floor . Bruised , shaken , and humiliated , Pete retreats to his office . Joan goes to comfort Lane , only Lane misinterprets her affection as romantic and kisses her . Joan , startled , stands and opens the door , but does not leave . She instead stays with Lane and forgives his blunder , claiming that he 'd done to Pete what everyone in the office had wanted to do for some time .
Peggy , excitedly , tells Ken about Lane 's beating up Pete . Ken takes pleasure in this , and then tells Peggy about his conversation with Roger . Ken suspects Pete informed Roger , after learning about his publishing deal during the dinner party .
Later , Pete talks about his despair at the day 's events with Don in the elevator , wondering how the fight occurred , when he thought they were all friends . Close to tears , he blurts out that he has nothing . Don doesn 't respond .
The episode ends with Ken writing in bed under a new pen name . Pete is shown back in his driver 's ed class , watching helplessly as Hanson sits with the girl Pete had his eyes on , and the dripping sound of the leaky faucet replaying in his mind .
= = Production = =
Creator Matthew Weiner co @-@ wrote the episode with 86 @-@ year @-@ old veteran screenwriter and Academy Award winner ( for Dog Day Afternoon ) Frank Pierson . Pierson offered Weiner his writing services back in 2009 , leading him to serve as a consulting producer on the third season . About Pierson , Weiner said , " He 's now in the writer 's room . Arguably one of the greatest living writers . It means you 're doing something right . " Cast member John Slattery , who portrays Roger Sterling on the series , directed the episode , the third time he has directed for the series .
Weiner stated that the episode was about the question -- " What do you want ? " and " Do you ever get a chance to have it ? " , as well as the " tentative nature of business friendships " . He used Lane 's friendship with the Jaguar executive and the dinner at Pete Campbell 's house as examples . Vincent Kartheiser reasoned that Pete invited them over to show off his wife , home , and success . Jon Hamm elaborated on Don 's reluctance to go as his desire to keep his relationship separate from the poisonous influence of Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce .
Jon Hamm pointed to Don 's bad history with whorehouses as to his reluctance to take part in the festivities , while noting that " Pete has no such problem . " Of Pete 's scene with the prostitute , Weiner said , " You see what his fantasy is . You see his powerlessness " and that Pete is " trying to keep his life exciting " . Due to the desperation and unhappiness inherent in Pete Campbell 's character as demonstrated in this episode , Weiner called it " probably the saddest episode we 've ever had . "
The fight scene , according to Jared Harris , was Lane discovering what Pete really thought of him . Harris saw the boxing match as " a mix of so many different styles " with Lane carrying an " old school and traditional " stance . Harris saw it as Lane getting a chance to " fight for his dignity " .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
" Signal 30 " was watched by 2 @.@ 69 million viewers and obtained a 1 @.@ 0 adults 18 @-@ 49 rating , a slight drop from the previous episode .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The episode opened to laudatory reviews from the television critic community , with much praise reserved for John Slattery 's direction and the acting work of Vincent Kartheiser . Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club gave the episode an A , his highest grade for the season so far , calling it " transfixing and incredible " and " season five 's first instant classic " . He praised the symbol of the dripping faucet as well as the editing choices that suggested " the way that time passes , so that it almost seems as if you ’ ve lost yourself in the mists of your own life " . Alan Sepinwall , writing for HitFix , exalted Slattery 's " strong command of the comedic moments " , and recognized that " most of the carnage " of the episode " comes out of failed attempts by Pete , Lane and Ken to be more than they are by building bridges from one world to another . "
Meredith Blake , reviewer for the Los Angeles Times , said that the episode was a sort of masculine companion piece to the fourth season episode " The Beautiful Girls " , as " Signal 30 " focuses on " collective identity crisis of the agency 's male population " . Paste magazine writer Bonnie Stiernberg called Pete Campbell " one of the most complex , underrated characters on TV today " and called the dripping sink " more like a fucking geyser in reality , and if he doesn ’ t do something to plug it up soon , he ’ s going to drown . " Jordan Bartel of the Chicago Tribune called the episode " a classic " and saw a possible Emmy nomination for Vincent Kartheiser , but felt the kitchen sink symbolism and ending voiceover was a little heavyhanded . Maureen Ryan of The Huffington Post praised Lane 's character and Slattery 's direction during the fight sequence , singling out Don , Bert , and Roger 's reactions as " absolute comedy gold " . She also compared the Pete character to former U.S. President Richard Nixon because : " there 's a sense with Pete that there 's always a chip on his shoulder and he 'll eternally feel misunderstood and undervalued . He 'll always inspire a mixture of pity and exasperation , because he 's smart and insightful , but he can be a piece of work . "
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= Girly Edition =
" Girly Edition " is the twenty @-@ first episode in the ninth season of the American animated television series The Simpsons . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 19 , 1998 . In the episode , Lisa and Bart Simpson must co @-@ anchor a new news program , though when Bart is seen as a more successful news anchor , Lisa becomes jealous and seeks revenge . Meanwhile , in the subplot , Homer Simpson gets a monkey helper because of his laziness . " Girly Edition " was the first episode written by Larry Doyle and was directed by Mark Kirkland . Much of the subplot was inspired by the film Monkey Shines . Critics gave the episode positive reviews and it was well received by Lisa 's voice actress Yeardley Smith .
= = Plot = =
After Groundskeeper Willie takes away Bart 's skateboard for destroying his leaf pile , Bart fills up Willie 's shack with creamed corn as he is sleeping , causing the shack to explode . As Willie is being taken away for medical attention , he swears revenge on Bart. Meanwhile , Krusty the Clown 's show comes under criticism by the FCC for not being educational enough for children . The Channel 6 executive proposes that Krusty cut ten minutes from his three @-@ hour show to make room for a kids ' news program , Kidz News , where children deliver and report news items . Lisa is recruited as a news anchor along with other Springfield Elementary School children . Bart is not chosen at first , but is made sportscaster after he complains to Marge .
Lisa is deemed to be boring by the channel 's staff , though they are impressed by Bart 's performance . Bart is then promoted to be the co @-@ anchor , which leads to jealousy from Lisa . After Bart hears Lisa talking behind his back , he tries to improve at being an anchor . He goes to Kent Brockman for advice , who teaches him about the power of human interest stories . Bart becomes successful after creating a segment called " Bart 's People " , which Lisa immediately disapproves of due to its sappy , emotionally manipulative content . Out of jealousy , Lisa attempts to copy it , but her filming is twice hampered by the Crazy Cat Lady . She eventually sends a letter acting as an immigrant who lives in a landfill who pleads to be on Bart 's People , causing Bart to rush to the landfill for a live broadcast . However , he learns that the immigrant is Groundskeeper Willie , wanting revenge on Bart. Lisa saves Bart by changing Willie 's mind about killing him , using similar techniques Bart used in his stories to stir up emotions . The two decide from then on to make a good educational news program , resulting in Kidz News being cancelled and replaced by The Mattel and Mars Bar Quick Energy Chocobot Hour , an action cartoon which advertises toys and chocolate .
In the subplot , Homer obtains a monkey helper named Mojo after learning Apu has gotten one . Eventually , Mojo becomes tired , weak , and overfed from eating junk food and drinking beer with Homer . Marge forces homer to return the monkey .
= = Production = =
" Girly Edition " was the first episode Larry Doyle wrote for the show . He conceived both the main plot and the subplot . The subplot about Mojo was inspired by the film Monkey Shines ; show runner Mike Scully asked the staff to consult the film for reference when they were making the episode . The animators also studied the behavior of monkeys from other resources , looking at their movements and how they interact with humans . Eric Stefani , a former animator for the show who had left and now was part of the band No Doubt , was called back by episode director Mark Kirkland to animate the scenes with Homer and Mojo . This was the final work Stefani did for The Simpsons . At the end of the episode , an incapacitated Mojo is only able to type " Pray for Mojo " into a computer ; this line was written by George Meyer , who cited it as his favorite personal contribution to The Simpsons . Recurring character the Crazy Cat Lady was introduced in this episode .
= = Analysis = =
In his book Watching with The Simpsons : Television , Parody , and Intertextuality , Jonathan Gray analyses a scene from the episode in which it is announced that Kidz News has been replaced by the children 's cartoon The Mattel and Mars Bar Quick Energy Chocobot Hour ( a reference to the Mattel toys and the Mars chocolate bar ) . He says this mocks " how many children 's programs have become little more than the ad to the merchandise " . Gray also writes that The Simpsons " illustrates how the ad as genre has itself already invaded many , if not all , genres . Ads and marketing do not limit themselves to the space between programs ; rather , they are themselves textual invaders , and part of The Simpsons ' parodic attack on ads involves revealing their hiding places in other texts . "
A real @-@ life journalist named Reid , who Gray interviewed for his book , states that " Girly Edition " mirrors well how some journalists actually work . She said the episode shows " the ludicrous nature of , you know , what we do in a lot of things . The kids news with Bart and Lisa : I mean , you see them do really stupid stories about the news , and ' news you can use , ' and ' how to get rid of your sheets when you wet them . ' I mean , people really do stories like that . " Steven Keslowitz writes in his book The World According to the Simpsons that the episode showcases the fact that " the viewing of attractive newscasters and the use of persuasive tones of voice often do have an impact on the minds of many intelligent members of American society . "
= = Reception = =
The episode originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on April 19 , 1998 . It finished 26th in the ratings for the week of April 13 – 19 , 1998 , with a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 7 , translating to around 8 @.@ 5 million viewing households . The episode was the third highest rated show on Fox that week , following The X @-@ Files and King of the Hill . The Fox network 's ratings average for the week was 6 @.@ 6 .
" Girly Edition " was well received by critics . It was named the fifth best episode with a sports theme of the series by Jerry Greene of the Orlando Sentinel . The authors of the book I Can 't Believe It 's a Bigger and Better Updated Unofficial Simpsons Guide , Warren Martyn and Adrian Wood , thought well of the episode , calling it " a great episode , full of more than the normal quota of good jokes " , adding , " best of all is Lisa 's revenge on Bart , and the mad cat @-@ lady who goes around chucking her cats at people . " Ryan Keefer of DVD Verdict gave the episode a B rating and stated that he enjoyed the subplot with Mojo more than the main plot . Colin Jacobson of DVD Movie Guide commented that " Girly Edition " takes " a clever concept and turns into something more than expected as it digs into the usual Bart / Lisa rivalry . I ’ m not quite sure why Bart reacts so sadly to Lisa ’ s comments about his stupidity when ' Lisa the Simpson ' just delved into the dumbness of the male Simpsons . There ’ s enough to like here to make the episode fun , though . "
This episode is one of Yeardley Smith 's favorite episodes . She says , " I don 't actually remember a lot of the episodes because they all blend in together for me , and I don 't have a really good memory anyway , but I do remember this one and thinking that it was terrific . "
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= Neal Ball =
Cornelius " Neal " Ball ( April 22 , 1881 – October 15 , 1957 ) was an American baseball shortstop who played seven seasons in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He played for the New York Highlanders , Cleveland Naps and Boston Red Sox from 1907 to 1913 . Although his primary position was shortstop , Ball played at second base , third base and in the outfield as well . He is most famous for being the first player to turn an unassisted triple play in Major League Baseball history on July 19 , 1909 .
Ball played minor league baseball for the Montgomery Senators of the Southern League until 1907 , when he signed for the New York Highlanders . After spending less than three seasons with the organization , Ball was sold to the Cleveland Naps , where he spent the next two seasons . In the middle of the 1912 season , his contract was then purchased by the Boston Red Sox , with whom he played his last game on June 30 , 1913 . He died on October 15 , 1957 in Bridgeport , Connecticut .
= = Personal life = =
Ball was born on April 22 , 1881 in Grand Haven , Michigan . After his Major League career ended , he went on to coach the Baltimore Orioles ( who were a minor league team at the time ) . It was there that he was assigned to train Babe Ruth , who had just come out of St. Mary 's Industrial School for Boys . Ball described Ruth as " the dumbest and yet the strongest player " he had ever coached . The two remained good friends after Ruth broke into the Majors and even played a friendly game of bowling against one another in 1923 ( with Ball edging out Ruth , winning four out of the seven games played ) . Ruth held Ball in great respect , and because of their close friendship in baseball , he eventually became a fan of the New York Yankees . In the 1950s , an annual bowling tournament held at the Newfield Alleys near Bridgeport , Connecticut was named after Ball in order to honor the city 's famous inhabitant . On February 12 , 1952 , at the age of 71 , his health severely deteriorated due to a heart ailment and he was rushed to Bridgeport Hospital , where he was placed on the danger list and visitors were prohibited from seeing him . Five years later , he died on October 15 , 1957 and was interred at Mountain Grove Cemetery , Bridgeport .
= = Professional career = =
= = = Minor leagues = = =
Ball first started playing organized baseball on the semi @-@ pro team in Three Rivers , Michigan , where he played in a game against Hall of Fame Negro League star Rube Foster of the Otsego Independents during the 1902 season . He then proceeded to play for Montgomery Senators , a minor league baseball team that competed in the Southern League . He played for the team until 1907 , when he signed for the New York Highlanders . He made his major league debut for the Highlanders on September 12 , 1907 , at the age of 26 , in a 2 – 0 loss against the Washington Senators .
= = = New York Highlanders ( 1907 – 09 ) = = =
During his 1908 rookie season , Ball posted a batting average of .247 and led the Majors in strikeouts with 91 . Defensively , he committed the most errors among all fielders in the American League with 81 and most errors by a shortstop with 80 , both of which are Yankee rookie records that still stand today . However , he also set the team record for most assists by a rookie with 438 ( this record has since been broken by Derek Jeter , who had 444 assists in 1996 ) . On May 18 , 1909 , in the middle of the season , Ball was bought by the Cleveland Naps for approximately $ 5000 .
= = = Cleveland Naps ( 1909 – 12 ) = = =
Ball was brought in to serve as the temporary replacement for Cleveland 's injured starting shortstop Terry Turner , who suffered from a recurring arm injury that needed treatment . In his first season with the Indians , Ball batted .256 with one home run and 25 runs batted in . Although he was never famous for his defensive skills , he achieved baseball history when he executed the first unassisted triple play in the MLB on July 19 , 1909 , doing so against the Boston Red Sox at League Park . In the second inning of the game , Ball , playing shortstop , caught Amby McConnell 's line drive , stepped on second base to retire Heinie Wagner , and then tagged outfielder Jake Stahl as he was advancing towards second . Because the play was unprecedented and turned so swiftly , the ballplayers on the field did not know the inning was over and the crowd of 11 @,@ 000 were unsure of how to react . Cy Young , the game 's starting pitcher , was puzzled and asked Ball why he was leaving the field . Once the fans in attendance realized what had happened , they gave him an ovation , while his teammates applauded him as he returned to the dugout . In the following inning , with the crowd still cheering , he hit an inside @-@ the @-@ park home run into center field ( the only home run he hit that season ) . After the game , he was questioned in a post @-@ game interview , a rare occurrence at the time . He remained humble about the feat and reminded the reporters that " anyone could have made the play " . The glove that he used to make the unassisted triple play is on exhibit at the Baseball Hall of Fame .
At the end of the 1910 season , after playing just 54 games with the team , Ball was sent down and released to the Portland Beavers . He refused to play for the minor league team and this , coupled with the underperformance of the infielders brought in to replace him , resulted in the Naps repurchasing his contract .
The 1911 season turned out to be Ball 's best statistical year , resulting in several career high numbers being set . He batted .296 and amassed 122 hits , 9 triples , 45 RBI and hit 3 home runs , though he also recorded the third highest number of strikeouts in the AL with 93 . Although his defense was never stellar , he executed two noted plays that season . He made a one @-@ handed stop against the Chicago White Sox that was described as " marvelous " by the New York Times and held the Yankees ( his former team ) to a 3 – 3 draw when Ball , serving as the cut @-@ off man , successfully relayed the ball thrown from right fielder Shoeless Joe Jackson to catcher Gus Fisher . In doing so , he nailed Birdie Cree ( who represented the Yankees ' winning run ) at home plate and the game was immediately suspended due to darkness . However , in a rematch against the White Sox on May 5 , 1912 , Ball suffered a momentary defensive lapse that ultimately cost his team the game . In the sixth inning , he was unable to catch Shano Collins stealing second base and then inexplicably held onto the ball . This allowed Ping Bodie to advance to home plate and score the winning run . On June 25 , the Boston Red Sox purchased Ball 's contract from the Naps for $ 2500 .
= = = Boston Red Sox ( 1912 – 13 ) = = =
Ball 's final major league team was ironically the one he turned his unassisted triple play against . The player who was final out of that play , Jake Stahl , became his manager and teammate . The Red Sox signed Ball with the intention of using him only as a utility player who would be a competent substitute to any injured players on the team . As a result , he rarely started a game for the Red Sox . The team advanced to the World Series at the end of that season , where they defeated the New York Giants 4 – 3 . Although he struck out in his only plate appearance of the series , he still received the prize money of $ 4025 rewarded to players on the winning team . This prompted the Ottawa Citizen to label him " the luckiest man in baseball . "
= = Post @-@ playing career = =
After playing his final major league season in 1913 , Ball returned to minor league baseball and played for several teams until 1924 . Most notably , in May 1916 , he was traded by the Toronto Maple Leafs to his hometown team , the Bridgeport Hustlers of the Eastern League , and became both their manager and second baseman . The Hustlers were struggling at the time and the addition of Ball did nothing to change the team 's fortunes . By July , the Hustlers were still languishing in last place and , as a result , he was dismissed from the team .
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= John Henry Turpin =
John Henry " Dick " Turpin ( 20 August 1876 – 10 March 1962 ) was a sailor in the United States Navy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries . Turpin was one of the first African American Chief Petty Officers in the U.S. Navy . He is also notable for surviving the catastrophic explosions of two U.S. Navy ships : USS Maine in 1898 , and USS Bennington in 1905 .
= = Early life and career = =
Turpin was born on 20 August 1876 and enlisted in the U.S. Navy in New York City on 4 November 1896 .
= = USS Maine = =
He was a Mess Attendant on Maine when it exploded in Havana under mysterious circumstances on the night of 15 February 1898 . Turpin was in the pantry of the wardroom when the explosion occurred , and felt the ship " heave and lift " before all went dark . He worked his way aft and climbed out of the wardroom on the captain 's ladder and up onto the deck . He dove overboard and was rescued by a motor launch . Turpin was one of 90 out of the 350 officers and men aboard Maine that night to survive the explosion .
According to an obituary that appeared in the Los Angeles Times , Turpin ( whose next ship assignment was not reported ) saw action in China during the 1900 Boxer Rebellion .
= = Bennington explosion = =
By mid @-@ 1905 , Turpin had been assigned to the gunboat Bennington . When that ship was raising steam for a departure from San Diego , California , on 21 July 1905 , she suffered a boiler explosion that sent men and machinery into the air and killed 66 of the 102 men aboard . Turpin reportedly saved three officers and twelve men by swimming them to shore one at a time . Eleven men were awarded the Medal of Honor for " extraordinary heroism displayed at the time of the explosion " , but Turpin was not among them .
= = Later career = =
In 1915 Turpin worked as a diver in efforts to raise the sunken submarine USS F @-@ 4 in Honolulu , Hawaii . He became qualified as a " Master Diver " - most probably the first African @-@ American sailor to do so . Turpin was also credited with being involved with the development of the underwater cutting torch .
Turpin served on several other ships before leaving active duty service in 1916 .
After the United States entered World War I in April 1917 , Turpin was recalled to service . On 1 June 1917 , he became a Chief Gunner 's Mate on the cruiser Marblehead , which made him among the first African American Chief Petty Officers in the U.S. Navy . Turpin served at that rank until he was transferred to the Fleet Reserve in March 1919 . In October 1925 , Turpin retired at the rank of Chief Gunner 's Mate .
During his time in the Navy , he was the Navy boxing champion in several different weight classifications throughout is Navy career and was a boxing instructor at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis , Maryland .
= = Later life = =
After his retirement from the Navy , Turpin was employed as a Master Rigger at the Puget Sound Navy Yard in Bremerton , Washington ; he was also qualified as a Master Diver in his civilian duties .
During World War II , Turpin tried to return to active service but was denied an account of his age . He volunteered to tour Navy training facilities and defense plants to make " inspirational visits " to African @-@ American sailors .
= = Death = =
Turpin died in Bremerton , Washington on 10 March 1962 . He was survived by his wife Faye Alice . At his funeral , his pall bearers were six Navy chief stewards .
= = Awards = =
Good Conduct Medal
Navy Expeditionary Medal
Spanish Campaign Medal
China Relief Expedition Medal
Nicaraguan Campaign Medal
Mexican Service Medal
Victory Medal
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= Licario =
Licario , called Ikarios ( Greek : Ἰκάριος ) by the Greek chroniclers , was a Byzantine admiral of Italian origin in the 13th century . At odds with the Latin barons of his native Euboea , he entered the service of the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos ( r . 1259 – 1282 ) , and reconquered many of the Aegean islands for him in the 1270s . For his exploits , he was rewarded with Euboea as a fief and rose to the rank of megas konostaulos and megas doux , the first foreigner to do so .
= = Biography = =
= = = Origins and early life = = =
Licario was born in Karystos in Latin @-@ held Euboea ( Negroponte ) , from a Vicentian father and a local woman . He was of humble origin , but able and ambitious . Serving as a knight under the Latin triarch Giberto II da Verona , he managed to win the heart of Felisa , sister of Giberto and widow of another triarch , Narzotto dalle Carceri . The match was met with disapproval by Felisa 's family . They secretly married , but the marriage was cancelled by her relatives . Fleeing from their wrath , Licario sought refuge in the fort of Anemopylae near Cavo D 'Oro . He repaired the strong fortress , assembled a small group of followers , and began raiding the surrounding estates , belonging to the island 's nobles .
= = = Entry into Byzantine service = = =
At that time , the newly restored Byzantine Empire , under the leadership of Michael VIII Palaiologos , sought to recover Euboea , which was the major Latin insular possession in the Aegean Sea and a base for piratical activity directed against his lands . Furthermore , along with the Principality of Achaea it presented the major obstacle to his complete recovery of Greece . Already in 1269 / 1270 , a Byzantine fleet under Alexios Doukas Philanthropenos had attacked and captured one of the island 's major Latin strongholds , the town of Oreos .
Facing the persistent refusal of the island 's barons to treat with him , desiring vengeance and eager for glory and wealth , Licario presented himself to Philanthropenos , offering his services . He , in turn , took him to the Emperor , who was eager to use the services of talented Westerners whenever he could , and had already bankrolled several Latin corsairs in his service . Licario became the Emperor 's vassal according to Western feudal rules , and in turn was strengthened with imperial troops . Under the leadership of Licario , the Byzantines could now mount a serious attempt to conquer the island , while their forces were further augmented by many defections from the Greek population .
The Byzantine forces , under Licario 's command , now ( in 1272 / 1273 ) launched a campaign that took the fortresses of Larmena , La Cuppa , Clisura and Manducho . The Lombard triarchs then appealed to their liege @-@ lord , Prince William II of Achaea , and to Dreux de Beaumont , marshal of the Angevin Kingdom of Sicily . William was able to recover La Cuppa , but de Beaumont was defeated in a pitched battle and was subsequently recalled by Charles of Anjou . Between then and 1275 , according to the Venetian chronicler Marino Sanudo , Licario himself served in the Byzantine army in Asia Minor , where he scored a victory against the Turks .
= = = Conquest of Euboea and campaigns in the Aegean = = =
In 1276 , following their great victory over the Lombard triarchs of Negroponte at the Battle of Demetrias , the Byzantines renewed their offensive in Euboea . Licario attacked his native Karystos , seat of the southern triarchy , and took it , after a long siege , in the same year . For this success , he was rewarded by Michael VIII with the whole island as a fief , and a noble Greek wife with a rich dowry . In turn , Licario pledged to provide 200 knights to the Emperor . Gradually , Licario reduced the Latin strongholds on the island , until , by 1278 , he had seized almost all of it except for the capital , the city of Negroponte ( Chalkis ) .
For his successes , Licario was rewarded with the post of megas konostaulos , head of the Latin mercenaries , and eventually appointed as megas doux after Philanthropenos 's death in ca . 1296 ; the first foreigner to be thus honoured . He commanded the Byzantine navy in a series of expeditions against the Latin @-@ held Aegean islands . The first to fall was Skopelos , whose fortress was believed to be impregnable . Licario , however , knew that it lacked water supplies . Thus , he attacked it during the hot and dry summer of 1277 and forced its surrender . Its lord , Filippo Ghisi , was captured and sent to Constantinople ; his other possessions , the islands of Skyros , Skiathos and Amorgos , were also taken soon after . After that , Licario went on to capture the islands of Kythera and Antikythera off the southern coast of the Morea , and later Kea , Astypalaia , and Santorini in the Cyclades . The great island of Lemnos was also captured , although its lord , Paolo Navigajoso , withstood a three @-@ year siege before surrendering .
Finally , in late 1279 or early 1280 , he returned to Euboea , landing in the norther town of Oreos and moving south towards Negroponte . His forces by now included many Spanish and Catalan mercenaries ( the first time the latter are mentioned in Greece ) and even former adherents of Manfred of Sicily , who had fled to Greece after Manfred 's defeat and death at the hands of Charles of Anjou . As he reached Negroponte , the triarch Giberto II da Verona , Felisa 's brother , and John I de la Roche , the Duke of Athens , who were present at the city , rode out with their forces to meet him . The two armies met at the village of Vatondas , northeast of Negroponte . The battle resulted in a major victory for Licario : John de la Roche was unhorsed and captured , while Giberto was either killed ( according to Sanudo ) or captured and taken along with de la Roche as a prisoner to Constantinople , where , according to Nikephoros Gregoras , the sight of the hated renegade , moving triumphantly among the assembled Byzantine court , caused him to drop dead .
After Vatondas , Negroponte seemed about to fall into Licario 's hands too . The city , however , was quickly reinforced by Jacques de la Roche , lord of Argos and Nauplia , who , along with the energetic Venetian bailo , Niccolo Morosini Rosso , led its defence . Facing determined resistance and possibly fearing an intervention of John I Doukas , ruler of Thessaly , Licario was forced to raise the siege . Licario then turned to reducing the remaining Latin strongholds on the island , becoming its total master except for the city of Negroponte itself , and ruling it from the fortress of Fillia . His fleet carried out further naval expeditions : the islands of Sifnos and Serifos were taken , and Licario 's ships raided the Peloponnese .
Licario himself sailed to Constantinople , presenting Emperor Michael VIII with his captives . Then , at the height of his fame and success in ca . 1280 , Licario disappears from the sources , and his subsequent fate is unknown . Most likely he lived in Constantinople and died there .
= = Assessment = =
His conquests proved temporary only , as the Byzantines were gradually evicted by the Venetians and the other Latin lords . Even in Euboea , Licario 's major gain and personal fief , the Lombard barons managed to complete their reconquest of the entire island by 1296 . Nevertheless , Licario proved one of the most successful military leaders in Michael VIII 's employ , and his victories greatly enhanced the emperor 's own standing and prestige amongst the Latins . The historian Deno John Geanakoplos ranks him , along with Michael 's brother John Palaiologos , as the two men who caused the most damage to the Latin rulers of Greece .
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= Cephalic Carnage =
Cephalic Carnage is an American grindcore band formed in 1992 in Denver , Colorado . The band comprises vocalist Lenzig Leal , guitarists Steve Goldberg and Brian Hopp , drummer John Merryman and bassist Nick Schendzielos . Cephalic Carnage has released six studio albums and toured in North America , Europe and Japan .
Cephalic Carnage play a technically proficient deathgrind style , progressively experiment with other genres , and incorporate songs of joke nature into their albums , such as parodies of black metal or metalcore . They refer themselves as " rocky mountain hydro grind " .
= = History = =
= = = Conforming to Abnormality , Exploiting Dysfunction ( 1992 – 2001 ) = = =
Cephalic Carnage formed in Denver , Colorado , in 1992 by vocalist Lenzig Leal and guitarist Zac Joe . The duo recorded a demo EP titled Scrape My Lungs in 1993 , but then took a break until 1996 , when they recruited drummer John Merryman , guitarist Steve Goldberg and bassist Doug Williams . Merryman also collaborated with Secret Chiefs 3 . Soon after the reformation , their second demo EP Fortuitous Oddity was released . During 1997 , Cephalic Carnage financed its own tour across the United States .
In 1998 , the band caught the attention of Italian record label Headfucker Records , which released the band 's debut album Conforming to Abnormality that year . Williams left in 1999 and joined Origin . He was replaced by Jawsh Mullen , and the band toured at the Milwaukee Metalfest in 1998 , the Dallas Grindfest , the Ohio Deathfest and the Denver Hatefest in 1999 .
In 2000 , Cephalic Carnage signed to the American heavy metal record label Relapse Records and released its second album Exploiting Dysfunction , which included a tour with Napalm Death and The Dillinger Escape Plan .
= = = Lucid Interval and Anomalies ( 2002 – 2006 ) = = =
Lucid Interval , the band 's third album , was recorded in early 2002 and released in August that year . The band toured a month later in Canada and subsequently in the U.S. with German thrash metal veterans Kreator and Destruction . In May 2003 , the band undertook the " North American Contamination " tour alongside Mastodon and others . That September , Cephalic Carnage and Madball supported Hatebreed on the North American " Rise of Brutality " tour .
In September 2004 , the band recorded its next album , Anomalies , with producer Dave Otero . Darren Doane directed a promotional music video for " Dying Will Be the Death of Me " , which premiered at MTV 's Headbanger 's Ball . The song parodies American metalcore with its music , lyrics and vocals . In March 2005 , Anomalies was released , and the band toured in North America once again .
Mullen exited in January 2006 to prioritize his education and other acts , and the band soon found replacement Nick Schendzielos . In March , the band 's recording studio was robbed . They played several shows in the United States in April , and an extensive European tour followed in June with Darkest Hour .
= = = Xenosapien ( 2007 – 2009 ) = = =
The band recorded its next studio album between November and December 2006 , and its release was set for May 2007 under the title Xenosapien . In March 2007 , the band supported Brujeria on U.S. dates and subsequently embarked on " Xenosapien World Tour " , which started in continental Europe on May 4 , continued in United Kingdom and Ireland in May and resumed in the " Summer Slaughter " trek ( dubbed the " Summer ’ s Laughter " by band members ) across the U.S. throughout June and July along with Decapitated among others . The band also filmed a music video for the song " Endless Cycle of Violence " . On November 20 , 2007 , the band 's van was robbed . Their " recent earnings from the tour ( close to $ 4 @,@ 000 ) , a laptop with more than $ 2 @,@ 000 in music @-@ software programs loaded , an iPod and various personal items " were stolen .
Cephalic Carnage reissued Conforming to Abnormality under Relapse Records on April 29 , 2008 . Cephalic Carnage participated in a " mini @-@ tour " of Japan in May 2009 , performing in Osaka , Nagoya and Tokyo . In June 2009 , Cephalic Carnage , along with Cattle Decapitation and Withered , pulled out of the Blackenedfest tour due to organization problems and said they were " getting on with writing the next full length , ( ... ) as well as finishing construction of our late night poutine stand , where we will serve country @-@ fried giraffe eggs and your favorite French @-@ Canadian specialty . " In October 2009 , the band released a music video for the song " Vaporized " while writing a new album and announced a planned concert DVD entitled Live At Your Mom 's House .
= = = Misled by Certainty ( 2010 – present ) = = =
Cephalic Carnage began recording their new album , Misled by Certainty , in May 2010 . It was released August 31 , 2010 by Relapse Records . They also reissued Lucid Interval on September 13 , 2011 .
= = Musical style = =
Allmusic describes the style of Cephalic Carnage as " crazy concoction of truly experimental grindcore , death metal , and jazz " . Their music varies from death @-@ grind , technical death metal , occasional surf rock , instrumental , to flamenco interludes or violin @-@ and @-@ sax ambient jams . Their early style is typically progressive and technically proficient , with some comedic songs . Their later work developed into a more experimental , complex direction .
Cephalic Carnage is also known for its humorous songs . Popmatters points out some examples : " On past albums , the band has taken satirical swipes at the overtly image @-@ oriented black metal ( " Black Metal Sabbath " ) and the oversaturated , angst @-@ ridden metalcore sound ( " Dying Will Be the Death of Me " ) , and even in live settings , they ’ re not above taking the odd spontaneous piss @-@ take to bring some levity to a situation . One notorious YouTube clip has a fight starting in the pit at a Cephalic show in Toronto , and in an inspired moment , the band launches into a rousing excerpt from " Eye of the Tiger " , to a raucous ovation from the kids . "
= = Members = =
= = Timeline = =
= = Discography = =
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= Assassination of Ali =
Ali ibn Abi Talib , the fourth ( last ) Sunni Rashidun caliph and first Shia Imam , was assassinated by a Kharijite called Ibn Muljam on 26 January 661 at the Great Mosque of Kufa , in present @-@ day Iraq . Ali , who was then 62 or 63 years of age , died due to his injuries two days after Ibn Muljam struck him on his head by a poison @-@ coated sword , on the 21 ( or 19 ) Ramadan 40 AH ( 28 January 661 CE ) . He was the third successive caliph , after Umar and Uthman , to be assassinated .
Ali became the caliph after the assassination of Uthman in 656 . However he faced opposition from various factions including the Levant governor , Muawiyah I. A civil war , called the First Fitna , took place within the early Islamic state which resulted in the overthrow of the Rashidun caliphs and the establishment of the Umayyad dynasty . It began when the caliph Uthman ibn Affan was assassinated in 656 and continued through the four @-@ year reign of Ali . After Ali agreed to arbitration with Muawiyah I following the Battle of Siffin ( 657 ) , a revolt happened against him by some members of his army , later known as Kharijites ( " those who leave " ) . They killed some of Ali 's supporters , but they were crushed by Ali 's forces at the Battle of Nahrawan in July 658 .
Ibn Muljam met up with two other Kharijites namely al @-@ Burak ibn Abd Allah and Amr ibn Bakr al @-@ Tamimi at Mecca , and concluded that the situation of the Muslims at the time was due to the errors of Ali , Muawiah and Amr ibn As , governor of Egypt . They decided to kill the three in order to resolve the " deplorable situation " of their time and also avenge their companions killed at Nahrawan . Aiming to kill Ali , Ibn Muljam headed toward Kufa where he fell in love with a woman whose brother and father had died at Nahrawan . She agreed to marry him if only he could kill Ali . Consequently , Ali was stabbed by Ibn Muljam at the Great Mosque of Kufa . After Ali 's death , Ibn Muljam was executed in retaliation by Hasan ibn Ali .
= = Background = =
Events leading to Ali 's assassination can be traced back to the death of Muhammad , prophet of Islam , where the community of Muslims disputed over his succession as the leader of Ummah . The assembly at the Saqifat Bani Saida gave allegiance to Abu Bakr as the caliph . While Sunni muslims believed that Muhammad had not selected a successor , Shia Muslims believed that Ali was appointed as Mohmmad 's successor by God referring to the event of Ghadir Khumm . Abu Bakr was succeeded by Umar , who was murdered in 644 . After Umar 's death , Ali , the cousin and son @-@ in @-@ law of Muhammed , and Uthman were contenders for the post . Uthman was elected as caliph by an election council . Ali became the caliph after the assassination of Uthman in 656 .
Ali 's caliphate was coincident with First Fitna . Though Ali was elected as the fourth Rashidun ( the " rightly guided " ) caliph five days after Uthman 's death , he faced opposition during his rule . On one hand , A 'isha , Talhah and Al @-@ Zubayr revolted against him in Mecca and on the other hand Muawiyah I , the Umayyad governor of Levant , refused to pledge allegiance to him as the new caliph . Therefor , civil war took place which was about succession to the office of caliphate . Ali 's opponents asked the killers of Uthman should be punished . Ali , first emerged victorious at the Battle of Camel in 656 , against an army primarily led by Muhammad 's wife Aisha and other sahaba . Then , Ali also fought the Battle of Siffin in 657 against Muawiyah . The battle ended in a stalemate with Ali entering into arbitration with Muawiyah .
A group of Ali 's army , later known as Kharijites or Khawarij ( " those who leave " ) , opposed against arbitration after the battle of Siffin , when he accepted arbitration with Mu 'awiya . They opposed to human judgement in the matter of religion and used " Judgment belongs to God alone , " as their slogan . In 658 they violated their oath of allegiance , revolted and openly threatened to kill any Muslim who would not join them . Ali defeated them at the Battle of Nahrawan . The killing of the Kharijites was " the most problematic event " during Ali 's caliphate , because they had been among his most vigorous allies in the war against Muawiah .
Ibn Muljam along with two other men , namely al @-@ Burak ibn Abd Allah and Amr ibn Bakr al @-@ Tamimi , all considered as belonging to Kinda , met at Mecca and had a long discussion after the pilgrimage ceremony . They concluded that the situation of Muslims at the time was due to Ali , Muʿawiya and Amr ibn al @-@ As , " whom they regarded as being in error " , and swore to kill them to also " avenge their companion 's massacred at al @-@ Nahrawan . " They arranged the date of assassination and each of them chose his victim .
= = Death = =
= = = Assassination = = =
Ali was assassinated by Ibn Muljam , a Kharijite from Egypt , at the Great Mosque of Kufa , located in Kufa , Iraq , on 26 January 661 . Ibn Muljam was of Himyar by male descent but counted among Murad due to his maternal kinship , and allied with the Banii Jabala of Kindah . He had entered Kufa with the aim of killing Ali to avenge the Kharijite leaders at al @-@ Nahrawan .
In Kufa , he encountered a group of people from Taym al @-@ Ribab tribe who were mourning ten of their tribemates killed at Nahrawan by Ali 's army . Among them was a woman named Quttaam . According to cleric Ali al @-@ Sallabi , on seeing Quttaam , he " lost his senses " and " forgot the assignment " for which he was roaming , and proposed to her . Quttaam said that she would marry him if he could " heal " her by giving her three thousand dinars , a chanteuse , a male slave and the death of Ali . Quttaam wanted revenge too as her father and brother had been killed by Ali 's forces at Al @-@ Nahrawan . Ibn Muljam persuaded a man called Shubayb to assist him in killing Ali . Besides Shablb ibn Bujra , Wardan ibn al @-@ Mujalid also were Ibn Muljam 's accomplice . The conspirators stationed themselves opposite the door from which Ali would enter the Mosque .
On Friday , 19 ( or 17 ) Ramadan , Ali entered Kufa mosque to perform the morning prayer . Ibn Muljam wounded Ali on the " crown of his head " by a poisoned sword after Ali had recited verses from the Sura al @-@ Anbiya as part of the worship , or when he was entering the mosque . Shablb 's sword did not hit Ali and instead " hit the wooden frame of the door or the arch . " He fled and was caught near the gates of Kinda by ' Uwaymir ' , but could finally escape through the crowd . Wardan ran away to his home and was killed there by a relative , " ' Abd Allah b . Najaba b . Ubayd , after confessing his involvement . " Ibn Muljam was caught by the Hashimite al @-@ Mughlra ibn Nawfal ibn al @-@ Harith .
= = = The role of Al @-@ Ash 'ath ibn Qays = = =
al @-@ Ash 'ath ibn Qays was the chief of Kindah tribe in Kufa . According to Wilferd Madelung , in the final years of Ali 's reign he had tendency towards Muawiah and received letter including offers of money from him to show reluctance about Ali 's campaign against Muawiah . Some sources have accused al @-@ Ash 'ath of being informed of the plot of the assassination of Ali . According to al @-@ Yaqubi , Ibn Muljam was hosted by al @-@ Ash 'ath for a month when Ibn Muljam had been preparing his sword . Another report by Ibn Sa 'd says that al @-@ Ash 'ath stayed the night of the killing at mosque counseling Ibn Muljam and that al @-@ Ash 'ath signaled the time of attempting the assassination by saying " the morning has smiled . " The majority of the sources narrates an ambiguous phrase from Al @-@ Ash 'ath : " the dawn has risen for thee " and those who has Shia tendency give it as a clear encouragement to Ibn Muljam : " Deliverance , deliverance ! The dawn has risen for thee . " After assassination , Hujr ibn ' Adi accused him for Ali 's murder . There is even a report which says he warned Ali about Ibn Muljam . According to Laura Veccia Vaglieri , the sources narrate different reports which vary from outright accusation to a suspicion of complicity and even to an act of loyalty .
However al @-@ Sallabi believes that these accusations against al @-@ Ash 'ath seem baseless as he was a loyalist and was against Kharijites from the time they first appeared and fought them at Nahrawan . He was also the first one to fight against the people of Syria in the battle for the water . Moreover , he believes there exists no narration from the family of Ali ibn Abi Talib supporting these accusations against al @-@ Ash 'ath , neither his family did not discuss it with any member of al @-@ Ash 'ath 's family . After Ali was injured by Ibn Muljam , al @-@ Ashʿath sent his son to determine Ali 's condition , his words suggesting that he knew Ali would not survive .
= = = Death and burial = = =
Ali ordered that if he died from the wound , Ibn Muljam had to be executed in retaliation . Otherwise , if he survived , he would decide on how to treat him . Ali died two days later on 21 Ramadan 40 / 30 January 661 ( or 19 Ramadan 40 / 28 January 661 ) at the age of 62 or 63 , and Ibn Muljam was killed in retaliation ( Qisas ) by Hasan ibn Ali , in accordance to Ali 's instruction .
Ali 's body was washed by his sons , Hasan , Husayn , Muhammad ibn al @-@ Hanafiyyah and one of his nephew , Abdullah ibn Ja 'far . Then secretly buried by those men and ' Ubaydullah ibn al @-@ Abbas , since it was feared that his body would be " exhumed and profaned " . Some sources claim Ali was buried at the Imam Ali Mosque at Najaf in present @-@ day Iraq , while others , usually Afghans , say he was buried at the Rawze @-@ e @-@ Sharif in the Afghan city of Mazar @-@ e @-@ Sharif . Ali 's death is commemorated by Shia Muslims every year .
= = = Ali 's prediction of his fate = = =
Two types of traditions exist regrading Ali 's awareness of his fate long before the assassination . This foreknowledge was through his own " premonition of it " or by Muhammad . Based on numerous traditions , Ali 's beard staining with " blood flowing from his head " had been revealed by Muhammad or Ali . Another set of traditions by Muhammad says that " the most evil man among the ancients was he who had killed the camel of the prophet Salih and among his contemporaries , he who would kill Ali . " The night of the assassination , Ali said that his fate was about to come true , and when he left home in the morning , " geese followed him , cackling " weeping for his funeral , as he said later .
= = Aftermath = =
According to Wilferd Madelung , a small minority of people were convinced that " he was the best of Muslims after the Prophet and the only one entitled to rule them , " and after Ali 's death people were divided regarding their view toward him . " Distrust of , and opposition to , Mu 'awiya and his Syrian cohorts " was what united the majority . Ali 's admirers then turned into majority due to " highhandedness , misrule and repression " of Umayyad .
After Ali 's death , the Shias of Iraq declared Ali 's eldest son Hasan the successor to Ali , thus proclaiming him as their new caliph . However , Hasan was not interested in becoming caliph , and to prevent further bloodshed , he signed the Hasan – Muawiya treaty and abdicated in favor of Muawiyah , who became the first caliph of the Umayyad caliphate . Muawiyah died in Medina at the age of forty @-@ five in 669 , and was succeeded by Yazid I in 61 AH ( 680 CE ) but Hasan 's brother Husayn ibn Ali refused to accept Yazid 's leadership . After being invited by the Shiites of Iraq in the same year , Husayn started his march to Iraq . However , during their stay at Karbala , his army was massacred by Yazid at the Battle of Karbala on 10 Muharram ( 10 October ) and his death is commemorated by Shia every year during Muharram .
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= Tea processing =
Tea processing is the method in which the leaves from the tea plant Camellia sinensis are transformed into the dried leaves for brewing tea .
The categories of tea are distinguished by the processing they undergo . In its most general form , tea processing involves different manners and degree of oxidation of the leaves , stopping the oxidation , forming the tea and drying it .
The innate flavour of the dried tea leaves is determined by the type of cultivar of the tea bush , the quality of the plucked tea leaves , and the manner and quality of the production processing they undergo . After processing , a tea may be blended with other teas or mixed with flavourants to alter the flavour of the final tea .
= = History = =
The history of the tea processing corresponds intimately with the role that tea played in Chinese society and the preferred methods of its consumption in Ancient Chinese society .
= = = Green = = =
The ancient Chinese society first encountered the tea plant in what is now southern China and processed it as another medicinal herb for use in Chinese herbology . The processing technique used to process fresh tea leaves was to immediately steam the fresh tea leaves and dry them for preservation , which is likely the most ancient Chinese form of tea leaf processing . This processing method was perfected near the end of the Han Dynasty ( 206 BCE @-@ 220 CE ) and produced a dried tea that would be classified today as " green tea " and quite similar to modern Japanese sencha . For consumption , dried tea leaves were either decocted with water around with other herbs , or ground into a powder to be taken straight or in a liquid .
With the increase of tea 's use in Chinese herbology , production methods changed , where the processed green tea leaves were not immediately dried after steaming . Rather the steamed tea leaves were first pulverized into a paste form , with the paste then formed in moulds and slowly dried into brick tea , a technique well described by Lu Yu in his work The Classic of Tea . Tender leaves and leaf buds were generally not used , as older mature tea leaves were preferred for tea production . Some tea bricks were also produced from mature whole leaves , which typically required the use of a cooked rice slurry ( 米湯 ) to bind the tea brick together . The preference of producing tea in brick form possibly stems from the fact that it can be more easily transported and stored .
= = = Yellow and fermented = = =
This use of steam in fixation ( 殺青 ) for tea leaf enzymes is an important step in processing tea , with the leaves to be quickly cooled down and undergo further processing . The less tightly controlled methods of it in the past resulted in the creation of " yellow tea " when the tea leaves were over @-@ steamed for fixation or were not quickly spread out , doused with water and cooled . Although green tea was the most popular in Lu Yu 's time , he personally considered yellow tea to be superior to green .
Even when the leaves were quickly cooled , if they are left in piles ( 渥堆 ) for too long before processing , the leaves will begin to undergo microbial fermentation to produce " post @-@ fermented tea " . This technique is somewhat similar to composting , albeit tightly controlled , and still used in the production of Liu 'an tea ( 安徽六安籃茶 ) and was more recently introduced for the production of the " ripe " type pu @-@ erh tea . The production of tea in brick forms and their storage also resulted in another type of post @-@ fermented tea , which was produced by aging . The long transport and storage times of the day unwittingly allowed the tea bricks to undergo prolonged exposure to the elements and to various microflora , which resulted in the aging , oxidation , and fermentation of green brick teas . A brick of green tea that had been stored and aged into post @-@ fermented tea was charred over charcoal to rid it of the layer of detritus , dust , and shiny multicoloured growths before being broken down into a powder , cooked , and then consumed . By the end of Tang Dynasty ( 618 @-@ 907CE ) green , yellow , and post @-@ fermented tea was commonly used in China and moved from purely being used in herbology to becoming a beverage drunk for pleasure .
= = = Oolong and white = = =
The Qing Dynasty was also the period when oolong tea was first developed in the Fujian province . It was originally produced in thin brick form , known then under then name " Beiyuan " tea ( 北苑茶 ) . The importance of the withering process for producing oolong tea was described by poet Huang Furen ( 皇甫冉 ) in his poem " 送陸鴻漸棲霞寺采茶 " , which indicated that the processing of tea leaves is not a simple task , requiring the scaling of steep cliffs to pick the choicest leaves and the withering of the leaves under the sun and warm winds ( " 采茶非采菉 ， 遠遠上層崖 。 布葉春風暖 ， 盈筐白日斜 ... " ) .
White tea ( 白茶 ) was also developed in the Fujian province with its first mentions in the Song Dynasty document Treatise on Tea , where the delicate buds used for producing white tea , the difficulty in producing it , its taste , and its rarity were lauded . The production method of white tea was described by Ming Dynasty author Tian Yiheng ( 田艺蘅 ) in " Zhuquan Xiaopin " ( 煮泉小品 ) ( produced in the 33rd year of the Jiajing Emperor ) regarding Fuding white tea ( 福鼎白茶 ) . In this work , he stated that tea buds that have undergone fixation by panning over flames ( as with green tea ) is second to a white tea that was simply allowed to dry under the sun , since it is more natural in taste and lacks flavours imparted by the smoke and flames ( " 芽茶以火作者为次 ， 生晒者为上 , 亦更近自然 ， 且断烟火气耳 " )
= = = Black = = =
The technique for producing black tea was first developed during the late Ming Dynasty Wuyishan , Fujian either resulting from the over @-@ oxidation of tea @-@ leaves during the manufacture of oolong tea or indirectly from the methods of manufacturing green and white teas . In the early 1600s , tea producers in the Wuyi Mountains began kneading the sun @-@ withered tea leaves to macerate them , then allowed them to dry under the sun , thus reaching full oxidation and producing " Gongfu " black tea ( 工夫紅茶 ) . When there was insufficient sun and temperatures were low , the withered leaves would be processed indoors in warmed rooms and allowed to fully oxidize , then smoked dry over pine fires thus producing lapsang souchong . According to oral traditions of the region , the discovery of lapsang souchong processing was due to military troops passing through a Wuyi 's tea factory during the last years of the Ming Dynasty , causing delays to tea leaf processing thus resulting in a completely oxidized leaf that the producer salvaged by drying over a fire built from pine branches . By the Qing Dynasty , both lapsang souchong and gongfu black tea were well recognized in China and noted in " Records on Yiwu mountain " ( 武夷山志 ) by the scholar Dong Tiangong ( 董天工 ) .
= = Procedure = =
= = = General = = =
Although each type of tea has different taste , smell , and visual appearance , tea processing for all tea types consists of a very similar set of methods with only minor variations . Without careful moisture and temperature control during its manufacture and life thereafter , fungi will grow on tea . This form of fungus causes real fermentation that will contaminate the tea and may render the tea unfit for consumption .
Plucking : Tea leaves and flushes , which includes a terminal bud and two young leaves , are picked from Camellia sinensis bushes typically twice a year during early spring and early summer or late spring . Autumn or winter pickings of tea flushes are much less common , though they occur when climate permits . Picking is done by hand when a higher quality tea is needed , or where labour costs are not prohibitive . Depending on the skill of the picker , hand @-@ picking is performed by pulling the flush with a snap of the forearm , arm , or even the shoulders , with the picker grasping the tea shoot using the thumb and forefinger , with the middle finger sometimes used in combination . Tea flushes and leaves can also be picked by machine , though there will be more broken leaves and partial flushes reducing the quality of the tea . However , it has also been shown that machine plucking in correctly timed harvesting periods can produce good leaves for the production of high quality teas .
Withering / Wilting : The tea leaves will begin to wilt soon after picking , with a gradual onset of enzymatic oxidation . Withering is used to remove excess water from the leaves and allows a very slight amount of oxidation . The leaves can be either put under the sun or left in a cool breezy room to pull moisture out from the leaves . The leaves sometimes lose more than a quarter of their weight in water during withering . The process is also important in promoting the breakdown of leaf proteins into free amino acids and increases the availability of freed caffeine , both of which change the taste of the tea .
Disruption : Known in the Western tea industry as " disruption " or " leaf maceration " , the teas are bruised or torn in order to promote and quicken oxidation . The leaves may be lightly bruised on their edges by shaking and tossing in a bamboo tray or tumbling in baskets . More extensive leaf disruption can be done by kneading , rolling , tearing , and crushing , usually by machinery . The bruising breaks down the structures inside and outside of the leaf cells and allows from the co @-@ mingling of oxidative enzymes with various substrates , which allows for the beginning of oxidation . This also releases some of the leaf juices , which may aid in oxidation and change the taste profile of the tea .
Oxidation / Fermentation : For teas that require oxidation , the leaves are left on their own in a climate @-@ controlled room where they turn progressively darker . This is accompanied by agitation in some cases . In this process the chlorophyll in the leaves is enzymatically broken down , and its tannins are released or transformed . This process is sometimes referred to as " fermentation " in the tea industry . The tea producer may choose when the oxidation should be stopped , which depends on the desired qualities in the final tea as well as the weather conditions ( heat and humidity ) . For light oolong teas this may be anywhere from 5 @-@ 40 % oxidation , in darker oolong teas 60 @-@ 70 % , and in black teas 100 % oxidation . Oxidation is highly important in the formation of many taste and aroma compounds , which give a tea its liquor colour , strength , and briskness . Depending on the type of tea desired , under or over @-@ oxidation / fermentation can result in grassy flavours , or overly thick winey flavours .
Fixation / Kill @-@ green : Kill @-@ green or shāqīng ( 殺青 ) is done to stop the tea leaf oxidation at a desired level . This process is accomplished by moderately heating tea leaves , thus deactivating their oxidative enzymes and removing unwanted scents in the leaves , without damaging the flavour of the tea . Traditionally , the tea leaves are panned in a wok or steamed , but with advancements in technology , kill @-@ green is sometimes done by baking or " panning " in a rolling drum . In some white teas and some black teas such as CTC blacks , kill @-@ green is done simultaneously with drying .
Sweltering / Yellowing : Unique to yellow teas , warm and damp tea leaves from after kill @-@ green are allowed to be lightly heated in a closed container , which causes the previously green leaves to turn yellow . The resulting leaves produce a beverage that has a distinctive yellowish @-@ green hue due to transformations of the leaf chlorophyll . Through being sweltered for 6 – 8 hours at close to human body temperatures , the amino acids and polyphenols in the processed tea leaves undergo chemical changes to give this tea its distinct briskness and mellow taste .
Rolling / Shaping : The damp tea leaves are then rolled to be formed into wrinkled strips , by hand or using a rolling machine which causes the tea to wrap around itself . This rolling action also causes some of the sap , essential oils , and juices inside the leaves to ooze out , which further enhances the taste of the tea . The strips of tea can then be formed into other shapes , such as being rolled into spirals , kneaded and rolled into pellets , or tied into balls , cones and other elaborate shapes . In many types of oolong , the rolled strips of tea leaf are then rolled to spheres or half spheres and is typically done by placing the damp leaves in large cloth bags , which are then kneaded by hand or machine in a specific manner .
Drying : Drying is done to " finish " the tea for sale . This can be done in a myriad of ways including panning , sunning , air drying , or baking . Baking is usually the most common . Great care must be taken to not over @-@ cook the leaves . The drying of the produced tea is responsible for many new flavour compounds particularly important in green teas .
Aging / Curing : While not always required , some teas required additional aging , secondary fermentation , or baking to reach their drinking potential . For instance , a green tea puerh , prior to curing into a post @-@ fermented tea , is often bitter and harsh in taste , but becomes sweet and mellow through fermentation by age or dampness . Additionally , oolong can benefit from aging if fired over charcoal . Flavoured teas are manufactured in this stage by spraying the tea with aromas and flavours or by storing them with their flavorants .
= = = Type @-@ specific = = =
Tea is traditionally classified based on the degree or period of " fermentation " the leaves have undergone :
White tea
Young leaves or new growth buds that have undergone minimal oxidation through a slight amount of withering before halting the oxidative processes by being baked dry , with the optimal withering conditions at 30 degrees Celsius ( 65 % relative humidity ) for 26 hours . Withering of the leaves can last from around one to three days depending on the season and temperature of the processing environment . The buds may be shielded from sunlight to prevent the formation of chlorophyll . White tea is produced in lesser quantities than most other styles , and can be correspondingly more expensive than tea from the same plant processed by other methods . It is less well known in countries outside of China , though this is changing with increased western interest in the tea . There is an international disagreement on definition of white tea between China and other producing countries . In China , White tea is fully oxidized by letting the tea naturally dry out in sunlight . It is different from traditional black teas because it does not undergo any manmade processing such as rolling or curling .
Green tea
This tea has undergone the least amount of oxidation . The oxidation process is halted by the quick application of heat after tea picking , either with steam , the Japanese method , or by dry cooking in hot pans , the traditional Chinese method . Tea leaves may be left to dry as separate leaves or they may be rolled into small pellets to make gunpowder tea . This process is time consuming and is typically done with pekoes of higher quality . The tea is processed within one to two days of harvesting , and if done correctly retains most of the chemical composition of the fresh leaves from which it was produced . Variation in steaming time for fixation or processing from additional stages of rolling and drying are sometimes used to improve or altering the flavour for types of green tea .
Yellow tea
This tea is processed in a similar manner to green tea , but instead of immediate drying after fixation , it is stacked , covered , and gently heated in a humid environment . This initiates oxidation in the chlorophyll of the leaves through non @-@ enzymatic and non @-@ microbial means , which results in a yellowish or greenish @-@ yellow colour .
Oolong tea
This tea 's oxidation is stopped somewhere between the standards for green tea and black tea . The processing typically takes two to three days from withering to drying with a relatively short oxidation period of several hours . In Chinese , semi @-@ oxidized teas are collectively grouped as blue tea ( 青茶 , literally : blue @-@ green tea / " celadon tea " ) , while the term " oolong " is used specifically as a name for certain semi @-@ oxidized teas . Common wisdom about lightly oxidized teas in Taiwan ( a large producer of Oolong ) is that too little oxidation upsets the stomach of some consumers . Even so , some producers attempt to minimize oxidation in order to produce a specific taste or allow the tea leaves to be easily rolled into the spherical or half @-@ sphere form demanded by buyers in the market .
Black tea
The tea leaves are allowed to completely oxidize . Black tea is first withered to induce protein breakdown and reduce water content ( 68 @-@ 77 % of original ) . The leaves then undergo a process known in the industry as " disruption " or " leaf maceration " , which through bruising or cutting disrupts leaf cell structures , releasing the leaf juices and enzymes that activate oxidation . The oxidation process takes between 45 – 90 minutes to 3 hours and is done at high humidity between 20 @-@ 30 degrees Celsius , transforming much of the catechins of the leaves into complex tannin . Orthodox processed black teas are further graded according to the post @-@ production leaf quality by the Orange Pekoe system , while crush , tear , curl ( CTC ) teas use a different grading system . Orthodox tea leaves are heavily rolled either by hand or mechanically on a cylindrical rolling table or a rotorvane . The rolling table consists of a ridged table @-@ top moving in an eccentric manner to a large hopper of tea leaves , of which the leaves are pressed down onto the table @-@ top . The process produces a mixture of whole and broken leaves , and particles which are then sorted , oxidized , and dried . The rotovane consisted of an auger pushing withered tea leaves through a vane cylinder which crushes and evenly cuts the leaves . Crush , tear , curl is a production method developed by William McKercher in 1930 which uses machines with contra @-@ rotating rotors with surfaces patterning that cut and tear the leaves producing a product popular for use in tea bags . The rotovane to often use to precut the withered tea prior to the CTC and to create broken orthodox processed black tea .
Post @-@ fermented tea
Teas that are allowed to undergo a second oxidation after the fixation of the tea leaves , such as Pu @-@ erh , Liu 'an , and Liubao , are collectively referred to as secondary or post @-@ fermentation teas in English . In Chinese they are categorized as Dark tea or black tea . This is not to be confused with the English term Black tea , known in Chinese as red tea . Pu @-@ erh , also known as Póu léi ( Polee ) in Cantonese is the most common type of post @-@ fermetation tea in the market .
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= Fear Her =
" Fear Her " is the eleventh episode of the second series of the British science @-@ fiction series Doctor Who , first broadcast on BBC One on 24 June 2006 . It was written by Matthew Graham and directed by Euros Lyn .
The episode takes place on the day of the opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics in London , almost exclusively on a fictitious cul @-@ de @-@ sac named after the British athlete Kelly Holmes . While originally only intending to visit the ceremony , alien time traveller the Doctor ( David Tennant ) and his companion Rose Tyler ( Billie Piper ) investigate Chloe Webber ( Abisola Agbaje ) , who has the ability to make people disappear by drawing them .
The episode was brought in to be a low @-@ budget replacement for a script by Stephen Fry that had been pushed back , and was filmed mainly in the Tremorfa area of Cardiff at a housing estate . Graham was asked to write an episode primarily for children which would soften the much darker finale that would be broadcast after . The episode was watched by 7 @.@ 14 million viewers in the UK , and was given an Appreciation Index of 83 . Though Graham received letters from children who enjoyed the episode , it did not generate a positive response from adult fans and critics .
= = Plot = =
The TARDIS materialises on the day of the opening ceremony of the 2012 Olympic Games . The neighbourhood is preparing for the passing of the Olympic torch bearer , but the mood has been dampened by the disappearances of several children in the prior week . A council worker named Kel also mentions that cars have been breaking down momentarily for the same period . The Doctor and Rose investigate and realise that the source of the problems is a solitary 12 @-@ year @-@ old girl named Chloe Webber . She has the unique ability to cause people to disappear by drawing them . The Doctor hypnotises Chloe and finds out that she is possessed by an immature Isolus , an alien life @-@ form that travels through space with a family of billions . This particular Isolus crashed its pod to Earth due to a solar flare . The Isolus relates to and befriends Chloe , who had a troubled childhood . The Isolus has also caused Chloe to draw a life @-@ sized , exaggerated figure of her late father , who is strongly implied to have abused Chloe when he was alive .
The Doctor explains that if they can find the Isolus pod and provide it power , the alien will leave Chloe . A frantic Chloe draws the TARDIS and the Doctor , trapping them both in one of her sketches and forcing Rose to try to find the pod herself . She rationalises that the pod is located on the hottest spot on the street , a patch of freshly laid tar , and is able to dig it up . Meanwhile , Chloe has caused the entire crowd at the Olympic stadium to disappear and now is set on making everyone in the world disappear . Rose tries to find out how to power the pod , and uses visual indications from the Doctor 's picture to understand that the pod needs heat mixed with emotion . Rose throws the pod towards the Olympic Torch - a symbol of hope , courage , and love - as it passes down the street . The missing children and the crowd at the Olympics reappear , and Rose realises that the drawing Chloe had made of her father will similarly come to life . Rose and Chloe 's mother are able to calm Chloe by singing the Kookaburra song , causing the unseen monster - having fed off of Chloe 's emotions and fears - to disappear .
As the torch bearer approaches the Olympic Stadium he collapses , and the Doctor promptly and suddenly appears , picks up the torch , and completes the run to light the Olympic Flame . The heat of the flame and the emotion of the crowd power the pod , allowing the Isolus to leave Chloe and return home . The Doctor and Rose walk off to watch the games , and Rose remarks that nothing will ever split the two of them up . The Doctor becomes uneasy and muses that a storm is approaching .
= = = Continuity = = =
Torchwood is again mentioned , by commentator Huw Edwards after the Olympic crowd disappears . The Doctor again invokes the Shadow Proclamation , the intergalactic police force first mentioned in " Rose " . The Doctor mentions that his dislike of cats stems from being " threatened by one in a nun 's wimple " , a reference to the events of " New Earth " . In a bit of non @-@ series continuity , The Doctor asks Chloe to identify a Vulcan salute , then uses a Vulcan mind meld to put Chloe into a trance that allows communication with the Isolus within her .
= = Production = =
= = = Writing = = =
" Fear Her " was an overcommissioned episode , which replaced a planned but unproduced script by Stephen Fry . Writer Matthew Graham was told by showrunner Russell T Davies that it was going to be an inexpensive episode and had to take place on a housing estate , but Graham was nevertheless thrilled to be asked to write an episode . Graham stated in 2011 that they " set out to do right from the start " making the episode more aimed at children , rather than adults and older Doctor Who fans , as the much darker finale would be broadcast following it . Davies specifically asked Graham to write for his seven @-@ year @-@ old son .
Graham originally suggested a story about a man who had the ability to drain Earth of its beauty , but Davies preferred his own idea about the eerie nature of paintings or illustration . The Isolus was inspired by the villains in the 1978 film Invasion of the Body Snatchers . Early drafts of this episode were titled " Chloe Webber Destroys the Earth " , and later , " You 're a Bad Girl , Chloe Webber " , with one such draft having the episode take place on another planet . Both of these titles were rejected by Davies as they were too long .
= = = Casting and filming = = =
Dame Kelly Holmes , who was mentioned in the episode , was considered for the part of the torchbearer , but was committed to Dancing On Ice at the time . Nina Sosanya and Abdul Salis had both appeared in the 2003 film Love Actually . Abisola Agbaje , who portrayed Chloe , was discovered at an after @-@ school drama club , where casting director Andy Pryor had held auditions for the part . Agbaje had to play both Chloe 's normal character and her character while being possessed by the Isolus , which Agbaje felt was " weird " . When performing as the Isolus she had to whisper , and an echo was added in post @-@ production . Agbaje found it " a bit hard to whisper " because she had a husky voice . A hand double for Agbaje drew the pictures , while the series ' storyboarder Shaun Williams drew the father in the cupboard .
Due to Fry 's script being dropped , production of some episodes of the second series had to be rescheduled , with " Fear Her " being produced alongside " The Idiot 's Lantern " . The episode was filmed during late January and early February 2006 , with the cold temperatures experienced during filming being explained in the plot as part of the Isolus ' endothermic nature . The majority of the episode , including exterior shots and Chloe 's home , was filmed in the Tremorfa area of Cardiff , with a majority of the remainder filmed in the Doctor Who studios in Newport . A storage yard by the Rhymney River off Newport Road in Cardiff was used for the location the TARDIS lands in . The Millennium Stadium in Cardiff was used for the Olympic Stadium .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Fear Her " was broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on 24 June 2006 . Overnight UK figures for the first broadcast of " Fear Her " was 6 @.@ 6 million viewers , with a 39 @.@ 7 % audience share . Final consolidated ratings rose to 7 @.@ 14 million , making it the twelfth most @-@ watched programme on the channel for the week . The episode received an Appreciation Index of 83 .
Graham was happy with the episode himself and received letters from " loads of kids " who enjoyed it . When discovering that older fans had reacted negatively , he thought , " Well , it 's a shame that they have , but it wasn 't meant for them " . IGN 's Ahsan Haque gave the episode a 5 out of 10 rating , calling it " flat and formulaic " and everything about it was " slightly underwhelming " , though he thought what did work was the mother @-@ daughter teamwork at the end . He also noted " annoying self @-@ aggrandizing moments that made no sense and served only to make the episode feel unnecessarily campy " , such as the audience disappearing from the stadium and the Doctor carrying the torch . Comparing the episode to " The Idiot 's Lantern " in terms of plot , he felt that the latter was " far more entertaining " and that " Fear Her " lacked originality and humour . Dave Bradley of SFX awarded " Fear Her " three out of five stars , describing the plot as " ordinary " but thought it was " a decent breather before grander adventures to come " . He particularly praised the dialogue and thought " the claustrophobic effect of limiting the action to one household works " . Arnold T Blumburg , writing for Now Playing , gave the episode a grade of B + . He felt that the guest cast were " only just adequate " and that the story " plods along in places " , but the story worked because of the " delightful " interactions between the Doctor and Rose and the feel @-@ good ending .
In 2011 , SFX published an article stating arguments for and against the episode . The " Defence " stated that , while some minor roles were played " broadly " , Nina Sosanya and Abisola Agbaje were " extremely good " , and opined that the unusual things happening in a typical housing estate and the lack of appearance from a monster were effective . The " Prosecution " , on the other hand , described it as a " cheap filler " with a " cheesy " finale and called the lack of a monster a " severe disappointment " . Topless Robot named it the third worst Tenth Doctor episode . In a poll conducted by Doctor Who Magazine in 2009 which asked readers to rank all 200 stories that had been released , " Fear Her " fell at 192 out of 200 , making it the lowest ranked story of the revived series . In another poll conducted by Doctor Who Magazine in 2014 asking readers to rank every story that has been broadcast in the first 50 years of the show , " Fear Her " fell to 240 out of 241 making it not only the lowest ranked story of the revived series , but the second lowest ranked story of all time , just coming above The Twin Dilemma .
= = = Reviews = = =
" Fear Her " reviews at The Doctor Who Ratings Guide
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= Copper =
Copper is a chemical element with symbol Cu ( from Latin : cuprum ) and atomic number 29 . It is a soft , malleable and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity . A freshly exposed surface of pure copper has a reddish @-@ orange color . It is used as a conductor of heat and electricity , as a building material and as a constituent of various metal alloys , such as Sterling silver used in jewelry , cupronickel used to make marine hardware and coins and constantan used in strain gauges and thermocouples for temperature measurement .
Copper is found as a pure metal in nature , and this was the first source of the metal to be used by humans , ca . 8 @,@ 000 BC . It was the first metal to be smelted from its ore , ca . 5 @,@ 000 BC , the first metal to be cast into a shape in a mold , ca . 4 @,@ 000 BC and the first metal to be purposefully alloyed with another metal , tin , to create bronze , ca . 3 @,@ 500 BC .
In the Roman era , copper was principally mined on Cyprus , the origin of the name of the metal , from aes сyprium ( metal of Cyprus ) , later corrupted to сuprum , from which the words copper ( English ) , cuivre ( French ) , Koper ( Dutch ) and Kupfer ( German ) are all derived . The commonly encountered compounds are copper ( II ) salts , which often impart blue or green colors to such minerals as azurite , malachite , and turquoise , and have been used widely and historically as pigments . Architectural structures built with copper ( usually roofing elements ) corrode to give green verdigris ( or patina ) . Decorative art prominently features copper , both in the elemental metal and in compounds as pigments . Copper compounds are also used as bacteriostatic agents , fungicides , and wood preservatives .
Copper is essential to all living organisms as a trace dietary mineral because it is a key constituent of the respiratory enzyme complex cytochrome c oxidase . In molluscs and crustacea copper is a constituent of the blood pigment hemocyanin , replaced by the iron @-@ complexed hemoglobin in fish and other vertebrates . In humans , copper is found mainly in the liver , muscle , and bone . The adult body contains between 1 @.@ 4 and 2 @.@ 1 mg of copper per kilogram of body weight . Hence a healthy human weighing 60 kilogram contains approximately 0 @.@ 1 g of copper . However , this small amount is essential to the overall human well @-@ being .
= = Characteristics = =
= = = Physical = = =
Copper , silver and gold are in group 11 of the periodic table , and they share certain attributes : they have one s @-@ orbital electron on top of a filled d @-@ electron shell and are characterized by high ductility and electrical and thermal conductivity . The filled d @-@ shells in these elements contribute little to interatomic interactions , which are dominated by the s @-@ electrons through metallic bonds . Unlike metals with incomplete d @-@ shells , metallic bonds in copper are lacking a covalent character and are relatively weak . This observation explains the low hardness and high ductility of single crystals of copper . At the macroscopic scale , introduction of extended defects to the crystal lattice , such as grain boundaries , hinders flow of the material under applied stress , thereby increasing its hardness . For this reason , copper is usually supplied in a fine @-@ grained polycrystalline form , which has greater strength than monocrystalline forms .
The softness of copper partly explains its high electrical conductivity ( 59 @.@ 6 × 106 S / m ) and high thermal conductivity , the second highest ( second only to silver ) among pure metals at room temperature . This is because the resistivity to electron transport in metals at room temperature originates primarily from scattering of electrons on thermal vibrations of the lattice , which are relatively weak in a soft metal . The maximum permissible current density of copper in open air is approximately 3 @.@ 1 × 106 A / m2 of cross @-@ sectional area , above which it begins to heat excessively .
Copper is one of four metallic elements with a natural color other than gray or silver , the others being caesium ( yellow ) , gold ( yellow ) , and osmium ( bluish ) . Pure copper is orange @-@ red and acquires a reddish tarnish when exposed to air . The characteristic color of copper results from the electronic transitions between the filled 3d and half @-@ empty 4s atomic shells – the energy difference between these shells corresponds to orange light . The same mechanism causes the yellow color of gold and caesium .
As with other metals , if copper is put in contact with another metal , galvanic corrosion will occur .
= = = Chemical = = =
Copper does not react with water but it does slowly react with atmospheric oxygen to form a layer of brown @-@ black copper oxide which , unlike the rust that forms on iron in moist air , protects the underlying metal from further corrosion ( passivation ) . A green layer of verdigris ( copper carbonate ) can often be seen on old copper structures , such as the roofing of many older buildings and the Statue of Liberty . Copper tarnishes when exposed to some sulfur compounds , with which it reacts to form various copper sulfides .
= = = Isotopes = = =
There are 29 isotopes of copper . 63Cu and 65Cu are stable , with 63Cu comprising approximately 69 % of naturally occurring copper ; both have a spin of 3 ⁄ 2 . The other isotopes are radioactive , with the most stable being 67Cu with a half @-@ life of 61 @.@ 83 hours . Seven metastable isotopes have been characterized ; 68mCu is the longest @-@ lived with a half @-@ life of 3 @.@ 8 minutes . Isotopes with a mass number above 64 decay by β − , whereas those with a mass number below 64 decay by β + . 64Cu , which has a half @-@ life of 12 @.@ 7 hours , decays both ways .
62Cu and 64Cu have significant applications . 62Cu is used in 62Cu @-@ PTSM as a radioactive tracer for positron emission tomography .
= = = Occurrence = = =
Copper is produced in massive stars and is present in the Earth 's crust in a proportion of about 50 parts per million ( ppm ) . It occurs as native copper , in the copper sulfides chalcopyrite and chalcocite , in the copper carbonates azurite and malachite , and in the copper ( I ) oxide mineral cuprite . The largest mass of elemental copper discovered weighed 420 tonnes and was found in 1857 on the Keweenaw Peninsula in Michigan , US . Native copper is a polycrystal , with the largest single crystal ever described measuring 4 @.@ 4 × 3 @.@ 2 × 3 @.@ 2 cm .
= = Production = =
Most copper is mined or extracted as copper sulfides from large open pit mines in porphyry copper deposits that contain 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 0 % copper . Sites include Chuquicamata in Chile , Bingham Canyon Mine in Utah , United States and El Chino Mine in New Mexico , United States . According to the British Geological Survey in 2005 , Chile was the top producer of copper with at least one @-@ third world share followed by the United States , Indonesia and Peru . Copper can also be recovered through the in @-@ situ leach process . Several sites in the state of Arizona are considered prime candidates for this method . The amount of copper in use is increasing and the quantity available is barely sufficient to allow all countries to reach developed world levels of usage .
= = = Reserves = = =
Copper has been in use at least 10 @,@ 000 years , but more than 95 % of all copper ever mined and smelted has been extracted since 1900 , and more than half was extracted the last 24 years . As with many natural resources , the total amount of copper on Earth is vast , with around 1014 tons in the top kilometer of Earth 's crust , which is about 5 million years ' worth at the current rate of extraction . However , only a tiny fraction of these reserves is economically viable with present @-@ day prices and technologies . Estimates of copper reserves available for mining vary from 25 years to 60 years , depending on core assumptions such as the growth rate . Recycling is a major source of copper in the modern world . Because of these and other factors , the future of copper production and supply is the subject of much debate , including the concept of peak copper , analogous to peak oil .
The price of copper has historically been unstable , and it sextupled from the 60 @-@ year low of US $ 0 @.@ 60 / lb ( US $ 1 @.@ 32 / kg ) in June 1999 to US $ 3 @.@ 75 per pound ( US $ 8 @.@ 27 / kg ) in May 2006 . It dropped to US $ 2 @.@ 40 / lb ( US $ 5 @.@ 29 / kg ) in February 2007 , then rebounded to US $ 3 @.@ 50 / lb ( US $ 7 @.@ 71 / kg ) in April 2007 . In February 2009 , weakening global demand and a steep fall in commodity prices since the previous year 's highs left copper prices at US $ 1 @.@ 51 / lb ( US $ 3 @.@ 32 / kg ) .
= = = Methods = = =
The concentration of copper in ores averages only 0 @.@ 6 % , and most commercial ores are sulfides , especially chalcopyrite ( CuFeS2 ) and to a lesser extent chalcocite ( Cu2S ) . These minerals are concentrated from crushed ores to the level of 10 – 15 % copper by froth flotation or bioleaching . Heating this material with silica in flash smelting removes much of the iron as slag . The process exploits the greater ease of converting iron sulfides into oxides , which in turn react with the silica to form the silicate slag that floats on top of the heated mass . The resulting copper matte , consisting of Cu2S , is roasted to convert all sulfides into oxides :
2 Cu2S + 3 O2 → 2 Cu2O + 2 SO2
The cuprous oxide is converted to blister copper upon heating :
2 Cu2O → 4 Cu + O2
The Sudbury matte process converted only half the sulfide to oxide and then used this oxide to remove the rest of the sulfur as oxide . It was then electrolytically refined and the anode mud exploited for the platinum and gold it contained . This step exploits the relatively easy reduction of copper oxides to copper metal . Natural gas is blown across the blister to remove most of the remaining oxygen and electrorefining is performed on the resulting material to produce pure copper :
Cu2 + + 2 e − → Cu
= = = Recycling = = =
Like aluminium , copper is 100 % recyclable without any loss of quality , both from raw state and from manufactured products . In volume , copper is the third most recycled metal after iron and aluminium . An estimated 80 % of all copper ever mined is still in use today . According to the International Resource Panel 's Metal Stocks in Society report , the global per capita stock of copper in use in society is 35 – 55 kg . Much of this is in more @-@ developed countries ( 140 – 300 kg per capita ) rather than less @-@ developed countries ( 30 – 40 kg per capita ) .
The process of recycling copper is roughly the same as is used to extract copper but requires fewer steps . High @-@ purity scrap copper is melted in a furnace and then reduced and cast into billets and ingots ; lower @-@ purity scrap is refined by electroplating in a bath of sulfuric acid .
= = Alloys = =
Numerous copper alloys have been formulated , many with important uses . Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc . Bronze usually refers to copper @-@ tin alloys , but can refer to any alloy of copper such as aluminium bronze . Copper is one of the most important constituents of silver and carat gold and carat solders used in the jewelry industry , modifying the color , hardness and melting point of the resulting alloys . Some lead @-@ free solders consist of tin alloyed with a small proportion of copper and other metals .
The alloy of copper and nickel , called cupronickel , is used in low @-@ denomination coins , often for the outer cladding . The US 5 @-@ cent coin ( currently called a nickel ) consists of 75 % copper and 25 % nickel in homogeneous composition . The alloy of 90 % copper and 10 % nickel , remarkable for its resistance to corrosion , is used for various objects exposed to seawater , though it is vulnerable to the sulfides sometimes found in polluted harbors and estuaries . Alloys of copper with aluminium ( about 7 % ) have a pleasant golden color and are used in decorations . Shakudō is a Japanese decorative alloy of copper containing a low percentage of gold , typically 4 @-@ 10 % , that can be patinated to a dark blue or black colour .
= = Compounds = =
Copper forms a rich variety of compounds , usually with oxidation states + 1 and + 2 , which are often called cuprous and cupric , respectively .
= = = Binary compounds = = =
As with other elements , the simplest compounds of copper are binary compounds , i.e. those containing only two elements , the principal examples being oxides , sulfides , and halides . Both cuprous and cupric oxides are known . Among the numerous copper sulfides , important examples include copper ( I ) sulfide and copper ( II ) sulfide .
Cuprous halides ( with chlorine , bromine , and iodine ) are known , as are cupric halides with fluorine , chlorine , and bromine . Attempts to prepare copper ( II ) iodide yield only cuprous iodide and iodine .
2 Cu2 + + 4 I − → 2 CuI + I2
= = = Coordination chemistry = = =
Copper forms coordination complexes with ligands . In aqueous solution , copper ( II ) exists as [ Cu ( H2O ) 6 ] 2 + . This complex exhibits the fastest water exchange rate ( speed of water ligands attaching and detaching ) for any transition metal aquo complex . Adding aqueous sodium hydroxide causes the precipitation of light blue solid copper ( II ) hydroxide . A simplified equation is :
Cu2 + + 2 OH − → Cu ( OH ) 2
Aqueous ammonia results in the same precipitate . Upon adding excess ammonia , the precipitate dissolves , forming tetraamminecopper ( II ) :
Cu ( H2O ) 4 ( OH ) 2 + 4 NH3 → [ Cu ( H2O ) 2 ( NH3 ) 4 ] 2 + + 2 H2O + 2 OH −
Many other oxyanions form complexes ; these include copper ( II ) acetate , copper ( II ) nitrate , and copper ( II ) carbonate . Copper ( II ) sulfate forms a blue crystalline pentahydrate , the most familiar copper compound in the laboratory . It is used in a fungicide called the Bordeaux mixture .
Polyols , compounds containing more than one alcohol functional group , generally interact with cupric salts . For example , copper salts are used to test for reducing sugars . Specifically , using Benedict 's reagent and Fehling 's solution the presence of the sugar is signaled by a color change from blue Cu ( II ) to reddish copper ( I ) oxide . Schweizer 's reagent and related complexes with ethylenediamine and other amines dissolve cellulose . Amino acids form very stable chelate complexes with copper ( II ) . Many wet @-@ chemical tests for copper ions exist , one involving potassium ferrocyanide , which gives a brown precipitate with copper ( II ) salts .
= = = Organocopper chemistry = = =
Compounds that contain a carbon @-@ copper bond are known as organocopper compounds . They are very reactive towards oxygen to form copper ( I ) oxide and have many uses in chemistry . They are synthesized by treating copper ( I ) compounds with Grignard reagents , terminal alkynes or organolithium reagents ; in particular , the last reaction described produces a Gilman reagent . These can undergo substitution with alkyl halides to form coupling products ; as such , they are important in the field of organic synthesis . Copper ( I ) acetylide is highly shock @-@ sensitive but is an intermediate in reactions such as the Cadiot @-@ Chodkiewicz coupling and the Sonogashira coupling . Conjugate addition to enones and carbocupration of alkynes can also be achieved with organocopper compounds . Copper ( I ) forms a variety of weak complexes with alkenes and carbon monoxide , especially in the presence of amine ligands .
= = = Copper ( III ) and copper ( IV ) = = =
Copper ( III ) is most often found in oxides . A simple example is potassium cuprate , KCuO2 , a blue @-@ black solid . The most extensively studied copper ( III ) compounds are the cuprate superconductors . Yttrium barium copper oxide ( YBa2Cu3O7 ) consists of both Cu ( II ) and Cu ( III ) centres . Like oxide , fluoride is a highly basic anion and is known to stabilize metal ions in high oxidation states . Both copper ( III ) and even copper ( IV ) fluorides are known , K3CuF6 and Cs2CuF6 , respectively .
Some copper proteins form oxo complexes , which also feature copper ( III ) . With tetrapeptides , purple @-@ colored copper ( III ) complexes are stabilized by the deprotonated amide ligands .
Complexes of copper ( III ) are also found as intermediates in reactions of organocopper compounds .
= = History = =
= = = Copper Age = = =
Copper occurs naturally as native metallic copper and was known to some of the oldest civilizations on record . The history of copper use is at least 11 @,@ 000 years old , estimated to have begun in 9000 BC in the Middle East ; a copper pendant was found in northern Iraq that dates to 8700 BC . Evidence suggests that gold and meteoric iron ( but not iron smelting ) were the only metals used by humans before copper . The history of copper metallurgy is thought to follow this sequence : 1 ) cold working of native copper , 2 ) annealing , 3 ) smelting , and 4 ) the lost wax casting . In southeastern Anatolia , all four of these techniques appear more or less simultaneously at the beginning of the Neolithic c . 7500 BC .
Just as agriculture was independently invented in several parts of the world , copper smelting was independently invented in different places . It was probably discovered in China before 2800 BC , in Central America perhaps around 600 AD , and in West Africa about the 9th or 10th century AD . Investment casting was invented in 4500 – 4000 BC in Southeast Asia and carbon dating has established mining at Alderley Edge in Cheshire , UK at 2280 to 1890 BC . Ötzi the Iceman , a male dated from 3300 – 3200 BC , was found with an axe with a copper head 99 @.@ 7 % pure ; high levels of arsenic in his hair suggest his involvement in copper smelting . Experience with copper has assisted the development of other metals ; in particular , copper smelting led to the discovery of iron smelting . Production in the Old Copper Complex in Michigan and Wisconsin is dated between 6000 and 3000 BC . Natural bronze , a type of copper made from ores rich in silicon , arsenic , and ( rarely ) tin , came into general use in the Balkans around 5500 BC .
= = = Bronze Age = = =
Alloying copper with tin to make bronze was first practiced about 4000 years after the discovery of copper smelting , and about 2000 years after " natural bronze " had come into general use . Bronze artifacts from the Vinča culture date to 4500 BC . Sumerian and Egyptian artifacts of copper and bronze alloys date to 3000 BC . The Bronze Age began in Southeastern Europe around 3700 – 3300 BC , in Northwestern Europe about 2500 BC . It ended with the beginning of the Iron Age , 2000 – 1000 BC in the Near East , and 600 BC in Northern Europe . The transition between the Neolithic period and the Bronze Age was formerly termed the Chalcolithic period ( copper @-@ stone ) , when copper tools were used with stone tools . The term has gradually fallen out of favor because in some parts of the world , the Chalcolithic and Neolithic are coterminous at both ends . Brass , an alloy of copper and zinc , is of much more recent origin . It was known to the Greeks , but became a significant supplement to bronze during the Roman Empire .
= = = Antiquity and Middle Ages = = =
In Greece , copper was known by the name chalkos ( χαλκός ) . It was an important resource for the Romans , Greeks and other ancient peoples . In Roman times , it was known as aes Cyprium , aes being the generic Latin term for copper alloys and Cyprium from Cyprus , where much copper was mined . The phrase was simplified to cuprum , hence the English copper . Aphrodite ( Venus in Rome ) represented copper in mythology and alchemy because of its lustrous beauty and its ancient use in producing mirrors ; Cyprus was sacred to the goddess . The seven heavenly bodies known to the ancients were associated with the seven metals known in antiquity , and Venus was assigned to copper .
Britain first used brass in about the 3rd or 2nd Century BC . In North America , copper mining began with marginal workings by Native Americans . Native copper is known to have been extracted from sites on Isle Royale with primitive stone tools between 800 and 1600 . Copper metallurgy was flourishing in South America , particularly in Peru around 1000 AD . Copper burial ornamentals from the 15th century have been uncovered , but the metal 's commercial production did not start until the early 20th century .
The cultural role of copper has been important , particularly in currency . Romans in the 6th through 3rd centuries BC used copper lumps as money . At first , the copper itself was valued , but gradually the shape and look of the copper became more important . Julius Caesar had his own coins made from brass , while Octavianus Augustus Caesar 's coins were made from Cu @-@ Pb @-@ Sn alloys . With an estimated annual output of around 15 @,@ 000 t , Roman copper mining and smelting activities reached a scale unsurpassed until the time of the Industrial Revolution ; the provinces most intensely mined were those of Hispania , Cyprus and in Central Europe .
The gates of the Temple of Jerusalem used Corinthian bronze treated with depletion gilding . The process was most prevalent in Alexandria , where alchemy is thought to have begun . In ancient India , copper was used in the holistic medical science Ayurveda for surgical instruments and other medical equipment . Ancient Egyptians ( ~ 2400 BC ) used copper for sterilizing wounds and drinking water , and later to treat headaches , burns , and itching .
= = = Modern period = = =
The Great Copper Mountain was a mine in Falun , Sweden , that operated from the 10th century to 1992 . It satisfied two thirds of Europe 's copper consumption in the 17th century and helped fund many of Sweden 's wars during that time . It was referred to as the nation 's treasury ; Sweden had a copper backed currency .
Copper was used in roofing , currency , Renaissance sculpture , photographic technology known as the daguerreotype , the Statue of Liberty , and other structures . Copper plating and copper sheathing was widely used in the hulls of ships , of which the ships of Christopher Columbus were among the earliest . The Norddeutsche Affinerie in Hamburg was the first modern electroplating plant starting its production in 1876 . The German scientist Gottfried Osann invented powder metallurgy in 1830 while determining the metal 's atomic mass ; around then it was discovered that the amount and type of alloying element ( e.g. , tin ) to copper would affect bell tones . Flash smelting was developed by Outokumpu in Finland and first applied at Harjavalta in 1949 ; the energy @-@ efficient process accounts for 50 % of the world 's primary copper production .
The Intergovernmental Council of Copper Exporting Countries , formed in 1967 by Chile , Peru , Zaire and Zambia , operated in the copper market as OPEC does in oil , though it never achieved the same influence , particularly because the second @-@ largest producer , the United States , was never a member ; it was dissolved in 1988 .
= = Applications = =
The major applications of copper are electrical wire ( 60 % ) , roofing and plumbing ( 20 % ) , and industrial machinery ( 15 % ) . Copper is used mostly as a pure metal , but when greater hardness is required , it is put into such alloys as brass and bronze ( 5 % of total use ) . For more than two centuries , copper paint has been used on boat hulls to control the growth of plants and shellfish . A small part of the copper supply is used for nutritional supplements and fungicides in agriculture . Machining of copper is possible , although alloys are preferred for good machinability in creating intricate parts .
= = = Wire and cable = = =
Despite competition from other materials , copper remains the preferred electrical conductor in nearly all categories of electrical wiring except overhead electric power transmission where aluminium is often preferred . Copper wire is used in power generation , power transmission , power distribution , telecommunications , electronics circuitry , and countless types of electrical equipment . Electrical wiring is the most important market for the copper industry . This includes structural power wiring , power distribution cable , appliance wire , communications cable , automotive wire and cable , and magnet wire . Roughly half of all copper mined is used for electrical wire and cable conductors . Many electrical devices rely on copper wiring because of its multitude of inherent beneficial properties , such as its high electrical conductivity , tensile strength , ductility , creep ( deformation ) resistance , corrosion resistance , low thermal expansion , high thermal conductivity , ease of soldering , malleability , and ease of installation .
For a short period from the late 1960s to the late 1970s , copper wiring was replaced by aluminum in many housing construction projects in America ( see Aluminum wire for main article ) . The new wiring was implicated in a number of house fires and the industry returned to copper .
= = = Electronics and related devices = = =
Integrated circuits and printed circuit boards increasingly feature copper in place of aluminium because of its superior electrical conductivity ( see Copper interconnect for main article ) ; heat sinks and heat exchangers use copper because of its superior heat dissipation properties . Electromagnets , vacuum tubes , cathode ray tubes , and magnetrons in microwave ovens use copper , as do wave guides for microwave radiation .
= = = Electric motors = = =
Copper 's superior conductivity enhances the efficiency of electrical motors . This is important because motors and motor @-@ driven systems account for 43 % -46 % of all global electricity consumption and 69 % of all electricity used by industry . Increasing the mass and cross section of copper in a coil increases the efficiency of the motor . Copper motor rotors , a new technology designed for motor applications where energy savings are prime design objectives , are enabling general @-@ purpose induction motors to meet and exceed National Electrical Manufacturers Association ( NEMA ) premium efficiency standards .
= = = Architecture = = =
Copper has been used since ancient times as a durable , corrosion resistant , and weatherproof architectural material . Roofs , flashings , rain gutters , downspouts , domes , spires , vaults , and doors have been made from copper for hundreds or thousands of years . Copper 's architectural use has been expanded in modern times to include interior and exterior wall cladding , building expansion joints , radio frequency shielding , and antimicrobial and decorative indoor products such as attractive handrails , bathroom fixtures , and counter tops . Some of copper 's other important benefits as an architectural material include low thermal movement , light weight , lightning protection , and recyclability .
The metal 's distinctive natural green patina has long been coveted by architects and designers . The final patina is a particularly durable layer that is highly resistant to atmospheric corrosion , thereby protecting the underlying metal against further weathering . It can be a mixture of carbonate and sulfate compounds in various amounts , depending upon environmental conditions such as sulfur @-@ containing acid rain . Architectural copper and its alloys can also be ' finished ' to embark a particular look , feel , and / or color . Finishes include mechanical surface treatments , chemical coloring , and coatings .
Copper has excellent brazing and soldering properties and can be welded ; the best results are obtained with gas metal arc welding .
= = = Antibiofouling applications = = =
Copper is biostatic , meaning bacteria and many other forms of life will not grow on it . For this reason it has long been used to line parts of ships to protect against barnacles and mussels . It was originally used pure , but has since been superseded by Muntz metal and copper @-@ based paint . Similarly , as discussed in copper alloys in aquaculture , copper alloys have become important netting materials in the aquaculture industry because they are antimicrobial and prevent biofouling , even in extreme conditions and have strong structural and corrosion @-@ resistant properties in marine environments .
= = = Antimicrobial applications = = =
Copper @-@ alloy touch surfaces have natural properties that destroy a wide range of microorganisms ( e.g. , E. coli O157 : H7 , methicillin @-@ resistant Staphylococcus aureus ( MRSA ) , Staphylococcus , Clostridium difficile , influenza A virus , adenovirus , and fungi ) . Some 355 copper alloys were proven to kill more than 99 @.@ 9 % of disease @-@ causing bacteria within just two hours when cleaned regularly . The United States Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) has approved the registrations of these copper alloys as " antimicrobial materials with public health benefits " ; that approval allows manufacturers to make legal claims to the public health benefits of products made of registered alloys . In addition , the EPA has approved a long list of antimicrobial copper products made from these alloys , such as bedrails , handrails , over @-@ bed tables , sinks , faucets , door knobs , toilet hardware , computer keyboards , health club equipment , and shopping cart handles ( for a comprehensive list , see : Antimicrobial copper @-@ alloy touch surfaces # Approved products ) . Copper doorknobs are used by hospitals to reduce the transfer of disease , and Legionnaires ' disease is suppressed by copper tubing in plumbing systems . Antimicrobial copper alloy products are now being installed in healthcare facilities in the U.K. , Ireland , Japan , Korea , France , Denmark , and Brazil and in the subway transit system in Santiago , Chile , where copper @-@ zinc alloy handrails will be installed in some 30 stations between 2011 – 2014 .
= = = Folk medicine = = =
Copper is commonly used in jewelry , and according to some folklore , copper bracelets relieve arthritis symptoms . In various studies , though , no difference is found between arthritis treated with a copper bracelet , magnetic bracelet , or placebo bracelet . Medical science has not demonstrated any benefits in copper jewelry for any medical condition . A human being can have a dietary copper deficiency , but the condition is very rare because copper is present in many common foods , including legumes ( beans ) , grains , and nuts .
No evidence shows that copper can be absorbed through the skin . If it were , it might lead to copper poisoning .
= = = = Compression clothing = = = =
Recently , some compression clothing with inter @-@ woven copper has been marketed with the same folk medicine claims . Because compression clothing is a valid treatment for some ailments , the clothing may appear to work , but the added copper may have no benefit beyond a placebo effect .
= = = Other uses = = =
Solutions of copper compounds are used as a wood preservative , particularly in treating the original portion of structures during restoration of dry rot damage . Together with zinc , copper wires may be installed over non @-@ conductive roofing materials to discourage the growth of moss . Textile fibers are blended with copper to create antimicrobial protective fabrics . Copper alloys are used in musical instruments , particularly : the body of brass instruments ; circuitry for all those that are electronically amplified ; the bodies of brass percussion such as gongs , bells , and kettle drums ; the metallic reeds of harmonicas , reed organs , and accordions ; tuning heads on guitars and other string instruments ; string windings on harps , pianos , harpsichords , and string instruments ; and the frame elements of pianos and harps . Copper is commonly used as a base on which other metals such as nickel are electroplated .
Copper is one of three metals , along with lead and silver , used in the museum materials testing procedure called the Oddy test to detect chlorides , oxides , and sulfur compounds .
Copper is used as the printing plate in etching , engraving and other forms of intaglio printmaking .
Copper oxide and carbonate are used add color in stain glass works , in glassmaking , and in ceramic glazes to impart turquoise blue , green , and brown colors .
= = Degradation = =
Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas fluorescens can both mobilize solid copper as a cyanide compound . The ericoid mycorrhizal fungi associated with Calluna , Erica and Vaccinium can grow in metalliferous soils containing copper . The ectomycorrhizal fungus Suillus luteus protects young pine trees from copper toxicity . A sample of the fungus Aspergillus niger was found growing from gold mining solution and was found to contain cyano complexes of such metals as gold , silver , copper , iron , and zinc . The fungus also plays a role in the solubilization of heavy metal sulfides .
= = Biological role = =
Copper proteins have diverse roles in biological electron transport and oxygen transportation , processes that exploit the easy interconversion of Cu ( I ) and Cu ( II ) . The biological role for copper commenced with the appearance of oxygen in earth 's atmosphere .
Copper is essential in the aerobic respiration of all eukaryotes . In mitochondria it is found in cytochrome c oxidase , which is the last protein in oxidative phosphorylation . Cytochrome c oxidase is the protein that binds the O2 between a copper and an iron ; the protein transfers 8 electrons to the O2 molecule to reduce it to two molecules of water .
Copper is also found in many superoxide dismutases , proteins that catalyze the decomposition of superoxides by converting it ( by disproportionation ) to oxygen and hydrogen peroxide :
2 HO2 → H2O2 + O2
The protein hemocyanin is the oxygen carrier in most mollusks and some arthropods such as the horseshoe crab ( Limulus polyphemus ) . Because hemocyanin is blue , these organisms have blue blood rather than the red blood of iron @-@ based hemoglobin . Structurally related to hemocyanin are the laccases and tyrosinases . Instead of reversibly binding oxygen , these proteins hydroxylate substrates , illustrated by their role in the formation of lacquers .
Several copper proteins , such as the " blue copper proteins " , do not interact directly with substrates , hence they are not enzymes . These proteins relay electrons by the process called electron transfer .
A unique tetranuclear copper center has been found in nitrous @-@ oxide reductase .
= = = Dietary needs = = =
Copper is an essential trace element in plants and animals , but not all microorganisms . The human body contains copper at a level of about 1 @.@ 4 to 2 @.@ 1 mg per kg of body mass . Copper is absorbed in the gut , then transported to the liver bound to albumin . After processing in the liver , copper is distributed to other tissues in a second phase , which involves the protein ceruloplasmin , carrying the majority of copper in blood . Ceruloplasmin also carries the copper that is excreted in milk , and is particularly well @-@ absorbed as a copper source . Copper in the body normally undergoes enterohepatic circulation ( about 5 mg a day , vs. about 1 mg per day absorbed in the diet and excreted from the body ) , and the body is able to excrete some excess copper , if needed , via bile , which carries some copper out of the liver that is not then reabsorbed by the intestine .
= = = Dietary reference intake = = =
The Food and Nutrition Board of the U.S. Institute of Medicine updated Estimated Average Requirements ( EARs ) and Recommended Dietary Allowances ( RDAs ) for copper in 2001 . The current EAR for copper for people ages 14 and up is 0 @.@ 7 mg / day . The RDA is 0 @.@ 9 mg / day . RDAs are higher than EARs so as to identify amounts that will cover people with higher than average requirements . RDA for pregnancy equals 1 @.@ 0 mg / day . RDA for lactation equals 1 @.@ 3 mg / day . For infants up to 12 months the AI is 0 @.@ 22 mg / day and for children ages 1 – 13 years the RDA increases with age from 0 @.@ 34 to 0 @.@ 7 mg / day . As for safety , the Food and Nutrition Board also sets Tolerable Upper Intake Levels ( known as ULs ) for vitamins and minerals when evidence is sufficient . In the case of copper the UL is set at 10 mg / day . Collectively the EARs , RDAs , AIs and ULs are referred to as Dietary Reference Intakes . The European Food Safety Authority reviewed the same safety question and set its UL at 5 mg / day .
For U.S. food and dietary supplement labeling purposes the amount in a serving is expressed as a percent of Daily Value ( % DV ) . For copper labeling purposes 100 % of the Daily Value was 2 @.@ 0 mg , but as of May 2016 it has been revised to 0 @.@ 9 mg . Food and supplement companies have until July 28 , 2018 to comply with the change . A table of the pre @-@ change adult Daily Values is provided at Reference Daily Intake .
In the United States , copper deficiency is not common . A federal survey of food consumption determined that for women and men over the age of 19 , average consumption from foods and beverages was 1 @.@ 11 and 1 @.@ 54 mg / day , respectively . For women , 10 % consumed less than the EAR , for men < 3 % .
= = = Copper @-@ based disorders = = =
Because of its role in facilitating iron uptake , copper deficiency can produce anemia @-@ like symptoms , neutropenia , bone abnormalities , hypopigmentation , impaired growth , increased incidence of infections , osteoporosis , hyperthyroidism , and abnormalities in glucose and cholesterol metabolism . Conversely , Wilson 's disease causes an accumulation of copper in body tissues .
Severe deficiency can be found by testing for low plasma or serum copper levels , low ceruloplasmin , and low red blood cell superoxide dismutase levels ; these are not sensitive to marginal copper status . The " cytochrome c oxidase activity of leucocytes and platelets " has been stated as another factor in deficiency , but the results have not been confirmed by replication .
Gram quantities of various copper salts have been taken in suicide attempts and produced acute copper toxicity in humans , possibly due to redox cycling and the generation of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA . Corresponding amounts of copper salts ( 30 mg / kg ) are toxic in animals . A minimum dietary value for healthy growth in rabbits has been reported to be at least 3 ppm in the diet . However , higher concentrations of copper ( 100 ppm , 200 ppm , or 500 ppm ) in the diet of rabbits may favorably influence feed conversion efficiency , growth rates , and carcass dressing percentages .
Chronic copper toxicity does not normally occur in humans because of transport systems that regulate absorption and excretion . Autosomal recessive mutations in copper transport proteins can disable these systems , leading to Wilson 's disease with copper accumulation and cirrhosis of the liver in persons who have inherited two defective genes .
Elevated copper levels have also been linked to worsening symptoms of Alzheimer 's disease .
= = = Occupational exposure = = =
In the US , the Occupational Safety and Health Administration ( OSHA ) has designated a permissible exposure limit ( PEL ) for copper dust and fumes in the workplace as a time @-@ weighted average ( TWA ) of 1 mg / m3 . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) has set a Recommended exposure limit ( REL ) of 1 mg / m3 , time @-@ weighted average . The IDLH ( immediately dangerous to life and health ) value is 100 mg / m3 .
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= The Jungle Book ( 1967 film ) =
The Jungle Book is a 1967 American animated musical comedy film produced by Walt Disney Productions . Inspired by Rudyard Kipling 's book of the same name , it is the 19th animated feature in the Walt Disney Animated Classics series . Directed by Wolfgang Reitherman , it was the last film to be produced by Walt Disney , who died during its production . The plot follows Mowgli , a feral child raised in the Indian jungle by wolves , as his friends Bagheera the panther and Baloo the bear try to convince him to leave the jungle before the evil tiger Shere Khan arrives .
The early versions of both the screenplay and the soundtrack followed Kipling 's work more closely , with a dramatic , dark , and sinister tone which Disney did not want in his family film , leading to writer Bill Peet and composer Terry Gilkyson being replaced . The casting employed famous actors and musicians Phil Harris , Sebastian Cabot , George Sanders and Louis Prima , as well as Disney regulars such as Sterling Holloway , J. Pat O 'Malley and Verna Felton , and the director 's son , Bruce Reitherman , as Mowgli .
The Jungle Book was released on October 18 , 1967 , to positive reception , with acclaim for its soundtrack , featuring five songs by the Sherman Brothers and one by Gilkyson , " The Bare Necessities " . The film grossed over $ 23 @.@ 8 million worldwide in its first release , and as much again from two re @-@ releases . Disney released a live @-@ action remake in 1994 and a theatrical sequel , The Jungle Book 2 , in 2003 ; another live @-@ action adaptation was released in 2016 .
= = Plot = =
Mowgli , a young orphan boy , is found in a basket in the deep jungles of India by Bagheera , a black panther who promptly takes him to a mother wolf who has just had cubs . She raises him along with her own cubs and Mowgli soon becomes well acquainted with jungle life . Mowgli is shown ten years later , playing with his wolf siblings .
One night , when the wolf tribe learns that Shere Khan , a man @-@ eating Bengal tiger , has returned to the jungle , they realize that Mowgli must be taken to the " Man @-@ Village " for his own safety . Bagheera volunteers to escort him back . They leave that very night , but Mowgli is determined to stay in the jungle . He and Bagheera rest in a tree for the night , where Kaa , a hungry python , tries to devour Mowgli , but Bagheera intervenes . The next morning , Mowgli tries to join the elephant patrol led by Colonel Hathi and his wife Winifred . Bagheera finds Mowgli , but after a fight decides to leave Mowgli on his own . Mowgli soon meets up with the laid @-@ back , fun @-@ loving bear Baloo , who promises to raise Mowgli himself and never take him back to the Man @-@ Village .
Shortly afterwards , a group of monkeys kidnap Mowgli and take him to their leader , King Louie the orangutan . King Louie offers to help Mowgli stay in the jungle if he will tell Louie how to make fire like other humans . However , since he was not raised by humans , Mowgli does not know how to make fire . Bagheera and Baloo arrive to rescue Mowgli and in the ensuing chaos , King Louie 's palace is demolished to rubble . Bagheera speaks to Baloo that night and convinces him that the jungle will never be safe for Mowgli so long as Shere Khan is there . In the morning , Baloo reluctantly explains to Mowgli that the Man @-@ Village is best for the boy , but Mowgli accuses him of breaking his promise and runs away . As Baloo sets off in search of Mowgli , Bagheera rallies the help of Hathi and his patrol . However , Shere Khan himself , who was eavesdropping on Bagheera and Hathi 's conversation , is now determined to hunt and kill Mowgli himself .
Meanwhile , Mowgli has encountered Kaa once again , but thanks to the unwitting intervention of the suspicious Shere Khan , Mowgli escapes . As a storm gathers , a depressed Mowgli encounters a group of friendly vultures who accept Mowgli as a fellow outcast . Shere Khan appears shortly after , scaring off the vultures and confronting Mowgli . Baloo rushes to the rescue and tries to keep Shere Khan away from Mowgli , but is injured . When lightning strikes a nearby tree and sets it ablaze , the vultures swoop in to distract Shere Khan while Mowgli gathers flaming branches and ties them to Shere Khan 's tail . Terrified of fire , the tiger panics and runs off .
Bagheera and Baloo take Mowgli to the edge of the Man @-@ Village , but Mowgli is still hesitant to go there . His mind soon changes when he is smitten by a beautiful young girl from the village who is coming down by the riverside to fetch water . After noticing Mowgli , she " accidentally " drops her water pot . Mowgli retrieves it for her and follows her into the Man @-@ Village . After Mowgli chooses to stay in the Man @-@ Village , Baloo and Bagheera decide to head home , content that Mowgli is safe and happy with his own kind .
= = Cast = =
Bruce Reitherman as Mowgli , an orphaned boy , commonly referred to as " man @-@ cub " by the other characters .
Phil Harris as Baloo , a sloth bear who leads a carefree life and believes in letting the good things in life come by themselves .
Sebastian Cabot as Bagheera , a serious black panther who is determined to take Mowgli back to the village and disapproves of Baloo 's carefree approach to life .
Louis Prima as King Louie , an orangutan who wants to be a human , and wants Mowgli to teach him how to make fire .
George Sanders as Shere Khan , an intelligent and sophisticated yet merciless Bengal tiger who hates all humans for fear of their guns and fire and wants to kill Mowgli .
Sterling Holloway as Kaa , an Indian python who also seeks Mowgli as prey , but comically fails each time he attempts to eat him .
J. Pat O 'Malley as Colonel Hathi the Indian elephant / Buzzie the Vulture
Verna Felton as Winifred , Colonel Hathi 's wife .
Clint Howard as Junior , Colonel Hathi 's son .
Chad Stuart as Flaps the Vulture
Lord Tim Hudson as Dizzie the Vulture
John Abbott as Akela the Indian wolf
Ben Wright as Rama the Father Wolf
Darleen Carr as The Human Girl
Leo De Lyon as Flunkey the Langur *
Hal Smith as The Slob Elephant *
Ralph Wright as The Gloomy Elephant *
Digby Wolfe as Ziggy the Vulture *
Bill Skiles and Pete Henderson as monkeys *
Asterisks mark actors listed in the opening credits as " Additional Voices " .
= = Production = =
= = = Development and writing = = =
After The Sword in the Stone was released , storyman Bill Peet claimed to Walt Disney that " we [ the animation department ] can do more interesting animal characters " and suggested that Rudyard Kipling 's The Jungle Book could be used for the studio 's next film . Disney agreed and Peet created an original treatment , with little supervision , as he had done with One Hundred and One Dalmatians and The Sword in the Stone . However , after the disappointing reaction to The Sword in the Stone , Walt Disney decided to become more involved in the story than he had been with the past two films , with his nephew Roy E. Disney saying that " [ he ] certainly influenced everything about it . ( ... ) With Jungle Book , he obviously got hooked on the jungle and the characters that lived there . "
Peet decided to follow closely the dramatic , dark , and sinister tone of Kipling 's book , which is about the struggles between animals and man . However , the film 's writers decided to make the story more straightforward , as the novel is very episodic , with Mowgli going back and forth from the jungle to the Man @-@ Village , and Peet felt that Mowgli returning to the Man @-@ Village should be the ending for the film . Following suggestions , Peet also created two original characters : The human girl for which Mowgli falls in love , as the animators considered that falling in love would be the best excuse for Mowgli to leave the jungle ; and Louie , king of the monkeys . Louie was a less comical character , enslaving Mowgli trying to get the boy to teach him to make fire . The orangutan would also show a plot point borrowed from The Second Jungle Book , gold and jewels under his ruins — after Mowgli got to the man village , a poacher would drag the boy back to the ruins in search for the treasure . Disney was not pleased with how the story was turning out , as he felt it was too dark for family viewing and insisted on script changes . Peet refused , and after a long argument , Peet left the Disney studio in January 1964 .
Disney then assigned Larry Clemmons as his new writer and one of the four story men for the film , giving Clemmons a copy of Kipling 's book , and telling him : " The first thing I want you to do is not to read it . " Clemmons still looked at the novel , and thought it was too disjointed and without continuity , needing adaptations to fit a film script . Clemmons wanted to start in medias res , with some flashbacks afterwards , but then Disney said to focus on doing the storyline more straight - " Let 's do the meat of the picture . Let 's establish the characters . Let 's have fun with it . " . Although much of Bill Peet 's work was discarded , the personalities of the characters remained in the final film . This was because Disney felt that the story should be kept simple , and the characters should drive the story . Disney took an active role in the story meetings , acting out each role and helping to explore the emotions of the characters , help create gags and develop emotional sequences . Clemmons would write a rough script with an outline for most sequences . The story artists then discussed how to fill the scenes , including the comedic gags to employ . The script also tried to incorporate how the voice actors molded their characters and interacted with each other .
The Jungle Book also marks the last animated film from the company to have Disney 's personal touches , before his death on December 15 , 1966 .
= = = Casting = = =
Many familiar voices inspired the animators in their creation of the characters and helped them shape their personalities . This use of familiar voices for key characters was a rarity in Disney 's past films . The staff was shocked to hear that a wise cracking comedian , Phil Harris was going to be in a Kipling film . Disney suggested Harris after meeting him at a party . Harris improvised most of his lines , as he considered the scripted lines " didn 't feel natural " . After Harris was cast , Disneyland Records president Jimmy Johnson suggested Disney to get Louis Prima as King Louie , as he " felt that Louis would be great as foil " . Walt also cast other prominent actors such as George Sanders as Shere Khan and Sebastian Cabot as Bagheera . Additionally , he cast regular Disney voices such as Sterling Holloway as Kaa , J. Pat O 'Malley as Colonel Hathi and Buzzie the Vulture and Verna Felton as Hathi 's wife . This was her last film before she died . David Bailey was originally cast as Mowgli , but his voice changed during production , leading Bailey to not fit the " young innocence of Mowgli 's character " at which the producers were aiming . Thus director Wolfgang Reitherman cast his son Bruce , who had just voiced Christopher Robin in Winnie the Pooh and the Honey Tree . The animators shot footage of Bruce as a guide for the character 's performance . Child actress Darlene Carr was going around singing in the studio when composers Sherman Brothers asked her to record a demo of " My Own Home " . Carr 's performance impressed Disney enough for him to cast her as the role of the human girl .
In the original book , the vultures are grim and evil characters who feast on the dead . Disney lightened it up by having the vultures bearing a physical and vocal resemblance to The Beatles , including the signature mop @-@ top haircut . It was also planned to have the members of the band to both voice the characters and sing their song , " That 's What Friends Are For " . However , the Beatles member John Lennon 's refusal to work on animated films in that period led to the idea being discarded . The casting of the vultures still brought a British Invasion musician , Chad Stuart of the duo Chad & Jeremy . In earlier drafts of the scene the vultures had a near @-@ sighted rhinoceros friend named Rocky , who was to be voiced by Frank Fontaine . However , Walt decided to cut the character for feeling that the film had already much action with the monkeys and vultures .
= = = Animation = = =
While many of the later Disney feature films had animators being responsible for single characters , in The Jungle Book the animators were in charge of whole sequences , since many have characters interacting with one another . The animation was done by xerography , with character design , led by Ken Anderson , employing rough , artistic edges in contrast to the round animals seen in productions such as Dumbo . Anderson also decided to make Shere Khan resemble his voice actor , George Sanders . Backgrounds were hand @-@ painted — with exception of the waterfall , mostly consisting of footage of the Angel Falls - and sometimes scenery was used in both foreground and bottom to create a notion of depth . Following one of Reitherman 's trademarks of reusing animation of his previous films , the wolf cubs are based on dogs from 101 Dalmatians . Animator Milt Kahl based Bagheera and Shere Kahn 's movements on live @-@ action felines , which he saw in two Disney productions , A Tiger Walks and the " Jungle Cat " episode of True @-@ Life Adventures . Baloo was also based on footage of bears , even incorporating the animal 's penchant for scratching . Since Kaa has no limbs , its design received big expressive eyes , and parts of Kaa 's body did the action that normally would be done with hands . The monkeys ' dance during " I Wan 'na Be Like You " was partially inspired by a performance Louis Prima did with his band at Disney 's soundstage to convince Walt Disney to cast him .
= = Music = =
The instrumental music was written by George Bruns and orchestrated by Walter Sheets . Two of the cues were reused from previous Disney films . The scene where Mowgli wakes up after escaping King Louie used one of Bruns ' themes for Sleeping Beauty ; and the scene where Bagheera gives a eulogy to Baloo when he mistakenly thinks the bear was killed by Shere Khan used Paul J. Smith 's organ score from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs .
The score features eight original songs : seven by the Sherman Brothers and one by Terry Gilkyson . Longtime Disney collaborator Gilkyson was the first songwriter to bring several complete songs which followed the book closely but Walt Disney felt that his efforts were too dark . The only piece of Gilkyson 's work which survived to the final film was his upbeat tune " The Bare Necessities " , which was liked by the rest of the film crew . The Sherman Brothers were then brought in to do a complete rewrite . Disney asked the siblings if they had read Kipling 's book and they replied that they had done so " a long , long time ago " and that they had also seen the 1942 version by Alexander Korda . Disney said the " nice , mysterious , heavy stuff " from both works was not what he aimed for , instead going for a " lightness , a Disney touch " . Disney frequently brought the composers to the storyline sessions . He asked them to " find scary places and write fun songs " for their compositions that fit in with the story and advanced the plot instead of being interruptive .
= = Release and reception = =
= = = Theatrical run = = =
The Jungle Book was released in October 1967 , just 10 months after Walt 's death . Some copies were in a double feature with Charlie , the Lonesome Cougar . Produced on a budget of $ 4 million , the film was a massive success , finishing 1967 as the fourth highest @-@ grossing movie of the year . The Jungle Book was re @-@ released theatrically in North America three times , 1978 , 1984 , and 1990 , and also in Europe throughout the 1980s . The total gross is $ 141 million in the United States and $ 205 million worldwide . The North American total , after adjustments for inflation , is estimated to be the 29th highest grossing film of all time in the United States . An estimated $ 108 million alone came from Germany making it the third highest @-@ grossing film of all time there only behind Avatar ( $ 137 million ) and Titanic ( $ 125 million ) . However , it is Germany 's highest @-@ grossing film of all time in terms of admissions with 27 @.@ 3 million tickets sold , nearly 10 million more than Titanic 's 18 @.@ 8 million tickets sold .
= = = Home media = = =
The Jungle Book was released in the United States on VHS in 1991 as part of the Walt Disney Classics product line , and in 1997 as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection for the film 's 30th anniversary . A Limited Issue DVD was released by Buena Vista Home Entertainment in 1999 . The film was released once again as a 2 @-@ disc Platinum Edition DVD on October 2 , 2007 to commemorate its 40th anniversary . Its release was accompanied by a limited 18 @-@ day run at Disney 's own El Capitan Theatre in Los Angeles , with the opening night featuring a panel with composer Richard Sherman and voice actors Bruce Reitherman , Darlene Carr and Chad Stuart . The Platinum DVD was put on moratorium in 2010 . The film was released in a Blu @-@ Ray / DVD / Digital Copy Combo pack on February 11 , 2014 as part of Disney 's Diamond Edition line .
= = = Critical reception = = =
The Jungle Book received positive reviews upon release , undoubtedly influenced by a nostalgic reaction to the death of Disney . Time noted that the film strayed far from the Kipling stories , but " the result is thoroughly delightful ... it is the happiest possible way to remember Walt Disney . " The New York Times called it " a perfectly dandy cartoon feature , " and Life magazine referred to it as " the best thing of its kind since Dumbo , another short , bright , unscary and blessedly uncultivated cartoon . " Variety 's review was generally positive , but they stated that " the story development is restrained " and that younger audiences " may squirm at times . " The song " The Bare Necessities " was nominated for Best Song at the 40th Academy Awards , losing to " Talk to the Animals " from Doctor Dolittle . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences president Gregory Peck lobbied extensively for this film to be nominated for Best Picture , but was unsuccessful .
Retrospective reviews were also positive , with the film 's animation , characters and music receiving much praise throughout the years . On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 86 % . In 1990 , when the film had its last theatrical re @-@ release , Entertainment Weekly considered that The Jungle Book " isn 't a classic Walt Disney film on the order of , say , Cinderella or Pinocchio , but it 's one of Disney 's liveliest and funniest " , while the Los Angeles Times thought the film 's crew was " near the height of their talents " and the resulting film " remains a high @-@ spirited romp that will delight children--and parents weary of action films with body counts that exceed their box @-@ office grosses . " In 2010 , Empire described the film as one that " gets pretty much everything right " , regarding that the vibrant animation and catchy songs overcame the plot deficiencies .
= = Legacy = =
In 1968 , Disneyland Records released the album More Jungle Book , an unofficial sequel also written by screenwriter Larry Simmons , which continued the story of the film , and included Phil Harris and Louis Prima voicing their film roles . In the record , Baloo ( Harris ) is missing Mowgli ( Ginny Tyler ) , so he teams up with King Louie ( Prima ) and Bagheera ( Dal McKennon ) to take him from the man village . On February 14 , 2003 , DisneyToon Studios in Australia released a film sequel , The Jungle Book 2 , in which Mowgli runs away from the man village to see his animal friends , unaware that Shere Khan is more determined to kill him than ever . In 2005 , screenwriter Robert Reece pitched Jungle Book 3 to Disney execs . However , the project never materialized .
Elements of The Jungle Book were recycled in the later Disney feature film Robin Hood due to that film 's limited budget , such as Baloo being inspiration for Little John ( who not only was a bear , but also voiced by Phil Harris ) . In particular , the dance sequence between Baloo and King Louie was simply rotoscoped for Little John and Lady Cluck 's dance . It has been widely acclaimed by animators , with Eric Goldberg declaring The Jungle Book " boasts possibly the best character animation a studio has ever done " . The animators of Aladdin , The Lion King and Lilo & Stitch took inspiration from the design and animation of the film , and four people involved with Disney 's animations , director Brad Bird and animators Andreas Deja , Glen Keane and Sergio Pablos , have declared the film to be their inspiration for entering the business .
Many characters appear in the 1990 – 91 animated series TaleSpin . Between 1996 and 1998 , the TV series Jungle Cubs told the stories of Baloo , Hahti , Bagheera , Louie , Kaa , and Shere Khan when they were children . Disney later made a live @-@ action remake of the film , which was more of a realistic action @-@ adventure film with somewhat @-@ more adult themes . The film , released in 1994 , differs even more from the book than its animated counterpart , but was still a box @-@ office success . In 1998 , Disney released a direct to video film entitled The Jungle Book : Mowgli 's Story . A new live @-@ action version of The Jungle Book was released by Disney in 2016 , which even reused most of the songs of the animated movie , with some lyrical reworking by original composer Richard M. Sherman .
There are two video games based on the film : The Jungle Book was a platformer released in 1993 for Master System , Mega Drive , Game Gear , Super NES , Game Boy and PC . A version for the Game Boy Advance was later released in 2003 . The Jungle Book Groove Party was a dance mat game released in 2000 for PlayStation and PlayStation 2 . Kaa and Shere Khan have also made cameo appearances in another Disney video game , Quackshot . A world based on the film was intended to appear more than once in the Square Enix @-@ Disney Kingdom Hearts video game series , but was omitted both times , first in the first game because it featured a similar world based on Tarzan , and second in Kingdom Hearts : Birth by Sleep , although areas of the world are accessible via hacking codes .
Since the film 's release , many of the film 's characters appeared in House of Mouse , The Lion King 1 ½ , Who Framed Roger Rabbit , and Aladdin and the King of Thieves . In December 2010 , a piece of artwork by British artist Banksy featuring the jungle book characters which had been commissioned by Greenpeace to help raise awareness of deforestation went on sale for the sum of £ 80 @,@ 000 .
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= Pyramid Head =
Pyramid Head , also known as " Red Pyramid Thing " ( 赤い三角頭 , Akai Sankakutō ) , " Red Pyramid " , or " Bogeyman " , and Sankaku Atama ( 三角頭 , lit . " Triangle Head " ) , is a fictional character from the Silent Hill series of survival horror video games published by Konami .
Introduced in the 2001 installment Silent Hill 2 , he is the main antagonist and he stalks James Sunderland , the primary player character , who comes to the town of Silent Hill after receiving a letter from his deceased wife , Mary . The Silent Hill series , particularly the second installment , frequently utilizes psychology and symbolism : Pyramid Head represents James ' wish to be punished for Mary 's death . Masahiro Ito , the designer of Silent Hill 2 's monsters , created him because he wanted " a monster with a hidden face " . Known for his large triangular head , Pyramid Head lacks a voice , and his appearance stems from the town 's past as a place of execution .
Pyramid Head has since appeared in other media in and outside the Silent Hill media franchise . Positively received in Silent Hill 2 for his role as an element of James ' psyche , he has been cited by reviewers as an iconic villain of the series and part of Silent Hill 2 's appeal .
= = Concept and design = =
Ito wanted to create " a monster with a hidden face " , but became unhappy with his designs , which resembled humans wearing masks . He then drew a monster with a pyramid @-@ shaped head . According to Ito , the triangle 's sharp right and acute angles suggest the possibility of pain . Of the creatures that appear in Silent Hill 2 , only Pyramid Head features an " overtly masculine " appearance . He resembles a pale , muscular man covered with a white , blood @-@ soaked robe reminiscent of a butcher 's smock . He does not speak , but grunts and moans painfully . His most outstanding feature is his large red , triangular head . His weapons consist of the deadly and heavy Great Knife , which the player can find and use for the rest of the game , and later a spear .
According to Konami 's Lost Memories , his appearance was a variation of the outfits of the executioners from the fictional history of the town . They wore red hoods and ceremonial robes to make themselves similar to Valtiel , a monster who appears in Silent Hill 3 . Like Valtiel , Pyramid Head dresses in gloves and stitched cloth and pursues the game 's main protagonist . According to Silent Hill 2 's character designer Takayoshi Sato , he appears as a " distorted memory of the executioners " and of the town 's past as a place of execution .
Christophe Gans , the director of the film adaptation of Silent Hill , suggested that Pyramid Head " was one of the executioners in the original history of the town " and " there is not one particular or exclusive manifestation of him as an entity . "
= = Appearances = =
= = = In video games = = =
In Silent Hill 2 , after receiving a letter from his deceased wife , Mary , and arriving in the foggy town of Silent Hill to search for her , the game 's protagonist and primary player character , James Sunderland , encounters Pyramid Head several times over the course of the game . He first appears from behind a gate , making no attempt to attack James . Later , in an apartment , James walks in on Pyramid Head raping two Mannequins — creatures made of two sets of feminine hips and legs . Terrified , James hides in a closet and shoots Pyramid Head with a handgun several times , causing him to leave . When James asks another character , Eddie , about the monster , Eddie denies knowing about Pyramid Head . Later , near a flooded stairway , James witnesses Pyramid Head killing another creature , and Pyramid Head attempts to kill him . After a few minutes , sirens sound in the distance and Pyramid Head descends the stairway and disappears . James does not meet him again until in Brookhaven Hospital , where Pyramid Head knocks him through a safety railing and he falls , sustaining injuries . Pyramid Head does not pursue him or continue the attack . Later , he stalks James ' companion Maria , who closely resembles his wife Mary , through a lengthy corridor . As James flees into an elevator , the doors shut before she can join him . He struggles to open the doors to save her , but Pyramid Head kills her . However , in the labyrinth beneath Toluca Prison , James finds her alive and unharmed in a locked cell . Before trying to seduce him , she reminisces about a trip that only he and Mary took to a hotel in Silent Hill . He leaves , promising to find a way to free her , and discovers that Pyramid Head walks a corridor nearby , now carrying a spear . Afterwards , James reaches Maria 's side of the cell , but finds her dead . Pyramid Head makes his final appearance just before the final boss , where two Pyramid Heads take part in the encounter . They kill Maria yet again and , after pursuing James around the room for a while , both commit suicide .
Pyramid Head , under the new moniker " Bogeyman " , makes a significant appearance in 2009 's Silent Hill Homecoming , but his role is limited to non @-@ interactive scenes , appearing only twice to the game 's main protagonist Alex Shepherd : once in the Grand Hotel in Silent Hill ; and , much later , in a church , where he executes Alex 's father by splitting him in half . His last appearance is in a possible ending to the game : Alex wakes up in a wheelchair as two Pyramid Heads appear , each with part of a helmet , which they use to turn Alex into one of them . After this ending is played , the player obtains the Bogeyman 's costume for Alex to wear . Mindful of Pyramid Head 's role in Silent Hill 2 , the developers chose to include him as " the embodiment of a myth [ that ] parents started to keep the children out of trouble " and " the accretion of the activities going on in the town of Shepherd ’ s Glen . "
Pyramid Head appears as a boss in the 2007 first @-@ person shooter Silent Hill : The Arcade , as well as Silent Hill : The Escape , but with a composite design with the Butcher , and as a super @-@ deformed selectable character in the 2008 Nintendo DS title New International Track & Field , an installment of the Track & Field series and another spin @-@ off Krazy Kart Racing alongside Robbie the Rabbit . The 2007 game Silent Hill : Origins also included a similar monster named " The Butcher " , whom the protagonist occasionally encounters killing other monsters ( unlike other versions of Pyramid Head , the Butcher can and must be fought and killed in combat ) and a painting of Pyramid Head is seen in the burning house of Alessa . Pyramid Head appears in the " Surprise ! " ending of 2012 's Silent Hill : Downpour , along with various characters from the franchise . Pyramid Head 's most recent appearance was in 2012 's Silent Hill : Book of Memories , where he is a monster that can spawn randomly to fight the player . Pyramid Head appeared as a costume for the Playstation home . Silent Hill 3 where you see a picture of God with his angels one on the left resembles Valtiel while the one on the right looks similar to Pyramid Head .
= = = In other media = = =
Pyramid Head makes an appearance in the 2006 film adaptation of Silent Hill as " Red Pyramid " , and is portrayed by Roberto Campanella . In the film , the psyche of the female characters shaped the character 's physical appearance . Gans claimed that replicating the character 's head exactly and having the actor move while wearing it proved to be impractical ; he noted that , despite the name , Pyramid Head actually wore " a basin " instead of a triangle @-@ shaped head . Red Pyramid 's sword and head were constructed out of lightweight material painted to appear heavy . For the role , Campanella wore a " five @-@ part prosthetic " ; it took two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half to three hours to get him into costume and make @-@ up . His boots had a hidden 15 @-@ inch ( 38 cm ) sole which made him just under 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) tall . Patrick Tatopoulos , who worked on the make @-@ up effects and monsters , enjoyed the project of designing the character . According to him , Red Pyramid serves as a symbol of the town 's darkness and harbinger of its changed character . Gans considered the monsters of the film " a mockery of human beings " , and commented : " The real monsters are the people , the cultists who tortured Alessa . When I approached the film , I knew that it was impossible to represent the monsters as simply beasts that jump on you . "
In the 2012 film Silent Hill : Revelation 3D , the Pyramid Head , once more portrayed by Roberto Campanella , is both a monster and a guardian . More than once , it saves Sharon from the forces of Silent Hill . This is explained by its loyalty to Alessa : since Heather is the good half of Alessa 's soul , it sees them as the same being and is thus bound to protect both from harm . Pyramid Head is also seen controlling the carousel where Heather and Alessa face off against each other , then it kills the cult leader Claudia Wolf after the amulet shows her inner , monstrous nature .
He also makes a cameo appearance in the 2008 Silent Hill comic book Sinner 's Reward , published by IDW Publishing . The writer , Tom Waltz , later said he regretted the cameo , which only functioned as fan service . To him , Pyramid Head is a psychological construct created for James ; however , he stated that : " At the same time , I don 't think that ruined the comic . Some people really liked it . To some people , Pyramid Head should be in all the stories because they do like him . " Additionally , the character was portrayed from October 2 to 31 , 2009 , in the haunted attraction Sinister Pointe , based on Silent Hill , in Orange County , California , United States .
= = Analysis = =
The Silent Hill series uses symbolism and psychology ; the town of Silent Hill draws upon the psyche of its visitors , ultimately creating an " otherworld , " a twisting of reality that manifests delusions and elements of their subconscious minds , varying from character to character . Specifically , in the case of Silent Hill 2 's primary player character James Sunderland , the version of the town he explores is influenced by him . Many of the monsters that roam the town symbolize his guilt , wish for punishment , or sexual repression during his wife 's three @-@ year @-@ long illness , and cease to exist after James comes to terms with the fact that he killed his wife Mary , partially to end her suffering and partially out of resentment and frustration . James knew she had a terminal illness , which has been speculated to be cancer , and he often read medical textbooks , searching for something to help her . During her last days alive , she became physically repulsive as a result of the illness and treated James abusively , ordering him to leave one moment and begging him to comfort her the next . The knowledge of her terminal illness caused her to become angry and to hurt her loved ones , particularly James , and it pained him to visit her in the hospital . Pyramid Head functions as an executioner of Maria , a delusion of James ' who strongly resembles Mary . Through Maria 's repeated deaths , Pyramid Head reminds James of Mary 's death and causes him to experience guilt and suffering . His appearance as an executioner stems from a picture that James saw while visiting the town three years ago with Mary .
Reviewers have suggested various interpretations . According to Christina González of The Escapist , Pyramid Head acts as " judgement personified , a sexually dark butcher , " and " James ' masochistic delusion " which punishes him for Mary 's death . Ken Gagne of Computerworld suggested that the monster " represents James ' anger and guilt . " A critic for IGN , Jesse Schedeen , considered Pyramid Head 's role throughout the Silent Hill series to be " a manifestation of a person 's guilt " , commenting : " Pyramid Head is just there to help you serve your penance in the most painful and grotesque way possible . "
= = Reception = =
Critical reaction to Pyramid Head has been favorable because of his distinctive appearance and role as an element of James ' psyche . Critics cite him as an iconic villain of the Silent Hill series , a favorite among fans , and part of the appeal of Silent Hill 2 . GameSpot compared Pyramid Head 's appearance to Leatherface , the main antagonist of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre series of slasher films , and found him the most terrifying monster in Silent Hill 2 . Computerworld named Pyramid Head as one of the most terrifying villains in computer and video games . GamesRadar felt that the scene in which he rapes the two other monsters was unsettling , since the subject of rape is not often tackled in video games , and disliked the final battle with him because of how anti @-@ climactic it was , in comparison with his role throughout the rest of the game .
GameDaily ranked Pyramid Head first on their 2008 list of the scariest video game monsters . GamesRadar listed him as one of the 25 best new characters of the decade and ranked him second on its 2009 list of the scariest video game villains , calling him the " most horrifying character ever to have a cult following " . In a 2009 retrospective on the survival horror genre , IGN noted that Silent Hill 2 incorporated " a ' stalker ' element similar to Clock Tower and Resident Evil 3 , " and wrote : " To this day , Pyramid Head is remembered as one of gaming 's most frightening villains . " PlayStation Universe ranked him as the first on their 2009 list of the scariest monster " to infest a Sony platform " , also noting his " prolific reputation as one of video game ’ s most fearsome monsters . " In 2010 , Pyramid Head as named as the scariest character in video game history by Joystick Division , who added that " being chased by him in Silent Hill 2 ranks with all of the scariest moments in video gaming history . " UGO.com ranked him as number one on their 2011 list of the scariest characters in video games , commenting he is " too mainstream to be all that scary , except he 's still really super scary . " In 2012 , PlayStation Official Magazine included him on their lists of the biggest freaks and scariest characters in the PlayStation games , commenting : " Ol ’ Metal Top is easily the best thing about Silent Hill – and maybe even survival horror in general – completely encapsulating that intoxicating dread of knowing that it ’ s not if you ’ ll fight him , but when . " That same year , FHM included him on their list of ten scariest game characters ever ; on the list of the " coolest " video game villains by Complex , Pyramid Head placed as 15th . GamesRadar too praised Pyramid Head 's role as an antagonist , putting him in their 2013 list of the best villains in video game history at number 18 .
His appearances outside Silent Hill 2 have received mixed critical reaction . Critics generally agreed that Pyramid Head 's appearance in Homecoming struck them as fan service , though Chris Hudak of Game Revolution called it " damned effectively @-@ employed . " Film critics commented on his role in the film adaption , with several finding him disturbing . DVD Reviews praised Campanella 's portrayal of Pyramid Head and another monster , writing : " These are without a doubt some of the most striking bogeymen that I have seen on screen in a long time . " His appearance in New International Track & Field received mixed critical reaction . GameDaily disliked it , finding it awkward that a character like Pyramid Head was competing in sporting events with characters like Frogger and Sparkster , while The Escapist called it enjoyable and " hilarious " .
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= Player One =
For the band , see Space Invaders ( Player One song ) .
Player One : What Is to Become of Us is a novel written by Douglas Coupland for the 2010 Massey Lectures . Each of the book 's five chapters was delivered as a one @-@ hour lecture in a different Canadian city : Vancouver on October 12 , Regina on October 14 , Charlottetown on October 19 , Ottawa on October 25 and ending in Toronto on October 29 . The lectures were broadcast on CBC Radio One 's Ideas , November 8 – 12 . The book was published by House of Anansi Press .
The plot follows four characters , Karen , Rick , Luke , and Rachel , as they arrive in the lounge of an airport bar , as they interact with one another , and as they cope with chaos that erupts as cataclysmic events occur . The story addresses their motivations and perceptions , as well as their thoughts on certain themes . There are several minor characters and a fifth main character , Player One , who retells the events that the four main characters experience but from the perspective of an outside observer , like someone exploring a video game environment .
= = Background = =
In 2009 a panel of representatives , including Sarah MacLachlan of House of Anansi Press , John Fraser of Massey College and Ideas executive producer Bernie Lucht , selected Douglas Coupland to deliver the 2010 Massey Lectures . Coupland , a West Vancouver resident who would be 48 years old during the lectures , was best known for his previous novels Generation X ( 1991 ) , jPod ( 2006 ) , and Generation A ( 2009 ) , but also had written non @-@ fiction works and screenplays . Coupland did not immediately agree but after some thought , accepted the panel 's offer . He was given the creative freedom to select how the lecture would be delivered , and chose to write a novel . While previous novelists , such as Margaret Atwood and Thomas King , had delivered traditional academic lectures , Coupland felt that " a narrative seemed like the most efficient and accessible way of putting forth a large number of propositions about life in the year 2010 . "
= = Synopsis = =
The book is divided into five chapters . Each chapter is divided into five parts , each describing events from the perspective of one of the five main characters : Karen , Rick , Luke , Rachel , and Player One . The first chapter , " Hour One : Cue the Flaming Zeppelin " , has Karen arriving at the Toronto airport on a flight from Winnipeg to meet a man she met online . She sits on a stool at the airport hotel bar in which Rick is the bartender , Rachel is at a computer terminal , and Luke is sitting at a table drinking scotch . Rachel is there with the expectation to meet a man who can father her child and approaches Luke . Karen 's date goes badly as she finds the man too assertive physically and too distant intellectually . A self @-@ help guru , Leslie Freemont , enters with his assistant Tara to welcome Rick into his empowerment program ; Leslie gives a speech to the group , takes Rick 's money , and leaves . Meanwhile , oil prices rapidly increase and explosions start to occur outside . With the power unreliable , Karen , Rick , Luke , and Rachel run to Rick 's vehicle to listen to the radio . Karen 's date , Warren , is killed by a sniper as he runs to the group , who quickly return to the bar lounge where they barricade themselves in .
In " Hour Three : God 's little Dumpsters " Karen 's daughter tells them , over the phone , of rioting and general chaos that is occurring . Rick and Luke crawl through the ventilation shafts to the roof to overpower the sniper but fail and retreat to the lounge . As chemical fall @-@ out starts to land on the airport , the sniper seeks shelter in the lounge and is taken prisoner by the other characters . In " Hour Four : Hello , My Name Is : Monster " Rick and Rachel have sex , the sniper explains his motivations , and a teenager suffering from chemical burns seeks their help . In the final chapter " Hour Five : The View From Inside Daffy Duck 's Hole " Karen and Luke tend to the teenager 's wounds . Rachel discovers that the sniper is actually Leslie Freemont 's son , and upon stating this , the sniper panics , manages to get his gun back and shoots Rachel . The final part of the final chapter is told from the combined point @-@ of @-@ view of Rachel and Player One , who exist in what is labeled as Eternity , and provide an epilogue revealing the fates of the characters .
= = = Characters = = =
Karen — A divorced mother of one daughter , and a receptionist at a psychiatrist office , who travels from Winnipeg to Toronto to meet Warren , whom she met in an online forum .
Rick — A divorced father of one son , and a recovering alcoholic , who works as a bartender at the Toronto Airport Camelot Hotel . He has been saving money to enroll in an empowerment program operated by Leslie Freemont .
Luke — A pastor of a church in Nipissing , Ontario who lost his faith in religion , stole $ 20 @,@ 000 from the church and fled to Toronto .
Rachel — A young woman who operates a business that breeds lab mice and lives with psychological conditions on the Autism spectrum . Among her psychological conditions is prosopagnosia , as well as an inability to understand humour , metaphors , irony , or social cues . She wants to become pregnant to prove to her parents that she can lead what they consider a normal life .
Player One — A disembodied voice who watches the events and comments on the character 's past , present , and future actions and circumstances .
Warren — The man who Karen is scheduled to meet at the hotel bar .
Leslie Freemont — A self @-@ help guru who operates the Power Dynamics Seminar System . He arrives with his assistant Tara to accept Rick into the program .
Bertis — A religious fanatic , the son of Leslie Freemont , and the sniper on the bar 's roof .
Max — A teenager who tries to covertly take photos of Karen during their flight . He stumbles upon the group as he flees the chemical fall @-@ out .
= = Style and themes = =
Player One is the first Massey Lecture to be delivered as a work of fiction : a 50 @,@ 000 @-@ word novel . The story is told as a first @-@ person narrative with the perspective rotated between the five main characters : Karen , Luke , Rick , Rachel , and Player One . The narrative voice was described as being the typical " Coupland @-@ esque coolness " with the " same apocalyptic feel " as his previous novel , Generation A. Rachel , though , speaks with a unique tone , devoid of emotion and unable to detect emotion in the voice of others , similar to how people communicate online without seeing one another , like via email .
The story 's themes reflect many of the themes Coupland has addressed in his other works , including themes on time , religion , an afterlife , and communication . One reviewer mentioned that the book has " quintessential Coupland themes , chiefly , how the speed of change , both technologically and socially driven , is altering the world , our own sense of self and our souls " . In relation to the Future Legend glossary at the end of the book Coupland said " The future is happening so fast and furious right now , there 's no language to describe all these new sensations , so we have to begin inventing one " .
= = Publication and reception = =
The book was published by House of Anansi Press and released in October 2010 as Coupland began the Massey lecture series in Vancouver on October 12 . Each lecture consisted of Coupland reading aloud one chapter , followed by questions from the audience and a book signing . The second lecture took place in Regina on October 14 , followed by Charlottetown on October 19 , Ottawa on October 25 , and ending on October 29 in Toronto . The series was recorded then aired on CBC Radio One 's Ideas between November 8 and 12 . The book was long @-@ listed for the Scotiabank Giller Prize .
The review in the Library Journal wrote that the book is " eminently readable , humorous , and philosophical if at times slightly lightweight " and that it " is a worthwhile novel that may also appeal to younger readers " . By selecting Coupland , the Massey Lecture selection committee did intend to appeal to " a slightly younger demographic than previous Massey Lectures " . In the Booklist review , Jonathan Fullmer writes , " A taut and scintillating exploration of time , Coupland 's tale is both smart and suspenseful while simultaneously questioning the meaning of narration . "
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= Tom Simpson =
Thomas Simpson ( 30 November 1937 – 13 July 1967 ) was one of Britain 's most successful professional cyclists . He was born in Haswell , County Durham and later moved to Harworth , Nottinghamshire . Simpson began road cycling as a teenager before taking up track cycling , specialising in pursuit races . He won a bronze medal for track cycling at the 1956 Summer Olympics and a silver at the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games .
In 1959 , at age 21 , Simpson was signed by the French professional road @-@ racing team St. Raphaël @-@ Géminiani @-@ Dunlop . He advanced to their first team ( Rapha @-@ Gitane @-@ Dunlop ) the following year , and won the 1961 Tour of Flanders . Simpson then joined Gitane @-@ Leroux @-@ Dunlop ; in the 1962 Tour de France he became the first British rider to wear the yellow jersey , finishing sixth overall .
In 1963 Simpson moved to Peugeot @-@ BP @-@ Englebert , winning Bordeaux – Paris that year and the 1964 Milan – San Remo . In 1965 he became Britain 's first world road race champion and won the Giro di Lombardia ; this made him the BBC Sports Personality of the Year , the first cyclist to win the award . Injuries hampered much of Simpson 's 1966 season . He won two stages of the 1967 Vuelta a España before he won the general classification of Paris – Nice that year .
In the thirteenth stage of the 1967 Tour de France , Simpson collapsed and died during the ascent of Mont Ventoux . He was 29 years old . The post @-@ mortem examination found that he had mixed amphetamines and alcohol ; this diuretic combination proved fatal when combined with the heat , the hard climb of the Ventoux and a stomach complaint . A memorial near where he died has become a place of pilgrimage for many cyclists . Simpson was known to have taken performance @-@ enhancing drugs during his career , when no doping controls existed . He is held in high esteem by many cyclists for his character and will to win .
= = Early life and amateur career = =
= = = Childhood and club racing = = =
Simpson was born on 30 November 1937 in Haswell , County Durham , the youngest of six children of coal miner Tom Simpson and his wife Alice ( née Cheetham ) . His father had been a semi @-@ professional sprinter in athletics . The family lived modestly in a small terraced house until 1943 , when his parents took charge of the village 's working men 's club and lived above it . In 1950 the Simpsons moved to Harworth on the Nottinghamshire – Yorkshire border , where young Simpson 's maternal aunt lived ; new coalfields were opening , with employment opportunities for him and older brother Harry , by now , the only children left at home . Simpson rode his first bike , his brother @-@ in @-@ law 's , at age 12 , sharing it with Harry and two cousins for time trials around Harworth . Following Harry , Tom joined Harworth and District Cycling Club aged 13 . He delivered groceries in the Bassetlaw district by bicycle and traded with a customer for a better road bike . He was often left behind in club races ; members of his cycling club nicknamed him " four @-@ stone Coppi " , after Italian rider Fausto Coppi , due to his slim physique .
Simpson began winning club time trials , but sensed resentment of his boasting from senior members . He left Harworth and District and joined Rotherham 's Scala Wheelers at the end of 1954 . Simpson 's first road race was as a junior at the Forest Recreation Ground in Nottingham . After leaving school he was an apprentice draughtsman at an engineering company in Retford , using the 10 mi ( 16 @.@ 1 km ) commute by bike as training . He placed well in half mile races on grass and cement , but decided to concentrate on road racing . In May 1955 Simpson won the National Cyclists ' Union South Yorkshire individual pursuit track event as a junior ; the same year , he won the British League of Racing Cyclists ( BLRC ) junior hill climb championship and placed third in the senior event .
Simpson immersed himself in the world of cycling , writing letters asking for advice . Naturalised Austrian rider George Berger responded , travelling from London to Harworth to help him with his riding position . In late 1955 , Simpson ran a red light in a race and was suspended from racing for six months by the BLRC . During his suspension he dabbled in motorcycle trials , nearly quitting cycling but unable to afford a new motorcycle necessary for progress in the sport .
= = = Track years = = =
Berger told Simpson that if he wanted to be a successful road cyclist , he needed experience in track cycling , particularly in the pursuit discipline . Simpson competed regularly at Fallowfield Stadium in Manchester , where in early 1956 he met amateur world pursuit silver medallist Cyril Cartwright , who helped him develop his technique . At the national championships at Fallowfield the 18 @-@ year @-@ old Simpson won a silver medal in the individual pursuit , defeating amateur world champion Norman Sheil before losing to Mike Gambrill .
Simpson began working with his father as a draughtsman at the glass factory in Harworth . He was riding well ; although not selected by Great Britain for the amateur world championships , he made the 4 @,@ 000 @-@ metre team pursuit squad for the 1956 Olympics . In mid @-@ September , Simpson competed for two weeks in Eastern Europe against Russian and Italian teams to prepare for the Olympics . The seven @-@ rider contingent began with races in Leningrad , continuing to Moscow before finishing in Sofia . He was nicknamed " the Sparrow " by the Soviet press because of his slender build . The following month he was in Melbourne for the Olympics , where the team qualified for the team @-@ pursuit semi @-@ finals against Italy ; they were confident of defeating South Africa and France but lost to Italy , taking the bronze medal . Simpson blamed himself for the loss for pushing too hard on a turn and being unable to recover for the next .
After the Olympics , Simpson trained throughout his winter break into 1957 . In May , he rode in the national 25 @-@ mile championships ; although he was the favourite , he lost to Sheil in the final . In a points race at an international event at Fallowfield a week later Simpson crashed badly , almost breaking his leg ; he stopped working for a month and struggled to regain his form . At the national pursuit championships , he was beaten in the quarter @-@ finals . After this defeat Simpson returned to road racing , winning the BLRC national hill climb championship in October before taking a short break from racing . In spring 1958 he traveled to Sofia with Sheil for two weeks ' racing . On his return he won the national individual pursuit championship at Herne Hill Velodrome . In July Simpson won a silver medal for England in the individual pursuit at the British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff , losing to Sheil by one @-@ hundredth of a second in the final . A medical exam taken with the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) revealed Simpson to be colour blind .
In September 1958 , Simpson competed at the amateur world championships in Paris . Against reigning champion Carlo Simonigh of Italy in the opening round of the individual pursuit , he crashed on the concrete track at the end of the race . Simpson was briefly knocked unconscious and sustained a dislocated jaw ; however , he won the race since he crashed after the finish line . Although he was in pain , team manager Benny Foster forced Simpson to race in the quarter @-@ final against New Zealand 's Warwick Dalton , hoping to unsettle Dalton ahead of a possible meeting with Simpson 's teammeate Sheil . Simpson wanted to turn professional , but needed to prove himself first , setting his sights on the world amateur indoor hour record . Reg Harris arranged for an attempt at Zürich 's Hallenstadion velodrome on Simpson 's birthday in November . He failed by 320 metres , covering a distance of 43 @.@ 995 km ( 27 @.@ 337 mi ) and blaming his failure on the low temperature generated by an ice rink in the centre of the velodrome . The following week he travelled to Ghent , in the Flanders region of Belgium , to ride amateur track races . He stayed at the Café Den Engel , run by Albert Beurick , who organised for him to ride at Ghent 's Kuipke velodrome in the Sportpalis ( English : Sport Palace ) .
Simpson decided to move to the continent for a better chance at success , and contacted French brothers Robert and Yvon Murphy , whom he met while racing . They agreed that he could stay with them in the Breton fishing port of Saint @-@ Brieuc . His final event in Britain was at Herne Hill , riding motor @-@ paced races . Simpson won the event and was invited to Germany to train for the 1959 motor @-@ paced world championships , but declined the opportunity in favour of a career on the road . Bicycle manufacturer Elswick Hopper invited him to join their British @-@ based team , but Benny Foster advised him to continue with his plans to move to France .
= = = Move to Brittany = = =
In April 1959 , Simpson left for France with £ 100 savings and two Carlton bikes , one road and one track , given in appreciation of his help promoting the company . His last words to his mother before the move were , " I don 't want to be sitting here in twenty years ' time , wondering what would have happened if I hadn 't gone to France " . The next day , his National Service papers were delivered ; although willing to serve before his move , he feared the call @-@ up would put his potential career at risk . His mother returned them , with the hope they would understand this .
He applied to local cycling clubs , and joined Club Olympique Briochin , racing with an independent ( semi @-@ professional ) licence from the British Cycling Federation . When settled with the Murphy family , 21 @-@ year @-@ old Simpson met 19 @-@ year @-@ old Helen Sherburn , an au pair from Sutton , Yorkshire . Simpson began attracting attention , winning races and criteriums . He was invited to race in the eight @-@ day stage race Route de France by the St. Raphaël VC 12e , the amateur club below the professional team St. Raphaël @-@ Géminiani @-@ Dunlop . Simpson won the final stage , breaking away from the peloton and holding on for victory . After this win , he declined an offer to ride in the Tour de France for the professional team . Simpson had contract offers from two professional teams , Mercier – BP – Hutchinson and St. Raphaël @-@ Géminiani @-@ Dunlop , which had a British cyclist , Brian Robinson ; opting for the latter team , on 29 June he signed a contract for 80 @,@ 000 francs ( £ 80 a month ) .
On Simpson 's return to Harworth for Christmas , the RAF were notified and the press ran stories on his apparent draft avoidance . He passed a medical in Sheffield , but history repeated itself and the papers arrived the day after his departure for his team 's training camp in Narbonne in southern France . The French press , unlike the British , found the situation amusing .
= = Professional career = =
= = = 1959 : Foundations = = =
In July , four months after leaving England , Simpson rode his first race as a professional , the Tour de l 'Ouest in west France . He won the fourth stage and took the overall race leader 's jersey . He won the next stage 's individual time trial , increasing his lead . On the next stage he lost the lead with a punctured tyre , finishing the race in fourteenth place overall .
In August Simpson competed at the world championships in the 5000 m individual pursuit at Amsterdam 's large , open @-@ air velodrome and the road race on the nearby Circuit Park Zandvoort motor @-@ racing track . He placed fourth in the individual pursuit , losing by 0 @.@ 3 seconds in the quarter @-@ finals . He prepared for the 180 mi ( 290 km ) road race , eight laps of the track . After 45 mi ( 72 km ) a ten @-@ rider breakaway formed ; Simpson bridged the gap . As the peloton began to close in , he tried to attack . Although he was brought back each time , Simpson placed fourth in a sprint for the best finish to date by a British rider . He was praised by the winner , André Darrigade of France , who thought that without Simpson 's work on the front , the breakaway would have been caught . Darrigade helped him enter criteriums for extra money . His fourth placed earned Simpson his nickname , " Major Simpson " , from French sports newspaper L 'Équipe . They ran the headline : " Les carnets du Major Simpson " ( " The notes of Major Simpson " ) , referencing the 1950s series of books , Les carnets du Major Thompson by Pierre Daninos .
Simpson moved up to St. Raphaël @-@ Géminiani @-@ Dunlop 's first team , Rapha @-@ Gitane @-@ Dunlop , for the end @-@ of @-@ season one @-@ day classic races . In his first appearance in the Giro di Lombardia , one of the five " monuments " of cycling , he retired with a tyre puncture while in the lead group of riders . In Simpson 's last race of the season , he finished fourth in the Trofeo Baracchi , a two @-@ man team time trial with Gérard Saint , racing against his boyhood idol , Fausto Coppi ; it was Coppi 's final race before his death . Simpson finished the season with twenty @-@ eight wins .
= = = 1960 : Tour de France debut = = =
His first major race of the 1960 season was the one @-@ day " monument " Milan – San Remo in March , in which the organisers introduced the Poggio climb ( the final climb ) to keep the race from finishing with a bunch sprint . Simpson broke clear from a breakaway group over the first climb , the Turchino , leading the race for 45 km ( 28 mi ) before being caught . He lost contact over the Poggio , finishing in 38th place . In April he moved to the Porte de Clichy district of Paris , sharing a small apartment with his teammate Robinson .
Days after his move , Simpson rode in Paris – Roubaix , known as " The Hell of the North " , the first cycling race to be shown live on Eurovision . He launched an attack as an early breakaway , riding alone at the front for 40 km ( 24 @.@ 9 mi ) , but was caught around a mile from the finish at Roubaix Velodrome , coming in ninth . Simpson rode a lap of honour after the race at the request of the emotional crowd . His televised effort gained him attention throughout Europe . He then won the Mont Faron hill climb and the overall general classification of the Tour du Sud @-@ Est , his first overall win in a professional stage race . He planned to ride in the Isle of Man International road race , excited to see to his home fans . There were rumours , which proved correct , that the Royal Military Police were waiting for him at the airport , so he decided not to travel . This was the last he heard from the authorities regarding his call @-@ up . The British Cycling Federation fined him £ 25 for his absence .
In June , Simpson made his Grand Tour debut in the Tour de France aged 22 . Rapha directeur sportif ( team manager ) Raymond Louviot opposed his participation , but since the race was contested by national teams Simpson accepted the invitation from the British squad . During the first stage , he was part of a thirteen @-@ rider breakaway which finished over two minutes in front of the field ; he crashed on the cinder track at Heysel Stadium in Brussels , finishing thirteenth , but received the same time as the winner . Later that day he finished ninth in the time trial , moving up to fifth place overall . During the third stage Simpson was part of a breakaway with two French riders who repeatedly attacked him , forcing him to chase and use energy needed for the finish ; he finished third , missing the thirty @-@ second bonus for a first @-@ place finish , which would have put him in the overall race leader 's yellow jersey . He dropped to ninth overall by the end of the first week . During stage ten , Simpson crashed descending the Col d 'Aubisque in the Pyrenees but finished the stage in fourteenth place . In the following stage he was dropped , exhausted , from a chasing group ; failing to recover . He finished the Tour in twenty @-@ ninth place overall , losing 2 st ( 13 kg ; 28 lb ) in weight over the three weeks .
After the Tour , Simpson rode criteriums around Europe until crashing in central France ; he returned home to Paris and checked himself into a hospital . Following a week 's bed @-@ rest , he rode in the road world championships at the Sachsenring in East Germany . During the race Simpson stopped to adjust his shoes on the right side of the road and was hit from behind by a car , sustaining a cut to his head which required five stitches . In the last of the classics , the Giro di Lombardia , he struggled , finishing eighty @-@ fourth . Simpson had been in constant contact with Helen , who was now working in Stuttgart , Germany , meeting with her between races . They became engaged on Christmas Day , and originally planned to marry at the end of 1961 , but in fact wed on 3 January 1961 in Doncaster , Yorkshire .
= = = 1961 : Tour of Flanders and injury = = =
Simpson 's first major event of the 1961 season was the Paris – Nice stage race in March . In stage three he helped his team win the team time trial and took the general classification lead by three seconds ; however , he lost it in the next stage . In the final stages of the race Simpson 's attacks were thwarted , and he finished fifth overall .
On 26 March , Simpson rode in the one @-@ day Tour of Flanders . With Carpano 's Nino Defilippis , he chased down an early breakaway . Simpson worked with the group ; with about 8 km ( 5 mi ) to go he attacked , followed by Defilippis . The finish , three circuits around the town of Wetteren , was flat ; Defilippis , unlike Simpson , was a sprinter and was expected to win . One kilometre from the finish , Simpson launched a sprint ; he eased off with 300 m to go , tricking Defilippis into thinking he was exhausted . As Defilippis passed , Simpson jumped again to take victory , becoming the first Briton to win a " monument " classic . Defilippis protested that the finishing banner had been blown down , and he did not know where the finish was ; however , the judges noted that the finish line was clearly marked on the road itself . Defilippis ' team asked Simpson to agree to a tie , saying no Italian had won a classic since 1953 . He replied : " An Englishman had not won one since 1896 ! "
A week later , Simpson rode in Paris – Roubaix in the hope of bettering his previous year 's ninth place . As the race reached the paved section he went on a solo attack , at which point he was told him that Mercier – BP – Hutchinson rider Raymond Poulidor was chasing him down . Simpson increased his speed , catching the publicity and press vehicles ahead ( known as the caravane ) . A press car swerved to avoid a pothole ; this forced him into a roadside ditch . Simpson fell , damaging his front wheel and injuring his knee . He found his team car and collected a replacement wheel , but by then the front of the race had passed . Back in the race he crashed twice more , finishing 88th .
At Simpson 's next race , the four @-@ day Grand Prix d 'Eibar , his first in Spain , his knee injury still bothered him . He won the second stage , but was forced to quit during the following stage . His injury had not healed , even after treatment by various specialists , but for financial reasons he was forced to enter the Tour de France with the British team . He abandoned on stage three , which started in Roubaix , struggling to pedal on the cobbles . Three months after his fall at Paris – Roubaix he saw a doctor at St. Michael 's Hospital in Paris . He gave Simpson injections in his knee , which reduced the inflammation . Once healed , he competed in the road world championships in Berne , Switzerland . On the track he qualified for the individual pursuit with the fourth @-@ fastest time , losing in the quarter @-@ finals to Peter Post of the Netherlands . In the road race , Simpson was part of a seventeen @-@ rider breakaway that finished together in a sprint ; he crossed the line in ninth place .
Helen became pregnant ; Simpson 's apartment in Paris was now unsuitable and a larger home in France was not in their means . In October , with help from his friend , Albert Beurick , they moved into a small cottage in Ghent . Low on funds , Simpson earned money in one @-@ day track races in Belgium .
= = = 1962 : Yellow jersey = = =
Simpson 's contract with Rapha @-@ Gitane @-@ Dunlop had ended with the 1961 season . Tour de France winner Jacques Anquetil signed with them for 1962 , but Simpson wanted to lead a team , and signed with Gitane @-@ Leroux @-@ Dunlop for the 1962 season . After training camp at Lodève in southern France , he rode in Paris – Nice . He helped his team win the stage @-@ 3a team time trial and finished second overall , behind Flandria – Faema – Clément 's Jef Planckaert . He was unable to ride in Milan – San Remo when its organisers limited the race to Italian @-@ based teams ; instead he rode in Gent – Wevelgem , finishing sixth , then defended his Tour of Flanders title . At the end of the latter , Simpson was in a select group of riders at the head of the race . Although he led over each of the final climbs , at the finish he finished fifth and won the King of the Mountains prize . A week later Simpson finished thirty @-@ seventh in Paris – Roubaix , delayed by a crash .
Coming into the Tour de France , Simpson was leader of his team ; it was the first time since 1929 that company teams were allowed to compete . He finished ninth in the first stage , in a group of twenty @-@ two riders who finished over eight minutes ahead of the rest . Simpson 's team finished second to Flandria – Faema – Clément in the stage @-@ 2b team time trial ; he was in seventh place in the general classification , remaining in the top ten the rest of the first week . During stage 8a he was in a thirty @-@ rider group which gained about six minutes , moving him to second overall behind teammate André Darrigade . At the end of the eleventh stage Simpson was third in the overall , over a minute behind race leader Willy Schroeders ( Flandria – Faema – Clément ) and fifty @-@ one seconds behind Darrigade . Stage twelve from Pau to Saint @-@ Gaudens , the hardest stage of the 1962 Tour ( known as the " Circle of Death " ) , was the Tour 's first mountain stage . Simpson saw an opportunity to lead the race . The team now solely concentrated on his interests , since Darrigade was a sprinter and would no longer be involved in the general classification . As the peloton reached the Col du Tourmalet , Simpson attacked with a small group of select riders , finishing eighteenth place in a bunch sprint . As he finished ahead of all the other leaders in the general classification , he became the overall new leader of race , and the first British rider to wear the leader 's yellow jersey . Simpson lost the lead on the following stage , a short time trial ending with a steep uphill finish at Superbagnères . He finished thirty @-@ first and dropped to sixth overall . On stage nineteen he advanced recklessly descending the Col de Porte in the Alps , crashing on a bend and only saved from falling over the edge by a tree , leaving him with a broken left middle finger . He lost almost eleven minutes in the next stage 's time trial , finishing the Tour at Paris ' Parc des Princes stadium 17 minutes and 9 seconds behind in 6th place .
After the Tour Simpson rode criteriums before the road world championships in Salò , Italy , where he retired after missing a large breakaway . He began riding six @-@ day track races into his winter break . In December he made an appearance at the Champions ' Concert cycling awards held at Royal Albert Hall in London . Separately , he won the British Cycling Federation 's Personality of the Year . Simpson and Helen were expecting their second child and upgraded to a larger house in Sint @-@ Amandsberg , a sub @-@ municipality of Ghent .
= = = 1963 : Bordeaux – Paris = = =
Leroux withdrew its sponsorship of the Gitane team for the 1963 season . Simpson was contracted to their manager , Raymond Louviot ; Louviot was rejoining St. Raphaël @-@ Gitane @-@ Geminiani and Simpson could follow , but he saw that as a step backwards . Peugeot @-@ BP @-@ Englebert bought the contract from Louviot , which ran until the end of the season . Simpson 's season opened with Paris – Nice ; he fell out of contention after a series of tyre punctures in the opening stages , using the rest of the race as training . He withdrew from the race on the final stage to rest for his next race , Milan – San Remo ; after breaking away by himself he stopped beside the road , which annoyed his fellow riders . At Milan – San Remo , Simpson was in a four @-@ rider breakaway ; his tyre punctured , and although he got back to the front , he finished nineteenth . He placed third in the Tour of Flanders in a three @-@ rider sprint . In Paris – Roubaix Simpson worked for teammate , and winner , Emile Daems , finishing ninth . In the one @-@ day Paris – Brussels he was in a breakaway near the Belgian border ; with 50 km ( 31 @.@ 1 mi ) remaining he was left with world road race champion Jean Stablinski of St. Raphaël @-@ Gitane @-@ Geminiani , who attacked on a cobbled climb in Alsemberg outside Brussels . Simpson 's bike slipped a gear , and Stablinski stayed away for the victory . After his second @-@ place finish , Simpson led the Super Prestige Pernod International season @-@ long competition for world 's best cyclist . The following week he raced in the Ardennes classics , placing thirty @-@ third in Liège – Bastogne – Liège , after he rode alone for about 100 km ( 62 mi ) before being caught in the closing kilometres .
On 26 May , Simpson rode in the one @-@ day , 557 km ( 346 mi ) Bordeaux – Paris . Also known as the " Derby of the Road " , it was the longest he had ever ridden . The race began at 1 : 58 am ; the initial 161 km ( 100 mi ) were unpaced until the town of Châtellerault , where dernys ( motorised bicycles ) paced each rider to the finish . Simpson broke away in a group of three riders . Simpson 's pacer , Fernand Wambst , increased his speed , and Simpson dropped the other two . He caught the lead group , thirteen minutes ahead , over a distance of 161 km ( 100 mi ) . Simpson attacked , and with 36 km ( 22 @.@ 4 mi ) remaining , opening a margin of two minutes . His lead steadily increased , and he finished in the Parc des Princes over five minutes ahead of teammate Piet Rentmeester .
Simpson announced that he would not ride the Tour de France , concentrating on the world road championships instead . Before , he won the Isle of Man International in treacherous conditions where only sixteen out of seventy riders finished . At the road world championships in Ronse , Belgium , the Belgians controlled the race until Simpson broke free , catching two riders ahead : Henry Anglade ( France ) and Seamus Elliott ( Ireland ) . Anglade was dropped , and Elliott refused to work with Simpson . They were caught ; the race finished in a bunch sprint , with Simpson crossing the line in 29th . Simpson 's season ended with six @-@ day races across Europe and an invitation only race on the Pacific island of New Caledonia , along with other European riders . He skipped his usual winter training schedule for his first skiing holiday at Saint @-@ Gervais @-@ les @-@ Bains in the Alps , taking Helen and his two young daughters , Jane and Joanne .
= = = 1964 : Milan – San Remo = = =
After a training camp near Nice in southern France Simpson rode in the one @-@ day Kuurne – Brussels – Kuurne in Belgium , finishing second to Solo @-@ Superia 's Arthur Decabooter . The conditions were so cold , he only completed the race to keep warm . Albert Beurick started Simpson 's supporters club at the Café Den Engel , raising £ 250 for him in the first nine months . In Paris – Nice , his tyre punctured during stage four , losing five minutes and used the rest of the race for training .
On 19 March , two days later , Simpson rode in Milan – San Remo . Before the race , French journalist René de Latour advised Simpson not to attack early : " If you feel good then keep it for the last hour of the race . " In the final 32 km ( 19 @.@ 9 mi ) , Simpson escaped in group of four riders , which including the 1961 winner , Poulidor of Mercier – BP – Hutchinson . On final climb , the Poggio , Poulidor launched a series of attacks on the group ; only Simpson managed to stay with him and they crossed the summit and descended into Milan . With 500 m to go , Simpson began his sprint ; Poulidor could not respond , leaving Simpson to take the victory with a record average speed of 27 @.@ 1 mph ( 43 @.@ 6 km / h ) .
Simpson spent the next two months training for the Tour de France at the end of June . After the first week of the Tour , Simpson was in tenth place overall . On the ninth stage , he was part of 22 @-@ rider breakaway which finished together at Monaco 's Stade Louis II ; he placed second to Anquetil , moving up to eighth overall . The next day , he finished 20th in the 20 @.@ 8 km ( 12 @.@ 9 mi ) time trial . During the 16th stage , which crossed four cols , Simpson finished 33rd , 25 minutes and 10 seconds behind the stage winner , and dropped to 17th overall . He finished the Tour in 14th place overall . Simpson later discovered that he rode the Tour suffering from tapeworms .
After the race , Simpson prepared for the world road championships with distance training and criteriums . At the world championships on 3 September , the 290 km ( 180 mi ) road race consisted of twenty @-@ four laps of a varying circuit at Sallanches in the French Alps . Simpson crashed on the third lap while descending in wet conditions , damaging a pedal . He got back to the peloton , launching a solo attack on a descent ; he then chased down the group of four leaders with two laps to go . On the last lap he was dropped by three riders , finishing six seconds behind . On 17 October , Simpson rode in the Giro di Lombardia . Halfway through the race he was given the wrong musette ( bag ) by his team in the feed zone , and threw it away . With the head of the race reduced to five riders , Molteni 's Gianni Motta attacked . Simpson was the only one who could follow , but he began to feel the effects of not eating . Motta gave him part of his food , which sustained him for a while . On the final climb Simpson led Motta , but was exhausted . Over the remaining 10 km ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) of flat terrain , Motta dropped him ; Simpson cracked , and was repeatedly overtaken , finishing twenty @-@ first . He closed the year riding track races .
= = = 1965 : World championship and Lombardia = = =
The Simpson family spent Christmas in England , before a trip to Saint @-@ Gervais @-@ les @-@ Bains , where Simpson injured himself skiing , suffering a broken foot and a sprained ankle . He recovered , riding six @-@ day races . At the Antwerp six @-@ day , he dropped out on the fourth day with a cold . His cold worsened and he missed most of March . He abandoned Milan – San Remo at the foot of the Poggio . On 11 April , he finished seventh in Paris – Roubaix after crashing in the lead group . The crash forced him to miss the Tour of Flanders as he struggled to walk on his injured foot . In Liège – Bastogne – Liège he attacked with Salvarani 's Felice Gimondi , catching an early break . They worked together for 25 km ( 15 @.@ 5 mi ) , until Gimondi gave up . Simpson rode alone before slipping on oil mixed with water ; he stayed with the front group , finishing tenth .
On 29 May , Simpson rode in the London – Holyhead race , the longest unpaced one @-@ day race , with a distance of 265 mi ( 426 km ) ; he won in a bunch sprint , setting a record of ten hours and twenty @-@ nine minutes . He followed with an appearance at Bordeaux – Paris . François Mahé ( Pelforth @-@ Sauvage @-@ Lejeune ) went on a lone break , Simpson attacked in pursuit , followed by Jean Stablinski . Simpson 's derny broke down , and he was delayed changing motorbikes . He caught Stablinski , and was joined by Anquetil . Outside Paris Mahé was caught and dropped , after 200 km ( 124 mi ) on his own . Anquetil won the race by fifty @-@ seven seconds ahead of Stablinski , who beat Simpson in a sprint . Peugeot manager Gaston Plaud ordered Simpson to ride the Midi Libre stage race to earn a place in the Tour de France , and he finished third overall . The 1965 Tour was considered open due to Anquetil 's absence , and Simpson was among the riders favoured by L 'Équipe . During stage nine he injured his hand crashing on the descent of the Col d 'Aubisque in the Pyrenees , finishing tenth in the stage and seventh in general classification . Simpson developed bronchitis after stage fifteen and cracked on the next stage , losing nearly nineteen minutes . His hand became infected , but he rode the next three stages before the Tour doctor stopped him from racing . He was taken to hospital , where they operated on his hand and treated him for blood poisoning , bronchitis and a kidney infection .
After ten days off his bike , Simpson was only contracted to three post @-@ Tour criteriums . His training for the road world championships included kermesse circuit races in Flanders . Simpson 's last race before the world championships was the Paris – Luxembourg stage race , riding as a super @-@ domestique ( lieutenant ) . On 5 September , Simpson rode in the road race at the world championships in San Sebastián , Spain . The race was a 267 @.@ 4 km ( 166 mi ) hilly circuit of fourteen laps . The British team had no support ; Simpson and his friend Albert Beurick obtained food and drink by stealing from other teams . During the first lap , a strong break was begun by British rider Barry Hoban . As his lead stretched to one minute , Simpson and teammates Vin Denson and Alan Ramsbottom bridged the gap , followed by Germany 's Rudi Altig . Hoban kept the pace high enough to prevent any of the favourites from joining . Simpson and Altig broke clear with two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half laps remaining , staying together until the final kilometre , when Simpson launched his sprint ; he held off Altig for victory by three bike lengths , becoming the first British world road race champion .
On 16 October , Simpson rode in the Giro di Lombardia , which featured five mountain passes . He escaped with Motta , and dropped him before the finish in Como to win his third " monument " classic over three minutes ahead of the rest . Simpson was the second world champion to win in Italy ; the first was Alfredo Binda in 1927 . Simpson was offered lucrative contracts by teams , including Flandria – Faema – Clément who were prepared to pay him the year 's salary in advance . He could not escape his contract with Peugeot , which ran until the end of the 1967 season . For the next three weeks he rode contract races , riding an estimated 12 @,@ 000 mi ( 19 @,@ 000 km ) . He rode 18 races , with each earning him £ 300 – £ 350 .
Simpson ended the year second to Anquetil in the Super Prestige Pernod International , and won the Daily Express Sportsman of the Year , the Sports Journalists ' Association Sportsman of the Year , presented by the Prime Minister Harold Wilson , and the BBC Sports Personality of the Year . In British cycling Simpson won the British Cycling Federation Personality of the Year and the Bidlake Memorial Prize . He was given the freedom of Sint @-@ Amandsberg ; his family , including his parents , were driven in an open @-@ top car along the crowd @-@ lined route from the Café Den Engel to the Town Hall .
= = = 1966 : An injury @-@ ridden season = = =
As in the previous winter , Simpson went on a skiing holiday . On 25 January he fell , breaking his right tibia , and his leg was in a plaster cast until the end of February . He missed contract races , crucial training and most of the spring classics . Simpson began riding again in March , and in late April started , but did not finish , Liège – Bastogne – Liège .
Simpson 's injury did not stop the press from naming him a favourite for the Tour de France . He was subdued in the race until stage twelve , when he forced a breakaway with Altig ( Molteni ) , finishing second . Simpson again finished second in the next stage , jumping clear of the peloton in a three @-@ rider group in the final kilometres . After the stage he was eighteenth overall , over seven minutes down . Simpson moved up to 16th after finishing 5th in stage 14b – a short time trial . As the race reached the Alps , he decided to make his move . During stage sixteen he attacked on the descent of the first of three cols , the Croix de Fer . He crashed but continued , attacking again . Simpson was joined by Ford France @-@ Hutchinson 's Julio Jiménez on the climb of the Télégraphe to the Galibier . Simpson was caught by a chase group descending the Galibier before he crashed again , knocked off his bike by a press motorcycle . The crash required five stitches in his arm . The next day he struggled to hold the handlebars and could not use the brake lever with his injured arm , forcing him to abandon . His answer to journalists asking about his future was , " I don 't know . I 'm heartbroken . My season is ruined . "
After recovering from his injury Simpson rode 40 criteriums in 40 days , capitalising on his world championship and his attacks in the Tour . He retired from the road world championships at the Nürburgring with cramp . His road season ended with retirements from autumn classics Paris – Tours and the Giro di Lombardia . He rode six @-@ day races , finishing fourteenth in the winter rankings . The misfortune he endured during the season made him the first rider named as a victim of the " curse of the rainbow jersey " . For the winter Simpson took his family to the island of Corsica , planning the build of his retirement home .
= = = 1967 : Paris – Nice and Vuelta stages = = =
Simpson 's primary objective for 1967 was overall victory in the Tour de France ; in preparation , he planned to ride stage races instead of one @-@ day classics . Simpson felt his chances were good because this Tour was contested by national , rather than professional teams . He would lead the British team , which – although one of the weakest – would support him totally , unlike Peugeot . During Simpson 's previous three years with Peugeot , he was only guaranteed a place on their Tour team if he signed with them for the following year . Free to join a new team for the 1968 season , he was offered at least ten contracts ; Simpson had a verbal agreement with Italian team Salvarani , and would share its leadership with Felice Gimondi . In an interview with Cycling ( now Cycling Weekly ) journalist , Ken Evans , in April , Simpson revealed his intention to attempt the hour record in the 1967 season . He also said he wanted retire from road racing aged 33 , to ride on the track and spend more time with his family .
In March he rode in the Paris – Nice . After stage two his teammate , Eddy Merckx , took the overall lead . Simpson moved into the lead the next day as part of a breakaway , missed by Merckx , which finished nearly twenty minutes ahead . Merckx thought Simpson double @-@ crossed him , but Simpson was a passive member of the break . At the start of stage six , Simpson was in second place behind Bic 's Rolf Wolfshohl . Merckx drew clear as the race approached Mont Faron , with Simpson following . They stayed together until the finish in Hyères , with Simpson allowing Merckx to take first place . Simpson finished over a minute ahead of Wolfshohl , putting him in the race leader 's white jersey . He held the lead in the next two stages to win the race . Three days later Simpson and Merckx both raced in Milan – San Remo . Simpson escaped early in a five @-@ rider breakaway lasting about 220 km ( 137 mi ) , before Merckx won in a bunch sprint with assistance from Simpson , who finished in seventieth placed . After 110 mi ( 177 km ) of Paris – Roubaix , Simpson 's bike was unridable and he retired from the race .
In late April Simpson rode in his first Vuelta a España , using the eighteen @-@ stage race to prepare for the Tour . During stage two a breakaway group gained over thirteen minutes , dashing his hopes for a high placing . Simpson nearly quit the race before the fifth stage , from Salamanca to Madrid , but rode it because it was easier to get home by air from Madrid . He won the stage , attacking from a breakaway , and finished second in stage seven . On the eleventh stage , concluding in Andorra , Simpson rode away from the peloton on his own . With 30 km ( 18 @.@ 6 mi ) remaining , he began to lose control of his bike and was halted by Peugeot manager Gaston Plaud until he had recovered , by which time the race had passed . In an interview with L 'Équipe 's Philippe Brunel in February 2000 , Tour de France physician Pierre Dumas revealed that Simpson told him that he was taken to hospital during the Vuelta . Simpson won stage sixteen , which ended in San Sebastián , and finished the Vuelta thirty @-@ third overall .
Simpson was determined to make an impact in the Tour de France ; in his eighth year as a professional cyclist , he hoped for larger appearance fees in post @-@ Tour criteriums to help secure his financial future after retirement . His plan was to finish in the top three , or to wear the yellow jersey at some point in the race . He targeted three key stages , one of which was the thirteenth , over Mont Ventoux , and planned to ride conservatively until the race reached the mountains . In the prologue , Simpson finished thirteenth . After the first week he was in sixth place overall , leading the favourites . As the race crossed the Alps , Simpson fell ill , across the Col du Galibier , with diarrhoea and stomach pains . Unable to eat , he finished stage ten in 16th place and dropped to seventh overall as his rivals passed him . Teammate Vin Denson advised Simpson to limit his losses and accept what he had . He placed in 39th position on stage 11 and 7th on 12 . In Marseille , on the evening before stage thirteen , Simpson 's manager , Daniel Dousset , pressured him for good results . Plaud begged Simpson to quit the race .
= = Death = =
The thirteenth stage ( 13 July ) of the 1967 Tour de France measured 211 @.@ 5 km ( 131 @.@ 4 mi ) ; it started in Marseille , crossing Mont Ventoux ( the " Giant of Provence " ) before finishing in Carpentras . At dawn Tour doctor , Pierre Dumas , met journalist , Pierre Chany , near his hotel . Dumas noted the warm temperature , " If the boys stick their nose in a ' topette ' [ bag of drugs ] today , we could have a death on our hands " . At the start line , a journalist noticed Simpson looked tired and asked him if the heat was the problem . Simpson replied , " No , it 's not the heat , it 's the Tour . " The temperature reportedly reached as high as 54 ° C ( 129 ° F ) during the stage .
As the race reached the lower slopes of Ventoux , Simpson 's team mechanic Harry Hall , witnessed Simpson , still ill , putting the lid back on his water bottle as he exited a building . Race commissaire ( official ) , Jacques Lohmuller , later confirmed to Hall that he also saw the incident and that Simpson was putting brandy in his bottle . Near the summit of Ventoux , the peloton began to fracture . Simpson was in the front group before slipping back to a group of chasers about a minute behind . He then began losing control of his bike , zig @-@ zagging across the road . A kilometre from the summit , Simpson fell off his bike . Team manager Alec Taylor and Hall arrived in the team car to help him . Hall tried to persuade Simpson to stop , saying : " Come on Tom , that 's it , that 's your Tour finished " , but Simpson said he wanted to continue . Taylor said , " If Tom wants to go on , he goes " . Noticing his toe straps were still undone , Simpson said , " Me straps , Harry , me straps ! " They got him on his bike and pushed him off . Simpson 's last words , as remembered by Hall , were " On , on , on . " Hall estimated Simpson rode a further 500 yd ( 457 m ) before he began to wobble , and was held upright by spectators ; he was unconscious , with his hands locked on the handlebars . Hall and a nurse from the Tour 's medical team took turns giving Simpson mouth @-@ to @-@ mouth resuscitation , before Dumas arrived with an oxygen mask . Approximately forty minutes after his collapse , a police helicopter took Simpson to nearby Avignon hospital , where he was pronounced dead at 5 : 40 p.m. Two empty tubes and a half @-@ full one of amphetamines , one of which was labelled " Tonedron " , were found in the rear pocket of his jersey . The official cause of death was " heart failure caused by exhaustion . "
On the next racing day , the other riders were reluctant to continue racing and asked the organisers for a postponement . France 's Stablinski suggested that the race continue , with a British rider , whose team would wear black armbands , allowed to win the stage . Hoban won the stage , although many thought the stage winner should have been Denson , Simpson 's close friend . Media reports suggested that his death was caused by heat exhaustion , until , on 31 July 1967 British journalist J. L. Manning of the Daily Mail broke the news about a formal connection between drugs and Simpson 's death . French authorities confirmed that Simpson had traces of amphetamine in his body , impairing his judgement and allowing him to push himself beyond his limits . His death contributed to the introduction of mandatory testing for performance @-@ enhancing drugs in cycling , leading to tests in 1968 at the Giro d 'Italia , Tour de France and Summer Olympics . Simpson was buried in Harworth Cemetery , after a service at the 12th @-@ century village church attended by an estimated 5 @,@ 000 mourners , including Peugeot teammate Eddy Merckx , the only continental rider in attendance . The epitaph on Simpson 's gravestone in Harworth cemetery reads , " His body ached , his legs grew tired , but still he would not give in " , taken from a card left by his brother , Harry , following his death .
= = Doping = =
Unlike the majority of his contemporaries , Simpson was open about the use of drugs in professional cycling . In 1960 , interviewed by Chris Brasher for The Observer newspaper , Simpson spoke about his understanding of how riders could beat him , saying : " I know from the way they ride the next day they are taking dope . I don 't want to have to take it – I have too much respect for my body . " Two years before his death , Simpson hinted in the newspaper , The People , at drug @-@ taking in races , although he implied that he himself was not involved . Asked about drugs by Eamonn Andrews on the BBC Home Service radio network , Simpson did not deny taking them ; however , he said that a rider who frequently took drugs might get to the top but would not stay there .
In his biography of Simpson , Put Me Back on My Bike , William Fotheringham quoted Alan Ramsbottom as saying , " Tom went on the [ 1967 ] Tour de France with one suitcase for his kit and another with his stuff , drugs and recovery things " , which Fotheringham said was confirmed by Simpson 's roommate Colin Lewis . Ramsbottom added , " Tom took a lot of chances . He took a lot of it [ drugs ] . I remember him taking a course of strychnine to build up to some big event . He showed me the box , and had to take one every few days . " although he implied that other competitors were involved . Lewis recalled Simpson acquiring a small box at their hotel . Simpson explained to him : " That 's my year 's supply of Micky Finns ' . That lot cost me £ 800 . "
Commentator and Simpson 's close friend David Saunders stated in his 1971 book , Cycling in the Sixties , that although he did not condone Simpson 's use of drugs , he thought it was not the reason for his death . He said : " I am quite convinced that Simpson killed himself because he just did not know when to stop . All his racing life he had punished his frail body , pushing it to the limits of endurance with his tremendous will @-@ power and single @-@ mindedness and , on Mont Ventoux , he pushed it too far , perhaps the drug easing the pain of it all . " Saunders went on to say that Simpson was not alone in the taking of drugs in professional cycling and that the authorities ignored their use . His opinion was that Simpson did not take drugs to gain an unfair advantage , but because " he was not going to be beaten by a pill " .
= = Riding style and legacy = =
Simpson in his adolescence was described as fearsome in descent by fellow Scala Wheelers club member George Shaw , who explained that if Simpson dropped behind on a climb , he would come back on the descent . Simpson 's risk @-@ taking on descents was evident throughout his career , crashing in four out of the seven Tour de Frances he competed in . Track rider Norman Sheil recalled : " When racing on a banked velodrome , Simpson would sometimes ride up the advertising boards at the top of the bankings , Wall of Death @-@ style , to please the crowds . " Simpson 's death was attributed to his unwillingness to admit defeat ascending Mont Ventoux . He described a near @-@ death experience during a race in 1964 , the Trofeo Baracchi two @-@ man time trial , to Vin Denson , who recalled : " He said he felt peace of mind and wasn 't afraid to die . He said he would have been happy dying . "
Simpson looked for any advantage over his opponents . He made his own saddle , a design which is now standard . During his time with Peugeot , he rode bikes made by Italian manufacturer Masi that resembled Peugeots . Simpson was obsessed with dieting since 1956 , when he was mentored by Cyril Cartwright . Simpson understood the value of fruit and vegetables after reading Les Cures de jus by nutritionist Raymond Dextreit ; during the winter , he would consume 10 lb ( 4 @.@ 5 kg ) of carrots a day . Other unusual food preferences included pigeons , duck and trout skin , raspberry leaves and garlic in large quantities .
A granite memorial to Simpson , with the words " Olympic medallist , world champion , British sporting ambassador " , stands on the spot where he collapsed and died on Ventoux , one kilometre east of the summit . Cycling began a fund for a monument a week after Simpson 's death , raising about £ 1 @,@ 500 . The memorial was unveiled in 1968 . It has become a site of pilgrimage for cyclists , who frequently leave cycling @-@ related objects , such as water bottles and caps , in tribute . In nearby Bédoin , a plaque was installed in the town square by journalists following the 1967 Tour . The Harworth and Bircotes Sports and Social Club has a small museum dedicated to Simpson , opened by Belgian cyclist Lucien Van Impe in August 2001 . In 1997 , to commemorate the 30th anniversary of his death , a small plaque was added to the Mont Ventoux memorial , with the words " There is no mountain too high . Your daughters Jane and Joanne , July 13 , 1997 " , and a replica of the memorial was erected outside the museum . In his adopted hometown of Ghent , there is a bust of Simpson at the entrance to the Kuipke velodrome . Every year since his death , the Tom Simpson Memorial Race has taken place in Harworth .
Ray Pascoe , a fan , made the 1995 film Something To Aim At , a project he began in the years following Simpson 's death ; the film includes interviews with those closest to Simpson . The 2005 documentary Wheels Within Wheels follows actor Simon Dutton as he searches for people and places in Simpson 's life . Dutton 's four @-@ year project chronicles the midlife crisis that sparked his quest to rediscover Simpson . British rider David Millar won stage twelve of the 2012 Tour de France on the 45th anniversary of Simpson 's death ; previously banned from cycling for using performance @-@ enhancing drugs , he paid tribute to Simpson and reinforced the importance of learning from his – and Simpson 's – mistakes . Millar wrote the introduction for a reissue of Simpson 's autobiography , Cycling is My Life , published in 2009 . In 2010 Simpson was inducted into the British Cycling Hall of Fame . He inspired Simpson Magazine , which began in March 2013 . According to the magazine 's creators , “ It was Simpson 's spirit and style , his legendary tenacity and his ability to suffer that endeared him to cycling fans everywhere as much as the trophies he won ” .
= = Family and interests = =
Soon after moving to France in 1959 Simpson met Helen Sherburn . They married in 1961 , before moving to Ghent , Belgium , the following year . They had two daughters , Jane ( born April 1962 ) and Joanne ( born May 1963 ) , who were brought up , and live , in Belgium . After his death , Helen Simpson married Barry Hoban in December 1969 . Simpson is the maternal uncle of retired Belgian @-@ Australian cyclist Matthew Gilmore , whose father , Graeme , was also a cyclist . The 2000 book Mr. Tom : The True Story of Tom Simpson , written by Simpson 's nephew , Chris Sidwells , focuses on his career and family life .
Simpson spoke fluent French , also competent Flemish and Italian . He was interested in vintage cars , and his driving and riding styles were similar ; Helen remembered , " Driving through the West End of London at 60 mph ( 97 km / h ) , was nothing . " In January 1966 , Simpson was a guest " castaway " on BBC Radio 4 's Desert Island Discs ; his favourite musical piece was " Ari 's Theme " from Exodus by the London Festival Orchestra , his book choice was The Pickwick Papers and his luxury item was golf equipment . Helen said that she chose his records for the show , since he was not interested in music . Simpson 's autobiography , Cycling Is My Life , was first published in 1966 .
= = Career achievements = =
= = = Major results = = =
Source :
= = = Grand Tour general classification results timeline = = =
Source :
= = = Monuments results timeline = = =
Source :
= = = Awards and honours = = =
British Cycling Federation Personality of the Year : 1962 , 1965
BBC Sports Personality of the Year : 1965
Bidlake Memorial Prize : 1965
Daily Express Sportsman of the Year : 1965
Freedom of Sint @-@ Amandsberg : 1965
Sports Journalists ' Association Sportsman of the Year : 1965
British Cycling Hall of Fame : 2010
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= Controversies surrounding Grand Theft Auto IV =
Grand Theft Auto IV is an open world , action @-@ adventure video game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games . Upon its release on 29 April 2008 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 , Grand Theft Auto IV generated controversy . The game 's depiction of violence received mass commentary from journalists and government officials , occasionally being referred to as a " murder simulator " . The ability to drive under the influence of alcohol in the game also received criticism , resulting in a request for the ESRB to change the game 's rating . Similarly , some gameplay features were censored for the Australian and New Zealand versions of the game , though these censors were subsequently removed . Several crimes that were committed following the game 's release , such as murder and sexual violence , were attributed to the perpetrators ' experience with the game , generating further controversy . Former attorney Jack Thompson , known for his campaigns against the series , heavily criticised Grand Theft Auto IV prior to its release , filing lawsuits against parent company Take @-@ Two Interactive , and threatening to ban distribution of the game if some gameplay features were not removed . The game also generated further controversy and lawsuits from city officials and organisations .
= = Gameplay features = =
= = = Depiction of violence = = =
Grand Theft Auto IV has been widely criticised for its depiction of violence and murder . On his program , conservative American talk @-@ radio host Glenn Beck used Grand Theft Auto IV as an example to make wider claims about the use of violent video games by the US military , repeating claims made by Lt. Col. Dave Grossman that the military uses shooting games to desensitise soldiers to killing . Beck also spoke to Jack Thompson , who labelled the game as a " murder simulator " . Gavin McKiernan , national grass roots director for the Parents Television Council , added that the game is an " adult product " , claiming that research displays the potential effect violent media has on children . Thompson reiterated that the game should be re @-@ rated in the United States , referring to the Australian release as an example .
There have been a number of reported crimes in which the perpetrators cited Grand Theft Auto IV as their primary influence . On 27 June 2008 , six teenagers were arrested after participating in a crime spree in New Hyde Park , New York . The teenagers mugged a man , knocking his teeth out , attempted to hijack a car , and smashed a passing van with a bat . According to the Nassau County Police , the teenagers claimed that they were inspired by Grand Theft Auto IV . On 4 August 2008 , BBC Newsbeat reported that an 18 @-@ year @-@ old student had been arrested in Bangkok , Thailand for the murder of a taxi driver after attempting to hijack the vehicle . Bangkok police captain Veerarit Pipatanasak stated that the student " wanted to find out if it was as easy in real life to rob a taxi as it was in the game " . Grand Theft Auto IV was subsequently banned in Thailand as a result . On 24 August 2013 , Sky News reported that a 90 @-@ year @-@ old woman was killed in Slaughter , Louisiana when an eight @-@ year @-@ old boy grabbed a handgun and shot her in the head after playing Grand Theft Auto IV .
= = = Drunk driving option = = =
Grand Theft Auto IV lets players become intoxicated , resulting in a shaky and blurry gameplay vision . Players also have the option to enter cars while intoxicated , and to drive under the influence of alcohol . This gameplay feature received criticism , particularly from the nonprofit organisation Mothers Against Drunk Driving ( MADD ) . MADD referred to the action as a " choice , a violent crime " , and that it is " 100 percent preventable " . As a result , MADD requested for the Entertainment Software Rating Board to change the rating of the game from Mature ( 17 + ) to Adults Only ( 18 + ) , effectively removing the game from retail stock . They also asked Take @-@ Two Interactive and Rockstar Games to consider halting the game 's distribution out of a sense of social responsibility , or out of respect for victims of driving under the influence . Rockstar later issued a statement to the Associated Press :
We have a great deal of respect for MADD 's mission , but we believe the mature audience for Grand Theft Auto IV is more than sophisticated enough to understand the game 's content .
= = = Sexual and nudity allegations = = =
On 16 June 2008 , British newspaper The Sun reported the presence of an in @-@ game Internet resource titled Little Lacy Surprise Pageant — a reference to the fake commercials featured in Grand Theft Auto : Vice City Stories ( 2006 ) . The in @-@ game resource warns that anyone caught viewing the website will be investigated , followed by a statement similar to the quote found at Grokster.com which results in the player being pursued by the in @-@ game FIB and SWAT ( NOOSE ) teams . In November 2008 , 19 @-@ year @-@ old Ryan Chinnery was jailed for performing two sex attacks on women at night . During the court hearings , it was told that Chinnery had spent considerable hours playing Grand Theft Auto IV . The judge said that Chinnery 's experience with the game " cannot have helped him in all the circumstances of this case " .
Grand Theft Auto : The Lost and Damned , the first episodic expansion to Grand Theft Auto IV , features a cutscene displaying full @-@ frontal male nudity . As a result , parents group Common Sense Media condemned the expansion , issuing a public warning against the nudity . The organisation claimed that the inclusion of nudity resulted in the game 's status as " more controversial than its predecessors " . Rockstar vice president Dan Houser stated that the game 's depiction of sexual content is intended as humorous , hoping that " the fans " recognise the humour .
= = = Censored release = = =
Despite confirmation in February 2008 that the Australian version of Grand Theft Auto IV would not be edited , Rockstar later revealed that some features would be censored . The game was assigned an MA15 + rating on 11 December 2007 . Rockstar stated that a special version of the game was produced to comply with the Australian classification system . Features censored in the Australian versions include : the inability to select a " service " when hiring a prostitute , and the restriction of animation and camera angles ; the lack of blood pools and bloody footprints ; the replacement of bullet wounds and blood patches with " slight discolouration " . For the game 's PC release , the uncensored version of the game was awarded MA15 + in Australia . Following the release of The Lost and Damned , Rockstar distributed a patch which uncensored the Australian release for consoles .
On 15 April 2008 , it was announced that the New Zealand release of the game would be identical to the censored Australian release , with Take @-@ Two Interactive attributing " time scales and logistical reasons " . Bill Hastings , Chief Censor for the New Zealand Office of Film and Literature Classification ( OFLC ) , stated that Rockstar " did not tell [ the OFLC ] which version of the game they submitted " , and that " the version [ Rockstar ] submitted for classification was the version they intended to market in New Zealand " . However , the game was resubmitted to the OFLC by Stan Calif , a 21 @-@ year @-@ old student who was unhappy that New Zealand received an edited version of the game as a result of Australian censorship laws . The unedited version was subsequently given an R18 rating and cleared for sale in New Zealand .
= = Political response = =
In 2007 , then Florida lawyer Jack Thompson , who had previously campaigned against other games from Rockstar , stated that he would take measures to prevent the sale of Grand Theft Auto IV to minors . On 14 March 2007 , Rockstar 's parent company Take @-@ Two Interactive filed a lawsuit against Thompson in an attempt to preemptively restrict him from his attempts to declare Rockstar 's games as a nuisance . Games declared to be a nuisance are effectively banned for sale , which Take @-@ Two believed would be a violation of First Amendment rights . Thompson responded by filing a countersuit , accusing Take @-@ Two of violating federal RICO statues , committing perjury , obstruction of justice , and conspiring against him with third parties to deprive him of his civil rights .
Both parties reached a settlement on 20 April 2007 , agreeing to drop their respective lawsuits . Under the terms of the settlement , Thompson has been barred from suing to ban the sale or distribution of games by Take @-@ Two or its subsidiaries . He is restricted to communicating through Take @-@ Two 's attorneys on any future matter , but is able to maintain his outspoken stance against their titles and may act as counsel in lawsuits against Take @-@ Two by other parties . For their part , Take @-@ Two agreed to drop the contempt of court lawsuit against Thompson regarding alleged improper conduct during the court hearings for Rockstar 's game Bully in 2006 .
Thompson filed a document with a federal court in Florida on 18 September 2007 , claiming that the assassination target of a mission in Grand Theft Auto IV is a lawyer character based upon himself . When the player enters his office and brandishes a weapon , the lawyer yells " Guns don 't kill people , video games do ! " , a phrase often attributed to Thompson . Thompson threatened that he will " take necessary and proper means to stop release of the game " if the similarities were not removed ; the similarities were not removed , and Thompson did not follow through . On 25 April 2008 , Metro reported that Thompson had written a letter to the mother of Strauss Zelnick , director of Take @-@ Two Interactive . In the letter , which strongly criticised both the game and Zelnick 's upbringing , Thompson labelled Grand Theft Auto as a " murder simulator " . He follows :
The pornography and violence that your son trafficks [ sic ] in is the kind of stuff that most mother would be ashamed to see their son putting into the hands of other mothers ' children ... Maybe you , Mrs. Zelnick , were so taken by your handsome son that you spared the rod and spoiled the child . That would explain why he has brought you , by the way he presently acts , " to shame . " ... Happy Mother 's day , Mrs. Zelnick , which this year is ... two weeks after your son unleashes porn and violence upon other mothers ' boys . I 'm sure you 're very proud .
Thompson subsequently claimed that he sent the letter to Zelnick 's lawyer , as opposed to his mother , formulated as a parody intended to induce feelings of " shame " in Zelnick .
Following the release of the game 's first trailer , New York City officials were appalled with the choice of their city as the inspiration for the setting of the game , stating that a game like Grand Theft Auto does not represent the city 's crime levels accurately . A spokesperson for Mayor Michael Bloomberg said that Bloomberg " does not support any video game where you earn points for injuring or kill police officers " . Although points are not awarded in the game and the murder of police officers is discouraged to the player , the game often suggests to players that police officers must be killed in order to advance in the game 's main story without difficulty . As a response , Jason Della Rocca , executive director of the International Game Developers Association , accused New York City officials of double standards , for criticising video games of using the city , but avoiding the argument in terms of other forms of entertainment , such as books , films and television shows .
= = Legal action = =
Take @-@ Two Interactive filed a lawsuit in response to the Chicago Transit Authority ( CTA ) removing advertisements promoting the game from their property , which violates a contract that requires the advertisements to remain until June 2008 . In response , a representative from the CTA attributed the removal of the advertisements to the controversy surrounding the advertisement campaign for Grand Theft Auto : San Andreas in 2004 .
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= Evansville Tornado of November 2005 =
The Evansville Tornado of November 2005 was an F3 tornado that formed early in the morning of November 6 , 2005 , outside of Evansville , Indiana , USA . It was the first of several tornado events that November . The tornado resulted in 25 confirmed fatalities across the region , making it the deadliest and most destructive November tornado in Indiana 's history . The Evansville tornado was part of a small outbreak that produced 8 tornadoes .
= = Meteorological analysis = =
The system formed on a cold front that tracked across the Midwest and stretched from the northern Great Lakes to Tennessee . The front was enhanced by a strong jet stream and warm , humid air ahead of it , allowing thunderstorms to develop . A severe thunderstorm watch was issued for the region just west of Evansville as the main threat appeared to be straight @-@ line winds . The system had formed into a squall line but at about 1 : 30 am CST ( 0730 UTC ) , the squall line broke up in the Ohio Valley area , as the low level jet intensified , allowing embedded tornadoes to form rapidly out of newly formed supercells . They were fairly isolated ( only seven were confirmed across the entire region over a 24 @-@ hour period ) but three significant tornadoes formed from two simultaneous supercells in southern Indiana and western Kentucky — one of them was the deadly Evansville tornado .
= = Confirmed tornadoes = =
= = = November 5 event = = =
= = = November 6 event = = =
= = Evansville area tornado = =
On Sunday , November 6 , 2005 at around 1 : 50 am CST ( 0750 UTC ) , an F3 tornado touched down 2 miles ( 3 km ) north @-@ northwest of Smith Mills in Henderson County , Kentucky . The tornado moved northeast , snapping numerous trees , destroying a farmhouse , and throwing a pickup truck into a field . The tornado then crossed the Ohio River and moved across a rural peninsula of Vanderburgh County , Indiana . Few structures were impacted in this rural area , though a two @-@ story house built in 1875 sustained major roof damage , and tree branches were embedded into the walls of the house . One farm equipment shed was demolished , and another sustained major damage . A 10 @,@ 000 @-@ pound truck was flipped over , and heavy farm equipment was moved several feet . Aerial surveys revealed distinct spiral @-@ shaped scour marks in farm fields in this area . The tornado crossed the river again back into Kentucky , causing extensive tree damage on both sides of the river . Almost immediately after crossing the river , the tornado slammed into the Ellis Park horse racing facility . There was extensive damage to grandstands and housing facilities for jockeys . A few race horses were killed there .
The tornado crossed the Ohio River a third time back into Indiana and across the southern fringes of Evansville . Here , the tornado ripped directly through the Eastbrook Mobile Home Park , obliterating numerous mobile homes and killing 20 people . Of about 350 mobile homes in the park , 100 were destroyed and another 125 were damaged . The coroner reported that most of the victims were probably killed instantly , many by spine and skull fractures . Several bodies were carried almost two hundred yards . The tornado then crossed into Warrick County , Indiana at the Angel Mounds State Historic Site . Several permanent homes were destroyed in this area , along with many others on the north side of Newburgh . Past Newburgh , the tornado reached its peak intensity ( high @-@ end F3 ) as it tore through an industrial park near Paradise . Further northeast , the tornado passed just south of Boonville and caused a fatality in a mobile home . The tornado then tore directly through the small community of DeGonia Springs , tossing vehicles and destroying homes . Some of the homes in the community were leveled , and three people were killed in a mobile home in this area . The tornado began to rapidly weaken as it passed just south of Tennyson , and then dissipated as it crossed into Spencer County , Indiana . Overall , the tornado damaged or destroyed 500 buildings , killed 25 people , and injured 230 others .
Tornado warnings were in effect at the time and issued on average about 30 minutes before the tornado hit , but few people were alerted as many were asleep as the tornado hit in the overnight hours . The local NOAA Weather Radio transmitter was experiencing technical difficulties at the time , causing some weather radios to not sound an alarm . Damages were estimated at around $ 85 million .
= = Aftermath = =
The community 's response to the tornado garnered national praise . Brad Gair , a coordinating officer for the Federal Emergency Management Agency ( FEMA ) noted , " I don 't think I 've ever seen a community of people come out so quickly to help each other . All communities come together after a disaster , but this one is exceptional . " A local telethon helped raise the funds . " Just having a telethon that quickly was amazing , " said Gair , " Then to raise that kind of money ... That 's unusual . "
On August 12 , 2006 a granite monument memorial was built at Eastbrook Mobile Home Park , along with a new playground dedicated to the children lost in the tornado . It was part of a campaign launched by two parents that lost children in the tornado . In addition , Rep. Phil Hoy introduced a bill called " CJ 's law " which mandates that manufacturers of mobile homes install an operating weather radio with a separate power outlet in order to alert residents . It was named after victim C.J. Martin , who was two years old . Vanderburgh County also passed legislation toughening safety standards for their 3 @,@ 100 mobile homes , requiring them to be more securely anchored with additional straps and braces , to try to prevent another tornado disaster .
Ellis Park was rebuilt and reopened on June 1 , 2006 , for training . The first races at the rebuilt facility were held on July 19 , 2006 .
Local television station WEHT began a campaign after the tornado to provide weather radios to tornado victims for free , and to all for a discounted price . Even WEHT 's competitors have now posted how to program a weather radio on their websites . This program has since spread to many different areas of the country .
" Habitat for Humanity " Evansville Chapter launched construction of " Operation Home Again , " the New Haven Subdivision , which are new homes dedicated to the survivors of the tornado at Green River Road and Fickas Road . The subdivision has 55 homes and playground / park . There are four streets in the subdivision – Inspiration Street , Healing Street , Promise Street , and Belief Street .
= = Fatalities = =
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= Battle of Yongdong =
The Battle of Yongdong was an engagement between United States and North Korean forces early in the Korean War . It occurred on July 22 – 25 , 1950 , in the village of Yongdong in southern South Korea . The newly arrived US Army 's 1st Cavalry Division was ordered there to cover the retreat of the US 24th Infantry Division after the Battle of Taejon . The 1st Cavalry Division soldiers , however , were untried in combat , and the North Korean People 's Army 's 3rd Division ( NK 3rd Division ) was able to outmaneuver them and force them back .
Though the Americans lost the town , their artillery inflicted substantial casualties on the North Koreans and delayed them for several crucial days , allowing the United Nations Command time to set up the Pusan Perimeter .
= = Background = =
= = = Outbreak of war = = =
Following the invasion of the Republic of Korea ( South Korea ) by its neighbor , the Democratic People 's Republic of Korea ( North Korea ) , the United Nations committed troops to the conflict in support of South Korea . The United States sent ground forces to the Korean peninsula with the goal of fighting back the North Korean invasion and preventing South Korea from collapsing . However , US forces in the Far East had been steadily decreasing since the end of World War II in 1945 , and at the time the closest forces were the 24th Infantry Division of the Eighth United States Army , which was headquartered in Japan . The division was understrength , and most of its equipment was antiquated due to reductions in military spending . Regardless , the 24th Infantry Division was ordered into South Korea .
The 24th Infantry Division was the first US unit sent into Korea with the mission to take the initial " shock " of North Korean advances , delaying much larger North Korean units to buy time to allow follow @-@ on forces to arrive . The division 's delaying actions allowed the 7th Infantry Division , 25th Infantry Division , 1st Cavalry Division , and other Eighth Army supporting units to move into position . South Korean forces in the meantime were systematically defeated and forced south along Korea 's east coast , with entire divisions being overrun by the North Koreans ' superior firepower and equipment . Advance elements of the 24th Infantry Division were badly defeated in the Battle of Osan on July 5 , during the first battle between American and North Korean forces . For the first month after the defeat at Osan , 24th Infantry Division soldiers were repeatedly defeated and forced south by the North Korean force 's superior numbers and equipment . The division 's regiments were systematically pushed south in battles around Chochiwon , Chonan , and Pyongtaek . The division made a final stand in the Battle of Taejon and was almost completely destroyed , but delayed North Korean forces from advancing until July 20 . By that time , the Eighth Army 's combat troops were roughly equal to North Korean forces attacking the region at around 70 @,@ 000 for each side , with new UN units arriving every day .
= = = US 1st Cavalry Division arrival = = =
On July 6 , Major General Hobart R. Gay , Commanding General of the 1st Cavalry Division , was ordered by General of the Army Douglas MacArthur to prepare the 1st Cavalry Division to move into Korea . Between July 12 and 14 the division was moved from its garrisons in central Honshu , Japan and loaded onto ships in the Yokohama area . It was then ordered to land on the east coast of Korea at P 'ohang @-@ dong , a fishing town 60 miles ( 97 km ) northeast of Pusan , in order to immediately reinforce the faltering 24th Infantry Division . From P 'ohang @-@ dong the division could moved promptly toward the Taejon area . The command ship USS Mount McKinley and first elements of the division sailed for Korea on July 15 . The 1st Cavalry Division 's transportation was provided by Task Force 90 , commanded by Rear Admiral James H. Doyle . Lead elements of the division 's first regiment , the 8th Cavalry Regiment were ashore by 06 : 10 on July 18 , and the first troops of the division 's US 5th Cavalry Regiment came in at 06 : 30 . Typhoon Helene ( 1950 ) swept over the Korean coast and prevented landing of the third regiment , the 7th Cavalry Regiment and the 82nd Field Artillery Battalion until July 22 . For three days ships could not be unloaded at Pusan and Eighth Army rations dropped to one day 's supply . However , the landings were entirely unopposed by North Korean forces .
The transfer of 750 noncommissioned officers ( NCOs ) from the 1st Cavalry Division to the 24th and 25th Infantry Divisions , a move aimed at strengthening the infantry divisions combat missions in Korea , had weakened the 1st Cavalry Division . It had been stripped of practically every NCO except the first sergeants of companies and batteries in the division . Even though it had received 1 @,@ 450 replacements before it left Japan , 100 of them from the Eighth Army stockade , the division was understrength when it landed in Korea and , like the preceding divisions , it had only two battalions in its three regiments , two firing batteries in the artillery battalions , and one tank company with M24 light tanks .
On July 19 , the 5th Cavalry Regiment started toward Taejon . The next day the 8th Cavalry Regiment followed by railroad and in trucks , and reformed in an assembly area east of Yongdong that evening . Brigadier General Charles D. Palmer , the division artillery commander , took charge of these two forward regiments . On July 22 the 8th Cavalry Regiment relieved the US 21st Infantry Regiment , US 24th Infantry Division from its positions at Yongdong . At that point , the 1st Cavalry Division assumed responsibility for blocking the North Koreans along the main Taejon – Taegu corridor to Pusan . The 24th Division 's troops retreated through the 1st Cavalry Division 's lines as the newly arrived soldiers advanced to their new defensive positions that day .
Protect Yongdong . Remember there are no friendly troops behind you . You must keep your own back door open . You can live without food but you cannot last long without ammunition , and unless the Yongdong – Taegu road is kept open you will soon be without ammunition .
-Lieutenant General Walton Walker 's orders to Gay
Once it was fully assembled in the city , the 1st Cavalry Division was ordered to move north of Yongdong and set up defensive positions . The division moved one battalion of the 8th Cavalry 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) northwest of Yongdong on the south side of the Kum River , and another battalion 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) southwest of Yongdong . The first would cover the approach along the main Taejon – Taegu highway , the second the approach on the Chosan @-@ ni – Muju – Kumsan road . Gay placed the 5th Cavalry Regiment on the high ground east of the town in a blocking position . By July 19 , the division numbered 10 @,@ 027 men in Korea . This move coincided with a reorganization of the ROK Army consolidating their lines and making room for the new division . On July 22 , the 1st Cavalry Division had finished preparing its defensive positions north of Yongdong , as the battered 24th Infantry Division was moved to the Naktong Bulge area along the Naktong River . At the same time , the US 25th Infantry Division moved to Sangju where it was caught in a battle with North Korean forces in that town .
= = Battle = =
= = = Opening moves = = =
The North Koreans quickly advanced after the Battle of Taejon , with four of their divisions attacking south from the city along four different roads . The NK 3rd Division departed the city on July 22 , advancing down the main highway toward Taegu and Yongdong , to where the 1st Cavalry Division was emplaced . The next morning , July 23 , the 1st Battalion , 8th Cavalry Regiment , in front of Yongdong , reported it had destroyed three North Korean T @-@ 34 tanks with 3 @.@ 5 @-@ inch rocket launchers in its first use of that weapon .
On July 23 the 7th and 9th Regiments of the NK 3rd Division began their attack on the Yongdong defensive positions held by the 1st Cavalry Division . They made their first penetration southwest of Yongdong , establishing a roadblock behind the 2nd Battalion , 8th Cavalry , and at the same time other North Korean units heavily engaged the 1st Battalion northwest of Yongdong in frontal attack .
The next day , American M24 tanks attacked the roadblock behind the 2nd Battalion four times in an attempt to break it , but all were unsuccessful , and Lieutenant Colonel Eugene J. Field , the 2nd Battalion commander , was wounded at the roadblock . Palmer sent the 1st Battalion , 5th Cavalry Regiment , and the 16th Reconnaissance Company toward the cut @-@ off battalion . By 12 : 00 , North Korean troops were attacking the 99th and 61st Field Artillery Battalions which were supporting the 2nd Battalion , 8th Cavalry Regiment , indicating that the North Korean infiltration had been extensive by that point .
= = = Fighting on the roads = = =
On the other main approach to Yongdong , a road northwest of the city , heavy machine gun fire and 37 @-@ mm fire from A Battery of the 92nd Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion , and artillery fire from the 77th Field Artillery Battalion helped the 1st Battalion there to repel North Korean attacks . However , the large numbers of civilian refugees crowding the Yongdong area trying to move south helped the North Koreans infiltrate the 1st Cavalry Division positions . Eighth Army tried to control the refugee movement through the Korean National Police , permitting it only during daylight hours and along predetermined routes . The North Koreans continued to move into the city in civilian clothing with concealed weapons , and US troops started shooting any Koreans moving through their lines at night . The chain of command which issued these orders is not clear as they were generally not put on paper . However , these orders are thought to have contributed to war crimes committed against civilians by the 1st Cavalry Division , namely the No Gun Ri massacre which took place around the time of the fighting at Yongdong . In the No Gun Ri inciden , US soldiers are alleged to have killed a number of Korean civilians , thinking them military infiltrators .
By the morning of July 25 North Korean forces had infiltrated the positions of the 1st Cavalry Division so thoroughly that they were disrupting its lines of supply , and Gay ordered the division to withdrawal and re @-@ form its lines further south . Northwest of Yongdong , 1st Battalion executed an orderly withdrawal , covered by the fire of the Heavy Mortar Company and the two batteries of the 77th Field Artillery Battalion . The mortar operators fought as infantry in the withdrawal . During these retreats North Korean troops disguised themselves as refugees and would form roadblocks in the UN troops ' rear areas , or used hidden communications equipment to inform higher commands of UN concentrations so those concentrations could be attacked when they were most vulnerable .
Meanwhile , the North Koreans intensified their attack on the 2nd Battalion on the road southwest of Yongdong . Concentrated artillery support , with the shells falling so close to the 2nd Battalion positions that they wounded four US troops , together with an attack by the 2nd Battalion , briefly opened the North Korean roadblock at 04 : 30 July 25 , and the bulk of the battalion escaped to Yongdong . However , F Company of the 8th Cavalry , the 16th Reconnaissance Company , and the 1st Platoon of A Company , 71st Tank Battalion , at the rear of the column were cut off . Only four of 11 light tanks broke through the North Korean positions . Crews abandoned the other seven tanks and walked over the hills in a two days ' journey as part of a group of 219 men , most of them from F Company . All equipment except individual arms was abandoned by this group . Others groups of US troops escaped in the same manner . The North Koreans had flanked the 1st Cavalry Division in a double envelopment and forced them to withdraw . In the process , the division lost much of its equipment in its quick withdrawal actions .
On this same road , closer to Yongdong , the 2nd Battalion , 5th Cavalry , which was trying to help the cutoff units of the 8th Cavalry , was itself attacked by strong North Korean units . Through some error , the US battalion 's F Company advanced to the wrong hill and stumbled into a concentration of North Korean soldiers . Only 26 men from F Company returned , the rest were killed or captured in the subsequent ambush . Altogether , the 5th Cavalry Regiment suffered 275 casualties on July 25 .
= = = American withdrawal = = =
The NK 3rd Division used essentially the same tactics it employed against the 24th Infantry Division at Taejon that it did against the 1st Cavalry Division at Yongdong . In both fights , the North Koreans opened with a direct frontal attack to hold the US division 's elements in combat , and then the bulk of the North Korean force enveloped the American left flank and established strongly held roadblocks behind the front positions and forced the Americans in them to retreat from the untenable positions . The NK 3rd Division entered Yongdong the night of July 25 . At least one North Korean unit was in the town by 20 : 00 . The North Koreans expected a counterattack and immediately took up defensive positions at the eastern edge of the town . However , the US troops had withdrawn . The 1st Cavalry Division troops set up another delaying action around Hwanggan and hit the North Korean advance a second time in the Battle of Hwanggan several days later .
= = Aftermath = =
North Korean prisoners of war captured by the US troops during the battle reported that the NK 3rd Division suffered about 2 @,@ 000 casualties , mostly from artillery fire , in the attack on Yongdong on July 24 – 25 . This brought it down to a strength of about 5 @,@ 000 men , approximately half the strength it had when the war began . The 1st Cavalry Division 's actions were able to delay the North Korean advance for several days , giving the UN forces valuable time to set up the Pusan Perimeter . The UN losses after this battle and the subsequent fight at Hwanggan cost the 1st Cavalry Division 916 casualties . The defeat was a poor showing for the division , but its record quickly improved with experience and it became a more reliable fighting unit by the time it was placed on Pusan Perimeter .
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= New Jersey Route 79 =
Route 79 is a state highway located in Monmouth County in the U.S. state of New Jersey . It runs 12 @.@ 13 mi ( 19 @.@ 52 km ) from an intersection with U.S. Route 9 ( US 9 ) in Freehold Township north to an intersection with Route 34 and County Route 516 Spur ( CR 516 Spur ) in Matawan . The route is a mostly two @-@ lane undivided road that passes through both suburban residential areas and rural areas . The route intersects Route 33 in Freehold Township , Route 33 Business and CR 537 in Freehold Borough , Route 18 and CR 520 in Marlboro Township , and CR 516 in Matawan .
In 1927 , the current alignment of Route 79 was designated as a part of Route 4 , which was to run from Cape May to the George Washington Bridge , with US 9 additionally being designated along the route by the 1940s . After US 9 and Route 4 were moved to a new routing between Freehold and Cheesequake , the former route became Route 4A , a spur of Route 4 . In 1953 , Route 4A became Route 79 between Freehold and Matawan and an extension of Route 34 between Matawan and Cheesequake .
= = Route description = =
Route 79 begins at an intersection with US 9 in Freehold Township , heading north on South Street , a two @-@ lane divided highway that soon becomes an undivided road . It interchanges with Route 33 and continues through a mix of residential and commercial areas The route enters Freehold Borough , where it crosses Route 33 Business . Route 79 heads into downtown Freehold , where it intersects CR 537 . Here , the route heads northeast on Main Street to run concurrent with County Route 537 for a short distance . It eventually splits from CR 537 by forking to the left to head northeast on Broadway . The route heads past homes , intersecting CR 46 . Route 79 crosses back into Freehold Township , where it continues through suburban residential areas , with intermittent farms and woods . It heads into Marlboro Township , where the name becomes Marlboro Road . The route passes some businesses before it widens into a four @-@ lane divided highway and comes to an interchange with Route 18 .
Past this interchange , Route 79 heads through a mix of homes and businesses , narrowing back into a two @-@ lane undivided road . The name of the road changes to North Main Street at the School Road intersection . The road passes through residential and commercial areas with some farm fields , where it intersects CR 520 . Past this intersection , Route 79 continues north and heads into more suburban areas . The road heads through wooded areas with some development , intersects CR 3 in Morganville , forming a short concurrency with that route that lasts until CR 3 heads northeast on Lloyd Road . Route 79 continues north through wooded neighborhoods and enters Matawan , where it becomes Main Street . It passes through residential areas before the road crosses CR 516 in a commercial area . Route 79 continues a short distance north past this intersection to its northern terminus at Route 34 . At this intersection , unsigned CR 516 Spur continues northeast on Main Street .
= = History = =
What has become Route 79 is an original road for the area . On June 7 , 1701 a patent was granted to John Johnstone for a road from old Oysterbank Landing ( Matawan Creek ) to Wickatunk . This would have roughly followed that Route 79 path . Before 1927 , what is today Route 79 was an unnumbered road . In the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering , the route was legislated as part of Route 4 , which was to run from Cape May to the George Washington Bridge . By the 1940s , US 9 was realigned to follow this portion of road along with Route 4 . Eventually , US 9 and Route 4 were moved to a new alignment between Freehold and Cheesequake , and the former alignment between these two points became Route 4A , a spur of Route 4 . In the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering , Route 4A became Route 79 between Freehold and Matawan and an extension of Route 34 between Matawan and Cheesequake . On December 15 , 2006 , the intersection between US 9 and Route 79 was rebuilt to improve safety and reduce traffic congestion .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route is in Monmouth County .
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= Republic of Loose =
Republic of Loose were an Irish funk rock band from Dublin . Formed in 2001 , the band formerly consisted of lead vocalist Mick Pyro , bass guitarist and vocalist Benjamin Loose , keyboardist Darragh , guitarists and vocalists Dave Pyro and Darach O ' Laoire and drummers and percussionists Andre Lopes . Additional percussion and vocals are provided by Orla La and Emily Rose
With a self @-@ described musical style of " the stuff your dad likes " , the band signed to Big Cat Records in 2003 , recording their debut album This is the Tomb of the Juice which was released in 2004 . They were named " Hope for 2004 " at the 2004 Meteor Awards . In 2005 , the singles " Comeback Girl " and " You Know It " received significant airplay on Irish radio . Republic of Loose 's second album Aaagh ! , released in April 2006 , reached number two in the Irish Albums Chart , achieving platinum sales and a Choice Music Prize nomination in the process . It spawned several more successful singles , including " Break " which achieved notoriety in South Africa where a radio station banned it following complaints regarding its allegedly explicit lyrics . Vol IV : Johnny Pyro and the Dance of Evil , Republic of Loose 's third album , was released in 2008 . That album produced their highest chart performer to date , " The Steady Song " , which peaked at number twelve and stayed in the Irish Singles Chart for thirteen weeks . Bounce at the Devil , the band 's fourth album , was released in 2010 .
Having earned the admiration of several musicians , including members of Snow Patrol and U2 , as well as Sinéad O 'Connor — with whom they recorded , released and performed a duet at the 2008 Meteor Awards — , the band have had their music played on radio stations in Africa , Asia , Europe and North America . The Irish Times placed them at number thirty @-@ seven in a list of " The 50 Best Irish Acts Right Now " published in April 2009 , referring to them as " one of Ireland 's most original bands " led by " the gruff singer with the extraordinary soul voice [ ... ] simultaneously channelling the spirits of James Brown and James Joyce in one fell swoop . " Aside from U2 and Bell X1 , they are the Irish band with the most airplay in their native country . In August 2014 , vocalist Mick Pyro confirmed that the band had split .
= = History = =
= = = Formation = = =
Mick Pyro performed with self @-@ described " rubbish rock bands " for several years before the formation of The Republic of Loose . During this time , he was , according to himself , " depressed out of my brains " and listened to artists such as Manic Street Preachers . Experiencing what he termed " a huge metaphysical overturning of my value system " , Pyro had developed a fascination with musicians such as James Brown and The Rolling Stones , or " the stuff your Dad likes " . This change of musical interest prompted him to create Johnny Pyro , an alter @-@ ego , who , according to Pyro , " disassociated himself from the normal lifestyle of an Irish bourgeois kid " . This alter @-@ ego would later develop into Johnny Pyro And The Rock Coma ( Mik Pyro , Dave Pyro , Coz Noleon , Mark Dennehy and Emmet Cole ) . The band recorded an EP , which featured four of the songs that later appeared on the Republic of Loose 's first album , ' This Is The Tomb Of The Juice . ' Following the departure of guitarist Emmet Cole ( who wrote the song " Black Bread " ) and bassist Mark Dennehey " To Texas and Ringsend , " respectively , Johnny Pyro and Rock Coma split .
About a year later the Republic of Loose was formed . Benjamin Loose studied theology in Trinity College , Dublin before performing in a country band with Mick Pyro . Dave Pyro used to play guitar with Brez and Deco joined them to play keys . The name Republic of Loose was settled upon in 2001 when Dave and Mick , combined with Brez , Deco , Coz Noleon , who had been Mick 's schoolfriend , and Benjamin Loose .
= = = This is the Tomb of the Juice = = =
The band 's break , according to Mick Pyro , came as a result of ten days recording time they won in " some competition or something , some fucking battle of the bands " . In 2003 , Republic of Loose signed to Big Cat Records . The single " Girl I 'm Gonna Fuck You Up " , released in late 2003 , was largely ignored by daytime radio in Ireland , with Mick Pyro commenting in an early Hot Press interview : " We were never going to be the type of band that Larry Gogan or Ian Dempsey would play anyway , regardless of the lyric " . The band 's debut album , This is the Tomb of the Juice , was partially recorded in the ten days studio time they had won in the aforementioned competition . This is the Tomb of the Juice was recorded in 2003 then released in 2004 . 2004 was also the year in which Republic of Loose débuted at Oxegen ( on the New Band Stage ) , a festival at which they have since regularly performed . Singles " Comeback Girl " and " You Know It " were released in July and October 2005 respectively , both achieving significant airplay on Irish radio and entering the top thirty of the Irish Singles Chart . By 2006 the band had toured Ireland , the United Kingdom , where they performed at festivals such as Glastonbury and T in the Park , and France , where they performed at Furia Sound Festival , Nice Jazz Festival and Les Transmusicales . They also performed alongside veteran rock band Lir at Vicar Street in January 2006 .
= = = Aaagh ! = = =
At a cost of € 70 @,@ 000 to make , the band 's second album , Aaagh ! was released in 2006 . Sunday Tribune journalist Una Mullally called it " one of the most original and progressive Irish albums ever made " . Aaagh ! reached number two in the Irish Albums Chart , going platinum in the process , received regular airplay on Irish radio and produced five singles , including " The Idiots " , a song about Mick Pyro 's former girlfriend which also features her on vocals . " Break " , a top ten single in Ireland and top forty single in South Africa , was temporarily banned by South African radio station 5fm when a female DJ declared on air that it promoted anal sex without contraception , a comment which led to several complaints from listeners . The band 's 2006 summer tour included a performance where fans danced outside despite " the lashing rain " at Oxegen 2006 , with the Irish Independent 's Larissa Nolan saying " their scheduling on the main stage was a testament to just how big their army of fans is " , and Castlepalooza . In 2007 , Republic of Loose performed at several festivals in Ireland and the United Kingdom , including Reading and Leeds Festivals , Cois Fharraige and a headline slot at Indie @-@ pendence . Aaagh ! was released in the United Kingdom on 15 October 2007 . In January 2008 , Republic of Loose were one of the acts who recorded " The Ballad of Ronnie Drew " at Dublin 's Windmill Lane Studios ; the sessions led to a meeting with Sinéad O 'Connor , with whom the band recorded and released a duet which was then performed live at the 2008 Meteor Awards the following month .
= = = Vol IV : Johnny Pyro and the Dance of Evil = = =
On 27 March 2008 , Republic of Loose announced the tracklist and title for their third album . Vol IV : Johnny Pyro and the Dance of Evil was released in May 2008 , featuring contributions from Sinéad O 'Connor , rapper Styles P and hip hoppers Millionaire Boyz . In the run @-@ up to the release , the band uploaded free downloadable songs to their MySpace profile , including b @-@ sides , live tracks and songs from Aaagh ! . Vol IV : Johnny Pyro and the Dance of Evil spent more than three months in the top thirty of the Irish Albums Chart , spawning the successful singles , " I Like Music " and " The Steady Song " , the latter their highest chart performer to date , having peaked at number twelve and stayed in the charts for thirteen weeks . Mick Pyro has described Vol IV : Johnny Pyro and the Dance of Evil as the first album the band feel proud of .
In support of the album 's release , the band embarked on a small national tour and received an invitation to perform a sell @-@ out month @-@ long residency at The Dublin Academy for four consecutive Fridays , thus ending their habit of playing Dublin only once per year . This involved two @-@ hour sets featuring new material and duets with Sinéad O 'Connor — on her song " Nothing Compares 2 U " — and Damien Dempsey — on the Thin Lizzy song " Dancing in the Moonlight " . The Academy residency led to a Meteor Award nomination for Best Irish Live Performance the following year and they would return for another performance at the same venue that September . A couple were engaged as part of a BBC television series prior to the Sunday evening appearance of Republic of Loose on the O2 Stage at Oxegen 2008 — a performance which also featured collaborator Styles P — whilst the band also performed for several journalists backstage . They performed a DJ set at Castlepalooza before headlining Solas Festival on 17 August 2008 . Republic of Loose featured on Today FM 's The Ray D 'Arcy Show 's charity album Even Better Than the Disco Thing released in December 2008 , finishing off the year with three shows in Cork .
Republic of Loose were one of several acts to perform cover versions at a show in The Academy titled " Inspirations " , held in honour of the actor Paul Newman 's Irish charity in February 2009 . In June 2009 , the band were part of a collaboration of musicians calling themselves The Troublemakers who recorded a cover version of the Horslips song " Trouble with a Capital T " for charity . The recording session was part of The Raw Sessions and the song was performed by The Troublemakers on The Late Late Show . The band performed on the Heineken Green Spheres Stage at Oxegen 2009 before supporting U2 during one of their U2 360 ° Tour concert dates at Croke Park in July 2009 . Republic of Loose participated in the international celebration of the 250th birthday of Guinness — known as Arthur 's Day — which took place on 24 September 2009 .
= = = Bounce at the Devil = = =
In July 2010 , Republic of Loose returned to Oxegen . Their fourth album , Bounce at the Devil , was released later that year and led to an appearance on The Late Late Show . The album , recorded in Baltimore , " blends a myriad of influences -- from plastic soul to the sort of ' big hair ' rock of the 80s " , according to Irish Independent reviewer John Meagher . Entertainment.ie 's Jenny Mulligan describes it as good craic but occasionally bordering on obnoxious .
= = Influences , praise and style = =
Republic of Loose 's genre has been defined by various sources as blues , funk , metal , R 'n'B , pop , rock and soul . They are influenced by acts such as Bobby Brown , James Brown , Al Green , Howlin ' Wolf , Michael Jackson , Prince and The Rolling Stones . They perform as a six @-@ piece band complete with backing singers . The chant , " Loose ! Loose Loose ! " , is commonly heard from the crowd during their performances .
Republic of Loose have earned the admiration of several musicians . Damien Dempsey called them the " best band in Ireland " after performing alongside them . Sinéad O 'Connor , in an e @-@ mail to the Irish Independent , asked to become a member of what she described as " simply the best Irish band ever " . Bono has described them as " sophisticated soul bootboys " , " trailblazers " and proclaimed that " the Celtic Twilight turned into Celtic soul with Van Morrison , then Republic of Loose grabbed the Celtic Tiger by the tail , swung it around their heads and threw it out the window into the cosmos " . Snow Patrol 's Gary Lightbody , who called them " the best band in the country this year [ 2007 ] and for many years to come " . Snow Patrol have also remixed " Comeback Girl " . Praise has come from other musicians too , including Jake Shears of Scissor Sisters . Marcus Russell , manager of Oasis , is reported as having called Republic of Loose the " most exciting new band " since Oasis . Novelist Irvine Welsh has referred to " Comeback Girl " as " one of the greatest songs ever recorded " . Actress Mischa Barton is also a fan .
Paul Lester , writing in British newspaper The Guardian in July 2007 , described Republic of Loose as an " Irish OutKast " to be filed next to Danny Wilson , Hall & Oates and N.E.R.D and least likely to be compared to The Pogues . John Meagher , writing in the Irish Independent in April 2008 , said the band were " out of step entirely with prevailing trends [ ... ] almost like they stopped listening to music after hearing the young Prince and early Dexys Midnight Runners " . Vocalist Mick Pyro has commented that there are very few musicians performing " authentic modern soul " and that the band 's aim is to " combine the energy of the New York Dolls with the funk and soul qualities of The Roots " . When writing a piece on The Script in August 2008 , Brian Boyd of The Irish Times claimed that they were " as un @-@ Irish sounding as The Republic of Loose [ sic ] " . Internationally , they have established fan bases in London and New York and have achieved regular airplay on Los Angeles radio in the United States , as well as France , Indonesia and the Philippines . Bunim / Murray Productions has licensed their music for use on American television . They have , however , refused several indie contracts in the United States .
= = Members = =
= = = Current members = = =
Mick Pyro — Lead vocalist
Dave Pyro — Guitar , vocalist
Andre Lopes — Drums , percussion
= = = Additional members = = =
Esosa Ighodaro — Backing vocalist
Darragh - Keyboards
Darach O 'Laoire - Guitar
= = = Previous members = = =
Benjamin Loose — Bass guitar , vocalist
Coz Noleon — Drums , percussion , Backing Vocals
Mark Dennehy ( Bass )
Brez - Guitar , Vocalist
Deco — Keyboards
Eve Ill Jones — Backing vocalist
Gargos — Percussion
Emily Rose — Backing vocalist
Orla La — Backing vocalist
Kieran J. Sims — Live Bass ( 2008 )
= = Discography = =
= = = Albums = = =
= = = Singles = = =
From " This Is The Tomb of the Juice "
Girl I 'm Gonna Fuck You Up
Hold Up
Tell More Lies
From " Aaagh ! "
Comeback Girl ( IRE # 19 )
You Know It ( IRE # 22 )
Shame ( IRE # 20 )
Break / The Translation ( IRE # 29 )
The Idiots
From " Vol IV : Johnny Pyro and the Dance of Evil "
I Like Music ( IRE # 41 )
The Steady Song ( IRE # 12 )
The Ritual
Awful Cold
From " Bounce At the Devil "
The Man
99 ( feat . Bo Starks )
The Blah Bounce
Non @-@ album singles
They Pay For Love ( 2012 )
Thinking of You ( 2013 ) IRE # 16
The Punishment ( 2013 )
= = Awards = =
= = = Choice Music Prize = = =
Republic of Loose 's second album Aaagh ! was nominated for the Choice Music Prize , an award won by The Divine Comedy for the album Victory for the Comic Muse . The band performed at the award ceremony in Vicar Street on 28 February 2007 . Surprise was expressed within the industry when they were not nominated again for the 2009 award .
= = = Meteor Music Awards = = =
Republic of Loose won the Hope for 2004 award at the 2004 Meteor Awards . They were nominated in the Best Irish Band category at 2007 Meteor Awards .
Republic of Loose were nominated in the Best Irish Band and Best Irish Live Performance categories at the 2009 Meteor Awards . They lost to The Script and The Blizzards in those respective categories .
In addition to this , they have performed at both the 2006 and 2008 awards ceremonies , the latter of which involved a duet with Sinéad O 'Connor on the Curtis Mayfield song " We People Who Are Darker Than Blue " .
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= Frankenstein , MD =
Frankenstein , MD is a 2014 American Gothic horror comedy webseries with transmedia elements . Produced in partnership between Pemberley Digital and PBS Digital Studios , the show is a modern adaptation of Frankenstein by Mary Shelley , replacing the eponymous character with Victoria Frankenstein , a medical student near graduation . The show , which represents PBS Digital 's first foray into scripted content , was created by Bernie Su , Brett Register , and Lon Harris and premiered on YouTube on August 19 , 2014 . It has been generally well received by critics . Its season finale debuted on October 31 , 2014 .
= = Synopsis = =
Frankenstein , MD is presented as an educational webseries presented by medical students ( and later doctors ) Victoria Frankenstein and Iggy DeLacey from the fictional Engle State University . Each episode generally consists of Frankenstein experimenting with cutting @-@ edge medical technologies or theories , often using DeLacey or her childhood friends Eli Lavenza and Rory Clerval as subjects . Dr. Abraham Waldman serves as an adviser to Frankenstein , usually acting as a foil and reminding her of the impracticality or perceived impossibility of her experiments and theories .
Partway through the series , the show 's unseen camera operator and editor , Robert Walton , dies from a fall while adventuring in Alaska , where his body is left partially preserved in the snow . Frankenstein becomes distraught and attempts to revive Walton 's corpse with DeLacey 's help in secret using the medical technologies she had expounded upon earlier in the show . The attempt is successful , but the revived creature is startled by light and escapes the lab , running into the woods . Later , as Frankenstein and Lavenza are trying to locate the creature from her father 's basement , Clerval is killed mysteriously while camping . The creature confronts Frankenstein and asks her to make him a friend . She grows morally opposed to the idea of recreating her experiment and agrees to run off to Costa Rica with Lavenza after he confesses his love to her . The creature returns to her makeshift lab and kills Lavenza in anger after he tries to stop it from hurting Frankenstein .
= = Production = =
Frankenstein , MD was announced in May 2014 , in a partnership between PBS Digital Studios , the online arm of the American Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS ) , and Pemberley Digital whose previous webseries included The Lizzie Bennet Diaries ( an adaptation of Jane Austen 's Pride and Prejudice ) and Emma Approved ( based on Austen 's Emma ) . The show is a transmedia adaptation of Frankenstein ; or , The Modern Prometheus by Mary Shelley that reimagines the story 's male protagonist Victor Frankenstein as a female student of medicine named Victoria Frankenstein . The show is PBS Digital 's first scripted program , though it also includes educational elements .
According to its writers , Frankenstein , MD 's narrative fills a two @-@ year gap left by Shelley 's source text between Victor Frankenstein 's time at medical school and his reappearance as a mad scientist . The original Frankenstein is driven to insanity by his ostracization and Frankenstein , MD attempted to recontextualize this concept by gender @-@ swapping its lead . Victoria Frankenstein is a medical student and later doctor grappling with institutional sexism in what the creators called the " sort of a male @-@ dominated profession " of medicine .
The show is produced by Bernie Su who was previously responsible for Pemberley Digital 's other webseries . Filmed at YouTube 's Space LA production studio , it premiered on the site on August 19 , 2014 . Prior to the show 's premiere , accounts on social media for various characters in the show were created , allowing viewers to interact with Frankenstein 's protagonists . Joe Hanson , host of PBS Digital 's It 's Okay To Be Smart , acts as the show 's science consultant . In early episodes of the show , Frankenstein neglected to wear gloves during her experiments which Su claimed was because , " real science and real @-@ life procedures aren 't sexy for entertainment " . During its run , fans noticed this and called the show out for the error ; in later episodes she is depicted with gloves on for all of her scientific work . The first season of the show concluded after 24 five- to eight @-@ minute episodes on October 31 , 2014 .
Episodes of Frankenstein , MD are directed by Brett Register , executive produced by Su , and produced by Tracy Bitterolf with consulting producer by Frederick Kim . Register and Lon Harris serve as showrunners with the latter also working as head writer . Other writers include Kim , Danielle Evenson , and Taylor Brogan . The series 's cinematographer is Matt Ryan .
= = Cast and characters = =
Victoria Frankenstein ( Anna Lore ) – Analogous to Victor Frankenstein , she is a medical student described by The New York Observer as " smart , strong willed and filled with both an insatiable desire to learn about science and an unwavering belief in the field itself . " According to Register , Frankenstein 's character was not fully understood by the creators of the show until after Lore was cast on July 23 , 2014 . She helped them view the role as " this very confident but almost introverted character " .
Ludwig " Iggy " DeLacey ( Steve Zaragoza ) – Analogous to Igor , he is Frankenstein 's fellow student and co @-@ host of her show . Zaragoza mailed an audition tape to the show 's producers before in @-@ person auditions began which " set the bar for the character of Iggy " according to Register .
Dr. Abraham Waldman ( Kevin Rock ) – Analogous to M. Waldman , he serves as a mentor to Frankenstein .
Eli Lavenza ( Brendan Bradley ) – Analogous to Elizabeth Lavenza , he is one of Frankenstein 's close friends .
Rory Clerval ( Sara Fletcher ) – Analogous to Henry Clerval , she is another of Frankenstein 's close friends .
Robert Walton / The Creature ( Evan Strand ) – A combination of both Robert Walton and Frankenstein 's monster from the novel , Walton is the camera operator for Frankenstein 's vlog . He dies and is reanimated by her experiments . Lon Harris , a producer and writer of the series , chose Strand to perform The Creature because Strand 's performance was very different from Boris Karloff 's , and Tracy Bitterolf , a producer , praised Strand 's control of his body . Strand described his performance as being inspired by a five year old child , a silverback gorilla , and a rhinoceros .
= = Episodes = =
= = Reception = =
Reviewing the first three episodes of the show for The A.V. Club , Myles McNutt felt that the fact that the show was a coproduction of PBS and Pemberley Digital was " the most exciting part " but that it was also the element " that takes the most time to negotiate in the series ’ first three episodes , as the writers and the audience alike adjust to the distinct goals of the science fiction vlog webseries . " McNutt declared the first three episodes " a solid start " and rated them B + , B , and A- , respectively . Nicole Vranjican wrote in The New York Observer that the show " has a definite juvenile feel and is likely best suited for scientifically curious Jr . High students " and that its message " that being smart is cool ... sets a standard for television that more TV shows should get behind " . After viewing the first six episodes , Atiya Abbas noted in Vox Magazine that " [ t ] he series is light @-@ hearted compared to the dark subject of the novel " . On Hypable , Marama Whyte called the show " highly comedic " and noted its high production value and Anna Lore 's " standout performance " as positive aspects .
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= Surtr =
In Norse mythology , Surtr ( Old Norse " black " or " the swarthy one " ) is a jötunn . Surtr is attested in the Poetic Edda , compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources , and the Prose Edda , written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson . In both sources , Surtr is foretold as being a major figure during the events of Ragnarök ; carrying his bright sword , he will go to battle against the Æsir , he will do battle with the major god Freyr , and afterward the flames that he brings forth will engulf the Earth .
In a book from the Prose Edda additional information is given about Surtr , including that he is stationed guarding the frontier of the fiery realm Múspell , that he will lead " Múspell 's sons " to Ragnarök , and that he will defeat Freyr . Surtr has been the subject of place names and artistic depictions , and scholarly theories have been proposed about elements of Surtr 's descriptions and his potential origins .
= = Attestations = =
= = = Poetic Edda = = =
Surtr is mentioned twice in the poem Völuspá , where a völva divulges information to the god Odin . The völva says that , during Ragnarök , Surtr will come from the south with flames , carrying a very bright sword :
Following this , the völva says that " stone peaks clash " , " troll wives take to the road " , " warriors tread the path from Hel " , and the heavens " break apart " . The next stanza relates that Odin is to be killed by the wolf Fenrir , and that Surtr will go to battle against " Beli 's bane " , a kenning for the god Freyr , who slew the giant Beli . No further detail is given about the fight between Surtr and Freyr in the poem . In the stanzas that follow , a number of gods and their opponents are described as doing battle at Ragnarök , and that the world will be consumed in flames , yet afterward a new world rises from the sea , fertile and teeming with life , and the surviving gods will meet again .
In the poem Vafþrúðnismál , the wise jötunn Vafþrúðnir poses the question to Odin ( disguised as " Gagnráðr " ) " what the plain is called where in battle Surt and the sweet gods will meet " . Odin responds that the " ordained field " is Vígríðr , and that it stretches " a hundred leagues " in every direction . Later in the poem , Odin , still disguised and now questioning Vafþrúðnir , asks which of the Æsir will " rule over the possessions of the gods when Surt 's fire is slaked " . Vafþrúðnir responds that , " when Surt 's fire is slaked " the god Thor 's sons Móði and Magni shall possess Thor 's hammer Mjöllnir .
In the poem Fáfnismál , the hero Sigurd asks the mortally wounded dragon Fáfnir the name of the island where Surtr and the Æsir " will mingle sword @-@ liquid together " . Fáfnir says that the island is called Óskópnir , that all of the gods shall go there bearing spears , and that on their way there the bridge Bifröst will break beneath them , causing their horses to " flounder in the great river " . The late Eddic poem Fjölsvinnsmál , stanza 24 , contains the line " Surtur sinn mautu " or " surtur sinn mantu " according to the best manuscripts . The last two words , which are otherwise without meaning , are sometimes emended to " Sinmöru " and the entire phrase is taken to mean that Surtr has a female companion named Sinmara . Based on the same passage , Lee Hollander tentatively identifies Sinmara as Surt 's wife , stating that she is " unknown elsewhere . "
= = = Prose Edda = = =
In chapter 4 of the Prose Edda book Gylfaginning , the enthroned figure of Third tells Gangleri ( described as King Gylfi in disguise ) about the location of Múspell . Third says that the bright and flaming region of Múspell existed prior to Niflheim , and it is impassable to those not native to the region . To defend Múspell , Surtr is stationed at its frontier . Third adds that Surtr has a flaming sword , and that " at the end of the world he will go and wage war and defeat all the gods and burn the whole world with fire " . The stanza from Völuspá that foretells Surtr moving from the south is then quoted . In chapter 18 , Gangleri asks what will protect the fair hall Gimlé " when Surtr 's fire burns heaven and earth " .
In chapter 51 of Gylfaginning , High describes the events of Ragnarök . High says that " amid this turmoil the sky will open and from it will ride the sons of Muspell . Surtr will ride in front , and both before and behind him there will be burning fire . His sword will be very fine . Light will shine from it more brightly than from the sun . " High continues that when the sons of Múspell ride over the bridge Bifröst it will break , and that they will continue to the field of Vígríðr . The wolf Fenrir and the Midgard Serpent will also arrive there . By then , Loki will have arrived with " all of Hel 's people " , Hrym , and all of the frost jötnar ; " but Muspell 's sons will have their own battle array ; it will be very bright " . Further into the chapter , High describes that a fierce battle will erupt between these forces and the Æsir , and that during this , Surtr and Freyr will engage in battle " and there will be a harsh conflict before Freyr falls " . High adds that the cause of Freyr 's death will be that Freyr is lacking " the good sword " that he once gave his servant Skírnir .
As foretold by High further into chapter 51 Gylfaginning , Once Heimdallr and Loki fight ( and mutually kill one another ) , Surtr " will fling fire over the earth burn the whole world " . High quotes ten stanzas from Völuspá in support , and then proceeds to describe the rebirth and new fertility of the reborn world , and the survivors of Ragnarök , including various gods and the two humans named Líf and Lífthrasir that will have hid from " Surtr 's fire " in the wood Hoddmímis holt .
In the Epilogue section of the book Skáldskaparmál , a euhemerized monologue states that " what they called Surt 's fire was when Troy burned " . In chapter 2 , a work by the skald Eyvindr skáldaspillir is quoted that mentions " Surt 's deep vales " , using the name Surtr as a common noun for a jötunn , with " deep vales " referring to the depths of the mountains ( specifically Hnitbjorg ) . In chapter 75 , Surtr is included within a list of " very powerful " jötnar .
= = Theories = =
Scholar Rudolf Simek theorizes that " the concept of Surtr is undoubtedly old " , citing examples of Surtr being mentioned in works by the 10th century skalds Eyvindr skáldaspillir and Hallfreðr vandræðaskáld , in poems collected in the Poetic Edda , and that the name of the volcanic caves Surtshellir in western Iceland was already recorded in the Landnámabók manuscript . Simek notes that jötnar are usually described as living to the east in Old Norse sources , yet Surtr is described as being from the south , and that this " surely has to do with his association with fire and heat " . Simek says that " in Iceland Surtr was obviously thought of as being a mighty giant who ruled the powers of ( volcanic ) fire of the Underworld " , and Simek theorizes that the notion of Surtr as an enemy of the gods likely did not originate in Iceland . Simek compares Surtr to the jötnar Eldr , Eimnir , Logi , and Brandingi , noting that they all appear to be personifications of fire .
Scholar Bertha Phillpotts theorizes that the figure of Surtr was inspired by Icelandic eruptions , and that he was a volcano demon . Scholar Andy Orchard theorizes that the description of Surtr found in Gylfaginning " appears to owe something to biblical and patristic notions of the angel with a flaming sword who expelled Adam and Eve from paradise and who stands guard over the Garden of Eden . " Scholar John Lindow states that the name Surtr may imply Surtr 's charred appearance .
= = Place names and modern influence = =
Surtshellir , a group of volcanic tunnels in western Iceland recorded in the Landnámabók manuscript , is named after Surtr . In modern Iceland , the notion of Surtr as a giant of fire lives on ; Surtsey ( " Surtr 's island " ) , a volcanic island that appeared in 1963 in Vestmannaeyjar , Iceland , is named after Surtr . The description found in Gylfaginning of Surtr guarding the frontier of Múspell is depicted in John Charles Dollman 's painting The Giant with the Flaming Sword . Surtur , a natural satellite of the planet Saturn , and Surt , a volcano on the planet Jupiter 's moon Io , are both named after Surtr . Surtur , a character from the American comic series Thor , is based on Surtr ( 1963 ) . In David Lindsay 's A Voyage to Arcturus , the character Surtur is based on Surtr . In the video game series Golden Sun there is a sword called Levatine , based on Surtr 's sword .
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