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= Hurricane Philippe ( 2005 ) =
Hurricane Philippe was a short @-@ lived hurricane that formed over the Atlantic in September during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season . Philippe was the sixteenth named storm and ninth hurricane of the season .
Hurricane Philippe initially formed to the east of the Lesser Antilles on September 17 and moved to the north strengthening as it did so . Philippe became a hurricane on September 18 and stayed as such for two days before increasing wind shear from a non @-@ tropical system took its toll on September 20 and weakened Philippe into a tropical storm . Philippe continued to weaken as it looped around this low and was absorbed by it on September 23 .
= = Meteorological history = =
On September 9 a tropical wave moved off the African coast and moved west into the Atlantic . It started to become more organized on September 13 and the National Hurricane Center began to watch it closely for further development . Tropical Depression Seventeen formed from the wave on September 17 when it was 350 miles ( 560 km ) east of Barbados . The depression strengthened further to become Tropical Storm Philippe that evening , and the official forecasts correctly indicated that Philippe would move northwards and not approach the Lesser Antilles despite climatology suggesting an impact on the islands .
Philippe continued to steadily strengthen , becoming a hurricane late on September 18 as it traveled north in a low @-@ shear environment and some models suggested that this trend would continue and Philippe would go on to become a major hurricane . However Philippe began to encounter higher wind shear from a non @-@ tropical low , the development of which partly resulted from Hurricane Rita 's outflow . As a result of this shear Philippe 's winds only managed to reach a peak of 80 mph ( 130 km / h ) before Philippe weakened back into a tropical storm on September 20 .
Philippe moved farther north skirting the low and Philippe continued to weaken gradually . The official forecast did not predict this , primarily as a result of some models indicating a reintensification to hurricane status . Philippe began to loop around the center of the non @-@ tropical system , weakening as it did so . As Philippe turned towards Bermuda it weakened into a tropical depression on September 22 . The depression degenerated into a remnant low the next day and this remnant continued to loop cyclonically and could be tracked for a further day or two within the circulation of the non @-@ tropical system .
= = Preparations , impact , and naming = =
Despite forming fairly close to the Lesser Antilles , no tropical cyclone warnings were issued for the islands , as the official forecast correctly foresaw that Philippe would stay well to the east . A tropical storm warning was issued for Bermuda on September 23 , but proved redundant when Philippe dissipated well to the south of the island . The storm still brought gusty winds and moisture to the island , with 0 @.@ 15 inches ( 3 @.@ 8 mm ) of precipitation reported on September 23 . The circulation that absorbed Philippe dropped light rainfall on the island , and was responsible for the lowest barometric pressure during the month .
When Tropical Storm Philippe formed on September 17 , it was the earliest ever in the season that the sixteenth storm formed , beating the previous record held by Storm 16 of the 1933 season by 10 days .
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= Ao dai =
The áo dài is a Vietnamese national costume , now most commonly worn by women . In its current form , it is a tight @-@ fitting silk tunic worn over pants . The word is pronounced [ ʔǎːw zâːj ] in the North and [ ʔǎːw jâːj ] in the South . Áo classifies the item as a piece of clothing on the upper part of the body . Dài means " long " .
The word " ao dai " was originally applied to the outfit worn at the court of the Nguyễn Lords at Huế in the 18th century . This outfit evolved into the áo ngũ thân , a five @-@ paneled aristocratic gown worn in the 19th and early 20th centuries . Inspired by Paris fashions , Nguyễn Cát Tường and other artists associated with Hanoi University redesigned the ngũ thân as a modern dress in the 1920s and 1930s . The updated look was promoted by the artists and magazines of Tự Lực văn đoàn ( Self @-@ Reliant Literary Group ) as a national costume for the modern era . In the 1950s , Saigon designers tightened the fit to produce the version worn by Vietnamese women today . The dress was extremely popular in South Vietnam in the 1960s and early 1970s . On Tết and other occasions , Vietnamese men may wear an áo gấm ( brocade robe ) , a version of the ao dai made of thicker fabric .
Academic commentary on the ao dai emphasizes the way the dress ties feminine beauty to Vietnamese nationalism , especially in the form of " Miss Ao Dai " pageants , popular both among overseas Vietnamese and in Vietnam itself . " Ao dai " is one of the few Vietnamese words that appear in English @-@ language dictionaries .
= = Parts of dress = =
Tà sau : back flap
Nút bấm thân áo : hooks used as fasteners and holes
Ống tay : sleeve
Đường bên : inside seam
Nút móc kết thúc : main hook and hole
Tà trước : front flap
Khuy cổ : collar button
Cổ áo : collar
Đường may : seam
Kích ( eo ) : waist
The ao dai can be worn with a nón lá ( conical leaf hat ) , a style associated with Huế . On weddings and other formal occasions , a circular headgear called a khăn đóng is worn .
= = History = =
= = = Before the Nguyen Dynasty = = =
For centuries , peasant women typically wore a halter top ( yếm ) underneath a blouse or overcoat , alongside a skirt ( váy ) . Aristocrats , on the other hand , favored a cross @-@ collared robe called áo giao lĩnh , which bore resemblance to the Chinese Hanfu , Korean Hanbok , and the Japanese Kimono . In 1744 , Lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát of Huế decreed that both men and women at his court wear trousers and a gown with buttons down the front . Writer Lê Quý Đôn described the newfangled outfit as an áo dài ( long garment ) . The members of the southern court were thus distinguished from the courtiers of the Trịnh Lords in Hanoi , who wore áo giao lĩnh with long skirts .
Chinese style clothing was forced on Vietnamese people by the Nguyễn dynasty . Trousers have been adopted by White H 'mong . The trousers replaced the traditional skirts of the females of the White Hmong . The tunics and trouser clothing of the Han Chinese on the Ming tradition was worn by the Vietnamese . The Ao Dai was created when tucks which were close fitting and compact were added in the 1920s to this Chinese style . Trousers and tunics on the Chinese pattern in 1774 were ordered by the Vo Vuong Emperor to replace the sarong type Vietnamese clothing . The Chinese clothing in the form of trousers and tunic were mandated by the Vietnamese Nguyen government . It was up to the 1920s in Vietnam 's north area in isolated hamlets wear skirts were worn . The Chinese Ming dynasty , Tang dynasty , and Han dynasty clothing was ordered to be adopted by Vietnamese military and bureaucrats by the Nguyen Lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát ( Nguyen The Tong ) . Chinese clothing started having an impact on Vietnamese dress in the Ly dynasty . The current Ao Dai was introduced b the Nguyen Lords .
= = = 19th century = = =
The áo tứ thân , a traditional four @-@ paneled gown , evolved into the five @-@ paneled áo ngũ thân in the early 19th century . Ngũ is Sino @-@ Vietnamese for " five . " It refers not only to the number of panels , but also to the five elements in oriental cosmology . The áo ngũ thân had a loose fit and sometimes had wide sleeves . Wearers could display their prosperity by putting on multiple layers of fabric , which at that time was costly . Despite Vietnam 's tropical climate , northern aristocrats were known to wear three to five layers .
The áo ngũ thân had two flaps sewn together in the back , two flaps sewn together in the front , and a " baby flap " hidden underneath the main front flap . The gown appeared to have two @-@ flaps with slits on both sides , features preserved in the later ao dai . Compared to a modern ao dai , the front and back flaps were much broader and the fit looser . It had a high collar and was buttoned in the same fashion as a modern ao dai . Women could wear the dress with the top few buttons undone , revealing a glimpse of their yếm underneath .
Vietnamese garments throughout the centuries :
= = = 20th century = = =
= = = = Modernization of style = = = =
Huế 's Đồng Khánh Girl 's High School , which opened in 1917 , was widely praised for the ao dai uniform worn by its students . The first modernized ao dai appeared at a Paris fashion show in 1921 . In 1930 , Hanoi artist Cát Tường , also known as Le Mur , designed a dress inspired by the áo ngũ thân and by Paris fashions . It reached to the floor and fit the curves of the body by using darts and a nipped @-@ in waist . When fabric became inexpensive , the rationale for multiple layers and thick flaps disappeared . Modern texile manufacture allows for wider panels , eliminating the need to sew narrow panels together . The áo dài Le Mur , or " trendy " ao dai , created a sensation when model Nguyễn Thị Hậu wore it for a feature published by the newspaper Today in January 1935 . The style was promoted by the artists of Tự Lực văn đoàn ( " Self @-@ Reliant Literary Group " ) as a national costume for the modern era . The painter Lê Phô introduced several popular styles of ao dai beginning in 1934 . Such Westernized garments temporarily disappeared during World War II ( 1939 – 45 ) .
In the 1950s , Saigon designers tightened the fit of the ao dai to create the version commonly seen today . Trần Kim of Thiết Lập Tailors and Dũng of Dũng Tailors created a dress with raglan sleeves and a diagonal seam that runs from the collar to the underarm . Madame Nhu , first lady of South Vietnam , popularized a collarless version beginning in 1958 . The ao dai was most popular from 1960 to 1975 . A brightly colored áo dài hippy was introduced in 1968 . The áo dài mini , a version designed for practical use and convenience , had slits that extended above the waist and panels that reached only to the knee .
= = = = Communist period = = = =
The ao dai has always been more common in the South than in the North . The communists , who gained power in the North in 1954 and in the South in the 1975 , had conflicted feelings about the ao dai . They praised it as a national costume and one was worn to the Paris Peace Conference ( 1968 – 73 ) by Vietcong negotiator Nguyễn Thị Bình . Yet Westernized versions of the dress and those associated with " decadent " Saigon of the 1960s and early 1970s were condemned . Economic crisis , famine , and war with Cambodia combined to make the 1980s a fashion low point . The ao dai was rarely worn except at weddings and other formal occasions , with the older , looser @-@ fitting style preferred . Overseas Vietnamese , meanwhile , kept tradition alive with " Miss Ao Dai " pageants ( Hoa Hậu Áo Dài ) , the most notable one held annually in Long Beach , California .
The ao dai experienced a revival beginning in late 1980s , when state enterprise and schools began adopting the dress as a uniform again . In 1989 , 16 @,@ 000 Vietnamese attended a Miss Ao Dai Beauty Contest held in Ho Chi Minh City . When the Miss International Pageant in Tokyo gave its " Best National Costume " award to an ao dai @-@ clad Trường Quỳnh Mai in 1995 , Thời Trang Trẻ ( New Fashion Magazine ) claimed that Vietnam 's " national soul " was " once again honored . " An " ao dai craze " followed that lasted for several years and led to wider use of the dress as a school uniform .
= = Present day = =
No longer deemed politically controversial , ao dai fashion design is supported by the Vietnamese government . It is often called áo dài Việt Nam to link it to patriotic feelings . Designer Le Si Hoang is a celebrity in Vietnam and his shop in Saigon is the place to visit for those who admire the dress . In Hanoi , tourists get fitted with ao dai on Luong Van Can Street . The elegant city of Huế in the central region is known for its ao dai , nón lá ( leaf hats ) , and well @-@ dressed women .
The ao dai is now standard for weddings , for celebrating Tết and for other formal occasions . It 's required uniform for female teacher ( mostly from high school to below ) and female student in common high school in the South ; no require about color or pattern for teacher when student use plain white for school uniform . Companies often require their female staff to wear uniforms that include the ao dai , so flight attendants , receptionists , bank female staff , restaurant staff , and hotel workers in Vietnam may be seen wearing it .
The most popular style of ao dai fits tightly around the wearer 's upper torso , emphasizing her bust and curves . Although the dress covers the entire body , it is thought to be provocative , especially when it is made of thin fabric . " The ao dai covers everything , but hides nothing " , according to one saying . The dress must be individually fitted and usually requires several weeks for a tailor to complete . An ao dai costs about $ 200 in the United States and about $ 40 in Vietnam .
" Symbolically , the ao dai invokes nostalgia and timelessness associated with a gendered image of the homeland for which many Vietnamese people throughout the diaspora yearn " , wrote Nhi T. Lieu , an assistant professor at the University of Texas at Austin . The difficulties of working while wearing an ao dai link the dress to frailty and innocence , she wrote . Vietnamese writers who favor the use of the ao dai as a school uniform cite the inconvenience of wearing it as an advantage , a way of teaching students feminine behavior such as modesty , caution , and a refined manner .
The ao dai is featured in an array of Vietnam @-@ themed or related movies . In Good Morning , Vietnam ( 1987 ) , Robin Williams 's character is wowed by ao dai @-@ clad women when he first arrives in Saigon . The 1992 films Indochine and The Lover inspired several international fashion houses to design ao dai collections , including Prada 's SS08 collection and a Georgio Armani collection . In the Vietnamese film The White Silk Dress ( 2007 ) , an ao dai is the sole legacy that the mother of a poverty @-@ stricken family has to pass on to her daughters . The Hanoi City Complex , a 65 @-@ story building now under construction , will have an ao dai @-@ inspired design . Vietnamese designers created ao dai for the contestants in the Miss Universe beauty contest , which was held July 2008 in Nha Trang , Vietnam .
The most prominent annual Ao Dai Festival outside of Vietnam is held each year in San Jose , California , a city that is home to a large Vietnamese American community . This event features an international array of designer ao dia under the direction of festival founder , Jenny Do .
= = Gallery = =
Ao dai
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= No Code =
No Code is the fourth studio album by the American rock band Pearl Jam , released on August 27 , 1996 through Epic Records . Following a troubled tour for its previous album , Vitalogy ( 1994 ) , in which Pearl Jam engaged in a much @-@ publicized boycott of Ticketmaster , the band went into the studio to record its follow @-@ up . The music on the record was more diverse than what the band had done on previous releases , incorporating elements of garage rock , worldbeat , and psychedelia .
Although No Code debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 , it left a large section of the band ’ s fanbase unsatisfied and quickly fell down the charts . Critical reviews were also mixed , with praise to the musical variety but the album being considered inconsistent . The album became the first Pearl Jam album to not reach multi @-@ platinum status , receiving a single platinum certification by the RIAA in the United States .
= = Recording = =
For its fourth album , Pearl Jam again worked with producer Brendan O 'Brien , with whom they had worked on predecessors Vs . ( 1993 ) and Vitalogy ( 1994 ) . No Code was the band 's first album with drummer Jack Irons , who had joined the band as Vitalogy was being completed . Following the summer U.S. leg of the band 's Vitalogy Tour , the band began work on No Code in Chicago , Illinois in July 1995 during the infamous Chicago heat wave . The Chicago sessions lasted a week at the Chicago Recording Company . During a break in a string of make @-@ up dates for the 1995 tour the band went into the studio for a week @-@ long session in New Orleans , Louisiana , where the band recorded " Off He Goes " . The rest of the recording took place in the first half of 1996 in Seattle , Washington at Studio Litho , which is owned by guitarist Stone Gossard . The album was then mixed by O 'Brien at his mixing facility at Southern Tracks in Atlanta , Georgia .
The sessions for the album began with strife and tension . Bassist Jeff Ament wasn 't made aware that the band was recording until three days into the sessions , and said that he " wasn 't super involved with that record on any level . " Guitarist Mike McCready said , " I 'm sure Jeff was pissed , but it was more about separating , because if we played all together nothing would get done . We 'd all just get pissed off at each other . " At one point Ament even walked out of the recording sessions , and considered quitting the band due to lead vocalist Eddie Vedder 's control of the creation process . Due to Pearl Jam balancing recording and touring , Irons commented that the band was " more on @-@ the @-@ fly during the making of No Code , and some good things happened out of that , but we were also really tired . It was difficult to tour and play these shows that were two or three hours long and then force ourselves to produce something in a studio . "
McCready said that a lot of the songs were developed out of jam sessions , and said " I think we kind of rushed it a little bit . " Ament said that the band members would bring in fragments of songs , and it would take hours before Vedder could have music to which he could add vocals . He added that " Ed 's typically the guy who finishes off the songs ... But by the end of No Code , he was so burnt , it was so much work for him . " The band 's mood had gone better by the time the album was finished , and the bandmembers gave credit for this to Irons . Regarding Irons , O 'Brien stated that " everybody was on their best musical behavior around him . " McCready said that Irons urged the band members to discuss their problems , and called him " a big spiritual influence , if not the biggest . " Vedder said , " Making No Code was all about gaining perspective . " Commenting upon the sessions as a whole , O 'Brien said , " It was really a transitional record . We had a good time making it . "
= = = Outtakes = = =
Two outtakes from the recording sessions ended up as B @-@ sides , " Black , Red , Yellow " on the " Hail , Hail " single , and " Dead Man " , which was originally intended for the film Dead Man Walking , on " Off He Goes . " Both songs were included on the 2003 Lost Dogs collection of rarities , along with four other tracks from the No Code sessions , two of which ended up in compilations - " Leaving Here " , which appeared on Home Alive , and " Gremmie Out of Control , " featured on Music for Our Mother Ocean Vol . 1 . The other rejected songs were " All Night " and " Don 't Gimme No Lip . " " Olympic Platinum " , written by the album 's mixer Nick DiDia around the time of the 1996 Summer Olympics , was recorded by the band and released on its 1996 fan club Christmas single .
= = Music and lyrics = =
While Vitalogy had shifted away from the earlier albums ' accessible compositions and polished production , No Code represented a deliberate break from Ten 's stadium sound , favoring experimental ballads and noisy garage rock songs . It stood out with its emphasis on subtle harmony ( " Off He Goes " ) , Eastern influences ( " Who You Are " ) , and spoken word ( " I 'm Open " ) . Irons lends a tribal drum sound on the songs " Who You Are " and " In My Tree " . Irons stated , " To turn my drum music into a song is pretty challenging , but the guys have been really supportive of me doing it , and we 've worked some things into a few songs . " Vedder said , " We realized that we had an opportunity to experiment . " David Browne of Entertainment Weekly stated that " No Code displays a wider range of moods and instrumentation than on any previous Pearl Jam album . "
The lyrical themes on the album deal with issues of spirituality , morality , and self @-@ examination . Vedder said , " I think there 's a little self @-@ examination in those songs , something that a lot of my friends are going through too , as they approach 30 . " Ament said , " In some ways , it 's like the band 's story . It 's about growing up . " The lyrics of " Hail , Hail " refer to two people in a troubled relationship struggling to hold it together . Vedder has said that he wrote the song " Off He Goes " about himself and how he is a " shit friend , " adding , " I 'll show up and everything 's great and then all of the sudden I 'm outta there ... " " Lukin " is about the " pretty intense stalker problem , " Vedder faced during the mid @-@ 1990s . " Around the Bend " was written by Vedder as a lullaby that Irons could sing to his son .
The lyrics to " Smile " are taken from a note that Dennis Flemion of The Frogs hid inside Vedder 's notebook while he was onstage performing . The words used in the note are taken from the Frogs songs " This Is How I Feel " and " Now I Wanna Be Dead " . Flemion is given credit in the vinyl , but the credit is absent from the CD version . The lyrics to " Red Mosquito " were inspired by the events surrounding Pearl Jam 's June 24 , 1995 concert at San Francisco 's Golden Gate Park , which happened on the same day Vedder was hospitalized due to food poisoning . Vedder only made it through seven songs and the band was forced to cancel the remaining dates of the short tour that it was on . For the first time on a Pearl Jam album a band member other than Vedder contributed lyrics , with Gossard writing the lyrics to " Mankind " . Gossard also sang lead vocals on the track .
= = Packaging and title = =
The album package consists of 156 Polaroid photos that unfold into a 2x2 square . The Polaroid photos are seemingly random . One of the photos featured on the front cover is the eyeball of Dennis Rodman , former Chicago Bulls player and friend of the band , while another photo is of Vedder 's foot after he had been stung by a stingray . The pictures , when viewed from afar , blend to form the No Code triangle / eyeball logo that is the theme throughout the album . The CD and vinyl came with lyrics printed on the back of replica Polaroids . Only nine Polaroids came in a set , leaving one to have to obtain another set to accumulate all thirteen songs .
When discussing the album 's title , Vedder said " it 's called No Code because it 's full of code . It 's misinformation . " In medical terminology , a " no code " order is a medical order to withhold CPR on a patient . It is also known as a " do not resuscitate " order . In another interview , Vedder said that " if the record is a complete failure you 've kind of owned up to it in a subliminal way . No Code was the same thing . For me , No Code meant ' Do Not Resuscitate ' . "
= = Tour = =
Pearl Jam promoted the album with tours in North America and Europe in the fall of 1996 . The short tour of North America focused on the East Coast of the United States . As with Vitalogy , very little touring was done in the United States to promote No Code because of the band 's refusal to play in Ticketmaster 's venues . The band chose to use alternate ticketing companies for the shows . A European tour followed in the fall of 1996 , of which the band 's November 3 , 1996 show in Berlin , Germany at Deutschlandhalle was broadcast on many radio stations worldwide .
During the North American tour fans complained about the difficulty in obtaining tickets and the use of non @-@ Ticketmaster venues , which were judged to be remote and impersonal . Gossard stated that there was " a lot of stress associated with trying to tour at that time " and that " it was growing more and more difficult to be excited about being part of the band . " He added , " Ticketmaster , as monopolistic as it may be , is very efficient so we weren 't playing the venues we wanted to play . "
On October 17 , 2014 at the i wireless Center in Moline , Illinois , during the Lightning Bolt Tour , Pearl Jam played the entire album in order as part of their set .
= = Release and reception = =
= = = Commercial performance = = =
No Code sold 366 @,@ 500 copies in its first week of release , topping the Billboard 200 , but falling short of analysts ' predictions of at least 535 @,@ 000 copies . This was significantly less than what the band 's previous two albums sold in their respective first weeks of release . It was , however , the seventh biggest @-@ selling debut of what was a slow year for the industry . It stayed at number one for two weeks , and was Pearl Jam 's last album to debut at number one on the album chart until Backspacer was released in 2009 . No Code was the band 's first album to not reach multi @-@ platinum status , being certified platinum by the RIAA , and , as of 2013 , has sold 1 @.@ 75 million copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan .
Three singles were released from No Code . The lead single " Who You Are " peaked at number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 , and reached number one on the Modern Rock charts and number five on the Mainstream Rock charts . Neither of the album 's other singles , " Hail , Hail " and " Off He Goes " , charted on the Hot 100 , but both placed on the Mainstream Rock and Modern Rock charts , as did album track " Red Mosquito " .
= = = Critical response = = =
Upon its release , No Code received a mixed to positive critical reception . Rolling Stone staff writer David Fricke gave No Code four out of five stars , saying that the album " is abrupt in its mood swings almost to the point of vertigo . " He praised the album as " the kind of impulsive , quixotic , provocative ruckus that has become rare in a modern @-@ rock mainstream " and added that " No Code basically means no rule books , no limits and , above all , no fear . " Q gave the album four out of five stars . The review said that the album " constantly adds unexpected and facinating [ sic ] details .... A solid attraction amid intriguing oddities is the powerful array of guitar sounds . " Critic Robert Christgau described the album as " slowly winning a heartwarming battle against constitutional melancholia . " AllMusic staff writer Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave the album three and a half out of five stars , saying , " While a bit too incoherent , No Code is Pearl Jam 's richest and most rewarding album to date as well as their most human . " NME gave No Code a seven out of ten . In the review , it is stated that " Vedder is still preoccupied with his own mortality , but now he appears more quasi @-@ mystical than miserable .... for all its relative placidity , No Code is still a difficult beast . "
Referring to the songs on the album , Jon Pareles of The New York Times said " about half are worth the effort . " He observed that " too often , [ Vedder ] falls into American culture 's Disney syndrome , idealizing childhood innocence above all . " David Browne of Entertainment Weekly gave the album a C , saying that while No Code " cracks open their sound , " it " becomes a collection of fragments that don 't add up to much of anything , except a portrait of a musically disjointed band . " On the change in mood compared with the band ’ s previous releases , he said that " the album leaves you with the vaguely unsettling feeling that Pearl Jam without pain are like a pretzel without salt , or Seattle without rain . " Ryan Schreiber of Pitchfork Media called it " a nice listen , " but stated that " there 's a ton of filler here . In fact , it 's almost all filler . " Time reviewer Christopher John Farley said that the album " makes it sound as if they 're having a midlife crisis . " Farley added that " too few of the songs on the Pearl Jam CD explore the musical possibilities they suggest in any kind of definitive or provocative manner . "
= = Track listing = =
All lyrics written by Eddie Vedder , except where noted .
= = Personnel = =
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= Terry Sanford =
James Terry Sanford ( August 20 , 1917 – April 18 , 1998 ) was a United States politician and educator from North Carolina . A member of the Democratic Party , Sanford was the 65th Governor of North Carolina ( 1961 – 1965 ) , a two @-@ time U.S. Presidential candidate in the 1970s and a U.S. Senator ( 1986 – 1993 ) . Sanford was a strong proponent of public education and introduced a number of reforms and new programs in North Carolina 's schools and institutions of higher education as the state 's governor , increasing funding for education and establishing the North Carolina Fund . From 1969 to 1985 , Sanford was President of Duke University .
An Eagle Scout as a youth , Sanford became an FBI agent after graduating from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1939 . During World War II , he saw combat in the European Theatre and received a battlefield commission . Following his return to civilian life after World War II , Sanford attended and graduated from the University of North Carolina School of Law and began a legal career in the late 1940s , soon becoming involved in politics . A lifelong Democrat , he was noted for his progressive leadership in civil rights and education ; although his opponents criticized him as a " tax @-@ and @-@ spend " liberal , Sanford is remembered as a major public figure of the South after World War II .
= = Early life = =
Sanford was born in 1917 in Laurinburg , North Carolina , the son of Elizabeth Terry ( Martin ) and Cecil Leroy Sanford , both of English descent . He became an Eagle Scout in Laurinburg 's Troop 20 of the Boy Scouts of America ( BSA ) . Shortly before he died , Sanford related his Scouting experience to journalist David Gergen and said that it " probably saved my life in the war . Boys who had been Scouts or had been in the CCC knew how to look after themselves in the woods . ... What I learned in Scouts sustained me all my life ; it helped me make decisions about what was best . " The BSA recognized him with its Distinguished Eagle Scout Award .
Sanford graduated from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1939 and then served as a special agent in the FBI for two years . He married Margaret Rose Knight on July 4 , 1942 , and later had two children with her , Terry Jr. and Elizabeth . During World War II , he enlisted as a private in the US Army and later attained the rank of first lieutenant . He parachuted into France with the 517th Parachute Infantry Regiment and subsequently fought in the Battle of the Bulge . He was awarded the Bronze Star and Purple Heart for his bravery and wounds , respectively . Sanford was honorably discharged in 1946 . Sanford later served as a company commander with the rank of captain in Company K of 119th Infantry Regiment of the North Carolina Army National Guard from 1948 to 1960 . After the war , Sanford earned a law degree from the University of North Carolina School of Law and served as president of the Young Democratic Clubs of North Carolina , now known as the Young Democrats of North Carolina .
= = Gubernatorial career = =
Sanford was an assistant director of the Institute of Government of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill from 1946 until 1948 , then began a private practice of law in Fayetteville . Sanford served one term as a state senator ( 1953 – 55 ) , and chose not to run for a second term . He ran for governor of North Carolina in 1960 , defeating I. Beverly Lake , Sr. , Malcolm Buie Seawell , and John D. Larkins in the Democratic primary and Robert Gavin in the general election . Elected to a single term ( as North Carolina governors could not at that time be elected for more than one term ) , Sanford served from January 1961 through January 1965 .
Driven by his belief that a person could accomplish anything with a good education , Sanford nearly doubled North Carolina 's expenditures on public schools . He began consolidating the University of North Carolina system to ensure its solvency and strength and oversaw the creation of the North Carolina Community College System . He conceived the idea for the Governor 's School of North Carolina , a publicly funded six @-@ week residential summer program for gifted high school students in the state . He established the North Carolina School of the Arts ( now University of North Carolina School of the Arts ) to keep talented students " in the fields of music , drama , the dance and allied performing arts , at both the high school and college levels of instruction " in their home state . He fought for racial desegregation , and even sent his son to a desegregated public school at a time when such a position was politically unpopular and possibly dangerous . He also established the North Carolina Fund under the leadership of George Esser to fight poverty and promote racial equality across the state . Controversial tax increases were made to finance these educational programs . One such tax , on food , roused much opposition and was decried as regressive by many , including by some of the governor 's most loyal supporters . The food tax , nicknamed " Terry 's Tax " , and other taxes implemented by Sanford diminished his popularity and were heavily criticized by his political opponents .
Governor Sanford was a close political ally of President John F. Kennedy , a fact that disturbed some North Carolina Democrats who were suspicious of Kennedy 's Catholicism . According to President Kennedy 's personal secretary Evelyn Lincoln , Sanford would have been Kennedy 's choice for vice president on the 1964 Democratic ticket , had Kennedy lived . In her 1968 book Kennedy and Johnson she reported that President Kennedy told her that Lyndon B. Johnson would be replaced as Vice President . Lincoln wrote of that November 19 , 1963 , conversation just three days before Kennedy 's assassination :
As Mr. Kennedy sat in the rocker in my office , his head resting on its back he placed his left leg across his right knee . He rocked slightly as he talked . In a slow pensive voice he said to me , ' You know if I am re @-@ elected in sixty @-@ four , I am going to spend more and more time toward making government service an honorable career . I would like to tailor the executive and legislative branches of government so that they can keep up with the tremendous strides and progress being made in other fields ... I am going to advocate changing some of the outmoded rules and regulations in the Congress , such as the seniority rule . To do this I will need as a running mate in sixty @-@ four a man who believes as I do . ' ... I was fascinated by this conversation and wrote it down verbatim in my diary . Now I asked , ... ' Who is your choice as a running @-@ mate ? ' He looked straight ahead , and without hesitating he replied , ' At this time I am thinking about Governor Terry Sanford of North Carolina . But it will not be Lyndon.'
Additionally , Sanford used his leverage with the White House to expand the Research Triangle Park ( RTP ) , which sparked an economic surge in the state , eventually luring IBM and the United States Environmental Protection Agency to the Triangle area .
Sanford was also a staunch opponent of capital punishment . His " numerous statements against capital punishment were so well known that prisoners on North Carolina ’ s death row pointedly referred to them in their clemency appeals . "
After his term in office ended , Sanford opened a law firm . He had agreed to serve as Lyndon Johnson 's campaign manager in 1968 just before Johnson 's withdrawal on March 31 , and later took over as the campaign manager for the Democratic nominee Hubert Humphrey in his race against Republican Richard Nixon for the presidency . President Johnson wanted Humphrey to pick Sanford as his running mate . On one occasion , the Humphrey campaign asked Sanford if he wanted to be the vice presidential candidate . Sanford declined and Humphrey ultimately picked Senator Edmund Muskie of Maine . Though Sanford received a number of legal and business offers from the private sector during this period , he was interested in a position that would allow him to keep his political prospects open .
= = President of Duke University = =
In 1969 , Sanford became president of Duke University , a position he held for the next sixteen years . This approach helped quell student unrest over the Vietnam War early in his tenure as university president . Addressing the protests of the 1970 Kent State shootings with tolerance , choosing to not call in police to clear the roads , leading to the protesting students going back to their rooms at night so that West Campus could be reopened the next day kept the campus calm during a turbulent spring . Shortly before his tenure , on February 13 , 1969 , 60 student members of the Afro @-@ American Society had occupied Duke 's main administration center , the Allen Building , demanding the creation of a Black Studies program . After three days of clashes with police , they left the building peaceably February 16 when school officials agreed to the program . During his tenure , Sanford maintained a policy of non @-@ confrontation , opposed heavy police action and helped defuse racial tensions .
Perhaps the greatest controversy of Sanford 's presidency was his effort to establish the presidential library of former U.S. President Richard Nixon at Duke . Sanford raised the subject with Nixon during a visit to the former president at Nixon 's New York City office on July 28 , 1981 . Sanford continued to seek Nixon 's advice on multiple issues within the months that followed . The library proposal became public in mid @-@ August , creating considerable controversy at the university . Though Sanford enjoyed some support for his effort , most of the faculty were against the proposal , the largest concern being that the facility would be a monument to Nixon rather than a center of study . Sanford tried to engineer a compromise , but the proposal by the Duke Academic Council of a library only one @-@ third the size of that which Nixon wanted and their rejection of a Nixon museum to accompany it , ultimately led Nixon to decline Sanford 's offer and instead site his library in the city of his birth , Yorba Linda , California , where it was dedicated in 1990 .
Sanford 's legacy lasted at Duke well after his retirement , thanks to the spectacular success enjoyed by the men 's basketball team . In 1980 , Sanford presided over the hiring of Mike Krzyzewski by Athletic Director Tom Buttersto coach the Blue Devils , and he has taken Duke to unprecedented heights , with five national championships ( 1991 , 1992 , 2001 , 2010 , 2015 ) , 12 trips to the Final Four , and 13 Atlantic Coast Conference championships . Krzyzewski is 945 @-@ 251 in 35 seasons at Duke and is the NCAA career leader in Division I men 's basketball victories with 1 @,@ 018 .
= = Campaigns for the Democratic presidential nomination = =
Though Sanford enjoyed his time as Duke 's president , he still harbored political ambitions . As the 1972 presidential primary season began , he was approached by several people who felt that the field of Democratic candidates was weak . He was particularly keen to challenge Alabama governor George Wallace in an effort to show that Wallace 's segregationist views did not represent Southern opinion . Announcing his candidacy on March 8 , he faced long odds in a crowded field . Knowing that he could not win a majority of delegates in the primary , he hoped to secure enough to emerge as a compromise candidate in a deadlocked convention . Even in the North Carolina primary , however , Wallace beat Sanford by 100 @,@ 000 votes , and Sanford managed only a fifth @-@ place finish at the 1972 Democratic National Convention with 77 @.@ 5 votes , behind George McGovern ( 1 @,@ 864 @.@ 95 ) , Henry M. Jackson ( 525 ) , Wallace ( 381 @.@ 7 ) , and Shirley Chisholm ( 151 @.@ 95 ) .
Undeterred , Sanford began preparations two years later for a run for the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination . Announcing his candidacy on June 1 , 1975 , he juggled campaign appearances with his obligations as president of Duke . While he developed a following among educators , he did not have a satisfactory campaign theme by the new year . Then , while campaigning in Massachusetts in January , he suffered sharp pains and was diagnosed with a heart murmur . On January 25 , Sanford withdrew from the primaries , the first Democrat to do so that year .
= = Senate career = =
After retiring as president of Duke University in 1985 , Sanford remained active in party politics . He made an unsuccessful run for chairman of the Democratic National Committee in 1985 , in which he was supported by future House Speaker Nancy Pelosi . Sanford lost to Paul G. Kirk by a vote of 203 – 150 .
After failing to find a Democrat willing to run for the Senate seat being vacated by Republican John P. East , Sanford announced his own candidacy for the nomination . His opponent was Congressman Jim Broyhill . After East committed suicide on June 29 , 1986 , Broyhill was temporarily appointed to the seat on July 3 , until a special election could be held on November 4 . Despite being attacked as a liberal , Sanford defeated Broyhill by three percentage points in the November election . Critics of Sanford primarily focused on three areas : his promotion of opportunities for minorities , " tax @-@ and @-@ spend " education funding , and his anti @-@ poverty campaign . He took office on November 5 , the day after the special election , to serve out the last two months of East 's term and the subsequent six @-@ year term .
Sanford found his years in the Senate frustrating . He was concerned about the runaway deficit spending of the era , and he pursued economic development for Central America as an alternative to Republican @-@ driven military policies . He led the Duke @-@ based International Commission for Central American Recovery and Development , a task force of scholars and leaders that published Poverty , Conflict , and Hope : A Turning Point in Central America ( also known as the Sanford Commission Report since he was " the principal catalyst of the commission 's work " ) in 1989 with the principles for promoting peace , democracy and equitable development in Central America . Sanford served on multiple Senate committees : Select Committee on Ethics ( Chair ) ; Special Committee on Aging ; Budget ; Banking , Housing , and Urban Affairs including the Subcommittee on International Finance and Monetary Policy and Subcommittee on Securities ; and Foreign Relations including Subcommittee on Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs ( Chair ) , Subcommittee on African Affairs , and Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere and Peace Corps Affairs . He had a liberal voting record in comparison to his Democratic colleagues from the South , and he campaigned successfully against the passage of a constitutional amendment prohibiting flag @-@ burning with a counter @-@ campaign promoting the United States Bill of Rights . Yet Sanford thought his accomplishments in the Senate paled against those he made as governor , and he seriously contemplated retiring and pursuing other projects before deciding to run for reelection .
Sanford 's opponent in the 1992 election was Lauch Faircloth , a former Democrat turned Republican who had served as state Highway Commissioner in Sanford 's gubernatorial administration . Enjoying substantial backing from Sanford 's Senate colleague , Jesse Helms , Faircloth accused Sanford of being a tax @-@ and @-@ spend liberal bound to special interests . While initial polls showed that Sanford had a comfortable lead over his rival , he lost supporters after an operation for an infected heart valve kept him from campaigning for much of October and raised doubts as to whether he was capable of serving another term . On November 3 , 1992 , Faircloth won the election by a 100 @,@ 000 @-@ vote margin .
= = Later life = =
Sanford wrote several books , including : But What About the People ? , where he describes his efforts during the 1960s to establish a system of quality public education in North Carolina ; Storm Over the States , where he lays forth a new groundwork for state government and the federal system by recommending a " creative federalism " ; and Outlive Your Enemies : Grow Old Gracefully , where he describes actions that will slow the aging process and rules for prolonging healthy life . He also taught classes in law and political science at Duke University and campaigned for the construction of a major performing arts center in the Research Triangle area that would provide a permanent home for the American Dance Festival , the North Carolina Symphony and the Carolina Ballet . Sanford practiced law again in his later years and merged his own firm with that of another former governor , James Holshouser . Holshouser continued to practice with Sanford Holshouser LLP until his death ( the firm continues under that name ) , and their economic development consulting firm continued under that name .
The New York Times writer David Stout characterized Sanford as a " contradictory politician " and a man who " lack [ ed ] burning desire . "
Sanford announced in late December 1997 that he had been diagnosed with inoperable esophageal cancer and that his doctors said he had a few months to live . After his release from the hospital , his condition slowly deteriorated . He died in his sleep while surrounded by his family at his Durham home . He was 80 years old . At his funeral , he was eulogized by a childhood friend who said Sanford " took [ the Boy Scout ] oath when he was twelve years old and kept it . It started out , ' On my honor , I will do my best to do my duty to God and my country , ' and included such things as ' help other people at all times . ' He believed it . He was the eternal Boy Scout . " Sanford is entombed in the crypt of Duke University Chapel .
= = Legacy = =
Sanford was a major public figure of the post @-@ World War II South . He played a key role in the transformation of Southern politics into the New South , primarily in the areas of race relations and education . In recognition of his efforts in education and in countless other areas , a 1981 Harvard University survey named him one of the 10 best governors of the 20th century .
The Terry Sanford Federal Building and Courthouse in Raleigh , the state capital , is named after Sanford . President Bill Clinton said in a statement issued from the Summit of the Americas in Santiago , Chile : " His work and his influence literally changed the face and future of the South , making him one of the most influential Americans of the last 50 years . " John Edwards said in Terry Sanford and the New South that Sanford was his political hero .
Duke University has since established an undergraduate and graduate school ( formerly institute ) in public policy called the Terry Sanford School of Public Policy . Fayetteville High School , in Fayetteville , North Carolina , was renamed Terry Sanford High School in his honor in 1968 .
= = = Selected books by Terry Sanford = = =
Sanford , Terry ( 1966 ) . But What about the People ? . New York , NY : Harper & Row . ISBN 0 @-@ 8223 @-@ 2356 @-@ 7 .
Sanford , Terry ( 1967 ) . Storm over the States . Rochester , NY : McGraw @-@ Hill . ISBN 0 @-@ 07 @-@ 054655 @-@ X.
Sanford , Terry ( 1981 ) . A Danger of Democracy : The Presidential Nominating Process . Boulder , CO : Westview Press . ISBN 0 @-@ 86531 @-@ 159 @-@ 5 .
Sanford , Terry ( 1996 ) . Outlive Your Enemies : Grow Old Gracefully . Hauppauge , NY : Nova Science Publishers . ISBN 1 @-@ 56072 @-@ 289 @-@ 4 .
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= Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 =
Greece entered the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 with the song " Secret Combination " , written by Konstantinos Pantzis with lyrics by Poseidonas Giannopoulos . The song was performed by Kalomoira , an American singer of Greek descent who had previously won a Greek talent show . In February 2008 , as part of the selection process organized by the Greek national broadcaster Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi ( ERT ) , three competing artists — Chrispa , Kostas Martakis , and Kalomoira — performed their prospective entries live during a televised broadcast watched by nearly two million viewers . " Secret Combination " was selected to represent Greece at the Eurovision Song Contest by a combination of a public televote and panel of judges .
Following a promotional tour of many European cities , " Secret Combination " came first in the first of the Eurovision semi @-@ finals at Belgrade in May , and was seen as a possible competition winner . In Greece 's twenty @-@ ninth Eurovision appearance on May 24 , " Secret Combination " initially led the voting with full marks from six countries . However , the song ultimately finished third , behind Russia and Ukraine . Greece had previously won the competition in 2005 .
After the show , the song went on to chart in several European countries , reaching number one in Greece and Cyprus . Kalomoira , citing differences with her record label , briefly moved to the United States before returning to Greece in January 2009 ; she regards her Eurovision performance as a pivotal moment in her career , and stated in an interview that her desire was for the people of Greece to be proud of her performance , regardless of the competition 's outcome .
= = Background = =
Prior to the 2008 Contest , Greece had participated in the Eurovision Song Contest twenty @-@ eight times since its first entry in 1974 , winning it in 2005 with the song " My Number One " performed by Elena Paparizou , and being placed third twice : in 2001 with the song " Die for You " performed by the duo Antique and in 2004 with " Shake It " performed by Sakis Rouvas . Following the introduction of semi @-@ finals for the 2004 contest , Greece has had a top ten placing each year . Greece 's least successful result was in 1998 when it placed twentieth with the song " Mia Krifi Evesthisia " by Thalassa , receiving only twelve points in total , all from Cyprus .
The Greek national broadcaster , Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi ( ERT ) broadcasts the event in Greece each year and organizes the selection process for its entry . From 2004 to 2006 , ERT had selected high @-@ profile artists internally and set up national finals to choose the song , while in 2007 it held a televised national final to choose both the song and performer . For the 2008 Eurovision Song Contest , ERT decided again to hold a televised national final after failing to secure a big name artist : As every other year since his first participation in the 2004 contest , ERT asked Sakis Rouvas to represent Greece but he did not accept . ERT officials had also approached Elli Kokkinou to represent Greece , but she declined the offer as she was pregnant .
= = Before Eurovision = =
= = = Selection procedure = = =
On December 17 , 2007 , ERT officially announced the three participants for the Greek national final : Kalomoira , Kostas Martakis , and Chrispa ; all of them young performers and mainly new to the Greek music scene . Greek singers Martakis and Chrispa , though young and fairly new , had album releases at the time of the contest . Kostas Martakis had emerged from the reality talent show Dream Show in 2006 , releasing the album Anatropi ( Reversal ) in 2007 which reached # 9 in the Greek chart . Chrispa started her musical career in 2003 and had released four studio albums . Kalomoira , born in the United States but of Greek descent , had gained popularity in Greece after winning the Greek talent show Fame Story in 2004 . Before her Eurovision appearance , she had released three studio albums , the first of which was certified gold .
The participants ' songs had to be submitted to ERT by January 25 , 2008 in order to be accepted . On February 3 , 2008 , Kalomoira and Kostas Martakis ' songs for the national final were leaked via the internet , three days before ERT set release date before a press conference on February 6 , 2008 . At the February 6 press conference at the Athens Hilton Hotel , ERT officially revealed the songs to the media and public as well as more details about the national final . The national final would take place on February 27 , 2008 at the Athinon Arena with the winner being chosen via 60 % Televoting / SMS Messaging and 40 % internal jury .
= = = = The songs = = = =
= = = = = " A Chance to Love " = = = = =
Chrispa 's record label , Minos EMI , chose a song composed by Marios Psimopoulos with lyrics by Antonis Papas . Antonis Papas had previously written lyrics for Elina Konstantopoulou 's " Pia Prosefhi " in 1995 and Antique 's Die for You in 2001 which both represented Greece . The provisional title of the song was " SOS for Love " , but it was later changed to " A Chance to Love " . The song has an ethnic style , described as a " Dance Oriental " , with lyrics in both Greek and English .
= = = = = " Always and Forever " = = = = =
Kostas Martakis and his record label , Sony BMG Greece , chose " Always and Forever " , a song by Dimitris Kontopoulos with lyrics by Vicky Gerothodorou . Kontopoulos is known for his dance @-@ pop songs and had previously submitted songs to past national finals including " Welcome To The Party " for Anna Vissi in 2006 . The song was originally presented at the ERT press conference in its original form as a pop song with a rock feel to it , but for the national final he sang a dance version of it .
= = = = = " Secret Combination " = = = = =
Kalomoira , and her record company Heaven Music , had several submissions , from which they chose " Secret Combination " , an upbeat R & B song composed by Konstantinos Pantzis with lyrics by Poseidonas Giannopoulos . Though the song had an American production style , it did contain some Greek musical elements , such as the use of a darbuka ( Greek hand drum ) with a western rhythm . Giannopoulos also wrote lyrics for " Comme Ci , Comme Ça " ( Cyprus 's Eurovision song in 2007 ) , while Pantzis has written over 300 songs , some of which have been featured on over 17 platinum and 25 gold certified albums .
= = = = Result = = = =
The national final took place on February 27 , 2008 at 10PM CET at the Athinon Arena on a stage that was slightly bigger than the previous year 's . Kalomoira , Kostas Martakis , and Chrispa each sang their chosen song live ; the winner was selected via 60 % Televoting / SMS Messaging and 40 % internal jury . The president of the jury , which included Christos Dantis , ERT executive Johnny Kalimeris , Mr. Gontakas and Mr. Andrikakis ( representatives from ERT 's TV and Radio divisions ) , was singer Mimis Plessas . The show was hosted by the two Maggira sisters , known also as actresses and comedy singers in Greece . As in the previous year 's show , additional entertainment by participants from other countries in the Eurovision Song Contest was featured . The international participants included Rebeka Dremelj from Slovenia , Nico & Vlad Miriţă from Romania , Elnur Hüseynov and Samir Javadzadeh from Azerbaijan , and Evdokia Kadi from Cyprus . Sarbel , Greece 's 2007 entrant , also performed his entry " Yassou Maria " as well as the previously unheard single " Eho Trelathi " . The national final was streamed live on New Hellenic Television ( NET ) , ERT World , and the official websites of ERT and the Eurovision Song Contest . The whole show had a Las Vegas show girl theme .
Despite a few small faults in the program , the production ran more smoothly than in 2007 . It lasted about two and a half hours and ERT 's broadcast topped the programs aired on February 27 by 45 @.@ 9 % according to AGB Hellas ; it is estimated that 1 @.@ 9 million viewers watched the show . Kalomoira was the overall winner , coming first in the televoting , and second in the jury vote .
= = = Promotion = = =
To promote " Secret Combination " , a music video was officially released on March 14 , 2008 . It was shown exclusively on NET , but was available internationally through ERT World . The director was Kostas Kapetanidis , who had also directed the video of Helena Paparizou 's 2005 winning entry .
Before her appearance at the contest , Kalomoira went on a promotional tour , singing " Secret Combination " in several Eurovision countries . The first stop was Azerbaijan on March 22 , 2008 , where she made guest appearances on many major television and radio programs ; staying until March 26 . On March 27 , Kalomoira arrived in Romania for a three @-@ day stay , where she again appeared on television and gave interviews . After a brief break , she traveled to Turkey , arriving on April 10 , where she posed for pictures , gave interviews to the local media , and went shopping through the Grand Bazaar along with Turkish media . She also met with Patriarch Bartholomew I of Constantinople , who wished her success and presented her with a medallion . By April 17 , Kalomoira had reached Bosnia and Herzegovina ; in addition to hosting a show on PINK TV , she appeared on television shows , gave many interviews , and met with Elvir Laković Laka and his sister Mirella , Bosnia and Herzegovina 's entrants in the contest . Kalomoira then went to Belgrade , Serbia , where she was a guest star on a morning television show , performed " Secret Combination " live on Radio Television of Serbia , and had an interview with FOX TV . She spent one day in Belgrade and returned to Greece to conclude her tour .
= = At Eurovision = =
Although Greece had been granted a spot in the 2008 final because of its seventh place finish at the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 , it had to compete in a semi @-@ final for the first time since 2004 because of new rules put into effect by the European Broadcasting Union ( EBU ) . In previous years , countries that received a top 10 placing were automatically granted a spot in the next year 's final without having to compete in a semi @-@ final , but for 2008 , the EBU changed the automatic qualification regulations so that all countries except the " Big 4 " ( France , Germany , Spain , and the United Kingdom ) and host country , would have to pass through one of two semi @-@ finals . The EBU split up countries with a friendly voting history into separate semi @-@ finals , to give a better chance for other countries to win . Greece and Cyprus had often been accused of favoring each other , with each awarding the other the maximum number of points ( twelve ) at the previous contest . On January 28 , 2008 , the EBU held a special draw which determined that Greece would be in Semi @-@ final 1 held on May 20 , 2008 in Belgrade , Serbia ; Cyprus was subsequently placed in the second semi @-@ final .
The Maggira Sisters were the commentators for both the semi @-@ final and final while Alexis Kostalas was the Greek jury spokesperson .
= = = Semi @-@ final = = =
Kalomoira presented " Secret Combination " nineteenth ( last ) in the first semi @-@ final on May 20 , 2008 . In March 2008 , Konstantinos Pantzis , the composer , announced that there would be a few tweaks to the song for its appearance at Eurovision . The changes included a new beat to the introduction and a few changes to the chorus . ERT announced that this new version would be presented to the EBU as the official version of the song .
The stage show included new choreography , as well as Victoria Halkiti and Nektarios Georgiadis as backing vocalists . Kalomoira started off the show sitting on a diamond sequenced bench held up by her dancers . She then got down and started a dance routine with complex choreography . There was also a large purple book on stage that opened up as a heart shaped pop @-@ up book that Kalomoira stepped out of when she sang the lyrics " an open book " . In time with the book opening , Kalomoira removed her pink dress revealing a pink and silver mini @-@ dress underneath . Toward the middle of the song during the break , the cameras cut to Kalomoira who was doing a provocative dance ; shaking her whole body . At the end of the song , she was slightly lifted up by her dancers . The background image on stage was a skyline of buildings that moved with glowing lights . She wore clothes exclusively by JLO and managed to finish in first place out of nineteen countries , receiving 156 points .
= = = Final = = =
Kalomoira performed a repeat of her semi @-@ final performance at the Eurovision Final on May 24 , 2008 . She was the twenty @-@ first act out of twenty @-@ five countries , after Azerbaijan and before Spain . Having led initially in the voting , Greece finished in third place behind Russia and Ukraine , receiving 218 points . Greece received 12 points , the maximum number of points a country can give to another country , from six countries . The broadcast received 93 % ratings and was watched by over six million people in Greece .
= = After Eurovision = =
" Secret Combination " became a successful hit throughout Europe , peaking at number one in Greece and Cyprus and charting in a number of other countries .
During a press conference in Athens after the final , Kalomoira said that " it was an honor ... to represent Greece in this contest " and thanked Greece because they supported her from the first moment she said she would compete . However , she reported later that she had returned to the United States because she felt mistreated by her record label and was not paid for several arrangements she had made with Heaven during her stay in Belgrade and had to pay for many things herself . In an interview with Downtown Magazine , Kalomoira 's father stated that she was treated " like dirt " by Heaven Music and that she may or may not continue her singing career , but that it was up to her . In response , Makis Pounetzis , the new CEO of Heaven Music , claimed that he was " surprised " by Kalomoira 's remarks and couldn 't offer an explanation , though he did say that her contract would be honored should she choose to go back and sing again . Kalomoira returned to Greece in January 2009 , and in an interview with Eleni Menegaki , she said that her Eurovision participation was the biggest thing that she has done in her career , and that it was also one of the most personal events in her life that will always be remembered with good memories . When asked if she expected to do so well in the competition , she stated that she had always wanted to do well , but above all she wanted the Greek people to be proud of the performance regardless of how well it did . In the same interview , host Eleni Menegaki stated that many , including herself , viewed Eurovision as a defining point in Kalomoira 's career to date : her mature professional performance distanced her from the innocent little girl image associated with her participation in Fame Story .
= = = Points Awarded by Greece = = =
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= Femme Fatale Tour =
The Femme Fatale Tour was the eighth concert tour by American recording artist Britney Spears . It was launched in support of her seventh studio album Femme Fatale ( 2011 ) . It was officially announced in March 2011 , with dates for North American venues revealed . The tour was initially planned as a co @-@ headlining tour with Enrique Iglesias , but he canceled only hours after the announcement . The show is inspired by the concept of the femme fatale and femmes fatales throughout the ages . The setlist was mostly composed of songs from Femme Fatale , although Spears also performed hits from her previous albums for her fans . Fashion designer Zaldy Goco created the costumes . In July 2011 , Spears announced plans of playing a South American leg in territories she either had never been to or had not played for a long time . Spears has named the Femme Fatale Tour the best show of her career .
The tour , divided in five segments , portrays a story in which Spears is a secret agent , who is chased by a stalker named Tormento Lancie ; played by Rudolf Martin . The first section features her escaping from prison along with other female inmates . The second segment displays upbeat dance numbers and ends with a performance inspired by Marilyn Monroe . The third section features an Egyptian theme with fireworks and acrobatics . The fourth segment displays energetic routines and motorcycle costumes . The encore begins with a video interlude of Spears capturing the stalker , and is followed by two performances in which she defeats a group of ninjas .
The Femme Fatale Tour received mixed to positive reviews from critics . Some described it as Spears ' most entertaining show and praised her performance , while others criticized her dancing and lack of audience interaction . The Femme Fatale Tour grossed $ 6 @.@ 2 million in the first ten shows , and was included on Pollstar 's Top 100 North American Tours list .
An unofficial high @-@ quality recording of the Las Vegas show was leaked onto YouTube in July 2011 ; it was removed after the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) filed legal action against the site to obtain information on the uploader . 3ality Digital filmed a special of the tour during the Toronto shows in August 2011 in 2D and 3D . The special , titled Britney Spears Live : The Femme Fatale Tour , aired on Epix in the United States . BBC Worldwide acquired the rights to both 2D and 3D versions outside the United States . Worldwide , the Femme Fatale Tour was the eleventh highest @-@ grossing tour of 2011 , with a gross of $ 68 @.@ 7 million . 697 @,@ 957 fans attended the shows worldwide , with an average attendance of 8 @,@ 724 , paying an average of $ 98 @.@ 43 .
= = Background = =
In an interview on Ryan Seacrest 's radio show on March 4 , 2011 , Spears stated she would tour the United States in the " early summer " in support of Femme Fatale . On March 29 , 2011 , following her performances on Good Morning America , she announced a co @-@ headlining tour with Enrique Iglesias , starting in June 2011 . Hours after the announcement , it was reported by Billboard that Iglesias had pulled out of the tour . Ray Wedell of Billboard speculated that the reason may have been that Spears was deemed by news outlets as the headliner , while Iglesias was considered the opening act . The first twenty @-@ six North American dates were also announced on March 29 , 2011 . The opening acts were announced on April 12 , 2011 . Spears stated , " This is the Femme Fatale tour and I 'm thrilled to have Nicki Minaj , Jessie and the Toy Boys , and Nervo join me and get everyone on the dance floor . Can 't wait to take the Femme Fatales on the road . " Tickets for select markets went on sale on April 30 , 2011 , at ticket seller Ticketmaster and tour promoter Live Nation 's websites .
In May 2011 , it was announced that Spears would headline Summerfest on July 9 , 2011 , at the Marcus Amphitheater in Milwaukee . She previously headlined the festival on July 8 , 2000 , during the Oops ! ... I Did It Again World Tour , and had to cancel her performance during The Onyx Hotel Tour in 2004 due to a knee injury . Summerfest 's entertainment director Bob Babisch said , " It 's going to be a great dance party . [ ... ] This is going to be the biggest production we 've ever put in the Marcus Amphitheatre . There 's a thrust that goes out on the stage about 80 feet , and it 's about 80 feet wide , and there 's all kinds of things flying in and out . " The European tour dates were announced on her official website on June 5 , 2011 . On July 25 , 2011 , Spears announced through her Ustream page at 18 : 00 EST ( 23 : 00 UTC ) a South American leg of the tour . Accompanied by two of her dancers — one translating in Spanish and the other in Portuguese — she also apologized for not touring in the region during The Circus Starring Britney Spears in 2009 . A notice following the stream announced the first two dates in Brazil and ten more dates to be announced in the near future . It will mark Spears first concert in Brazil in ten years , since her 2001 performance at Rock in Rio . During the next few days , concerts in countries such as Argentina , Chile , Colombia and Peru were announced . On September 26 , 2011 , it was announced that Spears would perform on the first day of the Abu Dhabi Grand Prix .
= = Development = =
In March 2011 , Spears 's manager Larry Rudolph told MTV News that the tour would have a " post @-@ apocalyptic vibe " , and commented that " Till The World Ends " " keeps becoming a theme for us . " He also confirmed Jamie King as the tour director and Brian Friedman as the choreographer . The following month , Friedman announced that he had pulled out of the tour due to scheduling conflicts with his own reality series . In a video interview posted on Spears 's official website , she said , " The Femme Fatale Tour will hopefully just be outrageously spectacular . I 'm just hoping that the choreographers will come up with just the most outrageous things , and I 'm really excited . This is one of the most excited I 've been about a project in a really long time , so I can 't wait . " The script of the show was created by Jamie King , and was inspired by the concept of the femme fatale and femme fatales throughout the ages . Rudolph stated that the idea for the show was to have Spears as an " international woman of mystery " . The setlist was composed mostly of songs from Femme Fatale , but also included hits from her previous albums , as Spears explained , " The fans really like a lot of the old songs , because that 's what they are used to . So it 's just about finding the balance , and how many songs I wanna incorporate from the past and from the present . "
The costume design was done by Zaldy Goco , and the outfits were created to fit the different personas of Spears throughout the show . He also commented that the inspiration for the costumes was " Britney herself [ ... ] She 's a very sexy girl . " Among the outfits that Goco previewed to Extra prior to the beginning of the tour were a pink latex jacket , a nude bodysuit , a Marilyn Monroe @-@ inspired white flowing dress , several gladiator @-@ inspired gold @-@ mirrored options , pink @-@ chrome @-@ studded leather and denim , as well as a " Toxic " -inspired catsuit . For the finale , she was revealed to wear a kimono , with an anime version of herself silk @-@ screened on one sleeve , over a sparkling , black bodysuit with LED lights built into it . On April 30 , 2011 , a video of Spears rehearsing " How I Roll " from Femme Fatale with her dancers surfaced online . On May 11 , 2011 , Sabi spoke to MTV News at a St. Bernard Project dinner hosted by Spears , stating that she would join her during the performances of " ( Drop Dead ) Beautiful " at select dates such as Los Angeles , Las Vegas and New York . On June 7 , 2011 , a video surfaced online of Spears seeing the stage for the first time , along with a soundcheck of the music and staging for " Hold It Against Me " . According to Jocelyn Vena of MTV , the stage " has it all : lights , video screens , a funky neon @-@ colored floor , lasers , lifts and giant butterfly wings . " In an interview with Entertainment Tonight on June 8 , 2011 , Spears said about the show ,
" I 'm really excited . I 'm probably going to be extra nervous the day before . We 've been working hard for , like , two months now , and everything 's coming together really good . [ ... ] [ The show ] can be kind of [ grueling ] , especially when you 're onstage and you 're on your eighth number , you get really winded and you 're like , ' How can I do the rest of the show ? ' But I 've been training for a while and I actually — before I come to rehearsals — I 've been working out and stuff like that so I won 't have that predicament . "
After Minaj was announced as the opening act in April 2011 , she said on Ryan Seacrest 's radio show she was looking forward to creating " a new , a bigger , a brighter , a more spectacular show . " She stated that as much as her set was about the music , she wanted to put more theater on stage , saying , " my goal [ is ] to truly put on a show and incorporate theater and dance . " The hair and make @-@ up was done by Marco Berardini , who was inspired by European women such as Brigitte Bardot . " It 's the epitome of a strong woman . I wanted to bring out that strength and sexiness for all the girls on tour " , he said . He applied Spears with makeup and designed it to " be a little bit neutral so that it could work with anything . " As for the hair , it was changed at every show to fit the vibe of the city . For example , at the Uniondale show on August 2 , 2011 , Spears sported wavy hair , inspired by Sarah Jessica Parker and the street style of New York women .
BuzzFeed reported that 23 18 @-@ wheeler trucks arrived at each venue at 5 a.m. on show day . It took 7 hours to unload and build the stage . Unlike most tours who built the stage from the bottom up , the stage was built from the ceiling down . The tour comprised 140 workers , 125 crew members , 14 tour buses , 16 dancers and 2 band members . In July 2011 , Spears told MTV News she was having " a blast " on the tour , commenting , " The shows have been equally amazing . The crowds have been so good each night and that gives you the adrenaline you need to get through the show . It just pumps you up . " She also talked about the performance of " Till the World Ends " , saying that " at the end of the show , the last song [ Minaj ] comes on every once in awhile [ sic ] . Not every show , but it 's usually special when she does it . " In an interview with Glamour in October 2011 , Spears said : " I seriously think it 's the best tour I 've done so far . [ ... ] right now I ’ m really excited about the show – this is the funnest show I 've done in my career . "
= = Concert synopsis = =
After a neon sign reading " Femme Fatale " is lifted from the stage , the show begins with a video introduction in which Spears is arrested by the police after a chasing sequence . As she says " I 'm not that innocent " , the video screens part and she appears sitting on a metallic throne in a silver costume to perform " Hold It Against Me " . She is accompanied by her back @-@ up dancers in white and silver costumes . " Up N ' Down " features Spears and her female dancers performing inside cages , with the male dancers looking at them dressed as policemen . After walking to the B @-@ stage in a conveyor belt , Spears puts on a white trench coat and a satin fedora to perform " 3 " . She then goes into " Piece of Me " while floating above the stage in a platform . This is followed by a video intermission that contains the beginning of the music video for " My Prerogative " , and in which a stalker reveals that Spears is a secret agent . The next section begins with Spears in a pink latex and lace jacket emerging from inside a bass to perform " Big Fat Bass " , while will.i.am appears in the backdrops . She removes the jacket to reveal a nude leotard for the performance of " How I Roll " , which features a pink convertible Mini Cooper @-@ like car and her dancers wearing colorful outfits . This is followed by a segment in which Spears and her dancers select a male member from the audience . She then bursts into " Lace and Leather " and performs sensually for him . After a costume change , Spears goes into the song " If U Seek Amy " while wearing a white skirt over a fan , recalling Marilyn Monroe 's iconic scene in The Seven Year Itch ( 1955 ) .
A video interlude in which the stalker talks about femme fatales in history sees the beginning of the third section . Spears returns to the stage wearing a golden outfit and performs an Egyptian @-@ inspired version of " Gimme More " , containing a barge and fireworks . In her next number " ( Drop Dead ) Beautiful " Spears is surrounded by her dancers carrying picture frames , and includes an appearance by Sabi in select cities . She then sings " He About to Lose Me " on a purple couch while her male dancers climb metallic structures . She wears a golden cape for a snake charming number of " Boys " ( The Co @-@ Ed Remix ) . After climbing into a swing , she starts singing " Don 't Let Me Be the Last to Know " , while an acrobat hangs from it . Another video interlude follows , featuring Spears changing clothes and choosing between different passports inside a hotel room . The final segment features Spears and her dancers dressed in motorcycle gear to perform a medley of " ... Baby One More Time " and " S & M " , while her next number " Trouble for Me " features Spears and her dancers performing in the B @-@ stage . Accompanied by her female dancers , Spears performs " I 'm a Slave 4 U " with gay soft porn in the backdrops , and subsequently a cover of Madonna 's " Burning Up " on top of a giant silver guitar . She then brings several fans onstage for a performance of " I Wanna Go " . She sings " Womanizer " with her dancers dressed as policemen and thanks the audience . The encore starts with a video interlude in which Spears finally captures the stalker while wearing a kimono . She reappears to perform a martial arts @-@ inspired version of " Toxic " , in which she defeats a group of ninjas . At the end of the song , she goes below the stage and returns wearing a black sparkly bodysuit for " Till the World Ends " . Halfway through the performance , Nicki Minaj appears on the backdrops rapping her verse of The Femme Fatale Remix of the song . She also joined Spears to perform the verse in select cities . After the song changes back to the original version , Spears starts flying in a platform with giant angel wings . The show ends with Spears and her dancers thanking the audience , as confetti falls and the " Femme Fatale " sign is lowered onstage .
= = Critical response = =
Barry Walters from Rolling Stone called the show " possibly her flashiest , fastest moving , and most entertaining production yet " , and added that the night belonged to Spears , as " she managed to prove that she 's still progressing as a showgirl . Not only that , she 's doing it better than even diehard defenders would ’ ve predicted . At 29 , the pop star whose career seemed in danger of ending just a couple years ago has shown that she 's back – hopefully this time to stay . " Evelyn McDonnell of Spin said that " the idol America loves to hate went all out . Her body perpetually moved , she sang steadfastly into her headset ( okay , she 's got plenty of digital support , but she doesn 't merely lip @-@ sync ) , and she shimmied through an endless parade of outfits . [ ... ] Having been knocked down by the tabloid press and the public repeatedly in recent years , Spears is now desperately seeking our attention . And she earns it . Haters go home . " Kelley L. Carter of MTV commented that " the Spears that captivated the audience at the Staples Center [ ... ] was the old , fun @-@ loving , free @-@ wheeling Spears — with a sexy , showgirl twist . There wasn 't much pretense , though those glamazon outfits blinded in the best way possible . Instead , there was just good dance music . " Carla Meyer of The Sacramento Bee stated that " Though Spears performed like a pro throughout the show , hitting all her marks , she had shown hesitancy in her movements — natural for the first stop on a tour . But that hesitancy vanished when she put on the denim . She seemed at ease . "
Shaunna Murphy of Entertainment Weekly criticized " Britney 's complete lack of verbal audience interaction [ ... ] and her obviously diminished dancing ability " but also added that " with her slim waist , her dangerously toned legs , and most importantly her engaged , wide @-@ eyed smile , [ Spears ] looked happy to be there with us — the crucial element that has been missing from so many Britney shows of late . " August Brown of the Los Angeles Times stated that " the Femme Fatale tour gets its drama by largely erasing — or at least tweaking — the past . [ ... ] Spears manipulates pop 's virgin @-@ whore complex better than just about anyone , and her seamless sweep from lasciviously grinding on an awestruck dude from the audience to the earnest balladry of ' Don ’ t Let Me Be the Last to Know ' [ ... ] felt true to the sweep of her career — she learned that she can control the narrative by vanishing into a club 's heat or into literal thin air . " Matt Kivel of Variety commented , " Though visually impressive , the show lacked a truly engaging human quality . Spears moved with an almost mechanical detachment , lightly shifting through dance routines without fully letting her body release itself . With her voice heavily processed and laden with backing tracks , she appeared onstage as some strange blend of Michael Jackson , Madonna and Kraftwerk 's Ralf and Florian . " However , Jam ! Canoe considered the show was " best described as Janet Jackson @-@ like . "
Steve Palopoli of Metro Silicon Valley said , " Musically , the show is heavy on the hits , although considering Britney as a musical phenomenon is like asking which of Madonna 's albums is best . She 's a cultural phenomenon , obviously , and the only edicts that seem to have been handed down in regards to the music is ' no lip @-@ synching ' ( she definitely doesn 't ) and ' bigger and louder whenever possible . ' " Shirley Halperin of The Hollywood Reporter stated it was " entertaining " , but Spears " doesn ’ t quite have that spring in her dance step anymore and who requires a constant barrage of visual distractions while she mostly lip @-@ synchs along to her hits " . Jim Harrington of the Oakland Tribune deemed the show as " a mess pretty much from start to finish . The theatrics are awkward and confusing , the dance routines are numbingly bland and old @-@ hat , the song selection is weak and misguided , and Britney 's star power , so blinding on tours past , is remarkably dim . " Alexis Petridis of The Guardian gave the show two stars out of five , saying that " there 's a suspicion that the kind of person who goes to see Britney Spears live isn 't really there for the music or her sparkling personality : tonight she seems as dead @-@ eyed and distant as ever . What they 're interested in is proximity to a global celebrity . " Neil McCormick of The Daily Telegraph gave the show one star out of five , and called it " the saddest , laziest , dullest and most tawdry pop concert I have ever witnessed . " He added that " the most amazing thing about the whole second @-@ rate spectacle was that thousands of people , having forked out around £ 50 a head for tickets , practically raised the roof , cheering every dismal dance move , roaring for lip @-@ synched vocals and lustily applauding limp erotica . "
= = Commercial reception = =
Live Nation announced in early May 2011 a partnership with deal @-@ of @-@ the @-@ day website Groupon . A spokesperson explained , " Offering a deal on Groupon is not a reflection of the quality or status or sales of a show " but rather " segmented marketing and a way to reach new and additional consumers . " A staff editor for VH1 noted that as of June 16 , 2011 , 18 @,@ 000 tickets were sold at discounted prices through Groupon for fifteen of the first twenty @-@ four dates of the tour , including 1 @,@ 800 at opening night in Sacramento . The Groupon deals for shows in Seattle , Winnipeg , Saint Paul , and Atlanta actually expired before all available discounted tickets were sold . The editor also stated that " the shows look to be under @-@ attended in smaller cities , even as , in metropolitan areas like Greater New York City , new shows have been added . It remains to be seen whether this could have been remedied by better price optimization , or whether the tour 's ambition was more outsized than its actual draw . " The Femme Fatale Tour was ranked at number fifty @-@ five by Pollstar on the Top 100 North American Tours list , grossing $ 6 @.@ 2 million in the first ten shows . On July 22 , 2011 , the shows in Atlanta and Nashville ranked Spears at number ten on Billboard 's Hot Tours list , with a combined gross of $ 1 @,@ 563 @,@ 934 . On September 22 , 2011 , the tour was ranked at number six on the Top 20 Concert Tours list from Pollstar . It had an average gross of $ 940 @,@ 165 per city , and an average ticket price of $ 84 @.@ 19 during the shows in North America .
Groupon and Travelzoo offered discounted tickets for the shows in London , Manchester and Birmingham . Rene Freling from Travelzoo explained that " promoters are thinking , instead of shows being 90 % sold out , they 'd rather have it full and promote it to a wider audience . " 238 tickets were sold through Groupon within minutes of the offer , and 5 @,@ 000 tickets were sold for the UK shows by the time the offer expired . The move divided opinions in the music industry of the United Kingdom : festival organizer Melvin Benn said that discounted tickets work " particularly well for an awful lot of concerts . It 's definitely emerging . In tough economic times people will look at varying ways of pricing their tickets . " Independent promoter John Rostrum called it " very short @-@ term " and " incredibly damaging for shows because in the future when a show goes on sale people will sit back and go , ' I won 't buy until the week before ' " . The October 30 , 2011 concert in Birmingham was her first in the English Midlands since The Onyx Hotel Tour in 2004 . A week before the show , the venue 's box office told the Leicester Mercury that the concert was " probably about half @-@ full . There 's good availability " .
In December 2011 , the Femme Fatale Tour was number 19 on Billboard 's Top 25 Tours of 2011 . The magazine counted for 39 of the tour 's dates ( 14 of which were sold out ) with an overall gross of $ 37 @.@ 1 million and 396 @,@ 000 tickets sold . In the North America , the tour was the fourteenth highest @-@ grossing tour 2011 , with $ 38 @.@ 3 million in ticket sales and 423 @,@ 017 people attending at an average of 9 @,@ 196 per show . Worldwide , the Femme Fatale Tour was the eleventh highest @-@ grossing tour of 2011 , with a gross of $ 68 @.@ 7 million . 697 @,@ 957 fans attended the shows worldwide , with an average attendance of 8 @,@ 724 , paying an average of $ 98 @.@ 43 .
= = Broadcast and recordings = =
In July 2011 , a high @-@ quality recording of the Las Vegas show was uploaded to YouTube . On July 14 , 2011 , the vice president of Online Anti @-@ Piracy from the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , Marc McDevitt , requested a subpoena at a federal court to obtain personal details from YouTube of the user who uploaded the video , including the IP address , e @-@ mail address and any other relevant information to identify the person . Although it is common for major music labels to send takedown requests to YouTube , it is thought to be the first time the RIAA filed legal action against the video hosting site in order to obtain the personal details of an uploader . The case was closed after a week ; according to a copyright lawyer , it is most likely that the subpoena was granted by the court and that YouTube agreed to hand over the personal details that were requested . The video was removed from YouTube , but copies of the full concert can still be found on the site .
On August 12 , 2011 , Spears announced through her Twitter account that the Toronto shows at the Air Canada Centre would be taped to air on the Epix television channel , and for release on DVD . Within minutes of her announcement , traffic to EPIX social sites doubled and Britney Spears became a worldwide trending topic on Twitter . The show , initially titled Britney Spears : Femme Fatale , was shot in 2D and 3D by 3ality Digital . On September 9 , 2011 , it was announced by the BBC that BBC Worldwide had attained distribution rights of the show outside the United States . The 2D version will be available for broadcast from Christmas Eve 2011 , with the 3D version available in February 2012 . The special premiered on November 12 , 2011 at 20 : 00 EST ( 01 : 00 UTC ) . It received mixed reviews from critics : some praised the special and the impressive stage , while others criticized Spears ' dancing . The DVD and Blu @-@ ray were released in the United States on November 21 , 2011 . The DVD was released in the United Kingdom on November 28 , 2011 . During the concert in Lima , Peru , the song " I Wanna Go " was professionally filmed by Coca @-@ Cola as part of the competition " Dance with Britney Spears . "
= = Opening acts = =
Jessie and the Toy Boys ( North America ) ( select dates )
Nervo ( North America ) ( select dates )
DJ Pauly D ( North America ) ( select dates )
Joe Jonas ( East Rutherford ) ( Europe ) ( select dates )
Destinee & Paris ( North America , Europe ) ( select dates )
The Wanted ( Manchester )
Howie Dorough ( South America ) ( select dates )
Teen Angels ( La Plata )
= = Set list = =
The following set list is representative of the show on June 22 , 2011 . It is not representative of all concerts for the duration of the tour .
" He About To Lose Me " and " Burning Up " were only performed in the North American leg .
= = Shows = =
= = = Box office score data = = =
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= New Jersey Route 155 =
Route 155 was a short state highway in the community of Palmyra , New Jersey in Burlington County . The route ran from the ferry docks to the north of the Tacony – Palmyra Bridge ( New Jersey Route 73 ) through the community , terminating at an intersection with U.S. Route 130 . The highway was a former alignment of NJ 73 before the construction of the bridge . The route originated as Route S41N in the 1927 renumbering . The route was decommissioned and turned over to Burlington County , who designated it as an extension of County Route 607 .
= = Route description = =
New Jersey Route 155 began at the ferry docks in Palmyra , just to the north of the Tacony – Palmyra Bridge . The route headed eastward along Cinnaminson Avenue , intersecting with several local roads as it progressed from the harbor and into downtown Palmyra . A short distance later , Route 155 , paralleling New Jersey Route 73 , and intersected with Broad Street ( County Route 543 ) in Palmyra . The highway continued eastward to the southeast , following Cinnaminson Avenue until leaving downtown Palmyra . After leaving the community for Cinnaminson Township , the highway ended at an intersection with U.S. Route 130 , a four @-@ lane highway in the local area .
= = History = =
The original alignment of Cinnaminson Avenue in the community of Palmyra was originally a part of New Jersey State Highway Route 2 , which was assigned in 1922 , as a part of the original state highway system in New Jersey . Five years later , the highway re @-@ designated during the period between the 1927 New Jersey state highway renumbering and year of 1941 as a spur of State Highway Route S @-@ 41 , which is currently New Jersey Route 73 . The route designation remained intact for several years until the 1953 New Jersey state highway renumbering , when numerous highways around the state were given new designations . After the spur routes were dropped in the renumbering , the highway was re @-@ designated as NJ 155 . Route 155 's alignment was later turned over to the county of Burlington , who re @-@ designated it as an extension of County Route 607 .
= = Major intersections = =
The entire route was in Burlington County .
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= Banksia coccinea =
Banksia coccinea , commonly known as the scarlet banksia , waratah banksia or Albany banksia , is an erect shrub or small tree in the family Proteaceae . Endemic to south west Western Australia , it occurs from Denmark to the Stokes National Park , and north to the Stirling Range , growing on white or grey sand in shrubland , heath or open woodland . Reaching up to 8 m ( 26 ft ) in height , it is a single @-@ stemmed plant that has oblong leaves , which are 3 – 9 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 – 3 @.@ 5 in ) long and 2 – 7 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 – 2 @.@ 8 in ) wide . The prominent red and white flower spikes appear mainly in the spring . As they age they develop small follicles that store seeds until opened by fire . Though widely occurring , it is highly sensitive to dieback and large populations of plants have succumbed to the disease .
Collected and described by Robert Brown in the early 19th century , Banksia coccinea appears to be most closely related to Banksia speciosa and B. baxteri . Banksia coccinea plants are killed by bushfire , and regenerate from seed . The flowers attract nectar- and insect @-@ feeding birds , particularly honeyeaters , and a variety of insects . Widely considered one of the most attractive Banksia species , B. coccinea is a popular garden plant and one of the most important Banksia species for the cut flower industry ; it is grown commercially in several countries including Australia , South Africa , Canada , the United States , New Zealand and Israel . In cultivation , B. coccinea grows well in a sunny location on well @-@ drained soil , but it cannot survive in areas with humid or wet summers .
= = Description = =
The scarlet banksia grows as an erect shrub or small tree , generally around 2 – 4 m ( 6 @.@ 6 – 13 @.@ 1 ft ) tall , with little lateral spread . However , it can reach 8 metres ( 26 ft ) in height , particularly in the vicinity of Albany . The trunk is generally single at the base before branching , and covered with smooth grey bark that is 2 – 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 079 – 0 @.@ 197 in ) thick and lacking in lenticels . Peaking in the summer months , the pinkish @-@ brown new growth is densely hairy . The oblong , cordate or obcordate leaves are 3 – 9 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 – 3 @.@ 5 in ) long and 2 – 7 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 – 2 @.@ 8 in ) wide , with 3 – 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 12 – 0 @.@ 20 in ) long petioles . Truncate at the apex , they have dentate margins with small ( 1 – 3 mm long ) teeth 3 – 18 mm ( 0 @.@ 12 – 0 @.@ 71 in ) apart , separated by shallow u- or v @-@ shaped sinuses . The upper surface is covered in fine fur when young and becomes smooth with age , while the undersurface is covered with white fur , particularly along the midrib .
The process of flowering takes 9 – 12 months ; the stems begin developing microscopically in spring , with no visible evidence of flower spike development for around five months before the buds actually appear . Flower spikes are in bloom from May to December or January , peaking between July and October . The distinctive inflorescences arise from the ends of one @-@ year @-@ old branchlets . Squat and roughly cylindrical , they are 3 – 6 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 4 in ) high and 8 – 10 cm ( 3 – 4 in ) wide . A field study on the southern sandplains revealed an average count of around 286 individual flowers on each spike . The white flower is covered in grey or pale brown fur , and there is little variation in colour . The style is generally scarlet , but can be dark red , orange or pink . The perianth is 3 – 3 @.@ 2 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 – 1 @.@ 3 in ) long , while the style is 4 – 4 @.@ 8 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 1 @.@ 9 in ) long and strongly recurved or looped until they are released at anthesis . Anthesis is acropetal , that is , the flowers open from the base up the spike to the apex . The flowers of all banksias arise in a spiral pattern around the flower spike axis ; however in Banksia coccinea they develop into distinctive vertical columns , which are strongly accentuated by large gaps in between . Paired in columns , the red styles contrast with the grey @-@ white perianth making a striking flower spike .
The infructescence is small , with up to 20 small follicles concentrated at the lower end of the spike . Each follicle is 6 – 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 24 – 0 @.@ 31 in ) long , 1 – 2 mm ( 0 @.@ 039 – 0 @.@ 079 in ) high , and 2 – 3 mm ( c . 0 @.@ 1 in ) wide and usually opens with fire . The 1 @.@ 1 – 1 @.@ 4 cm ( 0 @.@ 43 – 0 @.@ 55 in ) long seed is composed of the cuneate ( wedge @-@ shaped ) seed body proper , measuring 0 @.@ 5 – 0 @.@ 7 cm ( 0 @.@ 2 – 0 @.@ 3 in ) long and 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 7 cm ( 0 @.@ 2 – 0 @.@ 3 in ) wide , and a papery wing . One side , termed the outer surface , is grey @-@ black and wrinkled and the other — the inner surface — protrudes and is black and glistening . The seeds are separated by a dark brown seed separator that is roughly the same shape as the seeds with a depression where the seed body sits adjacent to it in the follicle . It measures 1 @.@ 1 – 1 @.@ 4 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 6 in ) long and 0 @.@ 7 – 0 @.@ 8 cm ( 0 @.@ 3 – 0 @.@ 3 in ) wide . The dull green cotyledons of seedlings are 0 @.@ 8 – 0 @.@ 9 cm ( 0 @.@ 3 – 0 @.@ 4 in ) long and 0 @.@ 5 – 0 @.@ 6 cm ( 0 @.@ 2 – 0 @.@ 2 in ) wide , described by Alex George as " cuneate to obovate " . Each cotyledon has a 1 mm ( 0 @.@ 04 in ) auricle at its base . The thick , smooth hypocotyl is 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 5 in ) high and 1 @.@ 5 mm thick . The seedling leaves are crowded above the cotyledons and linear to spathulate in shape , with recurved and deeply serrated margins with v @-@ shaped sinuses , almost dividing the leaves into triangular lobes . The first pair are 0 @.@ 8 – 1 @.@ 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 3 – 0 @.@ 5 in ) long , with the next 2 – 4 leaves up to 1 @.@ 7 cm ( 0 @.@ 7 in ) long . Successive leaves are more obovate in shape and up to 4 cm ( 2 in ) long and 1 @.@ 4 cm ( 0 @.@ 6 in ) wide . The seedling stems are covered in white hair .
= = Taxonomy = =
= = = Discovery and naming = = =
The first known specimens of Banksia coccinea were collected in December 1801 , during the visit to King George Sound of HMS Investigator under the command of Matthew Flinders . On board were botanist Robert Brown , botanical artist Ferdinand Bauer , and gardener Peter Good . All three men gathered plant specimens , but those collected by Bauer and Good were incorporated into Brown 's herbarium without attribution , so it is not possible to identify the actual collector of this species . The surviving specimen of B. coccinea , held by the Natural History Museum in London , is annotated in Brown 's hand " King George IIIds Sound Princess Royal Harbour especially near the observatory " . The observatory was apparently located in what is now the central business district of Albany . No further information on the collection is available , as the species is mentioned in neither Brown 's nor Good 's diary .
Good also made a separate seed collection , which included B. coccinea , and the species was drawn by Bauer . Like nearly all of Bauer 's field drawings of Proteaceae , the original field sketch of B. coccinea was destroyed in a Hofburg fire in 1945 . However a watercolour painting by Bauer , based on his field sketches , still survives at the Natural History Museum in London , and a hand @-@ coloured copper engraving from that painting was published as Plate 3 of Bauer 's 1813 Illustrationes Florae Novae Hollandiae . German botanist Adalbert Schnizlein described B. purpurea in 1843 , now regarded as a synonym of B. coccinea . Common names include scarlet banksia , waratah banksia and Albany banksia .
Brown published the species in his 1810 On the Proteaceae of Jussieu , its species name derived from the Latin coccineus , meaning " scarlet " , and referring to the pistils . He recorded 31 species of Banksia in his 1810 work Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen , and , in his taxonomic arrangement , placed the taxon in the subgenus Banksia verae , the " true banksias " , because the inflorescence is a typical Banksia flower spike . By the time Carl Meissner published his 1856 arrangement of the genus , there were 58 described Banksia species . Meissner divided Brown 's Banksia verae , which had been renamed Eubanksia by Stephan Endlicher in 1847 , into four series based on leaf properties . He placed B. coccinea in the series Quercinae .
George Bentham published a thorough revision of Banksia in his landmark publication Flora Australiensis in 1870 . In Bentham 's arrangement , the number of recognised Banksia species was reduced from 60 to 46 . Bentham defined four sections based on leaf , style and pollen @-@ presenter characters . Banksia coccinea was placed in section Orthostylis .
In 1891 , German botanist Otto Kuntze challenged the generic name Banksia L.f. , on the grounds that the name Banksia had previously been published in 1775 as Banksia J.R.Forst & G.Forst , referring to the genus now known as Pimelea . Kuntze proposed Sirmuellera as an alternative , republishing B. coccinea as Sirmuellera coccinea . The challenge failed , and Banksia L.f. was formally conserved .
Alex George published a new taxonomic arrangement of Banksia in his classic 1981 monograph The genus Banksia L.f. ( Proteaceae ) . Endlicher 's Eubanksia became B. subgenus Banksia , and was divided into three sections . George placed Banksia coccinea in its own series — Banksia series Coccineae — within the section B. section Banksia on account of a unique combination of characters , namely the vertical arrangement of flowers on the spike , combined with the branched open habit , broad leaves and very small follicles . Members of the series Quercinae and five species within the series Spicigerae share the vertically aligned flowers , but do not wholly exhibit the other characters .
Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published a new arrangement for the genus in 1996 ; their morphological cladistic analysis yielded a cladogram significantly different from George 's arrangement . They were uncertain of B. coccinea 's placement as it had highly autapomorphic characteristics which made analysis of its relationships difficult . Hence , in their arrangement it was located within series Banksia but not allocated to a subseries ( incertae sedis ) . It was reclassified in its own section Coccinea in 1996 by Tina Maguire and colleagues ; pollen compatibility tests indicated its pollen was most compatible with Banksia ericifolia , B. micrantha and B. sphaerocarpa , all of section Oncostylis . However , they did not place it in that section as all members of Oncostylis have hooked styles at anthesis . This was upheld by George in his monograph for the Flora of Australia series . B. coccinea 's placement within Banksia according to Flora of Australia is as follows :
Genus Banksia
Subgenus Banksia
Section Banksia sect . Coccineae
B. coccinea
In 2002 , a molecular study by Austin Mast again showed Banksia coccinea to be the next closest relative of a group comprising Banksia speciosa and B. baxteri and only distantly related to other members of the series Banksia . This was reinforced in a 2013 molecular study by Marcel Cardillo and colleagues using chloroplast DNA and combining it with earlier results .
Mast , Eric Jones and Shawn Havery published the results of their cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for Banksia in 2005 . They inferred a phylogeny greatly different from the accepted taxonomic arrangement , including finding Banksia to be paraphyletic with respect to Dryandra . A new taxonomic arrangement was not published at the time , but early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement by transferring Dryandra to Banksia , and publishing B. subgenus Spathulatae for the species having spoon @-@ shaped cotyledons ; in this way they also redefined the autonym B. subg . Banksia . They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete . In the meantime , if Mast and Thiele 's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement , then B. coccinea is placed in B. subg . Banksia .
No subspecies are recognised , although DNA analysis showed that a population at Redmond was genetically distinctive , while those at Gull Rock , Two Peoples Bay and Cheyne Beach were unusually diverse .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
B. coccinea occurs close to the south coast of Western Australia , from the Hay River northeast of Denmark Albany in the west , east to Stokes National Park southeast of Munglinup and inland to the Stirling Range and the northern border of Fitzgerald River National Park . Around 47 % of plants are protected in conservation areas , while 13 % are located on road verges . It prefers deep white or grey sand , among tall shrubland , heath , mallee @-@ heath , associated with such species as Banksia baxteri , B. speciosa , B. attenuata and Lambertia inermis , or low open woodland in the Stirling Range and near Albany , where it is found with Eucalyptus marginata , Banksia attenuata and B. ilicifolia . Most of its range has a gently undulating topography , but it also occurs on a steep rocky slope at Ellen Peak in the Stirling Ranges . The annual rainfall is 400 – 800 mm ( 16 – 31 in ) .
= = Ecology = =
A field study conducted around Albany found the honey possum ( Tarsipes rostratus ) sometimes visit Banksia coccinea , as do the New Holland honeyeater ( Phylidonyris novaehollandiae ) , white @-@ cheeked honeyeater ( P. nigra ) , and western spinebill ( Acanthorhynchus superciliosus ) . Banksia coccinea flowers are visited by colletid bees Hylaeus alcyoneus and H. sanguinipictus . The short @-@ billed black cockatoo breaks off old cones with follicles to eat the seed , often doing so before the seed is ripe .
Banksia coccinea is killed by fire and regenerates afterwards from seed released from burnt follicles . It has is some degree of serotiny , that is , it has an aerial seed bank in its canopy in the form of the follicles of the old flower spikes . However , numbers of seed are less than other co @-@ occurring species of banksia on the southern plains and peak several years after a fire . Unusually for banksias , B. coccinea can release seed with resulting seedlings growing in the absence of a bushfire trigger . Plants flower and fruit three years after germination and are shorter @-@ lived than other banksias , appearing in poor health or dying before 20 years of age . They hence appear to be suited to fire intervals of less than 20 years .
Manipulating growing conditions on plants in cultivation showed that longer daylight ( 16 hours vs 8 hours ) led to development of more flower spikes , indicating that flower initiation was related to day length .
Extremely sensitive to dieback caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi , Banksia coccinea is an indicator species for the presence of the disease . There is no known means of eradicating dieback . Much of the Stirling Range National Park is infested , though Fitzgerald River National Park has been largely spared . Applying phosphite to infested areas has been shown to reduce the mortality rates to around 50 % . Banksia coccinea has shown some symptoms of toxicity to application of phosphite , with some patchy necrosis of leaves , but the plant 's uptake of the compound is somewhat lower compared with uptake by other shrub species . Unusually , the symptoms do not appear to be proportional to exposure levels .
Dying stands of B. coccinea were observed in 1989 , and the fungus Cryptodiaporthe melanocraspedia isolated as the cause in 1995 . The disease , a form of aerial canker , manifested initially as dead dry brown leaves and the tips of new growth . Plants would die from the top downwards , with larger branches affected over time . Under the outer bark , orange and brown patches of necrosis spread out from leaf nodes until they encircle the stem , which then dies . Flower spikes may be affected during flowering season . In humid spells during warm weather , white or pink spore tendrils are produced on dead wood . One affected stand monitored over three years from October 1989 to June 1992 showed a 97 % mortality of plants ( compared with a baseline 40 % ) . Investigators Bryan Shearer and colleagues isolated another virulent pathogen that they identified as a species of Zythiostroma , however it appeared to invoke an immune response in the plant . This immune response , coupled with the fact that it had not been observed in the wild , led them to believe it was not a major pathogen of the species . This species has since been reclassified and named as Luteocirrhus shearii .
Banksia coccinea is a host for the gall midge Dasineura banksiae , a species of fly that attacks and lays eggs on the leaves between late October and early December . The round white hairy galls are 5 – 7 mm in diameter and generally contain one larva , or up to five on severely infested plants . The larvae moult and feed until January to March , when they reduce activity until early October . Although these are not harmful to the plant , they disfigure the cut foliage and hence reduce its value .
= = Cultivation = =
Widely considered one of the most attractive Banksia species , B. coccinea is a popular garden plant and one of the most important Banksia species for the cut flower industry ; it is grown commercially in Australia , South Africa , Canada , the United States , New Zealand , Israel , and trialled in France , Spain and South America . Its striking terminal inflorescences and furry new growth are its main horticultural attributes . However , it is highly sensitive to dieback and succumbs readily when exposed . It is difficult to keep alive in areas of heavy soils or summer rainfall or humidity , such as the Australian east coast . Furthermore , flowering may be sparse or not occur when cultivated in warmer climates such as Perth . Pruning promotes branching , which leads to more flower spikes being produced .
Propagation is by seed , though these can be difficult to extract from the follicles . Seeds do not require any treatment before sowing , and take 12 to 48 days to germinate . Cultivars require propagation by cutting for progeny to grow true . Cuttings are slow to strike . Attempts to graft B. coccinea have met with little success .
In a breeding program conducted by Margaret Sedgley of the Department of Horticulture , Viticulture and Oenology , Waite Agricultural Research Institute of the University of Adelaide in Adelaide , South Australia , two forms of Banksia coccinea were bred , registered under plant breeders ' rights ( PBR ) , and commercially propagated , mainly for the cut flower industry . Banksia ' Waite Flame ' is an early flowering somewhat orange @-@ hued form , and B. ' Waite Crimson ' is a red @-@ flowering form that peaks mid @-@ season .
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= Vida ( Ricardo Arjona song ) =
" Vida " is a latin pop song by Guatemalan recording artist Ricardo Arjona , released on 7 December 2010 as the second single from his twelfth studio album , Poquita Ropa ( 2010 ) . The song was written by Arjona , who produced it with longtime collaborators Dan Warner and Lee Levin under their stage name Los Gringos . The song is considered to be an autobiographical song for the singer , and its lyrics are based on " matters of identity " .
An accompanying music video for " Vida " was released in November 2010 . It was directed by Joaquín Cambré and filmed in Mexico , and " represent [ s ] that mix of feelings crafting an ambience of hope inside of a story that inetivably has a tragic end . " The video was used as part of the feature film Poquita Ropa — Una Historia Apasionada as well as on Arjona 's Metamorfosis World Tour . As of 28 July 2012 , the video has reached 3 @.@ 9 million views on YouTube .
= = Background = =
With Poquita Ropa , Arjona wanted to drastically change his musical style . He tried to use as few instruments as possible , resulting in a production that sounds like a capella performances . Arjona said about the album , " music and women look better with little clothes " , and that " they [ the songs ] are like women ; they get things up and are so concerned about this that they forget that the less clothes , more beauty . The songs are often overwhelmed by ourselves , because we saturate them with arrangements looking to exalt their qualities and we end up hiding them . "
Arjona produced the album with the assistance of Dan Warner , who has worked with Shakira , Celine Dion and Christina Aguilera . Jason Birchmeier from Allmusic commented that Poquita Ropa " finds Arjona at his most naked , backed by spare arrangements of acoustic guitar , piano , and Hammond B @-@ 3 along with occasional touches of strings , woodwinds , and chorus vocals . " Poquita Ropa was the first album that Arjona recorded without producer Tommy Torres , whose last production was 5to Piso ( 2008 ) . The album is similar in style to Arjona 's work on Galería Caribe ( 2000 ) .
= = Composition = =
" Vida " is a latin pop song written by Arjona , who produced it alongside longtime collaborators Dan Warner and Lee Levin , under their stagename Los Gringos . Doug Emery provided the piano , while Lee Levin performed the percussion and drums instruments and Briang Lang the bass . Roger Silvestre Ramírez and Wendy Pedersen provided additional background vocals on the song , while Andrés Saavedra and Isaías García served as the recording engineers . It is considered by Arjona as an autobiographical song , commenting that it " contains a good dose of the life of my old mand " , as a reference to his father , who died in 2011 . In an interview , music video director Joaquín Cambre commented that " ' Vida ' is a sweet song , exciting and bitter nonetheless . " Jason Birchmeier from Allmusic praised the song , stating that it " deal [ s ] with matters of identity and take a long view , concerning themselves with the past as well as the present and raising questions about the future . "
= = Promotion = =
= = = Music video = = =
The music video for " Vida " was released on 15 November 2010 . It was filmed in Mexico and directed by Argentinian filmmaker Joaquín Cambre . In an interview , Joaquín Cambre commented that he " tried to represent that mix of feelings crafting an ambience of hope inside of a story that inetivably has a tragic end . Ricardo Arjona plays the song while listening to the story playing on an old disc . " On the video , Arjona is seen on an old room , playing guitar and sitting on a couch , close to a bed , while singing the lyrics . In between , scenes showing a family reaching to a house , in which the father of the men is laying , close to death . As of 28 July 2012 , the video has reached 3 @.@ 9 million views on YouTube .
= = = Live performances and media appearances = = =
" Vida " was included on the film Poquita Ropa – Una Historia Apasionada , a compilation of the music videos for all of the songs on the album which primered on February 2011 by HBO . It was directed by Joaquín Cambre , and co @-@ starred Arjona , González , Edgar Vivar , Daniel Arenas , Mimi Morales , and Kenny . Jesús Grovas , HBO 's corporate communication manager for Mexico and Central America said that it was " a pleasure to have on screen the music of a songwriter like Ricardo Arjona , which is warranty of quality " . The film was also broadcast by A & E. The song is also present on his ongoing Metamorfosis World Tour , where it is used as an introductory video for the show , showcased on an LDC screen present during the concert .
= = Trackslisting = =
Digital Download
" Vida " — 5 : 15
= = Credits and personnel = =
The credits are taken from the iTunes exclusive digital booklet .
= = Release history = =
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= Hanged , drawn and quartered =
To be hanged , drawn and quartered was from 1351 a statutory penalty in England for men convicted of high treason , although the ritual was first recorded during the reign of King Henry III ( 1216 – 1272 ) . Convicts were fastened to a hurdle , or wooden panel , and drawn by horse to the place of execution , where they were hanged ( almost to the point of death ) , emasculated , disembowelled , beheaded and quartered ( chopped into four pieces ) . Their remains were often displayed in prominent places across the country , such as London Bridge . For reasons of public decency , women convicted of high treason were instead burned at the stake .
The severity of the sentence was measured against the seriousness of the crime . As an attack on the monarch 's authority , high treason was considered a deplorable act demanding the most extreme form of punishment ; although some convicts had their sentences modified and suffered a less ignominious end , over a period of several hundred years many men found guilty of high treason were subjected to the law 's ultimate sanction . They included many English Catholic priests executed during the Elizabethan era , and several of the regicides involved in the 1649 execution of Charles I.
Although the Act of Parliament defining high treason remains on the United Kingdom 's statute books , during a long period of 19th @-@ century legal reform the sentence of hanging , drawing and quartering was changed to drawing , hanging until dead , and posthumous beheading and quartering , before being abolished in England in 1870 . The death penalty for treason was abolished in 1998 .
= = Treason in England = =
During the High Middle Ages those in England guilty of treason were punished in a variety of ways , including drawing and hanging . In the 13th century other , more brutal penalties were introduced , such as disembowelling , burning , beheading and quartering . The 13th @-@ century English chronicler Matthew Paris described how in 1238 " a certain man at arms , a man of some education ( armiger literatus ) " attempted to kill King Henry III . His account records in gruesome detail how the would @-@ be assassin was executed : " dragged asunder , then beheaded , and his body divided into three parts ; each part was then dragged through one of the principal cities of England , and was afterwards hung on a gibbet used for robbers . " He was apparently sent by William de Marisco , an outlaw who some years earlier had killed a man under royal protection before fleeing to Lundy Island . De Marisco was captured in 1242 and on Henry 's order dragged from Westminster to the Tower of London to be executed . There he was hanged from a gibbet until dead . His corpse was disembowelled , his entrails burned , his body quartered and the parts distributed to cities across the country . The punishment is more frequently recorded during Edward I 's reign . Welshman Dafydd ap Gruffydd became the first nobleman in England to be hanged , drawn and quartered after he turned against the king and proclaimed himself Prince of Wales and Lord of Snowdon . Dafydd 's rebellion infuriated Edward so much that he demanded a novel punishment . Therefore , following his capture and trial in 1283 , for his betrayal he was drawn by horse to his place of execution . For killing English nobles he was hanged alive . For killing those nobles at Easter he was eviscerated and his entrails burned . For conspiring to kill the king in various parts of the realm , his body was quartered and the parts sent across the country ; his head was placed on top of the Tower of London . A similar fate was suffered by the Scottish leader Sir William Wallace . Captured and tried in 1305 , he was forced to wear a crown of laurel leaves and was drawn to Smithfield , where he was hanged and beheaded . His entrails were then burned and his corpse quartered . His head was set on London Bridge and the quarters sent to Newcastle , Berwick , Stirling and Perth .
These and other executions , such as those of Andrew Harclay , 1st Earl of Carlisle , and Hugh Despenser the Younger , which each occurred during King Edward II 's reign , happened when acts of treason in England , and their punishments , were not clearly defined in common law . Treason was based on an allegiance to the sovereign from all subjects aged 14 or over and it remained for the king and his judges to determine whether that allegiance had been broken . Edward III 's justices had offered somewhat over @-@ zealous interpretations of what activities constituted treason , " calling felonies treasons and afforcing indictments by talk of accroachment of the royal power " , prompting parliamentary demands to clarify the law . Edward therefore introduced the Treason Act 1351 . It was enacted at a time in English history when a monarch 's right to rule was indisputable and was therefore written principally to protect the throne and sovereign . The new law offered a narrower definition of treason than had existed before and split the old feudal offence into two classes . Petty treason referred to the killing of a master ( or lord ) by his servant , a husband by his wife , or a prelate by his clergyman . Men guilty of petty treason were drawn and hanged , whereas women were burned .
High treason was the most egregious offence an individual could commit . Attempts to undermine the king 's authority were viewed with as much seriousness as if the accused had attacked him personally , which itself would be an assault on his status as sovereign and a direct threat to his right to govern . As this might undermine the state , retribution was considered an absolute necessity and the crime deserving of the ultimate punishment . The practical difference between the two offences therefore was in the consequence of being convicted ; rather than being drawn and hanged , men were to be hanged , drawn and quartered , while for reasons of public decency ( their anatomy being considered inappropriate for the sentence ) , women were instead drawn and burned . The Act declared that a person had committed high treason if they were : compassing or imagining the death of the king , his wife or his eldest son and heir ; violating the king 's wife , his eldest daughter if she were unmarried , or the wife of his eldest son and heir ; levying war against the king in his realm ; adhering to the king 's enemies in his realm , giving them aid and comfort in his realm or elsewhere ; counterfeiting the Great Seal or the Privy Seal , or the king 's coinage ; knowingly importing counterfeit money ; killing the Chancellor , Treasurer or one of the king 's Justices while performing their offices . The Act did not limit the king 's authority in defining the scope of treason . It contained a proviso giving English judges discretion to extend that scope whenever required , a process more commonly known as constructive treason . It also applied to subjects overseas in British colonies in the Americas , but the only documented incident of an individual there being hanged , drawn and quartered was that of Joshua Tefft , an English colonist accused of having fought on the side of the Narragansett during the Great Swamp Fight . He was executed in January 1676 . Later sentences resulted either in a pardon or a hanging .
Only one witness was required to convict a person of treason , although in 1547 this was increased to two . Suspects were first questioned in private by the Privy Council before they were publicly tried . They were allowed no witnesses or defence counsel , and were generally presumed guilty from the outset . This meant that for centuries anyone accused of treason found themselves severely legally disadvantaged , a situation which lasted until the late 17th century , when several years of politically motivated treason charges made against Whig politicians prompted the introduction of the Treason Act of 1695 . This allowed defendants counsel , witnesses , a copy of their indictment and a jury , and when not charged with an attempt on the monarch 's life , they were to be prosecuted within three years of the alleged offence .
Edward Stafford , 3rd Duke of Buckingham was executed on 17 May 1521 for the crime of treason . The wording of his sentence has survived and indicates the precision with which the method of execution was described ; he was to be " laid on a hurdle and so drawn to the place of execution , and there to be hanged , cut down alive , your members to be cut off and cast in the fire , your bowels burnt before you , your head smitten off , and your body quartered and divided at the King 's will , and God have mercy on your soul . "
= = Execution of the sentence = =
Once sentenced , malefactors were usually held in prison for a few days before being taken to the place of execution . During the early Middle Ages this journey may have been made tied directly to the back of a horse , but it subsequently became customary to be fastened instead to a wicker hurdle , or wooden panel , itself tied to the horse . Historian Frederic William Maitland thought that this was probably to " [ secure ] for the hangman a yet living body " . The use of the word drawn , as in " to draw " , has caused a degree of confusion . One of the Oxford English Dictionary 's definitions of draw is " to draw out the viscera or intestines of ; to disembowel ( a fowl , etc. before cooking , a traitor or other criminal after hanging ) " , but this is followed by " in many cases of executions it is uncertain whether this , or sense 4 [ To drag ( a criminal ) at a horse 's tail , or on a hurdle or the like , to the place of execution ; formerly a legal punishment of high treason ] , is meant . The presumption is that where drawn is mentioned after hanged , the sense is as here . " Historian Ram Sharan Sharma arrived at the same conclusion : " Where , as in the popular hung , drawn and quartered [ use ] ( meaning facetiously , of a person , completely disposed of ) , drawn follows hanged or hung , it is to be referred to as the disembowelling of the traitor . " The historian and author Ian Mortimer disagrees . In an essay published on his website , he writes that the separate mention of evisceration is a relatively modern device , and that while it certainly took place on many occasions , the presumption that drawing means to disembowel is spurious . Instead , drawing ( as a method of transportation ) may be mentioned after hanging because it was a supplementary part of the execution .
Although some reports indicate that during Queen Mary I 's reign bystanders were vocal in their support , while in transit convicts sometimes suffered directly at the hands of the crowd . William Wallace was whipped , attacked and had rotten food and waste thrown at him , and the priest Thomas Pilchard was reportedly barely alive by the time he reached the gallows in 1587 . Others found themselves admonished by " zealous and godly men " ; it became customary for a preacher to follow the condemned , asking them to repent . According to Samuel Clarke , the Puritan clergyman William Perkins ( 1558 – 1602 ) once managed to convince a young man at the gallows that he had been forgiven , enabling the youth to go to his death " with tears of joy in his eyes ... as if he actually saw himself delivered from the hell which he feared before , and heaven opened for receiving his soul " .
After the king 's commission had been read aloud , the crowd were normally asked to move back from the scaffold before being addressed by the convict . While these speeches were mostly an admission of guilt ( although few admitted treason ) , still they were carefully monitored by the sheriff and chaplain , who were occasionally forced to act ; in 1588 , Catholic priest William Dean 's address to the crowd was considered so inappropriate that he was gagged almost to the point of suffocation . Questions on matters of allegiance and politics were sometimes put to the prisoner , as happened to Edmund Gennings in 1591 . He was asked by priest hunter Richard Topcliffe to " confess his treason " , but when Gennings responded " if to say Mass be treason , I confess to have done it and glory in it " , Topcliffe ordered him to be quiet and instructed the hangman to push him off the ladder . Sometimes the witness responsible for the condemned man 's execution was also present . A government spy , John Munday , was in 1582 present for the execution of Thomas Ford . Munday supported the sheriff , who had reminded the priest of his confession when he protested his innocence . The sentiments expressed in such speeches may be related to the conditions encountered during imprisonment . Many Jesuit priests suffered badly at the hands of their captors but were frequently the most defiant ; conversely , those of a higher station were often the most apologetic . Such contrition may have arisen from the sheer terror felt by those who thought they might be disembowelled rather than simply beheaded as they would normally expect , and any apparent acceptance of their fate may have stemmed from the belief that a serious , but not treasonable act , had been committed . Good behaviour at the gallows may also have been due to a convict 's desire for his heirs not to be disinherited .
The condemned were occasionally forced to watch as other traitors , sometimes their confederates , were executed before them . The priest James Bell was in 1584 made to watch as his companion , John Finch , was " a @-@ quarter @-@ inge " . Edward James and Francis Edwardes were made to witness Ralph Crockett 's execution in 1588 , in an effort to elicit their co @-@ operation and acceptance of Elizabeth I 's religious supremacy before they were themselves executed . Normally stripped to the shirt with their arms bound in front of them , prisoners were then hanged for a short period , either from a ladder or cart . On the sheriff 's orders the cart would be taken away ( or if a ladder , turned ) , leaving the man suspended in mid @-@ air . The aim was usually to cause strangulation and near @-@ death , although some victims were killed prematurely , the priest John Payne 's death in 1582 being hastened by a group of men pulling on his legs . Conversely , some , such as the deeply unpopular William Hacket ( d . 1591 ) , were cut down instantly and taken to be disembowelled and normally emasculated — the latter , according to Sir Edward Coke , to " show his issue was disinherited with corruption of blood . " .
Those still conscious at that point might have seen their entrails burned , before their heart was removed and the body decapitated and quartered ( chopped into four pieces ) . The regicide Major @-@ General Thomas Harrison , after being hanged for several minutes and then cut open in October 1660 , was reported to have leaned across and hit his executioner — resulting in the swift removal of his head . His entrails were thrown onto a nearby fire . John Houghton was reported to have prayed while being disembowelled in 1535 , and in his final moments to have cried " Good Jesu , what will you do with my heart ? " Executioners were often inexperienced and proceedings did not always run smoothly . In 1584 Richard White 's executioner removed his bowels piece by piece , through a small hole in his belly , " the which device taking no good success , he mangled his breast with a butcher 's axe to the very chine most pitifully " . At his execution in January 1606 for his involvement in the Gunpowder Plot , Guy Fawkes managed to break his neck by jumping from the gallows , cheating the executioner .
No records exist to demonstrate exactly how the corpse was quartered , although an engraving of the quartering of Sir Thomas Armstrong in 1684 shows the executioner making vertical cuts through the spine and removing the legs at the hip . The distribution of Dafydd ap Gruffydd 's remains was described by Herbert Maxwell : " the right arm with a ring on the finger in York ; the left arm in Bristol ; the right leg and hip at Northampton ; the left [ leg ] at Hereford . But the villain 's head was bound with iron , lest it should fall to pieces from putrefaction , and set conspicuously upon a long spear @-@ shaft for the mockery of London . " After the execution in 1660 of several of the regicides involved in the death of King Charles I eleven years earlier , the diarist John Evelyn remarked : " I saw not their execution , but met their quarters , mangled , and cut , and reeking , as they were brought from the gallows in baskets on the hurdle . " Such remains were typically parboiled and displayed as a gruesome reminder of the penalty for high treason , usually wherever the traitor had conspired or found support . The head was often displayed on London Bridge , for centuries the route by which many travellers from the south entered the city . Several eminent commentators remarked on the displays . In 1566 Joseph Justus Scaliger wrote that " in London there were many heads on the bridge ... I have seen there , as if they were masts of ships , and at the top of them , quarters of men 's corpses " . In 1602 the Duke of Pommerania @-@ Stettin emphasised the ominous nature of their presence when he wrote " near the end of the bridge , on the suburb side , were stuck up the heads of thirty gentlemen of high standing who had been beheaded on account of treason and secret practices against the Queen " . The practice of using London Bridge in this manner ended following the hanging , drawing and quartering in 1678 of William Staley , a victim of the fictitious Popish Plot . His quarters were given to his relatives , who promptly arranged a " grand " funeral ; this incensed the coroner so much that he ordered the body to be dug up and set upon the city gates . Staley 's was the last head to be placed on London Bridge .
= = Later history = =
Another victim of the Popish Plot , Oliver Plunket the Archbishop of Armagh , was hanged , drawn and quartered at Tyburn in July 1681 . His executioner was bribed so that Plunket 's body parts were saved from the fire ; the head is now displayed at St Peter 's Church in Drogheda . Francis Towneley and several other captured Jacobite officers involved in the Jacobite Rising of 1745 were executed , but by then the executioner possessed some discretion as to how much they should suffer and thus they were killed before their bodies were eviscerated . The French spy François Henri de la Motte was hanged in 1781 for almost an hour before his heart was cut out and burned , and the following year David Tyrie was hanged , decapitated and then quartered at Portsmouth . Pieces of his corpse were fought over by members of the 20 @,@ 000 @-@ strong crowd there , some making trophies of his limbs and fingers . In 1803 Edward Despard and six co @-@ conspirators in the Despard Plot were sentenced to be hanged , drawn and quartered . Before they were hanged and beheaded at Horsemonger Lane Gaol , they were first placed on sledges attached to horses , and ritually pulled in circuits around the gaol yards . Their execution was attended by an audience of about 20 @,@ 000 . A contemporary report describes the scene after Despard had made his speech :
This energetic , but inflammatory appeal , was followed by such enthusiastic plaudits , that the Sheriff hinted to the Clergyman to withdraw , and forbade Colonel Despard to proceed . The cap was then drawn over their eyes , during which the Colonel was observed again to fix the knot under his left ear , and , at seven minutes before nine o 'clock the signal being given , the platform dropped , and they were all launched into eternity . From the precaution taken by the Colonel , he appeared to suffer very little , neither did the others struggle much , except Broughton , who had been the most indecently profane of the whole . Wood , the soldier , died very hard . The Executioners went under , and kept pulling them by the feet . Several drops of blood fell from the fingers of Macnamara and Wood , during the time they were suspended . After hanging thirty @-@ seven minutes , the Colonel 's body was cut down , at half an hour past nine o 'clock , and being stripped of his coat and waistcoat , it was laid upon saw @-@ dust , with the head reclined upon a block . A surgeon then in attempting to sever the head from the body by a common dissecting knife , missed the particular joint aimed at , when he kept haggling it , till the executioner was obliged to take the head between his hands , and to twist it several times round , when it was with difficulty severed from the body . It was then held up by the executioner , who exclaimed — " Behold the head of EDWARD MARCUS DESPARD , a Traitor ! " The same ceremony followed with the others respectively ; and the whole concluded by ten o 'clock .
At the burnings of Isabella Condon in 1779 and Phoebe Harris in 1786 , the sheriffs present inflated their expenses ; in the opinion of Simon Devereaux they were probably dismayed at being forced to attend such spectacles . Harris 's fate prompted William Wilberforce to sponsor a bill which if passed would have abolished the practice , but as one of its proposals would have allowed the anatomical dissection of criminals other than murderers , the House of Lords rejected it . The burning in 1789 of Catherine Murphy , a counterfeiter , was impugned in Parliament by Sir Benjamin Hammett . He called it one of " the savage remains of Norman policy " and subsequently , amidst a growing tide of public disgust at the burning of women , Parliament passed the Treason Act 1790 , which for women guilty of treason substituted hanging for burning . It was followed by the Treason Act 1814 , introduced by Samuel Romilly , a legal reformer . Influenced by his friend , Jeremy Bentham , Romilly had long argued that punitive laws should serve to reform criminal behaviour and that far from acting as a deterrent , the severity of England 's laws was responsible for an increase in crime . When appointed the MP for Queensborough in 1806 he resolved to improve what he described as " Our sanguinary and barbarous penal code , written in blood " . He managed to repeal the death penalty for certain thefts and vagrancy , and in 1814 proposed to change the sentence for men guilty of treason to being hanged until dead and the body left at the king 's disposal . However , when it was pointed out that this would be a less severe punishment than that given for murder , he agreed that the corpse should also be decollated , " as a fit punishment and appropriate stigma . " This is what happened to Jeremiah Brandreth , leader of a 100 @-@ strong contingent of men in the Pentrich rising and one of three men executed in 1817 at Derby Gaol . As with Edward Despard and his confederates the three were drawn to the scaffold on sledges before being hanged for about an hour , and then on the insistence of the Prince Regent were beheaded with an axe . The local miner appointed to the task of beheading them was inexperienced though , and having failed with the first two blows , completed his job with a knife . As he held the first head up and made the customary announcement , the crowd reacted with horror and fled . A different reaction was seen in 1820 , when amidst more social unrest five men involved in the Cato Street Conspiracy were hanged and beheaded at Newgate Prison . Although the beheading was performed by a surgeon , following the usual proclamation the crowd was angry enough to force the executioners to find safety behind the prison walls . The plot was the last crime for which the sentence was applied .
Reformation of England 's capital punishment laws continued throughout the 19th century , as politicians such as John Russell , 1st Earl Russell , sought to remove from the statute books many of the capital offences that remained . Robert Peel 's drive to ameliorate law enforcement saw petty treason abolished by the Offences against the Person Act 1828 , which removed the distinction between crimes formerly considered as petty treason , and murder . The Royal Commission on Capital Punishment 1864 @-@ 1866 recommended that there be no change to treason law , quoting the " more merciful " Treason Felony Act 1848 , which limited the punishment for most treasonous acts to penal servitude . Its report recommended that for " rebellion , assassination or other violence ... we are of opinion that the extreme penalty must remain " , although the most recent occasion ( and ultimately , the last ) on which anyone had been sentenced to be hanged , drawn and quartered was in November 1839 , following the Chartist Newport Rising — and those men sentenced to death were instead transported . The report highlighted the changing public mood toward public executions ( brought about in part by the growing prosperity created by the Industrial Revolution ) . Home Secretary Spencer Horatio Walpole told the commission that executions had " become so demoralizing that , instead of its having a good effect , it has a tendency rather to brutalize the public mind than to deter the criminal class from committing crime " . The commission recommended that executions should be performed privately , behind prison walls and away from the public 's view , " under such regulations as may be considered necessary to prevent abuse , and to satisfy the public that the law has been complied with . " The practice of executing criminals in public was ended two years later by the Capital Punishment Amendment Act 1868 , introduced by Home Secretary Gathorne Hardy . An amendment to abolish capital punishment completely , suggested before the bill 's third reading , failed by 127 votes to 23 .
Hanging , drawing and quartering was abolished in England by the Forfeiture Act 1870 , Liberal politician Charles Forster 's second attempt since 1864 to end the forfeiture of a felon 's lands and goods ( thereby not making paupers of his family ) . The Act also limited the penalty for treason to hanging alone , although it did not remove the monarch 's right under the 1814 Act to replace hanging with beheading . The death penalty for treason was abolished by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 , enabling the UK to ratify protocol six of the European Convention on Human Rights in 1999 .
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= Battle of Red Cliffs =
The Battle of Red Cliffs , otherwise known as the Battle of Chibi , was a decisive battle fought at the end of the Han dynasty , about twelve years prior to the beginning of the Three Kingdoms period in Chinese history . It was fought in the winter of 208 / 9 AD between the allied forces of the southern warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan and the numerically superior forces of the northern warlord Cao Cao . Liu Bei and Sun Quan successfully frustrated Cao Cao 's effort to conquer the land south of the Yangtze River and reunite the territory of the Eastern Han dynasty . The allied victory at Red Cliffs ensured the survival of Liu Bei and Sun Quan , gave them control of the Yangtze ( de Crespigny 1990 : 273 ) , and provided a line of defence that was the basis for the later creation of the two southern states of Shu Han and Eastern Wu . The battle has been called the largest naval battle in history in terms of numbers involved .
Descriptions of the battle differ widely , and the location of the battle is fiercely debated ( de Crespigny 1990 : 256 78n ) . Although its precise location remains uncertain , the majority of academic conjectures place it on the south bank of the Yangtze River , southwest of present @-@ day Wuhan and northeast of Baqiu ( present @-@ day Yueyang , Hunan ) .
= = Background = =
By the early third century , the Han dynasty , which had ruled China for almost four centuries ( albeit with a 16 @-@ year interruption , dividing the dynasty into its Western and Eastern periods ) , was crumbling . Emperor Xian had been a political figurehead since 189 , with no control over the actions of the various warlords controlling their respective territories . One of the most powerful warlords in China was Cao Cao , who , by 207 , had unified northern China and retained total control of the North China Plain . He then completed a successful campaign against the Wuhuan in the winter of the same year , thus securing his northern frontier . Upon his return in 208 , he was appointed Chancellor , a position that granted him absolute authority over the entire imperial government ( de Crespigny 1969 : 253 , 465 6n ) . Shortly afterwards , in the autumn of 208 , his army began a southern campaign ( Eikenberry 1994 ; de Crespigny 2003 ) .
The Yangtze River in the area of Jing Province ( covering present @-@ day Hubei and Hunan provinces ) was key to the success of this strategy . If Cao Cao was to have any hope of reuniting the sundered Han empire , he had to achieve naval control of the middle Yangtze and command the strategic naval base at Jiangling as a means of access to the southern region ( de Crespigny 2003 ) . Two warlords controlled the regions of the Yangtze that were key to Cao Cao 's success : Liu Biao , the Governor of Jing Province , controlled the area west of the mouth of the Han River , roughly encompassing the area around the city of Xiakou and all territory south of that region . Sun Quan controlled the river east of the Han and the southeastern territories abutting it ( de Crespigny 2007 : 773 ) . A third ally , Liu Bei , was living in refuge with Liu Biao at the garrison in Fancheng ( in present @-@ day Xiangyang ) , having fled from the northeast to Jing Province following a failed plot to assassinate Cao Cao and restore power to the imperial dynasty ( de Crespigny 2007 : 480 ; de Crespigny 1969 : 258 ) .
The initial stages of the campaign were an unqualified success for Cao Cao , as the command of Jing Province had been substantially weakened and the Jing armies exhausted by conflict with Sun Quan to the south ( de Crespigny 2007 : 486 ) . Factions had arisen supporting either of Liu Biao 's two sons in a struggle for succession . The younger son prevailed , and Liu Biao 's dispossessed eldest son , Liu Qi , departed to assume a commandery in Jiangxia ( present @-@ day Yunmeng County , Hubei ) ( de Crespigny 1990 : 241 ) . Liu Biao died of illness only a few weeks later , while Cao Cao was advancing from the north and , under these circumstances , Liu Biao 's younger son and successor , Liu Cong , quickly surrendered . Cao Cao thus captured a sizeable fleet and secured the naval base at Jiangling . This provided him with a key strategic military depot and forward base to harbour his ships ( de Crespigny 1990 : 246 @,@ 250 @,@ 255 ) .
When Jing Province fell , Liu Bei quickly fled south , accompanied by a refugee population of civilians and soldiers . This disorganised exodus was pursued by Cao Cao 's elite cavalry , and was surrounded and decisively beaten at the Battle of Changban ( near present @-@ day Dangyang , Hubei ) . Liu Bei escaped , however , and fled further east to Xiakou , where he liaised with Sun Quan 's emissary Lu Su . At this point historical accounts are inconsistent ; Lu Su may have successfully encouraged Liu Bei to move even further east , to Fankou ( 樊口 ; around present @-@ day Ezhou , Hubei ) . In either case , Liu Bei was later joined by Liu Qi and levies from Jiangxia ( de Crespigny 1990 : 255 ) . Liu Bei 's main advisor , Zhuge Liang , was sent to Chaisang ( 柴桑 ; in present @-@ day Jiujiang , Jiangxi ) to negotiate forming a mutual front against Cao Cao with Sun Quan ( de Crespigny 1969 : 263 ) .
By the time Zhuge Liang arrived , Cao Cao had already sent Sun Quan a letter boasting of commanding 800 @,@ 000 men and hinting that he wanted Sun to surrender . The faction led by Sun Quan 's Chief Clerk , Zhang Zhao , advocated surrender , citing Cao Cao 's overwhelming numerical advantage . However , on separate occasions , Lu Su , Zhuge Liang , and Sun Quan 's chief commander , Zhou Yu , all presented arguments to persuade Sun Quan to agree to the alliance against the northerners . Sun Quan finally decided upon war , chopping off a corner of his desk during an assembly and stating : " Anyone who still dares argue for surrender will be [ treated ] the same as this desk . " He then assigned Zhou Yu , Cheng Pu , and Lu Su with 30 @,@ 000 men to aid Liu Bei against Cao Cao ( de Crespigny 1996 ) .
Although Cao Cao had boasted command of 800 @,@ 000 men , Zhou Yu estimated Cao Cao 's actual troop strength to be closer to 230 @,@ 000 . Furthermore , this total included 80 @,@ 000 impressed troops from the armies of the recently deceased Liu Biao , so the loyalty and morale of a large number of Cao Cao 's force was uncertain ( Eikenberry 1994 : 60 ) . With the 20 @,@ 000 soldiers that Liu Bei had gathered , the alliance consisted of approximately 50 @,@ 000 marines who were trained and prepared for battle ( de Crespigny 1990 : 252 ; 255 ) .
= = Battle = =
The Battle of Red Cliffs unfolded in three stages : an initial skirmish at Red Cliffs followed by a retreat to the Wulin ( 烏林 ) battlefields on the northwestern bank of the Yangtze , a decisive naval engagement , and Cao Cao 's disastrous retreat along Huarong Road .
The combined Sun @-@ Liu force sailed upstream from either Xiakou or Fankou to Red Cliffs , where they encountered Cao Cao 's vanguard force . Plagued by disease and low morale due to the series of forced marches they had undertaken on the prolonged southern campaign ( de Crespigny 2003 ) , Cao Cao 's men could not gain an advantage in the small skirmish which ensued , so Cao Cao retreated to Wulin ( north of the Yangtze River ) and the allies pulled back to the south ( de Crespigny 1990 : 257 ) .
Cao Cao had chained his ships from stem to stern , possibly aiming to reduce seasickness in his navy , which comprised mostly northerners who were not used to living on ships . Observing this , divisional commander Huang Gai sent Cao Cao a letter feigning surrender and prepared a squadron of capital ships described as mengchong doujian ( 蒙衝鬥艦 ) . The ships had been converted into fire ships by filling them with bundles of kindling , dry reeds , and fatty oil . As Huang Gai 's " defecting " squadron approached the midpoint of the river , the sailors applied fire to the ships before taking to small boats . The unmanned fire ships , carried by the southeastern wind , sped towards Cao Cao 's fleet and set it ablaze . A large number of men and horses either burned to death or drowned ( Chen c . 280 : 54 @.@ 1262 – 63 ) .
Following the initial shock , Zhou Yu and the allies led a lightly armed force to capitalise on the assault . The northern army was thrown into confusion and was utterly defeated . Seeing the situation was hopeless , Cao Cao then issued a general order of retreat and destroyed a number of his remaining ships before withdrawing ( Chen c . 280 ) .
Cao Cao 's army attempted a retreat along Huarong Road , including a long stretch passing through marshlands north of Dongting Lake . Heavy rains had made the road so treacherous that many of the sick soldiers had to carry bundles of grass on their backs and use them to fill the road to allow the horsemen to cross . Many of these soldiers drowned in the mud or were trampled to death in the effort . The allies , led by Zhou Yu and Liu Bei , gave chase over land and water until they reached Nan Commandery ( 南郡 ; present @-@ day Jiangling County , Jingzhou , Hubei ) ; combined with famine and disease , this decimated Cao Cao 's remaining forces . Cao Cao then retreated north to his home base of Ye ( in present @-@ day Handan , Hebei ) , leaving Cao Ren and Xu Huang to guard Jiangling , Yue Jin stationed in Xiangyang , and Man Chong in Dangyang ( Chen c . 280 ) .
The allied counterattack might have vanquished Cao Cao and his forces entirely . However , the crossing of the Yangtze River dissolved into chaos as the allied armies converged on the riverbank and fought over the limited number of ferries . To restore order , a detachment led by Sun Quan 's general Gan Ning established a bridgehead in Yiling to the north , and only a staunch rearguard action by Cao Ren prevented further catastrophe ( Eikenberry 1994 : 60 ; de Crespigny 2007 : 239 ) .
= = Analysis = =
A combination of Cao Cao 's strategic errors and the effectiveness of Huang Gai 's ruse had resulted in the allied victory at the Battle of Red Cliffs . Zhou Yu had previously observed that Cao Cao 's generals and soldiers comprised mostly cavalry and infantry , and few had any experience in naval warfare . Cao Cao also had little support among the people of Jing Province , and thus lacked a secure forward base of operations ( Eikenberry 1994 : 60 ) . Despite the strategic acumen Cao Cao had displayed in earlier campaigns and battles , in this case he had simply assumed that numerical superiority would eventually defeat the Sun and Liu navy . Cao 's first tactical mistake was converting his massive army of infantry and cavalry into a marine corps and navy : with only a few days of drills before the battle , Cao Cao 's troops were ravaged by sea @-@ sickness and lack of experience on water . Tropical diseases , to which the southerners were largely immune , were also rampant in Cao Cao 's camps . Although numerous , Cao Cao 's men were already exhausted by the unfamiliar environment and the extended southern campaign , as Zhuge Liang observed : " Even a powerful arrow at the end of its flight cannot penetrate a silk cloth " ( Military Documents 1979 : 193 ) .
A key advisor , Jia Xu , had recommended after the surrender of Liu Cong that the overtaxed armies be given time to rest and replenish before engaging the armies of Sun Quan and Liu Bei , but Cao Cao disregarded the advice ( Eikenberry 1994 : 60 ) . Cao Cao 's own thoughts regarding his failure at Red Cliffs suggest that he held his own actions and misfortunes responsible for the defeat , rather than the strategies utilised by his enemy during the battle : " ... it was only because of the sickness that I burnt my ships and retreated . It is out of all reason for Zhou Yu to take the credit for himself . " ( Chen c . 280 : 54 : 1265 ) .
= = Aftermath = =
By the end of 209 , the post Cao Cao had established at Jiangling fell to Zhou Yu . The borders of the land under Cao Cao 's control contracted about 160 kilometres ( 99 mi ) , to the area around Xiangyang ( de Crespigny 1990 : 291 ) . Liu Bei , on the other hand , had gained territory by taking over the four commanderies ( Wuling , Changsha , Lingling and Guiyang ) south of the Yangtze River . Sun Quan 's troops had suffered far greater casualties than Liu Bei 's in the extended conflict against Cao Ren following the Battle of Red Cliffs ( de Crespigny 1990 : 291 – 292 ) , and the death of Zhou Yu in 210 resulted in a drastic weakening of Sun Quan 's strength in Jing Province ( de Crespigny 1990 : 297 ) . Liu Bei also occupied Jing Province that Cao Cao had recently lost — a strategic and naturally fortified area on the Yangtze River that Sun Quan claimed for himself . The control of Jing Province provided Liu Bei with virtually unlimited access to the passage into Yi Province ( covering present @-@ day Sichuan and Chongqing ) and important waterways into Wu ( southeastern China ) , as well as dominion of the southern Yangtze River .
Never again would Cao Cao command so large a fleet as he had at Jiangling , nor would a similar opportunity to destroy his southern rivals present itself again ( de Crespigny 2007 : 37 ) . The Battle of Red Cliffs and the capture of Jing Province by Liu Bei confirmed the separation of southern China from the northern heartland of the Yellow River valley , and also foreshadowed a north @-@ south axis of hostility that would resonate for centuries ( de Crespigny 1990 : 260 ) .
= = Location = =
The precise location of the Red Cliffs battlefield has long been the subject of both popular and academic debates , but has never been conclusively established . Scholarly debates have continued for at least 1 @,@ 350 years ( Zhang 2006 : 215 ) , and a number of arguments in favour of alternative sites have been put forward . There are clear grounds for rejecting at least some of these proposals , but four alternative locations are still advocated . According to Zhang ( 2006 ) , many of the current debates stem from the fact that the course and length of the Yangtze River between Wuli and Wuhan has changed since the Sui and Tang dynasties ( Zhang 2006 : 225 ) . The modern @-@ day debate is also complicated by the fact that the names of some of the key locations have changed over the following centuries . For example , although modern Huarong city is located in Hunan , south of the Yangtze , in the 3rd century the city of that name was due east of Jiangling , considerably north of the Yangtze ( Zhang 2006 : 229 ; de Crespigny 1990 : 256 78n ) . Moreover , one candidate site , Puqi ( 蒲圻 ) , was renamed " Chibi City " ( 赤壁市 ) in 1998 in a direct attempt to tie this location to the historical battlefield .
Historical records state that Cao Cao 's forces retreated north across the Yangtze after the initial engagement at Red Cliffs , unequivocally placing the battle site on the south bank of the Yangtze . For this reason , a number of sites on the north bank have been discounted by historians and geographers . Historical accounts also establish east and west boundaries for a stretch of the Yangtze which encompasses all possible sites for the battlefield . The allied forces travelled upstream from either Fankou or Xiakou . Since the Yangtze flows roughly eastward towards the ocean ( with northeast and southeast meanders ) , Red Cliffs must at least be west of Fankou , which is farther downstream . The westernmost boundary is also clear , since Cao Cao 's eastern advance from Jiangling included passing Baqiu ( present @-@ day Yueyang , Hunan ) on the shore of Dongting Lake . The battle must also have been downstream ( northeast ) of that location ( de Crespigny 1990 : 256 – 257 ; Zhang 2006 : 217 ) .
One popular candidate for the battle site is Chibi Hill in Huangzhou , sometimes referred to as " Su Dongpo 's Red Cliffs " or the " Literary Red Cliffs " ( 文赤壁 ) . Support for this conjecture arises largely due to the famous 11th @-@ century poem " First Rhapsody on the Red Cliffs " , which equates the Huangzhou Hill with the battlefield location . Excluding tone marks , the pinyin romanization of this cliff 's name is " Chibi " , the same as the pinyin for Red Cliffs . However , the Chinese characters are completely different ( 赤鼻 ) as is their meaning ( " Red Nose Hill " ) . This site is also on the north bank of the Yangtze , and is directly across from Fankou rather than upstream from it ( Zhang 2006 : 215 ) . Moreover , if the allied Sun @-@ Liu forces left from Xiakou rather than Fankou , as the oldest historical sources suggest , then the hill in Huangzhou would have been downstream from the point of departure , a possibility which cannot be reconciled with historical sources .
Puqi , now named Chibi City , is perhaps the most widely accepted candidate . To differentiate from Su Dongpo 's Red Cliffs , the site is also referred to as the " Military Red Cliffs " ( 武赤壁 ) . It is directly across the Yangtze from Wulin . This argument was first proposed in the early Tang dynasty ( Zhang 2006 : 217 ) . There are also characters engraved in the cliffs ( see image at the top of this page ) suggesting that this is the site of the battle . The origin of the engraving can be dated to between the Tang and Song dynasties , making it at least 1 @,@ 000 years old ( Zhang 2006 : 219 ; 228 ) .
Some sources mention the south banks of the Yangtze in Jiayu County ( 嘉鱼县 ) in the prefecture @-@ level city of Xianning in Hubei province as a possible location . This would place the battlefield downstream from Puqi ( Chibi City ) , a view that is supported by scholars of Chinese history such as Rafe de Crespigny , Wang Li and Zhu Dongrun , following the Qing dynasty historical document Shui Jing Zhu ( de Crespigny 1990 : 256 ) .
Another candidate is Wuhan , which straddles the Yangtze at the confluence of the Yangtze and Han rivers . It is east of both Wulin ( and Chibi City across the river ) and Jiayu . This metropolis was incorporated by joining three cities . There is a local belief in Wuhan that the battle was fought at the junction of the rivers , southwest of the former Wuchang city , which is now part of Wuhan ( de Crespigny 1990 : 256 n 78 ) . Zhang ( 2006 : 215 ; 223 ) asserts that the Chibi battlefield was one of a set of hills in Wuchang that were levelled in the 1930s so that their stone could be used as raw material . Citing several historical @-@ geographical studies , Zhang ( 2006 ) shows that earlier accounts place the battlefield in Wuchang . Sheng Honzhi 's 5th @-@ century Jingzhou ji in particular places the Chibi battlefield a distance of 160 li ( approximately 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) ) downstream from Wulin , but since the Paizhou and Luxikou meanders increased the length of the Yangtze River between Wuli and Wuchang by 100 li ( approximately 50 kilometres ( 31 mi ) ; see map ) some time in the Sui and Tang dynasties ( Zhang 2006 : 225 ) , later works do not regard Wuchang as a possible site .
= = Fictionalised account = =
The romantic tradition that originated with Luo Guanzhong 's historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms differs from historical accounts in many details . For example , Cao Cao 's army strength was exaggerated to over 830 @,@ 000 men . This may be attributed to the ethos of later times , particularly of the Southern Song dynasty ( de Crespigny 2007 : 483 ) . The state of Shu Han , in particular , was viewed by later literati as the " legitimate " successor to the Han dynasty , so fictionalised accounts assign greater prominence than the historical records warrant to the roles of Liu Bei , Zhuge Liang and other heroes from Shu . This is generally accomplished by minimising the importance of Eastern Wu commanders and advisors such as Zhou Yu and Lu Su ( de Crespigny 1990 : xi ) . While historical accounts describe Lu Su as a sensible advisor and Zhou Yu as an eminent military leader and " generous , sensible and courageous " man , Romance of the Three Kingdoms depicts Lu Su as unremarkable and Zhou Yu as cruel and cynical ( de Crespigny 1990 : 300 ; 305 – 306 29n ) . Both are depicted as being inferior to Zhuge Liang in every respect ( de Crespigny 1990 : 264 ) .
The romances added wholly fictional and fantastical elements to the historical accounts and these were repeated in popular plays and operas . Examples from the Romance of the Three Kingdoms include Zhuge Liang pretending to use magic to call forth favourable winds ( that he had in fact predicted by astronomical observation ) for the fire ship attack , his strategy of " using straw boats to borrow arrows " , and Guan Yu capturing and releasing Cao Cao at Huarong Trail . The fictionalised accounts also name Zhuge Liang as a military commander in the combined forces , which is historically inaccurate ( de Crespigny 1990 : 260 – 264 ) .
= = Cultural impact = =
Present @-@ day Chibi City in Hubei province was formerly named Puqi . In 1998 , the Chinese State Council approved the renaming of the city in celebration of the battle at Red Cliffs . Cultural festivals held by the city have dramatically increased tourism . ( Xinhua 1997 ) . In 1983 , a statue of prominent Song dynasty poet , Su Shi , was erected at the Huangzhou site of ' Su Dongpo 's Red Cliffs ' in tribute to his writings regarding Red Cliff ( Xinhua 1983 ) .
Video games based on the Three Kingdoms era ( such as Koei 's Dynasty Warriors series , Sangokushi Koumeiden , Destiny of an Emperor and Kessen II ) have scenarios that include the battle . Other games utilise the Battle of Red Cliffs as their central focus . These include titles popular in Asia , such as the original Japanese version of Warriors of Fate and Dragon Throne : Battle of Red Cliffs .
A 2008 film titled Red Cliff , directed by John Woo , showcased the Red Cliff legacy and was a massive box @-@ office success in China .
Battle at the Red Cliffs is one of the 10 volumes in an illustrated rendition of Romance of the Three Kingdoms by a Singapore publishing company , Asiapac Books , in English .
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= No More Mr. Nice Guy ( House ) =
" No More Mr. Nice Guy " is the 13th episode of the fourth season of House , and the 83rd episode overall . It was the first House episode filmed after the resolution of the 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . It aired in the United States on April 28 , 2008 .
The episode revolves around Dr. Gregory House ( Hugh Laurie ) noticing a man named Jeff ( Paul Rae ) in the Emergency Room ( ER ) , who he thinks is " too nice " . House thinks that Jeff 's inability to get mad is a major symptom of an underlying condition , and decides to find out what is wrong with him . Meanwhile , Dr. Eric Foreman ( Omar Epps ) , thinks the other diagnostic team members don 't respect him , while Amber Volakis ( Anne Dudek ) and House try to create a deal in which they can both spend time with Dr. James Wilson ( Robert Sean Leonard ) .
" No More Mr. Nice Guy " was watched by approximately 14 million viewers , making it the night 's second most watched program , behind Dancing with the Stars . The episode gained mixed reviews from critics . Mary McNamara of the Los Angeles Times stated that the episode was " The worst House episode ever " , while Gina Dinunno of TV Guide commented that she thought the episode was " pretty good " .
= = Plot = =
The local nurses ' union for the Princeton @-@ Plainsboro Teaching Hospital is on strike . Jeff , the husband of Deb ( Chad Morgan ) , one of the nurses , collapses while walking the picket line . At the emergency room , House suspects Jeff 's extreme niceness and inability to get angry is a major symptom of an underlying condition . After various tests , the team suspects his niceness is a personality change resulting from syphilis . Kutner ( Kal Penn ) asks the couple if either of them had an affair , which could lead to syphilis . Deb denies it , stating that it is just the way her husband behaves and that it is impossible for her to not love him .
At the same time , House is annoyed because he is not able to spend enough time with his friend , James Wilson . He attempts to negotiate with Amber , Wilson 's girlfriend , about conditions under which they can both have Wilson 's company . They are at a standstill , thus House seeks Lisa Cuddy 's ( Lisa Edelstein ) resolution . However , she will only lay out the conditions if House does his team 's performance reviews ( knowing that he hates doing paperwork ) . House relents and Cuddy sets the rules , although House has Foreman do the team reviews instead .
To further interest the case , House manipulates the team , Cameron ( Jennifer Morrison ) , and Chase ( Jesse Spencer ) , by swapping his own blood sample , leading them to believe he too has syphilis , perhaps the cause for his misanthropic , curmudgeon personality and unfriendliness . He then pretends to get a nicer personality , but gets less able as a doctor as he pretends to take the penicillin they prescribe him , and everyone falls for House 's trick ( which he has confided to Wilson ) . Meanwhile , Foreman believes he isn 't getting the respect he deserves from Kutner , Taub ( Peter Jacobson ) and Thirteen ( Olivia Wilde ) , when he tries to do their performance reviews , which he believes is due to House frequently humiliating him . House replies that if he did not humiliate and taunt Foreman , he would not be strong and able enough to handle the rest of the team .
After House violates one of the conditions set by Cuddy , Amber informs the team of House 's ruse of faking syphilis . This discovery leads Kutner to suspect that Jeff 's actual , positive syphilis result might really be the result of a parasite called Chagas ' disease , which he contracted while working in the jungles of Costa Rica years ago . The diagnosis is confirmed : the parasite embedded itself in Jeff 's brain during his stay in the country , thus causing the shift in his personality and giving him the inability to be angry . At the end of the episode the only evident change is that the patient says he now does not like ketchup , although he does wonder aloud to his wife , " I wonder what else I don 't like , " which appears to make her anxious .
With the case solved , House hands in the reviews to Cuddy , who discovers they are all the same . House also gives Cuddy a performance review . As punishment for not doing his team 's reviews properly and for breaking the rules she set between him and Amber , Cuddy has the two of them cleaning up bedridden patients together while outside in the corridor , Wilson smiles to himself , amused at the scene .
= = Production = =
" No More Mr. Nice Guy " was the fourth House episode written by David Hoselton and the first he wrote along with David Shore . It was the second House episode directed by Deran Sarafian . When " Don 't Ever Change " aired on February 5 , 2008 , it was the final episode to air before mid @-@ season break due to the 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . On March 25 , 2008 , Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune reported that House would be returning April 29 , 2008 . In an interview with the Chicago Tribune , House creator David Shore commented that , although the characters of Cameron and Chase are not on screen as much as they used to be , they take on a different , and greater , weight with the " stuff " they are doing . " No More Mr. Nice Guy " was the first House episode to air after the 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike . The nurses ' strike in the episode was a reference to the WGA strike . In the episode Jason Lewis made a small uncredited appearance as Dr. Brock Sterling , a fictional doctor in House 's favorite soap opera Prescription Passion . Lewis appeared as Evan Greer , the fictional actor who portrays Dr. Sterling , in the next episode .
= = Reception = =
With 14 @.@ 51 million viewers watching the show , " No More Mr. Nice Guy " was the second @-@ most watched program of the night , ranking behind Dancing with the Stars . The episode gained a 13 share in the ratings . Out of all programs broadcast by Fox Broadcasting Company between April 28 and May 4 , House was the third most watched , behind American Idol ( Tuesday and Wednesday ) . Jay Black of TV Squad noted that the first image in the episode after the two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half month writer 's strike @-@ induced break was a picket line . Barbara Barnett of Blog Critics Magazine stated that the episode was " a lot of fun , but slightly disappointing " .
James Chamberlin of IGN stated that the scenes in which Amber and House were working out terms for sharing Wilson were " hysterical " , and graded the episode with an 8 @.@ 5 ( out of 10 ) . Gina Dinunno of TV Guide thought the episode was pretty good , and the only thing she was not very fond of was that she felt that the characters of Robert Chase and Allison Cameron seemed " forced into the script " . Jessica Paff , from Zap2it , reported that she was pleased that the love triangle between House , Amber and Wilson went on , despite House 's blessing in the previous episode . Sara Morrison of Television Without Pity said she liked the jokes referring to " Thirteen " being bisexual . She graded the episode with an A + . Kal Penn submitted the episode on his behalf for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor - Drama Series , but the episode was not ultimately nominated .
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= Ida Silverman =
Ida Silverman ( 31 October 1882 – 1 November 1973 ) was a Jewish philanthropist , who with her husband helped found approximately 100 synagogues , mostly in Israel . She is the only woman to have served as vice president of the Zionist Organization of America and the American Jewish Congress .
A Russian immigrant , Silverman arrived in the United States before she was a year old . Her family settled in Providence , Rhode Island , where she completed her schooling , married and had four children . While doing relief work during the First World War , she became aware of the depth of social problems and the effects of war on refugees . Joining the Zionist movement in the 1900s , within a decade she became a motivational speaker , advocating for the establishment of a permanent Jewish home in Palestine .
Between 1925 and the late 1940s , she logged over 600 @,@ 000 air @-@ miles traveling throughout the world , speaking and fund raising for the creation of a Jewish state . Even during World War II , she received special permission to travel into war @-@ torn areas to evaluate conditions . At the war 's end , Silverman turned her efforts toward building infrastructure in the new nation of Israel , but was also involved in philanthropy in her home state of Rhode Island , raising funds for hospitals and mental health organizations .
She received many honors and awards for her philanthropy including Jewish Mother of the Year , the Mizrachi Women 's Organization of America 's " Silver Medal " for building Israel , honorary doctorates , and jointly with her husband was inducted into the Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame in 1971 .
= = Biography = =
Ida Marcia Camelhor was born on 31 October 1882 in Kovno , Russia to Mary ( née Dember ) and Louis Camelhor ( also noted as Lieb Kamelhorn ) . She was the only surviving child of a family of eight . Before her first birthday , her parents immigrated to New York and then when she was around ten years old , they moved to Providence , Rhode Island . She attended public grammar school and high school and , at sixteen years old , went to work as a bookkeeper for Archibald Silverman . Archibald , also an immigrant , had begun his career as a designer of costume jewelry . Together with his brother , Charles , he established the Silverman Brothers jewelry company in Providence in 1897 . After two years of working in the jewelry business , Camelhor agreed to marry her boss ; they wed in 1900 .
Archibald continued to work his way up and eventually became president of a bank and a philanthropist for Jewish causes . Though Ida was the spokesperson and " presence " of the causes in which the couple were involved , Archibald fully supported her participation and gave his time , moral support , and monetary contributions to further their philanthropy . He also understood and accepted that her work for others would always take precedence over her own household duties .
= = Career = =
By age 20 , Silverman had two children , and would soon have two more . She was involved in the community of Providence and social betterment programs . She founded and served as president of the Ladies Auxiliary of the Jewish Orphanage of Rhode Island . By 1906 , she was involved in the American Zionist Movement and rose to the national position of vice president of the Hadassah Women 's Zionist Organization of America . Relief work during World War I awakened her to the broad variety of social needs and she became an advocate of health care , poverty relief , and finding a permanent solution for Jewish refugees . In 1915 , Silverman founded the second Hadassah chapter in New England in Providence . She was a " skilled propagandist " , developing a wide following between 1915 and 1919 , and was known as a vigorous leader and talented orator .
Her first acknowledgement on the national level was her appointment in 1919 to honorary vice president of the American Jewish Congress ( AJC ) . Traditionally , the AJC leadership were more focused on European Jews than worldwide outreach and were of the aristocratic , wealthy , Reform tradition . By 1919 the organization had become more diverse and while not necessarily embracing the more radical aspects of Zionism , leaders allowed Zionist views to be expressed . Silverman , as an honorary official , could use the status to her advantage : while not officially speaking for the organization , she tacitly had AJC endorsement and was able to parlay that into support from the masses for causes and monetary contributions from elites .
= = = 1920s = = =
In 1925 Silverman made her first trip to Palestine and was able to use her experiences to gain speaking engagements in a variety of venues . Throughout the remainder of the 1920s , Silverman served as vice president of the Zionist Organization of America and vice chair of the hospital building fund for the Hebrew University . In addition to her national organizational work , Silverman was vice president of the New England Zionist Region , the New England Conference of Hadassah , and an honorary president of the Hadassah Organization in Providence . She is the only woman to have served as vice president of the Zionist Organization of America and the American Jewish Congress .
Silverman was an outspoken proponent for Israeli statehood , traveling throughout the Americas and Europe advocating for a Jewish homeland . She depicted the Jews who had resettled in Palestine as simple farmers , seeking an agrarian life to alleviate the hunger they had experienced elsewhere . Silverman stressed that the settlers ' intent was not to industrialize and vie with the international powerhouse nations , but simply to provide for their basic needs . Throughout 1927 and 1928 , her itinerary included a speaking engagement in Savannah , Georgia with Sir Wyndham Deedes , prior chief secretary of Palestine ; a tour of hospitals , clinics and public health programs in the Holy Land to determine how Hadassah could improve the health of the entire region , " without regard to race or creed " ; and attendance at the World Zionist Congress in Basel , Switzerland . Silverman resigned from Hadassah in 1928 in a policy dispute over the high salaries being paid to administrators rather than using the funds for charitable works .
= = = 1930s = = =
Despite the Great Depression , Silverman 's travels expanded in the 1930s , when she began spending 6 months each year outside the U.S. As early as 1932 , land purchase programs to buy and settle refugees on permanent homes in Palestine were being pursued by Jewish organizations . Silverman not only supported the plans and raised funds for them , but she planted the first tree in the colony at Wady Havarith . With Hitler 's rise to power , Silverman 's pleas for a safe haven for Jews became more urgent and her first @-@ hand reports from Germany , Austria , Hungary , Czechoslovakia , Lithuania , and Poland contained explicit accounts of conditions . In 1938 , Silverman was working with the Youth Aliyah Movement in conjunction with Hadassah in the U.S. to relocate 10 @,@ 000 refugee children to Palestine . As a fund @-@ raiser , Silverman 's goal was to raise a quarter of a million dollars for resettlement and youth training in agricultural and vocational pursuits . In 1939 , she ended her Polish tour studying the conditions and desperation , shortly before the Polish invasion , but the effort was successful in relocating some 7 @,@ 000 young people from Poland , Germany , Czechoslovakia , and Romania to Palestine before the end of 1940 .
= = = 1940s = = =
Because riots had broken out in the late 1930s over British proposals to partition Palestine , and U.S. diplomats including Sumner Welles proposed American alternatives , Silverman embarked on several tours of South America and the Caribbean in the early 1940s to determine if , as an alternative to Palestinian resettlement , European Jews could be established in the Dominican Republic , Peru , or Uruguay . She reported on her findings at the Inter @-@ American Conference in Baltimore , describing the alternatives as unfavorable and the attempt in the Dominican Republic , as a " failure " . She also wrote articles under the byline Mrs. Archibald Silverman , urging the emigration of Jews to Palestine rather than to other places – such as a Jewish colony in Sosúa , Dominican Republic , promoted by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee in the early 1940s ; a plan to settle Jews in the Kimberley region of Australia ; and another proposal for a Jewish colony in Paramaribo , Suriname . Her articles were filled with vitriol against what she perceived as the " schemes " of Jewish organizers opposed to Zionism ; in a 1948 article titled " The Surinam Nightmare " , she " described ' diabolical plans ' to abandon Jewish ' guinea pigs ' to ' terrifying tropical diseases ' " . Eventually the alternative emigration plans were scrapped in the wake of the 1948 declaration of independence by the State of Israel .
After the Inter @-@ American Conference in Baltimore , Silverman continued her travels in South America , and then obtained special permission to travel through England , Scotland , and Ireland to raise money . Her collections were a resounding success , which she attributed to the acute understanding of homelessness experienced by British citizens who had been displaced during bombing raids . Anticipating the war 's end , Silverman increased efforts to buy land in Palestine , believing that if Jewish organizations owned land , when the Peace Conference occurred , bargaining would be in their favor .
As the war was ending in 1945 , Silverman was on the road , traveling through all the countries of Central America , in South America , New Zealand , Australia , and South Africa on fund @-@ raising missions . Then in 1946 , she was in Europe visiting refugee camps in Sweden and Occupied Germany , before returning to Palestine . By the end of the war , she had traveled 600 @,@ 000 air @-@ miles having visited every state in the United States , each province of Canada , Mexico , all of the countries in Central and South America , the West Indies , almost all of Western Europe , parts of Eastern Europe , Australia , New Zealand , Iran , Palestine , Morocco , and South Africa .
= = = 1950s and 1960s = = =
After the State of Israel was established , Silverman recognized the diverse needs to build the nation and she and Archibald channeled funds into planting orchards , building the Sharon Hotel , and supplementing the Synagogue Centre Building Fund . The Sharon Hotel , built in Herzliya , on the Sharon Plain , was part of an effort to build infrastructure and develop tourism sites to stimulate further growth . Silverman founded and served the board of the company which created the hotel . In the Jezreel Valley , she chaired a water development company and established a mixed @-@ fruit orchard of around 70 acres of trees . She also was involved in several projects in Rhode Island . In 1955 she founded and served as president of the Friends of Butler Hospital in an attempt to reopen the health center , which had been shut down . They were successful in proving its benefit to the community and the hospital reopened . In 1957 , Silverman served as chair of the fundraising for the Rhode Island Association of Mental Health . By the early @-@ 1960s , 33 synagogues throughout Israel had been built through the synagogue fund . During the two years she lived in Israel , she helped erect around 80 additional synagogues and by the time of Silverman 's death , the number was over 100 synagogues in Israel and elsewhere .
= = = 1970s = = =
In 1971 , at the age of 89 , Silverman immigrated to Israel . She died on 1 November 1973 in Herzliya , Israel and was buried in the Mount of Olives Jewish Cemetery near Jerusalem .
= = Honors and awards = =
In 1951 Silverman was honored as Jewish Mother of the Year by the Jewish National Fund , which established a forest in Israel bearing her name . In 1953 , a village in Israel , Nachlat Ida , was named in her honor to recognize her years of financial and moral support , and in 1954 , she was honored as Rhode Island Mother of the Year . She received an honorary doctorate from Rhode Island College in 1954 and one from Bryant College in 1960 . In 1964 , she was awarded the Mizrachi Women 's Organization of America 's " Silver Medal " for having done the most to build Israel .
Silverman and her husband ( who had died in 1966 ) were jointly inducted into the Rhode Island Heritage Hall of Fame in 1971 .
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= Beautiful , Dirty , Rich =
" Beautiful , Dirty , Rich " is a song performed by American recording artist Lady Gaga from her debut studio album , The Fame . It was released as a promotional single from the album on September 16 , 2008 . It is an uptempo dance @-@ pop song that makes heavy use of synthesizers , and is lyrically about Gaga 's experiences as a struggling artist in the Lower East Side . She wrote the song while she was , as she says , " doing a lot of drugs " and " trying to figure things out . "
The song was met with critical acclaim , with reviewers complimenting the lyrics and the fun nature of the song . It also achieved minor commercial success , peaking at number eighty @-@ three on the UK Singles Chart . Two versions were released of the song 's accompanying music video – one was intercut with clips of the ABC television series , Dirty Sexy Money , serving as a promotion for the show , and the other was the full @-@ length video . Both versions feature Gaga and company dancing around in various locations of a mansion , and burning money .
Gaga has performed the song live several times , including on her first headlining The Fame Ball Tour , where she performed the song while wearing a futuristic bustier with silver triangular panels . The performance was praised by critics for Gaga 's " strong " vocals and her energy , and also for giving the show a strong beginning .
= = Background = =
Gaga said the song " was just me trying to figure things out " , and she later stated that she " was doing a lot of drugs " when she wrote the song . She claims it is about how " whoever you are or where [ ver ] you live – you can self @-@ proclaim this inner fame based on your personal style , and your opinions about art and the world , despite being conscious of it , " and also about her experiences as a struggling artist working in the Lower East Side . The line " Daddy , I 'm so sorry , I 'm so s @-@ s @-@ sorry , yeah " , according to Gaga , was inspired by " rich kids " in the area who she would hear calling their parents for money to buy drugs with . She added that " ultimately what I want people to take from it is ' Bang @-@ bang . ' No matter who you are and where you come from , you can feel beautiful and dirty rich . "
= = Composition = =
" Beautiful , Dirty , Rich " is an uptempo dance @-@ pop song which is more synth @-@ heavy compared to the mostly electronic songs on The Fame . According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com by Sony / ATV Music Publishing , the song has a moderate electro @-@ dance @-@ pop groove and it is composed in the key of B minor with a tempo of 120 beats per minute . The song is set in common time , and Gaga 's vocal range spans from A3 to D5 . It has a basic sequence of Bm – D5 – A ♭ – Bm – D5 – A ♭ as its chord progression .
During recording of the song , Gaga was reluctant to add any dance @-@ oriented beats to the song , and insisted on keeping its original rock version . However , music producer Rob Fusari convinced her that a drum machine would not hurt her integrity , telling her that Queen , who was one of Gaga 's musical inspirations , used it in their music . Fusari commented , " I think that 's what finally got her to give it a shot , [ ... ] We finished ' Beautiful , Dirty , Rich ' that day . It 's one of the songs on her debut album . "
= = Reception = =
" Beautiful , Dirty , Rich " received general acclaim from critics . Matthew Chisling of Allmusic used the song and " Paparazzi " as examples of how The Fame 's lyrics " salt and pepper the album with a nasty , club @-@ friendly feeling of fun and feistiness that an excellent , well @-@ produced dance album should have . " Genevieve Koski of The A.V. Club called " LoveGame " and this song " propulsive club anthems " that " chug along on wave after wave of synths and programmed drums , resulting in a dizzying sonic trip that approximates the high point of a chemically enhanced night of club @-@ hopping . " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine said that Gaga " successfully [ tosses ] out dirties " on the song .
The song debuted on the UK Singles Chart at number eighty @-@ nine due to strong digital downloads , on the issue dated February 21 , 2009 . On its second week , it rose to the eighty @-@ third position which is where it peaked , and the next week it dropped to number eighty @-@ seven , which was its final appearance on the chart . On the Billboard Dance / Electronic Digital Songs chart of April 3 , 2010 , the song reached a peak of number 28 . According to Nielsen Soundscan , the song has sold 275 @,@ 000 digital downloads in the United States .
= = Music video = =
A music video was filmed for the song and directed by Melina Matsoukas . There are two versions of the video — one intercut with clips from the ABC series Dirty Sexy Money and created to promote the show , and another which is the official video . The video is set in a mansion , and starts with Gaga making her way down a hallway with several people who are either walking behind her , holding an umbrella over her , dancing in front of her , or tossing dollar bills around her . Gaga and company are then featured in many repeatedly @-@ changing shots at various locations in the mansion . She is seen lying seductively on a table covered with money , crawling along a black grand piano and striking the keys with her leg several times , dancing around and later making out with a statue , and dancing in an elevator solo . There are also several close @-@ up shots of her burning money and later stuffing it into her mouth . Over the course of the video , she undergoes numerous costume changes . Singer @-@ songwriter Space Cowboy is also shown , most notably in scenes where he climbs a wall .
= = Live performances = =
Gaga has performed " Beautiful , Dirty , Rich " live at the AOL Sessions , where she also performed " Just Dance , " an acoustic version of " Poker Face , " " Paparazzi , " and " LoveGame . " She also performed it at the MTV UK Live Sessions , also singing " Just Dance , " " LoveGame , " and " Poker Face . " She most notably performed the song on her first headlining The Fame Ball Tour . On the tour , it was preceded by the song " Paparazzi , " which ended with clicking cameras and a brief medley of " Starstruck " and " LoveGame . " The performance of " Beautiful , Dirty , Rich " followed , with Gaga frolicking with her dancers and wearing an " austere " blonde bob wig and a " sculptural bustier with futuristic triangular silver panels , and exaggerated peplum , " which was one of her six costumes over the course of the show . The song was the end of the first of four parts of the show , and was followed by a video clip , " The Brain , " which featured Gaga as her alter ego , Candy Warhol , brushing her hair .
The performance of the song , along with the rest of the first quarter of the show , was praised by Jim Harrington of San Jose Mercury News for giving the show a strong beginning , and Gaga 's vocal performance was also complimented . Mikael Wood of Rolling Stone was rather critical of the performance ; Wood claimed that it grew tiresome quickly but praised Gaga for her energy . Whitney Pastorek of Entertainment Weekly praised Gaga 's " strong " singing voice , adding , " The girl can , and does , sing . "
= = Credits and personnel = =
Lady Gaga – vocals , songwriting , piano , synthesizer
Rob Fusari – songwriting , production
Tom Kafafian – guitar
Calvin " Sci @-@ Fidelty " Gaines – bass guitar , programming
Dave Murga – drums
Robert Orton – audio mixing
Gene Grimaldi – audio mastering at Oasis Mastering , Burbank , California
Recorded at 150 Studios , Parsippany @-@ Troy Hills , New Jersey
Credits adapted from The Fame album liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Certification = =
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= Because You Left =
" Because You Left " is the television season premiere of the American Broadcasting Company 's fifth season of the serial drama television series Lost . The episode is the 87th episode of the show overall , and was written by executive producers / show runners Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse and directed by co @-@ executive producer Stephen Williams . It first aired on January 21 , 2009 , on ABC in the United States and was simulcast on A in Canada . It aired immediately after a clip @-@ show that recaps the first four seasons and aired back @-@ to @-@ back with the next episode , " The Lie " .
In 2007 , Jack Shephard and Benjamin Linus start their quest to reunite the " Oceanic 6 " . Hugo " Hurley " Reyes and Sayid Jarrah are ambushed at their safehouse . Sun @-@ Hwa Kwon is confronted by Charles Widmore . Kate Austen and Aaron Littleton flee from their home after being ordered to submit a maternity test . At the island , James " Sawyer " Ford , Daniel Faraday , Juliet Burke , Charlotte Lewis , Miles Straume , John Locke and the other survivors of Oceanic 815 left on the island erratically jump through time upon the island 's move . " Because You Left " averaged 11 @.@ 347 million viewers in the United States , and received good reviews , praising the writing and the unraveling of new elements .
= = Plot = =
The episode begins in the late 1970s , when the Dharma Initiative has begun to build stations on the island . Dr. Pierre Chang ( François Chau ) begins to film the orientation film for the Arrow Station , when he is informed of an incident at the construction site of the Orchid Station . Upon arriving there , he realizes that the workers have found the " unlimited " energy source that the Dharma Initiative has been looking for , which will enable them to manipulate time . As he leaves the station , he bumps into Daniel Faraday ( Jeremy Davies ) , who is dressed as a Dharma construction worker .
On December 30 , 2004 , following the island being moved in " There 's No Place Like Home " , the survivors of Oceanic Flight 815 , the freighter team , and Juliet Burke ( Elizabeth Mitchell ) begin to erratically jump through time , while the Others are unaffected . The first jump takes them to the day when the Beechcraft carrying Mr. Eko 's brother crashes onto the island . John Locke is shot in the leg by Ethan Rom ( William Mapother ) , who has not yet met him and therefore does not recognize him . Meanwhile , James " Sawyer " Ford ( Josh Holloway ) , Juliet and the freighter team head to the Swan Station in order to determine when they are . A second jump brings the group forward in time to after the destruction of the station , saving Locke from Ethan in the process . When pressed for an explanation by Sawyer , Daniel Faraday likens the experience to a record skipping . Locke is approached by Richard Alpert ( Nestor Carbonell ) , who recognizes Locke and treats his wound . He informs Locke that they will be strangers at their next meeting , and thus gives him a compass to get his younger self to trust Locke . He explains that the only way to stop the erratic movements through time is to bring back everyone who has left the island , and to do that Locke will have to die . Another jump brings them to the past , and they find that the Swan station is now intact . Sawyer tries to contact Desmond Hume ( Henry Ian Cusick ) , who is inside , but Daniel asserts that the past can not be changed , and since Desmond didn 't know Sawyer already when they first met ( later in Desmond 's timeline ) , Sawyer cannot be successful . No one answers , and everyone heads back to the beach . Daniel stays behind and knocks again , and Desmond emerges dressed in a hazmat suit , thus belying Daniel 's original assertion . Daniel tells him that if Desmond 's future self and the survivors of 815 make it off the island on the helicopter then he should go to Oxford University and find Daniel 's mother , in order to help the survivors . Another jump occurs just before Daniel can give his mother 's name .
In 2007 , back in Los Angeles , two lawyers visit Kate Austen ( Evangeline Lilly ) . They deliver a court order for a maternity test for her and Aaron , Claire Littleton 's ( Emilie de Ravin ) son , whom Kate is raising as her own , but refuse to reveal their client 's identity . In London while en route to Los Angeles , Sun @-@ Hwa Kwon ( Yunjin Kim ) is confronted by Charles Widmore ( Alan Dale ) at the airport . She tells him that she wants to kill Benjamin Linus ( Michael Emerson ) , a desire they seem to have in common . Following Hugo " Hurley " Reyes 's ( Jorge Garcia ) breakout of a mental institution , he and Sayid Jarrah ( Naveen Andrews ) go to a safehouse , which has been infiltrated by two armed men . Sayid kills the men , but not before one of them shoots him with two potent drugged darts , knocking him unconscious . Meanwhile , Ben and Jack Shephard ( Matthew Fox ) have left the funeral parlor with Locke 's body . They discover that Hurley has broken out , hindering Ben 's plan to reunite the Oceanic Six . On a boat in an unknown location , Desmond wakes up , having remembered what Daniel told him , and sets off for Oxford .
= = Production = =
Following a writing " mini @-@ camp " to map out the fifth season , the premiere 's script was written and filming began on August 19 . Show runners Damon Lindelof and Carlton Cuse wrote " Because You Left " , and decided to put in the episode a setup for most elements of season 5 , specially time travel . In order to avert implementing the time travel in a confusing way , the exposition of Faraday 's theories was rewritten to start earlier and be more specific . While previous seasons had been filmed in high definition , this season premiere was the first Lost episode to be edited in it .
Lindelof stated that " When season five starts , you won 't know when or where you are . And the way we tell stories will be different too " , and confirmed that the " whooshing sound " effect will continue to be used as the transition for the new storytelling device . When asked if episodes continue to focus on specific and different characters , actor Jorge Garcia , who portrays Hurley Reyes , replied that " It 's not as clear cut as it 's been in the past . We don 't have the moments where someone stares off into space and then we cut to something that happened in their previous life . They 've gone in a slightly different direction as far as how they 're telling the story and they 're definitely trying to show what 's going on with more people in every given episode . " The script included scenes with all the main characters , including Desmond in the ending , because the writers felt that after a long break the audience would like to see every character again . Like the previous three season openers , the opening scene was meant to make viewers " not supposed to have any sense of where and when we are " . But while the other premieres had the teaser connecting into the main plot of the episode , the writers decided to put a scene that would only return in the fourteenth episode , " The Variable " . The time flashes were designed in a way that demonstrated both the castaways at the beach and John Locke in the jungle were " skipping " to the same time periods , and also to show that time travel was painful for the characters .
In regard to what Lindelof described as " the Zodiac boat with Faraday and the five people that have never spoken a line on show " , executive producer / writer / show runner Carlton Cuse said that " I 'd be a little bit more worried about the non @-@ line speakers than Faraday " , while Lindelof added that " things are looking up for Faraday " and " there is a monsoon coming . " Regarding the background survivors in general , Carlton Cuse has responded that there is " a very tragic event that happens this season . " According to Lindelof , Neil " Frogurt " ( Sean Whalen ) , a background survivor who has appeared solely in the Lost : Missing Pieces mobisodes , " will rise up this season in the grand tradition of Dr. Arzt [ Daniel Roebuck ] to let his feelings be known . " Sawyer is shirtless throughout the episode . Cuse jokingly justified as that " for people who really couldn 't grasp the time travel aspects of the show , there would be Sawyer without his shirt on for the entire hour . " His actor , Josh Holloway , kept fit in the summer break before shooting and noted this as " really disturbing . Coming after a hiatus , that ain 't fair ! "
= = Release and reception = =
The fifth season of Lost was promoted with a music video for the song " You Found Me " by The Fray intercut with new Lost scenes and the tagline , " Destiny Calls " . Television critic Maureen Ryan of The Chicago Tribune has deemed the latter an " endlessly mockable slogan " ; Don Williams of BuddyTV gave a more positive review , summing it up as " a fitting way to describe the upcoming season . " The staff of TV.com ranked the fifth season first on their " Most Anticipated of Early 2009 " list . Christopher Rosen of The New York Observer went so far as to deem the return of Lost a " bigge [ r ] event " than other happenings in that week , specifically the unveiling of the 81st Academy Awards nominations and the United States presidential inauguration of Barack Obama . " Because You Left " , as well as the following episode " The Lie " averaged 11 @.@ 347 million viewers in the US , and 1 @.@ 195 million in the UK . The episode , aired by itself , brought in 405 @,@ 000 Australian viewers . " Because You Left " and " The Lie " were uploaded to ABC 's media website — ABC Medianet — on December 29 , 2008 to be viewed by members of the press for advance reviews attached to limited confidentiality agreements . " Because You Left " was first broadcast on January 21 , 2009 on ABC in the United States and was simulcast on A in Canada , back @-@ to @-@ back with the next episode , " The Lie " . Before the broadcast was aired " Lost : Destiny Calls " , a clip @-@ show recapping the first four seasons . It marked Lost 's return to its original timeslot on Wednesdays .
Reviews were positive . James Poniewozik of Time thought that " Because You Left " provided a good balance of characterization and mythology and commended the character of Faraday , partially " because a perfectly @-@ cast Jeremy Davies has turned him into a likeable , flawed , brusque , slightly @-@ in @-@ over @-@ his @-@ head nebbish @-@ god . " Matt Mitovich of TV Guide stated that the premiere " offer [ s ] compelling twists … the foundation is laid for a pivotal penultimate season … it sends the mind reeling and uncorks infinite possibilities . " Robert Bianco of USA Today wrote that " it 's hard to name a series that is as engaging , surprising and flat @-@ out gorgeous as Lost , or one in which every effort and penny expended seems to be put to shimmering good use . This is an epic big @-@ screen adventure done for the small screen — and done in a way that makes most big @-@ screen versions pale in comparison . " Bianco also commended the characterizations , noting them as realistic and compelling . Maureen Ryan of The Chicago Tribune praised the opening sequence , calling it " really , really great … nerd @-@ tastic for [ the ] hardcore Lost fan ; it 's full of shout @-@ outs and callbacks to classic Lost moments and trivia . " She concluded that the premiere is " quite good " ( three and a half out of four stars ) with " a lot to like " , specifically the expanded screen time for Faraday ; however , Ryan expressed difficulty in understanding the use of time ( travel ) in the show and felt that one to two more viewings were warranted for her to give a better review of that aspect . Verne Gay of Newsday summed up that " The season 's premiere represents pig @-@ in @-@ the @-@ python storytelling — there 's so much to work through , so many details , stories , characters and time dimensions to attend to , that after a while this all starts to feel like a very full meal . A bloated feeling may result . " Among other pieces of praise , Tim Goodman of the San Francisco Chronicle was impressed by the " parallel plotting " of the characters on and off the island in different times . Despite deeming the premiere " riveting " and the script " tantalizing as ever " , Matthew Gilbert of The Boston Globe had a mixed response , for he worried that he would not be able to handle a season 's worth of time travel , stating that " I may be alone in this , and I hope I will be proven wrong , but I expected the solution to " Lost " to be more metaphysical , and more original , than simply people being unstuck in time . " Alan Sepinwall of The Star @-@ Ledger deemed it " really good , in terms of keeping the momentum from last season going , servicing the characters and their emotions , and providing an appropriate number of ' Whoa 's per hour . " In a three out of four stars review , Thomas Connor of the Chicago Sun @-@ Times stated that " the time @-@ travel training wheels are coming off — and the path thus far seems blissfully free of the usual stumbling blocks " , due to the previous four seasons of " baby steps " that set up the science fiction driven fifth season . Caryn Kunz of the Honolulu Advertiser said that " This was a great episode to get back into every aspect of our favorite show : relationships , mythology , reunions / cameos , and enough whoa moments to keep me on the edge of my seat throughout . "
Jeff Jensen of Entertainment Weekly summed up the entirety of the premiere as " pretty cool " and " worth the wait " . He wrote that " Lost 's tradition of opening the year with a killer , capture @-@ the @-@ imagination sequence is honored and upheld , though the thing I loved most was how it was brazenly frank ( and engagingly funny ) about the heady high @-@ concept conceit that will define the season . " Brian Lowry of Variety concluded that " Lost … approaches its twists with what appears to be a greater degree of intellectual rigor than almost anything else on primetime . Even when it 's difficult to keep track of the myriad connections , a sense lingers that somebody knows — which is strangely reassuring . " Despite being more interested in the romantic aspirations of the show 's characters , Jennifer Godwin of E ! remarked that " the Lost mythology is a miracle to behold . It 's grandiose , compelling , gaspworthy and , despite what the haters would have you believe , altogether satisfying " . Katherine Nichols of the Honolulu Star @-@ Bulletin enjoyed the opening scene , " but the rest of it didn 't capture [ her ] as [ she ] hoped it would " , citing high expectations due to the eight @-@ month hiatus after the fourth season finale and a possible " yearning for more character @-@ driven stories over machinations revolving around time travel , however clever they might be . " John Kubicek of BuddyTV said that " the opening scene itself will leave your mouth wide open and you 'll probably forget to close it for a few minutes . " He also wrote the premiere episodes " are vintage Lost , full of some unbelievable twists and a whole lot of groundwork " . H.T. Strong of Ain 't It Cool News said that " Because You Left " " is a corker , aggressively advancing the story in all kinds of directions . "
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= Llandaff Cathedral =
Llandaff Cathedral ( Welsh : Eglwys Gadeiriol Llandaf ) is an Anglican cathedral in Llandaff , Cardiff , Wales . It is the seat of the Bishop of Llandaff , head of the Church in Wales Diocese of Llandaff . It is dedicated to Saint Peter and Saint Paul , and also to three Welsh saints : Dubricius ( Welsh : Dyfrig ) , Teilo and Oudoceus ( Welsh : Euddogwy ) . It is one of two cathedrals in Cardiff , the other being the Roman Catholic Cardiff Cathedral in the city centre .
The current building was constructed in the 12th century over the site of an earlier church . Severe damage was done to the church in 1400 during the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr , during the English Civil War when it was overrun by Parliamentarian troops , and during the Great Storm of 1703 . By 1717 , the damage to the cathedral was so extensive that the church seriously considered removal of the see . Following further storms in the early 1720s , a new cathedral began construction in 1734 , designed by John Wood , the Elder . During the Cardiff Blitz of the Second World War in January 1941 , the cathedral was severely damaged when a parachute mine was dropped ; blowing the roof off the nave , south aisle and chapter house . The stonework which remains from the medieval period is primarily Somerset Dundry stone , though local blue lias constitutes most of the stonework done in the post @-@ Reformation period . The work done on the church since World War II is primarily concrete and Pennant sandstone , and the roofs , of Welsh slate and lead , were added during the post @-@ War rebuilding . In February 2007 , the organ was damaged during a severe lightning strike , prompting a fundraiser of £ 1 @.@ 5 million to raise money for an entirely new organ .
For many years , the cathedral had the traditional Anglican choir of boys and men , and more recently a girls ' choir , with the only dedicated choir school in the Church in Wales , the Cathedral School , Llandaff . The cathedral contains a number of notable tombs , including Dubricius , a 6th century Briton Saint who evangelised Ergyng ( now Archenfield ) and much of South @-@ East Wales , Meurig ap Tewdrig , King of Gwent , Teilo , a 6th century Welsh clergyman , church founder and Saint , and many Bishops of Llandaff , from the 7th century Oudoceus to the 19th century Alfred Ollivant , who was Bishop from 1849 to 1882 .
= = History = =
= = = Medieval period = = =
Llandaff Cathedral was built on the site of an existing church . According to tradition , the community was established by Saint Dubricius at a ford on the River Taff and the first church was founded by Dubricius ' successor , Saint Teilo . These two are regarded as the cathedral 's patron saints , along with their successor Oudoceus . The original church is no longer extant , but a standing Celtic cross testifies to the presence of Christian worship at the site in pre @-@ Norman times .
The Normans occupied Glamorgan early in the Norman conquest , appointing Urban their first bishop in 1107 . He began construction of the cathedral in 1120 and had the remains of Saint Dyfrig transferred from Bardsey . After the death of Urban , it is believed the work was completed some time in the last years of Bishop Nicholas ap Gwrgant , who died in 1183 . The cathedral was dedicated to St Peter and St Paul , St Dubricius , St Teilo and St Oudoceus .
Bishop Henry de Abergavenny organised the Llandaff Cathedral chapter circa 1214 . He appointed fourteen prebends , eight priests , four deacons and two sub @-@ deacons . De Abergavenny also made changes to Llandaff 's episcopal seal , giving more detail to the figure of the bishop depicted on it and adding the phrase " by the grace of God " to its inscription . The west front dates from 1220 and contains a statue of St Teilo . By 1266 , the structure that Urban began had been altered ; the cathedral was dedicated again in 1266 .
The Lady Chapel was built by William de Braose , bishop from 1266 to 1287 . It was built at the rear of the church constructed by Urban and the old choir area was removed in order to build the chapel . From this time on , it seemed as if the cathedral was in a constant state of repair or alterations at a slow pace . After the Lady Chapel had been completed , the two bays of the north choir aisle were rebuilt .
Severe damage was done to the church in 1400 during the rebellion of Owain Glyndŵr ; his forces also destroyed the Bishop 's Palace at Llandaff . The damage was extensive enough to cause Bishop Blethyn to notify his fellow clergymen in 1575 that he believed the cathedral to possibly be damaged beyond repair . Most of the other damage was repaired , most notably by Bishop Marshall , whose reredos partly survives . The northwest tower , the one without a spire , was added by Jasper Tudor and is now named after him . He assumed the lordship of Cardiff after the accession to the throne of his nephew , King Henry VII of England .
Late medieval tombs include that of Sir David Mathew of Llandaff ( 1400 – 1484 ) . Sir David ap Mathew was " Grand Standard Bearer of England " , granted under King Edward IV , for saving his life at the Battle of Towton as part of the War of the Roses .
= = = Post medieval to Victorian period = = =
During the English Civil War , the cathedral was overrun by Parliamentarian troops . Along with other destruction , the troops seized the books of the cathedral library , taking them to Cardiff Castle , where they were burned along with many copies of the Book of Common Prayer . Among those invited to the castle to warm themselves by the fire on that cold winter day , were the wives of some sequestered clergymen . Also during this time of unrest , a man named Milles , who claimed to be a practising Puritan , appropriated portions of the cathedral for his own gain . Milles set up a tavern in the cathedral , used part of it as a stable , turned the choir area into a pen for his calves and used the font as a trough for his pigs .
The southwest tower suffered major damage in the Great Storm of 1703 and by 1720 , was in a state of collapse . The damage to the cathedral was so extensive that the church seriously considered removal of the see to Cardiff in 1717 . Between 1720 and 1723 , a series of storms proceeded to damage the cathedral further , bringing down sections of the roof as well as other destruction . The collapse of 1723 forced worship services to be confined to the Lady Chapel and closed the western entrance of the cathedral entirely .
Thirty years after the cathedral roof collapsed , the chapter asked an architect , John Wood , the Elder , to prepare estimates and plans to restore the cathedral . In 1734 , work began on a new cathedral , designed by Wood . Wood produced an Italian temple style edifice , working only on the eastern portion of the building , while leaving the remaining western half in ruins . What Wood was trying to build at Llandaff was not Italian , but a recreation of Solomon 's Temple . Another sixteen years passed before the chapter solicited funds to repair the western half of the building . Wood 's plans were to replace the western entrance of the cathedral with a tower and rustic porch . No changes were made to the western entrance until Wyatt and Prichard began their work in 1841 , when the damage to the western portion of the structure was repaired and all traces of the Italian temple work by Wood had been removed from the cathedral .
During the 19th century , the Bishop began to reside in Llandaff for the first time in centuries ; no bishops of the see resided in Llandaff for almost 300 years . In 1836 , there was another unsuccessful attempt to transfer the see — this time to Bristol . After the attempt at transferring the see , the office of Dean was restored to Llandaff ; the position had not been filled in 700 years . The office of Dean was separated from that of the Archdeacon of Llandaff in November 1843 . The restoration of the Dean 's office was the beginning of better times for the cathedral . The new Dean , William Bruce Knight , was instrumental in bringing about the much @-@ needed restorations .
Enough restoration had been completed to allow the cathedral to be reopened for worship on 16 April 1857 . The see of Gloucester lent their cathedral choir for this service , making it possible to hear choral music in Llandaff Cathedral for the first time since 1691 . The restoration done up to this point was to remove all traces of the Italian temple and to repair damages caused by the attempt to transform the cathedral by Wood . Arches with beautiful moulding were hidden by walls , Sedilia were removed from their original positions and reredos had been covered with plaster or hidden with walls .
A meeting was held after the service and a detailed restoration plan was announced at the meeting along with a list for those wishing to donate to the work . Edward VII , ( then Prince of Wales ) and the Marquess of Bute were among those who pledged donations , which were large enough to allow the restoration work to continue immediately . The cathedral was extensively restored , the tower rebuilt and a spire added . Much of the restoration work was completed by local architect John Prichard between 1843 and 1869 . A triptych by Dante Gabriel Rossetti was designed for use as a reredos , and a new stained glass window , Shipwreck of St Paul , was designed by Ford Madox Brown . Sir Edward Burne @-@ Jones designed the porcelain panels Six Days of Creation in St Dyfrig 's Chapel .
From 1691 until circa 1860 , there was no choir at the cathedral . There was also no organ for some time . Browne Willis ' 1719 account describes the ruins of an organ given to the cathedral by Lady Kemysh of Cefn Mably found in the organ loft at that time . In 1860 , Alfred Ollivant , who was then Bishop of Landaff , published a book , Some Account of the Condition of the Fabric of Llandaff Cathedral , from 1575 to the present time , intended to raise funds to restore the cathedral 's choir and to purchase a new organ . A cathedral school of some type has existed since the 9th century . Dean Vaughan reorganised the school in 1888 . Since 1978 , the cathedral school has accepted female pupils .
= = = 20th and 21st centuries = = =
On the evening of 2 January 1941 during the Second World War , the cathedral was severely damaged when a parachute mine was dropped near it during the Cardiff Blitz , blowing the roof off the nave , south aisle and chapter house . The top of the spire also had to be reconstructed and there was also damage to the organ . The Sunday after the bombing , worship took place in the Deanery . Work soon began to clear the Lady Chapel and the Sanctuary and to repair the roof in these areas . This was not completed until April 1942 . Further work was not possible until the end of the war and the repaired areas served as a place of worship until 1957 . Of British cathedrals , only Coventry Cathedral was damaged more , during the infamous Coventry Blitz . Due to its importance , it received Grade I building status on 2 December 1952 .
Major restorations and reconfigurations were carried out under architect George Pace of York , and the building was back in use in June 1958 . The Queen attended a service celebrating the completion of the restoration on 6 August 1960 . The Welch Regiment memorial chapel was constructed , and Sir Jacob Epstein created the figure of Christ in Majesty which is suspended above the nave on a concrete arch designed by George Pace .
Pace presented two options to replace the pulpitum which was not part of the cathedral restoration done earlier by Pritchard . One was for a baldacchino having four columns with a suitable painting beneath it . The other was for a double wishbone arch topped by a hollow drum to house the division of the organ . The figure of " Christ in Glory " would be installed on the west face of the drum . This proposal was accepted by the Dean and the cathedral chapter . They approached the War Damage Commission about whether funds initially meant for replacement of stained glass damaged in the bombing could be used for art in other media . This permission helped to finance the Majestas figure .
In February 2007 the cathedral suffered a severe lightning strike . Particular damage was caused to the electrics of the organ , which was already in poor condition . The instrument was not able to be used after the lightning damage . This prompted the 2007 launch of an appeal to raise £ 1 @.@ 5 million for the construction of an entirely new organ .
= = Architecture = =
The original pre @-@ Norman church was recorded in the 12th century Book of Llandaff to have been no more than 28 feet ( 8 @.@ 5 m ) long , 15 feet ( 4 @.@ 6 m ) wide and 20 feet ( 6 @.@ 1 m ) high . It contained low , narrow aisles with an apsidal porticus measuring 12 feet ( 3 @.@ 7 m ) long . Construction began of a grander building under the orders of the second Norman bishop of Llandaff , Urban , in the 1120s , to administer power over the newly formed diocese . It doesn 't appear to have lasted long as an extensive construction was ordered between 1193 and 1218 during the episcopate of Henry of Abergavenny . The western parts replaced those that Urban had built , and the nave and front of this side remain today . The fine craftsmanship and subtlety of the architecture show a clear similarity to those of Glastonbury Abbey and Wells Cathedral , so it is probable that several of the leading craftsman of Somerset were hired for the building .
Though some remodelling work was done in the 13th and 14th centuries , with a northwest tower funded by Jasper Tudor , lord of Glamorgan from 1484 – 95 , by the late 16th century the church had fallen into a state of disrepair . In 1594 the bishop complained that the cathedral was " more like a desolate and profane place than like a house of prayer and holy exercises " . The church continued to exist in a poor state , so that by 1692 choral services had to be suspended in fear that the roof would collapse . The battlements of the northwestern tower blew away during a storm in 1703 , and the southwest tower fell down in 1722 . In 1734 , John Wood of Bath was hired to restore the cathedral , but his work on the temple was still not complete by 1752 and remained that way . It was not until 1840 that in the wake of industrial development in Cardiff that the cathedral could raise the funds to commence a full restoration .
T. H. Wyatt was hired to restore the Lady Chapel in 1841 , but due to other commitments later left much of the work to John Prichard , who worked the most extensively on the church in the 1840s and 1850s . Prichard had restored the sanctuary by 1850 , and by 1852 he had begun to work on the nave , largely demolishing much of the temple Wood had built . Together with London @-@ based John Pollard Seddon , who was able to hire pre @-@ Raphaelite artists Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Thomas Woolner , extensive developments were made . Morris & Co. provided the stained glass in the 1860s . Prichard was responsible for a dramatic redevelopment of the southwest tower in 1867 @-@ 9 , aided by a number of talented artists and craftsmen .
In 1941 , a landmine exploded near the south aisle of the cathedral , resulting in the roof of the nave collapsing and the shattering of the windows . Sir Charles Nicholson was hired to rebuild the roof , and made the decision to remove the altarpiece that Rossetti had added to the north aisle . In 1949 , Nicholson was replaced with George Pace of York , who in coordination with the dean at the time , Glyn Simon , saw a number of improvements in the modern style , though many fittings were clearly still influenced by the Gothic .
The material of the church which remains from the medieval period is primarily Somerset Dundry stone , though Sutton stone and local blue lias also make up the stonework , with the latter constituting most of the stonework done in the post @-@ Reformation period . The work done on the church since World War II is primarily concrete and Pennant sandstone . The roofs , added in the post @-@ war period , are made of Welsh slate and lead . The West front of the cathedral is gabled along its length and contains the grand central doorway , higher in level than the floor of the nave . It is described as being " double lobed " with an " arched head with continuous chamfer outline , colonnettes and dripmould " .
The south side of the nave is characterised by eight bays with stepped buttresses between them , with aisle windows featuring reticulated heads . At the side of the south aisle of the sanctuary is Chapter House , a small , square building , of two storeys . It dates to the mid 13th century and is made from Chipping Camden and Bath limestone , with some local red sandstone from Radyr . The octagonal roof was the brainchild of Prichard , though it was lowered in pitch by Pace and later worked on by Donald Buttress . The buttresses of the building are made from ashlar . The seven stained glass roundels are of 16th century Flemish origin . In the interior is a pulpit featuring Moses . Also of note is the St David 's Chapel , added by George Pace in 1953 – 56 , which is accessed through the Norman north door of the cathedral .
= = Music = =
For many years , the cathedral had the traditional Anglican choir of boys and men , and more recently a girls ' choir , with the only dedicated choir school in the Church in Wales , the Cathedral School , Llandaff . In addition , the parish choir sings at the weekly Parish Eucharist , and is a mixed choir of boys , girls , men and women . The cathedral has a ring of twelve bells ( with an additional " flat sixth " , to make thirteen in total ) hung for change @-@ ringing , located in the Jasper tower . The current bells were installed in 1992 , replacing a previous ring of ten . Only one other church in Wales has a ring of twelve bells ; the cathedral is the only church in Cardiff with a set of twelve bells .
The organ , dating from 1900 , had been rebuilt in 1937 and again after the wartime damage ; it was never entirely satisfactory , even before the lightning damage made it unusable . Originally it had been planned to install a new organ at that time , but the costs of about £ 1 million were deemed to be too high in the austere climate of post @-@ war Britain . Work on installing the new organ , by the Nicholson 's of Malvern firm of organ builders , began in autumn 2008 . Though not fully completed , it was brought to a playable stage by Easter 2010 and had its inaugural performance ( the Gloria of Louis Vierne 's Messe Solennelle ) at the Easter Vigil service on 3 April 2010 . Proceeds from the 2011 Llandaff Festival of Music were donated to the cathedral for the completion of the new organ . The remaining stops were added in the late summer of 2013 . This is the first entirely new organ for a British cathedral since the Coventry installation in the 1960s .
In 2012 the cathedral premiered its own record label with a recording called Majestas . The music focuses on both the new cathedral organ and the Llandaff Cathedral choir . The recording 's title was taken from the Jacob Epstein sculpture in the cathedral 's nave that was part of the post war renewal of the structure . Proceeds from sales of the record were donated to African charities . In December 2013 , five days before Christmas , the cathedral chapter announced that all salaried adult members of the choir ( altos , tenors and basses ) were being made redundant , along with the assistant organist . The cathedral was in the midst of a financial crisis , and the chapter intended to save £ 45 @,@ 000 a year by taking these measures .
= = = List of organists = = =
= = = Assistant organists = = =
Arthur Charles Edwards 1894
R. M. Powney 1940 – ?
V. Anthony Lewis c . 1948 – 1966
Graham John Elliott 1966 – 1970 ( afterwards organist of St Asaph Cathedral )
Anthony Burns @-@ Cox 1970 – 1980 laterly organist of Romsey Abbey
Michael Hoeg M.B.E 1980 – 2010
James Norrey 2010 – 2012 ( afterwards Assistant Director of Music at Newcastle Cathedral )
Sachin Gunga 2012 – 2013 ( post dissolved December 2013 )
= = Burials = =
Dubricius , 6th @-@ century Briton Saint who evangelised Ergyng ( now Archenfield ) and much of South @-@ East Wales ; his body was transferred to Llandaff Cathedral in 1120 .
Meurig ap Tewdrig , King of Gwent and the husband of Onbrawst , daughter of Gwrgan Fawr , who was a cousin of Dubricius
Teilo , 6th @-@ century Welsh clergyman , church founder and Saint
Oudoceus , 7th @-@ century third Bishop of Llandaff , was supposedly buried at the church in Llandaff on the site where the present Cathedral now stands .
Henry de Abergavenny , Bishop of Llandaff ( 1193 – 1218 )
William de Braose ( bishop ) , Bishop of Llandaff ( 1266 – 1287 )
John of Monmouth ( bishop ) , Bishop of Llandaff ( 1297 – 1323 )
Edmund de Bromfield , Bishop of Llandaff ( 1390 – 1393 )
John Paschal , Bishop of Llandaff ( 1347 – 1361 )
John Smith , Bishop of Llandaff ( 1476 – 1478 )
Sir David Mathew , ( 1484 )
John Marshall ( bishop ) , Bishop of Llandaff ( 1478 – 1496 )
Miles Salley , Bishop of Llandaff ( 1500 – 1516 / 17 )
Hugh Lloyd ( bishop ) , Bishop of Llandaff ( 1660 – 1667 )
Francis Davies , Bishop of Llandaff ( 1667 – 1675 )
Edward Copleston , Bishop of Llandaff ( 1828 – 1849 )
Alfred Ollivant , Bishop of Llandaff ( 1849 – 1882 )
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= The Beatles in the United States =
The Beatles ' rise to prominence in the United States in February 1964 was a significant development in the history of the band 's commercial success . In addition to establishing the Beatles ' international stature , it changed attitudes to popular music in the United States , whose own Memphis @-@ driven musical evolution had made it a global trend @-@ setter .
The Beatles ' first visit to the United States came at a time of great popularity in Britain . The band 's UK commercial breakthrough , in late 1962 , had been followed by a year of successful concerts and tours . The start of the Beatles ' popularity in the United States , in early 1964 , was marked by intense demand for the single " I Want to Hold Your Hand " — which sold one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half million copies in under three weeks — and the band 's arrival the following month . The visit , advertised across the United States on five million posters , was a defining moment in the Beatles ' history , and the starting @-@ point of the British Invasion .
Following popular television appearances and concerts during their February 1964 visit , the Beatles returned to the United States in August 1964 , and again in August 1965 , for tours . In August 1966 they returned once more , and although this tour was commercially successful , it coincided with a storm of U.S. public protest after publication of a quote from John Lennon 's remarks about Christianity . The 1966 U.S. tour marked the end of the Beatles ' concert days . The band ceased to perform commercial concerts , instead devoting their efforts to creating new material in the recording studio .
= = Background = =
= = = Impact of Beatlemania = = =
In the United Kingdom , the Beatles had experienced popularity since the start of 1963 . But in the United States , Capitol Records , owned by the band 's record company EMI , had for most of the year declined to issue any of the singles . The phenomenon of Beatlemania in the UK was regarded with amusement by the U.S. press , once it made any comment . When newspaper and magazine articles did begin to appear towards the end of 1963 , they cited the English stereotype of eccentricity , reporting that the UK had developed an interest in something that had come and gone a long time ago in the United States : rock and roll . Headlines included " The New Madness " and " Beatle Bug Bites Britain " , and writers employed word @-@ play linking " beetle " with the " infestation " afflicting the UK . In late 1963 , Capitol Records agreed to release the single " I Want to Hold Your Hand " with a large accompanying promotional campaign , due to Ed Sullivan 's agreement to headline the Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show . The Beatles ' American television debut was on 18 November 1963 on The Huntley @-@ Brinkley Report , with a four @-@ minute long piece by Edwin Newman . On 22 November 1963 , the CBS Morning News ran a five @-@ minute feature on Beatlemania in the UK which heavily featured their then current UK hit " She Loves You . " The evening 's scheduled repeat was cancelled following the assassination of John F. Kennedy the same day . On 10 December , Walter Cronkite decided to transmit the piece again on the CBS Evening News , and the resulting interest led to the rush @-@ release of " I Want to Hold Your Hand " and — only weeks before the Beatles ' arrival — a U.S. commercial breakthrough .
= = = American political climate , early 1964 = = =
Eleven weeks before the Beatles ' arrival in the U.S. President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas , Texas . The nation was in mourning , in fear , and in disbelief . The assassination came after a fifteen @-@ year build @-@ up of Cold War tension . The motivation and identity of the assassin would be doubted by many Americans for decades , despite the Warren Commission 's issued report in September 1964 . As the United States tried to restore a sense of normality , teenagers in particular struggled to cope , as their disbelief began to be replaced by a personal reaction to what had happened : in school essays , teenagers wrote that " then it became real " , and " I was feeling the whole world is going to collapse on me " , and " I never felt so empty in all my life " .
= = = Musical influences = = =
The music industry in Memphis had large role in bringing bands to the attention of the American public , and in the 1960s , many British bands , among them the Beatles , aspired to emulate the sounds of Memphis musicians including Elvis Presley — without whom , according to Lennon , " there would not have been the Beatles " . The sudden popularity of the Beatles , and the British Invasion triggered by their arrival , became a major new influence in the United States , which not only established the popularity of British bands , but also affected the musical style of U.S. bands — including those subsequently formed in Memphis .
During their U.S. tours , the Beatles were introduced to both Elvis Presley and Bob Dylan . Strongly influenced by Presley since before their formation , the band had tried to meet him in the past , but arrangements had fallen through . At Presley 's suggestion , guitars were set up in his living room and the gathering played music for an hour , following which they discussed the music business and exchanged anecdotes . The other meeting , with Dylan , influenced the music subsequently produced by the Beatles as well as shaping Dylan 's own musical style . This was made evident both in Dylan 's controversial adoption of electric guitar , and in changes that were apparent in Lennon 's vocal and guitar @-@ playing styles .
However , before their visits to United States in 1964 the Beatles still doubted that they could bring anything new to the country . In apprehensive conversation among the Beatles on board the aircraft to New York February 1964 , McCartney had questioned , " They 've got their own groups . What are we going to give them that they don 't already have ? "
= = The Beatles ' U.S. performances = =
= = = February 1964 – First U.S. Concerts = = =
An estimated four thousand Beatles ' fans were present on 7 February 1964 as Pan Am Flight 101 left Heathrow Airport . Among the passengers were the Beatles , on their first trip to the United States as a band , with their entourage of photographers and journalists , and Phil Spector . When the group arrived at New York 's newly renamed John F. Kennedy Airport , they were greeted by a second large crowd , with Beatles fans again estimated to number four thousand , and journalists , two hundred . From having so many people packed in a little space , a few people in the crowd got injured . The airport had not previously experienced such a large crowd .
After a press conference , where they first met disc jockey Murray the K , the Beatles were put into limousines — one per Beatle — and driven to New York City . On the way , McCartney turned on a radio and listened to a running commentary : " They have just left the airport and are coming to New York City ... " After reaching the Plaza Hotel , the Beatles were besieged by fans and reporters . Harrison had a fever of 102 ° F ( 39 ° C ) the next day and was ordered to stay in bed , so Neil Aspinall , the band 's personal assistant , replaced Harrison on guitar during the Beatles ' first rehearsal for The Ed Sullivan Show . On 9 February 1964 , the Beatles made their first live U.S. television appearance . 73 million viewers — about two @-@ fifths of the total American population — watched the group perform on The Ed Sullivan Show at 8 P.M. According to the Nielsen ratings audience measurement system , the show had the largest number of viewers that had been recorded for a U.S. television program .
Two days after the television appearance , on 11 February 1964 , the Beatles ' first U.S. concert took place , at Washington Coliseum , a sports arena in Washington , D.C. The concert was attended by eight thousand fans . The Beatles performed on a central stage in the arena , with the audience on all sides , and there were regular pauses to enable the band to turn their equipment around and perform facing in another direction . The concert generated intense excitement . The following day , the Beatles performed a second concert , in Carnegie Hall , New York , which was attended by two thousand fans . The concert was again well received . Following the Carnegie Hall concert , the Beatles flew to Miami Beach and on Sunday 16 February 1964 made their second television appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show , which this time was broadcast live from the Napoleon Ballroom of the Deauville Hotel in Miami Beach . As it had done on 9 February , the television broadcast attracted around 70 million viewers . On 22 February 1964 , the Beatles returned to the UK . Arriving at Heathrow airport at 7 am , they were met by an estimated ten thousand fans .
= = = August 1964 – First U.S. Tour = = =
In August 1964 , the Beatles returned to the United States for a second visit , this time remaining for a month @-@ long tour . A request was received from the White House press office , which asked for the Beatles to be photographed with the new President of the United States , Lyndon B. Johnson , laying a wreath on the grave of John F. Kennedy . The request was politely declined by Epstein , as it was not the group 's policy to accept " official " invitations . During the tour , the Beatles performed at thirty concerts , starting in San Francisco and ending in New York , twenty @-@ three cities in all . One of the major stipulations for the tour was that the band would not perform for segregated audiences or at venues that excluded African Americans .
At each venue , the concert was treated as a major event by the local press and attended by between ten and twenty thousand fans , whose enthusiastic response to the Beatles produced sound levels that left the music only semi @-@ audible . The tour earned the Beatles over a million dollars in ticket sales . It also stimulated a further increase in record sales , and resulted in the sale of a considerable quantity of Beatle @-@ related merchandise .
By this point in the year , the British Invasion — started by the Beatles ' previous U.S. visit — was gathering momentum , and several more UK acts had come to the United States , including The Dave Clark Five , Billy J. Kramer , and Gerry & the Pacemakers . One third of all U.S. top ten hits in 1964 were by British acts . After the tour 's final concert in New York , the Beatles were introduced to Bob Dylan , a meeting brought about at the instigation of the New York journalist Al Aronowitz , who arranged for Dylan to visit the Beatles at their hotel before they returned to the UK .
= = = August 1965 – Second U.S. Tour = = =
In June 1965 , after completing a two @-@ week European tour of France , Italy and Spain , the Beatles attended the London premiere of Help ! , their second film , and then returned to the United States for another two @-@ week tour . The tour commenced at Shea Stadium , New York City on Sunday 15 August 1965 . The circular stadium had been constructed the previous year , opening on 17 April 1964 , with seating arranged in four ascending decks , all of which were filled for the concert . It was the first time in history that a large outdoor stadium had been used for such a purpose , and the event sold out in seventeen minutes .
The 1965 tour was highly successful , with well @-@ attended concerts on each of its ten dates . The opening concert at Shea Stadium attracted an audience of fifty @-@ five thousand , the largest of any live concert that the Beatles would perform . The band arrived by armoured car . After the 1965 tour 's final concert , which took place at Cow Palace , San Francisco , the Beatles accepted an invitation to visit Elvis Presley before returning to the UK .
= = = August 1966 – Third U.S. Tour = = =
Following the UK and U.S. releases of their new album Revolver in August 1966 , the Beatles returned to the United States for what would be their last tour . The tour coincided with a storm of U.S. public protest against the Beatles , caused by a published quote from a remark Lennon had made about Christianity . Because of the severity of the protests , which included Beatles ' records being publicly burned and claims being made that the Beatles were " anti @-@ Christ " , Epstein had considered cancelling the fourteen @-@ concert tour , fearing for their lives . Nevertheless , the tour went ahead .
In Memphis , the city council decided not to let " municipal facilities be used as a forum to ridicule anyone 's religion " , and voted to cancel their Beatles concert , although it did in fact take place . There were disturbances during the tour , and one performance was brought to a temporary halt when a member of the audience threw a firecracker , leading the Beatles to believe they were being shot at . In other incidents , telephone threats were received , and the Ku Klux Klan picketed the Beatles ' concerts . The tour ended with a concert at Candlestick Park . Although commercially successful , the tour had been affected by the prevailing mood of controversy , and there had been rows of empty seats at some venues .
= = After the United States = =
The Beatles ' arrival in the United States in 1964 marked the spread of Beatlemania from the UK to the wider world , established the group 's international stature , and , triggering the British Invasion , caused changes in U.S. popular culture . The Candlestick Park concert at the close of the 1966 U.S. tour marked the end of a four @-@ year period dominated by touring and concerts , including nearly sixty U.S. appearances , and over one thousand four hundred internationally . The Beatles , from the end of their 1966 U.S. tour until their break @-@ up in 1970 , gave no further commercial concerts , instead devoting their efforts to creating new material in the recording studio .
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= Effects of Hurricane Ivan in the Lesser Antilles and South America =
The effects of Hurricane Ivan in the Lesser Antilles and South America in September 2004 included 44 deaths and over $ 1 billion in damage ( 2004 USD ) , primarily in Grenada where it was considered the worst hurricane in nearly 50 years . Hurricane Ivan developed from a tropical wave on September 2 and rapidly intensified to become a major hurricane , passing through the southern Lesser Antilles on September 7 with winds of 125 mph ( 205 km / h ) . At the time , its typical storm force winds extended outward up to 160 miles ( 260 km ) with hurricane @-@ force winds outward to 70 miles ( 110 km ) , and the northern portion of the eye passed over Grenada .
In the region , the worst damage occurred on Grenada , where the damage total of $ 1 @.@ 1 billion ( 2004 USD , ( $ 1 @.@ 38 billion 2016 USD ) ) represented 200 % of its GDP . The hurricane damaged more than 14 @,@ 000 homes and destroyed 30 % of the houses , leaving about 18 @,@ 000 people homeless . A total of 39 people were killed by the hurricane on the island . Elsewhere , Hurricane Ivan caused at least three fatalities and moderate damage in northern Venezuela . One person died each in Trinidad and Barbados . The name Ivan was later retired .
= = Preparations = =
Early in the duration of the storm , the National Hurricane Center consistently forecast Ivan to track further to the north than it eventually did . Late on September 5 , the government of Barbados issued a hurricane watch for its territory . Shortly thereafter , Saint Lucia was put under a hurricane watch and Grenada and its dependencies were put under a tropical storm watch . As the hurricane approached the southern Lesser Antilles , more watches were issued , and by 24 hours prior to Ivan passing through the island chain a hurricane warning was in effect for Barbados , Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Saint Lucia , Tobago , and Grenada , and a tropical storm warning was in effect for Trinidad . With the path of Ivan more southerly than predicted , the hurricane warnings were downgraded to tropical storm warnings for the northern islands , and by late on September 7 when the eye of the hurricane passed near Grenada , hurricane warnings were in effect for Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Trinidad and Tobago , and Grenada . Subsequently , a tropical storm warning was issued for the northern coast of Venezuela through the Guajira Peninsula of Colombia .
In Venezuela , citizens in coastal areas of Falcón , Sucre and Isla Margarita were moved to safer areas , and several thousands were evacuated due to the hurricane . The Simón Bolívar International Airport , as well as three other mainland airports , were closed . Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. temporarily closed its oil refinery in Curaçao , and two ports were briefly shut down ; this caused a delay in two oil deliveries . The Valero Energy Corporation shut down its largest oil refinery in Aruba . Prior to the arrival of the hurricane , oil companies in Trinidad and Tobago ceased production and removed workers from offshore rigs ; the Atlantic LNG company closed exports . Seven shelters were opened on Tobago , where about 560 people evacuated for the storm . Two people died : one man trying to save his car , and one girl sleeping in her bed , when a tree fell on the roof above her room . Most evacuees were from low @-@ lying areas , and on the day of the storm 's passage most schools and businesses were closed . The two main airports in the country were closed , with one airline canceling all of its flights .
Over 1 @,@ 000 people evacuated to emergency shelters on Grenada , including hundreds in low @-@ lying areas in the capital city . Some shelters were damaged during the hurricane , forcing the evacuees to go elsewhere . Overall , the population responded little to the official advisories and recommendations , which potentially contributed to the death toll on the island . More than 1 @,@ 000 residents of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines evacuated to 28 emergency shelters . On Barbados , officials closed schools and government buildings and prepared shelters prior to the arrival of the hurricane . To minimize danger , the island power grid was shut down . Four shelters opened on Saint Lucia , where many people sought safety during the storm .
= = Impact = =
= = = Venezuela , Trinidad and Tobago , and the ABC islands = = =
Along the northern coastline of Venezuela , the hurricane produced heavy precipitation and a storm surge of about 13 feet ( 4 m ) , which damaged 60 homes . Sustained winds on Isla Margarita peaked at 26 mph ( 42 km / h ) , and the most affected states were Falcón , Vargas , Aragua , Carabobo , and Anzoátegui . Rough waves capsized 10 boats and closed several beaches , and one person drowned due to the surf . Further inland , two people drowned when a river overflowed its banks , and near Caracas a man died after strong winds toppled a wall . The combination of rainfall and winds destroyed 21 houses and blew off the roof of several others , affecting 1 @,@ 376 people , of whom 80 were left homeless . Power outages and lack of water were reported . In the country , the hurricane caused 127 injuries , and a death toll reported between three and five . An initial news story reported 28 people missing offshore on three boats .
Moderate wind gusts of up 46 mph ( 74 km / h ) were reported in Tobago , which downed several trees and caused power outages in seven villages ; power was cut to more than 30 % of the island . Twenty villages on the island suffered various forms of damage , and at least 45 homes lost their roofs . The hurricane left 22 people homeless and directly impacted about 1 @,@ 000 people . The hurricane caused one death when a falling tree killed a woman . Wave heights were estimated at 65 feet ( 20 m ) , and at least one home collapsed and fell into the ocean . Rainfall from the storm 's passage unofficially peaked at 16 @.@ 2 inches ( 411 mm ) on the island , which caused some mudslides . Some crop damage was also reported , and overall damage on Tobago was estimated at $ 4 @.@ 9 million ( 2004 USD , ( $ 6 @.@ 14 million 2016 USD ) ) ; damage in neighboring Trinidad was minimal .
As Ivan continued to strengthen , it proceeded about 80 mi ( 130 km ) north of the ABC islands on September 9 . High winds blew away roof shingles and produced large swells that battered several coastal facilities . A developing spiral band dropped heavy rainfall over Aruba , causing flooding and $ 1 @.@ 1 million worth in structural damage .
= = = Grenada = = =
Passing just to the south of the island , Hurricane Ivan produced strong winds in Grenada , with sustained winds reaching 120 mph ( 195 km / h ) and gusts peaking at 133 mph ( 215 km / h ) at Point Salines International Airport . The airport recorded 5 @.@ 26 inches ( 134 mm ) of precipitation during the hurricane 's passage . Of the nation 's six parishes , the four southernmost ones were most severely affected , constituting 80 percent of the total population .
The strong winds impacted more than 14 @,@ 000 homes on Grenada with 90 percent of the nation 's houses damaged and of which 30 percent were destroyed . The capital city of St. George 's was severely damaged , where every major building was either damaged or destroyed . Ivan 's passage either damaged or destroyed 85 percent of the structures on the island , including the nation 's emergency operations center and a 17th @-@ century prison , which allowed many inmates to briefly escape during the height of the storm . The hurricane damaged or destroyed 75 primary or secondary schools , with only two left in working condition . All of Grenada was left without power or running water .
Tourism was adversely affected ; an estimated 60 percent of hotel rooms were damaged . The winds downed 80 percent of the nutmeg trees on the island , with other crop losses varying between 60 – 90 percent . An estimated 18 @,@ 000 people were left homeless by the hurricane , and about 700 people sustained injuries from the storm . Ivan was considered the worst hurricane to strike the nation since Hurricane Janet in 1955 ; its passage resulted in 39 fatalities and $ 1 @.@ 1 billion in damage ( 2004 USD , ( $ 1 @.@ 38 billion 2016 USD ) , about 200 % of its GDP and of which about 45 % resulted from housing damage .
= = = Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , Barbados , and northward = = =
Wave heights from the hurricane reached 20 feet ( 6 m ) along coastline portions of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , which washed away 2 homes ; the storm surge destroyed 19 homes and damaged 40 more . On Union Island , the winds damaged the roof of a hospital , while the northern portion of the island sustained heavy damage from the waves . Moderate damage was also reported on Palm Island and Carriacou and Petite Martinique . The winds left more than two @-@ thirds of the island without power , and also damaged the island 's banana crop . Damage in the country totaled $ 40 million ( 2004 USD , ( $ 50 @.@ 1 million 2016 USD ) .
On the island of Barbados , sustained winds peaked at 69 mph ( 112 km / h ) while gusts reached 92 mph ( 149 km / h ) , which damaged many trees and roofs . A total of 531 houses were damaged , of which 43 were completely destroyed . Additionally , four hotels sustained some damage . The winds left most of island without electricity , though officials worked quickly to restore the power . Rainfall from the storm was light , with less than 1 inch ( 25 mm ) in most areas . Storm surge and wave action caused beach erosion that severely damaged most coastal roads . One death was reported on the island , and damage was estimated at more than $ 5 million ( 2004 USD , ( $ 6 @.@ 26 million 2016 USD ) .
Strong winds and rough surf caused moderate coastal damage to southern portions of Saint Lucia ; the combination impacted houses near the coast and also led to losses in the banana crop . Minor roof damage was also reported , and damage totalled $ 2 @.@ 6 million ( 2004 USD $ 3 @.@ 26 million 2016 USD ) ) on the island ; three serious injuries were reported on the island due to the hurricane , though no fatalities were reported . In Dominica , winds reached 43 mph ( 69 km / h ) . High waves from Ivan caused light damage to southwestern Martinique and Guadeloupe .
Cayman Islands
Damage Sustained by the System . Contrary to what was done in other places , electricity was not shut down in Grand Cayman before arrival of the hurricane . Total system failure came at around 01 : 40 hours on 12 September . Slight damage was sustained by the North Sound Road power plant , and more extensive damage occurred in transmission lines and several substations as well as in distribution grids . Furthermore , it was found that the submarine cable in the North Sound was damaged 1 @,@ 500 feet offshore .
= = Aftermath = =
The government of Barbados created a Hurricane Ivan Housing Recovery Project , which repaired or rebuilt 190 houses for people without the available funds ; around 90 homes required minor immediate repairs , while the rest required significant reconstruction . The project finished in early 2006 for a total of $ 5 million ( 2004 BBD , ( $ 6 @.@ 26 million 2016 USD ) .
Several nearby countries assisted Grenada in its aftermath . The government of Guyana shipped about $ 250 @,@ 000 ( 2004 USD , $ 40 million 2004 GYD ) worth of sugar , as well as 100 members of the Guyana Defense Force to assist in restoring order and reconstruction . The government of Trinidad and Tobago sent 190 policemen , and the government of Anguilla sent 1 @,@ 230 cases of water . A committee of Caribbean nations realized the local governments could not provide the support that Grenada needed in its aftermath , and thus turned to international assistance . Within a day of Ivan passing to the south of Grenada , the United States Agency for International Development ( USAID ) deployed 67 @,@ 600 gallons of water , 500 rolls of plastic sheeting , four 10 @,@ 000 liter water bladder kits , and a water treatment kit ; assistance from USAID totaled $ 6 million ( 2004 USD ) within a few weeks of the storm 's passage , primarily in aid for reconstruction and rehabilitation . In the weeks subsequent to the hurricane , the European Commission Humanitarian aid Office ( ECHO ) provided € 3 million ( 2004 EUR ) . By a year later , housing redevelopments and disaster preparation problems continued after being impacted by Hurricane Emily ; as a result , the ECHO provided € 1 @.@ 2 million ( 2005 EUR ) to Grenada in September 2005 . Nine months after the hurricane , Chinese officials provided assistance in reconstruction and handling foreign debts after meeting with the Grenadian Prime Minister ; in 2007 , Chinese officials funded the construction of a new $ 40 million ( 2007 USD ) cricket stadium near St. George 's . The Caribbean Development Bank approved a $ 10 million loan ( 2004 USD ) requested by the government of Grenada in July 2005 , which was intended to assist in long @-@ term development of the housing , business , and environmental sectors . Emergency operations in Grenada in coordination with the Pan American Disaster Response Unit ended in July 2005 .
Within a few days after the hurricane passed , the Grenada Emergency Operations Center temporarily prevented relief supplies from entering the country to ensure the safety of the incoming items ; the decision was reversed shortly thereafter , and planes flew supplies during daylight hours into the reopened airport . Severe looting occurred in the immediate aftermath of Ivan , prompting police officials to enact a curfew for the night hours . In the first week following the hurricane , aid was slow to the affected residents , due to the lack of an efficient aid distribution system . 30 official shelters and 17 prepared ones housed over 5 @,@ 000 people in the aftermath of the storm . Thousands of people lost their jobs due to the hurricane , with all businesses shut down following the hurricane . By two months after the hurricane struck , 65 schools were opened , some of which serving as shelters ; water and power were gradually restored to the island . By a year after the storm 's passage , all schools were reopened , and most buildings enacted provisional repairs . Officials determined around 10 @,@ 000 houses on the island required complete reconstruction , while a further 22 @,@ 000 needed repairs . The government of Grenada initially planned to rebuild 1 @,@ 000 houses in the year after the hurricane struck ; by June 2005 , 260 families were provided houses , with a further 85 under construction . The government also established a Material Assistance Programme , which provided $ 5 @,@ 000 ( 2004 XCD ) of free materials to more than 5 @,@ 000 families , as well as a total of $ 4 @.@ 3 million ( 2004 XCD ) in low interest loans to 148 families . Several indirect fatalities occurred in the aftermath of the hurricane , primarily senior citizens .
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= Remedies in Singapore administrative law =
The remedies available in Singapore administrative law are the prerogative orders – the mandatory order ( formerly known as mandamus ) , prohibiting order ( prohibition ) , quashing order ( certiorari ) , and order for review of detention ( habeas corpus ) – and the declaration , a form of equitable remedy . In Singapore , administrative law is the branch of law that enables a person to challenge an exercise of power by the executive branch of the Government . The challenge is carried out by applying to the High Court for judicial review . The Court 's power to review a law or an official act of a government official is part of its supervisory jurisdiction , and at its fullest may involve quashing an action or decision and ordering that it be redone or remade .
A mandatory order is an order of the High Court commanding a public authority to perform a public duty , while a prohibiting order operates to prevent illegal action by an authority from occurring in the first place . A quashing order , the most commonly sought prerogative order , has the effect of invalidating an ultra vires decision made by an authority . Obtaining a mandatory , prohibiting or quashing order is a two @-@ stage process , as an applicant must be granted leave by the Court to apply for the order . The Court must find the existence of a proper public law issue and available grounds of review . Leave will be granted provided that an arguable and prima facie case of reasonable suspicion that the authority has acted in breach of administrative law rules is established .
An order for review of detention directs someone holding a person in detention to produce the detainee before the High Court so that the legality of the detention can be established . The power of the Court to require that this be done is specifically mentioned in Article 9 ( 2 ) of the Constitution of Singapore . While the other prerogative orders may only be applied for with the court 's permission , an order for review of detention may be applied for without prior permission from the court .
A declaration is a pronouncement by a court stating the legal position between the parties to an action , based on the facts that have been presented to the court . Before 1 May 2011 , it was not possible to apply for prerogative orders and declarations in the same set of legal proceedings . Following that date , changes to Order 53 of the Rules of Court permitted an application for a declaration to be made together with an application for one or more prerogative orders . However , the application for a declaration cannot be made unless the court grants leave for the prerogative orders to be applied for .
The Government Proceedings Act bars the High Court from granting injunctions against the Government or one of its officers . An injunction is an equitable private law remedy that restrains a public authority from doing an act that is wrongful or ultra vires . In place of an injunction , the Court may make a declaration concerning the parties ' rights . At common law , there is no general right to claim damages – that is , monetary compensation – if rules of public law have been breached by an authority . In order to obtain damages , an aggrieved person must be able to establish a private law claim in contract or tort law .
= = Introduction = =
= = = Supervisory jurisdiction of the High Court = = =
The aim of administrative law is to regulate the executive government by providing remedies which individuals can apply for when challenging administrative actions and decisions , and failures to take action and make decisions . Where the exercise of statutory or other discretionary power by public authorities contravenes the Constitution or is unlawful under administrative law , various remedies may be available when a judicial review action is taken .
Judicial review , the means by which the High Court controls the exercise of legislative and executive power , is part of the Court 's supervisory jurisdiction . The basis of this jurisdiction was affirmed by the Court of Appeal in Ng Chye Huey v. Public Prosecutor ( 2007 ) as inherent in nature , that is , deriving from the common law rather than statute . The Court noted that this jurisdiction had " existed historically at common law " and " is still very much a part of our judicial system " . The inherent power of the High Court to review the decisions of inferior courts and other administrative bodies does not , however , extend to co @-@ ordinate bodies . In other words , one High Court judge may not exercise judicial review over a decision by another High Court judge . In addition , there are no provisions in the Supreme Court of Judicature Act which confer on the Court of Appeal the power to exercise supervisory jurisdiction over the High Court or – as pointed out in Ng Chye Huey – the Subordinate Courts .
The effective scope of the principles of judicial review depends on how the Court chooses to exercise its discretion in pursuance of its supervisory jurisdiction .
= = = Remedies = = =
The remedies available in a judicial review action are the prerogative orders – the mandatory order ( formerly known as mandamus ) , prohibiting order ( prohibition ) , quashing order ( certiorari ) , and order for review of detention ( habeas corpus ) – and the declaration , a form of equitable remedy . All these remedies that the High Court may grant are discretionary . A successful claimant has no absolute right to a remedy . In deciding whether to grant a remedy , the Court will take into account factors such as the following :
any prejudicial delay by the claimant in bringing the case ;
whether the claimant has suffered substantial hardship ;
any impact the remedy may have on third parties ;
whether a remedy will have any practical effect , or whether the matter has become academic ( in which case a remedy will usually not be granted ) ;
the merits of the case ; and
whether the remedy will promote good administration .
= = Prerogative orders = =
The ancient remedies of certiorari , mandamus , prohibition and habeas corpus were originally only available to the British Crown and thus termed prerogative writs , that is , writs that could be issued at the prerogative of the sovereign . By the end of the 16th century , they could theoretically be sought by any aggrieved citizen . In 1938 , the writs were abolished in the United Kingdom and replaced by prerogative orders with essentially the same names and functions . As a former British colony , Singapore inherited English administrative law at independence and the Singapore courts continue to pay close attention to English cases . In Singapore , the prerogative orders were known by their traditional names until 2006 , when the names were modernized .
Following the change , paragraph 1 of the First Schedule to the Supreme Court of Judicature Act , which is entitled " Prerogative orders " , now states that the High Court possesses the following power :
Power to issue to any person or authority any direction , order or writ for the enforcement of any right conferred by any written law or for any other purpose , including the following prerogative orders :
( a ) a Mandatory Order ( formerly known as mandamus ) ;
( b ) a Prohibiting Order ( formerly known as a prohibition ) ;
( c ) a Quashing Order ( formerly known as certiorari ) ; and
( d ) an Order for Review of Detention ( formerly known as a writ of habeas corpus ) .
The Subordinate Courts are not empowered to grant prerogative orders .
The amendment of the provision removed a specific reference to the High Court 's power to issue writs of quo warranto , a remedy used to challenge a person 's right to hold public office . There are no reported cases of quo warranto having been issued in Singapore . Since paragraph 1 still empowers the High Court " to issue to any person or authority any ... order or writ for the enforcement of any right conferred by any written law or for any other purpose " , it may be that the Court 's power to issue an order equivalent to a quo warranto has not been impaired .
= = = Mandatory orders = = =
A mandatory order is an order of the High Court which commands a public body to perform a public duty , and is usually employed to compel public bodies to exercise the powers given to them . It may be used in combination with another remedy , most commonly a quashing order . In such a case , the quashing order will set aside the unlawful decision , and the mandatory order will require the public body to reconsider the matter . A person who complies with a mandatory order cannot have legal proceedings taken against him or her for doing so .
Since it is the responsibility of the High Court to determine the legality of a decision rather than its merits , it will not order a public body to take a certain course of action , but will merely enjoin it to perform its duty in a lawful manner . In R. v. Justices of Kingston , ex parte Davey ( 1902 ) , it was held :
[ T ] his court does not by mandamus direct justices or any public body or anybody else upon whom a duty is cast , how and in what manner they are to perform their duty . They simply direct them by mandamus to perform their duty . I think also that even where the facts are all admitted , so that in the particular circumstances of a particular case – as my brother has pointed out in this case – there happens to be but one way of performing that duty , still the mandamus goes to perform the duty , and not to perform it in a particular way .
In Re San Development Co 's Application ( 1971 ) , the applicant sought certiorari to quash the decision of a Commissioner of Appeals of an Appeals Board under the Land Acquisition Act 1966 refusing to allow the applicant to proceed with an appeal against an award made by the Collector of Land Revenue as the notice of appeal had been filed late , and a mandamus directing the Commissioner to hear the appeal . Relying on the above case , the High Court held that it could not grant a mandamus in such terms . Instead , it quashed the Commissioner 's decision and issued a mandamus directing him to " consider and determine the application of the applicants according to law " . Similarly , in Borissik v. Urban Redevelopment Authority ( 2009 ) , the High Court held that the applicant should not have asked for a mandatory order requiring the Urban Redevelopment Authority to unconditionally approve the redevelopment plan for her property that she sought , and for a processing fee she had paid to be refunded .
Re Lim Chor Pee , ex parte Law Society of Singapore ( 1985 ) is another example of a case where a mandatory order was granted by the High Court . The appellant , Lim Chor Pee , who was an advocate and solicitor , had been convicted of several income tax offences and had been found to have tampered with a witness . On 16 July 1982 , the Attorney @-@ General wrote to the President of the Law Society of Singapore , providing information on the appellant 's conviction and other records . Following a report by the Society 's Inquiry Committee that a formal inquiry into the appellant 's conduct was necessary , a Disciplinary Committee was appointed . The appellant successfully applied to the Disciplinary Committee to delete certain paragraphs of the statement of case which had been formulated against him by the Council of the Law Society , on the ground that the facts in those paragraphs did not appear in the Inquiry Committee 's report . Consequently , three of the six charges against the appellant and a major portion of one other charge did not require investigation by the Disciplinary Committee . Dissatisfied with this decision , the Law Society applied to the High Court for an order of mandamus to direct the Disciplinary Committee to hear and investigate all the six charges against the appellant . The High Court granted the application , holding that under the Legal Profession Act , the Inquiry Committee 's only function was to consider the matters before it and decide whether or not there should be a formal investigation by a Disciplinary Committee . It was the duty of the Council of the Law Society to draw up the charges , and the duty of the Disciplinary Committee to hear and investigate the charges properly before the Committee in the statement of case . Thus , the appellant could not object that some of the charges against him were based on facts not mentioned in the Inquiry Committee 's report . The decision was affirmed by the Court of Appeal .
One of the issues before the Court of Appeal in Lim Chor Pee was whether the Law Society had standing ( locus standi ) to apply for mandamus against the Disciplinary Committee . The Court cited R. v. Inland Revenue Commissioners , ex parte National Federation of Self Employed and Small Businesses Ltd . ( 1981 ) , in which the House of Lords noted that although the law had formerly required an applicant to show that he or she " has a legal specific right to ask for the interference of the Court " to obtain a mandamus , this was no longer correct and that the courts had moved to a sufficient interest standard . The Court then went on to find that the Law Society had sufficient interest to apply for mandamus as under the Legal Profession Act one of its purposes was " to maintain and impose the standards of conduct ... of the legal profession in Singapore " , and the Council of the Society was empowered by the Act to formulate charges against advocates and solicitors whom the Inquiry Committee felt should be formally investigated .
= = = Prohibiting orders = = =
A prohibiting order operates to prevent illegal action by a public authority from occurring in the first place . It may be granted by the High Court in cases where the applicant is aware that the authority is about to take an unlawful course of action , or to prevent the authority from repeating an unlawful act . Like a quashing order , a prohibiting order is used to help maintain good standards of public administration .
R. v. Kent Police Authority , ex parte Godden ( 1972 ) is an instance of a United Kingdom case in which an order of prohibition was issued to avert action that would not have complied with administrative law rules . In July 1970 , Godden , a police chief inspector of Kent Police Authority , was examined by the police authority 's chief medical officer , who took the view that he was suffering from a mental disorder and thus unfit for duty . Godden was therefore placed on sick leave , although his own specialist found that he did not have any psychiatric illness . Subsequently , in January 1971 , the police authority informed him that it would be appointing the chief medical officer to assess if he was permanently disabled , for the purpose of determining if he should be compulsorily retired . The Court of Appeal of England and Wales found that since the medical officer had previously formed the opinion that Godden was mentally disordered , he could not be impartial when assessing if Godden was permanently disabled . Thus , an order of prohibition should be issued to prohibit him from carrying out this assessment .
In the Singapore case Re Fong Thin Choo ( 1991 ) , a company had removed a large quantity of cigarettes from a warehouse , ostensibly for loading on board a vessel to be exported . However , the alleged loading had not been supervised by the Customs and Excise Department . The Director @-@ General of Customs and Excise subsequently concluded that the goods had never been exported , and requested that the company pay import duty of $ 130 @,@ 241 @.@ 30 on them . The company applied for an order of prohibition to bar the Director @-@ General from proceeding to recover a sum of $ 130 @,@ 241 @.@ 30 by deducting it from several bankers ' guarantees that had been lodged with Customs as security . As regards whether an order of prohibition could be obtained against the Director @-@ General , the High Court said :
Prohibition will issue against any inferior court , tribunal or public authority to carry out any order or decision which is invalid under the law as being in excess of its authority to make . The principles applicable to certiorari to quash such an order or decision are equally applicable to prohibition . The law in this field has reached the stage where the test as to amenability to prohibition is whether the tribunal concerned is exercising a public duty .
As the Director @-@ General was a public officer appointed by statute to discharge public duties , he was subject to an order of prohibition in an appropriate case . The Court found that on the affidavit evidence produced by the applicants , the Director @-@ General could not reasonably have come to the conclusion he came to without hearing the applicants ' witnesses . He had thus misdirected himself on the law as to the nature of the evidence that was required to be produced to prove the export of the goods . Finally , there had been an insufficient inquiry which had resulted in a failure to take into account relevant considerations , and an investigation that was unfair to the applicant . The Court therefore made an order of prohibition against the Director @-@ General to prevent him from deducting money from the bankers ' guarantees .
A person seeking to obtain a prohibiting order must demonstrate that he or she has a sufficient interest to do so . In Chan Hiang Leng Colin v. Minister for Information and the Arts ( 1995 ) , the High Court cited the following passage from Sir William Wade 's Administrative Law ( 4th ed . , 1977 ) :
One of the valuable features of the " public " character of certiorari and prohibition , already emphasized , is that they may be awarded to a member of the public without any special personal right . In other words , there is no restrictive requirement of standing on the part of an applicant . ... Consequently the court is prepared to act at the instance of a mere stranger , though it retains discretion to refuse to do so if it considers that no good would be done to the public . Every citizen has standing to invite the court to prevent some abuse of power , and in doing so he may claim to be regarded not as a meddlesome busybody but as a public benefactor .
When the case was appealed , the sufficient interest test was upheld by the Court of Appeal .
= = = Quashing orders = = =
The effect of a quashing order is to invalidate an ultra vires decision made by a public body , usually acting under some statutory authority . It is the most commonly sought of the prerogative orders in judicial review proceedings .
Quashing orders may only be obtained against decisions which have some direct or indirect actual or ostensible legal effect , and not against mere opinions . In Comptroller of Income Tax v. ACC ( 2010 ) , the respondent , a locally incorporated company , had arranged to enter into interest rate swap agreements with Singapore banks or Singapore branches of foreign banks on behalf of its offshore subsidiaries . The Comptroller of Income Tax took the position that payments made by the respondent to its subsidiaries pursuant to those swap agreements fell within the ambit of section 12 ( 6 ) of the Income Tax Act , such that the withholding tax requirements imposed by section 45 of the same statute applied . As the respondent had not complied with the relevant withholding tax requirements with respect to the payments in question , the respondent was required to account to the Comptroller for the amount of tax which should have been withheld . This was conveyed to the respondent in a letter . The respondent sought leave to apply to quash the determination by the Comptroller . The Court of Appeal held that the Comptroller 's letter was no more than advice to the respondent , and did not amount to a legal determination that withholding tax was due from the respondent . Thus , technically speaking , there was no determination to quash and the respondent should have applied for a declaration instead . However , since the parties had accepted a ruling by the High Court that the Comptroller 's letter did amount to a legal determination of the respondent 's tax liability and the Comptroller had not questioned this aspect of the High Court 's judgment , the Court of Appeal proceeded on the basis that the letter did contain a determination that was judicially reviewable . It said that , " given the particular circumstances of this case , for the court to require the respondent to recommence proceedings for a declaratory judgment would be to take an overly legalistic view of what procedural justice requires " .
As mentioned above in relation to prohibiting orders , the test for standing to apply for a quashing order is that of sufficient interest in the matter . The High Court in Chan Hiang Leng Colin held that to have standing for certiorari , " [ i ] t was not necessary that the applicant had to have a particular grievance arising out of the order complained about . It was sufficient that there had been an abuse of power which inconvenienced someone . " In support of this rule , it cited Lord Denning , the Master of the Rolls , in R. v. Greater London Council , ex parte Blackburn ( 1976 ) :
I regard it as a matter of high constitutional principle that if there is good ground for supposing that a government department or a public authority is transgressing the law , or is about to transgress it , in a way which offends or injures thousands of Her Majesty 's subjects , then anyone of those offended or injured can draw it to the attention of the courts of law and seek to have the law enforced and the courts in their discretion can grant whatever remedy is appropriate .
This passage was also approved by the Court of Appeal in Chan Hiang Leng Colin .
= = = Orders for review of detention = = =
An order for review of detention directs someone holding a person in detention to produce the detainee before the High Court so that the legality of the detention can be established . In Re Onkar Shrian ( 1969 ) , the High Court held :
[ T ] he writ [ of habeas corpus ] is a prerogative process of securing the liberty of the subject by affording an effective means of immediate release from unlawful or unjustifiable detention , whether in prison or in private custody . By it the High Court and the judges of that court , at the instance of a subject aggrieved , command the production of that subject , and inquire into the cause of his imprisonment . If there is no legal justification for the detention , the party is ordered to be released .
The power of the Court to require that this be done is specifically mentioned in Article 9 ( 2 ) of the Constitution of Singapore , which states : " Where a complaint is made to the High Court or any Judge thereof that a person is being unlawfully detained , the Court shall inquire into the complaint and , unless satisfied that the detention is lawful , shall order him to be produced before the Court and release him . "
In Chng Suan Tze v. Minister for Home Affairs ( 1988 ) , the appellants had been detained without trial under section 8 ( 1 ) of the Internal Security Act ( " ISA " ) for alleged involvement in a Marxist conspiracy to subvert and destabilize the country . The detention orders were subsequently suspended under section 10 of the Act , but the suspensions were revoked following the release of a press statement by the appellants in which they denied being Marxist conspirators . Having applied unsuccessfully to the High Court for writs of habeas corpus to be issued , the appellants appealed against the ruling . The Court of Appeal allowed the appeal on the narrow ground that the Government had not adduced sufficient evidence to discharge its burden of proving the President was satisfied that the appellants ' detention was necessary to prevent them from endangering , among other things , Singapore 's security or public order , which was required by section 8 ( 1 ) of the ISA before the Minister for Home Affairs could make detention orders against them . However , in a lengthy obiter discussion , the Court held that an objective rather than a subjective test should apply to the exercise of discretion by the authorities under sections 8 and 10 of the ISA . In other words , the executive could not insist that the exercise of the discretion was unchallengeable . The exercise of discretion could be reviewed by the court , and the executive had to satisfy the court that there were objective facts justifying its decision .
In the course of its judgment , the Court of Appeal noted that at common law if the return to a writ of habeas corpus – the response to the writ that a person holding a detainee had to give – was valid on its face , the court could not inquire further into the matter . However , section 3 of the UK Habeas Corpus Act 1816 broadened the court 's power by entitling it to examine the correctness of the facts mentioned in the return . The section stated , in part :
Judges to inquire into the Truth of Facts contained in Return . Judge to bail on Recognizance to appear in Term , & c .
In all cases provided for by this Act , although the return to any writ of habeas corpus shall be good and sufficient in law , it shall be lawful for the justice or baron , before whom such writ may be returnable , to proceed to examine into the truth of the facts set forth in such return by affidavit ... ; and to do therein as to justice shall appertain ...
Section 3 of the Act thus " contemplates the possibility of an investigation by the court so that it may satisfy itself where the truth lies " . The extent of the investigation depends on whether a public authority 's exercise of the power to detain rests on the existence or absence of certain jurisdictional or precedent facts . If so , the court must assess if the authority has correctly established the existence or otherwise of these facts . However , if the power to detain is not contingent on precedent facts , the court 's task is only to determine whether there exists evidence upon which the authority could reasonably have acted .
The UK Habeas Corpus Act 1816 applied to Singapore by virtue of the Second Charter of Justice 1826 , which is generally accepted to have made all English statutes and principles of English common law and equity in force as at 27 November 1826 applicable in the Straits Settlements ( including Singapore ) , unless they were unsuitable to local conditions and could not be modified to avoid causing injustice or oppression . In 1994 , after Chng Suan Sze was decided , the Application of English Law Act was enacted with the effect that only English statutes specified in the First Schedule of the Act continued to apply in Singapore after 12 November 1993 . The Habeas Corpus Act 1816 is not one of these statutes , and so appears to have ceased to be part of Singapore law . Nonetheless , it may be argued that High Court should continue to apply a rule equivalent to section 3 of the Act to orders for review of detention because of the combined effect of Article 9 ( 2 ) of the Constitution which should not be regarded as having been abridged unless the legislature has used clear and unequivocal language , and the following principle from Eshugbayi Eleko v. Government of Nigeria ( 1931 ) stated by Lord Atkin :
In accordance with British jurisprudence no member of the executive can interfere with the liberty or property of a British subject except on the condition that he can support the legality of his action before a court of justice . And it is the tradition of British justice that judges should not shrink from deciding such issues in the face of the executive .
Since an order for review of detention is a remedy for establishing the legality of detention , it may not be used to challenge the conditions under which a person is held , if the detention itself is lawful . Moreover , an order can only be sought where a person is being physically detained , and not if he or she is merely under some other form of restriction such as being out on bail .
Both nationals and non @-@ nationals of a jurisdiction may apply for orders for review of detention . In the UK context , Lord Scarman disagreed with the suggestion that habeas corpus protection only extends to British nationals , stating in Khera v. Secretary of State for the Home Department ; Khawaja v. Secretary of State for the Home Department ( " Khawaja " , 1983 ) , that " [ e ] very person within the jurisdiction enjoys the equal protection of our laws . There is no distinction between British nationals and others . He who is subject to English law is entitled to its protection . "
= = = Procedure for prerogative orders = = =
According to the Government Proceedings Act , civil proceedings against the Government must be commenced against an appropriate authorized Government department . If there is no appropriate authorized Government department , or the person wishing to commence proceedings has reasonable doubt as to which department ( if any ) is appropriate , proceedings should be commenced against the Attorney @-@ General . This rule applies to judicial review proceedings in which prerogative orders or declarations are sought .
The minister charged with responsibility for the Act is required to publish in the Government Gazette a list stating the Government departments which are authorized departments for the purposes of the Act , and the names and addresses for service of the solicitors for the departments . As of 7 December 2005 , no such list had been published . For this reason , in Chee Siok Chin v. Minister for Home Affairs ( 2005 ) , decided on that date , the High Court held that instead of instituting the action against the Minister for Home Affairs and the Commissioner of Police , the applicants should have done so against the Attorney @-@ General . Nonetheless , the suit should not be dismissed as this was a procedural irregularity that could be cured by substituting the Attorney @-@ General as the respondent .
= = = = Mandatory , prohibiting and quashing orders = = = =
If a mandatory order , prohibiting order or quashing order is sought , the applicant must follow the procedure set out in Order 53 of the Rules of Court . In general , there are two stages . At the first stage , an applicant must obtain leave to apply for the prerogative order . This requirement prevents unmeritorious applications from being taken against decision @-@ makers by filtering out groundless cases at an early stage to prevent wastage of judicial time , and protects public bodies from harassment , intentional or otherwise . An application for such leave must be made by ex parte originating summons and must be supported by a statement setting out the name and description of the applicant , the relief sought and the grounds on which it is sought ; and by an affidavit , to be filed when the application is made , verifying the facts relied on . In granting leave , the judge hearing the application for leave may impose such terms as to costs and as to security as he or she thinks fit .
In addition , there is a time requirement which stipulates that leave shall not be granted to apply for a quashing order to remove any judgment , order , conviction or other proceeding for the purpose of its being quashed , unless the application for leave is made within three months after the date of the proceeding or such other period ( if any ) as may be prescribed by any written law . However , the High Court may allow an application for leave to be filed out of time if the delay " is accounted for to the satisfaction of the Judge " , as was the case in Chai Chwan v. Singapore Medical Council ( 2009 ) . No such time limit requirements exist for mandatory or prohibiting orders , but such orders should be applied for without undue delay .
The test for whether leave should be granted to an applicant was expressed by the High Court in Lai Swee Lin Linda v. Public Service Commission ( 2000 ) , and approved by the Court of Appeal , in the following terms :
[ T ] he duty of the court hearing an ex parte application ... was not to embark upon any detailed and microscopic analysis of the material placed before it but ... to peruse the material before it quickly and appraise whether such material disclosed an arguable and a prima facie case of reasonable suspicion .
Once leave is granted , an applicant moves on to the second stage and applies for a prerogative order by filing in the High Court a document called a summons within the legal proceedings already started earlier . This must be done between eight and 14 days after leave to do so is granted by the Court ; beyond that , the leave lapses . The applicant must serve the ex parte originating summons , the statement , the supporting affidavit , the order granting leave , and the summons by which the prerogative order is actually applied for , on all persons directly affected . Where the application relates to court proceedings and is intended to compel the court or a court official to do an act relating to the proceedings , or to quash the proceedings or any order made in them , the documents must be served on the registrar of the court and the other parties to the proceedings . The documents must also be served on the judge if his or her conduct is being objected to . If the Court is of opinion that any person who ought to have been served with the documents has not been served , the Court may adjourn the hearing on such terms as it may direct in order that the documents may be served on that person .
The High Court has dispensed with the two @-@ stage process and dealt with applications on the merits at the first stage in cases that involved only pure questions of law and where there were no factual disputes .
= = = = Orders for review of detention = = = =
The procedure for applying for an order for review of detention differs from that for obtaining a mandatory order , prohibiting order or quashing order because the latter orders are only available by leave of court , whereas an order for review of detention may be applied for without prior permission from the court . The procedure for doing so is set out in Order 54 of the Rules of Court . An application must be made to the High Court by way of an ex parte originating summons , supported , if possible , by an affidavit from the person being restrained which shows that the application is being made at his or her instance and explaining the nature of the restraint . If the person under restraint is unable to personally make an affidavit , someone may do so on his or her behalf , explaining the reason for the inability .
Upon the filing of the application , the Court may either make an order immediately , or direct that a summons for the order for review of detention be issued to enable all the parties involved to present arguments to the Court . If the latter course is taken , the ex parte originating summons , supporting affidavit , order of court and summons must be served on the person against whom the order is sought . Unless the Court directs otherwise , it is not necessary for the person under restraint to be brought before the Court for the hearing of the application . In addition , the Court may order that the person be released while the application is being heard . Once the Court decides to make an order for review of detention , it will direct when the person under restraint is to be brought before the court .
The applicant has the initial burden of showing that he or she has a prima facie case that should be considered by the Court . Once this has been done , it is for the executive to justify the legality of the detention . One commentator has said that the applicant 's task is to discharge his or her evidential burden , following which the public authority detaining the applicant has a legal burden of showing that the detention is lawful . The standard of proof required to be achieved by the authority is the civil standard of a balance of probabilities , but " flexibly applied " in the sense that the degree of probability must be appropriate to what is at stake . Thus , in Khawaja Lord Bridge of Harwich said that given the seriousness of the allegations against a detainee and the consequences of the detention , " the court should not be satisfied with anything less than probability of a high degree " .
= = Declarations = =
In addition to prerogative orders , the equitable remedy of a declaration can be employed to control an excess of legal authority . A declaration is a pronouncement by a court stating the legal position between the parties to an action , based on the facts that have been presented to the court . In contrast to the prerogative orders which are termed public law remedies , the declaration is called a private law remedy as it was originally developed in court cases between private parties . Only the High Court may grant declarations in judicial review cases ; although the Subordinate Courts are generally empowered by the Subordinate Courts Act to grant declarations , a District Court exercises no judicial review jurisdiction over acts or decisions of persons or authorities , and a Magistrate 's Court cannot deal with any action in which there is no claim for any sum of money .
A declaration is only as effective as the willingness of a public body to abide by the court 's statement of the law in it , as it is not a contempt of court to ignore a declaration . In Webster v. Southwark London Borough Council ( 1982 ) , Webster was a parliamentary candidate for the National Front , a far right racial nationalist political party , who wanted to hold an election meeting in a hall owned by Southwark London Borough Council . Despite being required by provisions of the Representation of the People Act 1949 to permit Webster to use the hall , the local council refused to do so as it did not agree with Webster 's political views . The court made a declaration that Webster was legally entitled to use the hall at a certain time for the purpose of his election campaign , on the assumption that the local council would obey it . Nonetheless , the local council still refused to allow Webster use of the hall . It was held that a declaration is not a coercive order of the court and , accordingly , refusal to comply with it is not contempt .
There is some authority to the effect that a court will not generally grant a declaration if it considers the issue at hand to be an academic question or one that is entirely hypothetical . For instance , in Vince v. Chief Constable of Dorset Police ( 1992 ) , proceedings against the Chief Constable of Dorset Police were brought by the plaintiffs on behalf of members of the Police Federation of England and Wales to , among other things , enable chief constables throughout the country to know where they stood on a question of law with respect to the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 , namely , whether it was unlawful to appoint an acting sergeant as a custody officer under section 36 ( 3 ) of the Act . Affirming the decision of the judge below , a majority of the Court of Appeal declined to make a declaration on the matter . It took the view that since there was no evidence that any chief constable had ever appointed an acting sergeant as a custody officer , the issue was academic or hypothetical .
However , at least in the UK , there are signs that the courts may be moving towards showing more flexibility in granting advisory declarations . In R. v. Secretary of State for the Home Department , ex parte Salem ( 1999 ) , Salem , a citizen of Libya , was granted temporary admission to the UK to pursue an asylum claim . One month later , the Home Office recorded in an internal file that Salem 's asylum claim had been refused , but did not communicate the decision to him . Salem only found out when his income support ceased , and the Benefits Agency told him that they had been informed that he had been refused asylum . Subsequently , Salem unsuccessfully sought leave to apply for judicial review of the Home Secretary 's decision to notify the Department of Social Security that his asylum claim had been rejected . He then obtained leave to appeal the matter to the House of Lords , but was then granted refugee status . Before the House of Lords , Salem argued that his appeal should still be heard as the question of law in his case was one of general public importance . The court held that it had discretion to hear an appeal which concerns an issue involving a public authority as to a question of public law , even where there is no longer any live issue which would affect the rights and duties of the parties themselves . However , the court cautioned that this discretion has to be exercised with circumspection and entertained only where there was a good public interest reason to do so . It is not yet known whether the Singapore High Court will adopt a similar approach .
The Singapore courts have also yet to directly address the issue of the standing required to apply for a declaration in an administrative law case . In Karaha Bodas Co . LLC v. Pertamina Energy Trading Ltd . ( 2005 ) – not a judicial review case – the Court of Appeal expressed the view that the applicant " must be asserting the recognition of a ' right ' that is personal to him " . It cited the House of Lords ' decision of Gouriet v. Union of Post Office Workers ( 1977 ) , which held that a plaintiff could not be granted a declaration unless he or she :
... in proper proceedings , in which there is a dispute between the plaintiff and the defendant concerning their legal respective rights or liabilities either asserts a legal right which is denied or threatened , or claims immunity from some claim of the defendant against him or claims that the defendant is infringing or threatens to infringe some public right so as to inflict special damage on the plaintiff .
The Court preferred the position taken in Gouriet rather than the more flexible approach taken in Re S ( Hospital Patient : Court 's Jurisdiction ) ( 1995 ) where , so long as there existed a " real and present dispute between the parties as to the existence or extent of a legal right " and each of the parties to the litigation " would be affected by the determination of the issue " , it was not necessary for the legal right to be vested in the parties . One of the reasons it came to this conclusion was that Re S is regarded by some scholars as more consistent with rule 40 @.@ 20 of the Civil Procedure Rules , which states : " The court may make binding declarations whether or not any other remedy is claimed . " On the other hand , the relevant Singaporean provision is Order 15 , rule 16 , of the Rules of Court , which reads : " No action or other proceedings shall be open to objection on the ground that a merely declaratory judgment or order is sought thereby , and the Court may make binding declarations of right whether or not any consequential relief is or could be claimed . " [ Emphasis added . ] Hence , the Court concluded that its jurisdiction to make declarations is " confined to declaring contested legal rights of the parties represented in the litigation " .
In Tan Eng Hong v. Attorney @-@ General ( 2011 ) , the applicant sought a declaration that section 377A of the Penal Code was unconstitutional . The High Court stated that a person who is asserting an infringement of a constitutional liberty must establish that he or she has not merely a sufficient interest but a substantial interest in the matter , that is , he or she must be alleging a violation of a fundamental liberty . The Court did not discuss the issue of standing in the context of administrative law .
= = = Procedure for declarations = = =
Before May 2011 , it was not possible to apply for prerogative orders and declarations in the same set of legal proceedings . In Chan Hiang Leng Colin , the appellants contended that a declaration might be obtained in proceedings taken under Order 53 of the Rules of Court . The Court of Appeal , following Re Application by Dow Jones ( Asia ) Inc . ( 1987 ) , held that it had no power to grant a declaration under Order 53 because a declaration is not a form of prerogative order . If a declaration was sought , it had to be applied for by way of writ if there were substantial factual disputes between the parties , or , if not , by originating summons . In Yip Kok Seng v. Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioners Board ( 2010 ) , the High Court expressed the view that due to the lack of a unified regime in Singapore for applying for prerogative orders and declarations , it was not an abuse of process for an applicant to seek redress for a public law right by way of a declaration instead of applying for a prerogative order .
With effect from 1 May 2011 , it became possible to include an application for a declaration together with an application for one or more prerogative orders . However , the application for a declaration cannot be made unless the court grants leave for the prerogative orders to be applied for .
= = Remedies that are unavailable = =
= = = Injunctions = = =
An injunction is an equitable private law remedy that restrains a public body from doing an act that is wrongful or ultra vires . Following law reforms in the United Kingdom in 1977 , it became possible for the High Court of England and Wales to grant prerogative orders as well as a declaration or injunction in the same set of legal proceedings . As these reforms have not been followed in Singapore , the Singapore High Court is not empowered to grant injunctions under Order 53 of the Rules of Court .
In addition , if civil proceedings are taken against the Government , section 27 of the Government Proceedings Act bars the High Court from granting injunctions against it . In place of an injunction , the Court may make a declaration concerning the parties ' rights . The Court also may not make an injunction against a government officer if the effect of doing so would be to provide relief that could not be obtained against the Government directly . Section 2 ( 2 ) of the Act makes it clear that the term civil proceedings includes proceedings for judicial review .
= = = Damages = = =
At common law , there is no general right to claim damages – that is , monetary compensation – if rules of public law have been breached by a public authority . In order to obtain damages , an aggrieved person must be able to establish a private law claim in contract or tort law . While such a person would previously have had to take out a legal action for damages separately from any judicial review proceedings , since May 2011 it has been possible for a person who has successfully obtained prerogative orders or a declaration to ask the High Court to also award him or her " relevant relief " , that is , a liquidated sum , damages , equitable relief or restitution . The Court may give directions to the parties relating to the conduct of the proceedings or otherwise to determine whether the applicant is entitled to the relevant relief sought , and must allow any party opposing the granting of such relief an opportunity to be heard .
A special tort that applies only against public authorities is the tort of misfeasance in public office . To successfully make out the tort , a claimant must establish the following elements :
the public authority acted maliciously , or while knowing that it had no power to act ;
it is foreseeable that the claimant would be harmed in some way by the act ; and
the claimant suffered damage as a result of the act .
In Lines International Holding ( S ) Pte . Ltd. v. Singapore Tourist Promotion Board ( 1997 ) , the plaintiff , a cruise operator , claimed that the Singapore Tourism Promotion Board and the Port of Singapore Authority had committed the tort by denying it berths for its ship conducting " cruises to nowhere " on which the main activity was gambling . The High Court found that the plaintiff had failed to establish this claim . Since the authorities had not acted ultra vires , they could not have acted while knowing they lacked the power to do so . Moreover , the plaintiff had not adduced any evidence of the financial damage it had incurred due to the denial of berths . It has been said that " the tort is of quite limited value and importance as a means of controlling the ordinary run of inadvertent government illegality " .
If a claimant establishes that a public authority 's wrongful action amounts to a tort , he or she may be able to obtain exemplary damages if it can be shown that the authority has been guilty of " oppressive , arbitrary or unconstitutional action " in the exercise of a public function .
= = = Cases = = =
Re Onkar Shrian [ 1968 – 1970 ] S.L.R. ( R. ) 533 , High Court ( Singapore ) .
R. v. Inland Revenue Commissioners , ex parte National Federation of Self Employed and Small Businesses Ltd . [ 1981 ] UKHL 2 , [ 1982 ] A.C. 617 , House of Lords ( UK ) .
Khera v. Secretary of State for the Home Department ; Khawaja v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [ 1983 ] UKHL 8 , [ 1984 ] A.C. 74 , H.L. ( UK ) ( " Khawaja " ) .
Re Lim Chor Pee , ex parte Law Society of Singapore [ 1985 @-@ 1986 ] S.L.R. ( R. ) [ Singapore Law Reports ( Reissue ) ] 226 , H.C. ( Singapore ) . ( " Lim Chor Pee ( H.C. ) " ) .
Re Lim Chor Pee , ex parte Law Society of Singapore [ 1985 – 1986 ] S.L.R. ( R. ) 998 , Court of Appeal ( Singapore ) ( " Lim Chor Pee ( C.A. ) " ) .
Chng Suan Tze v. Minister for Home Affairs [ 1988 ] SGCA 16 , [ 1988 ] 2 S.L.R. ( R. ) 525 , C.A. ( Singapore ) , archived from the original on 24 December 2011 .
Re Fong Thin Choo [ 1991 ] 1 S.L.R. ( R. ) 774 , H.C. ( Singapore ) .
Chan Hiang Leng Colin v. Minister for Information and the Arts [ 1995 ] 2 S.L.R. ( R. ) 627 , H.C. ( Singapore ) ( " Chan Hiang Leng Colin ( H.C. ) " ) .
Chan Hiang Leng Colin v. Minister for Information and the Arts [ 1996 ] 1 S.L.R. ( R. ) 294 , C.A. ( Singapore ) ( " Chan Hiang Leng Colin ( C.A. ) " ) .
Salijah bte Ab Latef v. Mohd Irwan bin Abdullah Teo [ 1996 ] 2 S.L.R. ( R. ) 80 , C.A. ( Singapore ) .
Ng Chye Huey v. Public Prosecutor [ 2007 ] SGCA 3 , [ 2007 ] 2 S.L.R. ( R. ) 106 , C.A. ( Singapore ) .
Chai Chwan v. Singapore Medical Council [ 2009 ] SGHC 115 , H.C. ( Singapore ) .
Comptroller of Income Tax v. ACC [ 2010 ] 2 S.L.R. 1189 , C.A. ( Singapore ) ( " ACC ( C.A. ) " ) .
Yip Kok Seng v. Traditional Chinese Medicine Practitioners Board [ 2010 ] 4 S.L.R. 990 , H.C. ( Singapore ) .
UDL Marine ( Singapore ) Pte . Ltd. v. Jurong Town Corporation [ 2011 ] 3 S.L.R. 94 , H.C. ( Singapore ) .
= = = Legislation = = =
Government Proceedings Act ( Cap . 121 , 1985 Rev. Ed . ) ( " GPA " ) .
Rules of Court ( Cap . 322 , R 5 , 2006 Rev. Ed . ) ( " ROC " ) .
Subordinate Courts Act ( Cap . 321 , 2007 Rev. Ed . ) ( " SCA " ) .
Supreme Court of Judicature Act ( Cap . 322 , 2007 Rev. Ed . ) ( " SCJA " ) .
= = = Other works = = =
Leyland , Peter ; Anthony , Gordon ( 2009 ) , Textbook on Administrative Law ( 6th ed . ) , Oxford ; New York , N.Y. : Oxford University Press , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 19 @-@ 921776 @-@ 2 .
Pinsler , Jeffrey , ed . ( 2005 ) , " Order 53 : Application for Order of Mandamus , Prohibition , Certiorari , etc . " , Singapore Court Practice 2005 , Singapore : LexisNexis , pp. 1129 – 1141 , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 236 @-@ 441 @-@ 8 .
Rawlings , H.F. ( 1983 ) , " Habeas Corpus and Preventive Detention in Singapore and Malaysia " , Malaya Law Review 25 : 324 – 350 .
= = = Articles and websites = = =
Bingham , T [ homas ] H [ enry ] ( 1991 ) , " Should Public Law Remedies be Discretionary ? " , Public Law : 64 – 75 .
Huang , Su Mien ( July 1960 ) , " Judicial Review of Administrative Action by the Prerogative Orders " , University of Malaya Law Review 2 ( 1 ) : 64 – 82 .
Kolinsky , Daniel ( December 1999 ) , " Advisory Declarations : Recent Developments " , Judicial Review 4 ( 4 ) : 225 – 230 .
Oliver , [ A. ] Dawn ( January 2002 ) , " Public Law Procedures and Remedies – Do We Need Them ? " , Public Law : 91 – 110 .
Tan , John Chor @-@ Yong ( December 1960 ) , " Habeas Corpus in Singapore " , University of Malaya Law Journal 2 ( 2 ) : 323 – 334 .
= = = Books = = =
Cane , Peter ( 1997 ) , " The Constitutional Basis of Judicial Remedies in Public Law " , in Leyland , Peter ; Woods , Terry , eds . , Administrative Law Facing the Future : Old Constraints and New Horizons , London : Blackstone Press , pp. 242 – 270 , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 85431 @-@ 689 @-@ 9 .
Lewis , Clive ( 2009 ) , Judicial Remedies in Public Law ( 4th ed . ) , London : Sweet & Maxwell , ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 84703 @-@ 221 @-@ 8 .
Lord Woolf ; Woolf , Jeremy ( 2011 ) , Zamir & Woolf : The Declaratory Judgment ( 4th ed . ) , London : Sweet & Maxwell , ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 414 @-@ 04135 @-@ 6 .
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= Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration scandals =
An examination of the Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant reveals many scandals and fraudulent activities associated with his administration , and a cabinet that was in continual transition , divided by the forces of political corruption and reform . President Grant , ever trusting of associates , himself was influenced by both forces . The standards in many of Grant 's appointments were low , and charges of corruption were widespread . Starting with the Black Friday ( 1869 ) gold speculation ring , corruption would be discovered during Grant 's two presidential terms in seven federal departments , including the Navy , Justice , War , Treasury , Interior , State , and the Post Office . Reform movements initiated in both the Democratic Party and the Liberal Republicans , a faction that split from Republican Party to oppose political patronage and corruption in the Grant Administration . Nepotism was prevalent , with over 40 family members benefitting from government appointments and employment . The prevalent corruption in the Grant Administration was eventually called Grantism . Certain historians believe that charges of corruption were exaggerated by reformers , since Grant was the first president to initiate civil service reform , and several of Grant 's cabinet members made solid advances towards ending abuses that occurred in previous administrations .
The unprecedented way that Grant ran his cabinet , in a military style rather than civilian , contributed to the scandals . For example , in 1869 , Grant 's private secretary Orville E. Babcock , rather than a State Department official , was sent to negotiate a treaty annexation with Santo Domingo . Grant never even consulted with cabinet members on the treaty annexation ; in effect , the annexation proposal was already decided . A perplexed Secretary of Interior Jacob D. Cox reflected the cabinet 's disappointment over not being consulted : " But Mr. President , has it been settled , then , that we want to Annex Santo Domingo ? "
Another instance of Grant 's military @-@ style command arose over the McGarrahan Claims , a legal dispute over mining patents in California , when Grant overrode the official opinion of Attorney General Ebenezer R. Hoar . Both Cox and Hoar , who were reformers , eventually resigned from the cabinet in 1870 .
Grant 's reactions to the scandals ranged from prosecuting the perpetrators to protecting or pardoning those who were accused and convicted of the crimes . For example , when the Whiskey Ring scandal broke out in 1875 , Grant , in a reforming mood , wrote : " Let no guilty man escape " . However , when it was found out that his personal secretary Orville E. Babcock was indicted , Grant testified on behalf of the defendant . During his second term Grant appointed reformers such as Benjamin Bristow , Edwards Pierrepont , and Zachariah Chandler who cleaned their respected departments of corruption . Grant dismissed Orville Babcock from the White House in 1876 , who was linked to several corruption charges and scandals .
= = Grant 's temperament and character = =
Grant was personally honest with money matters . However , he was extremely careless with his associates . Historian C. Vann Woodward stated that Grant had neither the training nor temperament to fully comprehend the complexities of rapid economic growth , industrialization , and western expansionism . Grant himself had been educated and trained at West Point in subjects as conduct , French , mathematics , artillery , cavalry tactics , and infantry . He had come from a humble background where men of superior intelligence and ability were threats rather than assets . Instead of responding with trust and warmth to men of talent , education , and culture , he turned to his military friends from the Civil War and to politicians as new as himself . A majority of Grant 's cabinet had studied at or graduated from various colleges and universities , including Harvard , Princeton , and Yale . Grant 's son , Grant Jr . , stated that Ulysses S. Grant was " incapable of supposing his friends to be dishonest . " President Grant 's Attorney General George H. Williams stated that Grant 's " trusting heart was the weakness of his character " . Williams stated that Grant was slow to make friends , however , once friendships were made " they took hold with hooks of steel . "
Many of Grant 's associates were able to capture his confidence through flattery and brought their intrigues openly to his attention . One of these men , Orville E. Babcock , was a subtle and unscrupulous enemy of reformers , having served as Grant 's personal secretary for seven years while living in the White House . Babcock , twice indicted , gained indirect control of whole departments of the government , planted suspicions of reformers in Grant 's mind , plotted their downfall , and sought to replace them with men like himself . Grant allowed Babcock to be a stumbling block for reformers who might have saved the President from scandal . Grant 's secretary of state , Hamilton Fish , who was often at odds with Babcock , made efforts to save Grant 's reputation by advocating that reformers be appointed to or kept in public office . Grant also unwisely accepted gifts from wealthy donors that cast doubts on his reputability .
= = Scandals and corruption = =
The following are scandals or instances of federal corruption associated with the Ulysses S. Grant presidential administration from 1869 to 1877 . Particularly noteworthy are Black Friday and the Whiskey Ring . The Crédit Mobilier is not included as a Grant scandal since the company was founded during the President Abraham Lincoln administration . The fraudulent Emma Silver Mine swindle that involved Ambassador to Britain Robert C. Schenck was a Grant administration embarrassment and is not included as a scandal . An analysis of the scandals and frauds reveals that a majority had to do with illicit financial gain ; the Safe Burglary Conspiracy , however , involved breaking and entering , property damage , and framing an innocent citizen . Two scandals involved women : Black Friday and the Trading Post Ring . Orville E. Babcock , who was indicted in the Whiskey Ring , insinuated that the coded entry " Sylph " signed on communication letters referred to a woman intimately involved with the President . That allegation was never proven and there was nothing to suggest that a presidential affair took place . Babcock invented the story to frustrate the prosecution . Although Grant was never proven to be directly involved with or to have personally profited from the scandals or frauds , his acceptance of personal gifts and his associations with men of questionable character severely damaged his own presidential legacy and reputation . Most of these scandals began during the eight years of prosperity after the Civil War , while many prominent scandals were exposed after the U.S. economy crashed after the Panic of 1873 .
= = = Black Friday Gold Panic 1869 = = =
The first scandal to taint the Grant administration in 1869 was Black Friday , also known as the Gold Panic , which was an attempt by two aggressive financiers to corner the price of gold without regard to the nation 's economic welfare . The intricate financial scheme was primarily conceived and administered by Wall Street manipulators Jay Gould and his partner James Fisk . Their plan was to convince President Grant not to sell Treasury gold , in order to increase the sales of agriculture products overseas and increase the shipping business of Gould 's Erie Railroad . Gould and Fisk were able to get Grant 's brother in law Abel Rathbone Corbin involved with the scheme as a way to get access to Grant himself . Gould had also given a $ 10 @,@ 000 bribe to the assistant secretary of the treasury , Daniel Butterfield , in exchange for inside information . On June 5 , 1869 while Grant was traveling from New York to Boston , on The Providence , a ship owned by both Gould and Fisk , the two speculators urged Grant not to sell any gold from the Treasury and attempted to convince Grant that a high price of gold helped farmers and the Erie Railroad . President Grant , however , was stoic , and did not agree to Fisk and Gould 's suggestion to stop releasing Treasury Gold into the market . Grant 's Secretary of Treasury , George S. Boutwell , continued to sell Treasury gold on the open market . In late August 1869 President Grant consulted with businessman , A. T. Stewart , Grant 's initial Cabinet nominee , for Secretary of Treasury , concerning the Treasury selling gold . Stewart advised Grant that the Treasury should not sell gold in order that the Government would not be involved in the Gold market . Grant , accepted Stewart 's advise , and wrote to Boutwell that selling extra Treasury gold would upset agriculture sales . Boutwell on September 1 , had originally ordered $ 9 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in gold to be sold from the Treasury in order to buy up U.S. Bonds with greenbacks . However , after receiving a letter from Grant , Boutwell cancelled the order to sell gold . Previously Secretary Boutwell had been selling gold regularly at $ 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 of gold each week . On September 6 , 1869 , Gould had bought the Tenth National Bank that was used as a buying house for gold , and Gould and Fisk began buying gold in earnest . As the price of gold began to rise , Grant became suspicious of gold manipulation and wrote a letter to Secretary Boutwell on September 12 , " The fact is , a desperate struggle is now taking place ... I write this letter to advise you of what I think you may expect , to put you on your guard . " However , President Grant 's personal associations with Gould and Fisk gave them the clout needed to continue their financial scam on Wall Street .
Sometime around September 19 , 1869 , Corbin had sent a letter to Grant , at the urging of Gould , desperately urging Grant not to release gold from the treasury . Grant received the letter from a messenger while playing croquet with Porter at a deluxe Pennsylvania retreat . Grant finally realized what was going on and he was determined to stop the gold manipulation scheme . When pressed for a reply to Corbin 's letter , Grant responded curtly that everything was " all right " and that there was no reply . One Grant biographer described the comical nature of the events as an Edwardian farce . Grant , however , did have his wife Julia respond in a letter to Corbin 's wife that Abel Corbin needed to get out of the gold speculation market . When Gould visited Corbin 's house , he read Julia 's letter with the warning from Grant . After reading the letter , Gould started to sell gold , buying a bit of gold at the same time to keep people from getting suspicious . Gould never told Fisk , who kept buying gold in earnest , that Grant was catching onto their predatory scheme .
Secretary Boutwell was already keeping track of the situation and knew that the profits made in the manipulated rising gold market could ruin the nation 's economy for several years . By September 21 the price of gold had jumped from $ 37 to $ 141 , and Gould and Fisk jointly owned $ 50 million to $ 60 million in gold . Boutwell and Grant finally met on Thursday , September 23 , and agreed to release gold from the treasury if the gold price kept rising . Grant wanted $ 5 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in gold to be released while Boutwell wanted $ 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 released . Then , on ( Black ) Friday , September 23 , 1869 , when the price of gold had soared to $ 160 an ounce , Boutwell released $ 4 million in gold specie into the market and bought $ 4 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 in bonds . Boutwell had also ordered that the Tenth National Bank be closed on the same day . The gold market crashed and Gould and Fisk were foiled , while many investors were financially ruined .
The gold panic devastated the United States economy for months . Stock prices plunged and the price of food crops such as wheat and corn dropped severely , devastating farmers who did not recover for years afterward . Gould had earlier claimed to Grant that raising the price of gold would actually help farmers . Also Fisk refused to pay off many of his investors who had bought gold on paper . The volume of stocks being sold on Wall Street decreased by 20 % . Fisk and Gould , who could afford to hire the best lawyers , were never held accountable for their profiteering , as favorable judges declined to prosecute . Gould remained a powerful force on Wall Street for the next 20 years . Fisk , who practiced a licentious lifestyle , was killed by a jealous rival on January 6 , 1872 . Butterfield later resigned .
In an 1869 Congressional investigation into the gold panic , Democrats on the House investigation committee questioned why Julia Grant had received a package from the Adams Express Company containing money reported to be $ 25 @,@ 000 . Another source claims that the package was just $ 25 @.@ 00 , but nonetheless , it was highly unusual for a First Lady to receive cash in the mail . Corbin had bought gold at 33 margin and sold at 37 , leaving Julia a profit of $ 27 @,@ 000 . Neither Mrs. Grant nor Mrs. Corbin testified in front of the investigation committee . In 1876 Secretary of State Hamilton Fish revealed to Grant in that Orville E. Babcock , another private secretary to the President , had also been involved in gold speculations in 1869 .
= = = New York custom house ring = = =
In 1871 , the New York Custom House collected more revenue from imports than any other port in the United States . By 1872 , two congressional investigations and one by the Treasury Office under Secretary George S. Boutwell looked into allegations of a corruption ring set up at the New York Custom House under two Grant collector appointments , Moses H. Grinnell and Thomas Murphy . Both Grinnell and Murphy allowed private merchants to store goods not claimed on the docks in private warehouses for exorbitant fees . Grant 's secretaries Horace Porter and Orville E. Babcock and Grant 's friend George K. Leet , owner of a private warehouse , allegedly shared in these profits . Secretary Boutwell advocated a reform to keep imports on company dock areas rather than being stored at designated warehouses in New York . Grant 's third collector appointment , Chester A. Arthur , implemented Boutwell 's reform . On May 25 , 1870 , Boutwell had implemented reforms that reduced public cartage and government costs , stopped officer gratuities , and decreased port smuggling , but on July 2 , 1872 , U.S. Senator Carl Schurz insinuated in a speech that no reforms had been undertaken and that the old abuses at the custom house continued . The New York Times claimed that Schurz 's speech was " carefully prepared " and " more or less disfigured and discolored by error . " The second thorough congressional investigation concluded that abuses either did not exist , had been corrected , or were in the process of being corrected .
= = = Star route postal ring = = =
In the early 1870s , lucrative postal route contracts were given to local contractors on the Pacific coast and southern regions of the United States . These were known as Star Routes because an asterisk was placed on official Post Office documents . These remote routes were hundreds of miles long and went to the most rural parts of the United States by horse and buggy . Previously inaccessible areas on the Pacific coast received weekly , semi @-@ weekly , and daily mail because of these routes . However , corruption ensued , with contractors paid exorbitant fees for fictitious routes and for providing low quality postal service to the rural areas . One contractor , F.P. Sawyer , made $ 500 @,@ 000 a year on routes in the Southwest .
To obtain these highly prized postal contracts , contractors , postal clerks , and various intermediary brokers set up an intricate ring of bribery and straw bidding in the Postal Contract Office . Straw bidding reached a peak under Postmaster General John Creswell , who was exonerated by an 1872 congressional investigation that was later revealed to have been tainted by a $ 40 @,@ 000 bribe from western postal contractor Bradley Barlow . An 1876 Democratic investigation was able to temporarily shut down the ring , but it reconstituted itself and continued until a federal trial in 1882 finally ended the Star Route frauds .
= = = Salary grab = = =
On March 3 , 1873 , President Grant signed a law that increased the president 's salary from $ 25 @,@ 000 a year to $ 50 @,@ 000 a year . The law raised salaries of members of both houses of the United States Congress from $ 5 @,@ 000 to $ 7 @,@ 500 . Although pay increases were constitutional , the act was passed in secret with a clause that gave the congressmen $ 5 @,@ 000 in bonus payouts for the previous two years of their terms . The Sun and other newspapers exposed the $ 5 @,@ 000 bonus clause to the nation . The law was repealed in January 1874 and the bonuses returned to the treasury . This pay raise proposal was submitted as an amendment to the government 's general appropriations bill . Had Grant vetoed the bill , the government would not have any money to operate for the following fiscal year , which would have necessitated a special session of Congress . However , Grant missed an opportunity to make a statement by threatening a veto .
= = = Sanborn contracts and reform = = =
In 1874 , Grant 's cabinet reached its lowest ebb in terms of public trust and qualified appointments . After the presidential election of 1872 , Grant reappointed all of his cabinet with a single exception . Charges of corruption were rife , particularly from The Nation , a reliable journal that was going after many of Grant 's cabinet members . Treasury Secretary George S. Boutwell had been elected to the U.S. Senate in the 1872 election and was replaced by Assistant Treasury Secretary William A. Richardson in 1873 . Richardson 's tenure as Treasury Secretary was very brief , as another scandal erupted . The government had been known to hire private citizens and groups to collect taxes for the Internal Revenue Service . This moiety contract system , although legal , led to abuse in the loosely run Treasury Department under Sec . Richardson . John D. Sanborn was contracted by Sec . Richardson to collect certain taxes and excises that had been illegally withheld from the government ; having received an exorbitant moiety of 50 % on all tax collections . Treasury officials pressured Internal Revenue agents not to collect delinquent accounts so Sanborn could accumulate more . Although the collections were legal , Sanborn reaped $ 213 @,@ 000 in commissions on $ 420 @,@ 000 taken in taxes . A House investigation committee in 1874 revealed that Sanborn had split $ 156 @,@ 000 of this with unnamed associates as " expenses . " Although Richardson and Senator Benjamin Butler were suspected to have taken a share of the profit money , there was no paper trail to prove such transactions , and Sanborn refused to reveal with whom he split the profits . While the House committee was investigating , Grant quietly appointed Richardson to the Court of Claims and replaced him with the avowed reformer Benjamin H. Bristow . On June 22 , 1874 President Grant , in an effort of reform , signed a bill into law that abolished the moiety contract system .
= = = Delano affair = = =
In 1875 , the U.S. Department of the Interior was in serious disrepair due to corruption and incompetence . Interior Secretary Columbus Delano , discovered to have taken bribes for fraudulent land grants , was forced to resign from office on October 15 , 1875 . Delano had also given lucrative cartographical contracts to his son John Delano and Ulysses S. Grant 's own brother , Orvil Grant . Neither John Delano nor Orvil Grant performed any work , nor were they qualified to hold such surveying positions .
On October 19 , 1875 , Grant made another reforming cabinet choice when he appointed Zachariah Chandler as Secretary of the Interior . Chandler immediately went to work reforming the Interior Department by dismissing all the important clerks in the Patent Office . Chandler had discovered that during Delano 's tenure , money had been paid to fictitious clerks while other clerks had been paid without performing any services . Chandler next turned to the Department of Indian Affairs to reform another Delano debacle . President Grant ordered Chandler to fire everyone , saying , " Have those men dismissed by 3 o 'clock this afternoon or shut down the bureau . " Chandler did exactly as Grant had ordered . Chandler also banned bogus agents , known as " Indian Attorneys , " who had been paid $ 8 @.@ 00 a day plus expenses for , ostensibly , providing tribes with representation in the nation 's capital . Many of these agents were unqualified and swindled the Native American tribes into believing they had a voice in Washington .
= = = Pratt & Boyd = = =
Attorney General George H. Williams administered the United States Department of Justice with slackness . There were rumors that Williams was taking bribes in exchange for declining to prosecute pending trial cases . In 1875 , Williams was supposed to prosecute the merchant house Pratt & Boyd for fraudulent customhouse entries . The Senate Judiciary Committee had found that Williams had dropped the case after his wife had received a $ 30 @,@ 000 payoff . When informed of this , Grant forced Williams 's resignation . Williams had also indiscreetly used Justice Department funds to pay for carriage and household expenses .
= = = Whiskey Ring = = =
The worst and most famous scandal to hit the Grant administration was the Whiskey Ring of 1875 , exposed by Treasury Secretary Benjamin H. Bristow and journalist Myron Colony . Whiskey distillers had been evading taxes in the Midwest since the Lincoln Administration . Distillers of whiskey bribed Treasury Department agents who in turn aided the distillers in evading taxes to the tune of up to $ 2 million per year . The agents would neglect to collect the required excise tax of 70 cents per gallon , and then split the illegal gains with the distillers . The ringleaders had to coordinate distillers , rectifiers , gaugers , storekeepers , revenue agents , and Treasury clerks by recruitment , impressment , and extortion .
On January 26 , 1875 , Bristow ordered Internal Revenue officers in various sites to different locations , effective February 15 , 1875 , on a suggestion from Grant . This would keep the fraudulent officers off guard and allow investigators to uncover their misdeeds . Grant later rescinded the order on the grounds that advance notice would cause the ringleaders to cover their tracks and become suspicious . Rescinding Secretary Bristow 's order would later give rise to a rumor that Grant was interfering with the investigation . Although moving the supervisors most certainly would have disrupted the ring , Bristow conceded that he would need documentary evidence on the ring 's inner workings to prosecute the perpetrators . Bristow , undaunted , kept investigating , and found the ring 's secrets by sending Myron Colony and other spies to gather whiskey shipping and manufacturing information .
On May 13 , 1875 , with Grant 's endorsement , Bristow struck hard at the ring , seized the distilleries , and made hundreds of arrests . The Whiskey Ring was broken . Bristow , with the cooperation of Attorney General Edwards Pierrepont and Treasury Solicitor Bluford Wilson , launched proceedings to bring many members of the ring to trial . Bristow had obtained information that the Whiskey Ring operated in Missouri , Illinois , and Wisconsin . Missouri Revenue Agent John A. Joyce and two of Grant 's appointees , Supervisor of Internal Revenue General John McDonald and Orville E. Babcock , the private secretary to the President , would eventually be indicted in the Whiskey Ring trials . Grant 's other private secretary Horace Porter was also involved in the Whiskey Ring according to Solicitor General Bluford Wilson .
= = = = Special prosecutors appointed = = = =
Grant then appointed a special prosecutor , former senator John B. Henderson , to go after the ring . Henderson , while in the Senate , had been the administration 's worst critic , and Grant appointed him to maintain integrity in the Whiskey Ring investigation . Henderson convened a grand jury , which found that Babcock was one of the ringleaders . Grant received a letter to this effect , on which he wrote , " Let no guilty man escape . " It was discovered that Babcock sent coded letters to McDonald on how to run the ring in St. Louis . During the investigation McDonald claimed he gave Babcock $ 25 @,@ 000 from the divided profits and even personally sent him a $ 1 @,@ 000 bill in a cigar box .
After Babcock 's indictment , Grant requested that Babcock go through a military trial rather than a public trial , but the grand jury denied his request . In a reversal of his " let no guilty man escape , " order to Sec . Bristow , Grant unexpectedly issued an order not to give any more immunity to persons involved in the Whiskey Ring , leading to speculation that he was trying to protect Babcock . Although this reversal had the appearance of not letting the guilty get away , the prosecutor 's trial cases were made more difficult to prove in court . The order caused strife between Sec . Bristow and Grant , since Bristow needed distillers to testify with immunity in order to pursue the ringleaders . Prosecutor Henderson , himself , while going after members of the ring in court accused Grant of interfering with Secretary Bristow 's investigation .
The accusation angered Grant , who fired Henderson as special prosecutor . Grant then replaced Henderson with James Broadhead . Broadhead , though a capable attorney , had little time to get acquainted with the facts of Babcock 's case and those of other Whiskey Ring members . At the trial a deposition was read from President Grant stating that he had no knowledge that Babcock was involved in the ring . The jury listened to the president 's words and quickly acquitted Babcock of any charges . Broadhead went on to close out all the other cases in the Whiskey Ring . McDonald and Joyce were convicted in the graft trials and sent to prison . On January 26 , 1877 , President Grant pardoned McDonald .
= = = = President Grant 's deposition = = = =
The Whiskey Ring scandal even came to the steps of the White House . There were rumors that Grant himself was involved with the ring and was diverting its profits to his 1872 re @-@ election campaign . Grant needed to clear his own name as well as Babcock 's . Earlier , Grant had refused to believe Babcock was guilty even when Bristow and Wilson personally presented him with damaging evidence , such as two telegrams signed " Sylph " ; Babcock suggested that the signature was that of a woman giving the president " a great deal of trouble " , hoping that Wilson would back off for fear of igniting a presidential sex scandal , but Wilson was not bluffed .
On the advice of Secretary of State Hamilton Fish , the President did not testify in open court but instead gave a deposition in front of a congressional legal representative at the White House . Grant was the first and , to date , only president ever to testify for a defendant . The historic testimony came on Saturday , February 12 , 1876 . Chief Justice Morrison R. Waite , a Grant appointment to the U.S. Supreme Court , presided over the deposition . The following are excerpts from President Grant 's deposition .
Eaton : " Have you ever seen anything in the conduct of General Babcock , or has he ever said anything to you , which indicated to your mind that he was in any way interested in or concerned with the Whiskey Ring at St. Louis or elsewhere ? "
President Grant : " Never . "
Eaton : " Did General Babcock on or about April 23 , 1875 , show you a dispatch in these words : " St. Louis , April 23 , 1875 . Gen. O.E. Babcock , Executive Mansion , Washington , D.C. Tell Mack to see Parker of Colorado ; & telegram to Commissioner . Crush out St. Louis enemies . "
Cook : " Objection . " Made for the record .
President Grant : " I did not remember about these dispatches at all until since the conspiracy trials have commenced . I have heard General Babcock 's explanation of most or all of them since that . Many of the dispatches may have been shown to me at the time , and explained , but I do not remember it . "
Eaton : " Perhaps you are aware , General , that the Whiskey Ring have persistently tried to fix the origins of that ring in the necessity for funds to carry on political campaigns . Did you ever have intimation from General Babcock , or anyone else in any manner , directly or indirectly , that any funds for political purposes were being raised by any improper methods ? "
Cook : " Objection . " Made for the record .
President Grant : " I never did . I have seen since these trials intimations of that sort in the newspapers , but never before . "
Eaton : " Then let me ask you if the prosecuting officers have not been entirely correct in repelling all insinuations that you ever had tolerated any such means for raising funds . "
Cook : " Objection . " Made for the record .
President Grant : " I was not aware that they had ever attempted to repel any insinuations . "
On February 17 , 1876 , U.S. Circuit Justice John F. Dillon , another Grant appointment , overruled Cook 's objections , declaring the questions admissible in court . Grant , who was known for a photographic memory , had many uncharacteristic lapses when it came to remembering incidents involving Babcock . The deposition strategy worked and the Whiskey Ring prosecution never went after Grant again . During Babcock 's trial in St. Louis the deposition was read to the jury . Babcock was acquitted at trial . After the trial , Grant distanced himself from Babcock . After the acquittal , Babcock initially returned to his position as Grant 's private secretary outside the Oval Office . At public outcry and the objection of Hamilton Fish , Babcock was dismissed as private secretary and focused on another position that he had been given by Grant in 1871 : superintending engineer of public buildings and grounds .
Grant 's Pulitzer Prize winning biographer , William S. McFeely , stated that Grant knew Babcock was guilty and perjured himself in the deposition . According to McFeely the " evidence was irrefutable " against Babcock , and Grant knew this . McFeely also points out that John McDonald also stated that Grant knew that the Whiskey Ring existed and perjured himself to save Babcock . Grant historian Jean Edward Smith counters that evidence against Babcock was " circumstantial " and the St. Louis jury acquitted Babcock " in the absence of adequate proof . " Many of Grant 's friends who knew him claimed that the President was " a truthful man " and it was " impossible for him to lie . " Grant 's popularity , however , decreased significantly in the country as a result of his testimony and after Babcock was acquitted in the trial . Grant 's political enemies used this deposition as a launchpad to public office . The New York Tribune stated that the Whiskey Ring scandal " had been met at the entrance of the White House and turned back . " However , the national unpopularity of Grant 's testimony on behalf of his friend Babcock ruined any chances for a third term nomination .
= = = = Bristow 's investigation results = = = =
When Secretary Benjamin Bristow struck suddenly at the Whiskey Ring in May 1875 , many people were arrested and the distilleries involved in the scandal were shut down . Bristow 's investigation resulted in 350 federal indictments . There were 110 convictions , and three million dollars in tax revenues were recovered from the ring .
= = = Trading post ring = = =
Grant had no time to recover after the Whiskey Ring graft trials ended , for another scandal erupted involving War Secretary William W. Belknap . A Democratic House investigation committee revealed that Belknap had taken extortion money in exchange for an appointment to a lucrative Native American trading post . In 1870 , responding to extensive lobbying by Belknap , Congress had authorized the War Department to award private trading post contracts to military forts throughout the nation . Native Americans would come into the forts and trade for food and clothing , generating huge profits ( at the natives ' expense ) . Belknap 's wife Carrie , who desired to profit from these wealthy contracts , managed to secure a private trading post at Fort Sill for a personal friend from New York , Caleb P. Marsh .
An extortion arrangement was set up among Carrie Belknap , Caleb P. Marsh , and incumbent contract holder John S. Evans , in which Carrie Belknap and Marsh would receive $ 3 @,@ 000 every quarter , splitting the proceeds , while Evans would be able to retain his post at Fort Sill . Carrie Belknap died within the year , but William Belknap and his second wife continued to accept payments , though they were smaller due to a dip in Fort Sill 's profits . By 1876 Belknap had received $ 20 @,@ 000 from the illicit arrangement . On February 29 , 1876 , Marsh testified in front of a House investigation committee headed by Representatives Lyman K. Bass and Hiester Clymer . During the testimony Marsh testified that Belknap and both his wives had accepted money in exchange for the lucrative trading post at Fort Sill . The scandal was particularly upsetting , in this Victorian age , since it involved women . Lieut . Col. George A. Custer later testified to the Clymer committee on March 29 and April 4 that Sec . Belknap had received kick back money from the profiteering scheme of post traders through the resale of food meant for Indians .
On March 2 , 1876 , Grant was informed by Benjamin Bristow at breakfast of the House investigation against Secretary Belknap . After hearing about Belknap 's predicament , Grant arranged a meeting with Representative Bass about the investigation . However , Belknap , escorted by Interior Secretary Zachariah Chandler , rushed to the White House and met with Grant before his meeting with Representative Bass . Belknap appeared visibly upset or ill , mumbling something about protecting his wives ' honor and beseeching Grant to accept his resignation " at once . " Grant , in a hurry to get to a photography studio for a formal portrait , regretfully agreed and accepted Belknap 's resignation without reservation .
Grant historian Josiah Bunting III noted that Grant was never put on his guard when Secretary Belknap came to the White House in a disturbed manner or even asked why Belknap wanted to resign in the first place . Bunting argues that Grant should have pressed Belknap into an explanation for the abrupt resignation request . Grant 's acceptance of the resignation indirectly allowed Belknap , after he was impeached by the House of Representatives for his actions , to escape conviction , since he was no longer a government official . Belknap was acquitted by the Senate , escaping with less than the two @-@ thirds majority vote needed for conviction . Even though the Senate voted that it could put private citizens on trial , many senators were reluctant to convict Belknap since he was no longer Secretary of War . It has been suggested that Grant accepted the resignation in a Victorian impulse to protect the women involved .
= = = Cattellism = = =
Congress allotted Secretary George M. Robeson 's Department of the Navy $ 56 million for construction programs . In 1876 , a congressional committee headed by Representative Washington C. Whitthorne discovered that $ 15 million of that sum was unaccounted for . The committee suspected that Robeson , who was responsible for naval spending , embezzled some of the missing money and laundered it in real estate transactions . This allegation remained unproven by the committee .
The main charge against Robeson was taking financial favors from Alexander Cattell & Co . , a grain contractor , in exchange for giving the company profitable contracts from the Navy . An 1876 Naval Affairs committee investigation found Robeson to have received such gifts as a team of horses , Washington real estate , and a $ 320 @,@ 000 vacation cottage in Long Branch , New Jersey , from Alexander Cattell & Company . The same company also paid off a $ 10 @,@ 000 note that Robeson owed to Jay Cooke and offered itself as an influence broker for other companies doing business with the Navy , thus turning away any competitive bidding for naval contracts . Robeson was also found to have $ 300 @,@ 000 in excess to his yearly salary of $ 8000 . The House Investigation committee had searched the disorganized books of Cattell , but found no evidence of payments to Robeson . Without enough evidence for impeachment , the House ended the investigation by admonishing Robeson for gross misconduct and claimed that he had set up a system of corruption known as Cattellism .
In a previous investigation that Charles Dana headed in 1872 , Robeson had been suspected of awarding a $ 93 @,@ 000 bonus to a building contractor in a " somewhat dangerous stretch of official authority " known as the Secor claims . A competent authority claimed that the contractor had already been paid in full and there was no need for further reward . Robeson was also charged with awarding contracts to ship builder John Roach without public bidding . The latter charge proved to be unfounded . The close friendship with Daniel Ammen , Grant 's longtime friend growing up in Georgetown , Ohio , helped Robeson keep his cabinet position .
On March 18 , 1876 , Admiral David D. Porter wrote a letter to William T. Sherman , " ... Our cuttle fish [ Robeson ] of the navy although he may conceal his tracks for a while in the obscure atmosphere which surrounds him , will eventually be brought to bay .... " Robeson later testified in front of a House Naval Committee on January 16 , 1879 , about giving contracts to private companies . Robeson was asked about the use of old material to build ironclads and whether he had the authority to dispose of the Puritan , an outdated ironclad . Although Robeson served ably during the Virginius Affair and did authorize the construction of five new Navy ships , his financial integrity remained in question and was suspect during the Grant administration . To be fair , Congress gave Robeson limited funding to build ships and as Secretary was constantly finding ways to cut budgets .
= = = Safe burglary conspiracy = = =
In September 1876 , Orville E. Babcock was involved in another scandal . Corrupt building contractors in Washington , D.C. , were on trial for graft when bogus Secret Service agents working for the contractors placed damaging evidence into the safe of the district attorney who was prosecuting the ring . On the night of April 23 , 1874 , hired thieves opened the safe , using an explosive to make it appear that the safe had been broken into . One of the thieves then took the fake evidence to the house of Columbus Alexander , a citizen who was active in prosecuting the ring . The corrupt agents " arrested " the " thieves " who then committed perjury by signing a document falsely stating Alexander was involved in the safe burglary .
The conspiracy came apart when two of the thieves turned state evidence and Alexander was exonerated in court . Babcock was named as part of the conspiracy , but later acquitted in the trial against the burglars ; evidence suggests that the jury had been tampered with . Evidence also suggests that Babcock was involved with the swindles by the corrupt Washington contractors ' ring and with those who wanted to get back at Columbus Alexander , an avid reformer and critic of the Grant Administration . In 1876 Grant dismissed Babcock from the White House under public pressure due to Babcock 's unpopularity . Babcock continued on in government and became Chief Light House Inspector . In 1883 , Babcock drowned at sea at the age of 48 while supervising the building of Mosquito Inlet Light station .
= = Scandal summary table = =
= = Nepotism = =
Grant was accused by Senator Charles Sumner in 1872 of practicing nepotism while President . Sumner 's accusation was not an exaggeration . Grant 's cousin Silas A. Hudson was appointed minister to Guatemala . His brother @-@ in @-@ law Reverend M.J. Cramer was appointed as consul at Leipzig . His brother @-@ in @-@ law James F. Casey was given the position of Collector of Customs in New Orleans , Louisiana where he made money by stealing fees . Frederick Dent , another brother @-@ in @-@ law was the White House usher and made money giving out insider information . In all , it is estimated that 40 relatives somehow financially prospered indirectly while Grant was President .
= = Liberal Republican @-@ Democratic reform = =
= = = Liberal Republican = = =
The Liberal Republican movement initially began out of dissatisfaction with the centralized federal government controlled by the Radicals , a faction of the Republican Party who favored African American civil rights , a patronage system , high tariffs , and disenfranchising former confederates . It was the Radicals who sponsored the Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant . Senator Schurz , did not favor federal military intervention in Southern affairs or protecting blacks , and he was against miscegenation . In 1870 , Senator Carl Schurz and B. Gratz Brown , Governor of Missouri , broke away from the Radicals and officially founded the Liberal Republican Party . The founders argued that dependent citizens , corruption , and centralized power endangered people 's liberty . The party advocated confederate amnesty , civil service reform , and free trade . As the party grew nationally prominent persons joined including Charles Francis Adams , Jr . , Senator Charles Sumner , and editor of the Missouri Democrat , William M. Grosvenor . Grant , who was persuaded that the Liberal Republicans were bolting from the Republican Party , used the patronage system to purge them out of office in Missouri .
In 1872 , the Republican party split completely in half with Horace Greely nominated by the Liberal Republicans and Ulysses S. Grant again nominated by the more conservative Radicals . A few prominent Democratic Party leaders supported the Liberal Republican cause in Missouri . The result being that the Democratic Party endorsed the reformer and Liberal Republican presidential candidate Horace Greeley . Grant , though , remained very popular in the nation and won the national election of 1872 by a landslide . However , as more scandals broke out the Liberal Republicans became a party of reform who , along with the Democrats , wanted to purge the government from corruption . The wave of reform was beginning in 1875 with the Democrats controlling the House of Representatives . Eventually , Grant put reformers on his cabinet as House investigations in 1875 were beginning to expose the Whiskey Ring depleting tax revenues in the United States Treasury Department . Newspapers exposed bogus agents in Interior Department in 1875 . Navy Department corruption was exposed in 1876 . These Grant reformers included Benjamin Bristow as Secretary of Treasury ( 1874 ) , Edwards Pierrepont as Attorney General ( 1875 ) , and Zachariah Chandler as Secretary of the Interior ( 1875 ) . No reformer was appointed to the Navy Department , however .
The Liberal Republican movement lasted from 1870 to 1875 and at times it is difficult to distinguish between party members , both Democrat and Republican , who adopted all or parts of the Liberal Republican reform agenda . President Ulysses S. Grant signed the Amnesty Act of 1872 , a Liberal Republican platform , that gave amnesty to former Confederates . Another instance occurred when the Democratic Party reluctantly and chaotically melded with the Liberal Republican Party in the presidential election of 1872 , in support of the reformer , Horace Greeley . The height of the Liberal Republican era in the U.S. Congress was from the periods of 1873 to 1875 with 7 Liberal Republicans in the Senate and 4 Liberal Republicans in the House of Representatives .
= = = Democratic Party = = =
The Democratic Party reform movement in Congress , although initially a minority after the American Civil War , began during their investigation into the Grant Administration following the Black Friday gold speculation scandal in 1869 . The Democratic reform movement sought to expose the corruption in the Grant Administration and to do this needed a majority in the House of Representatives . Following the inability of the Grant Administration and Republican Congress to stop the damaging economic effects from Panic of 1873 , in addition to the unpopularity of the Republican Reconstruction Acts , the Democratic Party , on March 4 , 1875 gained a majority in the House of Representatives . Having gained the majority , the Democrats became the reforming party . For the next two years they investigated corruption scandals in the Grant Administration to increase their chances of winning the 1876 presidential election .
= = Causes of national corruption = =
The scandals in the Grant Administration were indicative of greater national moral decline . According to one respected historian , C. Vann Woodward , there are three primary forces that caused national corruption during this time period . The most compelling event that lead to corruption was the Civil War itself , unleashing a torrent of human depravity , deaths and unscrupulously gained riches enabled by persons who rose from deserved obscurity to powerful military and civilian positions . These men — the claim agents , speculators , subsidy @-@ seekers , government contractors , and the all @-@ purpose crooks — were born from the war and entered politics after the fighting stopped . The second generator of corruption was the opening of the West and South to unrestrained exploitation that caused older parts of the country to fall into moral confusion . The third cause , according to Vann Woodward , was the rapid rise of American industrialism , which loosened the nation 's standards and values . Americans found themselves released from discipline and restraint by the rapid growth of industrial wealth after the Civil War .
= = Legacy = =
The nation and the constitution survived the rising tide of financial and political corruption during President Grant 's two terms in office from 1869 to 1877 . With slavery no longer the clear moral issue for the American people , and absent the dynamic leadership of Abraham Lincoln taken by an assassin 's bullet , the nation for a while floundered in the seas of financial and political indulgence . The high @-@ water mark of the flood of corruption that swept the nation took place in 1874 , after Benjamin Bristow was put in charge to reform the Treasury . In 1873 , Grant 's friend and publisher , Mark Twain , along with coauthor Charles Dudley Warner , called this American era of speculation and corruption the Gilded Age . Between 1870 and 1900 , the United States population nearly doubled in size , gainful employment increased by 132 percent , and non farm labor constituted 60 percent of the work force .
Inevitably , Grant 's low standards in cabinet appointments , and his readiness to cover for associates or friends involved in condemnable behavior , defied the popular notion of a government free of corruption and favoritism . Stemming the flood of corruption that swept the nation during Grant 's presidency and the Reconstruction period would have required the strength of a moral giant in the White House . Grant was no moral giant . In fairness , the booming economy that proceeded after the Civil War enveloped the whole nation in a chaotic frenzy for achieving financial gain and success . The caricature and cliché of the Grant Presidency is eight years of political plundering and that little was accomplished . Grant , however , was committed to complete the unification of a bitterly divided country torn by Civil War , to honor Abraham Lincoln , and give full citizenship rights to African Americans and their posterity .
An analysis of the scandals reveals the many powers at Grant 's disposal as the President of the United States . His confidants knew this and in many situations took advantage of Grant 's presidential authority . Having the ability to pardon , accept resignations , and even vouch for an associate in a deposition , created an environment difficult , though not impossible , for reformers in and outside of the Grant Administration . Grant himself , far from being politically naive , had played a shrewd hand at times in the protection of cabinet and appointees . Examples include not allowing Benjamin Bristow to move the Tax Revenue Supervisors and relinquishing immunity in the Whiskey Ring cases , made Grant a protector of political patronage . In fairness , Grant did appoint cabinet reformers and special prosecutors that were able to clean up the Treasury , Interior , War , and Justice departments . Grant , himself , personally participated in reforming the Department of Indian Affairs , by firing all the corrupt clerks . No reforming cabinet member , however , was installed in the Department of Navy .
= = = Books = = =
Ambrose , Stephen E. ( 2001 ) . Nothing Like it in the World : The Men Who Built the Transcontinental Railroad , 1863 – 1869 . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 @-@ 684 @-@ 84609 @-@ 8 .
Barnett , Louise ( 2006 ) . Touched by fire : the life , death , and mythic afterlife of George Armstrong . Bison Books . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8032 @-@ 6266 @-@ 9 .
Bunting III , Josiah ( 2001 ) . A. M. Schlesinger Junior , ed . Ulysses S. Grant . Times Books , Henry Holt and Company , LCC . ISBN 0 @-@ 8050 @-@ 6949 @-@ 6 .
Calhoun , Charles William ( 2007 ) . The gilded age : perspectives on the origins of modern America . Rowman & Littlefield . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 7425 @-@ 5038 @-@ 4 .
Donovan , James ( 2008 ) . A Terrible Glory . New York , New York : Back Bay Books . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 316 @-@ 15578 @-@ 6 .
The Encyclopedia Americana 8 . New York : J.B. Lyon Company . 1918 .
Garland , Hamlin ( 1898 ) . Ulysses S. Grant His life and character . New York Double Day & McClure Co .
Grossman , Mark ( 2003 ) . Political corruption in America : an encyclopedia of scandals , power , and greed . ABC @-@ Clio . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 57607 @-@ 060 @-@ 4 .
Hatfield , Mark O. ; Ritchie , Donald A. ( 2001 ) . Vice Presidents of the United States , 1789- 1993 ( PDF ) . Washington , D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office . ISBN 9996439895 .
Hinsdale , Mary Louise ( 1911 ) . A History of the President 's Cabinet . Ann Arbor , MI : G. Wahr .
McFeely , William S. ( 1981 ) . Grant : A Biography . W.W. Norton & Company . ISBN 0 @-@ 393 @-@ 32394 @-@ 3 .
Morris , Charles R. ( 2005 ) . The Tycoons : How Andrew Carnegie , John D. Rockefeller , Jay Gould , and J.P. Morgan Invented the American Supereconomy . New York : H. Holt and Co . ISBN 0 @-@ 8050 @-@ 8134 @-@ 8 .
O 'Brien , Frank Michael ( 1918 ) . The story of the Sun : New York , 1833 – 1918 . New York : Doran .
Pierson , Arthur Tappan ( 1880 ) . Zachariah Chandler : an outline sketch of his life and public services . Detroit : Post and Tribune .
Rhodes , James Ford ( 1912 ) . History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 to the Final Restoration of Home Rule at the South in 1877 . New York : The MacMillan Company .
Salinger , Lawrence M. ( 2005 ) . Encyclopedia of White @-@ collar & Corporate Crime . Thousand Oaks , California : Sage Publications . ISBN 0 @-@ 7619 @-@ 3004 @-@ 3 .
Simon , John Y. ; Grant , Ulysses S. ( 2005 ) . The Papers of Ulysses S. Grant 27 . Southern Illinois University Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8093 @-@ 2631 @-@ 0 .
Slap , Andrew L. ( 2006 ) . The doom of Reconstruction : the liberal Republicans in the Civil War era . Fordham University Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 8232 @-@ 2709 @-@ 9 .
Smith , Jean Edward ( 2001 ) . Grant . Simon and Schuster . ISBN 0 @-@ 684 @-@ 84927 @-@ 5 .
Spenser , Jesse Ames ( 1913 ) . Edwin Wiley , ed . The United States Its Beginnings , Progress and Modern Development 9 . New York , New York : American Educational Alliance .
Stevens , Walter Barlow ; Bixby , William Kenny ( 1916 ) . Grant in Saint Louis . Franklin Club of Saint Louis .
Swann , Leonard Alexander ( 1980 ) . John Roach , maritime entrepreneur . Ayer Co Pub . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 405 @-@ 13078 @-@ 6 .
Twain , Mark ; Warner , Charles Dudley ( 1874 ) . The Gilded Age . Nabu Press . ISBN 978 @-@ 1 @-@ 142 @-@ 68887 @-@ 5 .
= = = Newspapers = = =
Staff writer ( September 8 , 1876 ) . " The Safe Burglary Case : Preparing for the trial – Witnesses for the defense summoned " . The New York Times ( New York , NY ) .
Staff writer ( September 23 , 1876 ) . " The Safe Burglary Case : Columbus Alexander and Major Richards of the Washington police examined " . The New York Times ( New York , NY ) .
= = = Online = = =
" 1876 Events " . Harpers Weekly . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 .
Kennedy , Robert C. Kennedy ( 2001 ) . " ' Why We Laugh ' Pro Tem " . Harper 's Weekly . Retrieved March 11 , 2010 .
Kiersey , David ; Choiniere , Ray . " Excerpted from Presidential Temperaments " . keirsey.com. Retrieved March 12 , 2010 .
" Party Divisions of the House of Representatives ( 1879 to Present ) " . U.S. House of Representatives . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 .
" Party Division in the Senate , 1789 – Present " . U.S. Senate . Retrieved January 18 , 2010 .
Pesca , Mike ( November 2 , 2005 ) . " Orville Babcock 's Indictment and the CIA Leak Case " . Day to Day . Retrieved January 2 , 2010 .
Rives , Timothy ( 2000 ) . " Grant , Babcock , and the Whiskey Ring " . archives.gov. Retrieved January 18 , 2010 .
Shenkman , Rick . " The Last High White House Official Indicted While in Office : U.S. Grant 's Orville Babcock " . History News Network . Retrieved February 24 , 2010 .
Woodward , C. Vann ( April 1957 ) . " The Lowest Ebb " . American Heritage . Retrieved February 24 , 2010 .
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= Architecture of Scotland in the Prehistoric era =
The architecture of Scotland in the prehistoric era includes all human building within the modern borders of Scotland , before the arrival of the Romans in Britain in the first century BCE . Stone Age settlers began to build in wood in what is now Scotland from at least 8 @,@ 000 years ago . The first permanent houses of stone were constructed around 6 @,@ 000 years ago , as at Knap of Howar , Orkney and settlements like Skara Brae . There are also large numbers of chambered tombs and cairns from this era , particularly in the west and north . In the south and east there are earthen barrows , often linked to timber monuments of which only remnants remain . Related structures include bank barrows , cursus monuments , mortuary enclosures and timber halls . From the Bronze Age there are fewer new buildings , but there is evidence of crannogs , roundhouses built on an artificial islands and of Clava cairns and the first hillforts . From the Iron Age there is evidence of substantial stone Atlantic roundhouses , which include broch towers , smaller duns . There is also evidence of about 1 @,@ 000 hillforts in Scotland , most located below the Clyde @-@ Forth line .
= = Stone Age = =
The oldest house for which there is evidence in Britain is the oval structure of wooden posts found at South Queensferry near the Firth of Forth , dating from the Mesolithic period , about 8240 BCE . The earliest stone structures are probably the three hearths found at Jura , dated to about 6000 BCE . With the development of agriculture , groups of settlers began building stone houses on what is now Scottish soil in the Neolithic era , around 6 @,@ 000 years ago , and the first villages around 500 years later . Neolithic habitation , burial and ritual sites are particularly common and well @-@ preserved in the Northern and Western Isles , where a lack of trees led to most structures being built of local stone . The stone building at Knap of Howar at Papa Westray , Orkney is one of the oldest surviving houses in north @-@ west Europe , making use of locally gathered rubble in a dry @-@ stone construction , it was probably occupied for 900 years , between 3700 and 2800 BCE . Skara Brae on the Mainland of Orkney also dates from this era , occupied from about 3100 to 2500 BCE and is Europe 's most complete Neolithic village .
There are also large numbers of chambered tombs and cairns from this period . Many different types have been identified , but they can be roughly grouped into passage graves , gallery graves and stone cists . Cists are relatively simple box @-@ like graves , usually made up of stone slaps and covered with a large stone or slab . Maes Howe , near Stenness on the mainland of Orkney ( dated 3400 – 3200 BCE ) and Monamore , Isle of Arran ( dated approximately 3500 BCE ) are passage graves , of megalith construction , built with large stones , many of which weigh several tons . Gallery graves are rectangular gallery @-@ like spaces , where the entrance at one end is the width of the gallery . These were sometimes lined or roofed with slabs and then covered with earth . Among the most impressive surviving monuments of the period are the first sets of standing stones in Scotland , such as those at Stenness on the mainland of Orkney , which date from about 3100 BCE , of four stones , the tallest of which is 16 feet ( 5 m ) in height .
In contrast to the Highlands and Islands where stone was extensively used , in the south and east the most visible architectural survivals of the Neolithic are mainly earthen barrows , the earliest probably dating from the beginning of the fourth millennium BCE . Today these monuments consist of massive mounds of earth or stone , most commonly trapezoidal in plan and often orientated to the east . They are widely distributed in the Lowlands , particularly in Aberdeenshire , Angus , Dumfries and Galloway and the Scottish Borders . Related structures include bank barrows , cursus monuments , mortuary enclosures , timber halls , and other forms of enclosure . Bank barrows are parallel @-@ sided mounds , usually flanked by ditches on either side . Originally believed to be Roman in origin , cursus monuments also consist of long parallel lengths of banks of earth with external ditches , but with an open avenue or enclose between . Both forms are usually associated with burial chambers . Examples of bank barrows in Scotland include from Perthshire the long mound at Auchenlaich and the hybrid bank barrow / cursus monument and at Cleaven Dyke , which stretches for over 1 @.@ 5 miles ( 2 km ) . Mortuary enclosures are usually sub @-@ rectangular banks with external ditches and raised platforms of stone or wood within them , thought by J. G. Scott to be used for the exposure of corpses prior to burial elsewhere , although this interpretation is disputed . Remains of mortuary enclosures of this period are often found under long barrows . Key examples include Pitnacree , Perthshire and two closely related sites at Lochhill and Slewcairn , both in Kirkcudbright . The timber halls are probably unique to Scotland and were massive roofed buildings made of oak , all of which seem to have been subsequently burnt down . There is debate as to the role of these buildings , which have been seen variously as regular farming homesteads of Neolithic families and as related to a series of monumental constructions such as barrows . The hall at Balbridie , Aberdeenshire was 85 feet ( 26 m ) long , 43 feet ( 13 m ) wide and may have had a roof 30 feet ( 9 m ) high , making it large enough to accommodate up to 50 people .
= = Bronze Age = =
As bronze working developed from about 2000 BCE , there was a decline in the building of large new structures , which , with a reduction of the total area under cultivation , suggests a fall in population . From the Early and Middle Bronze Age there is evidence of cellular round houses of stone , as at Jarlshof and Sumburgh on Shetland . At Jarlshof these are oval houses with thick stone walls , which may have been partly subterranean at the earliest period of inhabitation , a technique that provided both structural stability and insulation . There is also evidence of the occupation of crannogs , roundhouses partially or entirely built on an artificial islands , usually in lakes , rivers and estuarine waters . They were often constructed of layers of brushwood and rubble . Sometimes they were revetted around the edges with vertical piles and sometimes surfaced with logs of oak .
The creation of cairns and Megalithic monuments continued into this period . There are approximately fifty Clava cairns in Scotland , named after those at Balnuaran of Clava near Inverness . They take two distinct forms , either a circular rubble enclosure known as " ring cairns " , or passage graves , with a long entrance , usually in complex astronomical alignments . As elsewhere in Europe , hill forts were first introduced in this period , including the occupation of Eildon hill near Melrose in the Scottish Borders , from around 1000 BCE , which accommodated several hundred houses on a fortified hilltop , and Traprain Law in East Lothian , which had a 20 @-@ acre enclosure , sectioned in two places west of the summit , made up of a coursed , stone wall with a rubble core .
= = Iron Age = =
In the early Iron Age , from the seventh century BCE , cellular houses begin to be replaced on the northern isles by simple Atlantic roundhouses , substantial circular buildings with a drystone construction . Important examples are at Quanterness , Bu , Pierowall , and Tofts Ness on Orkney , and at Clickhimin on Shetland . From about 400 BC more complex Atlantic roundhouses began to be built , as at Howe , Orkney and Crosskirk , Caithness .
The most massive constructions that date from this era are the circular broch towers , probably dating from about 200 BCE . They are drystone hollow @-@ walled structures that are unique to Scotland . Most ruins only survive up to a few metres above ground level , although there are five extant examples of towers whose walls still exceed 21 feet ( 6 m ) in height . There are at least 100 broch sites in Scotland , of which the best preserved include those at South Yarrows near Wick , Midhowe Broch on Orkney and the Broch of Clickimin and the Broch of Mousa in Shetland . Despite extensive research , their purpose and the nature of the societies that created them are still a matter of debate .
Archaeologists since the 1960s have distinguished brochs from smaller structures of similar construction , usually called duns . The heaviest evidence of the occupation of crannogs was in this era , but they would continue to be used until the Middle Ages . This period also saw the beginnings of wheelhouses , a roundhouse with a characteristic outer wall , within which was a circle of stone piers ( bearing a resemblance to the spokes of a wheel ) , but these would flourish most in the era of Roman occupation . There is evidence for about 1 @,@ 000 Iron Age hillforts in Scotland , most located below the Clyde @-@ Forth line . The majority are circular , with a single palisade around an enclosure . Most are relatively small , covering one or two acres , but some are much larger as at Castle O 'er , Birrenwark , Cadimuir , Cadroner and White Meldon . They appear to have been largely abandoned in the Roman period , but some seem to have been reoccupied after their departure .
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= 1953 – 54 Port Vale F.C. season =
The 1953 – 54 season was Port Vale 's 42nd season of football in the Football League , and their fifth season overall in the Third Division North . Freddie Steele 's side were crowned Third Division North champions with 69 points out of a possible 92 , eleven points ahead of their nearest rivals . They also reached the semi @-@ finals of the FA Cup , and would be denied an appearance in the final due to a controversial goal from a dubious penalty . These achievements were based upon a record @-@ breaking ' Iron Curtain ' defence , and a solid squad of nineteen players , most of whom had taken the club to second in the league the previous season .
Seven still @-@ standing club records were set this season , including three Football League records . One Football League record was for the fewest Football League goals conceded in a 46 match season – 26 , just over one every two games . Just five of these were conceded at home , another Football League record . This was based upon 30 clean sheets , again a Football League record . They also recorded a club record low of three league defeats , and a club record home clean sheet streak of eleven matches , lasting from 7 September 1953 to 13 February 1954 . Another club record was a streak of six away draws , lasting from 20 March to 26 April . They were undefeated at home all season , continuing a 42 match unbeaten run started on 8 November 1952 , that would last until 18 September 1954 .
The key players that formed the first eleven of 1953 – 54 were : Ray King ( goalkeeper ) ; Reg Potts and Stan Turner ( full @-@ backs ) ; Tommy Cheadle , Albert Leake , Roy Sproson ( half @-@ backs ) ; Colin Askey , John Cunliffe , Ken Griffiths , Basil Hayward , and Albert Mullard ( forwards ) ; Derek Tomkinson ( reserve forward ) . Their achievements came as a team , without any outstanding stars , which caused The Sentinel to remark that the whole team were stars .
= = Pre @-@ season = =
The pre @-@ season saw no new signings as the young , mostly local squad that had finished second in the 1952 – 53 campaign was enough for manager Freddie Steele . Steele signed a three @-@ year contract following his success the previous season . He considered signing Stoke City goalkeeper Dennis Herod , and the two parties held talks before he was instead sold to Stockport County for £ 500 . Alf Jones was given his first professional contract , whilst Selwyn Whalley ( who was training to become teacher ) , Harry Oliver and John Poole ( both engineering apprentices ) all were given part @-@ time professional contracts . Don Bould and Ron Fitzgerald returned from national service to become full @-@ time professionals . This gave the club a total of 21 full @-@ time professionals , six part @-@ time players and ten players aged 17 – 21 who could only play and train if they could find time off from their compulsory two @-@ year national service . The strip was a traditional white shirt with black shorts , whilst the change kit of red and white stripes were donated by a friend of one of the club 's directors , who was a Sunderland supporter .
There was only one public pre @-@ season friendly on 13 August , which saw the club 's first team take on the reserves ; it ended with a surprise 4 – 2 victory for the reserves , Roland Lewis scoring a hat @-@ trick . Pre @-@ season training consisted primarily of assistant manager Ken Fish leading a marathon running session from Burslem to Hanley and back to Burslem following a stop at a pub for a half @-@ pint of shandy . After returning to the ground Fish would organise a practise game . The fitness work was actually crucial to the team 's success , as Steele was ahead of his time in that he insisted that wide players should defend when the opposition were on the ball , in order to support the defence . Superstition was of great importance to Steele , who ensured that the team rigidly stuck their pre @-@ match rituals such as the intricacies of kit layout and the order in which players entered the pitch .
= = Third Division North = =
The season began with a 2 – 1 win over Mansfield Town at Field Mill on 19 August ; Chris Marron put Mansfield ahead on 52 minutes , before Roy Sproson scored the equaliser on 69 minutes , Basil Hayward scored the winning goal three minutes later after being the first to react to the rebound that came when Colin Askey 's shot hit the crossbar . The main surprise in the line @-@ up of the opening day was that goalkeeper Ray Hancock had been dropped in favour of Ray King after King impressed in the pre @-@ season friendly , the club 's positive season meant that Hancock was unable to win back his place in the side . Vale were then held to two consecutive goalless draws but remained unbeaten in their first seven league games , conceding just two goals . This run included a 3 – 0 win over Darlington at Feethams , and a 4 – 0 win over Barrow in which Hayward scored a hat @-@ trick . They had risen to the top of the table by the third game of the season and remained in first place until the end of the season . Of the Barrow first eleven that day three of the players were brothers : Jack , Alan and Bert Keen .
Vale lost by a single goal at Redheugh Park against Gateshead on 12 September ; Vale , playing in their change kit , were beaten by a 57th @-@ minute goal from John Ingham . This brought to an end the club 's then @-@ record streak of 16 games unbeaten . Four days later Vale recorded a 2 – 1 win over Bradford Park Avenue at the Horsfall Stadium despite Reg Potts being injured with a swollen ankle early in the match . A 2 – 0 home win over Workington on 19 September began a sequence of five clean sheets , with Jim Elsby standing in for Potts as Steele changed the starting line @-@ up for the first time in eight games – this brought Potts ' run of 73 consecutive appearances to an end . The defensive fivesome of keeper Ray King , Tommy Cheadle , Reg Potts , Stan Turner and Roy Sproson began to be known as ' the Iron Curtain ' or ' the Steele Curtain ' ( a play on the manager 's name ) . A 21 September game against nearby unbeaten Crewe Alexandra was billed as a ' crunch clash ' between first and second , and a Sproson goal on 87 minutes won the match for the Vale . For the return a week later a stadium record 17 @,@ 883 packed into Gresty Road to witness a goalless draw at Crewe . The attendance figures were helped by the management team of the Crewe Works , who allowed their workforce to leave work an hour early in order to make it for the 5 : 10pm kick @-@ off . The draw was achieved despite injuries to Albert Leake , Hayward and John Cunliffe , who were replaced by Derek Tomkinson , Roland Lewis and Mick Hulligan .
On 3 October , Vale secured the biggest ever win at Vale Park when they beat York City 5 – 0 . Seven days later Vale 's clean sheet streak came to an end , though they still secured a 2 – 1 victory over Chesterfield at Saltergate ; Cyril Hatton was the scorer for Chesterfield , though it proved not enough to save his team 's unbeaten home record . Albert Mullard had a penalty kick saved towards the end of the game by goalkeeper Ron Powell , the only one of two penalties the club were awarded throughout the campaign . Vale then beat Tranmere Rovers 2 – 0 after their defence successfully contained the threat posed by the division 's then @-@ top scorer Cyril Done . The following week they won 1 – 0 at Halifax Town in a game where Ken Griffiths hit the woodwork three times .
On 7 November , Vale conceded twice in one game for the first time in the season , as Peel Park saw their Accrington Stanley side achieve a 2 – 2 draw with the Vale . Vale lost a two @-@ goal lead in the match , as Ian Brydon scored after the ball got stuck in the mud and then Les Cocker scored the equalising goal after Ray King failed to hold on to a shot . By this time Vale were building a significant point advantage over the rest of the league . On 28 November , Ken Griffiths scored a hat @-@ trick as Vale ' tore apart ' a poor Rochdale side 6 – 0 , exceeding the record Vale Park win that had been set only two months earlier .
Steele was investigated by a joint FA / Football League inquiry for his time as Mansfield Town manager in regard to suspected illegal payments – found guilty , he was given a £ 250 fine ( equivalent to around £ 6 @,@ 000 in 2014 ) . The good run of results continued though , as they beat fifth @-@ placed Barnsley 1 – 0 at Oakwell through a Hayward goal . On Christmas Day and Boxing Day Vale recorded two 1 – 0 wins over Chester , with Hayward again the only player to find the net . Captain Tommy Cheadle pulled a hamstring against Chester , and lost his place in the team as Steele moved the positions around to accommodate Derek Tomkinson in the team . Roland Lewis was made available on a free transfer in December , and moved to non @-@ league side Witton Albion .
The club were granted a licence to build a stand on the Railway Terrace at a cost of £ 25 @,@ 000 . Vale struggled in the league in early 1954 , losing 2 – 1 to Hartlepools United in a fierce wind at Victoria Park . Cheadle was again absent through injury , as two goals from Tommy McGuigan ended Vale 's record run of 21 games unbeaten . Title rivals Gateshead then left Vale Park with a point after a goalless draw , ending the club 's record run of 12 consecutive home victories .
A shock came on 6 February , when Bill Shankly 's Workington earned a 2 – 0 win at Borough Park – the only time in the season Vale lost by more than one goal . Seven days later Scunthorpe & Lindsey United left Vale Park with a point as the home side came close to finding the net on numerous occasions without success despite one shot from Hayward partially injuring goalkeeper Norman Malan after he struck the ball hard into Malan 's jaw . Following this short run of poor form they next recorded a win against York City , securing a 1 – 0 victory at Bootham Crescent . On 27 February , Chesterfield became the first away side to score at Vale Park since September , as they fought back from a two @-@ goal deficit to win a point . Vale had previously conceded just one goal in 20 home games over an 11 @-@ month period , and had last conceded twice in a home league game on 30 August 1952 .
On 6 March , Tranmere Rovers striker Bill Bainbridge put his side ahead at Prenton Park , but the Vale equalised within two minutes and went on to win the game 3 – 1 . They beat Halifax 2 – 0 the following week , with both goals coming in the last 14 minutes of the game . The trip to face Carlisle United at Brunton Park five days later saw six players sit out with injuries , leaving Hancock , Tomkinson , Len Barber , Elsby , Hulligan and Alan Bennett all to make rare appearances ; Ken Fish also took charge of the team as Freddie Steele was watching FA Cup opponents West Bromwich Albion . The game finished goalless , with both Hancock and " Cumbrians " goalkeeper Jimmy McLaren receiving praise for several excellent saves . Vale ended the month with a 1 – 0 victory over Accrington Stanley despite Barber missing the second and last penalty the club would be awarded in the season .
Despite playing twelve games in thirty days throughout April they remained unbeaten . On 10 April they thrashed Stockport County 7 – 0 in a ground record victory , with Hayward scoring a hat @-@ trick – they were 6 – 0 up after 36 minutes but then proceeded to play at ' a pleasant trot ' . The championship title was secured on 17 April at Spotland with a goalless draw with Rochdale . They conceded just two goals in their final seven league games .
Vale finished top of the table with 69 points , eleven clear of second @-@ placed Barnsley . Their 26 league goals conceded in a 46 games was a record . Just five of these were conceded at home , another Football League record . This was based upon 30 clean sheets , again a Football League record . Ray King kept 29 of these clean sheets , a record only equalled by Gillingham goalkeeper Jim Stannard in 1995 – 96 . Vale 's tally of just three league defeats was a club record . They were undefeated at home all season , continuing a 42 match unbeaten run started on 8 November 1952 , that would last until 18 September 1954 . Their achievements was built on a settled squad of nineteen players , twelve of which played regularly . They were the first team to play 54 competitive games in a single season .
= = = Results = = =
Port Vale 's score comes first
Sourced from Statto .
= = = Final league table = = =
P |
= Matches played ; W =
Matches won ; D |
= Matches drawn ; L =
Matches lost ; F |
= Goals for ; A =
Goals against ; GA |
= Goal average ; Pts =
Points
= = FA Cup = =
In the FA Cup , a 3 – 1 win at Feethams took the Vale past league rivals Darlington in the First Round . Les Robson had put the " Quakers " ahead by half @-@ time after Ray King miss @-@ kicked a clearance , but the Vale controlled the game as soon as Albert Leake scored the equaliser .
In the Second Round Vale drew another league rival in Southport , who battled to a 1 – 1 draw at Haig Avenue on 12 December , Harry Whitworth 's header cancelling out Basil Hayward 's opener . The Vale players later admitted they were fortunate to come away with a draw , especially seen as Colin Askey and Albert Leake spent much of the game limping . Two days later Vale recorded a 2 – 0 win in the replay in what was a tough game .
In the Third Round , Queens Park Rangers of the Third Division South were beaten 1 – 0 at Loftus Road . The pitch was muddy and the weather was pouring rain in a game that was inevitably poor in quality , settled in the 50th minute by Albert Leake following a long ball played by John Cunliffe .
The Fourth Round held First Division club Cardiff City in snowy conditions at Ninian Park . Vale won 2 – 0 , and their victory was aided by the fact that Cardiff goalkeeper Ron Howells had to leave the pitch after 20 minutes after being knocked out following a collision with defender Derrick Sullivan , leaving his ten @-@ man team to play 70 minutes with defender Alf Sherwood in goal . Vale attacked through the wings to get in numerous crosses to the box , from which Ken Griffiths and Albert Leake scored their goals . Centre @-@ half Tommy Cheadle restricted centre @-@ forward Trevor Ford to a quiet game , and at full @-@ time the pair were full of bruises but still left the pitch with a handshake and a smile . Cardiff placed a £ 25 @,@ 000 transfer bid for winger Colin Askey , and after their offer was rejected Cardiff stated they were prepared to pay more than £ 25 @,@ 000 , but Port Vale refused any negotiations . Other top clubs also made inquiries , but were all turned away .
In the Fifth Round , the " Valiants " faced holders Blackpool , and 42 @,@ 000 tickets were sold for the clash at Vale Park . The victors of the ' Matthews Final ' brought Stanley Matthews and six other internationals to Vale Park , as well a travelling contingent of 10 @,@ 500 . Albert Leake scored two goals on the waterlogged pitch , as his team put ' a dazzling display in attack and defence ' and their ' hard @-@ fighting , quick @-@ on @-@ the @-@ ball play smothered Blackpool 's intricate approach work ' .
In the Sixth Round they faced Third Division South club Leyton Orient at Brisbane Road , as 8 @,@ 000 Vale fans made up a 31 @,@ 000 crowd . In the days leading up to the game thieves had stolen 1 @,@ 200 matchday tickets and police were vigilant to catch out anyone who tried to enter the stadium with these stolen tickets . The only goal of the game came from Leake – who struck the ball into the net after controlling the ball from a Hayward knock @-@ down from an Askey corner – put Vale into the semi @-@ finals , with the team ' delightedly mobbed ' by supporters after the finish . Ray King made a name for himself in the dying moments of the game after making a save from a George Poulton shot .
The 25 @,@ 000 tickets Vale were allotted for the semi @-@ final clash with West Bromwich Albion at Villa Park sold out on the first day . In all 100 coaches and 14 excursion trains took the supporters to Birmingham for the match on 27 March , at which time high @-@ scoring West Brom were top of the First Division – in all 68 @,@ 221 spectators packed into the stadium . This meant the match secured the club a total of £ 20 @,@ 086 in gate receipts . Ken Griffiths was unable to recover from a knee injury in time for the match and so was replaced by Derek Tomkinson , this was the first and only change to the first eleven throughout the cup run . In the match itself , the ' constructive play ' of Brom was halted by the Vale defence , and a Leake goal on 40 minutes saw Vale 1 – 0 up at half @-@ time . The second half saw the " Throstles " switch to a long ball game , and on 62 minutes Cheadle was bustled off the ball and could only watch the equaliser cross the line . Eight minutes later captain Cheadle was judged to have fouled George Lee just inside the penalty box , though the Port Vale players maintained that the challenge took place well outside of the box , and that Lee also handled the ball . Former " Valiant " star Ronnie Allen converted the resulting penalty . Later in the match Leake had an equalising goal disallowed for offside , and Vale therefore failed to be the first third tier club to reach an FA Cup Final .
" West Brom were top of the First Division at the time , but we were playing out of our skins and we should have gone through . We were devastated after the game . I guess it was just fate , it wasn 't meant to be – but that doesn 't make it any easier to take . They score two dodgy goals and we should have been going to Wembley . Their first goal was a fluke of an own goal which came off the back of Tommy Cheadle 's head . Poor Tommy was as deaf as a door post and I was shouting at him to leave it , but he didn 't hear me and he slipped and put it in the net ... Also , the penalty was never a penalty ; the foul was easily outside the box . Looking at the television replays of the incident , even in grainy black and white , you can see that is obvious . Ronnie Allen , who used to play for Vale , took the penalty . He used to practise them against me in those days , so I knew exactly where was going to hit it , and he knew that I knew . When he stepped up , though , he hammered it right into the corner . I got my fingertips to it , but it was hit too hard and flew into the net – and that was that , we were out . "
= = = Results = = =
= = Finances = =
On the financial side , a new profit of £ 2 @,@ 628 was recorded despite the only transfer activity being a £ 350 credit . Gate receipts had risen by more than £ 11 @,@ 000 to £ 50 @,@ 940 thanks to a then club record average attendance of 16 @,@ 702 . No first team players departed in the summer of 1954 due to the club 's " no buy , no sell " policy . At the end of the season only four players were released : William Cook , F.Viggars , Alf Jones and Lovatt , whilst A.Wharton was made available on a free transfer . None of these five players would play a game in the Football League . In July 1954 the new stand at Vale Park was completed , providing cover for 4 @,@ 500 seated and 12 @,@ 000 standing spectators . The club charged £ 2 @.@ 50 for season tickets to the 42 @,@ 000 ( 1 @,@ 010 seated ) capacity stadium .
On 29 March 1954 , the Vale team played an " All @-@ Star XI " in order to raise money for former Port Vale playing staff who had given long service to the club . The All @-@ Star team was as follows : Frank Swift , Bert Sproston , Andy Beattie , Bill Corkhill , Les McDowall , Joe Mercer , Sammy Crooks , Raich Carter , Freddie Steele , Tim Ward and Peter Doherty ; the All @-@ Stars won 2 – 1 with both goals coming from Steele , making the club 's manager the first player to score two goals against the Vale in one match that season .
= = Player statistics = =
Notes
Players marked with an asterisk ( * ) were on national service for all or part of the season .
Positions are as follows : GK - goalkeeper , FB - full @-@ back , HB - half @-@ back , FW - forward .
|
= Shoshone National Forest =
Shoshone National Forest ( / ʃoʊˈʃoʊniː / shoh @-@ SHOH @-@ nee ) is the first federally protected National Forest in the United States and covers nearly 2 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 acres ( 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ha ) in the state of Wyoming . Originally a part of the Yellowstone Timberland Reserve , the forest is managed by the United States Forest Service and was created by an act of Congress and signed into law by U.S. President Benjamin Harrison in 1891 . Shoshone National Forest is one of the first nationally protected land areas anywhere . Native Americans have lived in the region for at least 10 @,@ 000 years , and when the region was first explored by European adventurers , forestlands were occupied by several different tribes . Never heavily settled or exploited , the forest has retained most of its wildness . Shoshone National Forest is a part of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem , a nearly unbroken expanse of federally protected lands encompassing an estimated 20 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 8 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 ha ) .
The Absaroka and Beartooth Mountains are partly in the northern section of the forest . The Wind River Range is in the southern portion and contains Gannett Peak , the tallest mountain in Wyoming . Yellowstone National Park forms part of the boundary to the west ; south of Yellowstone , the Continental Divide separates the forest from its neighbor Bridger @-@ Teton National Forest to the west . The eastern boundary includes privately owned property , lands managed by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management and the Wind River Indian Reservation , which belongs to the Shoshone and Arapahoe Indians . Custer National Forest along the Montana border is on the northern frontier . The Oregon Trail , the 19th century covered wagon route , passes just south of the forest , where broad and gentle South Pass allowed the migrants to bypass the rugged mountains to the north .
Shoshone National Forest has virtually all the original animal and plant species that were there when white explorers such as John Colter and Jim Bridger first visited the region . The forest is home to the Grizzly bear , cougar , moose , tens of thousands of elk as well as the largest herd of bighorn sheep in the U.S. The streams in the forest are considered to have some of the best game species fishing opportunities in the U.S. including Yellowstone cutthroat trout . More than 1 @,@ 300 miles of hiking trails , 32 campgrounds and adjacent forests and parklands provide numerous recreational opportunities . There are four wilderness areas within the forest , protecting more than half of the managed land area from development . From sagebrush plains through dense spruce and fir forest to craggy mountain peaks , Shoshone National Forest has a rich biodiversity rarely matched in any protected area .
= = Human history = =
Shoshone National Forest is named after the Shoshone Indians , who , along with other Native American groups such as the Lakota , Crow and Northern Cheyenne , were the major tribes encountered by the first white explorers into the region . Archeological evidence suggests that the presence of Indian tribes in the area extends back at least 10 @,@ 000 years . The forest provided an abundance of game meat , wood products , and shelter during the winter months from the more exposed high plains to the east . Portions of the more mountainous regions were frequented by the Shoshone and Sioux for spiritual healing and vision quests . By the early 1840s , Washakie had become the leader of the easternmost branch of the Shoshone Indians . At the Fort Bridger Treaty Council of 1868 Washakie negotiated with the U.S. Government for 44 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 18 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ha ) ) to be preserved as tribal lands . Subsequent amendments to the treaty reduced the actual acreage to approximately 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 810 @,@ 000 ha ) and is known today as the Wind River Indian Reservation .
In 1957 , Mummy Cave was rediscovered by a local resident on the north side of the North Fork Shoshone River , adjacent to U.S. Routes 14 / 16 / 20 , 15 mi ( 24 km ) east of Yellowstone National Park . Subsequent archeological excavations in the 1960s produced evidence that the cave had been occupied for over 9 @,@ 000 years . The oldest deposits in the cave yielded prismatic stone blades and other artifacts created by paleoindians and the surrounding soils were radiocarbon dated to 7 @,@ 300 BC . The evidence indicates the cave was occupied from at least 7280 BC to 1580 AD . Besides projectile points , the cave also produced well preserved feathers , animal hides and other usually perishable materials . Additionally , the mummified remains of an individual buried inside a rock cairn were unearthed , which were dated to 800 AD . Considered one of the finest paleoindian archeological assemblages in the Rocky Mountain region , the site was placed on the National Register of Historic Places list in 1981 .
In the early 19th century , the forest was visited by mountain men and explorers such as John Colter and Jim Bridger . Colter is the first white man known to have visited both the Yellowstone region and the forest , which he did between 1807 and 1808 . Having been an original member of the Lewis and Clark Expedition , Colter requested permission from Meriwether Lewis to leave the expedition after it had finished crossing the Rocky Mountains during their return journey from the Pacific Ocean . Colter teamed up with two unaffiliated explorers the expedition had encountered , but soon thereafter decided to explore regions south of where his new partners wished to venture . Traveling first into the northeastern region of what is today Yellowstone National Park , Colter then explored the Absaroka Mountains , crossing over Togwotee Pass and entering the valley known today as Jackson Hole . Colter survived a grizzly bear attack and a pursuit by a band of Blackfeet Indians who had taken his horse . The explorer later provided William Clark , who had been his commander on the Lewis and Clark Expedition , with previously unknown information on the regions he had explored , which Clark published in 1814 .
Travels by fur trappers and adventurers , such as Manuel Lisa and Jim Bridger from 1807 to 1840 , completed the exploration of the region . With the decline of the fur trade in the late 1840s and much of the prized beaver long since made scarce by over @-@ trapping , few white explorers entered the forest over the next few decades . The first federally financed expedition which passed through portions of Shoshone National Forest was the Raynolds Expedition of 1860 , led by topographical engineer Captain William F. Raynolds . The expedition included geologist and naturalist Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden and was guided by mountain man Jim Bridger . Though the Raynolds Expedition was focused on exploration of the Yellowstone region , several efforts to enter what later became Yellowstone National Park were impeded by heavy snows across the mountain passes such as Two Ocean Pass . The expedition finally crossed the northern Wind River Range at a pass they named Union Pass and entered Jackson Hole valley to the south of Yellowstone . Hayden led another expedition through the region in 1871 . Hayden was primarily interested in documenting the Yellowstone country west of the forest , but his expedition also established that the forest was a prime resource that merited protection . Travels in the forest in the 1880s by later U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt , who was also a strong advocate of land conservation , as well as by General Philip Sheridan , provided the impetus that subsequently established the Yellowstone Timberland Reserve in 1891 , creating the first national forest in the U.S.
In 1902 , President Roosevelt first greatly expanded the reserve and then divided the reserve into four separate units , with Shoshone being the largest . Upon the creation of the U.S. Forest Service in 1905 , the reserve was designated a National Forest , but the current wording and title were formulated forty years later in 1945 . A remnant of the earliest years of the forest management is the Wapiti Ranger Station which is located west of Cody , Wyoming . The station was built in 1903 and is the oldest surviving ranger station in any national forest , and is now designated a National Historic Landmark .
Prior to the establishment of the Wind River Indian Reservation , the U.S. Cavalry constructed Fort Brown on the reservation lands , which was subsequently renamed Fort Washakie . During the late 19th century , the fort was staffed by African @-@ American members of the U.S. Cavalry , better known as the Buffalo Soldiers , including the second African @-@ American graduated from the United States Military Academy , John Hanks Alexander . Chief Washakie is buried at the fort , which is located immediately east of the forest boundary . Rumor has it that Sacajawea , the Shoshone Indian who provided invaluable assistance to Meriwether Lewis and William Clark during the Lewis and Clark Expedition , is also buried here , but it is now considered that this is unlikely and that her actual burial place was Fort Lisa in North Dakota .
During the last decade of the 19th century , minerals such as gold were mined with limited success . The last mine was abandoned in 1907 , but panning for gold is still allowed in many areas of the forest , and in most circumstances no permit is required . After the end of the mining era , numerous camps were established by the Civilian Conservation Corps to help combat unemployment during the Great Depression of the 1930s . The camps housed groups of unemployed men who were paid by the federal government to build roads , hiking trails , and campgrounds for future travelers to the Yellowstone region . Visitation to national forests like Shoshone increased dramatically after World War II with the advent of better roads and accessibility to the region .
= = Forest management = =
Shoshone National Forest is managed by the U.S. Forest Service , an agency within the U.S. Department of Agriculture . The forest is separated into five districts and from 2008 and 2012 had an average staff of 165 employees and an annual operating budget of $ 17 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 . The headquarters and a visitor center are in Cody , Wyoming and a smaller information center is in Lander , Wyoming . There are local ranger district offices in Cody , Dubois and Lander .
Shoshone National Forest practices conservation of resources , which ensures a sustainable flow of some raw materials from the forest , such as lumber for construction purposes and wood pulp for paper products . The forest averages an annual harvest of 4 @.@ 5 million board @-@ feet of timber for the purposes of commercial log home construction and another 2 @.@ 5 million board @-@ feet of wood collection from dead and down trees that are used for firewood and poles . Additionally , low @-@ scale mineral extraction and oil and gas exploration and recovery are also conducted , though in Shoshone National Forest this has become less common due to a consensus to protect the natural surroundings . Only 8 @,@ 570 acres ( 3 @,@ 470 ha ) of oil and gas leases were filed as of 2013 . More common than logging and mining are the lease options that are offered to ranchers to allow them to graze cattle and sheep . The U.S. Forest Service provides guidelines and enforces environmental regulations to ensure that resources are not overexploited and that necessary commodities are available for future generations , though conservation groups have voiced concerns over the management practices of the leasing program and especially cattle overgrazing problems . Leases for sheep grazing have declined considerably since the 1940s while cattle grazing has remained relatively constant .
= = Natural resources = =
= = = Flora = = =
Shoshone National Forest is an integral part of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem , which has 1 @,@ 700 documented species of plants . Since the elevation of the land in the forest ranges from 4 @,@ 600 to 13 @,@ 804 ft ( 1 @,@ 402 to 4 @,@ 207 m ) , which is more than 9 @,@ 000 ft ( 2 @,@ 700 m ) , the forest has a wide variety of ecosystems . Lower elevations often have sagebrush and grass @-@ dominated vegetation types , while forested areas are dominated by various combinations of tree and shrub species . These include lodgepole pine , which along with Rocky Mountain juniper , and quaking aspen are found at elevations up to 9 @,@ 000 ft ( 2 @,@ 700 m ) . At higher elevations subalpine fir , Engelmann spruce , whitebark pine and limber pine , are common , each occurring up to timberline . The region above timberline makes up 25 percent of the total acreage of the forest and of that 13 percent is listed as just either barren , rock or ice . The types of plant species is highly dependent on the amount of water available , and trees are more commonly found on higher slopes due to the longer lasting snowfall which keeps the soil moister for a longer time into the summer months . Along lower elevation riparian corridors , cottonwoods and willows are typically dominant . Numerous plant species are endemic to the region including some that are rare . Among them , the whitlow grass , fremont bladderpod , shoshonea , and the north fork Easter daisy provide vivid white and yellow flowers during the spring and summer .
Exotic species of flora that are not native to the region include Canada thistle , Musk thistle , Spotted knapweed , Leafy spurge and Yellow toadflax . These non @-@ native plant species are considered noxious , impacting native plant communities and the species that thrive on them . Native species such as the mountain pine beetle are having an enormous negative impact on some tree species . A survey of the forest performed in 2010 indicated that over 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 acres ( 400 @,@ 000 ha ) of timberland had been impacted by insects such as the mountain pine beetle , spruce bark beetle and Douglas fir beetle , and that the insects had killed between 25 and 100 percent of the trees in the impacted areas . The forest service is addressing the situation by performing controlled burns , selling dead trees as firewood , timber harvesting and spraying the highest value areas .
= = = Fauna = = =
Since the migration of the endangered gray wolf into Shoshone National Forest after the successful wolf reintroduction program in the Yellowstone region commenced in the mid @-@ 1990s , all of the known 70 mammal species that existed prior to white settlement still exist in the forest . Altogether , at least 335 species of wildlife call Shoshone National Forest their home , including the largest population of Bighorn sheep and one of the few locations Grizzly bears can still be found in the contiguous U. S ..
At least 700 grizzly bears are believed to exist in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem , which includes Shoshone National Forest , with approximately 125 grizzlies in the forest . The grizzly is listed as a threatened species by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service , and the forest is one of their last strongholds . For what are considered to be " nuisance bears " , non @-@ lethal traps are set to capture them so that they can be relocated to remote areas , away from civilization . In the case of the grizzly , each captured bear is tranquilized and then ear tagged with an identifying number . Each number is registered , and if the bear continues to return to areas where they pose a risk of imminent threat to human safety , they are exterminated . The grizzly recovery efforts implemented by federal agencies have often resulted in major disagreements with local landowners and surrounding municipalities . This situation occurs less frequently with the smaller and less aggressive black bear . An active management program , in conjunction with other National Forests and National Parks within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem , works cooperatively to maximize human safety and to ensure habitat protection for both species of endemic bears . Visitors are mandated to store their food in their vehicles or in steel containers found in campgrounds , and bear @-@ proof trash receptacles are located in the front @-@ country zones throughout the forest . In the backcountry , food must be stored some distance from campsites , and other related precautions are enforced to help prevent bad encounters .
The cougar ( mountain lion ) and the gray wolf are large apex predators that inhabit the forest . Since the 1990s wolf reintroduction program in Yellowstone National Park , wolves have migrated into the forest and established permanent packs . Approximately a dozen wolf packs totaling 70 individual wolves were documented in the forest in 2012 . The wolf was delisted as endangered once their population levels had reached management objectives and limited hunting of wolves was permitted in the forest starting in 2012 . Cougars are generally nocturnal and rarely seen but hunting of this species is also allowed in highly regulated harvests . Wolverines are rare and elusive so documentation is often only from their tracks . The Canada lynx was native to the forest , but no known populations may still exist due to the rarity of its primary food source , the Snowshoe hare . Shoshone National Forest is considered critical habitat for lynx recovery since the species is listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act and the forest is in their historical range . Other generally carnivorous mammals include coyote , bobcat , weasel , marten , ferret and badger .
Omnivorous mammals such as the raccoon and skunk and herbivore mammal species such as the porcupine and pika , are common to the forest . The beaver is considered a species of special interest to Shoshone National Forest since its dam building activities improve habitat for numerous other species such as the moose , breeding waterfowl , various amphibians and other species dependent on a riparian environment .
Native herbivores such as the moose are found in small numbers near waterways , especially at lower elevations . Moose populations in northwestern Wyoming and other areas of North America have been on the decline since the end of the 20th century , possibly due to a parasite . There were an estimated 739 moose in the forest in 2006 which is almost 300 fewer than there were 20 years earlier . Other ungulate species are much more common and there are over 20 @,@ 000 elk ( also known as wapiti ) and 40 @,@ 000 mule deer . Bighorn sheep and mountain goats inhabit the rocky terrain and highest elevations . During the winter , one of the largest bighorn sheep herds in the lower 48 states congregate in the region around Dubois , Wyoming ; however , their numbers since 1990 have been diminished due to disease transmitted from contact with domesticated sheep and goats . An estimated 5 @,@ 000 bighorn sheep are found throughout the forest and a small but stable population of 200 mountain goats reside in the northernmost portions of the forest . Bison and pronghorn antelope are two other ungulates that live on the forest and have sustainable populations .
An estimated 300 species of birds are found in the forest at least part of the year . Bald eagle , peregrine falcon , Swainson ’ s hawk and the prairie falcon are birds of prey that are relatively common . Waterfowl such as Western grebe , Northern pintail , Great blue heron and Barrow ’ s goldeneye have stable populations and rare sightings of Trumpeter swans are reported. pheasant , ruffed grouse and wild turkey are widely distributed across the open sage lands . Harlequin duck and northern goshawk are generally rare but management plans were implemented to protect various habitats these two species frequent to try and increase their population numbers .
Fish found in Shoshone National Forest include at least six species and subspecies of trout including rainbow , brook and brown trout . The Yellowstone cutthroat trout is widespread throughout the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem , but in the forest is mostly limited to the Shoshone River . The mountain whitefish is also found in the Shoshone River , while the burbot is found in two streams in the southern regions of the forest .
There are more than a dozen species of reptiles in the forest including the venomous prairie rattlesnake which can be found at lower elevations . The western painted and the ornate box turtle are turtle species known to exist and about eight species of lizards such as the greater short @-@ horned lizard have been documented . Amphibians such as the Columbia spotted frog and the boreal toad are considered species of concern because of their high susceptibility to disease , habitat loss and human introduced toxins . Boreal toads are found at elevations of between 7 @,@ 380 and 11 @,@ 800 ft ( 2 @,@ 250 and 3 @,@ 600 m ) and the Columbia spotted frog can live at elevations as high as 9 @,@ 480 ft ( 2 @,@ 890 m ) in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem .
Exotic species of fauna such as the zebra and quagga mussels and the New Zealand mud snail are invasive species that can greatly impact fish species . Though the mussel species are not known to be in Wyoming , several surrounding regions have reported them . The New Zealand mud snail has been found in the Shoshone River east of the forest . Forest managers have established a preventative program to try to keep these species from entering forest waterways .
= = = Wilderness = = =
The forest contains four areas of pristine wilderness that have remained largely untouched by human activities such as mining , logging , and road and building construction . The four regions include the North Absaroka , Washakie , Fitzpatrick and Popo Agie Wildernesses . Additionally , a small portion of the Absaroka @-@ Beartooth Wilderness extends into the extreme northwestern part of the forest , along the Montana border . In Shoshone National Forest , 1 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 acres ( 570 @,@ 000 ha ) , constituting 56 percent of the forest is designated wilderness . The wilderness designation provides a much higher level of land protection and prohibits any alterations by man to the resource .
The Wilderness Act of 1964 enhanced the protection status of remote and / or undeveloped land already contained within federally administered protected areas . Passage of the act ensured that no human improvements would take place aside from those already existing . The protected status in wilderness designated zones prohibits road and building construction , oil and mineral exploration or extraction , and logging , and also prohibits the use of motorized equipment , including even bicycles . The only manner in which people can enter wilderness areas is either on foot or horseback . Hunting and fishing are permitted in the wilderness , just as they are throughout the forest , provided those engaging in such activities have the proper licenses and permits .
= = = Fire ecology = = =
Fire Management officials in Shoshone National Forest recognize that forest fires are a natural part of the ecosystem ; however , this was not always the case . 20th century fire fighting efforts , especially in the first half of that century , emphasized quickly extinguishing all fires , as fire was seen as completely detrimental to a forest . In 1935 , fire management officials established the 10 am rule for all fires on federal lands , which recommended aggressive attack on fires and to have them controlled by 10 am , the day after they are first detected . This was intended to prevent fires from remaining active into the afternoon when the rising temperatures and more turbulent air caused fires to expand and become more erratic . However , this policy led to an increase in fuels because fires were often extinguished before they had a chance to burn out dead and dying old growth . It was in a stand of old growth fir trees in Shoshone National Forest that the Blackwater fire of 1937 killed 15 fighters during a firestorm 35 mi ( 56 km ) west of Cody , Wyoming . The fire was one of the deadliest in terms of forest firefighter deaths in U.S. history .
Between the years 1970 and 2012 , Shoshone National Forest averaged 25 fires annually , of which half were due to natural ignition from lightning , which accounted for 90 percent of the total acreage burned . The remaining acreage that burned was due to campfires that got out of control or from other causes . In Shoshone National Forest , the highest fire incidence is generally in the months of August and September . An average of 2 @,@ 334 acres ( 945 ha ) burns annually , with the worst year in the past century being 1988 , when 194 @,@ 430 acres ( 78 @,@ 680 ha ) burned from fires that had spread from the conflagration that engulfed Yellowstone National Park and the surrounding region . After the Yellowstone region fires of 1988 , an effort to identify areas of similar fire potential was implemented . Fire managers at Shoshone National Forest work with a number of outside agencies to incorporate fire restrictions , fuels management , and a controlled burn plans to reduce the chances of a catastrophic fire . The dead and dying trees which have been killed by various species of bark beetle may have a great impact on future forest fires . Fire managers have stated the worst time for increased fire activity is 1 – 2 years after the trees are killed and then again after the trees have fallen many years later .
= = Geography and geology = =
Shoshone National Forest borders Yellowstone National Park and Bridger @-@ Teton National Forest to the west . The Continental Divide demarks the boundary between Shoshone and Bridger @-@ Teton National Forests . Along the Montana border , Shoshone National Forest borders Custer National Forest to the north . Private property , property belonging to the state of Wyoming and lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management form the eastern boundaries . Lastly , the Wind River Indian Reservation also borders on the east , and bisects a smaller southern section which includes the Popo Agie Wilderness and the Washakie Ranger District .
The altitude in the forest ranges from 4 @,@ 600 feet ( 1 @,@ 400 m ) near Cody , Wyoming , to 13 @,@ 804 ft ( 4 @,@ 207 m ) at the top of Gannett Peak , an elevation gain of over 9 @,@ 200 ft ( 2 @,@ 800 m ) . Of the three major mountain ranges found in the forest , they are geologically distinct from each other . All of the mountains are a part of the Rocky Mountains . In the northern and central portions of the forest lie the Absaroka Mountains which were named after the Crow Indian tribe . The majority of the Absaroka Mountains are contained within the forest , with the highest peak being Francs Peak at 13 @,@ 158 ft ( 4 @,@ 011 m ) . The peaks of the Absaroka are basaltic in origin , having been the result of volcanic activity estimated to have occurred 50 million years ago during the Eocene epoch . The rocks are composed of mostly andesite and breccias deposited for millions of years during volcanic events and are atop more ancient sedimentary rocks that are considered to have economically viable mineral wealth . Gold was mined from the slopes of Francs Peak between the years 1890 and 1915 , and the small ghost town of Kirwin remains as a legacy of that period . Major tributaries of the Bighorn River , such as the Shoshone and Greybull Rivers , originate in the Absaroka Mountains . Important passes through the Absarokas include Sylvan Pass , which leads to the eastern entrance of Yellowstone National Park ; and Togwotee Pass , which provides access to Jackson Hole and Grand Teton National Park .
In the far north of Shoshone National Forest a small portion of the Beartooth Mountains are located north of the Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River . The Beartooths are composed of Precambrian granitic rocks that are amongst the oldest found on Earth . Although often considered a part of the Absaroka Mountains , the Beartooths are distinct in appearance and geologic history . Uplifted approximately 70 million years ago during the Laramide orogeny , the Beartooths consist of vast windswept plateaus and rugged peaks with sheer cliff faces . The Beartooth Highway ( U.S. Highway 212 ) crosses 10 @,@ 974 @-@ foot ( 3 @,@ 340 m ) Beartooth Pass , and from there descends to the northeast entrance to Yellowstone National Park .
The Wind River Range is in the southern portion of the forest and is composed primarily of Precambrian granitic rock . Gannett Peak , the tallest mountain in Wyoming , is in the northern part of the range . Altogether eight peaks exceed 13 @,@ 500 ft ( 4 @,@ 100 m ) and 119 rise at least 12 @,@ 000 ft ( 3 @,@ 700 m ) above sea level . Fremont Peak , the second highest peak in the range , was originally believed to be the tallest mountain in the Rocky Mountains due to its prominence when viewed from the Oregon Trail by early pioneers . The Wind River Range is popular with mountain climbers because of its solid rock and variety of routes . The Cirque of the Towers in the Popo Agie Wilderness is one of the more popular climbing and hiking destinations , and an estimated 200 different climbing routes are located within the peaks that surround the cirque .
There are over 500 lakes in the forest , and 1 @,@ 000 mi ( 1 @,@ 600 km ) of streams and rivers . The Clarks Fork of the Yellowstone River is federally designated as a Wild and Scenic River for 22 mi ( 35 km ) through the forest , with cliffs towering up to 2 @,@ 000 ft ( 610 m ) as the river winds through a gorge . The forest is on the eastern slopes of the Continental Divide , and the rivers flow into the Atlantic Ocean basin .
= = = Glaciology = = =
According to the U.S. Forest Service , Shoshone National Forest has the greatest number of glaciers of any National Forest in the Rocky Mountains . The forest recreation guide lists 16 named and 140 unnamed glaciers within the forest , all in the Wind River Range . Forty @-@ four of these glaciers are in the Fitzpatrick Wilderness , centered around the highest mountain peaks . However , the state water board for Wyoming lists only 63 glaciers for the entire Wind River Range , which includes glaciers in adjacent Bridger @-@ Teton National Forest . Researchers claim that for most of the period that glaciers have been known to exist in the forest , that they have been in a state of general retreat , with glacial mass losses of as much as 25 percent between the years 1985 and 2009 .
Reversing the growth of mid @-@ latitude glaciers that occurred during the Little Ice Age ( 1350 – 1850 ) , there has been a world @-@ wide reduction of mountain glacial ice since , with some regions losing as much as 50 percent of their peak ice cover . This can be correlated by examining photographic evidence of glaciers taken over time even with an absence of other means of documentation . The behavior of the glaciers of Shoshone National Forest is consistent with this pattern . In one study of Dinwoody and Gannett Glaciers , during the period from 1958 to 1983 , the thickness of these glaciers was reduced 77 and 61 ft ( 23 and 19 m ) , respectively .
Gannett Glacier , on the northeast slope of Gannett Peak , is the largest single glacier in the U.S. Rocky Mountains . It has reportedly lost over 50 percent of its volume since 1920 with 25 percent of that occurring between the years 1980 @-@ 1999 . Upper Fremont Glacier has been studied more than any other glacier in the Wind River Range . Scientist have obtained ice cores from the Upper Fremont Glacier and found that there have been measurable changes in the atmosphere over the past several hundred years . The Upper Fremont Glacier and the Quelccaya Ice Cap in the Andes of South America both show nearly identical atmospheric records , which indicate a global linkage of atmospheric conditions over time .
The small glaciers in the forest are less able to resist melting than the great ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica . Once a glacier begins retreating , it may fall into disequilibrium and be unable to find mass balance ( accumulation versus melting rate ) at any size . Without a favorable climate change , it will continue to retreat until it disappears . Loss of glacial ice already reduces the summer glacial runoff that supplies water to streams and lakes and provides a cold @-@ water source vital to certain fish and plant species . This , in turn , may have a significant impact on the forest ecosystem over time .
= = Climate = =
Wyoming is an arid state , averaging 12 @.@ 68 inches ( 32 @.@ 2 cm ) of precipitation annually . However , Shoshone National Forest is located in and near some of the largest mountain ranges in the state , and consequently receives anywhere between 15 and 70 in ( 380 and 1 @,@ 780 mm ) annually . Higher elevations in the forest not only get more precipitation than lower elevations , but also have lower overall temperatures , with summertime highs around 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) and lows near 35 ° F ( 2 ° C ) while lower elevations may be 20 ° F ( − 7 ° C ) or more warmer on average . Humidity levels throughout the forest are low , especially at higher altitudes . In the middle of the forest at the Wapiti Ranger Station , which is 30 mi ( 48 km ) west of the forest headquarters in Cody , Wyoming , January high and low temperatures are 35 @.@ 8 and 13 @.@ 2 ° F ( 2 @.@ 1 and − 10 @.@ 4 ° C ) , while the July highs and lows are 81 @.@ 4 and 49 @.@ 1 ° F ( 27 @.@ 4 and 9 @.@ 5 ° C ) . The annual precipitation at Wapiti is 10 @.@ 37 in ( 263 mm ) .
Most of the precipitation falls in the winter and early spring , while summer is punctuated with widely scattered thunderstorms . The autumn is usually cool and dry . Due to the altitude and dryness of the atmosphere , vigorous radiative cooling occurs throughout the year , and exceptional daily temperature variances are not uncommon . Consequently , the nights range from very cool in the summer to extremely cold in the winter ; therefore , visitors should always remember to bring along at least a jacket , even during the summer . Records indicate that the highest temperature ever recorded in the forest was 100 ° F ( 38 ° C ) in 1978 , while the coldest was − 49 ° F ( − 45 ° C ) in 1972 .
= = Recreation = =
Shoshone National Forest receives an average of over half a million visitors a year . Two visitor centers provide orientation , books , maps , and interpretive displays . One visitor center is at the Wapiti Wayside on the Buffalo Bill Cody Scenic Byway , west of Cody , Wyoming and adjacent to the historic Wapiti Ranger Station while the other visitor center is to the south in Lander , Wyoming . There are 30 vehicle access campgrounds in the forest , with up to 54 individual sites per campground . Approximately half of these campgrounds provide running water and restroom facilities and also provide for handicapped accessibility . Referred to as " front country " campgrounds , they also permit recreational vehicle access in most cases . All of the campgrounds are on a first come , first served basis although four campgrounds have sites that can be reserved in advance by contacting the National Reservation Service . Due to the presence of grizzly bears , a few of the campgrounds require what is referred to as " hard @-@ sided " camping only , and tent camping is not permitted .
For some visitors the greater solitude of the backcountry requires using hiking trails to backpacking or horseback riding into more remote destinations . There are dozens of trails which total over 1 @,@ 600 mi ( 2 @,@ 600 km ) located throughout the forest . Many of the trailheads can be accessed at campgrounds , with shorter day hikes available as well . The Continental Divide Trail has a 20 @-@ mile ( 32 km ) section which passes through the forest and crosses the Continental Divide at Sheridan Pass . There is also the Nez Perce National Historic Trail and the Beartooth Loop National Recreation Trail , both of which are in the northern regions of the forest . Some remote areas can also be accessed by horseback . Trailheads usually provide enough room for horse and pack animal trailers plus personal vehicles . Along forest access roads , all @-@ terrain vehicles ( ATV ) are allowed , but since wilderness areas do not permit access by way of motorized transport , those who wish to visit such areas usually do so either by hiking in or on horseback .
Hunting and fishing are popular recreational activities permitted throughout the forest . Many of the streams and rivers are considered to be " Blue Ribbon Trout Streams " . Though many streams and lakes have excellent opportunities to catch various species of trout , the north and south forks of the Shoshone River , the Greybull River and the Clark 's Fork of the Yellowstone , the only federally designated Wild and Scenic River in Wyoming , are a few of the better locations to reign in a trophy level Rainbow or Yellowstone cutthroat trout . 1 @,@ 000 miles ( 1 @,@ 600 km ) of streams and a hundred lakes that can be legally fished from provide plenty of elbow room during even the most crowded of fishing seasons . Hunting and fishing licenses are sponsored by the state of Wyoming and are available through the Wyoming Game and Fish Department .
The southern section of the forest in the Wind River Range is the primary destination for mountain climbers . Nine of the highest 10 peaks in Wyoming are here , and the mountains are primarily of granitic rock with countless cliffs and sheer rock walls . The Cirque of the Towers is particularly popular as it has numerous peaks within a relatively short distance of each other . Two particular climbs on the peaks in the cirque are considered amongst the finest climbing adventures available in the U.S. The Absaroka Range also attracts climbers but not of a technical nature since the rocks are not considered solid enough for good anchoring points . For the tallest peaks in the Wind River Range , the entire summiting effort will take even experienced climbers many days due to the inaccessibility of the region and complexity of the climbing effort .
Winter activities include cross @-@ country skiing and snowmobiling , with 48 mi ( 77 km ) of groomed trails for cross @-@ country skiing and over 300 mi ( 480 km ) for use by snowmobilers . The region around Togwotee Pass allows snowmobilers easy access from paved roads and has snow depths of between 6 to 10 ft ( 1 @.@ 8 to 3 @.@ 0 m ) annually at elevations of 8 @,@ 000 to 10 @,@ 000 ft ( 2 @,@ 400 to 3 @,@ 000 m ) , which equates to a long season for winter activities .
= = = Scenic roads = = =
Shoshone National Forest forms the eastern boundary of Yellowstone National Park and the northeastern and eastern entrances to the park are both accessed by way of designated scenic roadways . A federally designated National Scenic Byways All @-@ American Road , the Beartooth Highway ( U.S. Highway 212 ) , weaves through the forest and serves as the northeastern entranceway to Yellowstone National Park . Chief Joseph Scenic Byway ( Wyoming Highway 296 ) connects Cody , Wyoming with the Beartooth Highway and follows the old trail in which Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce tribe attempted to flee the U.S. Cavalry in 1877 . South of there , Buffalo Bill Cody Scenic Byway ( US 14 / 16 / 20 ) heads west from Cody , Wyoming , passes through the forest and crosses Sylvan Pass as it enters Yellowstone . Lastly , the Wyoming Centennial Scenic Byway ( US 26 / 287 ) heads northwest from Dubois , Wyoming , over Togwotee Pass and enters Jackson Hole and Grand Teton National Park . Though the Beartooth Highway is the only one of these four roads that is a National Scenic Byway , all four of them have been designated Wyoming State Scenic Byways by the state of Wyoming .
= = Popular Culture = =
Shoshone National Forest was the setting of the 2016 first person adventure video game , Firewatch .
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= Battle of Camperdown =
The Battle of Camperdown ( known in Dutch as the Zeeslag bij Kamperduin ) was a major naval action fought on 11 October 1797 , between a Royal Navy fleet under Admiral Adam Duncan and a Dutch Navy fleet under Vice @-@ Admiral Jan de Winter . The battle was the most significant action between British and Dutch forces during the French Revolutionary Wars and resulted in a complete victory for the British , who captured eleven Dutch ships without losing any of their own . In 1795 , the Dutch Republic had been overrun by the army of the French Republic and had been reorganised into the Batavian Republic , a French client state . In early 1797 , after the French Atlantic Fleet had suffered heavy losses in a disastrous winter campaign , the Dutch fleet was ordered to reinforce the French at Brest . The rendezvous never occurred ; the continental allies failed to capitalise on the Spithead and Nore mutinies that paralysed the British Channel forces and North Sea fleets during the spring of 1797 .
By September , the Dutch fleet under De Winter were blockaded within their harbour in the Texel by the British North Sea fleet under Duncan . At the start of October , Duncan was forced to return to Yarmouth for supplies and De Winter used the opportunity to conduct a brief raid into the North Sea . When the Dutch fleet returned to the Dutch coast on 11 October , Duncan was waiting , and intercepted De Winter off the coastal village of Camperduin . Attacking the Dutch line of battle in two loose groups , Duncan 's ships broke through at the rear and van and were subsequently engaged by Dutch frigates lined up on the other side . The battle split into two melees , one to south , or leeward , where the more numerous British overwhelmed the Dutch rear , and one to the north , or windward , where a more evenly matched exchange centred on the battling flagships . As the Dutch fleet attempted to reach shallower waters in an effort to escape the British attack , the British leeward division joined the windward combat and eventually forced the surrender of the Dutch flagship Vrijheid and ten other ships .
The loss of their flagship prompted the surviving Dutch ships to disperse and retreat , Duncan recalling the British ships with their prizes for the journey back to Yarmouth . En route , the fleet was struck by a series of gales and two prizes were wrecked and another had to be recaptured before the remainder reached Britain . Casualties in both fleets were heavy , as the Dutch followed the British practice of firing at the hulls of enemy ships rather than their masts and rigging , which caused higher losses among the British crews than they normally experienced against continental navies . The Dutch fleet was broken as an independent fighting force , losing ten ships and more than 1 @,@ 100 men . When British forces confronted the Dutch Navy again two years later in the Vlieter Incident , the Dutch sailors , confronted with superior British fire power as they had been at Camperdown and in the face of pro Orangist insurrection , abandoned their ships and surrendered en masse .
= = Background = =
In the winter of 1794 – 1795 , forces of the French Republic overran the neighbouring Dutch Republic during the French Revolutionary Wars . The French then reorganised the country as a client state named the Batavian Republic , and it joined France against the allies in the War of the First Coalition . One of the most important Dutch assets of which the French gained control was the Dutch Navy , which had been captured in its frozen harbour in the Texel by French cavalry advancing across the ice . The Dutch fleet provided a substantial reinforcement to the French forces in Northern European waters , which were principally based at Brest on the Atlantic Ocean and whose main opponent was the Royal Navy 's Channel Fleet . The location of the main anchorage of the Dutch fleet in the waters off the Texel prompted a reorganisation of the distribution of British warships in Northern European waters , with a new focus on the importance of the North Sea . With the Navy suffering severe shortages in men and equipment and with other theatres of war deemed more important , small , old and poorly maintained ships were activated from reserve and based in harbours in East Anglia , principally the port of Yarmouth , under the command of Admiral Adam Duncan . The 65 @-@ year @-@ old Duncan was a veteran of the wars of the War of the Austrian Succession ( 1740 – 1748 ) , the Seven Years ' War ( 1756 – 1763 ) and the American Revolutionary War ( 1775 – 1783 ) and had fought at numerous engagements with distinction and success . Standing at 6 ' 4 " he was also noted for his physical strength and size : a contemporary described him as " almost gigantic " .
The French Navy had suffered a series of one @-@ sided defeats in the opening years of the war , suffering heavy losses at the Glorious First of June in 1794 and during the Croisière du Grand Hiver the following January . In late 1796 , after prompting from representatives of the United Irishmen ( a society dedicated to ending British rule of the Kingdom of Ireland ) , the French Atlantic Fleet launched a large scale attempt to invade Ireland , known as the Expédition d 'Irlande . This too ended in disaster , with twelve ships lost and thousands of men drowned in fierce winter gales . Their ambitions frustrated , the representatives of the United Irishmen , led by Wolfe Tone , turned to the new Batavian state for support and were promised assistance in the coming year by a united French and Dutch fleet . A plan was formulated to merge the French and Dutch fleets and attack Ireland together in the summer of 1797 . Tone joined the staff of Vice @-@ Admiral Jan de Winter on his flagship Vrijheid in the Texel and 13 @,@ 500 Dutch troops were equipped in preparation for the operation , the fleet waiting only for the best moment to take advantage of easterly winds and sweep past the British blockade and down the English Channel .
= = = Spithead Mutiny = = =
For the Royal Navy , the early years of the war had been successful , but the commitment to a global conflict was creating a severe strain on available equipment , men and financial resources . The navy had expanded from 134 ships at the start of the conflict in 1793 , to 633 by 1797 , and personnel had increased from 45 @,@ 000 men to 120 @,@ 000 , an achievement possible only as a result of the impressment service , which abducted criminals , beggars and unwilling conscripts for compulsory service at sea . Wages had not been increased since 1653 , and were usually months late , rations were terrible , shore leave forbidden and discipline harsh . Tensions in the fleet had been gradually rising since the start of the war , and in February 1797 , anonymous sailors from the Channel Fleet at Spithead sent letters to their former commander , Lord Howe , soliciting his support in improving their conditions . The list was deliberately ignored on the instructions of First Lord of the Admiralty Lord Spencer , and , on 16 April , the sailors responded with the Spithead Mutiny : a largely peaceful strike action led by a delegation of seamen from each ship tasked with negotiating with the authorities and enforcing discipline . For a month the fleet remained at stalemate , until Lord Howe was able to negotiate a series of improvements in conditions that enabled the strikers to return to regular service . The mutiny had achieved almost all of its aims ; increasing pay , removing unpopular officers and improving conditions for the men serving in the Channel Fleet and , ultimately , the whole navy .
While the upheaval continued at Spithead , Duncan had retained order in the North Sea Fleet at Yarmouth by the sheer force of his personality . When men from his flagship , HMS Venerable , clambered up into the rigging and roared three cheers in a prearranged signal for the revolt to begin on 1 May , Duncan initially threatened to run the ringleader through with his sword . Calmed by his subordinates , he instead assembled his officers and the Royal Marines aboard his ship and advanced on the men in the rigging , demanding to know what they were doing . So fierce was his tone that the men fell silent and hesitantly returned to their quarters except for five ringleaders , whom he admonished personally on his quarterdeck before issuing a general pardon and dismissing them to their duty . The following week , he assembled all of the men and demanded to know whether they would follow his orders : in response , the crew nominated a spokesman , who apologised for their actions , saying , " we humbly implore your honour 's pardon with hearts full of gratitude and tears in our eyes for the offense we have given to the worthiest of commanders who has proved a father to us " . A week later , when a similar outbreak of mutiny affected the fourth rate ship , HMS Adamant , under Captain William Hotham , Duncan again acted decisively , coming aboard Adamant as the crew rebelled and demanding to know if there was any man who disputed his authority . When a sailor stepped forward , Duncan seized him by his shirt and dangled him over the side of the ship with one arm crying , " My lads - look at this fellow - he who dares to deprive me of command of the fleet " . The mutiny evaporated almost instantly .
= = = Nore Mutiny = = =
Despite his initial success , Duncan was unable to retain control in the face of a more widespread revolt on 15 May among the ships based at the Nore , which became known as the Nore Mutiny . Led by a sailor named Richard Parker , the Nore mutineers quickly organised and became a significant threat to water traffic in the Thames Estuary . Duncan was informed that his fleet at Yarmouth might be ordered to attack the mutineers and , although reluctant , responded , " I do not shrink from the business if it cannot otherwise be got the better of " . When rumours of the plan reached the fleet at Yarmouth , the crew of Venerable also expressed their distaste with the plan , but reaffirmed their promise of loyalty to their admiral whatever the circumstances . News then arrived that the Dutch fleet under De Winter was preparing to sail , and Duncan 's fleet was ordered by Lord Spencer to blockade the Dutch coast . Duncan issued orders for the fleet to weigh anchor , but the men disobeyed and ship after ship overthrew their officers and joined the mutineers at the Nore . Eventually Duncan was left with only his own Venerable and Hotham 's Adamant to contain the entire Dutch fleet . Duncan later wrote that , " To be deserted by my own fleet in the face of the enemy is a disgrace which I believe never before happened to a British admiral , nor could I have supposed it possible . "
Aware that the escape of the Dutch fleet into the North Sea at such a vulnerable time could be disastrous for Britain , Duncan maintained his position off the Texel for three days , during which the wind was ideal for a Dutch foray , and he disguised his two vessels as different ships on each day and ordered the frigate HMS Circe to make a flurry of nonsensical signals to a fictitious British fleet beyond the horizon . He was subsequently joined by two additional ships , HMS Russell and Sans Pareil , and on the fourth day , with conditions still perfect for the Dutch , he anchored his squadron in the Marsdiep Channel and gave orders for them to fight until their ships sank , thereby blocking the channel . In a speech to his men , he announced that , " The soundings are such that my flag will continue to fly above the water after the ship and her company have disappeared " . The expected attack never came : the Dutch army that was to have joined the fleet was not prepared , and Duncan 's misleading signals had successfully convinced De Winter that a large British fleet waited just beyond the horizon . The winds subsequently changed direction , and , on 10 June , six more ships joined Duncan 's squadron from the Channel Fleet , and , on 13 June , a Russian squadron arrived . While Duncan had been at sea , the Nore Mutiny had acrimoniously fallen apart under blockade by government forces . Cut off from food supplies and with public support decidedly against the mutiny , Parker issued threats that the ships under his control would be handed over to the French government . Fighting subsequently broke out between the radical leaders and the moderate majority of seamen , and the ships gradually deserted Parker and returned to their anchorages , so that by 12 June only two ships still flew the red flag of the mutineers . Eventually , the last rebellious ship , Parker 's own HMS Sandwich , surrendered on 14 June .
= = De Winter 's cruise = =
By the middle of August 1797 , after six weeks of constant easterly winds that kept his ships trapped in their harbour , De Winter decided that an attempt to join the French at Brest as the first stage of an invasion of Ireland was impractical and he abandoned the plan . In part this decision was due to the strength of Duncan 's reconstituted fleet , which had increased to 17 ships of the line with the addition of the vessels returned from the Nore . Duncan 's men were also better trained and more experienced than their Dutch counterparts , having spent considerably longer at sea and having been taught to fire three rounds a minute to the Dutch two . In addition to his concerns about the proficiency of his men , De Winter was also worried about their loyalty : the dominion of France over the Batavian Republic and the country 's enforced participation in distant theatres of warfare were unpopular among the Dutch people . Although De Winter was an avowed republican , who had fought in the French Army against the Netherlands between 1793 and 1795 , support for the House of Orange remained strong among the Dutch population and with the fleet 's sailors . Wolfe Tone wrote in frustration that " The destiny of Europe might have been changed for ever . . . the great occasion is lost , and we must do as well as we can . "
When news of this decision reached the Admiralty , they recalled Duncan 's blockade fleet to Yarmouth for a refit on 1 October , the admiral insisting on sending some of his ships back to the Dutch coast two days later under Captain Henry Trollope in HMS Russell accompanied by HMS Adamant and the small ships HMS Beaulieu , Circe and Martin with the hired armed cutter Black Joke . Their arrival off Texel on 6 October coincided with De Winter 's much delayed expedition . Although some sources , particularly in France , have claimed that De Winter was determined to bring Duncan to battle , in reality he was more concerned that his men were disaffected and inexperienced by their long stay in port , and had reluctantly acceded to orders from the Batavian government to conduct a brief sweep in the Southern North Sea in search of weak British forces that could be overwhelmed by his fleet or drawn into the dangerous shallow waters of the Dutch coastline . He may also have been hoping to resurrect the plan to augment the French at Brest if he was able to pass westwards down the English Channel undetected . His fleet consisted of 16 ships of the line and a number of smaller support craft , and his orders from The Hague included instructions to remember " how frequently Dutch Admirals have maintained the honour of the Dutch flag , even when the enemy 's forces were sometimes superior to theirs . " Preparing the ships for sea took some time , and the Dutch did not manage to leave the Texel until 10 : 00 on 8 October , De Winter turning southwest in the hope of linking with another Dutch ship of the line at the mouth of the River Maas . Within hours , Trollope had discovered and followed De Winter .
The Dutch fleet was watched constantly by the ships Duncan had sent to observe them , and when Dutch preparations to sail were observed a message was sent back to Duncan informing him of the Dutch movements . The despatch vessel flew the signal for an enemy as it entered Yarmouth roads early in the morning on 9 October , so that by the time it had docked the British fleet was already preparing to sail , Duncan sending the final message to the Admiralty : " The wind is now in the NE and [ I ] shall make good course over to them , and if it please God , hope to get at them . The squadron under my command are unmoored and I shall put to sea immediately . " Before midday , Duncan had sailed with the 11 ships that were ready and steered for the mouth of the Texel , intending to intercept De Winter on his return . By evening his fleet was at full strength , three stragglers having rejoined , and on the afternoon of 10 October his ships were anchored off the Dutch port , scouts reporting 22 merchant ships in the harbour but no sign of De Winter 's warships . Since leaving the Texel , De Winter had been unable to escape from Trollope 's ships : on the evening of 10 October , several Dutch vessels were detached to drive his squadron away while the Dutch fleet lay off the Maas , but could not close with the faster British vessels . Having failed to make the rendezvous off the Maas , De Winter then turned to the northwest , cruising off Lowestoft in Suffolk and again unsuccessfully attempting to drive away Trollope 's squadron . There , reports from Dutch fishing vessels of Duncan 's appearance off the Texel reached De Winter and he immediately recalled his ships and ordered the fleet to turn back towards the Dutch coast , aiming for the village of Scheveningen . Meanwhile , further messages from Trollope reporting the Dutch movements had reached Duncan and he turned his fleet west , following the Dutch coastline . At 07 : 00 on the morning of 11 October Trollope 's squadron sighted sails to the northeast and , after confirming that they were Duncan 's fleet , signalled that the Dutch fleet was approximately 3 nautical miles ( 5 @.@ 6 km ) further to the southwest , becoming visible to the fleet by 08 : 30 . The first clear sighting was reported by Captain Peter Halkett of Circe , who had climbed the mainmast to get a better view . At this point , the Dutch were sailing towards land , approximately 9 nautical miles ( 17 km ) off the coast of Noord @-@ Holland , close to the village of Camperduin . The weather was poor , with heavy seas and strong wind from the southeast broken by frequent rain squalls , but this did not prevent hundreds of Dutch civilians gathering on the dunes to watch the impending combat .
= = = Duncan 's attack = = =
At 09 : 00 , Duncan made the signal to prepare for battle while De Winter organised his ships into a line of battle to meet the British attack in a solid defensive formation , sailing on the port tack in a northeasterly heading . As they manoeuvred into their assigned stations , the Dutch fleet drew closer to the shore . Duncan intended to follow Lord Howe 's manoeuvres at the Glorious First of June three years earlier and bring each ship through the Dutch line between two opponents , but the Dutch formation and proximity to the shore rendered this plan impractical . To compensate , Duncan signalled for his ships to form line and sail southeast on the port tack so that they had the wind directly behind them . Shortly afterwards , concerned that the Dutch might make the shoreline before he could bring them to battle despite his wry insistence that " I am determined to fight the ships on land if I cannot by sea " , Duncan ordered his fleet to turn southwards and advance on the enemy and " bear up and sail large " . He fired signal guns to alert his captains and then ordered them to " engage the enemy as arriving up " and for his van to attack the Dutch rear . At 11 : 00 , Duncan sought to remedy increasing gaps between his vessels by ordering the faster ships to slow down and wait for their compatriots . He then made an effort to re @-@ establish the line on the starboard tack before realising that the Dutch fleet was still in order awaiting the British attack and continually drawing closer to the dangerous coastline . Abandoning his previous signals , Duncan ordered the entire fleet to turn towards the Dutch and attack directly , each ship to " steer for and engage her opponent " . Many of these signals were poorly executed and incorrect , visibility was low and Trollope 's squadron was still using obsolete signal codes , so a number of vessels failed to comprehend Duncan 's intentions , turning the advancing line into a ragged pattern of scattered vessels clustered into two loose groups . The flurry of orders was so quick and contradictory that at least one captain gave up entirely : the Scottish captain , John Inglis , of HMS Belliqueux threw his signal book to the deck in frustration and shouted " Up wi ' the hel 'lem and gang into the middle o 't . "
The combined effect of Duncan 's orders was to split his fleet into two uneven divisions , each sailing in a loose formation towards the unified Dutch line . The northern , or windward , division comprised six third rate ships of the line , two fourth rate ships and the frigate Circe , tasked with repeating signals from the flagship Venerable , which led the division with HMS Triumph and Ardent close behind . This force was aiming for the Dutch flagship , Vrijheid , which lay fifth in the Dutch line . The southern , or leeward , division comprised eight third rate ships of the line and the repeater frigate HMS Beaulieu , and was led by Vice @-@ Admiral Richard Onslow on HMS Monarch . Onslow 's force was aiming for the rear of the Dutch line , to strike the fourth ship from the end . Behind the two divisions lay a line of small craft tasked with repeating Duncan 's signals so that the entire fleet could see his intentions . At 11 : 53 , Duncan raised the signal for each ship to pass through the Dutch line and attack from the far side , but the poor weather prevented the more distant ships from recognising the signal .
De Winter had originally intended to close his line up into a solid defensive platform and retreat to shallower waters while Duncan formed his own line of battle , but the sudden , disorganised British attack had thrown his plans into confusion . As a result , gaps had opened up between his van , centre and rear , leaving the last four ships greatly outnumbered and unsupported . De Winter gave urgent orders for the van and centre to drop back and assist the rear , but there was little time , and his situation looked desperate : although the Dutch and British lines each mustered 16 ships , the British vessels were almost all larger and more strongly built than their Dutch counterparts , and their crews were experienced seamen in the heavy weather conditions , while the Dutch crews , confined to port for the previous year , had little understanding of the skills required in combat at sea . The Dutch line of battle was accompanied by a second line to the east , formed from ten frigates , brigs and smaller craft . These vessels , unlike the smaller ships with the British fleet , were well armed and situated so that their guns covered the gaps between the ships that formed the Dutch line of battle , ready to rake any British vessels that attempted to break through .
= = Battle = =
= = = Collapse of the Dutch rear guard = = =
At 12 : 05 , Duncan raised the signal ordering his ships to engage the enemy closely . At the same time , the Dutch ship Jupiter , under Rear @-@ Admiral Hermanus Reijntjes , fourth from the southern end of the line , opened fire on the rapidly approaching Monarch . The Dutch ships had waited until the British were well within effective range in order to maximise the effect of their shot , and soon Onslow 's flagship was under fire from the entire rearguard of the Dutch line , the ship suffering damage while attempting to break through the Dutch line between Jupiter and Haarlem at 12 : 30 . On Monarch , Captain Edward O 'Bryen remarked to Onslow that he could not see where his ship could pass between the closely formed Dutch ships , to which the Admiral responded that " the Monarch will make a passage . " Striking the small gap between the ships , Onslow fired raking broadsides into both vessels and then turned to lay his ship alongside Reyntjes ' flagship . As he did , the Dutch frigate Monnikkendam and the brig Daphné pulled out of the second line and attempted to fill the gap Monarch had created , firing into the British ship of the line as they did so . In response , Onslow opened fire on the smaller vessels , destroying the frigate 's wheel and damaging the rigging , so that the ship fell back , followed later by the severely damaged brig .
Monarch was almost immediately followed by HMS Powerful under Captain William O 'Bryen Drury , which passed through the same gap , raked Haarlem again and poured a destructive fire into the wallowing Monnikkendam . At the same time , HMS Montagu attacked Alkmaar , the next in line , from the west , while HMS Russell , under Captain Trollope , attacked the last Dutch ship , the 56 @-@ gun Delft . These attacks were accompanied by fire from HMS Monmouth , which passed between Alkmaar and Delft , and raked both ships , and from HMS Director ( under William Bligh of Bounty fame ) , which passed up the Dutch line until it reached the battered Haarlem , engaging the ship at close range . The straggling HMS Veteran joined the northern part of the engagement , cutting across Jupiter and then turning in pursuit of the Dutch centre , while Adamant reached the fight late , joining the attack on the already battered Haarlem . Only HMS Agincourt remained apart from the battle entirely , passing up the Dutch line at extreme range ; one anecdotal account reports that on board Agincourt a stray shot passed high over the deck and an officer was seen to flinch , drawing a scornful call from the crew that " There is no danger yet , sir " . Agincourt 's captain John Williamson was subsequently court @-@ martialled and dismissed .
In the confusion , the tail of the Dutch line disintegrated into a chaotic melee , with eight British ships of the line fighting four Dutch and the frigate Monnikkendam . So close was the action that the British ships found themselves at risk of firing into one another in the high seas , heavy rain and poor visibility . The Dutch centre , consisting of the ships of the line Brutus , Leijden and the fifth rate razee Mars , pulled away from the engagement behind them under Rear @-@ Admiral Johan Bloys van Treslong , coming under only distant fire from the ships of Onslow 's division . Isolated , the Dutch rearguard were rapidly overwhelmed , with Jupiter , Haarlem , Alkmaar and Delft all surrendering to Onslow 's attack before 13 : 45 , while the battered Monnikkendam was seized by the frigate Beaulieu .
= = = Battle of the vanguards = = =
While the Dutch rearguard was overwhelmed by British numbers , a more equal combat was being contested to the north . There the combat was centred around the two flagships , Duncan 's Venerable engaging De Winter 's Vrijheid 18 minutes after Monarch broke the line to the south . Duncan had originally intended to break the line between Vrijheid and the next ship Staaten Generaal under Rear @-@ Admiral Samuel Story , but Story ensured that there was no gap between his vessel and the flagship to break through , and their combined fire was so dangerous to the advancing Venerable that Duncan instead cut through behind Staaten Generaal , raking Story 's ship twice and causing it to drift off in confusion as Duncan engaged Vrijheid from the east .
While Venerable had diverted south , Vrijheid had been attacked from the west by Ardent under Captain Richard Rundle Burges . The smaller British ship had soon suffered more than a hundred casualties , including Burges killed , under the combined fire of De Winter 's flagship and the next ship ahead Admiraal Tjerk Hiddes De Vries . Only the arrival of Venerable alongside Vrijheid allowed Ardent a brief respite . During the fight , Burges ' men " fought like maniacs " , including the wife of one of the gunners who insisted on joining her husband at his gun , until her legs were torn off by cannon fire . Within a short period however both Venerable and Ardent were surrounded , as at least one of the frigates from the second line joined the attack on the two isolated British vessels . At the height of the combat , the colours and signal flags on Venerable were brought down by cannon fire . To ensure that there was no suggestion that the flagship had surrendered , a sailor named Jack Crawford scrambled to the top of the mainmast and replaced them as the battle raged beneath him . To support Duncan , Captain William Essington of HMS Triumph and Captain Sir Thomas Byard of HMS Bedford drove forward into the battle , Triumph coming close alongside the Dutch Wassenaar and opening a heavy fire while Bedford attacked Admiraal Tjerk Hiddes De Vries and Hercules . At the tip of the line , Beschermer was attacked by Belliqueux to starboard , Captain Inglis passing through the gap between Beschermer and Hercules . Ahead of this combat , the lead ships HMS Isis and Gelijkheid fought alongside one another , Isis having failed to break through the Dutch line and instead drawn up to port .
The Dutch central division joined the battle at the head of the line shortly after the engagement of Triumph and Bedford , causing considerable damage to all of the British vessels , particularly Venerable . The British flagship was soon isolated in the midst of the Dutch van , engaging Vrijheid , Staaten General , Admiral Tjerk Hiddes De Vries and Wassenaar simultaneously . Despite the heavy odds Duncan continued to fight hard , the British succeeded in knocking out two opponents by wounding Captain Dooitze Eelkes Hinxt of Beschermer , which drifted eastwards in confusion , while shots from either Bedford or Triumph set a powder barrel on Hercules on fire . The blaze on the latter ship , which soon spread to the sails and rigging , prompted a lull in the battle as the crew of Hercules desperately attempted to extinguish the blaze and other Dutch ships scrambled to escape the burning vessel as it drifted through the melee . Shortly afterwards , the battered Wassenaar surrendered to Triumph , with Captain Holland dead on his quarterdeck . Triumph then moved on towards the battle between Vrijheid and Venerable , at which time the crew of Wassenaar raised their colours again after being fired on by a Dutch brig .
= = = Onslow 's reinforcement = = =
Following Onslow 's victory over the Dutch rearguard , the admiral ordered the least damaged of his ships to sail in support of the outnumbered British ships in the melee at the Dutch van . Powerful and Director were the quickest to respond , joining the attack on Vrijheid at 14 : 00 . Russell , driving northwards to join the attack , encountered the now extinguished Hercules , whose crew had thrown all of their ammunition overboard during the fire to prevent the ship exploding . The ship was thus defenceless , Commander Ruijsoort surrendering immediately . The remainder of the British fleet now arrived in the battle , Captain John Wells of HMS Lancaster firing on the Beschermer near the head of the Dutch line . Aware that their vessel would be unable to resist the attack , Beschermer 's surviving officers turned away towards the shore , rapidly followed by the unengaged portions of the Dutch line . With the arrival of British reinforcements and the retreat of sections of the Dutch fleet , the battle was almost complete ; the battered Wassenaar surrendered for the second time , to Russell , while Admiraal Tjerk Hiddes De Vries and Gelijkheid , both of which were too badly damaged to escape , also struck their colours . Eventually only the Dutch flagship remained in combat .
For an hour De Winter continued his resistance , with Director holding station off the stern of Vrijheid and repeatedly raking it . By 15 : 00 , all three masts had been brought down , obstructing the fire of the starboard battery , while De Winter was the only officer who remained uninjured , standing on his wrecked quarterdeck and still refusing to lower his colours . In an attempt to settle the combat , Captain William Bligh of Director closed to within 20 yards ( 18 m ) of the Dutch flagship and demanded to know if De Winter surrendered . The Dutch admiral replied " What do you think about it ? " , and then attempted to personally raise signals demanding reinforcements from the rest of his fleet , only to find that the halyards had been shot away . De Winter then summoned the ship 's carpenter and ordered him to repair his barge , so that the admiral could transfer command to another ship and continue the battle . When British sailors from Director boarded the drifting flagship , De Winter was discovered assisting the carpenter with repairs to the barge . On being informed that he was a prisoner of war , he replied " This is my destiny not foreseen " and , after checking on a mortally wounded officer who lay on the quarterdeck , he followed the boarding party back to their boat for the trip to Venerable .
= = Aftermath = =
De Winter was immediately taken to see Duncan , the Dutch officer holding out his sword as a token of surrender . Duncan refused the weapon , instead shaking De Winter 's hand and insisting " I would much rather take a brave man 's hand than his sword " . In addition to the losses in the rear , five ships of the Dutch van had been captured as well as the frigate Ambuscade that had attacked from the second line . The remainder of the Dutch ships had fled , making rapid progress towards the coastal shallows . Duncan did not follow them : the Dutch coast between Kamperduin and Egmond was only 5 nautical miles ( 9 @.@ 3 km ) away , his ship lay in just 9 fathoms ( 18 yards ( 16 m ) ) of water and the weather was too fierce and his ships too battered to risk combat in shoal waters . Instead he ordered his ships to ensure control of their prizes and to return to Britain . Many ships were now undermanned due to the terrible casualties they had suffered : surgeon Robert Young of Ardent , the worst hit of the British ships , worked for more than twelve hours without a break and later wrote :
Melancholy cries for assistance were addressed to me from every side by wounded and dying , and piteous moans and bewailing from pain and despair . In the midst of these agonising scenes I was able to preserve myself firm and collected … Many of the worst wounded were stoical beyond belief ; they were determined not to flinch and , when news of the shattering victory was brought down to them , they raised a cheer and declared they regretted not the loss of their limbs .
Casualties in the battle were very heavy on both sides , and historians such as William James have noted that the losses among the British ships were proportionally much higher than when British fleets met French or Spanish opposition . This was attributed to the Dutch tactics , mirrored by the British , of firing at the enemy hulls rather than attempting to disable their masts and rigging as in other continental navies . The worst hit of the British ships were those in the first wave , such as Ardent with 148 casualties , Monarch with 136 and Belliqueux with 103 , while both Adamant and Agincourt escaped without a single man killed or wounded . Among the dead were Captain Burges of Ardent and two lieutenants , while the wounded included Captain Essington of Triumph and twelve lieutenants . In total , British losses were recorded after the battle as 203 killed and 622 wounded , although later assessments based on charitable requirements of those wounded or killed gave the higher figures of 228 killed and 812 wounded , including 16 of the latter who subsequently died . Many of the British ships were badly damaged , taking on large quantities of water through damaged hulls . One of the worst hit was Venerable , which had to be completely dismantled and reconstructed after returning to Britain before the ship was ready for active service again .
Dutch casualty returns , particularly on the captured ships , were vague , and only partially complete . Among the losses were Captain Hinxt of Beschermer and Captain Holland of Wassenaar , both of whom were killed early in the battle . Also lost were Captain Van Rossum of Vrijheid , who was struck in the thigh by a cannonball and died shortly afterwards from the effects of the wound , and Admiral Reijntjes who died while a prisoner in England as a result of the wounds he suffered aboard Jupiter . His remains were subsequently returned to the Netherlands with full military honours . There were also large numbers of wounded among the Dutch fleet , including Rear @-@ Admirals Bloys van Treslong and Story ; one of the few Dutch officers to escape injury or death was De Winter himself , who later commented " It is a matter of marvel that two such gigantic objects as Admiral Duncan and myself should have escaped the general carnage of this day . " In total , Dutch losses were later reported as 540 men killed and 620 wounded , with Vrijheid the worst hit with the loss of almost half of its total complement .
= = = Return journeys = = =
On Venerable , Duncan assembled all of those men fit to attend for a church service to " return thanks to Almighty God for all His mercies showered on them and him . " For the next 24 hours the 66 @-@ year @-@ old Duncan remained on duty without a break , organising the scattered fleet on its journey home . The British admiral did find time however to play a game of whist in his cabin with De Winter after dinner : when the Dutch admiral lost a rubber , he commented that it was hard to be beaten twice in one day by the same man . On 13 October , Duncan completed his official despatch and sent it ahead of his wallowing ships with Captain William George Fairfax on the cutter Rose : he praised all of his men , reserving special mention for Trollope and the late Burges , whom he called a " good and gallant Officer … a sincere Friend " . De Winter was permitted to send despatches to the Batavian government , in which he blamed Story and his centre for not maintaining the combat longer . He also attributed overwhelming British numbers to his defeat and suggested that he may have captured some of the British fleet if he had been better supported . When this letter was later published it provoked a storm of criticism in Britain , one officer describing it as " a garbled account which , for ought I know , might have been collected by people on shore who knew nothing of the action " .
During the afternoon of 12 October , a gale sprang up which inflicted further damage to the battered ships and caused water to gush through the many shot holes in the ships ' hulls . Aboard the Dutch ships , the situation was especially dangerous . Casualties had been significantly higher , particularly on Vrijheid , than on board the British vessels and the small numbers of British sailors placed aboard as prize crews were unable to cope alone , and in the high winds many masts collapsed to the deck and huge quantities of water leaked into the hulls .
Delft , captured in the early stages of the battle , was under the command of the Dutch Lieutenant Heilberg and the British Lieutenant Charles Bullen , with a small prize crew of 69 men . Ninety @-@ three Dutch prisoners had been removed , and among the remaining Dutch sailors were 76 wounded men . As the gale intensified , it rapidly became clear that despite a tow line attached from Veteran the ship would never reach Britain , and a large board was raised on deck with the chalked message " The ship is sinking " . Reacting at once , boats from nearby ships organised an evacuation and began loading the Dutch prisoners for transfer to more seaworthy vessels . Bullen offered a place in the first rescue boat , from Veteran , to Heilberg , but the Dutch officer refused , gesturing to the immobile wounded who had been brought onto the maindeck as the lower decks had flooded and replying " But how can I leave these men ? " . In response , Bullen cried out " God bless you , my brave fellow ! Here is my hand ; I give you my word I will stay her with you ! " . The prize crew left on the second rescue boat sent from Russell , and Bullen and Heilberg waited for a third trip to bring them off with the remaining 30 wounded men and three junior Dutch officers who had also elected to stay . Before further help could arrive , however , Delft suddenly foundered , Bullen and Heilberg throwing themselves clear as the ship sank . Both were seen in the water but only Bullen reached safety , swimming to Monmouth alone .
Two other prizes were lost to the British fleet : Monnikkendam had been supplied with a prize crew of 35 men from Beaulieu , but had become separated during the gales and lost its remaining masts and spars . The crew fitted jury masts , but they too collapsed and the hull flooded to a depth of 14 feet ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) . On 12 October , aware that the ship would soon founder , the prize master instructed the Dutch boatswain to run the ship onto the Dutch coast at West Kapel . Local boats came out to the stranded vessel and all aboard were saved , the 35 British prisoners taken to a prison hulk at Flushing . The ship itself was wrecked beyond repair and abandoned . The other captured frigate , Ambuscade , was also driven ashore in a sinking state and the prize crew made prisoner , but in that case the ship was salvaged and later returned to Dutch service .
In contrast to the British difficulties , the survivors of the Dutch fleet had few problems returning to the Texel , with the exception of Brutus . Admiral Bloys van Treslong had sailed for the coast off Hinder with two brigs , and there on 13 October the 40 @-@ gun British frigate HMS Endymion under Captain Sir Thomas Williams found him . At 16 : 30 , Endymion closed with the larger , but damaged , Dutch ship and opened fire , Brutus responding with a broadside of its own . Williams successfully raked his opponent twice , but the complicated tides of the Dutch coast dragged his ship out of range at 17 : 30 before he could press his attack any further . Firing rockets in the hope of attracting attention from any of Duncan 's ships , Williams was rewarded at 22 : 30 by the arrival of Beaulieu . On 14 October the frigates hunted for their opponents , and found the Dutch ships off the Goeree channel at 05 : 00 . The frigates closed , and Bloys van Treslong withdrew , passing deeper into Dutch waters and reaching safety at Maese by 07 : 00 . The British frigates , their quarry having escaped , returned to Duncan 's struggling fleet .
= = Effects = =
On 17 October 1797 , Duncan 's limping convoy began to arrive at Yarmouth to be greeted with great celebrations . Several ships were delayed , with three wallowing off Kentish Knock , three more in Hosley Bay and several still at sea due to an adverse northwesterly wind . News of the victory had already spread across Britain , and on 20 October Duncan was created Viscount Duncan of Camperdown and Baron Duncan of Lundie . Admiral Onslow was made a baronet and Captains Henry Trollope and William George Fairfax were knighted.King George III insisted on meeting Duncan personally , and on 30 October set out for Sheerness in the royal yacht HMY Royal Charlotte before strong winds and waves forced him back to port on 1 November . Unable to reach Duncan 's flagship , the King instead rewarded the fleet as a whole by pardoning 180 men condemned for their role in the Nore Mutiny and held aboard the prison hulk HMS Eagle in the River Medway . Similar pardons were awarded by Rear @-@ Admiral Peter Rainier to mutineers in the East Indies Squadron . Gold medals were created and presented to the captains and both Houses of Parliament voted their thanks for their victory . All first lieutenants were promoted to commander and Duncan and Onslow were presented with valuable presentation swords valued at 200 and 100 guineas each respectively . Duncan was also given a pension of £ 2 @,@ 000 a year by the government , made a freeman of numerous towns and cities and was subject to presentations from numerous patriotic societies , particularly in Scotland , where he was awarded valuable plate by both his birth city of Dundee and the county of Forfarshire . A public subscription was taken up for the widows and wounded and raised £ 52 @,@ 609 10s and 10d ( the equivalent of £ 4 @,@ 910 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) , When Duncan travelled to a reception at The Guildhall on 10 November , a mob surrounded his carriage in the street , unhitched the horses and dragged it themselves up Ludgate Hill as a mark of respect . On 23 December , the King lead a thanksgiving procession and ceremony in St Paul 's Cathedral in London at which Duncan carried De Winter 's flag from Vrijheid and Onslow carried Reijntjes ' flag from Jupiter , followed by Fairfax , Essington , Mitchell , Bligh , Walker , Trollope , Drury , O 'Bryen , Gregory and Hotham as well as numerous seamen from the fleet . Five decades later the battle was among the actions recognised by a clasp attached to the Naval General Service Medal , awarded upon application to all British participants still living in 1847 .
Not all of the reactions were positive : several of Duncan 's captains were criticised for their failure to rapidly and decisively engage the enemy , including Captain Wells of Lancaster . The worst criticism fell on Captain John Williamson of Agincourt . Agincourt had been barely engaged in the battle and had suffered not one single casualty . As a result , Williamson was accused of failing to do his duty by Captain Hopper of Agincourt 's Royal Marines and court @-@ martialled on 4 December 1797 , at Sheerness aboard Circe , on the charges of " disobedience to signals and not going into action " and " cowardice and disaffection " . Williamson had a history of indecisiveness : in 1779 , while a junior officer on Captain James Cook 's voyage to the Pacific Ocean , Williamson had prevaricated about bringing boats to evacuate Cook from Kealakekua Bay while under attack by Hawaiians . As a result , Cook was trapped on the beach and stabbed to death . At the conclusion of the trial on 1 January 1798 , Williamson was found guilty of the first charge and not guilty of the latter , resulting in demotion to the bottom of the post captains list and prohibition from further naval service . Williamson was reported to have died in 1799 , shortly after his dismissal from the service , but Edward Pelham Brenton later claimed that he had instead gone into hiding under an assumed name and continued to draw his pension for many years . In the Batavian Republic , there were also recriminations against those officers who were deemed to have failed in their duty : De Winter 's despatch from London after the battle placed much of the blame with six ships that had failed to follow his orders and had withdrawn early from the battle . Several officers were brought up on charges , including Admiral Bloys van Treslong who was convicted at court @-@ martial and dismissed the service although later reinstated , and Commander Souter of Batavier who was convicted and imprisoned . Admiral Story was also criticised , particularly by De Winter , and was only permitted to keep his command once he had satisfied the Batavian government that he had had no option but to retreat .
All of the captured Dutch ships were bought into the Royal Navy , Gleijkheid , Vrijheid , Wassenaar , Haarlem and Alkmaar under their own names ( although in most cases they were anglicised ) and Admiraal Tjerk Hiddes De Vries as the simpler Devries . Two were completely renamed , due to the prior existence of ships with their names in the Royal Navy ; Jupiter became HMS Camperdown and Hercules became HMS Delft . None of these ships was ever in sufficient condition for service in open waters : the damage suffered at Camperdown proved too severe for them to be fully repaired . In addition , ships of Dutch construction had lighter hulls and flatter bottoms than ships of other nations as they were designed to operate off the shallow waters of the Dutch coast , and as a result they were of little use to the ocean @-@ going Royal Navy . All the prizes were immediately relegated to harbour duty , and none were used for front @-@ line service . Although the prize court took several years to determine the prize money that would be awarded for the battle , the initial estimates of £ 60 @,@ 000 ( the equivalent of £ 5 @,@ 604 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) proved pessimistic : Duncan and his men were eventually awarded £ 150 @,@ 000 ( the equivalent of £ 14 @,@ 010 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) , although they were forced to defend a claim from the Russian Navy on behalf of the squadron that had reinforced Duncan in May . Since this force had played no part in the battle and had been considered a liability rather than a benefit by the British commanders , the claim was rejected , but legal fees and other claims reduced the eventual payment . Following the award of the first £ 10 @,@ 000 instalment , Duncan was given the unique honour of permission to buy shares on the London Stock Exchange at ⅞ market price .
= = Legacy = =
Although Camperdown was considered the greatest ever victory for a British fleet over an equal enemy force to that date , historian Noel Mostert has noted that it " was a battle that , with posterity , somehow lost rank and significance against the greater and more romantically glorious events that followed " . Nevertheless , the effects of the action on the wider war were hugely important . The losses suffered by the Dutch Navy in ships , men and morale gave the Royal Navy superiority in the North Sea , a position enhanced by the disruption the battle caused to French negotiations for an alliance with what historian Edward Pelham Brenton describes as the " Northern Powers " of Scandinavia . The destruction of the Dutch fleet at Camperdown was also a serious blow to French ambitions to invade Ireland , and denied their Atlantic fleet of essential reinforcements ; it may even have played a part in Napoleon Bonaparte 's decision to abandon efforts to attack Britain directly early in 1798 . In 1799 , a significant British and Russian expeditionary force landed in the Netherlands supported by a large fleet under Lord Duncan . Assailed from both sea and land , the remainder of the Dutch Navy under Admiral Story capitulated without a fight : in what became known as the Vlieter Incident , the political divisions between the officers and seamen resulted in a mutiny during which the Dutch sailors threw their ammunition overboard . In Britain , the public relief at the restoration of the Navy 's authority in the aftermath of the spring mutinies was enormous and helped steady the wavering British government in their pursuit of the war by restoring confidence in British naval supremacy in home waters . Christopher Lloyd notes that the events of 1797 led to " a new and blatant patriotism . . . [ which ] was centred on the achievements of ' our gallant tars ' . " A popular rhyme of the time reflected public feeling :
" St Vincent drubbed the Dons , Earl Howe he drubbed Monsieur ,
And gallant Duncan now has soundly drubbed Mynheer ;
The Spanish , French and Dutch , tho ' all united by ,
Fear not Britannia cries , My Tars can beat all three .
Monsieurs , Mynheers and Dons , your country 's empty boast ,
Our tars can beat all three , each on his native coast . "
Although Duncan 's initial tactics at the battle were reminiscent of those of Howe at the Glorious First of June , and his eventual attack has been compared to Nelson 's tactics at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 , Duncan credited the tactical work Essay on Naval Tactics by John Clerk of Eldin for inspiring his decisions on the day . Duncan was subsequently indirectly criticised some years after the battle by his colleague Earl St Vincent , who had won the Battle of Cape St Vincent over a Spanish fleet nine months before Camperdown . In a letter complaining of Clerk 's assertion that he had been responsible for all of the major naval victories of the war , St Vincent wrote that Duncan " was a brave officer , little versed in the subtleties of naval tactics , and who would have been quickly embarrassed by them . When he saw the enemy , he rushed upon him without thinking of such and such and order of battle . To conquer he calculated upon the brave example he set his captains , and the event justified his expectation . " This assessment was refuted by Captain Hotham , who publicly responded that " the advanced season of the year and the close proximity of the enemy 's coast all made what , upon another occasion , might have appeared haste imperatively necessary , for it was the prompt decision of the Admiral that occasioned the result " . Some modern historians , such as Peter Padfield , have agreed with Hotham 's assertion , with the added suggestion that Duncan 's tactics during the battle might have had an influence on the newly promoted Rear @-@ Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson , who was in England recovering from the loss of his right arm at the Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife at the time of Camperdown . Duncan himself felt that he could have done more , noting that " We were obliged ... to be rather rash in our attack . Had we been ten leagues at sea none would have escaped . " but some of the highest praise came from his erstwhile opponent , De Winter , who wrote that " Your not waiting to form line ruined me : if I had got nearer the shore and you had attacked , I should probably have drawn both fleets on it , and it would have been a victory for me , being on my own coast . " Duncan 's health deteriorated after the battle , forcing his retirement from the Navy in 1799 and contributing to his death at Cornhill @-@ on @-@ Tweed in 1804 .
De Winter 's actions during in the battle have been commended : Edward Pelham Brenton wrote in 1836 that " The Dutch admiral displayed , in his own person , the most undaunted valour ... but was compelled at length to yield to superior skill , it would be untrue to say superior bravery . " while William James noted in 1827 that after the battle " " Batavian prowess " still claimed the respect of an enemy and the applause of the world " . De Winter was released from captivity in 1798 after news reached Britain that his wife had suffered a stroke , and he subsequently became the Batavian ambassador to France , before resuming command of the Dutch fleet at the start of the Napoleonic Wars . He was a trusted subordinate of Louis Bonaparte , King of Holland between 1806 and 1810 , and was honoured by Emperor Napoleon in 1811 before his sudden death in Paris the following year .
The battle became a popular theme for contemporary artists and many paintings depicting it are held in National collections in the United Kingdom , including paintings by Thomas Whitcombe and Philip de Loutherbourg in the Tate Gallery , Whitcombe , Samuel Drummond and Daniel Orme at the National Maritime Museum , and George Chambers , Sr. and John Singleton Copley at the National Gallery of Scotland . In literature , the battle has played a central role in the 1968 novel Sea Road to Camperdown by Showell Styles , and the 1975 novel The Fireship by C. Northcote Parkinson . The battle also inspired composers , such as Daniel Steibelt , whose composition Britannia : An Allegorical Overture was created in honour of the victory and Jan Ladislav Dussek , who created a composition entitled The Naval Battle and Total Defeat of the Dutch by Admiral Duncan in 1797 .
The Royal Navy has commemorated the battle through the four ships that bore the name HMS Camperdown and seven named HMS Duncan , which have maintained close links with Duncan 's hometown of Dundee . In Dundee , the Battle of Camperdown is commemorated at Camperdown House , originally the Dundee seat of the Viscounts Camperdown , which was completed in 1828 and later became a public park and tourist attraction . The bicentennial of the battle was celebrated in Dundee in 1997 with the " Glorious Victory " exhibition at the city 's McManus Galleries in conjunction with Camperdown House and the National Museum of Scotland . The exhibition became a popular tourist attraction and was viewed by more than 50 @,@ 000 visitors . On 11 October a memorial service was held to remember the dead and a new statue of Admiral Duncan unveiled in the town .
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= Beta Pictoris =
Beta Pictoris ( β Pic , β Pictoris ) is the second brightest star in the constellation Pictor . It is located 63 @.@ 4 light years from the Solar System , and is 1 @.@ 75 times as massive and 8 @.@ 7 times as luminous as the Sun . The Beta Pictoris system is very young , only 8 – 20 million years old , although it is already in the main sequence stage of its evolution . Beta Pictoris is the title member of the Beta Pictoris moving group , an association of young stars which share the same motion through space and have the same age .
Beta Pictoris shows an excess of infrared emission compared to normal stars of its type , which is caused by large quantities of dust and gas ( including carbon monoxide ) near the star . Detailed observations reveal a large disk of dust and gas orbiting the star , which was the first debris disk to be imaged around another star . In addition to the presence of several planetesimal belts and cometary activity , there are indications that planets have formed within this disk and that the processes of planet formation may still be ongoing . Material from the Beta Pictoris debris disk is thought to be the dominant source of interstellar meteoroids in the Solar System .
The European Southern Observatory ( ESO ) has confirmed the presence of a planet , Beta Pictoris b , matching previous predictions , through the use of direct imagery , orbiting in the plane of the debris disk surrounding the star . This planet is currently the closest extrasolar planet to its star ever photographed : the observed separation is roughly the same as the distance between Saturn and the Sun .
= = Location and visibility = =
Beta Pictoris is a star in the southern constellation of Pictor , the Easel , and is located to the west of the bright star Canopus . It traditionally marked the sounding line of the ship Argo Navis , before the constellation was split . The star has an apparent visual magnitude of 3 @.@ 861 , so is visible to the naked eye under good conditions , though light pollution may result in stars dimmer than magnitude 3 being too dim to see . It is the second brightest in its constellation , exceeded only by Alpha Pictoris , which has an apparent magnitude of 3 @.@ 30 .
The distance to Beta Pictoris and many other stars was measured by the Hipparcos satellite . This was done by measuring its trigonometric parallax : the slight displacement in its position observed as the Earth moves around the Sun . Beta Pictoris was found to exhibit a parallax of 51 @.@ 87 milliarcseconds , a value which was later revised to 51 @.@ 44 milliarcseconds when the data was reanalyzed taking systematic errors more carefully into account . The distance to Beta Pictoris is therefore 63 @.@ 4 light years , with an uncertainty of 0 @.@ 1 light years .
The Hipparcos satellite also measured the proper motion of Beta Pictoris : it is traveling eastwards at a rate of 4 @.@ 65 milliarcseconds per year , and northwards at a rate of 83 @.@ 10 milliarcseconds per year . Measurements of the Doppler shift of the star 's spectrum reveals it is moving away from us at a rate of 20 km / s . Several other stars share the same motion through space as Beta Pictoris and likely formed from the same gas cloud at roughly the same time : these comprise the Beta Pictoris moving group .
= = Physical properties = =
= = = Spectrum , luminosity and variability = = =
According to measurements made as part of the Nearby Stars Project , Beta Pictoris has a spectral type of A6V and has an effective temperature of 8 @,@ 052 K ( 7 @,@ 779 ° C ; 14 @,@ 034 ° F ) , which is hotter than our Sun 's 5 @,@ 778 K ( 5 @,@ 505 ° C ; 9 @,@ 941 ° F ) . Analysis of the spectrum reveals that the star contains a slightly higher ratio of heavy elements , which are termed metals in astronomy , to hydrogen than our Sun . This value is expressed as the quantity [ M / H ] , the base @-@ 10 logarithm of the ratio of the star 's metal fraction to that of the Sun . In the case of Beta Pictoris , the value of [ M / H ] is 0 @.@ 05 , which means that the star 's metal fraction is 12 % greater than that of our Sun .
Analysis of the spectrum can also reveal the surface gravity of the star . This is usually expressed as log g , the base @-@ 10 logarithm of the gravitational acceleration given in CGS units , in this case , cm / s ² . Beta Pictoris has log g = 4 @.@ 15 , implying a surface gravity of 140 m / s ² , which is about half of the gravitational acceleration at the surface of our Sun ( 274 m / s ² ) .
As an A @-@ type main sequence star , Beta Pictoris is more luminous than our Sun : combining the apparent magnitude of 3 @.@ 861 with the distance of 19 @.@ 44 parsecs gives an absolute magnitude of 2 @.@ 42 , as compared to our Sun which has an absolute magnitude of 4 @.@ 83 . This corresponds to a visual luminosity 9 @.@ 2 times greater than that of the Sun . When the entire spectrum of radiation from Beta Pictoris and the Sun is taken into account , Beta Pictoris is found to be 8 @.@ 7 times more luminous than the Sun .
Many main sequence stars of spectral type A fall into a region of the Hertzsprung – Russell diagram called the instability strip , which is occupied by pulsating variable stars . In 2003 , photometric monitoring of the star revealed variations in brightness of around 1 – 2 millimagnitudes on frequencies between about 30 and 40 minutes . Radial velocity studies of Beta Pictoris also reveal variability : there are pulsations at two frequencies , one at 30 @.@ 4 minutes and one at 36 @.@ 9 minutes . As a result , the star is classified as a Delta Scuti variable .
= = = Mass , radius and rotation = = =
The mass of Beta Pictoris has been determined by using models of stellar evolution and fitting them to the star 's observed properties . This method yields a stellar mass between 1 @.@ 7 and 1 @.@ 8 solar masses . The star 's angular diameter has been measured using interferometry with the Very Large Telescope and was found to be 0 @.@ 84 milliarcseconds . Combining this value with the distance of 63 @.@ 4 light years gives a radius 1 @.@ 8 times that of our Sun .
The rotational velocity of Beta Pictoris has been measured to be at least 130 km / s . Since this value is derived by measuring radial velocities , this is a lower limit on the true rotational velocity : the quantity measured is actually v sin ( i ) , where i represents the inclination of the star 's axis of rotation to the line @-@ of @-@ sight . If it is assumed that Beta Pictoris is viewed from Earth in its equatorial plane , a reasonable assumption since the circumstellar disk is seen edge @-@ on , the rotation period can be calculated as approximately 16 hours , which is significantly shorter than that of our Sun ( 609 @.@ 12 hours ) .
= = = Age and formation = = =
The presence of significant amounts of dust around the star implies a young age of the system and led to debate about whether it had joined the main sequence or was still a pre – main sequence star However , when the star 's distance was measured by Hipparcos it was revealed that Beta Pictoris was located further away than previously thought and hence was more luminous than originally believed . Once the Hipparcos results were taken into account , it was found that Beta Pictoris was located close to the zero age main sequence and was not a pre – main sequence star after all . Analysis of Beta Pictoris and other stars within the Beta Pictoris moving group suggests that they are around 12 million years old . Allowing for uncertainties , the age may range between 8 and 20 million years .
Beta Pictoris may have been formed near the Scorpius @-@ Centaurus Association . The collapse of the gas cloud which resulted in the formation of Beta Pictoris may have been triggered by the shock wave from a supernova explosion : the star which went supernova may have been a former companion of HIP 46950 , which is now a runaway star . Tracing the path of HIP 46950 backwards suggests that it would have been in the vicinity of the Scorpius @-@ Centaurus Association about 13 million years ago .
= = Circumstellar environment = =
= = = Debris disks = = =
Excess infrared radiation from Beta Pictoris was detected by the IRAS spacecraft in 1983 . Along with Vega , Fomalhaut and Epsilon Eridani , it was one of the first four stars from which such an excess was detected : these stars are called " Vega @-@ like " after the first such star discovered . Since A @-@ type stars like Beta Pictoris tend to radiate most of their energy at the blue end of the spectrum , this implied the presence of cool matter in orbit around the star , which would radiate at infrared wavelengths and produce the excess . This hypothesis was verified in 1984 when Beta Pictoris became the first star to have its circumstellar disk imaged optically . The IRAS data are ( at the micron wavelenghs ) : [ 12 ] = 2 @.@ 68 , [ 25 ] = 0 @.@ 05 , [ 60 ] = --2.74 and [ 100 ] = --3.41 . The colourexcesses are : E12 = 0 @.@ 69 , E25 = 3 @.@ 35 , E60 = 6 @.@ 17 and E100 = 6 @.@ 90 .
The debris disk around Beta Pictoris is seen edge @-@ on by observers on Earth , and is orientated in a northeast @-@ southwest direction . The disk is asymmetric : in the northeast direction it has been observed out to 1835 astronomical units from the star , while the southwest direction the extent is 1450 AU . The disk is rotating : the part to the northeast of the star is moving away from us , while the part to the southwest of the disc is moving towards us .
Several elliptical rings of material have been observed in the outer regions of the debris disk between 500 and 800 AU : these may have formed as a result of the system being disrupted by a passing star . Astrometric data from the Hipparcos mission reveal that the red giant star Beta Columbae passed within 2 light years of Beta Pictoris about 110 @,@ 000 years ago , but a larger perturbation would have been caused by Zeta Doradus , which passed at a distance of 3 light years about 350 @,@ 000 years ago . However computer simulations favor a lower encounter velocity than either of these two candidates , which suggest that the star responsible for the rings may have been a companion star of Beta Pictoris on an unstable orbit . The simulations suggest a perturbing star with a mass of 0 @.@ 5 solar masses is likely to blame for the structures . Such a star would be a red dwarf of spectral type M0V .
In 2006 , imaging of the system with the Hubble Space Telescope 's Advanced Camera for Surveys revealed the presence of a secondary dust disk inclined at an angle of about 5 ° to the main disk and extending at least 130 AU from the star . The secondary disk is asymmetrical : the southwest extension is more curved and less inclined than the northeast . The imaging was not good enough to distinguish between the main and secondary disks within 80 AU of Beta Pictoris , however the northeast extension of the dust disk is predicted to intersect with the main disk at about 30 AU from the star . The secondary disk may be produced by a massive planet in an inclined orbit removing matter from the primary disk and causing it to move in an orbit aligned with the planet .
Studies made with the NASA Far Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Explorer have discovered that the disk around Beta Pictoris contains an extreme overabundance of carbon @-@ rich gas . This helps stabilize the disk against radiation pressure which would otherwise blow the material away into interstellar space . Currently , there are two suggested explanations for the origin of the carbon overabundance . Beta Pictoris might be in the process of forming exotic carbon @-@ rich planets , in contrast to the terrestrial planets in the Solar System , which are rich in oxygen instead of carbon . Alternatively it may be passing through an unknown phase that might also have occurred early in the development of the Solar System : in the Solar System there are carbon @-@ rich meteorites known as enstatite chondrites , which may have formed in a carbon @-@ rich environment . It has also been proposed that Jupiter may have formed around a carbon @-@ rich core .
In 2011 the disk around Beta Pictoris became the first other planetary system to be photographed by an amateur astronomer . Rolf Olsen of New Zealand captured the disk with a 10 @-@ inch Newtonian reflector and a modified webcam .
= = = Planetesimal belts = = =
In 2003 , imaging of the inner region of the Beta Pictoris system with the Keck II telescope revealed the presence of several features which are interpreted as being belts or rings of material . Belts at approximately 14 , 28 , 52 and 82 astronomical units from the star were detected , which alternate in inclination with respect to the main disk .
Observations in 2004 revealed the presence of an inner belt containing silicate material at a distance of 6 @.@ 4 AU from the star . Silicate material was also detected at 16 and 30 AU from the star , with a lack of dust between 6 @.@ 4 and 16 AU providing evidence that a massive planet may be orbiting in this region . Magnesium @-@ rich olivine has also been detected , strikingly similar to that found in the Solar System comets and different from the olivine found in Solar System asteroids . Olivine crystals can only form closer than 10 AU from the star ; therefore they have been transported to the belt after formation , probably by radial mixing .
Modeling of the dust disk at 100 AU from the star suggests the dust in this region may have been produced by a series of collisions initiated by the destruction of planetesimals with radii of about 180 kilometers . After the initial collision , the debris undergoes further collisions in a process called a collisional cascade . Similar processes have been inferred in the debris disks around Fomalhaut and AU Microscopii .
= = = Falling evaporating bodies = = =
The spectrum of Beta Pictoris shows strong short @-@ term variability that was first noticed in the red @-@ shifted part of various absorption lines , which was interpreted as being caused by material falling onto the star . The source of this material was suggested to be small comet @-@ like objects on orbits which take them close to the star where they begin to evaporate , termed the " falling evaporating bodies " model . Transient blue @-@ shifted absorption events were also detected , though less frequently : these may represent a second group of objects on a different set of orbits . Detailed modeling indicates the falling evaporating bodies are unlikely to be mainly icy like comets , but instead are probably composed of a mixed dust and ice core with a crust of refractory material . These objects may have been perturbed onto their star @-@ grazing orbits by the gravitational influence of a planet in a mildly eccentric orbit around Beta Pictoris at a distance of roughly 10 AU from the star . Falling evaporating bodies may also be responsible for the presence of gas located high above the plane of the main debris disk .
= = = Planetary system = = =
On November 21 , 2008 , it was announced that infrared observations made in 2003 with the Very Large Telescope had revealed a candidate planetary companion to the star . In the autumn of 2009 the planet was successfully observed on the other side of the parent star , confirming the existence of the planet itself and earlier observations . It is believed that in 15 years it will be possible to record the whole orbit of the planet .
The radial velocity method used to discover the majority of currently @-@ known extrasolar planets is not well suited to studying A @-@ type stars like Beta Pictoris , and its very young age makes the noise even worse . Current limits derived from this method are enough to rule out hot Jupiter @-@ type planets more massive than 2 Jupiter masses at a distance of less than 0 @.@ 05 AU from the star . For planets orbiting at 1 AU , planets with less than 9 Jupiter masses would have evaded detection . Therefore , to find planets in the Beta Pictoris system , astronomers look for the effects that the planet has on the circumstellar environment .
Multiple lines of evidence suggested the existence of a massive planet orbiting in the region around 10 AU from the star : the dust @-@ free gap between the planetesimal belts at 6 @.@ 4 AU and 16 AU suggest this region is being cleared out ; a planet at this distance would explain the origin of the falling evaporating bodies , and the warps and inclined rings in the inner disk suggest a massive planet on an inclined orbit is disrupting the disk .
The observed planet by itself cannot explain the structure of the planetesimal belts at 30 AU and 52 AU from the star . These belts might be associated with smaller planets at 25 and 44 AU , with around 0 @.@ 5 and 0 @.@ 1 Jupiter masses respectively . Such a system of planets , if it exists , would be close to a 1 : 3 : 7 orbital resonance . It may also be that the rings in the outer disc at 500 – 800 AU are indirectly caused by the influence of these planets .
The object was observed at an angular distance of 411 milliarcseconds from Beta Pictoris , which corresponds to a distance in the plane of the sky of 8 AU . For comparison , the orbital radii of the planets Jupiter and Saturn are 5 @.@ 2 AU and 9 @.@ 5 AU respectively . The separation in the radial direction is unknown , so this is a lower limit on the true separation . Estimates of its mass depend on theoretical models of planetary evolution , and predict the object has about 8 Jupiter masses and is still cooling , with a temperature ranging from 1400 – 1600 K. These figures come with the caveat that the models have not yet been tested against real data in the likely ranges of mass and age for the planet .
The semimajor axis is 8 @-@ 9 AU and its orbital period is 17 – 21 years . A " transit @-@ like event " was observed in November 1981 ; this is consistent with those estimates . If this is confirmed as a true transit , the inferred radius of the transiting object is 2 – 4 Jupiter radii , which is larger than predicted by theoretical models . This may indicate that it is surrounded by a large ring system or a moon @-@ forming disc .
= = Dust stream = =
In 2000 , observations made with the Advanced Meteor Orbit Radar facility in New Zealand revealed the presence of a stream of particles coming from the direction of Beta Pictoris , which may be a dominant source of interstellar meteoroids in the Solar System . The particles in the Beta Pictoris dust stream are relatively large , with radii exceeding 20 micrometers , and their velocities suggest that they must have left the Beta Pictoris system at roughly 25 km / s . These particles may have been ejected from the Beta Pictoris debris disk as a result of the migration of gas giant planets within the disk and may be an indication that the Beta Pictoris system is forming an Oort cloud . Numerical modeling of dust ejection indicates radiation pressure may also be responsible and suggests that planets further than about 1 AU from the star cannot directly cause the dust stream .
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= M @-@ 32 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 32 is a state trunkline highway in the Lower Peninsula of the U.S. state of Michigan . It is an east – west route running just over 100 miles ( 160 @.@ 9 km ) from M @-@ 66 in East Jordan to US Highway 23 ( US 23 ) in Alpena . It runs via Gaylord and Atlanta through forested terrain . There is one business spur for the highway that currently exists .
The highway has been extended a few times during its history , once reaching both lakes Michigan and Huron . Although it is no longer a true " cross @-@ peninsular " highway , it is close , and there are efforts being made to extend the road back to US 31 , restoring the cross @-@ peninsular status lost in 1974 when it was shortened away from Charlevoix .
= = Route description = =
M @-@ 32 starts at the corner of Lake and Water streets in East Jordan . From there it follows Water , Bridge , Mill and State streets through town . It finally turns south on Maple Street leaving town . The trunkline turns east on Rogers Road south of Patricia Lake and then runs southeast into Antrim County . There it joins US 131 along a concurrency before turning east through Elmira and running east toward Gaylord . North of the Alba Road intersection , M @-@ 32 passes a cluster of lakes that includes Lake 27 . Continuing east , M @-@ 32 crosses through a retail corridor before it passes under Interstate 75 ( I @-@ 75 ) and runs into downtown Gaylord with Business Loop I @-@ 75 ( BL I @-@ 75 ) . Passing out of Gaylord , the highway runs southeasterly toward Johannesburg . The road passes Big Lake and turns south on Turtle Lake Road at the intersection with Beckett Road . The highway resumes its eastward path on McCoy Road into Johannesburg . It passes through the community and meets the county line in Vienna . There M @-@ 32 turns northwesterly to Atlanta . In town , M @-@ 32 meets and joins M @-@ 33 . The two highways cross the Thunder Bay River before parting ways east of Atlanta in Avery Township . M @-@ 32 turns north by Fletcher Pond , which straddles the Montmorency – Alpena county line . Outside of the village of Hillman , M @-@ 32 passes Business M @-@ 32 ( BUS M @-@ 32 ) . In western Alpena County , the trunkline runs to the north of Manning Hill and passes the south end of the Alpena County Regional Airport outside Alpena . In the city , M @-@ 32 follows Washington Avenue , then briefly turns onto a one @-@ way pair with eastbound along Second Avenue and westbound along Third Avenue . The end of the highway is at US 23 , blocks from the Thunder Bay of Lake Huron .
All of M @-@ 32 consists of rural two @-@ lane highway outside of the city of Gaylord . The highway passes through forest lands outside of the communities along the highway . From US 131 east to the eastern terminus at US 23 , M @-@ 32 is listed on the National Highway System ( NHS ) , a group of highways which are determined to be important to the nation 's economy , defense , and mobility . The exception is a portion in eastern Otsego and western Montmorency counties , between the corner of Beckett & Turtle Lake Roads , six miles ( 10 km ) east of Gaylord to the crossroads known as Big Rock , five miles ( 8 km ) west of Atlanta .
= = History = =
M @-@ 32 was formed as a state trunkline in 1919 along its present routing between M @-@ 13 ( now US 131 ) and M @-@ 10 ( later US 23 , now M @-@ 65 ) near Lachine . In 1933 , M @-@ 32 was extended westerly along M @-@ 131 and then to M @-@ 66 in East Jordan . The concurrency along M @-@ 131 would remain when US 131 replaced it in 1939 . Another change in this year comes on the east end as US 23 is realigned north of Alpena . M @-@ 32 takes over the US 23 routing between Lachine and Alpena . M @-@ 32 would be extended along M @-@ 66 to Charlevoix from 1964 until 1974 . Bus . M @-@ 32 would be disconnected from M @-@ 32 when the latter is realigned in Hillman in 1994 .
= = Future = =
As stated above , a portion of M @-@ 32 is not on the NHS . Instead , the Federal Highway Administration map for the NHS in Michigan shows a proposed realignment that has not been built as of 2008 .
Municipal officials in the Village of Ellsworth have sought an extension of M @-@ 32 westward from East Jordan to end at US 31 . Such an extension would restore M @-@ 32 's status as a " cross @-@ peninsular " highway , making it the 4th if extended .
= = Major intersections = =
= = Business spur = =
Business M @-@ 32 ( Bus . M @-@ 32 ) is a .738 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 188 km ) business spur route running through Hillman , Michigan . There are markers present , but Bus . M @-@ 32 does not connect to M @-@ 32 . It is the shortest business route in the state , and the second shortest overall trunkline . It is 0 @.@ 006 miles ( 0 @.@ 010 km ) longer than M @-@ 212 in Aloha . The termini for Bus . M @-@ 32 are Hillman Road and Old M @-@ 32 south of Hillman and the northern city limit along Hillman Road .
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= The Devil Wears Prada ( film ) =
The Devil Wears Prada is a 2006 comedy drama film based on Lauren Weisberger 's 2003 novel of the same name . This screen adaptation stars Meryl Streep as Miranda Priestly , a powerful fashion magazine editor , and Anne Hathaway as Andrea Sachs , a college graduate who goes to New York City and lands a job as Priestly 's co @-@ assistant . Emily Blunt and Stanley Tucci co @-@ star , as co @-@ assistant Emily Charlton and art director Nigel , respectively .
Adrian Grenier , Simon Baker , and Tracie Thoms play key supporting roles . Wendy Finerman produced and David Frankel directed the film , which was distributed by 20th Century Fox . Streep 's performance drew critical acclaim and earned her many award nominations , including her record @-@ setting 14th Oscar bid , as well as the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical . Blunt also drew favorable reviews and nominations for her performance , as did many of those involved in the film 's production .
The film was well received by both film critics and the public and became a surprise summer box @-@ office hit following its June 30 North American release . The commercial success and critical praise for Streep 's performance continued in foreign markets with the film leading the international box office for most of October . Likewise , the U.S. DVD release was the top rental during December . The film finished in 2006 's Top 20 both in the U.S. and overseas and grossed over $ 300 million , mostly from its international run .
Although the movie is set in the fashion world , most designers and other fashion notables avoided appearing as themselves for fear of displeasing U.S. Vogue editor Anna Wintour , who is widely believed to have been the inspiration for Priestly . Still , many allowed their clothes and accessories to be used in the film , making it the most expensively costumed film in history . Wintour later overcame her initial skepticism , saying she liked the film and Streep in particular .
= = Plot = =
Andrea ( Anne Hathaway ) is an aspiring journalist fresh out of Northwestern University . Despite her ridicule for the shallowness of the fashion industry , she lands a job " a million girls would kill for , " junior personal assistant to Miranda Priestly ( Meryl Streep ) , the icy editor @-@ in @-@ chief of Runway fashion magazine . Andy plans to put up with Miranda 's bizarre and humiliating treatment for one year in hopes of getting a job as a reporter or writer somewhere else .
At first , Andy fumbles with her job and fits in poorly with her gossipy , fashion @-@ conscious co @-@ workers , especially Miranda 's senior assistant Emily Charlton ( Emily Blunt ) . However , with the help of art director Nigel ( Stanley Tucci ) , who lends her designer clothes , she gradually learns her responsibilities and begins to dress more stylishly to show her effort and commitment to the position . She also meets attractive young writer Christian Thompson ( Simon Baker ) , who offers to help her with her career . As she spends increasing amounts of time at Miranda 's beck and call , problems arise in her relationships with her college friends and her live @-@ in boyfriend Nate ( Adrian Grenier ) , a chef working his way up the career ladder .
Miranda is impressed by Andy and allows her to be the one to bring the treasured " Book , " a mock @-@ up of the upcoming edition , to her home , along with her dry cleaning . She is given instructions by Emily about where to leave the items and is told not to speak with anyone in the home . Andy arrives at Miranda 's home only to discover that the instructions she received are vague . As she tries to figure out what to do , Andy begins to panic . Miranda 's twins ( Caroline and Cassidy , played by Colleen and Suzanne Dengel , respectively ) falsely tell her she can leave the book at the top of the stairs just as Emily has done on many occasions . At the top of the stairs , Andy interrupts Miranda and her husband having an argument . Mortified , Andy leaves the book and runs out of the home .
The next day , Miranda tells her that she wants the new unpublished Harry Potter book for her daughters and , if Andy cannot find a copy , she will be fired . Andy desperately attempts to find the book , nearly gives up , but ultimately obtains it through Christian 's contacts . She surprises Miranda by not only finding the book but having copies sent to the girls at the train station , leaving no doubt that she accomplished Miranda 's " impossible " task , thus saving her job .
One day , Andy saves Miranda from being embarrassed at a charity benefit , and Miranda rewards her by offering to take her to the fall fashion shows in Paris instead of Emily . Andy hesitates to take this privilege away from Emily but is forced to accept the offer after being told by Miranda that she will lose her job if she declines . Andy tries to tell Emily on her way to work . However , Emily is hit by a car and Andy has to break the bad news while visiting her in the hospital .
When Andy tells Nate she is going to Paris , he is angered by her refusal to admit that she 's become what she once ridiculed , and they break up . Once there , Miranda , without makeup , opens up to Andy about the effect Miranda 's impending divorce will have on her daughters . Later that night , Nigel tells Andy that he has accepted a job as Creative Director with rising fashion star James Holt ( Daniel Sunjata ) at Miranda 's recommendation . Andy finally succumbs to Christian 's charms and , after spending the night with him , learns from him about a plan to replace Miranda with Jacqueline Follet as editor of Runway . Despite the suffering she has endured at her boss 's behest , she attempts to warn Miranda .
At a luncheon later that day , however , Miranda announces that it is Jacqueline instead of Nigel who will leave Runway for Holt . Nigel remarks to a stunned Andy that , though disappointed , he has to believe that his loyalty to Miranda will one day pay off . Later , when Miranda and Andy are being driven to a show , she explains to a still @-@ stunned Andy that she was grateful for the warning but already knew of the plot to replace her and sacrificed Nigel to keep her own job . Pleased by this display of loyalty , she tells Andy that she sees a great deal of herself in her . Andy , repulsed , says she could never do that to anyone . Miranda replies that she already did , stepping over Emily when she agreed to go to Paris . When they stop , Andy gets out and throws her cell phone into the fountain of the Place de la Concorde , leaving Miranda , Runway , and fashion behind .
Some time later , Andy meets up with Nate , who is moving to Boston because he got a new job as the sous chef of a restaurant . They agree to start dating again and see what the future holds . The same day , Andy is interviewed and is accepted to work at a major New York publication company . It was Miranda who insisted that they hire Andy , despite that she didn 't work for her a full year , but the company would be " the biggest idiots " if they don 't . Andy calls Emily and offers her her Paris wardrobe and the two leave on good terms . Andy passes the " Runway " office building and sees Miranda get into a car . Andy gives a wave , but Miranda does not acknowledge her . Andy is used to this and instead walks further into the crowd . Once inside the car , however , Miranda smiles and then orders her chauffeur to drive .
= = Cast = =
Anne Hathaway as Andrea " Andy " Sachs
Meryl Streep as Miranda Priestly
Emily Blunt as Emily Charlton
Stanley Tucci as Nigel
Simon Baker as Christian Thompson
Adrian Grenier as Nate Cooper
Gisele Bündchen as Serena
Tracie Thoms as Lily
Rich Sommer as Doug
Daniel Sunjata as James Holt
Colleen Dengel as Caroline Priestly
Suzanne Dengel as Cassidy Priestly
David Marshall Grant as Richard Sachs
Tibor Feldman as Irv Ravitz
Rebecca Mader as Jocelyn
Alyssa Sutherland as Clacker
Ines Rivero as Clacker at elevator
Stephanie Szostak as Jacqueline Follet
= = = Cameos = = =
Valentino Garavani
Giancarlo Giammetti
Carlos de Souza
Charlene Shorto
Bridget Hall
Lauren Weisberger ( uncredited ) as the twins ' nanny
Robert Verdi as a fashion journalist in Paris who interviews Miranda
Heidi Klum
Ivanka Trump
Nigel Barker
= = Production = =
Director David Frankel and producer Wendy Finerman had originally read The Devil Wears Prada in book proposal form . It would be Frankel 's second theatrical feature , and his first in over a decade . He , cinematographer Florian Ballhaus and costume designer Patricia Field , drew heavily on their experience in making Sex and the City .
Frankel recalls the whole experience as having high stakes for those involved , since for himself and the others behind the camera it was the biggest project they had yet attempted , with barely adequate resources . “ We knew we were on very thin ice , " he told Variety for a 2016 article on the film 's 10th anniversary . " It was possible this could be the end of the road for us . ”
= = = Preproduction = = =
Fox bought the rights to Weisberger 's novel before it was not only published in 2003 , but even finished . Carla Hecken , then the studio 's executive vice president , had only seen the first hundred pages of manuscript and an outline for how the rest of the plot was to go . But for her that was enough . " I thought Miranda Priestly was one of the greatest villains ever , " she recalled in 2016 . " I remember we aggressively went in and scooped it up . "
= = = = Writing = = = =
Work on a screenplay started promptly , before Weisberger had even finished her work . When it became a bestseller upon publication , elements of the plot were incorporated into the screenplay in progress . Most took their inspiration from the 2000 Ben Stiller film Zoolander and primarily satirized the fashion industry . But it was still not ready to film . Elizabeth Gabler , later head of production at Fox , noted that the finished novel did not have a strong narrative . " Since there wasn 't a strong third act in the book , " she said later , " we needed to invent that . ”
In the meantime , the studio and producer Wendy Finerman sought a director . Out of many candidates with experience in comedy , David Frankel was hired despite his limited experience , having only made one feature , Miami Rhapsody , along with some episodes of Sex and the City and Entourage . He was unsure about the property , calling it " undirectable ... a satire rather than a love story . " Later , he cited Unzipped , the 1995 documentary about designer Isaac Mizrahi , as his model for the film 's attitude towards fashion : " [ It ] revels in some of the silliness of the fashion world , but is also very serious . "
At a meeting with Finerman , Frankel told her that he thought the story unnecessarily punished Miranda . " My view was that we should be grateful for excellence . Why do the excellent people have to be nice ? ” He prepared to move on and consider more scripts . Two days later his manager persuaded him to reconsider and look for something he liked that he could shape the film into . He took the job , giving Finerman extensive notes on the script and laying out a detailed vision for the film .
Four screenwriters worked on the property . Peter Hedges wrote the first draft , but didn 't think he could do more ; another writer passed . Paul Rudnick did some work on Miranda 's scenes , followed by a Don Roos rewrite . After that , Aline Brosh McKenna , who was able to relate her own youthful experiences attempting to launch a journalism career in New York to the story , produced a draft after a month 's work that struck the right balance for Finerman and Frankel , whose notes were incorporated into a final version , rearranging the plot significantly , following the book less closely and focusing the story on the conflict between Andrea and Miranda . She found the experience of writing a story with female protagonists that did not center around a relationship " very liberating ... I felt I was allowed to do what the movie wanted to be , a Faust story , a Wall Street for ladies . "
McKenna also initially toned down Miranda 's meanness at the request of Finerman and Frankel , only to restore it later for Streep . She later cited Don Rickles as her main influence for the insults in the dialogue ; before even starting work on the screenplay she had come up with Miranda 's " Take a chance . Hire the smart fat girl " line , which she felt summed up the disparity between Andy and the world she found herself in .
McKenna consulted with acquaintances who worked in fashion to make her screenplay more realistic . She told a 2010 British Academy of Film and Television Arts lecture of a scene she had changed after one of these reviews , where Nigel told Andy not to complain so much about her job . Originally , she had made his speech more of a more of a supportive pep talk ; however one of those acquaintances said that would not happen : " [ N ] o @-@ one in that world is nice to each other ... There 's no reason to be , and they don 't have time . " she quoted him as saying .
= = = = = Cerulean sweater speech = = = = =
The " Cerulean speech " , where Miranda draws the connection between the designer fashion in Runway 's pages and Andy 's cerulean sweater , criticizing Andy 's snobbishness about fashion , had its origins in a scene cut from earlier drafts that Streep had asked to have restored . It slowly grew from a few lines where the editor disparaged her assistant 's fashion sense to a speech about " why she thought fashion was important ... She is so aware that she is affecting billions of people , and what they pick off the floor and what they are putting on their bodies in the morning . " Streep said in 2016 she was interested in " the responsibility lying on the shoulders of a woman who was the head of a global brand ... That scene wasn ’ t about the fun of fashion , it was about marketing and business . "
McKenna recalls that she kept expanding it to suit Streep and Frankel , but even a few days before it was scheduled to be filmed she was unsure if it would used or even shot . She was revising it at a nearby Starbucks when she realized that Miranda would describe something not as just blue — chosen as the color for Andy 's sweater since it would work best on screen — but would instead use an exact shade . From a list she sent of shades Streep picked cerulean ; the final speech takes up almost a page of the script , long for a mainstream film . " I was like , it 'd be cool if half of that ended up in the movie , " the writer says . " Every word is in the movie . " The references to past designer collections are entirely fictional , McKenna explains , since the speech was written around the sweater 's color ( however , the Huffington Post later pointed out , designers often take their fashion inspiration from the streets ) .
The speech has become one of the film 's most memorable moments ; " Miranda 's signature monologue " to The Ringer . " ' Cerulean ' [ has never ] sounded more sinister , " the Huffington Post wrote in 2016 , Liz Jones , former editor of British Marie Claire , said it was " a rare glimpse at the way in which even the most outlandish and extreme exponents of fashion ... influence and enrich all our lives , even if we only ever shop at Marks & Spencer or Gap . "
= = = = Casting = = = =
Once the script was finished , the filmmakers and Fox focused on getting Meryl Streep to play Miranda ; Hacken recalled she was seen as so perfect for the part that no one had discussed any alternatives ( although McKenna recalls writing provisional dialogue should the producers have had to settle for another actress ) . Weisberger , who initially couldn 't imagine Streep playing the part , recalled that after seeing her on set it was " crystal clear " that she was perfect for the role .
The news that Streep would meet with Frankel was celebrated at Fox . But while Streep , for her part , knew the movie could be very successful , she felt the pay she was being offered for playing Miranda was " slightly , if not insulting , not perhaps reflective of my actual value to the project . " The producers doubled it to around $ 4 million , and she signed on , allowing Fox to greenlight the film . According to Frankel , Streep saw the film as a chance to " skewer the doyennes of the fashion world . " She has three daughters , and as an ardent feminist , felt that fashion magazines " twisted the minds of young women around the world and their priorities . This was an interesting way to get back at them . " Also , she said , the film passed the Bechdel test .
She insisted on the scenes where she explains to Andy the connection between the blue sweater she 's wearing and the haute couture industry , and the scene where Miranda briefly opens up to Andy , without makeup , about her divorce . " I wanted , ” she explained , “ to see that face without it protective glaze , to glimpse the woman in the businesswoman . ”
Casting Andy was less clear @-@ cut . Fox wanted an A @-@ list younger actress , and felt Rachel McAdams , then coming off successes in The Notebook and Mean Girls , would help the film 's commercial prospects . However , she declined several offers to play Andy , telling the studio she was trying to avoid mainstream projects for a while .
Hathaway , by contrast , actively sought the part , tracing " Hire me " in the sand of the Zen garden on Hacken 's desk when she talked about the project with the executive . While Frankel liked her enough to not require her to audition , she knew she was not the studio 's first choice and had to be patient ( other accounts say that she was the only actress considered for the lead ) . Fox production chief Elizabeth Gabler says the studio did not realize how strong her audience was after the Princess Diaries movies . She took the part to work with Streep , but also due to some personal aspects . She , too , celebrated when she learned she had gotten the part .
Over a hundred actresses had been considered for Emily before one of the casting agents taped Emily Blunt reading some of the lines elsewhere on the Fox lot as she was leaving for her flight to London following her audition for Eragon . Although she read them in her native British accent despite the character being written as American as she is in the novel , Frankel was interested ; Finerman liked her for her sense of humor . After the makers of Eragon cast another actress , Frankel called her in the bathroom of " some dive club " in London , where she was consoling herself with her sister . He told her that while he would have cast her just from the tape , the studio wanted to see another audition with her dressed more in character . She insisted on continuing to play the character as British ; Both Hathaway and Emily Blunt lost weight for their roles , with Hathaway later recounting that " [ she ] and I would clutch at each other and cry because we were so hungry . " Blunt later denied rumors she did this at the filmmakers ' request .
Tucci was one of the last actors cast ; he agreed to play Nigel only three days before shooting started . The filmmakers reportedly had auditioned Barney 's creative director Simon Doonan and E ! ' s Robert Verdi , both openly gay men highly visible as media fashion commentators , for the part . Verdi would later claim there was no intention to actually hire him and the producers had just used him and Doonan to give whoever they ultimately did cast some filmed research to use in playing a gay character ( he would end up with a walk @-@ on part as a fashion journalist in Paris ) . Tucci claims he was unaware of this : " All I know is that someone called me and I realized this was a great part . " He based the character on various people he was acquainted with , insisting on the glasses he ultimately wore . Sunjata had originally read for Tucci 's part , rather unenthusiastically since he had just finished playing a similar character , but then read the Holt part and asked if he could audition for it . Baker auditioned by sending a video of himself , wearing the same self @-@ designed green jacket he has on when he and Andrea meet for the first time .
Weisberger is widely believed to have based Miranda on Anna Wintour , the powerful editor of Vogue . Wintour reportedly warned major fashion designers who had been invited to make cameo appearances as themselves in the film that they would be banished from the magazine 's pages if they did so . Vogue and other major women 's and fashion magazines have avoided reviewing or even mentioning the book in their pages . Wintour 's spokespeople deny the claim , but costume designer Patricia Field says many designers told her they did not want to risk Wintour 's wrath .
Only Valentino , who had designed the black gown Streep wears in the museum benefit scene , chose to make an appearance . Coincidentally , he was in New York during production and Finerman dared Field , an acquaintance , to ask him personally . Much to her surprise , he accepted . Other cameos of note include Heidi Klum as herself and Weisberger as the twins ' nanny . Streep 's daughter 's film debut as a barista at Starbucks was cut . Gisele Bündchen agreed to be in the movie only if she did not play a model .
= = = Filming = = =
Principal photography took place over 57 days in New York and Paris between October and December 2005 . The film 's budget was $ 41 million . It was originally lower , which caused problems with some locations — the crew could not get permission to shoot at the Museum of Modern Art or Bryant Park .
Ballhaus , at Finerman and Frankel 's suggestion , composed as many shots as possible , whether interiors or exteriors , to at least partially take in busy New York street scenes in the background , to convey the excitement of working in a glamorous industry in New York . He also used a handheld camera during some of the busier meeting scenes in Miranda 's office , to better convey the flow of action , and slow motion for Andrea 's entrance into the office following her makeover . A few process shots were necessary , mainly to put exterior views behind windows on sets and in the Mercedes where Miranda and Andrea are having their climactic conversation .
Fox originally refused permission to let Frankel shoot some scenes from the third act in Paris , where it is set , due to the low budget . But after six " nightmarish " weeks of shooting , he had an editor cut a " sizzle reel " of highlights . That convinced the studio to increase the budget to allow for limited shooting overseas ( Streep did not go as Fox believed it would be too expensive ) .
= = = = Acting = = = =
Several weeks after all the major parts had been cast , the actors gathered in New York for a table read . Hathaway was nervous and goofy , she recalls , since she still had not developed her idea of the part ; she described her performance at that point as " [ nothing ] particularly impressive . " Blunt , by contrast , found Streep 's laugh relaxed her enough to keep her focused on playing a nervous , distracted Emily . The highlight of the session was Streep 's first line as Miranda . Instead of the " strident , bossy , barking voice " everyone expected , Hathaway says , Streep silenced the room by speaking in a near whisper . " It was so unexpected and brilliant . " At the reading Streep also changed Miranda 's last line to " everybody wants to be us " from the original " me " .
Streep made a conscious decision not to play the part as a direct impression of Wintour , right down to not using an accent and making the character American rather than English ( " I felt it was too restricting " ) . " I think she wanted people not to confuse the character of Miranda Priestly with Anna Wintour at all , " said Frankel . " And that 's why early on in the process she decided on a very different look for her and a different approach to the character . " The " that 's all , " " please bore someone else ... " catchphrases ; her coat @-@ tossing on Andrea 's desk and discarded steak lunch are retained from the novel . Streep prepared by reading a book by Wintour protégé Liz Tilberis and the memos of Vogue editor Diana Vreeland . She lost so much weight during shooting that the clothes had to be taken in .
During the movie 's press tour she also said her performance as Miranda was inspired by different men she knew , but did not say which ones . In 2016 she disclosed to Variety that she took Miranda 's soft speaking style from Clint Eastwood : " He never , ever , ever raises his voice and everyone has to lean in to listen , and he is automatically the most powerful person in the room . " However , she said , Eastwood does not make jokes , so instead she modeled that aspect of the character on theatrical and film director Mike Nichols. whose delivery of a cutting remark , she said , made everyone laugh , including the target . " The walk , I ’ m afraid , is mine , ” Streep added .
For Miranda 's actual look , Streep looked to two women . The bouffant hairstyle was inspired by model and actress Carmen Dell 'Orefice , which Streep said she wanted to blend with " the unassailable elegance and authority of [ French politician ] Christine Lagarde . " The costumes Field designed for that look resulted in numerous blown takes during the montage where Miranda repeatedly throws her overcoat on Andrea 's desk when she arrives in the morning . When McKenna saw Streep as Miranda for the first time on set , she recalls being so terrified she threw her arm in front of Frankel " like we were in a car wreck . "
Hathaway prepared for the part by volunteering for a week as an assistant at an auction house where she was " put through the wringer " according to Weisberger , who adds that Hathaway supplemented that by asking her many questions about working for Wintour . Frankel recalls that she was nervous through most of the shooting , particularly when working late , since Raffaello Follieri , her boyfriend at that time , preferred strongly that she not do so ; she was also having health issues due to a cyst . The director said she was " terrified " before starting her first scene with Streep , who had begun her working relationship with Hathaway by saying first " I think you 're perfect for the role and I 'm so happy we 're going to be working on this together " then warning her that was the last nice thing she would say . Streep applied this philosophy to everyone else on set as well , keeping her distance from the cast and crew members unless it was necessary to discuss something with them .
She also suggested the editorial meeting scene , which does not advance the plot but shows Miranda at work without Andrea present . It was also her idea that Miranda not wear makeup in the scene where she opens up to Andrea and worries about the effect on her daughters of her divorce becoming public knowledge . Blunt , for her part , contributed the line where she tells Andy " I 'm hearing this " , while opening and closing her hand , " and I want to hear this " keeping it closed . In 2015 she told Howard Stern that she had overheard a mother saying that to a child in a supermarket during production .
= = = = Costuming = = = =
Frankel , who had worked with Patricia Field on his feature @-@ film debut Miami Rhapsody as well as Sex and the City , knew that what the cast wore would be of utmost importance in a movie set in the fashion industry . " My approach was to hire her and then leave the room , " he joked later . While only Valentino Garavani appeared onscreen , many other designers were helpful to Field . Her $ 100 @,@ 000 budget for the film 's costumes was supplemented by help from friends throughout the industry . Ultimately , she believes , at least $ 1 million worth of clothing was used in the film , making it one of the most expensively costumed movies in cinema history . The single priciest item was a $ 100 @,@ 000 Fred Leighton necklace on Streep .
When Hathaway enters the office after Nigel gives her access to Runway 's closet , she is dressed entirely in Chanel . Field explained in 2016 that " I felt Annie Hathaway was a Chanel girl organically , as opposed to let 's say a Versace [ or Roberto Cavalli ] girl . " When she called the company to ask for assistance , they were delighted because " they wanted to see Chanel on a young girl to give it another point of view , " showing it as a brand for " not just middle @-@ aged women in suits , but youthful and funky . " Calvin Klein rounds out Andrea 's wardrobe .
Dolce & Gabbana and Calvin Klein helped Field as well , with some contributions from Lebanese designer Georges Chakra . Although Field avoids making Streep look like Wintour , she dresses her in generous helpings of Prada . ( By Field 's own estimate , 40 % of the shoes on Streep 's feet are Prada . ) Field added that much of the audience would not be familiar with Wintour 's look and that " Meryl looks nothing like Anna , so even if I wanted to copy Anna , I couldn 't . " But , like Wintour and her Vogue predecessor Diana Vreeland , the two realized that Miranda needed a signature look , which was provided primarily by the white wig and forelock she wore as well as the clothes the two spent much time poring over look @-@ books for . " [ I ] n choosing her wardrobe my idea was that she ’ s a chief fashion editor , she has her own style , " Fields told Women 's Wear Daily in 2016 . " We ’ re creating an original character . "
Field said she avoided prevailing fashion trends for Miranda during production in favor of a more timeless look based on Donna Karan archives and pieces by Michaele Vollbracht for Bill Blass , a look she describes as " rich @-@ lady clothes . " She did not want people to easily recognize what Miranda was wearing .
She contrasted Andrea and Emily by giving Andrea a " textbook " sense of style , without much risk @-@ taking , that would suggest clothing a fashion magazine would have on hand for shoots . Blunt , on the other hand was " so on the edge she 's almost falling off . " For her , Field chose pieces by Vivienne Westwood and Rick Owens to suggest a taste for funkier , more " underground " clothing . After the film 's release , some of the looks Field chose became popular , to the filmmakers ' amusement .
Tucci praised Field 's skill in putting ensembles together that were not only stylish but helped him develop his character :
She just sort of sits there with her cigarette and her hair , and she would pull stuff — these very disparate elements — and put them together into this ensemble , and you 'd go , " Come on , Pat , you can 't wear that with that . " She 'd say , " Eh , just try it on . " So you 'd put it on , and not only did it work , but it works on so many different levels — and it allows you to figure out who the guy is . Those outfits achieve exactly what I was trying to achieve . There 's flamboyance , there 's real risk @-@ taking , but when I walk into the room , it 's not flashy . It 's actually very subtle . You look at it and you go , " That shirt , that tie , that jacket , that vest ? What ? " But it works .
He found one Dries van Noten tie he wore during the film to his liking and kept it .
= = = = Production design = = = =
After touring some offices of real fashion magazines , Jess Gonchor gave the Runway offices a clean , white look meant to suggest a makeup compact ( " the chaste beiges and whites of impervious authority , " Denby called it ) . Miranda 's office bears some strong similarities to the real office of Anna Wintour , down to an octagonal mirror on the wall , photographs and a floral arrangement on the desk ( a similarity so marked Wintour had her office redecorated after the movie ) . The magazine itself is very similar to Vogue , and one of the covers on the wall of the office , showing three models , is a direct homage to the August 2004 cover of that magazine .
She even chose separate computer wallpaper to highlight different aspects of Blunt 's and Hathaway 's character : Paris 's Arc de Triomphe on Blunt 's suggests her aspirations to accompany Miranda to the shows there , while the floral image on Andy 's suggests the natural , unassuming qualities she displays at the outset of her tenure with the magazine . For the photo of Andrea with her parents , Hathaway posed with her own mother and David Marshall Grant . One of the purported Harry Potter manuscripts was later sold at auction for $ 586 on eBay , along with various clothing used in the film , to benefit Dress for Success , a charity which provides business clothing to help women transition into the workforce .
= = = = Products = = = =
Aside from the clothing and accessories , some other well @-@ known brands are conspicuous in the film .
Apple computers are used in the Runway offices , consistent with many real publishing companies .
Bottles of Italian San Pellegrino mineral water are seen in the Runway offices .
Mitel IP telephones are used in the office of RUNWAY Magazine – including both reception desks outside the office of Miranda Priestly ( played by Meryl Streep ) , Magazine Editor .
Miranda drinks coffee from a nearby Starbucks .
Andrea uses a Danger Hiptop 2 ( or a T @-@ Mobile Sidekick 2 ) mobile phone , and Miranda a Motorola RAZR V3 in silver , same as Nigel 's .
The two are frequently driven around in Lincoln Town Cars and Mercedes @-@ Benz S @-@ Class S550 ( without vehicle registration plate ) sedans .
In one of the scenes Anne Hathaway is driving a Porsche 911 Carrera Cabriolet .
Andrea gives her friend a Bang & Olufsen phone .
= = = = Locations = = = =
= = = = = New York = = = = =
The McGraw @-@ Hill building on Sixth Avenue was used for the exteriors and lobby of Elias @-@ Clarke 's headquarters .
The Runway offices are partially corridors in the neighboring Fox building and partially sets .
The Elias @-@ Clarke cafeteria is the one at the Reuters office in Manhattan .
Nate and Andy 's apartment is on the Lower East Side .
Andy gets on the subway at the Spring Street station and gets off at 51st Street , both on the Lexington Avenue Line .
Bubby 's , the restaurant Nate works at ( and where Andrea , Doug and Lily eat dinner on occasion ) is in TriBeCa .
The Smith & Wollensky steakhouse and its kitchen were used .
The Calvin Klein showroom is used in the deleted scenes .
Holt 's studio is a loft used by an actual designer .
The American Museum of Natural History was used for the exterior of the museum benefit , while the lobby of one of the Foley Square courthouses is used for the interior .
The Priestly townhouse is on the Upper East Side and belongs to a friend of Finerman 's . It had to be dressed on short notice after another one could not be used .
Christian gives Andy the unpublished Harry Potter manuscript at the St. Regis Hotel 's King Cole Bar .
The Amtrak train the twins are taking is going up the Hudson River at Haverstraw Bay .
Streep exits her limousine , supposedly in Paris , at 77th Street and Central Park West .
The New York Mirror newsroom where Andrea gets hired at the end of the film is that of the now @-@ defunct New York Sun .
The cafe where Andy apologizes to Nate was the Mayrose at 920 Broadway ( near the Flatiron Building ) , which has since closed . On its site is the Brio restaurant .
= = = = = Paris = = = = =
The crew were in Paris for only two days , and used only exteriors . Streep did not make the trip .
The fountain Andy throws her phone into is on the Place de la Concorde .
All the hotel interiors are actually the St. Regis in Manhattan . The fashion shows were filmed on a soundstage in Queens . Likewise , Christian 's hotel is the Times Square W Hotel
= = = Post @-@ production = = =
= = = = Editing = = = =
Mark Livolsi realized , as McKenna had on the other end , that the film worked best when it focused on the Andrea @-@ Miranda storyline . Accordingly , he cut a number of primarily transitional scenes , such as Andrea 's job interview and the Runway staff 's trip to Holt 's studio . He also took out a scene early on where Miranda complimented Andrea . Upon reviewing them for the DVD , Frankel admitted he hadn 't even seen them before , since Livolsi didn 't include them in any prints he sent to the director .
Frankel praised Livolsi for making the film 's four key montages — the opening credits , Miranda 's coat @-@ tossing , Andrea 's makeover and the Paris introduction — work . The third was particularly challenging as it uses passing cars and other obstructions to cover Hathaway 's changes of outfit . Some scenes were also created in the editing room , such as the reception at the museum , where Livolsi wove B @-@ roll footage in to keep the action flowing .
= = = = Music = = = =
Composer Theodore Shapiro relied heavily on guitar and percussion , with the backing of a full orchestra , to capture a contemporary urban sound . He ultimately wrote 35 minutes of music for the film , which were performed and recorded by the Hollywood Studio Symphony , conducted by Pete Anthony . His work was balanced with songs by U2 ( " City of Blinding Lights " , Miranda and Andrea in Paris ) , Madonna ( " Vogue " & " Jump " , Andrea 's fashion montage & her first day on the job , respectively ) , KT Tunstall ( " Suddenly I See " , female montage during opening credits ) , Alanis Morissette ( " Crazy " , Central Park photo shoot ) , Bitter : Sweet ( " Our Remains , " Andrea picks up James Holt 's sketches for Miranda ; Bittersweet Faith , Lily 's art show ) , Azure Ray ( " Sleep , " following the breakdown of her relationship with Nate ) , Jamiroquai ( " Seven Days in Sunny June , " Andrea and Christian meet at James Holt 's party ) among others . Frankel had wanted to use " City of Blinding Lights " in the film after he had used it as a soundtrack to a video montage of Paris scenes he had put together after scouting locations there . Likewise , Field had advocated just as strongly for " Vogue . "
The soundtrack album was released on July 11 by Warner Music . It includes all the songs mentioned above ( except Madonna 's " Jump " ) as well as a suite of Shapiro 's themes . Among the tracks not included is " Suddenly I See , " which disappointed many fans . It became popular as a result of the film although the single did not crack the U.S. Top Forty . It nonetheless became a popular radio hit .
= = Pre @-@ release and marketing = =
Originally intended just to convince Fox to fund some shooting in Paris , Frankel 's sizzle reel led the studio to put a stronger marketing push behind the movie . It moved the release date from February to summer , scheduling it as a lighter alternative audiences could consider to Superman Returns at the end of June 2006 , and began to position it as an event movie in and of itself .
Two decisions by the studio 's marketing department that were meant to be preliminary wound up being integral to promoting the film . The first was the creation of the red stiletto heel ending in a pitchfork as the film 's teaser poster . It was so successful and effective , becoming almost " iconic " ( in Finerman 's words ) , that it was used for the actual release poster as well . It became a brand , and was eventually used on every medium related to the film — the tie @-@ in reprinting of the novel and the soundtrack and DVD covers as well .
The studio also put together a trailer of scenes and images strictly from the first three minutes of the film , in which Andrea meets Miranda for the first time , to be used at previews and film festivals until they could create a more standard trailer drawing from the whole film . But , again , this proved so effective with early audiences it was retained as the main trailer , since it created anticipation for the rest of the film without giving anything away .
Gabler credits the studio 's marketing team for being " really creative " . Fox saw the film as " counterprogramming " on the weekend Superman Returns was released . While they knew that the material and Hathaway would help draw a younger female audience that would not be as interested in seeing that film , " [ w ] e didn ’ t want it to just seem like a chick flick coming out . "
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
The Devil Wears Prada received positive reviews from critics . On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 75 % , based on 185 reviews , with the site 's critical consensus reads , " A rare film that surpasses the quality of its source novel , this Devil is a witty expose of New York 's fashion scene , with Meryl Streep in top form and Anne Hathaway more than holding her own " On Metacritic , the film has a score of 62 out of 100 , based on 40 critics , indicating " generally favorable reviews " .
Initial reviews of the film focused primarily on Streep 's performance , praising her for making an extremely unsympathetic character far more complex than she had been in the novel . " With her silver hair and pale skin , her whispery diction as perfect as her posture , Ms. Streep 's Miranda inspires both terror and a measure of awe , " wrote A. O. Scott in The New York Times . " No longer simply the incarnation of evil , she is now a vision of aristocratic , purposeful and surprisingly human grace . " Kyle Smith agreed at the New York Post : " The snaky Streep wisely chooses not to imitate Vogue editrix Anna Wintour , the inspiration for the book , but creates her own surprisingly believable character . "
David Edelstein , in New York magazine , criticized the film as " thin " , but praised Streep for her " fabulous minimalist performance . " J. Hoberman , Edelstein 's onetime colleague at The Village Voice , called the movie an improvement on the book and said Streep was " the scariest , most nuanced , funniest movie villainess since Tilda Swinton 's nazified White Witch [ in 2005 's The Chronicles of Narnia : The Lion , the Witch and the Wardrobe ] . "
Blunt , too , earned some favorable notice . " [ She ] has many of the movie 's best lines and steals nearly every scene she 's in , " wrote Clifford Pugh in the Houston Chronicle . Other reviewers and fans concurred . While all critics were in agreement about Streep and Blunt , they pointed to other weaknesses , particularly in the story . Reviewers familiar with Weisberger 's novel assented to her judgment that McKenna 's script greatly improved upon it . A rare exception was Angela Baldassare at The Microsoft Network Canada , who felt the film needed more of the nastiness others had told her was abundant in the novel .
David Denby summed up this response in his New Yorker review : " The Devil Wears Prada tells a familiar story , and it never goes much below the surface of what it has to tell . Still , what a surface ! " Reactions to Hathaway 's performance were not as unanimous as for many of her costars . Denby said " she suggests , with no more than a panicky sidelong glance , what Weisberger takes pages to describe . " On the other hand , to Baldassare , she " barely carrie [ d ] the load . "
= = = = Depiction of fashion industry = = = =
Some media outlets allowed their present or former fashion reporters to weigh in on how realistic the movie was . Their responses varied widely . Booth Moore at Los Angeles Times chided Field for creating a " fine fashion fantasy with little to do with reality , " a world that reflects what outsiders think fashion is like rather than what the industry actually is . Unlike the movie , in her experience fashionistas were less likely to wear makeup and more likely to value edgier dressing styles ( that would not include toe rings ) . " If they want a documentary , they can watch the History Channel " , retorted Field . Another newspaper fashion writer , Hadley Freeman of The Guardian , likewise complained the film was awash in the sexism and clichés that , to her , beset movies about fashion in general .
Charla Krupp , the executive editor of SHOP , Inc . , says " It 's the first film I 've seen that got it right ... [ It ] has the nuances of the politics and the tension better than any film — and the backstabbing and sucking @-@ up . " Joanna Coles , the editor of the U.S. edition of Marie Claire , agreed :
The film brilliantly skewers a particular kind of young woman who lives , breathes , thinks fashion above all else ... those young women who are prepared to die rather than go without the latest Muse bag from Yves Saint Laurent that costs three times their monthly salary . It 's also accurate in its understanding of the relationship between the editor @-@ in @-@ chief and the assistant .
Ginia Bellefante , former fashion reporter for The New York Times , called it " easily the truest portrayal of fashion culture since Unzipped " and giving it credit for depicting the way fashion had changed in the early 21st century . Her colleague Ruth La Ferla found a different opinion from industry insiders after a special preview screening . Most found the fashion in the movie too safe and the beauty too overstated , more in tune with the 1980s than the 2000s . " My job is to present an entertainment , a world people can visit and take a little trip , " responded Field .
Liz Jones , former editor of British Marie Claire , wrote in the Daily Mail that the movie was " a chilling reminder of the most surreal three years of my life . " The only detail she found inaccurate was the absence of flowers in Miradna 's Paris hotel room — during her tenure as editor , her rooms there or in Milan received so many flowers from designers that she thought she " had died prematurely . " She personally vouched for Miranda 's personality : " It took only a few weeks in the job for me to mutate into that strangely exotic and spoilt creature : the magazine maven , whose every whim , like those of Miranda ... must be pandered to . "
= = = Commercial = = =
On its June 30 opening weekend , right before the Independence Day holiday , the film was on 2 @,@ 847 screens . Through that Sunday , July 2 , it grossed $ 27 million , second only to the much bigger @-@ budget Superman Returns , breaking The Patriot 's six @-@ year @-@ old record for the largest take by a movie released that holiday weekend that did not win the weekend ; a record that stood until Ice Age : Dawn of the Dinosaurs broke it in 2009 .
During its first week it added $ 13 million . This success led Fox to add 35 more screens the next weekend , the widest domestic distribution the film enjoyed . Although it was never any week 's top @-@ grossing film , it remained in the top 10 through July . Its theatrical run continued through December 10 , shortly before the DVD release .
" The core marketing was definitely to women , " Gabler recalls , " but the men didn 't resist going to the movie . " She felt that male viewers responded favorably to the movie because they sought a glimpse inside fashion , and because Miranda " was enjoyable to watch . " The release date helped generate word of mouth when people who had seen it discussed it at holiday gatherings . " They were talking about it , like a summer reading book , " said Gabler .
It had a very successful run in theaters , making nearly $ 125 million in the United States and Canada and over $ 325 million worldwide , a career high for all three top @-@ billed actresses at that time . Streep would surpass it two years later with Mamma Mia while Hathaway exceeded it with 2010 's Alice in Wonderland . Blunt would not be in a higher @-@ grossing film until the 2014 movie adaptation of the Broadway musical Into the Woods ( also starring Streep ) .
It was also Tucci 's highest @-@ grossing film until Captain America : The First Avenger in 2011 .
= = = Anna Wintour = = =
Anna Wintour attended the film 's New York premiere , wearing Prada . Her friend Barbara Amiel reported that she said shortly afterward that the movie would go straight to DVD . But in an interview with Barbara Walters that aired the day the DVD was released , she called the film " really entertaining " and said she appreciated the " decisive " nature of Streep 's portrayal . " Anything that makes fashion entertaining and glamorous and interesting is wonderful for our industry . So I was 100 percent behind it . " Streep said Wintour was " probably more upset by the book than the film . "
= = = International = = =
Weisberger 's novel had been translated into 37 different languages , giving the movie a strong potential foreign audience . The international box office would ultimately deliver 60 % of the film 's gross . " We did our European premiere at the Venice Film Festival " , Gabler says , where the city 's gondoliers wore red T @-@ shirts with the film 's logo . " So many people around the world were captivated by the glossy fashion world . It was sexy and international . "
The Devil Wears Prada topped the charts on its first major European release weekend on October 9 , after a strong September Oceania and Latin America opening . It would be the highest @-@ grossing film that weekend in Britain , Spain and Russia , taking in $ 41 @.@ 5 million overall . Continued strong weekends as it opened across the rest of Europe helped it remain atop the overseas charts for the rest of the month . By the end of the year only its Chinese opening remained ; it was released there at the end of February 2007 and took in $ 2 @.@ 4 million .
The greatest portion of the $ 201 @.@ 8 million total international box office came from the United Kingdom , with $ 26 @.@ 5 million . Germany was next with $ 23 @.@ 1 million , followed by Italy at $ 19 @.@ 3 million and France at $ 17 @.@ 9 million . Outside Europe , Japanese box office was the highest at $ 14 @.@ 6 million , followed by Australia at $ 12 @.@ 6 million .
Most reviews from the international press echoed the domestic response , heaping praise on Streep and the other actors , but calling the whole film " predictable . " The Guardian 's Peter Bradshaw , who found the film " moderately entertaining , " took Blunt to task , calling her a " real disappointment ... strained and awkward . " In The Independent , Anthony Quinn said Streep " may just have given us a classic here " and concluded that the film as a whole was " as snappy and juicy as fresh bubblegum . "
In most markets the title remained unchanged ; either the English was used or a translation into the local language . The only exceptions were Chile , Colombia , Ecuador , Mexico and Venezuela , where it was El diablo que viste Prada and El diablo se viste a la moda . In Poland , the title was Diabeł ubiera się u Prady which roughly means " The Devil dresses ( itself ) at Prada " rather than " The Devil Wears Prada . " In Italian the title was ″ Il diavolo veste Prada " which roughly means " The devil wears Prada " . In Turkey , the title was " Şeytan Marka Giyer , " roughly translated as " The Devil Wears Brand @-@ Names . " In Romania , the title was " Diavolul se îmbracă de la Prada , " which roughly means " The Devil Dresses itself from Prada " , the same construction being found in the French title , " Le Diable s 'habille en Prada " . The Japanese version is titled " プラダを着た悪魔 " , which translates as " The devil wearing Prada " .
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
Three months after the film 's North American release ( October 2006 ) , Frankel and Weisberger jointly accepted the first Quill Variety Blockbuster Book to Film Award . A committee of staffers at the magazine made the nominations and chose the award winner . Editor Peter Bart praised both works .
The Devil Wears Prada ' is an energetically directed , perfect @-@ fit of a film that has surprised some in the industry with its box @-@ office legs . It has delighted the country , much as did Lauren Weisberger 's book , which is still going strong on several national bestseller lists
The film was honored by the National Board of Review as one of the year 's ten best . The American Film Institute gave the film similar recognition .
The film received ample attention from the Hollywood Foreign Press Association when its Golden Globe Award nominations were announced on December 14 , 2006 . The film itself was in the running for Best Picture ( Comedy / Musical ) and Supporting Actress ( for Blunt ) . Streep later won the Globe for Best Actress ( Musical / Comedy ) .
On January 4 , 2007 , her fellow members of the Screen Actors Guild nominated Streep for Best Actress as well . Four days later , at the National Society of Film Critics awards , Streep won Best Supporting Actress for her work both in Devil and A Prairie Home Companion . McKenna earned a nomination from the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay on January 11 , 2007 .
The following day , the British Academy of Film and Television Arts announced its 2006 nominations ; Blunt , Field , McKenna and Streep were all among the nominees , as were makeup artist and hairstylists Nicki Ledermann and Angel de Angelis .
On January 23 , 2007 , Streep received her 14th Academy Award nomination for Best Actress , lengthening her record from 13 for most nominations by any actor male or female . Field received a Costume Design nomination as well . Neither won , but Blunt and Hathaway presented the last mentioned award , amusing the audience by slipping into their characters for a few lines , nervously asking which of them had gotten Streep her cappuccino . Streep played along with a stern expression before smiling .
= = In other media = =
The success of the film led to a proposed , but unrealized , American dramedy series that was in contention to air for the 2007 – 08 television season on Fox . It was to be produced by Fox Television Studios , with the premise adjusted for the confines of a traditional half @-@ hour or one @-@ hour dramedy with a single camera set @-@ up . However , it never reached the point of even producing a pilot episode .
With the video release came renewed interest in Weisberger 's novel . It ranked eighth on USA Todays list of 2006 best sellers and was the second most borrowed book in American libraries . The audiobook version was released in October 2006 and quickly made it to third on that medium 's fiction best seller list .
In 2015 , it was reported that Broadway producer Kevin McCollum had signed a deal two years earlier with Fox to develop some of the movies from its back catalog into musicals for the stage . Two he expressed particular interest in were Mrs. Doubtfire and The Devil Wears Prada . While he first chose an adaptation of Ever After , a 1998 Drew Barrymore film , theater enthusiasts were intrigued by the possibility of a Devil Wears Prada musical . " [ It ] isn 't terrible source material , " observed The A.V. Club , which speculated that Patti Lupone or Bernadette Peters might make a memorable Miranda on stage .
= = Home media = =
The DVD was released on December 12 , 2006 and has , in addition to the film , the following extras :
Audio commentary from Frankel , editor Mark Livolsi , Field , screenwriter Aline Brosh McKenna , producer Wendy Finerman and cinematographer Florian Ballhaus .
A five @-@ minute blooper reel featuring , among other shots , unintentional pratfalls by Hathaway due to the high stiletto heels she had to wear . It also includes gag shots such as a chubby crewmember in loose @-@ fitting clothing walking along the runway at the fashion show , and Streep announcing " I have some nude photographs to show you " at the Paris brunch scene . Unlike most blooper reels , it is not a collection of sequential takes but rather a fast @-@ paced montage set to music from the film with many backstage shots and a split screenshot allowing the viewer to compare the actual shot with the blooper . The many shots of actors touching their noses are , Rich Sommer says , a game played to assign blame for ruined takes .
Five featurettes
" Trip to the Big Screen " , a 12 @-@ minute look at the film 's pre @-@ production , discussing the changes made from the novel , how Frankel was chosen to direct and other issues .
" NYC and Fashion " , a look at the real New York fashion scene and how it is portrayed in the film .
" Fashion Visionary Patricia Field " , a profile of the film 's costume designer .
" Getting Valentino " , covering how the designer was persuaded to appear as himself in the film .
" Boss from Hell " , a short segment on difficult , nightmarish superiors like Priestly .
Fifteen deleted scenes , with commentary from Frankel and Livolsi available ( see below ) .
The theatrical trailer , and promotional spots for the soundtrack album and other releases .
Closed captions in French and Spanish are also available . The DVD is available in both full screen and widescreen versions . Pictures of the cast and the tagline " Hell on Heels " were added to the red @-@ heel image for the cover . It was released in the UK on February 5 , 2007 .
A Blu @-@ ray Disc of the film was released simultaneously with the DVD . The Blu @-@ ray maintains the same features as the DVD ; however , the featurettes were dropped and replaced with a subtitle pop @-@ up trivia track that can be watched by itself or along with the audio commentary .
= = = Reception = = =
Immediately upon its December 12 release , it became the top rental in the USA . It held that spot through the end of the year , adding another $ 26 @.@ 5 million to the film 's grosses ; it dropped out of the top 50 at the end of March , with its grosses almost doubling . The following week it made its debut on the DVD sales charts in third position . By the end of 2007 it had sold nearly 5 @.@ 6 million units , for a total of $ 94 @.@ 4 million in sales .
= = = Deleted scenes = = =
Among the deleted scenes are some that added more background information to the story , with commentary available by the editor and director . Most were deleted by Livolsi in favor of keeping the plot focused on the conflict between Miranda and Andrea , often without consulting Frankel .
Frankel generally approved of his editor 's choices , but differed on one scene , showing Andrea on her errand to the Calvin Klein showroom . He felt that scene showed Andrea 's job was about more than running personal errands for Miranda .
= = Cultural impact and legacy = =
In 2016 , around the 10th anniversary of the film 's release , Vanity Fair did a rundown of some Independence Day weekend movie box results from the previous 15 years , noting how some better @-@ remembered films had been bested by films that have not stood the test of time . It called Superman Returns ' win over The Devil Wears Prada the " most ironic " of these victories . " [ T ] he degree to which [ it ] has penetrated pop culture needs no explanation – as does the degree to which Superman Returns didn 't . "
The cast 's opinions on why the movie has endured differ . Hathaway told Variety that she thinks many people relate to Andy 's predicament of working for someone who seems impossible to please . " Everybody has had an experience like this . " Tucci did not believe specific explanations were necessary . " It ’ s a fucking brilliant movie ... The brilliant movies become influential , no matter what they are about . "
= = = Cast = = =
The cast members bonded tightly on the set , and remained close afterwards . Blunt invited them to her wedding to John Krasinski in 2010 . There , Tucci met her sister Felicity , whom he later married . " Ten years after The Devil Wears Prada , Stanley is in my actual family , " she told Variety . " How frightening is that ? "
In its anniversary story , Variety argued that it had benefited all three of its lead actresses . In addition to Streep 's record @-@ setting Oscar nomination , the magzine observed , it had proven that she could be a box @-@ office draw by herself , opening doors up for her to be cast as a lead in later summer movies such as Julie & Julia and Mamma Mia ! . For Hathaway , it was her first leading role in a film intended for an adult audience . Subsequent producers were impressed that she had held her own playing opposite Streep , which led eventually to her being cast in more serious roles like Rachel Getting Married and Les Misérables , for which she won an Oscar . " I think what people saw was promising — it made people want to see more . "
Hathaway believes that Blunt 's career took off because of her role . " I 've never witnessed a star being born before , " Hathaway says . " That 's the first time I watched it happen . " Blunt agrees that it was " a night and day change " for her — the day after the film was released , she told Variety , the staff at the coffee shop she had been going to for breakfast every morning in Los Angeles suddenly recognized her . Even ten years later , people still quote her lines from the film back to her at least once a week , she says .
= = = Audience demographics = = =
" [ The film ] definitely paved the way for the filmmakers and distributors of the world to know that there was a female audience that was really strong out there " , Gabler recalls , one that was not segmented by age . She pointed to later movies , such as Mamma Mia ! , 27 Dresses ( written by McKenna ) and Me Before You , that appeared to her to be trying to replicate The Devil Wears Prada 's success with that demographic . However , Gabler feels they did not do so as well . " Prada reminds me of movies that we don 't have a lot of now — it harkens back to classic movies that had so much more than just one kind of plot line ... You just keep wanting to find something that can touch upon the same zeitgeist as this film . "
For Streep , the most significant thing about the film was that " [ t ] his was the first time , on any movie I have ever made , where men came up to me and said , ' I know what you felt like , this is kind of like my life . ' That was for me the most ground @-@ breaking thing about Devil Wears Prada — it engaged men on a visceral level , " she told Indiewire .
= = = Popular culture and society = = =
The film has made a lasting impact on popular culture . Although a TV series based on it was not picked up , in the years after its release The Simpsons titled an episode " The Devil Wears Nada " and parodied some scenes . The American version of The Office began an episode with Steve Carell as Michael Scott imitating Miranda after watching the film on Netflix .
In 2008 , The New York Times wrote that the movie had defined the image of a personal assistant in the public mind . Seven years later , Dissent 's Francesca Mari wrote about " the assistant economy " by which many creative professionals rely on workers so titled to do menial personal and professional tasks for them ; she pointed to The Devil Wears Prada as the best @-@ known narrative of assistantship . The next year , writing about a proposed change in U.S. federal overtime regulations that was seen as threatening to that practice , the Times called it the ' Devil Wears Prada ' economy " , a term other news outlets also used .
On the film 's 10th anniversary , Alyssa Rosenberg wrote in The Washington Post that Miranda anticipated female antiheroines of popular television series of the later 2000s and 2010s such asScandal ; ' s Olivia Pope and Cersei Lannister in Game of Thrones . Like them , she observes , Miranda competently assumes a position of authority often held by male characters , despite her moral failings , that she must defend against attempts to use her personal life to remove her from it , to " prov [ e ] , as a creature of sentiment , that she never belonged there in the first place . " In doing so , however successfully to herself and others , " she has zipped herself into a life as regimented and limited as a skintight pencil skirt . "
" Like many instant classics , Prada benefited from perfect timing " , Variety 's 2016 article observed , attempting to explain the film 's enduring appeal . " It marked the beginning of the democratization of the fashion industry — when the masses started to pay attention to the business of what they wore . " It credited the movie with helping stir interest in the American adaptation of the Colombian television series Ugly Betty , which debuted months after its release .
The film also has been credited with increasing interest in R.J. Cutler 's documentary The September Issue , which followed Wintour and other Vogue editors as they prepared the issue for that month of 2007 . Writing in The Ringer on the tenth anniversary , Alison Herman observed that " The Devil Wears Prada transformed Wintour 's image from that of a mere public figure into that of a cultural icon . " Once known primarily as a fashion editor , she was now " every overlord you 'd ever bitched about three drinks deep at happy hour , only to dutifully fetch her coffee the next day . " Ultimately , the film had effected a positive change in Wintour 's image , Herman argued , " from a tyrant in chinchilla to an idol for the post @-@ Sandberg age . "
= = Possible sequel = =
In 2013 Weisberger wrote a sequel , Revenge Wears Prada . However it does not seem likely that a film version of it , or any sequel , will be made , as the film 's two stars are not eager to do so . Streep , who has never made a sequel to any of her films , has reportedly said that she is not interested in making this one in particular . And while Hathaway admits she 'd be interested in working with the same people , it would have to be " something totally different . " The Devil Wears Prada , she told Variety " might have just hit the right note . It 's good to leave it as it is . "
= = = Similar films = = =
The Intern , 2000 comedy about an overworked and mistreated low @-@ level employee at a New York fashion magazine
Swimming with Sharks , 1994 film starring Kevin Spacey as a tyrannical movie producer and Frank Whaley as his beleaguered assistant
= = = Lists = = =
List of 2006 box office number @-@ one films in Australia
List of 2006 box office number @-@ one films in Japan
List of 2006 box office number @-@ one films in South Korea
List of 2006 box office number @-@ one films in the United Kingdom
List of American comedy films
List of American films of 2006
List of awards and nominations received by Anne Hathaway
List of awards and nominations received by Emily Blunt
List of awards and nominations received by Meryl Streep
List of comedy films of the 2000s
List of fiction works made into feature films ( D – J )
List of film director and composer collaborations
List of films set in New York City
List of films set in Paris
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= HIV / AIDS =
Human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( HIV / AIDS ) is a spectrum of conditions caused by infection with the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) . Following initial infection , a person may not notice any symptoms or may experience a brief period of influenza @-@ like illness . Typically , this is followed by a prolonged period with no symptoms . As the infection progresses , it interferes more with the immune system , increasing the risk of common infections like tuberculosis , as well as other opportunistic infections , and tumors that rarely affect people who have working immune systems . These late symptoms of infection are referred to as AIDS . This stage is often also associated with weight loss .
HIV is spread primarily by unprotected sex ( including anal and oral sex ) , contaminated blood transfusions , hypodermic needles , and from mother to child during pregnancy , delivery , or breastfeeding . Some bodily fluids , such as saliva and tears , do not transmit HIV . Methods of prevention include safe sex , needle exchange programmes , treating those who are infected , and male circumcision . Disease in a baby can often be prevented by giving both the mother and child antiretroviral medication . There is no cure or vaccine ; however , antiretroviral treatment can slow the course of the disease and may lead to a near @-@ normal life expectancy . Treatment is recommended as soon as the diagnosis is made . Without treatment , the average survival time after infection is 11 years .
In 2014 about 36 @.@ 9 million people were living with HIV and it resulted in 1 @.@ 2 million deaths . Most of those infected live in sub @-@ Saharan Africa . Between its discovery and 2014 AIDS has caused an estimated 39 million deaths worldwide . HIV / AIDS is considered a pandemic — a disease outbreak which is present over a large area and is actively spreading . HIV is believed to have originated in west @-@ central Africa during the late 19th or early 20th century . AIDS was first recognized by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) in 1981 and its cause — HIV infection — was identified in the early part of the decade .
HIV / AIDS has had a great impact on society , both as an illness and as a source of discrimination . The disease also has large economic impacts . There are many misconceptions about HIV / AIDS such as the belief that it can be transmitted by casual non @-@ sexual contact . The disease has become subject to many controversies involving religion including the Catholic church 's decision not to support condom use as prevention . It has attracted international medical and political attention as well as large @-@ scale funding since it was identified in the 1980s .
= = Signs and symptoms = =
There are three main stages of HIV infection : acute infection , clinical latency and AIDS .
= = = Acute infection = = =
The initial period following the contraction of HIV is called acute HIV , primary HIV or acute retroviral syndrome . Many individuals develop an influenza @-@ like illness or a mononucleosis @-@ like illness 2 – 4 weeks post exposure while others have no significant symptoms . Symptoms occur in 40 – 90 % of cases and most commonly include fever , large tender lymph nodes , throat inflammation , a rash , headache , and / or sores of the mouth and genitals . The rash , which occurs in 20 – 50 % of cases , presents itself on the trunk and is maculopapular , classically . Some people also develop opportunistic infections at this stage . Gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea , vomiting or diarrhea may occur , as may neurological symptoms of peripheral neuropathy or Guillain @-@ Barre syndrome . The duration of the symptoms varies , but is usually one or two weeks .
Due to their nonspecific character , these symptoms are not often recognized as signs of HIV infection . Even cases that do get seen by a family doctor or a hospital are often misdiagnosed as one of the many common infectious diseases with overlapping symptoms . Thus , it is recommended that HIV be considered in people presenting an unexplained fever who may have risk factors for the infection .
= = = Clinical latency = = =
The initial symptoms are followed by a stage called clinical latency , asymptomatic HIV , or chronic HIV . Without treatment , this second stage of the natural history of HIV infection can last from about three years to over 20 years ( on average , about eight years ) . While typically there are few or no symptoms at first , near the end of this stage many people experience fever , weight loss , gastrointestinal problems and muscle pains . Between 50 and 70 % of people also develop persistent generalized lymphadenopathy , characterized by unexplained , non @-@ painful enlargement of more than one group of lymph nodes ( other than in the groin ) for over three to six months .
Although most HIV @-@ 1 infected individuals have a detectable viral load and in the absence of treatment will eventually progress to AIDS , a small proportion ( about 5 % ) retain high levels of CD4 + T cells ( T helper cells ) without antiretroviral therapy for more than 5 years . These individuals are classified as HIV controllers or long @-@ term nonprogressors ( LTNP ) . Another group consists of those who maintain a low or undetectable viral load without anti @-@ retroviral treatment , known as " elite controllers " or " elite suppressors " . They represent approximately 1 in 300 infected persons .
= = = Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome = = =
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ( AIDS ) is defined in terms of either a CD4 + T cell count below 200 cells per µL or the occurrence of specific diseases in association with an HIV infection . In the absence of specific treatment , around half of people infected with HIV develop AIDS within ten years . The most common initial conditions that alert to the presence of AIDS are pneumocystis pneumonia ( 40 % ) , cachexia in the form of HIV wasting syndrome ( 20 % ) , and esophageal candidiasis . Other common signs include recurring respiratory tract infections .
Opportunistic infections may be caused by bacteria , viruses , fungi , and parasites that are normally controlled by the immune system . Which infections occur depends partly on what organisms are common in the person 's environment . These infections may affect nearly every organ system .
People with AIDS have an increased risk of developing various viral @-@ induced cancers , including Kaposi 's sarcoma , Burkitt 's lymphoma , primary central nervous system lymphoma , and cervical cancer . Kaposi 's sarcoma is the most common cancer occurring in 10 to 20 % of people with HIV . The second most common cancer is lymphoma , which is the cause of death of nearly 16 % of people with AIDS and is the initial sign of AIDS in 3 to 4 % . Both these cancers are associated with human herpesvirus 8 . Cervical cancer occurs more frequently in those with AIDS because of its association with human papillomavirus ( HPV ) . Conjunctival cancer ( of the layer that lines the inner part of eyelids and the white part of the eye ) is also more common in those with HIV .
Additionally , people with AIDS frequently have systemic symptoms such as prolonged fevers , sweats ( particularly at night ) , swollen lymph nodes , chills , weakness , and unintended weight loss . Diarrhea is another common symptom , present in about 90 % of people with AIDS . They can also be affected by diverse psychiatric and neurological symptoms independent of opportunistic infections and cancers .
= = Transmission = =
HIV is transmitted by three main routes : sexual contact , significant exposure to infected body fluids or tissues , and from mother to child during pregnancy , delivery , or breastfeeding ( known as vertical transmission ) . There is no risk of acquiring HIV if exposed to feces , nasal secretions , saliva , sputum , sweat , tears , urine , or vomit unless these are contaminated with blood . It is possible to be co @-@ infected by more than one strain of HIV — a condition known as HIV superinfection .
= = = Sexual = = =
The most frequent mode of transmission of HIV is through sexual contact with an infected person . The majority of all transmissions worldwide occur through heterosexual contacts ( i.e. sexual contacts between people of the opposite sex ) ; however , the pattern of transmission varies significantly among countries . In the United States , as of 2010 , most transmission occurred in men who had sex with men , with this population accounting for 65 % of all new cases .
With regard to unprotected heterosexual contacts , estimates of the risk of HIV transmission per sexual act appear to be four to ten times higher in low @-@ income countries than in high @-@ income countries . In low @-@ income countries , the risk of female @-@ to @-@ male transmission is estimated as 0 @.@ 38 % per act , and of male @-@ to @-@ female transmission as 0 @.@ 30 % per act ; the equivalent estimates for high @-@ income countries are 0 @.@ 04 % per act for female @-@ to @-@ male transmission , and 0 @.@ 08 % per act for male @-@ to @-@ female transmission . The risk of transmission from anal intercourse is especially high , estimated as 1 @.@ 4 – 1 @.@ 7 % per act in both heterosexual and homosexual contacts . While the risk of transmission from oral sex is relatively low , it is still present . The risk from receiving oral sex has been described as " nearly nil " ; however , a few cases have been reported . The per @-@ act risk is estimated at 0 – 0 @.@ 04 % for receptive oral intercourse . In settings involving prostitution in low income countries , risk of female @-@ to @-@ male transmission has been estimated as 2 @.@ 4 % per act and male @-@ to @-@ female transmission as 0 @.@ 05 % per act .
Risk of transmission increases in the presence of many sexually transmitted infections and genital ulcers . Genital ulcers appear to increase the risk approximately fivefold . Other sexually transmitted infections , such as gonorrhea , chlamydia , trichomoniasis , and bacterial vaginosis , are associated with somewhat smaller increases in risk of transmission .
The viral load of an infected person is an important risk factor in both sexual and mother @-@ to @-@ child transmission . During the first 2 @.@ 5 months of an HIV infection a person 's infectiousness is twelve times higher due to this high viral load . If the person is in the late stages of infection , rates of transmission are approximately eightfold greater .
Commercial sex workers ( including those in pornography ) have an increased rate of HIV . Rough sex can be a factor associated with an increased risk of transmission . Sexual assault is also believed to carry an increased risk of HIV transmission as condoms are rarely worn , physical trauma to the vagina or rectum is likely , and there may be a greater risk of concurrent sexually transmitted infections .
= = = Body fluids = = =
The second most frequent mode of HIV transmission is via blood and blood products . Blood @-@ borne transmission can be through needle @-@ sharing during intravenous drug use , needle stick injury , transfusion of contaminated blood or blood product , or medical injections with unsterilised equipment . The risk from sharing a needle during drug injection is between 0 @.@ 63 and 2 @.@ 4 % per act , with an average of 0 @.@ 8 % . The risk of acquiring HIV from a needle stick from an HIV @-@ infected person is estimated as 0 @.@ 3 % ( about 1 in 333 ) per act and the risk following mucous membrane exposure to infected blood as 0 @.@ 09 % ( about 1 in 1000 ) per act . In the United States intravenous drug users made up 12 % of all new cases of HIV in 2009 , and in some areas more than 80 % of people who inject drugs are HIV positive .
HIV is transmitted in about 93 % of blood transfusions using infected blood . In developed countries the risk of acquiring HIV from a blood transfusion is extremely low ( less than one in half a million ) where improved donor selection and HIV screening is performed ; for example , in the UK the risk is reported at one in five million and in the United States it was one in 1 @.@ 5 million in 2008 . In low income countries , only half of transfusions may be appropriately screened ( as of 2008 ) , and it is estimated that up to 15 % of HIV infections in these areas come from transfusion of infected blood and blood products , representing between 5 % and 10 % of global infections . Although rare because of screening , it is possible to acquire HIV from organ and tissue transplantation .
Unsafe medical injections play a significant role in HIV spread in sub @-@ Saharan Africa . In 2007 , between 12 and 17 % of infections in this region were attributed to medical syringe use . The World Health Organization estimates the risk of transmission as a result of a medical injection in Africa at 1 @.@ 2 % . Significant risks are also associated with invasive procedures , assisted delivery , and dental care in this area of the world .
People giving or receiving tattoos , piercings , and scarification are theoretically at risk of infection but no confirmed cases have been documented . It is not possible for mosquitoes or other insects to transmit HIV .
= = = Mother @-@ to @-@ child = = =
HIV can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy , during delivery , or through breast milk resulting in infection in the baby . This is the third most common way in which HIV is transmitted globally . In the absence of treatment , the risk of transmission before or during birth is around 20 % and in those who also breastfeed 35 % . As of 2008 , vertical transmission accounted for about 90 % of cases of HIV in children . With appropriate treatment the risk of mother @-@ to @-@ child infection can be reduced to about 1 % . Preventive treatment involves the mother taking antiretrovirals during pregnancy and delivery , an elective caesarean section , avoiding breastfeeding , and administering antiretroviral drugs to the newborn . Antiretrovirals when taken by either the mother or the infant decrease the risk of transmission in those who do breastfeed . Many of these measures are however not available in the developing world . If blood contaminates food during pre @-@ chewing it may pose a risk of transmission .
= = Virology = =
HIV is the cause of the spectrum of disease known as HIV / AIDS . HIV is a retrovirus that primarily infects components of the human immune system such as CD4 + T cells , macrophages and dendritic cells . It directly and indirectly destroys CD4 + T cells .
HIV is a member of the genus Lentivirus , part of the family Retroviridae . Lentiviruses share many morphological and biological characteristics . Many species of mammals are infected by lentiviruses , which are characteristically responsible for long @-@ duration illnesses with a long incubation period . Lentiviruses are transmitted as single @-@ stranded , positive @-@ sense , enveloped RNA viruses . Upon entry into the target cell , the viral RNA genome is converted ( reverse transcribed ) into double @-@ stranded DNA by a virally encoded reverse transcriptase that is transported along with the viral genome in the virus particle . The resulting viral DNA is then imported into the cell nucleus and integrated into the cellular DNA by a virally encoded integrase and host co @-@ factors . Once integrated , the virus may become latent , allowing the virus and its host cell to avoid detection by the immune system . Alternatively , the virus may be transcribed , producing new RNA genomes and viral proteins that are packaged and released from the cell as new virus particles that begin the replication cycle anew .
HIV is now known to spread between CD4 + T cells by two parallel routes : cell @-@ free spread and cell @-@ to @-@ cell spread , i.e. it employs hybrid spreading mechanisms . In the cell @-@ free spread , virus particles bud from an infected T cell , enter the blood / extracellular fluid and then infect another T cell following a chance encounter . HIV can also disseminate by direct transmission from one cell to another by a process of cell @-@ to @-@ cell spread . The hybrid spreading mechanisms of HIV contribute to the virus 's ongoing replication against antiretroviral therapies .
Two types of HIV have been characterized : HIV @-@ 1 and HIV @-@ 2 . HIV @-@ 1 is the virus that was originally discovered ( and initially referred to also as LAV or HTLV @-@ III ) . It is more virulent , more infective , and is the cause of the majority of HIV infections globally . The lower infectivity of HIV @-@ 2 as compared with HIV @-@ 1 implies that fewer people exposed to HIV @-@ 2 will be infected per exposure . Because of its relatively poor capacity for transmission , HIV @-@ 2 is largely confined to West Africa .
= = Pathophysiology = =
After the virus enters the body there is a period of rapid viral replication , leading to an abundance of virus in the peripheral blood . During primary infection , the level of HIV may reach several million virus particles per milliliter of blood . This response is accompanied by a marked drop in the number of circulating CD4 + T cells . The acute viremia is almost invariably associated with activation of CD8 + T cells , which kill HIV @-@ infected cells , and subsequently with antibody production , or seroconversion . The CD8 + T cell response is thought to be important in controlling virus levels , which peak and then decline , as the CD4 + T cell counts recover . A good CD8 + T cell response has been linked to slower disease progression and a better prognosis , though it does not eliminate the virus .
Ultimately , HIV causes AIDS by depleting CD4 + T cells . This weakens the immune system and allows opportunistic infections . T cells are essential to the immune response and without them , the body cannot fight infections or kill cancerous cells . The mechanism of CD4 + T cell depletion differs in the acute and chronic phases . During the acute phase , HIV @-@ induced cell lysis and killing of infected cells by cytotoxic T cells accounts for CD4 + T cell depletion , although apoptosis may also be a factor . During the chronic phase , the consequences of generalized immune activation coupled with the gradual loss of the ability of the immune system to generate new T cells appear to account for the slow decline in CD4 + T cell numbers .
Although the symptoms of immune deficiency characteristic of AIDS do not appear for years after a person is infected , the bulk of CD4 + T cell loss occurs during the first weeks of infection , especially in the intestinal mucosa , which harbors the majority of the lymphocytes found in the body . The reason for the preferential loss of mucosal CD4 + T cells is that the majority of mucosal CD4 + T cells express the CCR5 protein which HIV uses as a co @-@ receptor to gain access to the cells , whereas only a small fraction of CD4 + T cells in the bloodstream do so . A specific genetic change that alters the CCR5 protein when present in both chromosomes very effectively prevents HIV @-@ 1 infection .
HIV seeks out and destroys CCR5 expressing CD4 + T cells during acute infection . A vigorous immune response eventually controls the infection and initiates the clinically latent phase . CD4 + T cells in mucosal tissues remain particularly affected . Continuous HIV replication causes a state of generalized immune activation persisting throughout the chronic phase . Immune activation , which is reflected by the increased activation state of immune cells and release of pro @-@ inflammatory cytokines , results from the activity of several HIV gene products and the immune response to ongoing HIV replication . It is also linked to the breakdown of the immune surveillance system of the gastrointestinal mucosal barrier caused by the depletion of mucosal CD4 + T cells during the acute phase of disease .
= = Diagnosis = =
HIV / AIDS is diagnosed via laboratory testing and then staged based on the presence of certain signs or symptoms . HIV screening is recommended by the United States Preventive Services Task Force for all people 15 years to 65 years of age including all pregnant women . Additionally , testing is recommended for those at high risk , which includes anyone diagnosed with a sexually transmitted illness . In many areas of the world , a third of HIV carriers only discover they are infected at an advanced stage of the disease when AIDS or severe immunodeficiency has become apparent .
= = = HIV testing = = =
Most people infected with HIV develop specific antibodies ( i.e. seroconvert ) within three to twelve weeks of the initial infection . Diagnosis of primary HIV before seroconversion is done by measuring HIV @-@ RNA or p24 antigen . Positive results obtained by antibody or PCR testing are confirmed either by a different antibody or by PCR .
Antibody tests in children younger than 18 months are typically inaccurate due to the continued presence of maternal antibodies . Thus HIV infection can only be diagnosed by PCR testing for HIV RNA or DNA , or via testing for the p24 antigen . Much of the world lacks access to reliable PCR testing and many places simply wait until either symptoms develop or the child is old enough for accurate antibody testing . In sub @-@ Saharan Africa as of 2007 – 2009 between 30 and 70 % of the population were aware of their HIV status . In 2009 , between 3 @.@ 6 and 42 % of men and women in Sub @-@ Saharan countries were tested which represented a significant increase compared to previous years .
= = = Classifications = = =
Two main clinical staging systems are used to classify HIV and HIV @-@ related disease for surveillance purposes : the WHO disease staging system for HIV infection and disease , and the CDC classification system for HIV infection . The CDC 's classification system is more frequently adopted in developed countries . Since the WHO 's staging system does not require laboratory tests , it is suited to the resource @-@ restricted conditions encountered in developing countries , where it can also be used to help guide clinical management . Despite their differences , the two systems allow comparison for statistical purposes .
The World Health Organization first proposed a definition for AIDS in 1986 . Since then , the WHO classification has been updated and expanded several times , with the most recent version being published in 2007 . The WHO system uses the following categories :
Primary HIV infection : May be either asymptomatic or associated with acute retroviral syndrome .
Stage I : HIV infection is asymptomatic with a CD4 + T cell count ( also known as CD4 count ) greater than 500 per microlitre ( µl or cubic mm ) of blood . May include generalized lymph node enlargement .
Stage II : Mild symptoms which may include minor mucocutaneous manifestations and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections . A CD4 count of less than 500 / µl .
Stage III : Advanced symptoms which may include unexplained chronic diarrhea for longer than a month , severe bacterial infections including tuberculosis of the lung , and a CD4 count of less than 350 / µl .
Stage IV or AIDS : severe symptoms which include toxoplasmosis of the brain , candidiasis of the esophagus , trachea , bronchi or lungs and Kaposi 's sarcoma . A CD4 count of less than 200 / µl .
The United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention also created a classification system for HIV , and updated it in 2008 and 2014 . This system classifies HIV infections based on CD4 count and clinical symptoms , and describes the infection in five groups . In those greater than six years of age it is :
Stage 0 : the time between a negative or indeterminate HIV test followed less than 180 days by a positive test
Stage 1 : CD4 count ≥ 500 cells / µl and no AIDS defining conditions
Stage 2 : CD4 count 200 to 500 cells / µl and no AIDS defining conditions
Stage 3 : CD4 count ≤ 200 cells / µl or AIDS defining conditions
Unknown : if insufficient information is available to make any of the above classifications
For surveillance purposes , the AIDS diagnosis still stands even if , after treatment , the CD4 + T cell count rises to above 200 per µL of blood or other AIDS @-@ defining illnesses are cured .
= = Prevention = =
= = = Sexual contact = = =
Consistent condom use reduces the risk of HIV transmission by approximately 80 % over the long term . When condoms are used consistently by a couple in which one person is infected , the rate of HIV infection is less than 1 % per year . There is some evidence to suggest that female condoms may provide an equivalent level of protection . Application of a vaginal gel containing tenofovir ( a reverse transcriptase inhibitor ) immediately before sex seems to reduce infection rates by approximately 40 % among African women . By contrast , use of the spermicide nonoxynol @-@ 9 may increase the risk of transmission due to its tendency to cause vaginal and rectal irritation .
Circumcision in Sub @-@ Saharan Africa " reduces the acquisition of HIV by heterosexual men by between 38 % and 66 % over 24 months " . Due to these studies , both the World Health Organization and UNAIDS recommended male circumcision as a method of preventing female @-@ to @-@ male HIV transmission in 2007 in areas with a high rates of HIV . However , whether it protects against male @-@ to @-@ female transmission is disputed , and whether it is of benefit in developed countries and among men who have sex with men is undetermined . The International Antiviral Society , however , does recommend for all sexually active heterosexual males and that it be discussed as an option with men who have sex with men . Some experts fear that a lower perception of vulnerability among circumcised men may cause more sexual risk @-@ taking behavior , thus negating its preventive effects .
Programs encouraging sexual abstinence do not appear to affect subsequent HIV risk . Evidence of any benefit from peer education is equally poor . Comprehensive sexual education provided at school may decrease high risk behavior . A substantial minority of young people continues to engage in high @-@ risk practices despite knowing about HIV / AIDS , underestimating their own risk of becoming infected with HIV . Voluntary counseling and testing people for HIV does not affect risky behavior in those who test negative but does increase condom use in those who test positive . It is not known whether treating other sexually transmitted infections is effective in preventing HIV .
= = = Pre @-@ exposure = = =
Antiretroviral treatment among people with HIV whose CD4 count ≤ 550 cells / µL is a very effective way to prevent HIV infection of their partner ( a strategy known as treatment as prevention , or TASP ) . TASP is associated with a 10 to 20 fold reduction in transmission risk . Pre @-@ exposure prophylaxis ( PrEP ) with a daily dose of the medications tenofovir , with or without emtricitabine , is effective in a number of groups including men who have sex with men , couples where one is HIV positive , and young heterosexuals in Africa . It may also be effective in intravenous drug users with a study finding a decrease in risk of 0 @.@ 7 to 0 @.@ 4 per 100 person years .
Universal precautions within the health care environment are believed to be effective in decreasing the risk of HIV . Intravenous drug use is an important risk factor and harm reduction strategies such as needle @-@ exchange programs and opioid substitution therapy appear effective in decreasing this risk .
= = = Post @-@ exposure = = =
A course of antiretrovirals administered within 48 to 72 hours after exposure to HIV @-@ positive blood or genital secretions is referred to as post @-@ exposure prophylaxis ( PEP ) . The use of the single agent zidovudine reduces the risk of a HIV infection five @-@ fold following a needle @-@ stick injury . As of 2013 , the prevention regimen recommended in the United States consists of three medications — tenofovir , emtricitabine and raltegravir — as this may reduce the risk further .
PEP treatment is recommended after a sexual assault when the perpetrator is known to be HIV positive , but is controversial when their HIV status is unknown . The duration of treatment is usually four weeks and is frequently associated with adverse effects — where zidovudine is used , about 70 % of cases result in adverse effects such as nausea ( 24 % ) , fatigue ( 22 % ) , emotional distress ( 13 % ) and headaches ( 9 % ) .
= = = Mother @-@ to @-@ child = = =
Programs to prevent the vertical transmission of HIV ( from mothers to children ) can reduce rates of transmission by 92 – 99 % . This primarily involves the use of a combination of antiviral medications during pregnancy and after birth in the infant and potentially includes bottle feeding rather than breastfeeding . If replacement feeding is acceptable , feasible , affordable , sustainable , and safe , mothers should avoid breastfeeding their infants ; however exclusive breastfeeding is recommended during the first months of life if this is not the case . If exclusive breastfeeding is carried out , the provision of extended antiretroviral prophylaxis to the infant decreases the risk of transmission . In 2015 , Cuba became the first country in the world to eradicate mother @-@ to @-@ child transmission of HIV .
= = = Vaccination = = =
Currently , there is no licensed vaccine for HIV or AIDS . The most effective vaccine trial to date , RV 144 , was published in 2009 and found a partial reduction in the risk of transmission of roughly 30 % , stimulating some hope in the research community of developing a truly effective vaccine . Further trials of the RV 144 vaccine are ongoing .
= = Treatment = =
There is currently no cure or effective HIV vaccine . Treatment consists of highly active antiretroviral therapy ( HAART ) which slows progression of the disease . As of 2010 more than 6 @.@ 6 million people were taking them in low and middle income countries . Treatment also includes preventive and active treatment of opportunistic infections .
= = = Antiviral therapy = = =
Current HAART options are combinations ( or " cocktails " ) consisting of at least three medications belonging to at least two types , or " classes , " of antiretroviral agents . Initially treatment is typically a non @-@ nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor ( NNRTI ) plus two nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors ( NRTIs ) . Typical NRTIs include : zidovudine ( AZT ) or tenofovir ( TDF ) and lamivudine ( 3TC ) or emtricitabine ( FTC ) . Combinations of agents which include protease inhibitors ( PI ) are used if the above regimen loses effectiveness .
The World Health Organization and United States recommends antiretrovirals in people of all ages including pregnant women as soon as the diagnosis is made regardless of CD4 count . Once treatment is begun it is recommended that it is continued without breaks or " holidays " . Many people are diagnosed only after treatment ideally should have begun . The desired outcome of treatment is a long term plasma HIV @-@ RNA count below 50 copies / mL . Levels to determine if treatment is effective are initially recommended after four weeks and once levels fall below 50 copies / mL checks every three to six months are typically adequate . Inadequate control is deemed to be greater than 400 copies / mL . Based on these criteria treatment is effective in more than 95 % of people during the first year .
Benefits of treatment include a decreased risk of progression to AIDS and a decreased risk of death . In the developing world treatment also improves physical and mental health . With treatment there is a 70 % reduced risk of acquiring tuberculosis . Additional benefits include a decreased risk of transmission of the disease to sexual partners and a decrease in mother @-@ to @-@ child transmission . The effectiveness of treatment depends to a large part on compliance . Reasons for non @-@ adherence include poor access to medical care , inadequate social supports , mental illness and drug abuse . The complexity of treatment regimens ( due to pill numbers and dosing frequency ) and adverse effects may reduce adherence . Even though cost is an important issue with some medications , 47 % of those who needed them were taking them in low and middle income countries as of 2010 and the rate of adherence is similar in low @-@ income and high @-@ income countries .
Specific adverse events are related to the antiretroviral agent taken . Some relatively common adverse events include : lipodystrophy syndrome , dyslipidemia , and diabetes mellitus , especially with protease inhibitors . Other common symptoms include diarrhea , and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease . Newer recommended treatments are associated with fewer adverse effects . Certain medications may be associated with birth defects and therefore may be unsuitable for women hoping to have children .
Treatment recommendations for children are somewhat different from those for adults . The World Health Organisation recommends treating all children less than 5 years of age ; children above 5 are treated like adults . The United States guidelines recommend treating all children less than 12 months of age and all those with HIV RNA counts greater than 100 @,@ 000 copies / mL between one year and five years of age .
= = = Opportunistic infections = = =
Measures to prevent opportunistic infections are effective in many people with HIV / AIDS . In addition to improving current disease , treatment with antiretrovirals reduces the risk of developing additional opportunistic infections . Adults and adolescents who are living with HIV ( even on anti @-@ retroviral therapy ) with no evidence of active tuberculosis in settings with high tuberculosis burden should receive isoniazid preventive therapy ( IPT ) , the tuberculin skin test can be used to help decide if IPT is needed . Vaccination against hepatitis A and B is advised for all people at risk of HIV before they become infected ; however it may also be given after infection . Trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis between four and six weeks of age and ceasing breastfeeding in infants born to HIV positive mothers is recommended in resource limited settings . It is also recommended to prevent PCP when a person 's CD4 count is below 200 cells / uL and in those who have or have previously had PCP . People with substantial immunosuppression are also advised to receive prophylactic therapy for toxoplasmosis and Cryptococcus meningitis . Appropriate preventive measures have reduced the rate of these infections by 50 % between 1992 and 1997 .
= = = Diet = = =
The World Health Organization ( WHO ) has issued recommendations regarding nutrient requirements in HIV / AIDS . A generally healthy diet is promoted . Some evidence has shown a benefit from micronutrient supplements . Evidence for supplementation with selenium is mixed with some tentative evidence of benefit . There is some evidence that vitamin A supplementation in children reduces mortality and improves growth . In Africa in nutritionally compromised pregnant and lactating women a multivitamin supplementation has improved outcomes for both mothers and children . Dietary intake of micronutrients at RDA levels by HIV @-@ infected adults is recommended by the WHO ; higher intake of vitamin A , zinc , and iron can produce adverse effects in HIV positive adults , and is not recommended unless there is documented deficiency .
= = = Alternative medicine = = =
In the US , approximately 60 % of people with HIV use various forms of complementary or alternative medicine , even though the effectiveness of most of these therapies has not been established . There is not enough evidence to support the use of herbal medicines . There is insufficient evidence to recommend or support the use of medical cannabis to try to increase appetite or weight gain .
= = Prognosis = =
HIV / AIDS has become a chronic rather than an acutely fatal disease in many areas of the world . Prognosis varies between people , and both the CD4 count and viral load are useful for predicted outcomes . Without treatment , average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years , depending on the HIV subtype . After the diagnosis of AIDS , if treatment is not available , survival ranges between 6 and 19 months . HAART and appropriate prevention of opportunistic infections reduces the death rate by 80 % , and raises the life expectancy for a newly diagnosed young adult to 20 – 50 years . This is between two thirds and nearly that of the general population . If treatment is started late in the infection , prognosis is not as good : for example , if treatment is begun following the diagnosis of AIDS , life expectancy is ~ 10 – 40 years . Half of infants born with HIV die before two years of age without treatment .
The primary causes of death from HIV / AIDS are opportunistic infections and cancer , both of which are frequently the result of the progressive failure of the immune system . Risk of cancer appears to increase once the CD4 count is below 500 / μL . The rate of clinical disease progression varies widely between individuals and has been shown to be affected by a number of factors such as a person 's susceptibility and immune function ; their access to health care , the presence of co @-@ infections ; and the particular strain ( or strains ) of the virus involved .
Tuberculosis co @-@ infection is one of the leading causes of sickness and death in those with HIV / AIDS being present in a third of all HIV @-@ infected people and causing 25 % of HIV @-@ related deaths . HIV is also one of the most important risk factors for tuberculosis . Hepatitis C is another very common co @-@ infection where each disease increases the progression of the other . The two most common cancers associated with HIV / AIDS are Kaposi 's sarcoma and AIDS @-@ related non @-@ Hodgkin 's lymphoma .
Even with anti @-@ retroviral treatment , over the long term HIV @-@ infected people may experience neurocognitive disorders , osteoporosis , neuropathy , cancers , nephropathy , and cardiovascular disease . Some conditions like lipodystrophy may be caused both by HIV and its treatment .
= = Epidemiology = =
HIV / AIDS is a global pandemic . As of 2014 , approximately 37 million people have HIV worldwide with the number of new infections that year being about 2 million . This is down from 3 @.@ 1 million new infections in 2001 . Of these 37 million more than half are women and 2 @.@ 6 million are less than 15 years old . It resulted in about 1 @.@ 2 million deaths in 2014 , down from a peak of 2 @.@ 2 million in 2005 .
Sub @-@ Saharan Africa is the region most affected . In 2010 , an estimated 68 % ( 22 @.@ 9 million ) of all HIV cases and 66 % of all deaths ( 1 @.@ 2 million ) occurred in this region . This means that about 5 % of the adult population is infected and it is believed to be the cause of 10 % of all deaths in children . Here in contrast to other regions women compose nearly 60 % of cases . South Africa has the largest population of people with HIV of any country in the world at 5 @.@ 9 million . Life expectancy has fallen in the worst @-@ affected countries due to HIV / AIDS ; for example , in 2006 it was estimated that it had dropped from 65 to 35 years in Botswana . Mother @-@ to @-@ child transmission , as of 2013 , in Botswana and South Africa has decreased to less than 5 % with improvement in many other African nations due to improved access to antiretroviral therapy .
South & South East Asia is the second most affected ; in 2010 this region contained an estimated 4 million cases or 12 % of all people living with HIV resulting in approximately 250 @,@ 000 deaths . Approximately 2 @.@ 4 million of these cases are in India .
In 2008 in the United States approximately 1 @.@ 2 million people were living with HIV , resulting in about 17 @,@ 500 deaths . The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimated that in 2008 20 % of infected Americans were unaware of their infection . In the United Kingdom as of 2009 there were approximately 86 @,@ 500 cases which resulted in 516 deaths . In Canada as of 2008 there were about 65 @,@ 000 cases causing 53 deaths . Between the first recognition of AIDS in 1981 and 2009 it has led to nearly 30 million deaths . Prevalence is lowest in Middle East and North Africa at 0 @.@ 1 % or less , East Asia at 0 @.@ 1 % and Western and Central Europe at 0 @.@ 2 % . The worst affected European countries , in 2009 and 2012 estimates , are Russia , Ukraine , Latvia , Moldova , Portugal and Belarus , in decreasing order of prevalence .
= = History = =
= = = Discovery = = =
AIDS was first clinically observed in 1981 in the United States . The initial cases were a cluster of injecting drug users and homosexual men with no known cause of impaired immunity who showed symptoms of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia ( PCP ) , a rare opportunistic infection that was known to occur in people with very compromised immune systems . Soon thereafter , an unexpected number of homosexual men developed a previously rare skin cancer called Kaposi 's sarcoma ( KS ) . Many more cases of PCP and KS emerged , alerting U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) and a CDC task force was formed to monitor the outbreak .
In the early days , the CDC did not have an official name for the disease , often referring to it by way of the diseases that were associated with it , for example , lymphadenopathy , the disease after which the discoverers of HIV originally named the virus . They also used Kaposi 's sarcoma and opportunistic infections , the name by which a task force had been set up in 1981 . At one point , the CDC coined the phrase " the 4H disease " , since the syndrome seemed to affect heroin users , homosexuals , hemophiliacs , and Haitians . In the general press , the term " GRID " , which stood for gay @-@ related immune deficiency , had been coined . However , after determining that AIDS was not isolated to the gay community , it was realized that the term GRID was misleading and the term AIDS was introduced at a meeting in July 1982 . By September 1982 the CDC started referring to the disease as AIDS .
In 1983 , two separate research groups led by Robert Gallo and Luc Montagnier declared that a novel retrovirus may have been infecting people with AIDS , and published their findings in the same issue of the journal Science . Gallo claimed that a virus his group had isolated from a person with AIDS was strikingly similar in shape to other human T @-@ lymphotropic viruses ( HTLVs ) his group had been the first to isolate . Gallo 's group called their newly isolated virus HTLV @-@ III . At the same time , Montagnier 's group isolated a virus from a person presenting with swelling of the lymph nodes of the neck and physical weakness , two characteristic symptoms of AIDS . Contradicting the report from Gallo 's group , Montagnier and his colleagues showed that core proteins of this virus were immunologically different from those of HTLV @-@ I. Montagnier 's group named their isolated virus lymphadenopathy @-@ associated virus ( LAV ) . As these two viruses turned out to be the same , in 1986 , LAV and HTLV @-@ III were renamed HIV .
= = = Origins = = =
Both HIV @-@ 1 and HIV @-@ 2 are believed to have originated in non @-@ human primates in West @-@ central Africa and were transferred to humans in the early 20th century . HIV @-@ 1 appears to have originated in southern Cameroon through the evolution of SIV ( cpz ) , a simian immunodeficiency virus ( SIV ) that infects wild chimpanzees ( HIV @-@ 1 descends from the SIVcpz endemic in the chimpanzee subspecies Pan troglodytes troglodytes ) . The closest relative of HIV @-@ 2 is SIV ( smm ) , a virus of the sooty mangabey ( Cercocebus atys atys ) , an Old World monkey living in coastal West Africa ( from southern Senegal to western Côte d 'Ivoire ) . New World monkeys such as the owl monkey are resistant to HIV @-@ 1 infection , possibly because of a genomic fusion of two viral resistance genes . HIV @-@ 1 is thought to have jumped the species barrier on at least three separate occasions , giving rise to the three groups of the virus , M , N , and O.
There is evidence that humans who participate in bushmeat activities , either as hunters or as bushmeat vendors , commonly acquire SIV . However , SIV is a weak virus which is typically suppressed by the human immune system within weeks of infection . It is thought that several transmissions of the virus from individual to individual in quick succession are necessary to allow it enough time to mutate into HIV . Furthermore , due to its relatively low person @-@ to @-@ person transmission rate , SIV can only spread throughout the population in the presence of one or more high @-@ risk transmission channels , which are thought to have been absent in Africa before the 20th century .
Specific proposed high @-@ risk transmission channels , allowing the virus to adapt to humans and spread throughout the society , depend on the proposed timing of the animal @-@ to @-@ human crossing . Genetic studies of the virus suggest that the most recent common ancestor of the HIV @-@ 1 M group dates back to circa 1910 . Proponents of this dating link the HIV epidemic with the emergence of colonialism and growth of large colonial African cities , leading to social changes , including a higher degree of sexual promiscuity , the spread of prostitution , and the accompanying high frequency of genital ulcer diseases ( such as syphilis ) in nascent colonial cities . While transmission rates of HIV during vaginal intercourse are low under regular circumstances , they are increased many fold if one of the partners suffers from a sexually transmitted infection causing genital ulcers . Early 1900s colonial cities were notable due to their high prevalence of prostitution and genital ulcers , to the degree that , as of 1928 , as many as 45 % of female residents of eastern Kinshasa were thought to have been prostitutes , and , as of 1933 , around 15 % of all residents of the same city had syphilis .
An alternative view holds that unsafe medical practices in Africa after World War II , such as unsterile reuse of single use syringes during mass vaccination , antibiotic and anti @-@ malaria treatment campaigns , were the initial vector that allowed the virus to adapt to humans and spread .
The earliest well @-@ documented case of HIV in a human dates back to 1959 in the Congo . The earliest retrospectively described case of AIDS is believed to have been in Norway beginning in 1966 . In July 1960 , in the wake its independence , the United Nations recruited Francophone experts and technicians from all over the world to assist in filling administrative gaps left by Belgium , who did not leave behind an African elite to run the country . By 1962 , Haitians made up the second largest group of well @-@ educated experts ( out of the 48 national groups recruited ) , that totaled around 4500 in the country . Dr. Jacques Pépin , a Quebecer author of The Origins of AIDS , stipulates that Haiti was one of HIV 's entry points to the United States and that one of them may have carried HIV back across the Atlantic in the 1960s . Although , the virus may have been present in the United States as early as 1966 , the vast majority of infections occurring outside sub @-@ Saharan Africa ( including the U.S. ) can be traced back to a single unknown individual who became infected with HIV in Haiti and then brought the infection to the United States some time around 1969 . The epidemic then rapidly spread among high @-@ risk groups ( initially , sexually promiscuous men who have sex with men ) . By 1978 , the prevalence of HIV @-@ 1 among homosexual male residents of New York and San Francisco was estimated at 5 % , suggesting that several thousand individuals in the country had been infected .
= = Society and culture = =
= = = Stigma = = =
AIDS stigma exists around the world in a variety of ways , including ostracism , rejection , discrimination and avoidance of HIV infected people ; compulsory HIV testing without prior consent or protection of confidentiality ; violence against HIV infected individuals or people who are perceived to be infected with HIV ; and the quarantine of HIV infected individuals . Stigma @-@ related violence or the fear of violence prevents many people from seeking HIV testing , returning for their results , or securing treatment , possibly turning what could be a manageable chronic illness into a death sentence and perpetuating the spread of HIV .
AIDS stigma has been further divided into the following three categories :
Instrumental AIDS stigma — a reflection of the fear and apprehension that are likely to be associated with any deadly and transmissible illness .
Symbolic AIDS stigma — the use of HIV / AIDS to express attitudes toward the social groups or lifestyles perceived to be associated with the disease .
Courtesy AIDS stigma — stigmatization of people connected to the issue of HIV / AIDS or HIV @-@ positive people .
Often , AIDS stigma is expressed in conjunction with one or more other stigmas , particularly those associated with homosexuality , bisexuality , promiscuity , prostitution , and intravenous drug use .
In many developed countries , there is an association between AIDS and homosexuality or bisexuality , and this association is correlated with higher levels of sexual prejudice , such as anti @-@ homosexual / bisexual attitudes . There is also a perceived association between AIDS and all male @-@ male sexual behavior , including sex between uninfected men . However , the dominant mode of spread worldwide for HIV remains heterosexual transmission .
In 2003 , as part of an overall reform of marriage and population legislation , it became legal for people with AIDS to marry in China .
= = = Economic impact = = =
HIV / AIDS affects the economics of both individuals and countries . The gross domestic product of the most affected countries has decreased due to the lack of human capital . Without proper nutrition , health care and medicine , large numbers of people die from AIDS @-@ related complications . They will not only be unable to work , but will also require significant medical care . It is estimated that as of 2007 there were 12 million AIDS orphans . Many are cared for by elderly grandparents .
Returning to work after beginning treatment for HIV / AIDS is difficult , and affected people often work less than the average worker . Unemployment in people with HIV / AIDS also is associated with suicidal ideation , memory problems , and social isolation ; employment increases self @-@ esteem , sense of dignity , confidence , and quality of life . A 2015 Cochrane review found low @-@ quality evidence that antiretroviral treatment helps people with HIV / AIDS work more , and increases the chance that a person with HIV / AIDS will be employed .
By affecting mainly young adults , AIDS reduces the taxable population , in turn reducing the resources available for public expenditures such as education and health services not related to AIDS resulting in increasing pressure for the state 's finances and slower growth of the economy . This causes a slower growth of the tax base , an effect that is reinforced if there are growing expenditures on treating the sick , training ( to replace sick workers ) , sick pay and caring for AIDS orphans . This is especially true if the sharp increase in adult mortality shifts the responsibility and blame from the family to the government in caring for these orphans .
At the household level , AIDS causes both loss of income and increased spending on healthcare . A study in Côte d 'Ivoire showed that households having a person with HIV / AIDS spent twice as much on medical expenses as other households . This additional expenditure also leaves less income to spend on education and other personal or family investment .
= = = Religion and AIDS = = =
The topic of religion and AIDS has become highly controversial in the past twenty years , primarily because some religious authorities have publicly declared their opposition to the use of condoms . The religious approach to prevent the spread of AIDS according to a report by American health expert Matthew Hanley titled The Catholic Church and the Global AIDS Crisis argues that cultural changes are needed including a re @-@ emphasis on fidelity within marriage and sexual abstinence outside of it .
Some religious organisations have claimed that prayer can cure HIV / AIDS . In 2011 , the BBC reported that some churches in London were claiming that prayer would cure AIDS , and the Hackney @-@ based Centre for the Study of Sexual Health and HIV reported that several people stopped taking their medication , sometimes on the direct advice of their pastor , leading to a number of deaths . The Synagogue Church Of All Nations advertise an " anointing water " to promote God 's healing , although the group deny advising people to stop taking medication .
= = = Media portrayal = = =
One of the first high @-@ profile cases of AIDS was the American Rock Hudson , a gay actor who had been married and divorced earlier in life , who died on October 2 , 1985 having announced that he was suffering from the virus on July 25 that year . He had been diagnosed during 1984 . A notable British casualty of AIDS that year was Nicholas Eden , a gay politician and son of the late prime minister Anthony Eden . On November 24 , 1991 , the virus claimed the life of British rock star Freddie Mercury , lead singer of the band Queen , who died from an AIDS @-@ related illness having only revealed the diagnosis on the previous day . However , he had been diagnosed as HIV positive in 1987 . One of the first high @-@ profile heterosexual cases of the virus was Arthur Ashe , the American tennis player . He was diagnosed as HIV positive on August 31 , 1988 , having contracted the virus from blood transfusions during heart surgery earlier in the 1980s . Further tests within 24 hours of the initial diagnosis revealed that Ashe had AIDS , but he did not tell the public about his diagnosis until April 1992 . He died as a result on February 6 , 1993 at age 49 .
Therese Frare 's photograph of gay activist David Kirby , as he lay dying from AIDS while surrounded by family , was taken in April 1990 . LIFE magazine said the photo became the one image " most powerfully identified with the HIV / AIDS epidemic . " The photo was displayed in LIFE magazine , was the winner of the World Press Photo , and acquired worldwide notoriety after being used in a United Colors of Benetton advertising campaign in 1992 . In 1996 , Johnson Aziga , a Ugandan @-@ born Canadian was diagnosed with HIV , but subsequently had unprotected sex with 11 women without disclosing his diagnosis . By 2003 seven had contracted HIV , and two died from complications related to AIDS . Aziga was convicted of first @-@ degree murder and is liable to a life sentence .
= = = Criminal transmission = = =
Criminal transmission of HIV is the intentional or reckless infection of a person with the human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV ) . Some countries or jurisdictions , including some areas of the United States , have laws that criminalize HIV transmission or exposure . Others may charge the accused under laws enacted before the HIV pandemic .
= = = Misconceptions = = =
There are many misconceptions about HIV and AIDS . Three of the most common are that AIDS can spread through casual contact , that sexual intercourse with a virgin will cure AIDS , and that HIV can infect only gay men and drug users . In 2014 , some among the British public wrongly thought you could get HIV from kissing ( 16 % ) , sharing a glass ( 5 % ) , spitting ( 16 % ) , a public toilet seat ( 4 % ) , and coughing or sneezing ( 5 % ) . Other misconceptions are that any act of anal intercourse between two uninfected gay men can lead to HIV infection , and that open discussion of HIV and homosexuality in schools will lead to increased rates of AIDS .
A small group of individuals continue to dispute the connection between HIV and AIDS , the existence of HIV itself , or the validity of HIV testing and treatment methods . These claims , known as AIDS denialism , have been examined and rejected by the scientific community . However , they have had a significant political impact , particularly in South Africa , where the government 's official embrace of AIDS denialism ( 1999 – 2005 ) was responsible for its ineffective response to that country 's AIDS epidemic , and has been blamed for hundreds of thousands of avoidable deaths and HIV infections .
Several discredited conspiracy theories have held that HIV was created by scientists , either inadvertently or deliberately . Operation INFEKTION was a worldwide Soviet active measures operation to spread the claim that the United States had created HIV / AIDS . Surveys show that a significant number of people believed – and continue to believe – in such claims .
= = Research = =
HIV / AIDS research includes all medical research which attempts to prevent , treat , or cure HIV / AIDS along with fundamental research about the nature of HIV as an infectious agent and AIDS as the disease caused by HIV .
Many governments and research institutions participate in HIV / AIDS research . This research includes behavioral health interventions such as sex education , and drug development , such as research into microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases , HIV vaccines , and antiretroviral drugs . Other medical research areas include the topics of pre @-@ exposure prophylaxis , post @-@ exposure prophylaxis , and circumcision and HIV .
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= Encyclopedia of Chicago =
The Encyclopedia of Chicago is an historical reference work covering Chicago and the entire Chicago metropolitan area published by the University of Chicago Press . Released in October 2004 , the work is the result of a ten @-@ year collaboration between the Newberry Library and the Chicago Historical Society . It exists in both a hardcover print edition and an online format , known as the Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago . The print edition is 1117 pages and includes 1400 entries , 2000 biographical sketches , 250 significant business enterprise descriptions , and hundreds of maps . Initially , the internet edition included 1766 entries , 1000 more images and sources .
The concept was fueled by other regional encyclopedias that had met with commercial success in 1980s and 1990s . Eventually , the vision to create the book found initial financing from the National Endowment for the Humanities . The book was well received and became a bestseller during the 2004 Christmas season following its October 2004 release . The following May the Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago was released . Northwestern University joined the Newberry Library / Chicago Historical Society collaboration to publish the internet edition . The internet edition was the second of its kind for a U.S. city .
= = Details = =
Individual entries were compiled by historians , graduate assistants and authors . Most contributors were professors . About 600 people contributed entries at a rate of $ .10 / per word . The contributors consulted reliable secondary sources , such as newspapers , to compile historical accounts . The book was edited by James R. Grossman , Ann Durkin Keating , and Janice L. Reiff . At the time , Grossman was the vice president for research and education at the Newberry Library and visiting professor of history at the University of Chicago . Keating was a professor of history at North Central College . Reiff was an associate professor of history at the University of California , Los Angeles .
Unlike resource compilation efforts for the cities that inspired this encyclopedia , the work was not bounded by the city limits . Instead , every suburb was provided an entry , as were each of Chicago 's 77 official community areas . Entries ranged from 50 to 4000 words long . Eventually , the coverage of the subject matter expanded to include Southwest Michigan and Northwest Indiana . Newberry Library describes the work as " one of the most significant historical projects undertaken in the last twenty years " .
= = History = =
Inspired by encyclopedia compilation efforts of cities such as New York City , Indianapolis and Cleveland , Keating approached the Newberry Library in 1991 to strategize on how to best to study and teach Chicago history . Eventually she and Grossman agreed to prepare a funding request from the National Endowment for the Humanities ( NEH ) . Their initial proposal was declined , but after working with Grossman to refine the specifics of their proposal , the NEH accepted their idea . The book venture was originally announced in 1994 as a project funded by a NEH US $ 200 @,@ 000 ( $ 319 @,@ 308 today ) grant . The grant also included a $ 300 @,@ 000 challenge grant to be met by Newberry Library for the first three years of work . The original plan was to publish a hardcover book by 2001 and then to follow with what at the time was referred to vaguely as " hypermedia " in reference to possible internet and CD @-@ ROM auxiliary products . After Grossman and Keating obtained the initial grant , Reiff , a computer technology expert , and encyclopedia veteran Carol J. Summerfield all became part of the team . The editors sought the advice of Chicago @-@ area librarians who were organized into focus groups to determine the proper components for the planned publication . The editors also organized into task forces of experts in dozens of specialized fields . Early on they sought the expertise of University of Chicago cartographer Michael P. Conzen , who helped develop 56 original maps . Conzen is credited as the cartographic editor .
By 1997 , the text had taken shape and the plan was that the average biographical entry would be 150 words . The longest biographical entries , about 450 words , were written for former Chicago Mayors Harold Washington and Richard J. Daley . Neither Richard M. Daley nor Michael Jordan had entries because only notable deceased persons were included . By 1998 , the editors had settled on the table of contents and begun the job of assigning , editing , fact @-@ checking and re @-@ editing the hundreds of entries , some of them as long as 4000 words . By March 2000 , 1100 of the targeted 1400 entries were completed . Also , the growth of the internet had clarified the vision of an online version of the print edition . In 2000 , the final volume was expected to be 1300 pages set for release in fall 2002 . The internet version was expected the following year . By June 2001 , nearly 1300 of the entries had been submitted and a third had been edited and reviewed for accuracy . The effort had become a $ 2 @.@ 5 million effort and was aspiring towards the success of earlier encyclopedic efforts projecting a fall 2003 publication of a 1 @.@ 3 @-@ million @-@ word 1300 @-@ page edition . At this time , the final electronic form available through the Chicago Historical Society had been conceptualized .
= = Public release = =
By 2001 , two editions of The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History ( 1987 ) had sold 24 @,@ 000 copies ; The Encyclopedia of Indianapolis ( 1994 ) had sold 9000 copies and The Encyclopedia of New York City ( 1995 ) had sold 70 @,@ 000 ( 50 @,@ 000 in its first year ) . Hardcover versions of these works had sold for $ 59 @.@ 95 and up . The commercial success of these other regional encyclopedias made it clear that there is a market for such products . Several university presses released regional encyclopedic publications in 2004 . In April , Rutgers University Press published The Encyclopedia of New Jersey . In September , the University of Nebraska Press published Encyclopedia of the Great Plains . In October , the University of Chicago Press released The Encyclopedia of Chicago . Additionally , Yale University Press was scheduled to publish both Encyclopedia of New England and the second edition of The Encyclopedia of New York City .
Using press releases from the Copley News Service , the book was widely publicized throughout the state of Illinois , and it was even reviewed by The Wall Street Journal . When first published in 2004 , the book was on the USA Today recommended Christmas gifts list . That year it was at the top of the Chicago area bestseller lists at bookstores during the Christmas holiday season . Major funding for the $ 65 list price four @-@ color print version of the publication , which cost $ 1 @.@ 7 million in the end , was provided by the NEH , the MacArthur Foundation , the City of Chicago and the State of Illinois .
= = = Electronic edition = = =
At the time of the print release , the online version , known as the Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago , was being developed to include additional features , which relied on hyperlinks , that were not available in the print edition . At the time , it was expected to be released by the Chicago Historical Society in April 2005 . On May 11 , the Electronic edition , which cost nearly $ 1 million to create and is continuously available for free to the public , was released . It included hundreds of additional entries ( bringing the total to 1766 ) , more than 1000 additional images , video of historic figures and events , and extensive primary source material . The online version includes 1000 more sources than the print edition . The Web site includes many tables and maps that date to the 19th Century . Northwestern University media specialists developed the Web architecture for the electronic version . The electronic edition made Chicago the second major U.S. city ( following Cleveland ) with an extensive Internet encyclopedia dedicated to its history and its release was covered by newspapers throughout the Midwest . The extra features of the online edition would have required 10 @,@ 000 pages to produce in print @-@ edition format . Initially , the online edition was a static version , but updates and adjustments were planned .
= = Critical review = =
USA Today ' referred to it as a good coffee table book . Chicago Tribune journalist Rick Kogan describes this as a massive undertaking with the natural foibles of the human element in it selections and accuracy , and by nature of its attempt to serve as a historical compilation an immediately dated product due to the dynamic nature of the city . However , he feels it is sure to amaze its audience . A Chicago Sun @-@ Times reviewer describes it as a scholarly product that is " easily the most comprehensive reference book on the Chicago region ever published " . The State Journal @-@ Register , the Springfield , Illinois newspaper , reviewers complain that downstate cities and regions are neglected in the book . A Daily Herald review describes it as a book accurately " billed as the city 's most definitive historical reference book " . The Peoria Journal Star notes that although there are complaints about omissions and underserved topics , the online version should quell the demands for further knowledge .
The online version was noted for its " large number of tables and maps that date to the 19th Century " by the Chicago Tribune . Dubuque , Iowa 's Telegraph Herald newspaper and Indiana 's Post @-@ Tribune referenced an Associated Press press release that described the online version as a compilation assembled " with more than Chicagoans in mind " . The Chicago Tribune described the online version as an extension of " the most comprehensive reference book on the Chicago region ever published " that is unlimited by physical bounds .
Journal of American History along with the website History Matters : The U.S. Survey Course on the Web published a review by University of Southern California professor Philip J. Ethington that spoke glowingly about both versions of the encyclopedia describing it as " one of the finest collective works ( with 633 listed authors ) of North American historical scholarship of our era " . They praised it for its breadth and coherence . The online version was noted for its meticulous hyperlinking . The online review was cursory in the sense that it did not realize the expansion of the online version . However , the review notes that the online version provides " powerful and substantive " interactive resources that are not possible in the print edition . The review is especially respectful of the cartographic contributions , which it describes in detail . It dismisses the alphabetical structure of the online version as an unnecessary complication . The review also complains about biographical omissions that necessitate extensive navigation to related articles . The review felt some of the online foibles left open the possibility that the production might get overshadowed by future ventures that leverage the electronic possibilities more fully .
The Chronicle of Higher Education reviewed the Encyclopedia along with several of its peers and mentioned early in the review that the advent of online encyclopedias makes the works much easier to correct and update . However , the availability of online encyclopedias diminished the significance of the print editions according to the review because it made gifting them less significant and it reduced sales at libraries . The review also noted that the online approach is becoming so successful that the state of Georgia has produced the online @-@ only New Georgia Encyclopedia , which started as a 300 @-@ article venture and has blossomed to a 1300 @-@ article work . However , they noted that when the Encyclopedia of Chicago was first released that the local media supported the book ; some Chicago disc jockeys read passages from it on air . It enjoyed successful marketing as both a popular gift item and a must @-@ have for local historians .
= = Content = =
The encyclopedia is composed of 1117 pages that feature over 1400 entries by more than 600 contributors . Additionally , it includes 442 maps , more than 400 vintage photographs , over 250 sketches of " historically significant business enterprises " , a dictionary of Chicago @-@ area businesses , a biographical dictionary and a 21 @-@ page timeline that traces the history of Chicago from 1630 to 2000 .
The 1400 @-@ entry main alphabetical section of the Encyclopedia covers all Chicago neighborhoods , suburbs , and ethnic groups as well as the major cultural institutions . Topics covered include technology and science , architecture , religions , immigration , transportation , business history , labor , music , health and medicine . It is considered the most geographical diverse city encyclopedia of its kind because it fully encompasses the suburbs in eight of the region 's counties . 386 thumbnail maps of neighborhoods and municipalities are complemented by 400 black @-@ and @-@ white photographs plus hundreds of color photographs and thematic maps . There are separate lengthy interpretive essays woven into the alphabetical section on topics such as the built environment , literary images of Chicago , and the city 's sports culture . The Encyclopedia includes a 2000 @-@ entry comprehensive biographical dictionary and a detailed listing of approximately 250 of the city 's historically significant business enterprises . A color insert features a timeline of Chicago history and photo essays exploring nine pivotal years in this history . The photo essays feature the city ’ s urban art and artifacts .
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= Matt Kemp =
Matthew Ryan " Matt " Kemp ( born September 23 , 1984 ) is an American professional baseball outfielder for the San Diego Padres of Major League Baseball ( MLB ) . He has been named to two All @-@ Star teams and has won two Gold Glove Awards ( 2009 and 2011 ) and two Silver Slugger Awards ( 2009 and 2011 ) . He began his professional career in the Los Angeles Dodgers organization in 2003 , and played with the Dodgers from 2006 until 2014 .
Kemp was drafted by the Dodgers in the sixth round of the 2003 MLB draft . After four seasons in the minor leagues , he made his major league debut in 2006 . He did not become a full @-@ time player until 2008 , when he took over as the starting center fielder for the Dodgers . In 2011 , Kemp led the National League in runs scored ( 115 ) , total bases ( 353 ) , OPS + ( 171 ) , WAR ( 7 @.@ 8 ) , home runs ( 39 ) , and runs batted in ( 126 ) . Additionally , he became the first player to finish in the top two in both home runs and steals since Hank Aaron in 1963 . He was traded to the Padres after the 2014 season . Primarily a center fielder with the Dodgers , Kemp transitioned to right field with the Padres .
= = Early life and education = =
Kemp is the son of Carl Kemp and Judy Henderson , who never married . He was raised in Oklahoma by his mother , a registered nurse , and grandmother . When he was 13 , his mother had another son , Tyler , who was born prematurely and died at age one .
Kemp attended Midwest City High School in Oklahoma , where he was a standout in basketball and baseball . He was teammates with Shelden Williams on the varsity basketball team that won the state title two years in a row , and the team was ranked third in the nation at one point . Kemp himself was an All @-@ City selection , and averaged 20 points a game .
Kemp , along with Williams and three other teammates , were accused of raping a 19 @-@ year @-@ old woman at the time of a high school all @-@ star basketball tournament on January 20 , 2002 , at the Columbus , Ohio Hyatt hotel . The players were suspended from the team during the investigation . However , the woman did not press charges , and the district attorney opted to not pursue the matter due to a lack of evidence .
Kemp was drafted by the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 6th round of the 2003 MLB draft , and signed with the team on June 5 , 2003 , for a $ 130 @,@ 000 signing bonus .
= = Minor leagues = =
Kemp started his professional career for the Gulf Coast Dodgers in 2003 and followed that up with stints with the Columbus Catfish in 2004 and the Vero Beach Dodgers in 2004 – 05 . At Columbus and Vero Beach , Kemp improved his power numbers . After hitting just a single home run in 43 games , Kemp became more of a power hitter . In 2004 with Columbus , he belted 18 home runs to go along with 27 doubles in 122 games , and in 2005 , he belted 27 home runs to go along with 21 doubles in 109 games . He was selected to the Florida State League All @-@ Star team in 2005 , and set Vero Beach franchise records for home runs ( 27 ) and slugging percentage ( .569 ) .
= = Major leagues = =
= = = Los Angeles Dodgers = = =
= = = = 2006 = = = =
Kemp began 2006 with the AA Jacksonville Suns , where he hit .327 with seven homers , 34 runs batted in ( RBIs ) and 11 steals , prompting a promotion to the major league squad . His promotion was spurred by an effort to provide regular rest for center fielder Kenny Lofton and oft injured right field All @-@ Star J. D. Drew .
Kemp made his major league debut with the Los Angeles Dodgers on May 28 , 2006 , against the Washington Nationals . He got his first career major league hit that same game , a single off of Jon Rauch . He hit his first Major League homer on June 1 in his second Dodger Stadium at @-@ bat off the Philadelphia Phillies ' Gavin Floyd . He homered in three straight games from June 1 – 3 against the Phillies and homered twice on June 11 off Colorado Rockies starter Aaron Cook . He also became the first Dodger and fifth major league player to hit four homers in his first 10 days with the team .
After his fast start , Kemp slumped and hit only .234 with no homers from June 14 through July 13 , when he was reassigned to the AAA Las Vegas 51s . He returned to the team when rosters expanded on September 1 . In his second stint in the Majors , Kemp struggled . He batted just .156 with a .182 on @-@ base percentage and a .250 slugging percentage in September and October combined . By season 's end , Kemp showed some power , with seven home runs and speed , with six stolen bases but he struggled with his batting average and getting on base . He batted just .253 and posted an on @-@ base percentage of .289 .
= = = = 2007 = = = =
Kemp started the 2007 season on the major league roster but lost his place after suffering a shoulder injury while running into the outfield fence at Dodger Stadium . Upon his return from the injury , he was optioned back to Las Vegas . Returning to Triple @-@ A and playing for the Las Vegas 51s , Kemp played well in his short stint . In just 39 games , he had a .329 batting average , .374 on @-@ base percentage , and a .540 slugging percentage . He hit four home runs , drove in 20 runs , and stole nine bases out of 11 attempts . He was recalled to the Dodgers on June 8 . He enjoyed an outstanding sophomore campaign with the bat batting .342 , clubbing 10 home runs , and driving in 42 runs .
= = = = 2008 = = = =
Kemp became the starting right fielder in 2008 . He hit his first career grand slam off of Mark Redman on April 26 against the Colorado Rockies . Kemp drove in the first run of the game for the Dodgers , a sacrifice fly in the first inning that scored Juan Pierre . After driving in 11 runs and stealing 6 bases . He was named " National League Player of the Week " for the week of April 28 – May 4 .
After a knee injury to Andruw Jones , Kemp became the Dodgers ' regular center fielder , moving over from right field . His best month of the season was in July , in which he had a .324 batting average , .402 on @-@ base percentage , .537 slugging percentage to go along with five home runs , 14 RBIs , and 10 stolen bases . That month also sparked Kemp 's career high 19 @-@ game hitting streak , which it lasted from July 9 through August 1 , ending with a hit less performance on August 2 . However , Kemp got back on track the next night by having a three @-@ hit game to go along with a home run . He finished the season with a .290 average , 18 homers and 76 RBI . He was also second on the team in stolen bases with 35 . In addition , he set a Dodgers record with 153 strikeouts in a season . In his first career postseason game , Kemp went 1 for 4 with a double . However , he batted just .154 in the 2008 National League Division Series ( NLDS ) against the Chicago Cubs . Both of his hits went for doubles . In the 2008 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) , against the Philadelphia Phillies , Kemp did better , batting .333 as the Dodgers lost the series to the eventual World Series champions .
= = = = 2009 = = = =
Kemp had his first career walk @-@ off hit on June 16 against the Oakland A 's . On September 24 , he became the first player in Dodger history to hit at least .295 , with 25 home runs , 100 RBIs , and 30 steals in one season . He finished the year with .297 , 26 home runs , 101 RBI , and 34 steals ( third in the NL ) . His 10 RBIs in extra innings were the most that a player has driven in extra innings since 1991 and he became the first player to reach double @-@ digits in this category since 1982 .
Kemp hit his first career post @-@ season home run on October 7 in his first at @-@ bat of the 2009 NLDS against the St. Louis Cardinals . After the season , Kemp was selected as a recipient of both the Gold Glove Award and the Silver Slugger Award . He also tied a Dodger record with three grand slams in one season .
= = = = 2010 = = = =
Kemp began the 2010 season in excellent fashion , hitting seven home runs in the month of April , including four in four days from April 13 – 16 . On June 1 , Kemp hit his first career walk @-@ off home run against the Arizona Diamondbacks off of relief pitcher J. C. Gutiérrez , giving the Dodgers the only run of the game . Kemp described his first career walk @-@ off home run as " a great feeling " . However , he slumped badly in the second half of the season and finished with a .249 batting average , 28 home runs , 89 RBIs , and 19 steals while playing in all 162 games for the first time in his career . He also broke his own single @-@ season Dodger record for strikeouts , with 170 .
Kemp was the subject of some criticism in 2010 from General Manager Ned Colletti , who called him out publicly early in the season for poor baserunning . Kemp had several embarrassing gaffes on the base paths during the season , and was caught stealing 15 times . With runners in scoring position , he hit seven home runs and drove in 61 runs in 160 at bats . However , he struck out 49 times and batted just .225 in that spot . Against right @-@ handed pitching , he batted just .233 with a .299 on @-@ base percentage , to go along with 22 home runs and 69 RBIs , as opposed to a .295 average against left @-@ handed pitchers .
Kemp hit home runs in five straight games to end the season , the first major league player to accomplish that feat and the first Dodger since Shawn Green in the 2001 season to hit homers in five consecutive games . The only other Dodgers to homer in five consecutive games are Roy Campanella ( 1950 ) , Adrian Gonzalez ( 2014 – 15 ) , and Joc Pederson ( 2015 ) .
= = = = 2011 = = = =
After his much publicized problems on the base paths the previous season , Kemp arrived at spring training early to work with new Dodger coach Davey Lopes on his base running . Kemp announced his intention to steal 40 bases this season and Lopes hoped they would be high percentage steals . At the end of the season , Kemp had the 40 steals and was only caught 11 times , a significant improvement in percentage from the previous year , and his work with Lopes was credited for much of the improvement .
On April 17 , Kemp hit his second career walk @-@ off home run , doing it in the ninth inning off of St. Louis Cardinals closer Ryan Franklin , on a 2 – 2 count that gave the Dodgers a 2 – 1 victory . " In a game against the Atlanta Braves five days later , Kemp hit his second walk @-@ off home run of the season , this time in the 12th inning off of Braves pitcher Cristhian Martínez .
After being one of the league leaders in home runs , stolen bases , RBIs , and batting average during the first half of the season , Kemp was voted as a starter for the National League squad in the 2011 Major League Baseball All @-@ Star Game in Arizona . He also accepted an invitation to participate in the Home Run Derby at the All @-@ Star Game .
The day before the All @-@ Star Game , Giants ' manager and 2011 NL All @-@ Star Manager , Bruce Bochy , announced his decision to bat Kemp third in the line up . Explaining his decision , Bochy said about Kemp , " He 's a guy with speed , power , a guy that can beat you with a base hit or a long ball . He 's what you call a complete player – tremendous defender , but more so in the 3 @-@ hole , he can do so many things for you . He 's so dangerous . " Kemp , with a single and a walk , became the first Dodger to reach base twice in an All @-@ Star Game since Mike Piazza in 1996 .
Kemp hit his 30th home run of the season on August 26 , and in the process became the second Dodger player of all time to hit at least 30 homers and steal at least 30 bases in the same season ( 30 – 30 club ) . The only other one was Raúl Mondesí in the 1997 and 1999 seasons . He picked up his 40th stolen base on September 17 , becoming the 18th Major Leaguer and first Dodger in history to hit at least 30 homers and steal at least 40 bases . Kemp also scored his 100th run of the season , making him just the 10th L.A. Dodger to score 100 runs and have 100 RBIs in a season , and the first since Jeff Kent in 2005 . He hit his 35th home run on September 21 , making him the 14th Major Leaguer ( and first since Alfonso Soriano in 2006 ) to hit at least 35 home runs and steal at least 35 bases in a season .
On September 20 , the Dodgers announced Kemp was selected by his teammates as the recipient of the 2011 Roy Campanella Award , which is given annually to the Dodger player who best exemplifies the spirit and leadership of the late Roy Campanella . He also won the NL Player of the Week Award for the week of September 19 – 25 , 2011 after he hit .423 ( 11 for 26 ) with nine runs scored and three home runs during that week .
Kemp wound up hitting 39 home runs in 2011 with 126 RBIs , leading the league in both categories , the first Dodger to do so since Dolph Camilli in the 1941 season . He also led the league in runs scored ( 115 ) , total bases ( 353 ) , OPS + ( 171 ) , and WAR ( 10 @.@ 0 ) . He finished second in slugging percentage ( .586 ) , OPS ( .986 ) , extra base hits ( 76 ) , and stolen bases ( 40 , tied ) , and third in batting average ( .324 ) and outfield assists ( 11 ) . Kemp also extended his games played streak to 364 games , as he played in every game of the season . He was the first player to finish in the top two in both home runs and steals since Hank Aaron in the 1963 season .
After struggling to hit with runners in scoring position the previous year , Kemp bounced back and hit well with runners in scoring position . In 155 at @-@ bats with runners in scoring position , he hit .335 ( 52 @-@ for @-@ 155 ) with 13 home runs and 87 RBIs . And against right @-@ handers , he batted .319 ( 150 @-@ for @-@ 470 ) with 28 home runs and 94 RBIs .
Kemp was selected for a number of post @-@ season awards , including the Baseball America Major League Player of the Year , the Hank Aaron Award for the top hitter in the National League ( the first Dodger player to ever win the award ) the Gold Glove Award and the Silver Slugger Award . On October 27 , he was named to the 2011 Sporting News National League All @-@ Star team .
On November 22 , Kemp came in second to Ryan Braun in the voting for the National League Most Valuable Player Award . Later , it was revealed that Braun had tested positive for elevated testosterone and baseball attempted to suspend him , but lost on appeal . A survey of baseball writers revealed that if the MVP vote was retaken , with knowledge of Braun 's positive test , then Kemp would have won . Braun was eventually suspended as part of the Biogenesis scandal . Kemp publicly stated that he believed Braun should be stripped of his MVP Award from that season .
After the season , Kemp signed a franchise record 8 @-@ year , $ 160 million contract extension . After signing his extension , he predicted that he would become the first player in history to have a 50 – 50 season .
= = = = 2012 = = = =
Kemp started the 2012 season by winning the National League Player of the Week award for the opening weekend . He hit two home runs and drove in eight RBIs during the opening series against the San Diego Padres . He was also the first Dodger to record three consecutive multi @-@ hit games to start the season since Adrián Beltré did it in the 2000 season . This was the third time he had won the award , and second consecutive as he had won it the final week of 2011 as well . On April 10 , Kemp became the first LA Dodger to have an RBI in the first five games of the season since J. D. Drew in the 2006 season and , counting the end of the previous season , he had nine straight games with an RBI , tying Roy Campanella ( 1955 season ) and Augie Galan ( 1944 season ) for the Dodgers franchise record . Kemp also won the Player of the Week award for the second week of the season , which , combined with winning the award in the last week of 2011 , made him the only player to ever win three consecutive awards . He was also only the second player to win the award twice to begin the season , the other being Tony Armas for the 1981 Athletics . Kemp hit 12 – 22 with 4 HRs and a 1 @.@ 182 slugging percentage , leading the club to its best 10 @-@ game start since 1981 .
Kemp hit his 10th home run of the season on April 25 , tying Gary Sheffield 's club record for homers in April set in the 2000 season . He broke Sheffield 's record with a walk @-@ off homer against the Washington Nationals on April 28 . Kemp was also named National League player of the month for April .
Kemp was placed on the disabled list on May 14 because of a hamstring injury , ending his streak of 399 consecutive games played , which was the longest in the majors at the time . After his DL stint , he promptly re @-@ injured his hamstring two days later while running the bases , and returned to the DL . Despite missing about 2 months with injuries , Kemp was voted by the fans as a starter for the 2012 Major League Baseball All @-@ Star Game . As he was still on the disabled list , Kemp did not play in the game but he did participate in the Home Run Derby for the second straight year , hitting one home run in the Derby . Kemp finally returned to the Dodgers lineup on July 13 , after missing about two months with his hamstring injury .
Kemp 's injury woes continued as he crashed into the outfield wall at Coors Field in Colorado on August 28 , and injured both his knee and his shoulder . He continued to play despite the injuries . He finished the season batting .303 with 23 home runs and 69 RBIs in 106 games . His 9 stolen bases were his fewest since his first season .
After the season , Kemp underwent surgery on his sore shoulder to repair a torn labrum and some minor damage to his rotator cuff . He was told that he wouldn 't be able to swing a bat again until January .
= = = = 2013 = = = =
Kemp recorded his 1,000th career hit on May 12 , 2013 , against the Miami Marlins .
However , Kemp struggled out of the gate in 2013 , subsequent to his shoulder surgery in the offseason . On May 27 , Kemp went 0 @-@ for @-@ 5 with 4 strikeouts , and was booed heavily by the majority of the Dodgers crowd . Teammate Adrian Gonzalez said that Kemp was " trying too hard for the team and the fans . "
On May 29 , Kemp injured his right hamstring in a game . He left during the seventh inning , and did not return to the game . Kemp was placed on the 15 @-@ day disabled list on May 30 . He spent time rehabbing at Camelback Ranch , the Dodgers spring training home , and was close to returning when he suffered a setback on June 9 . Kemp returned to the Dodgers on June 25 , after missing 24 games . In that game , Kemp made a game @-@ ending catch while reaching over his shoulder , robbing the Giants ' Marco Scutaro of a hit .
He returned to the disabled list on July 8 , after experiencing pain in his surgically repaired shoulder . He returned from the DL again on July 21 against the Washington Nationals , and was 3 for 4 with a home run and a double in the game .
However , he injured his ankle in a play at home plate in the ninth inning of the game . After initially expressing optimism that the injury was not serious , he again was placed on the 15 @-@ day DL on July 24 . Reacting to criticism of his string of injuries , Kemp said : " I 'm not made of glass . "
Kemp 's ankle injury took a lot longer to heal than had been expected , and the team reported that they hoped to get him back in September . However , when he finally began his minor league rehab assignment at Class @-@ A Rancho Cucamonga in late August , he struggled at the plate and his return date was pushed back . He went hitless in five games , with seven strikeouts , and when the minor league season ended on September 2 he was moved to Camelback Ranch to continue his rehab rather than being activated .
A few days later , he experienced tightness in the same hamstring he had hurt earlier in the year , and the Dodgers shut him down indefinitely . He eventually rejoined the Dodgers lineup on September 17 , and had four hits ( including two doubles ) in four at bats . He played regularly in an attempt to get his timing back before the playoffs .
However , he was a late scratch from a game on September 28 because of soreness in his ankle . An MRI the following day revealed major swelling in a weight @-@ bearing bone in his ankle . Kemp was told that if he kept playing his ankle could break and leave him with chronic problems for the rest of his career . He was shut down , and the team announced he would not be available for the playoffs and would have surgery to repair the problem . Kemp suffered an articular talar injury requiring microfracture surgery to his talus bone .
He appeared in only 73 games in 2013 , due to his various injuries . He hit .270 with 6 home runs and 33 RBIs , and a .395 slugging percentage .
With the Dodgers crowded outfield situation , Kemp was the subject of much trade speculation after the season . His agent , Dave Stewart , publicly stated that he expected Kemp to be traded during the off @-@ season . However , Stewart later remarked that the team had assured him that it would not be making such a trade .
= = = = 2014 = = = =
Recovering from various injuries , Kemp sat out most of spring training and only started playing in minor league rehab games after the Dodgers left for their season @-@ opening series in Australia . He began the season on the disabled list , and rejoined the Dodgers for their home opener in April .
Kemp struggled defensively in center field during the first couple of months of the season , a problem that came to a head after a particular bad series for him against the New York Mets in mid @-@ May . Manager Don Mattingly was openly critical of his outfield play following the series . Immediately afterward , the Dodgers made Andre Ethier the starting center fielder , and informed Kemp that he would be moving to left field . However , he was kept out of the lineup for five straight games as he was learning the new position , and was vocally unhappy about it . After playing in left for several weeks , he was moved to right field , a position he had not played regularly since 2009 . He was more comfortable in right which led to the Dodgers moving Yasiel Puig to center field . The last week of July , he hit five home runs in six games to win Player of the Week honors for the fifth time in his career . He also won Player of the Month for September , when he hit .322 with nine homers and 25 RBI . For the season , Kemp hit .287 with 25 homers and 89 RBI in 150 games .
= = = San Diego Padres = = =
On December 11 , 2014 , he was traded to the San Diego Padres along with Tim Federowicz and $ 32 million in cash for Joe Wieland , Yasmani Grandal , and Zach Eflin . The trade was not finalized until December 18 due to the Padres expressing some concerns over a physical which revealed Kemp had severe arthritis in both hips . The Padres attempted to renegotiate the deal after the physical but the Dodgers refused , and the deal was consummated as originally conceived .
= = = = 2015 = = = =
Kemp played his first game with the Padres during opening day on April 6 , 2015 , against his old team , the Dodgers . During that game , Kemp drove in the only 3 runs for the Padres , as the team lost to the Dodgers 6 @-@ 3 .
On August 14 , 2015 , on the road against the Colorado Rockies , Kemp became the first player in the Padres ' 7 @,@ 444 @-@ game history to hit for the cycle . In the first inning , he hit a 2 @-@ run home run to center , followed by a single and a double . He finished with a triple to center field in the top of the 9th inning , scoring Yangervis Solarte from first . He finished the night 4 @-@ for @-@ 5 .
= = Nickname = =
Kemp 's nickname is " The Bison . " During the second major league game of Kemp 's career , on May 29 , 2006 , he stole second base in the fourth inning , after which Atlanta Braves television announcer Don Sutton said he looked " like a big buffalo running around the bases . " The observation was appropriate due to Kemp 's imposing size – the Dodgers ' roster lists him at 6 ' 4 " tall and 225 pounds – and surprisingly fast foot @-@ speed . The word " buffalo " was modified to " bison " , by the commenter D4P on Jon Weisman 's popular Dodgers blog , Dodger Thoughts , as it is a more proper term for the North American mammal to which the moniker refers . It wasn 't until the next day when the starting lineup did not include Kemp that baseball writer Eric Enders , also commenting in Dodger Thoughts added the capitalized article in front of the animal , completing the nickname , writing " So much for looking forward to watching The Bison tonight . "
The nickname also refers to Kemp 's Oklahoma roots . The bison is the official state animal of Oklahoma .
= = Personal life = =
In 2008 , an ex @-@ girlfriend filed a restraining order against Kemp , claiming that she had been abused by him . However , she later dropped the complaint and her representative stated that the restraining order " had nothing to do with domestic violence . " Kemp dated pop singer Rihanna for a time beginning November 2009 .
Kemp is involved in charities for children , even creating a community initiative called Kemp 's Kids hosted children from the Los Angeles area during several games at Dodger Stadium . Some of these children were from the Challenger Boys & Girls Club .
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= Opisthocoelicaudia =
Opisthocoelicaudia / ɒˌpɪsθoʊsɪlᵻˈkɔːdiə / was a genus of sauropod dinosaur of the Late Cretaceous Period discovered in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia . The only species is Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii . A well @-@ preserved skeleton lacking only the head and neck was unearthed in 1965 by Polish and Mongolian scientists , making Opisthocoelicaudia one of the best known sauropods from the Late Cretaceous . Tooth marks on this skeleton indicate that large carnivorous dinosaurs had fed on the carcass and possibly had carried away the now @-@ missing parts . To date , only two additional , much less complete specimens are known , including a part of a shoulder and a fragmentary tail . A relatively small sauropod , Opisthocoelicaudia measured about 11 @.@ 4 metres ( 37 ft ) in length . Like other sauropods , it would have been characterised by a small head sitting on a very long neck and a barrel shaped trunk carried by four column @-@ like legs . The name Opisthocoelicaudia means " posterior cavity tail " , alluding to the unusual , opisthocoel condition of the anterior tail vertebrae that were concave on their posterior sides . This and other skeletal features lead researchers to propose that Opisthocoelicaudia was able to rear on its hindlegs .
Named and described by Polish paleontologist Maria Magdalena Borsuk @-@ Białynicka in 1977 , Opisthocoelicaudia was first thought to be a new member of the Camarasauridae , but is currently considered a derived member of the Titanosauria . Its exact relationships within Titanosauria are contentious , but it may have been close to the North American Alamosaurus . All Opisthocoelicaudia fossils stem from the Nemegt Formation . Despite being rich in dinosaur fossils , the only other sauropod from this rock unit is Nemegtosaurus , which is known from a single skull . Since the skull of Opisthocoelicaudia remains unknown , several researchers have suggested that Nemegtosaurus and Opisthocoelicaudia may represent the same species . Sauropod footprints from the Nemegt Formation , which include skin impressions , can probably be referred to either Nemegtosaurus or Opisthocoelicaudia as these are the only known sauropods from this formation .
= = Description = =
Like other sauropods , Opisthocoelicaudia had a small head on a long neck , a barrel @-@ shaped body on four columnar limbs , and a long tail . It was relatively small for a sauropod ; the type specimen was estimated at 11 @.@ 4 m ( 37 ft ) from the head to the tip of the tail . The body mass has been estimated at 8 @.@ 4 t ( 19 @,@ 000 lb ) , 10 @.@ 5 t ( 23 @,@ 000 lb ) , 22 t ( 49 @,@ 000 lb ) , 13 t ( 29 @,@ 000 lb ) and 25 @.@ 4 t ( 56 @,@ 000 lb ) in separate studies .
The skull and neck are not preserved , but the reconstruction of the nuchal ligament indicates the possession of a neck of medium length of roughly 5 m ( 16 ft ) . As in other titanosaurs , the back was quite flexible due to the lack of accessory vertebral joints ( hyposphene @-@ hypantrum articulations ) , while the pelvic region was strengthened by an additional sixth hip vertebra . The anterior vertebrae of the tail were opisthocoelous , which means they were convex on their anterior sides and concave on their back sides , forming ball @-@ and @-@ socket joints . These opisthocoelous tail vertebrae lend Opisthocoelicaudia its name and serve to distinguish the genus from all other titanosaurs . Other titanosaurs were usually characterised by strongly procoelous anterior tail vertebrae , which were concave on their anterior sides and convex on their back sides . Another unique feature can be found in the back vertebrae , which show bifurcated spinous processes , resulting in a double row of bony projections along the top of the spine . While unique in titanosaurs , this feature can be found in several other unrelated sauropods , including Diplodocus and Euhelopus , where it evolved independently .
As in the hips of other titanosaurs , the ischium was relatively short , measuring only two @-@ thirds the length of the pubis . The left and right ischium bones as well as the left and right pubis bones were ossified with each other over most of their length , closing the gap that in other sauropods is normally present between these bones . The limbs were proportionally short , as seen in other titanosaurs . The forelimbs measured 1 @.@ 87 m ( 6 @.@ 1 ft ) in height in the nearly complete specimen , approximately two thirds the length of the hindlimbs , which were reconstructed at 2 @.@ 46 m ( 8 @.@ 1 ft ) height . As in other titanosaurs , the limbs were slightly spread outwards rather than standing vertically under the body , while the forelimbs were more flexible and mobile compared to other sauropods .
The manus was composed merely of the five metacarpalia , which were orientated vertically and arranged in a semicircle . Carpal bones were missing , as in other titanosaurs . Finger bones and claws were also completely absent – in most other titanosaurs , these bones were still present though extremely reduced in size . In the foot , the talus bone was strongly reduced as in other titanosaurs , while the calcaneus was probably completely absent in Opisthocoelicaudia . In contrast to the manus , the foot showed well developed digits and claws . The phalangeal formula , which states the number of phalanges ( digit bones ) beginning with the innermost digit , is 2 @-@ 2 @-@ 2 @-@ 1 @-@ 0 . Foot skeletons of titanosaurs are rarely found , and besides Opisthocoelicaudia , completely preserved examples are known only from Epachthosaurus and the unnamed La Invernada titanosaur , whose phalangeal formulas are 2 @-@ 2 @-@ 3 @-@ 2 @-@ 0 and 2 @-@ 2 @-@ 2 @-@ 2 @-@ 0 , respectively . Of these three titanosaurs , Ophistocoelicaudia was the most derived while showing the fewest phalanges , indicating a progressive reduction in the phalangeal count during titanosaur evolution .
Osteoderms ( bony plates formed in the skin ) have been found with at least 10 titanosaur genera . The lack of osteoderms in the nearly complete Opisthocoelicaudia skeleton might indicate that they are absent in this genus . However the closeley related Alamosaurus was found to have osteoderms nearly a century after its discovery , this combined with basal forms like Malawisaurus and a number of closely related titanosaurs also bearing osteoderms it 's possible that Ophistocoelicaudia had them as well .
= = Discovery and specimens = =
The type specimen ( ZPAL MgD @-@ Ij48 ) was discovered between the 10th and 23 June 1965 , during a joint Polish @-@ Mongolian paleontological expedition led by Polish paleontologist Zofia Kielan @-@ Jaworowska . The largest of a series of expeditions carried out in 1963 – 1971 , this expedition involved 21 members , which at times were supported by additional hired Mongolian workers . The site of discovery is located in Ömnögovi Province in southern Mongolia in the Altan Uul area , which exposes some 100 km ² of badlands . The sediments exposed at Altan Uul belong to the Nemegt Formation , the youngest of the three geological formations of the Nemegt Basin . Opisthocoelicaudia was the first of several important dinosaur discoveries made by the 1965 expedition . The other finds , made at different localities , include several skeletons of the tyrannosaurid Tarbosaurus as well as the type specimens of the giant ornithomimosaur Deinocheirus , the sauropod Nemegtosaurus , and the pachycephalosaur Homalocephale .
On the fifth day of fieldwork , Ryszard Gradzinski , the geologist of the expedition , found a concretion of well @-@ preserved bones which promised to belong to a fairly complete skeleton . Excavation started on the next day , revealing a nearly complete skeleton lacking only the head and neck . Until today , this specimen remains by far the most complete find of this dinosaur . The transport of the specimen out of rough terrain caused major technical problems . Stone blocks containing the fossils had to be moved some 580 m on improvised metal sledges made out of petrol drums before they could be loaded onto trucks . Because the skeleton was embedded in very hard sandstone layers , several blocks weighed over a ton . On the 9th of July , the packing of the skeleton into 35 crates started for transportation to Dalanzadgad ; together , the crates weighed about 12 tons .
The type specimen belonged to an aged individual . Its taphonomy is unusual as it was found lying on its back – in contrast , most other nearly complete dinosaur skeletons of the Nemegt Formation usually are found lying on their sides . The specimen was found encased in cross @-@ bedded sandstone deposited by a river . Most of the discovered vertebrae were still connected together , forming a continuous series that consisted of 8 dorsal , 6 sacral and 34 caudal vertebrae . An additional 3 vertebrae were found isolated from the series and may belong to the transitional area between back and neck . The remaining parts of the skeleton were shifted slightly out of their original anatomical position . Both the left limb and rib bones were found on the right side of the body , while conversely the right limb and rib bones were found on the left side . Bite marks have been identified on the skeleton , particularly in the pelvis and the thigh bone , showing that predators had fed on the carcass . The skull and neck are missing , indicating that the carnivores might have carried away these body parts . The completeness of the remains indicate that the individual had died near the discovery site . A flooding event might have transported the carcass a short distance and subsequently covered it with sediment , even before the soft tissue had decayed entirely .
In 1977 , Polish paleontologist Maria Magdalena Borsuk @-@ Białynicka published her comprehensive description of the skeleton and named Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii as a new genus and species . The genus name , hinting at the unusual opisthocoel condition of the tail vertebrae , means " posterior cavity tail " . It is derived from the Greek οπισθή , opisthe [ back ] , κοιλος , koilos [ hollow ] , and Latin cauda [ tail ] . The specific name honors Wojciech Skarżyński , the person who prepared the type specimen . Opisthocoelicaudia was only the third sauropod from Asia known from a postcranial skeleton , after Euhelopus and Mamenchisaurus . Today , the skeleton is part of the collection of the Institute of Geology of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences in Ulaanbaatar .
Besides the type specimen , Borsuk @-@ Białynicka described a shoulder blade and coracoid ( ZPAL MgD @-@ I / 25c ) from the same locality . These bones were not yet fused to each other , indicating a juvenile individual . Philip Currie and colleagues in 2003 mentioned a fragmentary tail ( MPD 100 / 406 ) from the Nemegt locality that can be attributed to Opisthocoelicaudia .
= = Age and paleoenvironment = =
The Nemegt Formation was deposited within the Late Cretaceous , although its exact age is unknown as it has never been dated radiometrically . According to different authors , the formation is late Campanian to early Maastrichtian , early Maastrichtian , or middle Maastrichtian in age . The sediments of the Nemegt Formation were deposited in a plain crossed by rivers . The climate was warm and subhumid with seasonal droughts , and the soils were relatively dry . Nevertheless , the Nemegt Formation was more humid than the underlying ( and thus older ) Barun Goyot and Djadochta Formations , which show a semiarid climate .
The fauna of the Nemegt Formation includes aquatic or amphibious animals such as fish , turtles , and crocodiles as well as birds and the abundant medium to large sized dinosaurs , while smaller terrestrial vertebrates like lizards and mammals are rare . Theropod dinosaurs are very diverse in the Nemegt and include the abundant tyrannosaur Tarbosaurus , which might have preyed upon Opisthocoelicaudia . The only other known sauropod is Nemegtosaurus , which is known from a single skull . Ornithischians are represented by the " duck @-@ billed " hadrosaurids ( including the very common Saurolophus ) , the thick @-@ skulled pachycephalosaurs , and the heavely armored ankylosaurs . Neoceratopsians are absent , despite being present in the older Barun Goyot and Djadochta formations . Other important dinosaur finds from the same locality as Opisthocoelicaudia include the troodontid Borogovia and the ankylosaur Tarchia .
= = Classification = =
Originally , Opisthocoelicaudia was classified as a member of the family Camarasauridae , together with Camarasaurus and Euhelopus . This classification was based on several shared features of the skeleton , most importantly the forked neural spines of the back vertebrae . In 1977 , Borsuk @-@ Białynicka considered Opisthocoelicaudia closer to Euhelopus than to Camarasaurus , placing it in the subfamily Euhelopodinae . A 1981 study by Walter Coombs and Ralph Molnar , on the other hand , considered it a member of the subfamily Camarasaurinae and therefore a close relative of Camarasaurus . Today , both Euhelopus and Opisthocoelicaudia are classified outside the Camarasauridae . In 1993 , Leonardo Salgado and Rodolfo Coria showed Opisthocoelicaudia to represent a titanosaur and classified it within the family Titanosauridae . The name Titanosauridae is currently considered invalid by many scientists ; instead , the name Lithostrotia is often used as an equivalent .
Within the Lithostrotia , Opisthocoelicaudia has been found to be closely related to the genera Alamosaurus , Neuquensaurus , Rocasaurus and Saltasaurus , together forming the family Saltasauridae . Interrelationships of these genera are contested . Many scientists considered Opisthocoelicaudia to be most closely related to Alamosaurus , with both genera forming a monophyletic group , the Opisthocoelicaudiinae . Other scientists came to the conclusion that the Opisthocoelicaudiinae is paraphyletic ( not forming a natural group ) . Contradicting most other studies , Upchurch and colleagues in 2004 argued that Alamosaurus has to be placed outside the Saltasauridae as a close relative of Pellegrinisaurus , and therefore is not related to Opisthocoelicaudia at al .
The following cladogram is based on Calvo and colleagues ( 2007 ) , showing a monophyletic Opisthocoelicaudiinae :
= = = Relationship to Nemegtosaurus = = =
Another sauropod of the Nemegt @-@ Formation , Nemegtosaurus , is known only from a skull . Opisthocoelicaudia , on the other hand , lacks both the skull and neck , precluding a direct comparison and leading to suspicions that it may represent a synonym of Nemegtosaurus . According to the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature ( ICZN ) , the oldest name has priority over younger synonyms – if Opisthocoelicaudia would be shown to be a synonym of Nemegtosaurus , the name Nemegtosaurus would remain valid while Opisthocoelicaudia would become invalid .
Both Opisthocoelicaudia and Nemegtosaurus where discovered during the 1965 joint Polish @-@ Mongolian expedition . Before the remains were prepared and described , the expedition crew believed both finds to belong to the same species of sauropod . In 1977 , Borsuk @-@ Białynicka deemed Opisthocoelicaudia and Nemegtosaurus to represent separate genera because Nemegtosaurus was at this time considered to be a member of the Dicraeosauridae , while Opisthocoelicaudia seemed to be a representative of a different group , the Camarasauridae . Furthermore , she argued that different sauropod genera sharing the same habitat is nothing unusual ; this is most obvious in the North American Morrison Formation , which contains more than five contemporary sauropod species .
Currently , both Opisthocoelicaudia and Nemegtosaurus are classified within the Titanosauria , and Jeffrey Wilson stated in 2005 that synonymy cannot be ruled out . In a 2003 study , Currie and colleagues argued that a synonymy is very probable and reported a fragmentary tail referable to Opisthocoelicaudia that was discovered in the same locality where the Nemegtosaurus skull was found . Nevertheless , Kielan @-@ Jaworowska stated in 2013 that the question of a possible synonymy may not be resolved until a skull is found in association with postcranial remains .
= = Paleobiology = =
= = = Posture = = =
Originally , Borsuk @-@ Białynicka assumed that in standard position the neck was horizontal or slanted slightly downward . This was based on the reconstruction of the nuchal ligament , which runs atop of the cervical and dorsal vertebrae and serves to support the weight of the head and neck . Although an S @-@ curved , swan @-@ like ascending neck was envisaged in several subsequent reconstructions following similar depictions of better known sauropods , recent studies argue that sauropod necks were relatively straight and were carried more horizontally .
The back was also reconstructed in a more or less horizontal orientation by Borsuk @-@ Białynicka , which was followed by most subsequent depictions . In a 2007 study , Daniela Schwarz and colleagues suggested that the back dipped towards the rear . According to these researchers , the shoulder blade would have been inclined at a horizontal angle of 55 – 65 ° , much steeper than previously thought , resulting in an elevated shoulder region . With the vertebral column of the trunk and neck held in a relatively straight line , this would result in an elevated position of the head .
= = = Rearing stance = = =
Opisthocoelicaudia may have been able to rear up on its hindlimbs for foraging , using its tail as a third leg . In 1977 , Borsuk @-@ Białynicka cited several skeletal features that might have been related to rearing , including the opisthocoelous vertebrae of the anterior part of the tail , which , according to this author , would have made the tail more flexible than in other sauropods . Features of the pelvis , such as the thickened shelf of the acetabulum , the flaring ilia , and the fused pubic symphysis , may have allowed the pelvis to withstand the stress of rearing .
Heinrich Mallison in 2011 argued that Opisthocoelicaudia was able to angle the anterior part of the tail against the posterior part , producing a buckle in midsection . Thus , the anterior part would have been more straight during rearing than in other sauropods . In 2005 , Wilson assumed that rearing was an innovation not only of Opisthocoelicaudia but also of related genera within the subfamily Saltasaurinae . Common features of these genera , such as the shortened tail , may have evolved as adaptations to rearing .
= = = Footprints = = =
Footprints from the Nemegt Formation were unknown until 2003 , when Currie and colleagues described several examples from the Nemegt locality . Most of these footprints belonged to hadrosaurids ( probably Saurolophus ) , while two have been left by a large theropod ( probably Tarbosaurus ) and yet another two by the hindfoot of a sauropod . The sauropod tracks were assigned to Opisthocoelicaudia , which showed a matching hind foot morphology . The researchers argued that Opisthocoelicaudia was probably the only known sauropod from the Nemegt Formation when Nemegtosaurus is regarded a synonym , making it unlikely that the tracks were left by another , similar titanosaur . The tracks were left in the soft and wet mud of shallow or freshly dried up points along a river and subsequently filled up with sand . Today only the sand infill remains , with the encasing mudstone having been eroded away .
The best @-@ preserved footprint measures 63 cm ( 25 in ) across , so it was probably created by an individual larger than the type specimen . Although the surface of the underside is hard to obtain , the vertical surfaces are very well preserved , making this track one of the best preserved sauropod tracks known . Four digital impressions can be distinguished , with two or three showing claw impressions . The toes were almost perpendicular . Even a skin impression has been preserved above the impression of the first toe , which shows the non @-@ overlapping scales , each with an average diameter of 14 mm ( 0 @.@ 55 in ) . The foot of the track creator was probably a little longer than wide . The second track is much shallower than the first , but shows well @-@ preserved digit impressions with a high degree of detail , including at least two deep claw impressions that are rotated outwards , and a well @-@ preserved impression of a fleshy toe pad behind the middle claw .
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= Death of Keith Blakelock =
Keith Henry Blakelock , a London Metropolitan Police constable , was killed on 6 October 1985 during rioting on the Broadwater Farm housing estate in Tottenham , north London . The trouble broke out after a local black woman died of heart failure during a police search of her home . It took place against a backdrop of unrest in several English cities and a breakdown of relations between the police and black communities .
PC Blakelock had been assigned on the night of his death to Serial 502 , a unit of 10 constables and one sergeant dispatched to protect firefighters . When the rioters forced the officers back , Blakelock stumbled and fell . Surrounded by a mob of 30 to 50 people , he received more than 40 injuries inflicted by machetes or similar , and was found with a six @-@ inch @-@ long knife in his neck , buried up to the hilt . He was the first constable to be killed in a riot in Britain since 1833 , when PC Robert Culley was stabbed to death in Clerkenwell , London .
Detectives came under enormous pressure to find the killers , amid tabloid coverage that left @-@ wing journalists claimed was sometimes openly racist . Faced with a lack of forensic evidence , the police arrested 359 people , interviewed most of them without lawyers , and laid charges based on untaped confessions . Three adults and three youths were charged with the murder ; the adults , Winston Silcott , Engin Raghip and Mark Braithwaite ( the " Tottenham Three " ) , were convicted in 1987 . A widely supported campaign arose to overturn the convictions , which were quashed in 1991 when forensic tests cast doubt on the authenticity of detectives ' notes from an interview in which Silcott appeared to incriminate himself . Two detectives were charged in 1992 with perverting the course of justice , and were acquitted in 1994 .
Police re @-@ opened the murder inquiry in 1992 and again in 2003 . Ten men were arrested in 2010 on suspicion of murder , and in 2013 one of them , Nicholas Jacobs , became the seventh person to be charged with Blakelock 's murder , based largely on evidence gathered during the 1992 inquiry . He was found not guilty in April 2014 .
Blakelock and the other constables of Serial 502 were awarded the Queen 's Gallantry Medal for bravery in 1988 . Their sergeant , David Pengelly , who – armed only with a shield and truncheon – placed himself in front of the crowd in an effort to save Blakelock and another officer , received the George Medal , awarded for acts of great bravery .
= = Background = =
= = = Keith Blakelock = = =
Keith Henry Blakelock ( 28 June 1945 – 6 October 1985 ) was born in Sunderland . He joined the Metropolitan Police on 14 November 1980 , and was assigned to a response team in Hornsey before becoming a home beat officer in Muswell Hill , north London . At the time of his death , he was married to Elizabeth Blakelock , with three sons , Mark , Kevin and Lee . Lee Blakelock , eight years old when his father died , became a police officer himself , joining Durham Constabulary in 2000 . PC Blakelock is buried in East Finchley Cemetery .
= = = Broadwater Farm = = =
Broadwater Farm in Tottenham , in the Borough of Haringey , north London ( N17 ) , emerged from the British government 's policy from the 1930s onwards of slum clearance , in which poorly maintained terraced houses were bulldozed to make way for high @-@ rise social housing . Built between 1967 and 1973 , the Farm consists of 1 @,@ 063 flats ( apartments ) in 12 blocks raised on stilts , linked by first @-@ floor outdoor connecting walkways ; no homes or shops were built at ground level for fear of flooding from the nearby River Moselle . At the time of Blakelock 's death the estate housed 3 @,@ 400 people , 49 percent white , 43 percent Afro @-@ Caribbean .
British journalist David Rose writes that by 1976 the Farm was already seen as a sink estate , and by 1980 a Department of the Environment report had suggested demolition , although a regeneration project after the 1985 riots led to improvements . Sir Kenneth Newman , Metropolitan Police commissioner from 1982 to 1987 , regarded the estate as one of London 's symbolic locations , or potential no @-@ go areas , along with Railton Road in Brixton , All Saints Road in Notting Hill , the Notting Hill Carnival , and the Stonebridge Estate in Harlesden . The 1986 Gifford Inquiry into the rioting criticized the police for having adopted this attitude .
The elevated linked walkways meant the estate could be crossed without descending to street level . Combined with the ground @-@ level parking spaces beloved of drug dealers , these had turned the estate into what commentators called a " rabbit warren " for criminals , to the point where residents were afraid to leave their homes . Dutch architectural historian Wouter Vanstiphout described the estate as it was at the time of the riots :
[ T ] here are elevated walkways , there are little stairs that connect them , there are these huge stairwells where the different elevated walkways come together ... there is a huge underground zone that is completely unmonitored , which consists of parking places ... so it 's an incredible nest ... one of these typical modernist , multi @-@ level network city constructions that make it extremely difficult for the police to exert any control over it , and it makes the police extremely vulnerable for attacks from behind , underneath , from the top .
= = = Social unrest across England = = =
The riots in which Blakelock died took place within a wave of social unrest across England . Since the 1980 St. Pauls riot in Bristol , and particularly since the 1981 Brixton riot in south London , a series of incidents had sparked violent confrontations between black youths and largely white police officers .
On 9 September 1985 , a month before Blakelock 's murder , there was rioting in Handsworth , Birmingham , after the arrest of a black man for a traffic offence ; two people were killed . On 28 September , a black woman , Dorothy " Cherry " Groce ( 1948 – 2011 ) , was accidentally shot by police while they searched her home in Brixton looking for her son , Michael Groce , who was wanted on suspicion of robbery and firearms offences .
Believing she had died in the shooting – in fact , she survived but was left paralysed from the waist down – a group of protesters gathered outside Brixton police station , and rioting broke out that saw police lose control of the area for 48 hours . A photojournalist , 29 @-@ year @-@ old David Hodge , was killed when a breeze block was dropped on his head while he photographed the looting .
Rumours spread throughout London that more rioting was imminent , including in Bermondsey and the Wood Green shopping centre near Broadwater Farm . On 1 October there were disturbances in Toxteth , Liverpool , and on the same day police stopped and searched all vehicles entering the Farm , finding a petrol bomb there the next day . David Rose wrote in 1992 .
= = ( October 1985 ) Broadwater Farm riot = =
= = = ( 5 October ) Death of Cynthia Jarrett = = =
On Saturday , 5 October 1985 , a week after the Brixton riot , police arrested Floyd Jarrett , a 24 @-@ year @-@ old black man from Tottenham , on suspicion of being in a stolen car . It was a suspicion that turned out to be groundless , but a decision was made several hours later to search the home of his mother , Cynthia Jarrett , for stolen goods . In the course of the search she collapsed and died of heart failure . Rose writes that the pathologist , Dr. Walter Somerville , told the inquest that Mrs. Jarrett had a heart condition that meant she probably only had months to live .
According to Rose , the police let themselves into the house using Floyd 's keys , without knocking or announcing themselves , while Mrs. Jarrett and her family were watching television . The family said that an officer pushed Mrs. Jarrett , causing her to fall . The officer denied this ; the police said she had not been pushed but had simply collapsed . When it became clear she had stopped breathing , the same officer tried to revive her using mouth @-@ to @-@ mouth resuscitation , to no avail . The pathologist testified at the inquest that the fall may have been a precipitating factor ; the jury returned a verdict of accidental death , following the coroner 's direction that such a verdict would mean Mrs. Jarrett had been pushed , but perhaps accidentally .
= = = ( 6 October ) Rioting breaks out = = =
Protesters began to gather outside Tottenham police station , a few hundred yards from Broadwater Farm , around 1 : 30 am on Sunday morning , 6 October . Four of the station 's windows were smashed , but the Jarrett family asked the crowd to disperse . Later that day , two police officers were attacked with bricks and paving stones at the Farm , and a police inspector was attacked in his car .
The next few hours saw some of the most violent rioting the country had experienced . By early evening a crowd of 500 mostly young black men had gathered on the estate , setting fire to cars , throwing petrol bombs and bricks , and dropping concrete blocks and paving stones from the estate 's outdoor walkways , knocking several police officers unconscious , despite their NATO helmets . The local council 's community relations officer said there was a " shifting convoy of ambulances : as soon as one was loaded up with injured officers , another would move up to take its place . "
Apart from Blakelock 's death , 250 police officers were injured , and two policemen and three journalists , one from the Press Association and two from the BBC , suffered gunshot wounds . At least 30 shots were fired from three firearms , the first time shots had been fired by rioters in Britain . At 9 : 45 pm the Metropolitan Police Commissioner , Sir Kenneth Newman , authorized the deployment of specialist police armed with plastic bullets and CS gas to be used " as a last resort should all else fail " ; it would have been the first use of plastic bullets during a riot in Britain . The unit arrived at 10 : 20 pm , but the senior officers at the scene refused to use them , to the apparent dismay of junior officers . The rioting continued until the early hours of the morning .
= = = Serial 502 = = =
Blakelock was assigned on the night to Serial 502 , a Metropolitan police unit consisting of a sergeant and 10 constables from Hornsey and Wood Green police stations . A " shield serial " was a unit equipped with shields , Nato helmets and a personnel carrier ; expecting trouble , the Metropolitan police had increased the deployment of these patrols across the capital . Serial 502 consisted of three Scots ; three Londoners , including a Jamaican ; and one each from Cumbria , Yorkshire , Gloucestershire , Sunderland and Merseyside .
At 9 : 30 pm Sgt David Pengelly led the unit into Broadwater Farm to protect firemen who had earlier been forced out of the estate 's Tangmere block ( pictured ) , where a fire had started in the Centra Supermarket on the first floor .
The firemen made their way up an enclosed staircase with Serial 502 behind them . Dozens of rioters suddenly appeared at the top of the stairs , blowing whistles and throwing bottles . Pengelly ordered the officers and firefighters to retreat . They were forced to run backwards down the unlit narrow staircase , fearful of tripping over the fire hoses , which had been flat before but were now full of water . PC Richard Coombes , armed with just a short truncheon , said the noise – " Kill the pigs ! " – was deafening , and he could hardly see through the scratched Perspex visor on his helmet .
= = = Attack on Blakelock = = =
There were rioters at the bottom of the stairs too , wearing masks or crash helmets , and carrying knives , baseball bats , bricks and petrol bombs . As the firefighters and police ran out of the stairwell toward a car park and a patch of grass , one of the firemen , Trevor Stratford , saw that Blakelock had tripped : " He just stumbled and went down and they were upon him . It was just mob hysteria . ... There were about 50 people on him . "
The rioters removed Blakelock 's protective helmet , which was never found . Rose writes that the pathologist , David Bowen , found 54 holes in Blakelock 's overalls , and 40 cutting or stabbing injuries , eight of them to his head , caused by a machete , sword or axe @-@ type instrument . A six @-@ inch @-@ long knife was buried in his neck up to the hilt . His body was covered in marks from having been kicked or stamped on . His hands and arms were badly cut , and he had lost several fingers trying to defend himself . There were 14 stab wounds on his back , one on the back of his right thigh , six on his face , and his jawbone had been smashed by a blow that left a six @-@ inch gash across the right side of his head . Bowen said the force of this blow had been " almost as if to sever his head , " which gave rise to a rumour that an attempt had been made to decapitate him ( according to Rose , the autopsy photographs did not support this ) .
A second group surrounded PC Coombes , who sustained a five @-@ inch @-@ long cut to his face , and broken upper and lower jaws . In 2004 he said he was still suffering the effects of the attack , which the police regard as attempted murder , including poor hearing and eyesight , epileptic fits , and a memory so poor that he was left unable to read a book or drive . A third constable , Michael Shepherd , had his protective helmet pierced by an iron spike . Several of the officers and firemen turned and ran back toward the crowd to try to save Blakelock and Coombes . Trevor Stratford told a reporter in 2010 : " I remember running in with another fire officer to get Dick Coombes . I literally slid into the group , like a rugby player charging into a ruck . We dragged him out , but he was in a hell of a state " :
I then ran back towards Keith Blakelock . Other police officers were already there . We were all being hit and beaten , but I managed to get hold of his collar and pull his head and shoulders out of the group . One of the other officers helped me to drag him out .
Dave Pengelly kept a rearguard barrier between us and the rioters , standing in the middle of it all with just a shield and a truncheon , trying to fend them off , which is an image I 'll never forget .
Between us all we managed to manhandle Keith out to the road , and safety . He was already unconscious when I 'd got to him on the ground . I started mouth @-@ to @-@ mouth and heart massage on him , but his injuries were just horrific .
He had a knife embedded up to the handle in the back of his neck . We could see he had multiple stab wounds and some of his fingers were missing . I just kept working on him with another officer , and I think we got some response , but only very limited .
Blakelock was taken by ambulance to the North Middlesex Hospital , but died on the way . Pengelly said in 2010 that , when the other officers got back to the safety of their van , " We just sat there , numb with shock , and life was never the same again for any of us . "
= = First investigation = =
= = = Media response = = =
Rose writes that there was a racist media frenzy after the killing , placing intense external pressure on detectives to solve the case . According to Rose , the news coverage included the Sun newspaper comparing Labour 's prospective candidate for Tottenham , Bernie Grant – who had immigrated from Guyana in 1963 – to an ape , writing that he had given a press conference while peeling a banana and juggling an orange . Grant had caused uproar when he was reported as saying the police had been given a " bloody good hiding , " although his statement was also reported as : " The youths around here believe the police were to blame for what happened on Sunday and what they got was a bloody good hiding . "
The Metropolitan Police commissioner , Kenneth Newman , told reporters that groups of Trotskyists and anarchists had orchestrated the violence , a theme picked up by the Daily Telegraph and others . The Daily Express – falling for a story from media hoaxer Rocky Ryan – reported on 8 October 1985 that a " Moscow @-@ trained hit squad gave orders as mob hacked PC Blakelock to death , " alleging that " crazed left @-@ wing extremists " trained in Moscow and Libya had coordinated the riots .
There was also internal pressure on detectives from the rank and file , who saw their superior officers as sharing the blame for Blakelock 's death . The Police Federation 's journal , Police , argued that senior officers had pursued a policy at Broadwater Farm of avoiding confrontation at all costs , and that " community policing " had led to compromises with criminals , rather than maintaining a focus on upholding the law . As a result , the journal wrote , officers had failed to appreciate the seriousness of the situation that had developed on the estate .
= = = Detective Chief Superintendent Graham Melvin = = =
Detective Chief Superintendent Graham Melvin of the Serious Crime Squad was placed in charge of the investigation a few hours after the killing , at 2 am on 7 October . The inquiry became the largest in the history of the Metropolitan Police , with 150 officers assigned full @-@ time . Melvin was born in Halifax in 1941 , joining the Metropolitan Police in 1960 , then the Criminal Investigation Department . He studied at Bramshill Police College , served with the Flying Squad , and was known for having solved several notorious cases , including that of Kenneth Erskine , the Stockwell Strangler . He became a Detective Chief Superintendent in March 1985 when he joined the elite International and Organised Crime Squad ( SO1 ) .
= = = Murder charges = = =
Melvin 's first problem was that there was no forensic evidence . Senior officers had not allowed the estate to be sealed off immediately after the attack , which meant that the crime scene had not been secured . Witnesses and those directly involved were able to leave without giving their names . Objects that might have held fingerprints were not collected . Police were not allowed into the estate in great numbers until 4 am , by which time much of the evidence had disappeared . Whatever remained was removed during Haringey Council 's clean @-@ up operation .
Melvin therefore resorted to arresting suspects – including juveniles , some of them regarded as vulnerable – and holding them for days without access to lawyers . Of the 359 people arrested in connection with the inquiry in 1985 and 1986 , just 94 were interviewed in the presence of a lawyer . Many of the confessions that resulted , whether directly about the murder , or about having taken part in the rioting , were made before the lawyer was given access to the interviewee .
When people did confess to even a minor role in the rioting , such as throwing a few stones , they were charged with affray . One resident told the 1986 Gifford Inquiry into the rioting : " You would go to bed and you would just lie there and you would think , are they going to come and kick my door , what 's going to happen to my children ? ... It was that horrible fear that you lived with day by day , knowing they could come and kick down your door and hold you for hours . " The inquiry heard that 9 @,@ 165 police officers were either deployed on the estate or held in reserve between 10 and 14 October 1985 . Thus , argues Rose , the police created , or at least intensified , a climate of fear in which witnesses were afraid to step forward .
Melvin defended his decision to hold people without access to legal advice by arguing that lawyers , unwittingly or otherwise , might pass information they had gleaned during interviews to other suspects . He said under cross @-@ examination during the 1987 murder trial that , in his view , " the integrity of some firms of solicitors left a lot to be desired " ; he believed solicitors were being retained by people who had an interest in learning what other suspects had said . The Crown prosecutor , Roy Amlot QC , told the court that the police had one effective weapon , namely that suspects did not know who else had spoken to police and what they had said , and that " the use of that weapon by the police was legitimate and effective . "
= = = = Juveniles = = = =
= = = = = Mark Pennant = = = = =
Mark Pennant , aged 15 , was arrested on 9 October 1985 and charged with murder two days later , the first person charged in connection with the killing . Born in England to West Indian parents , Pennant had been raised in the West Indies until he was nine , after which he returned to the UK ; he was diagnosed with learning difficulties and was attending a special school . He was arrested and handcuffed at school , taken to Wood Green Police Station , and interviewed six times over the course of two days with a teacher in attendance . He told the police that he had cut Blakelock and kicked him twice , and named Winston Silcott as the ringleader and several others , including another juvenile , Mark Lambie .
= = = = = Jason Hill = = = = =
Jason Hill , a 13 @-@ year @-@ old white boy who lived on Broadwater Farm , was seen looting from a store in the Tangmere block during the rioting , near where Blakelock was killed . He was arrested on 13 October and taken to Leyton Police Station , where he was held for three days without access to a lawyer . He reported being kept in a very hot cell , which he said made sleeping and even breathing difficult . His clothes and shoes were removed for forensic tests and he was interviewed wearing only underpants and a blanket , the latter of which by the third day of detention was stained with his own vomit . Hyacinth Moody of the Haringey Community Relations Council sat in as an " appropriate adult " ; she was criticized by the judge for having failed to intervene .
Over the course of several interviews , Hill told police that he had witnessed the attack , and named Silcott and others , including Mark Lambie . He described almost a ritualistic killing and said that Silcott – whom he called " Sticks " – had forced him to make his " mark " on Blakelock with a sword . According to David Rose , Hill described injuries to Blakelock 's body that did not match the autopsy report .
After he had cut Blakelock , Hill said , Silcott told him he was cool and asked what he had seen . Hill said he replied , " Nothing , " and that Silcott said , " Well , you can go . " He said the aim of the attack had been to decapitate Blakelock and put his head on a stick . In 1991 he told Rose that , throughout the interview , the police were saying , " Go on , admit it , you had a stab , " and " It was Sticks , wasn 't it ? " He said they threatened to keep him in the station for two weeks and said he would never see his family again . " They could have told me it was Prince Charles and I would have said it was him . "
= = = = = Steve Drake = = = = =
Steve Drake , aged 14 , was the third juvenile to be charged with the murder . He was named by Mark Pennant and Jason Hill , and was interviewed with his father and a solicitor present . Drake admitted to having taken part in the rioting , but denied involvement in the murder . One witness said during the trial that he had seen Drake force his way through the crowd to reach Blakelock , although the testimony was discredited ; however Drake spent several years behind bars .
= = = = Winston Silcott = = = =
David Rose writes that a former detective inspector called the Blakelock investigation a " pre @-@ scientific inquiry , it was all about how to get Winston Silcott convicted , not discovering who killed Keith Blakelock . " By the time of the murder , local police saw Silcott as the " biggest mafioso in Tottenham ... running the mugging gangs , paying them with drugs , " according to another former senior officer in Tottenham .
Silcott was 26 years old when he was arrested , the oldest of the six charged with murder . He was born in Tottenham in 1959 ; his parents , both Seventh @-@ day Adventists , had arrived in England from Montserrat two years earlier . He told Rose that he had experienced racism throughout his entire upbringing , particularly from the police . After leaving school at 15 , he took a series of low @-@ paying jobs and in 1976 began breaking into houses . The following year he was convicted of nine counts of burglary and sent to borstal for a few months , and in 1979 he was sentenced to six months for wounding . In September 1980 he stood trial for the murder of 19 @-@ year @-@ old Lennie McIntosh , a postal worker , who was stabbed and killed at a party in Muswell Hill in 1979 . The first trial resulted in a hung jury ; a second trial saw him acquitted .
In 1980 Silcott and a friend began operating a mobile disco , " Galaxy Soul Shuffle , " playing at festivals and private parties . In 1983 he was given a government grant to open a greengrocer 's on the deck of the Tangere block of Broadwater Farm . More convictions followed : in October that year he was fined for possessing a flick knife and in March 1984 for obstructing police . In 1985 he made the news when he reportedly told Princess Diana , who was on an official visit to Broadwater Farm , that she should not have come without bringing jobs , which the Sun newspaper interpreted as a threat .
In December 1984 Silcott was arrested for the murder of a 22 @-@ year @-@ old boxer , Anthony Smith , at a party in Hackney . Smith had been slashed more than once on his face , there were two wounds to his abdomen , a lung had been lacerated and his aorta cut . Silcott was charged with the murder in May 1985 and was out on bail when Blakelock was killed in October that year . At first he told police he had not known Smith and had not been at the party , although at trial he acknowledged having been there . He said Smith had started punching him , and that he had pushed Smith back but had not been carrying a knife . Silcott was convicted of Smith 's murder in February 1986 , while awaiting trial for the Blakelock murder , and was sentenced to life imprisonment ; he was released in 2003 after serving 17 years . After the conviction he told his lawyer he had indeed known Smith , that there had been bad blood between them , and that he had stabbed the man in self @-@ defence , because one of Smith 's friends had had a knife .
= = = = = Arrest and disputed interview = = = = =
Known as " Sticks " locally , Silcott was living in the Martlesham block of the Broadwater Farm estate at the time of the riots , and was running his greengrocer 's shop in the Tangmere block , the block near the spot where Blakelock was killed . He told David Rose in 2004 that he had been in the Tangmere block on the night of the death , and had stopped someone throwing a scaffolding pole through the window of his shop . A friend of his , Pam , had then invited him to her apartment to keep him out of trouble .
He told Rose : " And look , I 'm on bail for a murder . I know I 'm stupid , but I 'm not that stupid . There 's helicopters , police photographers everywhere . All I could think about was that I didn 't want to lose my bail . " He said he had first learned of Blakelock 's death when he heard cheering in the apartment he was staying in , in response to a news report about it .
Silcott was arrested for Blakelock 's murder on 12 October 1985 , six days after the riot ; he was interviewed five times over 24 hours , Det Ch Supt Melvin asking the questions and Detective Inspector Maxwell Dingle taking the notes . During the first four interviews , he stayed mostly silent and refused to sign the detectives ' notes , but during the fifth interview on 13 October , when Melvin said he knew Silcott had struck Blakelock with a machete or sword , his demeanour changed , according to the notes .
The notes show him asking : " Who told you that ? " When the detectives said they had witnesses , he reportedly said : " They are only kids . No one is going to believe them . " The notes say he walked around the interview room with tears in his eyes , saying : " You cunts , you cunts , " and " Jesus , Jesus , " then : " You ain 't got enough evidence . Those kids will never go to court . You wait and see . No one else will talk to you . You can 't keep me away from them . " The notes show him saying of the murder weapons : " You 're too slow , man , they gone . " He was at that point charged with murder , to which he reportedly responded : " They won 't give evidence against me . "
= = = = Engin Raghip = = = =
Nineteen @-@ year @-@ old Engin Raghip , of Turkish – Cypriot descent , was arrested on 24 October 1985 after a friend mentioned his name to police , the only time anyone had linked him to the murder . During his trial , the court heard from an expert that Raghip was " in the middle of the mildly mentally handicapped range , " although this testimony was withheld from the jury . His mental impairment became a key issue during his successful appeal in 1991 in R v Raghip and others , when the court accepted that it rendered his confession unsafe .
Raghip 's parents had moved from Cyprus to England in 1956 . Raghip left school at age 15 , illiterate , and by the time of the murder had two convictions , one for stealing cars and one for burglary . He had a common @-@ law wife , Sharon Daly , with whom he had a two @-@ year @-@ old boy , and he worked occasionally as a mechanic . He had little connection with Broadwater Farm , though he lived in nearby Wood Green and had gone to the Farm with two friends to watch the riot , he said . One of those friends , John Broomfield , gave an interview to the Daily Mirror on 23 October , boasting about his involvement . When Broomfield was arrested , he implicated Raghip . Broomfield was later convicted of an unrelated murder .
At the time of Raghip 's arrest he had been drinking and smoking cannabis for several days , and his common @-@ law wife had just left him , taking their son with her . He was held for two days without representation , first speaking to a solicitor on the third day , who said he had found Raghip distressed and disoriented .
He was interviewed by Det Sgt van Thal and Det Insp John Kennedy ten times over a period of four days . He made several incriminating statements during the interviews , at first admitting he had thrown stones , then during the second interview saying he had seen the attack on Blakelock . During the third , he said he had spoken to Silcott about the murder , and that Silcott owned a hammer with a hook on one side . After the fifth interview he was charged with affray , and during the sixth he described the attack on Blakelock : " It was like you see in a film , a helpless man with dogs on him . It was just like that , it was really quick . " He did not sign this interview , Rose writes , and after it he vomited .
During a seventh interview the next day , Raghip described noises he said Blakelock had made during the attack . During the eighth interview , he said he had armed himself that night with a broom handle , and had tried to get close to what was happening to Blakelock , but there were too many people around him : " I had a weapon when I was running toward the policeman , a broom handle . " He said he might have kicked or hit him had he been able to get close enough . Rose writes that Raghip also offered the order in which Blakelock 's attackers had launched the assault . He was held for another two days , released on bail , then charged with murder six weeks later , in December 1985 , under the doctrine of common purpose .
= = = = Mark Braithwaite = = = =
Mark Braithwaite was 18 when Blakelock was killed , a rapper and disc jockey living with his parents in Islington , London , N1 . He had a girlfriend who lived on Broadwater Farm , with whom he had a child . On 16 January 1986 , three months after the murder , his name was mentioned for the first time to detectives by a man they had arrested , Bernard Kinghorn . Kinghorn told them he had seen Braithwaite , whom he said he knew only by sight , stab Blakelock with a kitchen knife . Kinghorn later withdrew the allegation , telling the BBC three years later that it had been false .
Braithwaite was taken to Enfield Police Station and interviewed by Det Sgt Dermot McDermott and Detective Constable Colin Biggar . He was held for three days and was at first denied access to a lawyer , on the instruction of Det Ch Supt Melvin . He was interviewed eight times over the first two days , and with a lawyer present four times on the third . During the first 30 hours of his detention he had nothing to eat , and said in court – as did several other suspects – that the heat in the cells was oppressive , making it difficult to breathe .
He at first denied being anywhere near the Farm , then during interview four said he had been there and had thrown stones , and during interview five said he had been at the Tangmere block , but had played no role in the murder . During interview six , he said he had hit Blakelock with an iron bar in the chest and leg . Rose writes that there were no such injuries on Blakelock 's body . In a seventh interview , he said he had hit a police officer , but that it was not Blakelock . On the basis of this confession evidence , he was charged with murder .
= = = ( 1987 ) Trial : R v Silcott and others = = =
Forty @-@ nine men and youths were convicted of offences arising from the riots , out of 359 arrested and 159 charged , not counting the six murder defendants . The trial of the six – Silcott , Raghip and Braithwaite , the adults ; and Pennant , Hill and Lambie , the youths – began in court number two of the Old Bailey on 14 January 1987 . All the men were charged with murder , riot , and affray ; Lambie was also charged with throwing petrol bombs .
The jury consisted of seven men and five women , including one Afro @-@ Caribbean woman . They were not told that it was Silcott 's fourth murder trial , that he had been out on bail for the murder of Anthony Smith when Blakelock was killed , or that he had subsequently been convicted of that murder . Silcott 's barrister , Barbara Mills ( 1940 – 2011 ) , a future Director of Public Prosecutions , decided that he should not take the stand to avoid exposing him to questions about his previous convictions .
The effort to avoid introducing the conviction for the murder of Anthony Smith worked against Silcott too . It meant that the jury could not be told that he had signed on for his bail at Tottenham police station at around 7 pm on the evening of Blakelock 's death . This was when witnesses had placed Silcott at a Broadwater Youth Association meeting , making inflammatory speeches against the police .
The press coverage of the trial included the publication on day two , by The Sun , of a notorious close @-@ up of a half @-@ smiling Silcott , one that " created a monster to stalk the nightmares of Middle England , " as journalist Kurt Barling put it . Silcott said he had been asleep in a police cell when it was taken ; he said he was woken up , held in a corridor with his arms pinned against a wall and photographed , and that the expression on his face was one of fear . Its publication constituted " the most gross contempt , " according to the trial judge , Sir Derek Hodgson ( 1917 – 2002 ) , speaking to David Rose in 1992 . No action was taken against the newspaper .
The judge dismissed the charges against the youths because they had been detained without access to parents or a lawyer ; in the absence of the jury , the judge was highly critical of the police on that point . Four armoured police vehicles waited in Tottenham as the jury deliberated for three days . They returned on 19 March 1987 with a unanimous guilty verdict against Silcott , Raghip and Braithwaite ; the men were sentenced to life imprisonment , with a recommendation that Silcott serve at least 30 years . The black female juror fainted when the verdicts were read out . Rose writes that the tabloids knew no restraint , writing about the beasts of Broadwater Farm , hooded animals and packs of savages , with the old jail @-@ cell image of Silcott published above captions such as " smile of evil . "
= = = ( 1988 ) Application for leave to appeal rejected = = =
A campaign to free the " Tottenham Three " gathered pace , organized by the Broadwater Farm Defence Campaign . They published an 18 @-@ page report in 1987 by two American law professors , Margaret Burnham and Lennox Hinds , who had attended part of the trial , and who wrote that Silcott 's conviction " represents a serious miscarriage of justice . " Rose writes that the New Statesman and Time Out wrote sympathetic pieces , and MPs and trade unionists were lobbied . In May 1989 the famously left @-@ wing London School of Economics students ' union elected Silcott as the college 's honorary president , to the dismay of its director and governors . Silcott resigned shortly afterwards , saying he did not want the students to become scapegoats .
Engin Raghip 's solicitor was now Gareth Peirce – who had represented the Guildford Four and Birmingham Six , prominent cases of miscarriage of justice – and his barrister Michael Mansfield . Peirce applied for leave to appeal . She began to explore Raghip 's mental state , arguing that his confession could not be relied upon , and arranged for him to be examined by Dr. Gísli Guðjónsson of the Institute of Psychiatry in London , a specialist in suggestibility ; Guðjónsson concluded that Raghip was unusually suggestible , with a mental age of between 10 and 11 . Silcott was again represented by Barbara Mills and Braithwaite by Steven Kamlish . Mills noted the lack of photographic or scientific evidence , and argued that Silcott would have been unlikely to stop firefighters from extinguishing a fire on the deck of the Tangmere block , given that he was renting a shop there .
Lord Lane , then Lord Chief Justice of England , dismissed the applications on 13 December 1988 , arguing of Raghip that the jury had had ample opportunity to form its own opinion of him . Amnesty International criticized the decision , pointing to the problems with confessions made in the absence of a lawyer , and was criticized in turn by Home Secretary Douglas Hurd , who said Amnesty had abandoned its impartiality .
During a BBC Newsnight discussion of the case , Lord Scarman , a former Law Lord , said the convictions ought to be overturned . Gareth Peirce obtained another psychologist 's report about Raghip and , supported by Raghip 's MP Michael Portillo , asked the Home Secretary to review the case . She also submitted an application to the European Court of Human Rights , arguing that the way Raghip had been interviewed breached the European Convention on Human Rights . In December 1990 Home Secretary Kenneth Baker referred Raghip 's case back to the Court of Appeal .
= = = ( 1990 ) Electrostatic detection analysis = = =
In parallel with the efforts of Pierce , Silcott 's lawyers had requested access in November 1990 to his original interview notes , so that the seven pages from his crucial fifth interview – the notes he said were fabricated – could be submitted for an electrostatic detection analysis ( ESDA ) . The test can identify a small electrostatic charge left on a page when the page above it is written on ; in this way , the test 's developers say , the chronological integrity of interview notes can be determined .
In Silcott 's case , according to the scientist who conducted the ESDA test , Robert Radley , the notes from the section of the fifth interview in which Silcott appeared to incriminate himself had been inserted after the other notes were written . The seventh and final page of the fifth interview , where the participants would normally sign , was missing . The ESDA test suggested that , on the third to sixth pages of the interview , no impressions had been left from previous pages , although these earlier impressions appeared throughout the rest of the notes . According to Will Bennett in The Independent , the test " also revealed an imprint of a different page five from the one submitted in evidence which was clearly the same interview with Silcott but in which he made no implicit admissions . " In addition to this , David Baxendale , a Home Office forensic scientist who was asked to investigate by Essex police , said that the paper on which the disputed notes were written came from a different batch of paper from the rest of the interview .
The disputed section of the interview had been written down by Det Insp Maxwell Dingle . It said that , when Silcott was told the police had witness statements that he had attacked Blakelock , he replied : " They are only kids . No one is going to believe them " ; he reportedly said later : " Those kids will never go to court , you wait and see . " As a result of the ESDA test evidence , the Home Secretary added Silcott and Braithwaite to Raghip 's appeal .
= = = ( 1991 ) Appeal : R v Raghip and others = = =
The Court of Appeal heard Silcott 's appeal on 25 November 1991 and took just 90 minutes to overturn the conviction , delivering its 74 @-@ page decision on 5 December . Raghip and Braithwaite 's appeal was heard a few days later and was also swiftly overturned . R v Raghip and others is regarded as a landmark ruling because it recognized that " interrogative suggestibility " might make a confession unreliable .
The court heard that Silcott 's interview notes were contaminated , and that Raghip 's suggestibility and Braithwaite 's having been denied a lawyer rendered their confessions unreliable . The Crown prosecutor , Roy Amlot , conceded that the apparent contamination rendered all three convictions unsafe : " [ W ] e would not have gone on against Braithwaite , against Raghip , against any other defendants , having learned of the apparent dishonesty of the officer in charge of the case . I say that because the Crown has to depend on the honesty and integrity of officers in a case ... The impact is obviously severe . " Rose writes that the statement was " one of the more sensational speeches in English legal history . "
Braithwaite and Raghip were released immediately . Silcott remained in jail for the 1984 murder of Anthony Smith . He received £ 17 @,@ 000 compensation in 1991 for his conviction in the Blakelock case , and in 1995 was offered up to £ 200 @,@ 000 in legal aid to sue the police for conspiracy to pervert the course of justice . The Metropolitan Police settled out of court in 1999 , awarding him £ 50 @,@ 000 for false imprisonment and malicious prosecution . He was released on licence in October 2003 having served 17 years for Smith 's murder .
= = Second investigation = =
= = = ( 1992 ) Commander Perry Nove = = =
A second criminal inquiry was opened in 1992 under Commander Perry Nove , who appealed for help from the local black community . In January 1993 the Crown Prosecution Service ( CPS ) drew a distinction between the " kickers and the stabbers , " those who had kicked or punched Blakelock and those who had used weapons ; the former could be called as witnesses in exchange for immunity from prosecution . By the end of 1993 , Rose writes , Nove had identified nine suspects against whom at least two eyewitnesses would testify , supported by evidence such as photographs .
The suspect list drawn up by Nove 's team included Nicholas Jacobs , who would be tried for the murder and acquitted in 2014 , based on the statements gathered during the second investigation . It transpired during Jacobs ' trial that two of the witnesses who testified against him had been paid expenses to the tune of thousands of pounds during Nove 's inquiry .
In parallel with the second investigation , a case was being prepared against Det Ch Supt Melvin and Det Insp Dingle . In July 1992 Melvin was charged with perjury and conspiracy to pervert the course of justice , and Dingle with conspiracy . In 1994 their lawyers applied for access to information from Nove 's inquiry , on the grounds that it might help their clients ; anything that implicated Winston Silcott would support the detectives ' contention that their interview notes were genuine and that Silcott really had , in effect , confessed . The lawyers also argued that the detectives should not be prosecuted until all related criminal proceedings had concluded .
Nove fought the application because he had promised his witnesses confidentiality , but he agreed to give the detectives ' lawyers access to relevant passages from seven statements that implicated Silcott . The witnesses refused to testify so the key passages from their statements were read out to the jury during the detectives ' trial . According to Rose , only one of the statements seriously implicated Silcott , alleging that he had acted " like a general , sending out his little troops , " and that he had joined in the attack himself .
The day before the detectives ' trial began in 1994 , the CPS announced that the nine suspects would not be prosecuted ; Rose writes that the CPS decided that a prosecution was not in the public interest .
= = = ( 1994 ) Trial : R v Melvin and Dingle = = =
The trial of Det Ch Supt Melvin and Det Insp Dingle opened in June 1994 at the Old Bailey before Mr. Justice Jowitt . Only three people had been present during the disputed interview with Silcott – Melvin , Dingle and Silcott himself – and none of them gave evidence .
David Calvert @-@ Smith , for the prosecution , alleged that the detectives ' supposedly contemporaneous notes of the fifth interview with Silcott had been altered after the fact to include the self @-@ incriminating remarks . Silcott had refused to answer questions during the first four interviews . During the fifth , when told there were witness statements that he had struck Blakelock with a machete or similar , the notes show him saying : " Those kids will never go to court . You wait and see . No one else will talk to you . You can 't keep me away from them . " Silcott denied ever having said these words .
Richard Ferguson QC , for the defence , argued that the ESDA test , which suggested that the disputed words had been added to the notes later , was not reliable . The defence also produced 14 witness statements from the two Blakelock inquiries , seven of them excerpts from Nove 's 1992 – 1994 inquiry and seven from the original investigation in 1985 , the latter read out to the jury as statements H to N. One of the 1985 statements said that Silcott had been carrying a knife with a two @-@ foot @-@ long blade on the night of the murder , and that he had attacked Blakelock .
Several of the statements originated from the juveniles who had been arrested shortly after the murder . They included Jason Hill , the 13 @-@ year @-@ old who had been held for three days in his underpants and a blanket , without access to his parents or a lawyer . ( Hill received £ 30 @,@ 000 in damages from the police over his treatment . ) Hill had not been told that his statement was going to be read out in court during the detectives ' trial ; he first learned that it had been used when he heard it on television . Another statement was from Mark Pennant , also a juvenile who had been arrested during the first inquiry . Overall it appeared that Silcott was being retried .
The detectives were acquitted on 26 July by a unanimous verdict . Both had been suspended during the case . Dingle retired immediately ; Melvin returned to work but retired three months later .
= = Third investigation = =
= = = ( 2003 ) Detective Superintendent John Sweeney = = =
In March 1999 the Metropolitan Police included Blakelock 's killing in a review of 300 unsolved murders in London going back to 1984 , when details were first recorded on computer . In December 2003 , weeks after Silcott was released from jail after serving 17 years for the murder of Anthony Smith , police announced that the Blakelock investigation had been re @-@ opened , and would be led by Det Supt John Sweeney .
Detectives began re @-@ examining 10 @,@ 000 witness statements , and submitting items for forensic tests not available in 1985 . In September 2004 the back garden of a terraced council house in Willan Road , near the Broadwater Farm estate , was excavated after a tip @-@ off . A female friend of Cynthia Jarrett , the woman whose death sparked the Broadwater Farm riot , lived alone at the house between 1984 and 1989 , and according to the Evening Standard was one of the first on the scene when police raided Jarrett 's house .
Archaeologists dug up the garden , while surveyors used infra @-@ red beams to create a three @-@ dimensional map of the area . A machete was found and sent for forensic tests . Police also searched the garden for Blakelock 's truncheon and helmet . In October 2004 his overalls were retrieved from Scotland Yard 's Crime Museum for DNA tests . Nothing was found that could be used as evidence .
= = = ( 2013 ) Nicholas Jacobs = = =
Six years later , between February and October 2010 , 10 men between the ages of 42 and 52 were arrested on suspicion of Blakelock 's murder . The first to be arrested , in February , was Nicholas Jacobs , who had been questioned in 1985 and sentenced to six years for affray . In October that year , to mark the 25th anniversary , the BBC 's Crimewatch staged a reconstruction and appealed for information .
In July 2013 the Crown Prosecution Service announced that , although suspicions remained about six of those arrested , no action would be taken against five of them because of insufficient evidence . The remaining suspect , Nicholas " Nicky " Conrad Jacobs , sixteen years old at the time of the riot , was charged with Blakelock 's murder that month and was remanded in custody . He pleaded not guilty in November 2013 .
Jacobs was living with his mother in Manor Road , Tottenham , at the time of the riot . He had spent time in a residential school in Reading , and in 1985 joined a Tottenham gang , the Park Lane Crew . He was named shortly after the riot by two of those arrested , and was arrested himself five days later on suspicion of murder . The police had a photograph of him from the night carrying a petrol bomb and a container of rocks , though he told them he had first arrived at the estate after midnight , two hours after Blakelock was killed . In the end he was charged with affray , and in November 1986 was sentenced to eight years by Judge Neil Denison ( the longest sentence handed out for affray during the riot , according to Rose ) , reduced on appeal to six years . Jacobs was one of nine suspects that the Crown Prosecution Service decided not to charge with Blakelock 's murder at the conclusion of Commander Perry Nove 's 1992 – 1994 inquiry .
= = = ( 2014 ) Trial : R v Jacobs = = =
The trial of Nicholas Jacobs opened before Mr Justice Nicol at the Old Bailey on 3 March 2014 . Jacobs did not take the stand . He was found not guilty on 9 April 2014 by a 10 – 2 verdict .
The court heard that , in 1988 while Jacobs was serving his sentence for affray , a guard found rap lyrics in his cell , in Jacobs ' handwriting , that described Blakelock 's killing : " we start chop him on his hand we chop him on him finger we chop him on him leg we chop him on his shoulder him head him chest him neck .. " The defence responded that Bob Marley had not been prosecuted for " I Shot the Sheriff . " The court was also told that , when Jacobs was arrested for a separate offence in May 2000 , by then aged 30 , he reportedly told an officer : " F * * * off , I was one of them who killed PC Blakelock , " which the defence called a " flippant street remark . "
The main prosecution witnesses were three pseudonymous men who testified from behind a curtain with their voices distorted . Two of them , " John Brown " and " Rhodes Levin , " had offered testimony to Nove during his 1992 – 1994 investigation ; the third , " witness Q , " was Brown 's cousin . Richard Whittam QC , for the prosecution , told the court that all three had admitted kicking or hitting Blakelock , and would normally be facing murder charges themselves , but the CPS had decided during Nove 's inquiry to offer the " kickers " immunity in exchange for testimony against the " stabbers " in the hope of gaining a conviction .
John Brown was 20 at the time of the attack and served a sentence for affray for his role in the rioting . He was a member of the Park Lane Crew , a Tottenham gang that he said Jacobs had also joined . Approached by police again during Nove 's second inquiry , Brown said in a statement in August 1993 that Jacobs was a " nutter " who was " out to get blood " that night . He said Jacobs had " broadcast it everywhere that he was going to try and do a copper , " and that the Park Lane Crew had stored weapons and petrol bombs in preparation for such an attack . Brown admitted to having kicked Blakelock up to ten times , and said that he had seen Jacobs attack Blakelock with a machete or similar .
The police gave Brown £ 5 @,@ 000 in 1993 and an additional £ 590 in January 2011 toward his rent ; they also paid for credits for his mobile phone so that they could reach him , and paid to have his car put through an MOT test ( an annual roadworthiness test ) . The court heard that Brown had also been also " made aware " by police that the Sun newspaper had offered a £ 100 @,@ 000 reward . He told the police in 1993 that he had difficulty identifying black people : " I can 't tell the difference between them . To me a black man is a black man . "
The second witness , Rhodes Levin , had also served a sentence for affray for his role in the riots , and had a history of using cocaine , crack cocaine and heroin . He admitted to having kicked Blakelock several times . He said that Jacobs had been carrying a lock @-@ knife with a brown handle and six @-@ inch ( 15 cm ) blade that night ( Blakelock was found with a six @-@ inch blade with a wooden handle embedded in his neck up to the hilt ) . Afterwards , Levin said , Jacobs told him he had " got a couple of jukes [ stabs ] in . " Levin also said that Blakelock 's helmet had been passed around as a trophy , though he could not recall the names of those who had handled it .
Levin was interviewed by police in November 1985 , when he said Winston Silcott had led the attack with a machete ; he told the court in 2014 that that had been a mistake . The court heard that , during Nove 's 1992 – 1994 investigation , police offered Levin immunity from prosecution , gave him £ 5 @,@ 000 and paid for a flight from Spain when he missed his flight home from a holiday . They approached him again in January 2008 for his testimony and helped him with expenses and a deposit for accommodation .
Q , the third witness , first told police in 2009 that he had seen the attack , after they posted a note through his letterbox asking for witnesses . The court heard that Q had a long history of using drugs and alcohol . He said he had known Jacobs all his life and had seen him attack Blakelock with a " mini sword " or similar , making " repeated stabbing motions " toward Blakelock . Courtenay Griffiths QC , for the defence , told the court that Q was a fantasist . He was unable to describe accurately where the attack had taken place .
= = Awards , memorial , and 2011 riots = =
Because it had not been clear who was in charge of the police operation on the night of Blakelock 's death , a new " gold – silver – bronze command structure " ( strategic – tactical – operational ) was created in 1985 that replaced ranks with roles . It is now used by all UK emergency services at every type of major incident .
In 1988 the constables of Serial 502 were awarded the Queen 's Gallantry Medal , Blakelock posthumously . Sgt David Pengelly , who single @-@ handedly fought to hold the crowd away from Blakelock and Richard Coombes after they fell , received the George Medal , awarded for acts of great bravery . A memorial for Blakelock , commissioned by the Police Memorial Trust , stands by the roundabout at Muswell Hill , north London , where he was a homebeat officer .
Rebel MC 's 1992 single The Governments Fail focuses on the Blakelock case .
Rioting broke out in Tottenham again in August 2011 , after the police shot and killed a local man , Mark Duggan ( 1981 – 2011 ) , believing that he was armed . Violence and looting spread throughout England for several days , leading to five deaths and thousands of arrests .
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= Swedbank Stadion =
The Swedbank Stadion , often called Stadion , is a football stadium in Malmö , Sweden and the home of Allsvenskan club Malmö Fotbollförening , commonly known as Malmö FF . In UEFA competitions , the stadium is known as Malmö New Stadium for sponsorship reasons . The stadium is named after Swedish based banking group Swedbank , which owns its naming rights . Apart from being the home of Malmö FF , Swedbank Stadion has also hosted senior and youth international matches .
The stadium is the third largest used by a Swedish football club , behind AIK 's Friends Arena and Djurgårdens IF 's and Hammarby IF 's Tele2 Arena , both located in Stockholm . In league matches , the stadium has a capacity of 24 @,@ 000 , of which 18 @,@ 000 are seated , and 6 @,@ 000 are standing . In European matches , the 6 @,@ 000 standing places are converted to 3 @,@ 000 seats , making the stadium a 21 @,@ 000 @-@ capacity all @-@ seater . Swedbank Stadion opened in April 2009 , and replaced Malmö Stadion , where Malmö FF had been based since 1958 . The new ground was originally budgeted to cost 398 million kronor , but ultimately cost 695 million kronor ( € 79 @.@ 7 ) . It is a UEFA category 4 @-@ rated stadium , and is thus able to host all UEFA club competition matches , except for finals . The ground 's record attendance , 24 @,@ 148 , was set in an Allsvenskan match between Malmö FF and Mjällby AIF on 7 November 2010 : in this match , Malmö FF won 2 – 0 and clinched that year 's national championship .
= = History = =
Malmö FF 's board of directors initiated the search for a new stadium in the mid @-@ 1990s . Malmö Stadion , where Malmö FF had played since its construction in 1958 , was starting to deteriorate by this time , and was also too large for the club , which often struggled to fill it for Allsvenskan matches . In 1995 , club chairman Bengt Madsen began to raise money for the renovation of Malmö IP , the club 's former home between 1910 and 1957 , into a modern football stadium . Malmö IP was practical and economical for the club as it was already an extant site , and was smaller than Malmö Stadion , which was expensive to maintain . The renovation of Malmö IP was finished in August 1999 , and Malmö FF moved in soon after . However , the renovated ground failed to live up to expectations , proving to be very basic by modern standards ; the paltry capacity of 7 @,@ 600 was also deemed a security issue . The club therefore moved back to Malmö Stadion in 2001 .
The club 's directors now considered constructing an entirely new stadium in Malmö . Plans for such a ground were first mooted in 2001 , but were not fully considered until the end of 2004 , when the team won Allsvenskan for the first time since 1989 . Malmö Municipality announced on 25 April 2005 its intention to either help the club renovate Malmö Stadion , or build a new stadium in the same area . Four days later , five different scenarios were laid out by the City of Malmö : the first proposed the construction of an entirely new , football @-@ specific stadium to the south of Malmö Stadion , while the second suggested the demolition of Malmö Stadion , and the erection of a new ground for football and athletics on the same site . The third , fourth , and fifth ideas all proposed the building of two stadiums , one for football and one for athletics , on various local plots . The municipality chose the first option on 3 December 2005 : the new football ground would be built south of Malmö Stadion , with a capacity of 20 @,@ 000 to 25 @,@ 000 , on a 399 million kronor budget . Malmö Stadion , meanwhile , would be renovated into an athletics stadium for 50 million kronor .
Construction of the new stadium commenced on 23 April 2007 , with the first sod being turned by Malmö FF chairman Bengt Madsen , Malmö Municipality chairman Ilmar Reepalu , club captain Daniel Andersson , and two former players : Daniel 's brother Patrik , and their father Roy . The ground was designed by FOJAB Arkitekter , in collaboration with Berg Arkitektkontor , which also designed Friends Arena , the Swedish national stadium , which is in Solna . The main constructor for the new Malmö FF stadium was Peab . Its budget was ultimately heavily exceeded : Peab announced in 2009 that it would cost 695 million kronor instead of the original 399 million . The extra amount was explained as being down to miscalculations in the original budget , as well as additions made to the plans since the start of construction , which Peab reasoned made the original budget no longer entirely valid . Malmö FF announced on 12 July 2007 that they had sold the naming rights for the stadium to Swedish bank Swedbank , for a ten @-@ year period , starting on the ground 's opening . Between 2009 and 2013 the naming rights to stands inside the stadium were sold to different sponsors . At the start of the 2014 season the sponsor names of the stands were removed and the advertisement placements in front of each stand were sold to the club 's largest sponsors . The graphical profile of the advertisement was also given a light blue background with white text to adhere to the club 's colours . The ground 's inauguration game was played several months before , on 13 April 2009 , against Örgryte IS . Malmö FF won the game 3 – 0 , and the first goal was scored by midfielder Labinot Harbuzi . All facilities related to football were completed by this time , but the office space and some exterior work was yet to be done . This was finished in late 2009 . The completed building was 27 meters tall , 150 meters wide , and 215 meters in length .
On 9 May 2009 , weeks after the stadium opened , part of the ground 's away section was earmarked for conversion into terracing . This was because of high demand from away supporters , who had previously had to pay for a seating ticket , even though they preferred to stand . Even before this remodelling was complete , Malmö FF lowered the away ticket prices to match the price of a home terracing ticket . This restructuring was completed before the 2010 season . The terracing for the home supporters was also modified to ease mobility , and combat safety issues in the stands . The old pitch was removed and a new one was installed in preparation for the 2015 Allsvenskan season . The new surface was produced from the same Dutch grass producer who will provide the pitch for the 2015 UEFA Champions League Final at Olympiastadion Berlin . UEFA had previously criticized the surface at the stadium following the 2014 – 15 UEFA Champions League group stage .
= = Structure and facilities = =
Swedbank Stadion has an overall capacity of 24 @,@ 000 spectators . It comprises four stands : the Western Stand ; the Eastern Stand and the Southern Stand , both of which have two tiers ; and the Northern Stand , which is terraced . The lower @-@ right part of the Southern Stand also features terracing for away supporters , but the rest of the stand is seated . The lower tier has 10 @,@ 000 seats , and the upper tier has 8 @,@ 000 seats . The Northern Stand has a capacity of 6 @,@ 000 standing supporters , which can be transformed into an all @-@ seated section with a capacity of 3 @,@ 000 if required . This is done for matches played by Malmö FF in Europe .
The Northern Stand holds the most season ticket @-@ holders . It is a single @-@ tier terracing section , with railing in various places across the stand for security and comfort . It can hold up to 100 wheelchair users and their companions in a dedicated section . The stand also houses conference facilities with views of the pitch , as well as the 2 @,@ 000 @-@ capacity " Restaurang 1910 " in the inside area , behind the terraced area of the stand , and a health club run by Friskis & Svettis . Malmö FF 's official souvenir shop is on the outside of the stand , alongside an O 'Learys sports bar , which holds up to 250 guests . The Eastern and Western Stands house 54 VIP boxes between them , which is more than any other football stadium in Sweden . Including all sports , is the second most after the multi @-@ purpose indoor arena Malmö Arena , which has 72 boxes . The Eastern and Western Stands also have 2 @,@ 000 club seats along their upper tiers . These seats are more comfortable than the regular seats , and come with half @-@ time meals and snacks in " Restaurang 1910 " . The Western Stand includes seating for the press , as well as a large press room inside the stand . The president 's box , which holds up to 60 people , is also in the Western Stand .
There are 24 vending stands in the corridor area behind the stands , with a selection of different snacks , light meals , and beverages . Other facilities include exhibition space , 330 toilets for men , 120 for women , and six for the disabled . Pre @-@ match and half @-@ time activities take place behind the terracing of the Northern Stand . This area is called Ståplatstorget ( " The terracing square " ) , and includes eight vending stands and MFF Support 's supporter centre . At the supporter centre , fans can buy souvenirs , and tickets to away matches . The square also contains publicly accessible benches and tables . Access between the different areas of the stadium was limited by a system of security gates until the end of the 2011 season , when Malmö FF announced that supporters would be able to roam the stadium freely , except for the areas occupied by away supporters . This was done to create a more free and friendly atmosphere , and to encourage fans to arrive earlier for matches . To further motivate spectators to come early , pre @-@ match activities are often held at Ståplatstorget .
The lower tier of the Southern Stand is reserved for away supporters , with most of the stand being seated . The western part of the stand , however , is converted into terracing for domestic league games . The area reserved for away supporters varies from game to game depending on how many away fans are expecting : the allocation 's size is altered by restricting access to and from the area with large safety nets , which are laid across the seating and supervised by stewards . The away section is small for most Allsvenskan matches , with the most notable exceptions being matches against Helsingborgs IF , AIK , Djurgårdens IF , and IFK Göteborg . These matches tend to draw larger away attendances , and the away area is therefore accordingly expanded across the entire lower tier of the Southern Stand .
In tribute to former manager Roy Hodgson and his successful time at Malmö , the club 's fans have unofficially named the upper corner of the Eastern Stand closest to the Northern Stand " Roy 's Hörna " ( Roy 's Corner ) . The corresponding corner of the Western Stand on the other side of the Northern Stand is named " Bob 's Hörna " ( Bob 's Corner ) in tribute to Bob Houghton . These sections are known as " Sjungande sittplats " ( Singing seating ) since the two sections are fitted with seats but where the majority of the spectators are standing fans that sings in correlation with the fans on the terracing at the Northern Stand between the two sections . Both Hodgson and Houghton had successful managerial careers at Malmö FF , they both won multiple league and cup titles while at the club .
= = Ownership and financials = =
Swedbank Stadion is owned by Fotbollsstadion i Malmö Fastighets AB , a joint @-@ stock company . Two parties own the stocks , Malmö FF , who own 81 @,@ 25 % of the stocks , and Peab , the main building contractor , who own the remaining 18 @,@ 75 % .
Originally , three parties owned the stocks in the stock company , Peab who owned 50 % of the stocks , Malmö FF who owned 25 % , and Erling Pålsson Teknik & Fastighets AB who owned the remaining 25 % . Malmö FF early expressed their desire to buy the stocks of Peab and Erling Pålsson to reduce rent on the stadium and increase profits . On 27 April 2012 , it was announced that Malmö FF were close to buying the full 25 % of stocks owned by Erling Pålsson and 25 % of the stocks owned by Peab , increasing their own share to 75 % and leaving Peab with a 25 % share . On 1 May 2012 , Malmö Stad granted the bailment needed for Malmö FF to buy the stocks . The deal , worth 90 million kronor , was finalised on 13 June 2012 . The long @-@ term goal for Malmö FF is to buy the remaining 25 % of the stocks to fully own Swedbank Stadion .
= = Other uses = =
Swedbank Stadion hosted the finals of the 2009 UEFA Under @-@ 21 Championships , along with three group stage games . After this , the all @-@ seater away section was refitted with terracing for away fans . The stadium hosted its first full national team game on 7 September 2010 , when Sweden played against San Marino in a qualifier for the 2012 UEFA European Football Championship . Sweden won 6 – 0 . The stadium hosted Svenska Supercupen in 2011 , after Malmö FF won the Swedish league championship the previous year . The most recent international match at the stadium was a friendly fixture between Sweden and Macedonia on 3 June 2013 . The possibility of the stadium hosting 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification fixtures for Iraq was raised after a friendly between Iraq and Brazil on 11 October 2011 .
The stadium hosted its first concert on 16 April 2011 , when Swedish ska group Hoffmaestro & Chraa performed . The concert was held at Ståplatstorget , the large area behind the Northern Stand terraces . The concert was attended by 3 @,@ 000 , and there were some concerns regarding the suitability of the venue after the concrete floor started rocking . However , safety checks the next day showed that the structure had not been damaged , and was suitable to host similar events in the future .
= = = International football matches = = =
= = Records and awards = =
The ground 's present attendance record was set on 7 November 2010 , when Malmö FF beat Mjällby AIF 2 – 0 in Allsvenskan before 24 @,@ 148 fans . The game was the last of the season , and the victory secured that year 's league championship for Malmö FF . The record crowd for the stadium as an all @-@ seater was recorded when Sweden beat San Marino 6 – 0 in a Euro 2012 qualifying game on 7 September 2010 . The match was attended by 21 @,@ 083 . The first match played at Swedbank Stadion , a 3 – 0 Allsvenskan victory for Malmö FF against Örgryte IS on 13 April 2009 , attracted 23 @,@ 347 spectators . The highest average attendance for Malmö FF at Swedbank Stadion was in the 2013 Allsvenskan championship winning season when the average attendance was 16 @,@ 093 , the second highest attendance in the league during that year .
The stadium was awarded Stålbyggnadspriset , an award given for innovative use of steel in constructions , by Stålbyggnadsinstitutet in 2009 .
= = Transportation = =
Swedbank Stadion is served by Malmö bus lines 3 , 5 , 6 , and 34 , all of which stop in the vicinity of the stadium . Local transit authority Skånetrafiken also operates dedicated match @-@ day buses , branded as line 84 , which run to the stadium from different areas of Malmö . Due to the central location of the stadium within the city , parking space is limited , and spectators are advised to use public transportation , particularly for more prominent matches . The stadium is also located close to the underground railway station Triangeln , which opened in December 2010 as a part of Citytunneln . The station is served by Pågatåg and Öresund Trains , and is reachable non @-@ stop from many parts of the Öresund Region .
The closest parking location to Swedbank Stadion is " P @-@ huset Stadion " , a parking garage with 440 parking spaces , which was purpose @-@ built for the ground and opened in September 2009 . It is located 100 metres ( 330 ft ) from the stadium , just beside the club 's training ground . There are also various other local parking spaces , and a large number of bicycle stands surrounding the western edge of the stadium .
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= Venric Mark =
Venric Emeka @-@ Wococha Mark is an American football running back , return specialist and wide receiver for the Cedar Rapids Titans of the Indoor Football League ( IFL ) . Mark attended 2014 West Texas A & M Buffaloes after previously playing for Northwestern . He has completed his redshirt junior season for the 2013 Northwestern Wildcats team . He was a 2012 College Football All @-@ America Team first team punt returner selection and a 2012 All @-@ Big Ten team second team running back for the 2012 Wildcats . He holds Northwestern records for single @-@ game , single @-@ season and career kickoff return yards as well as the single @-@ game punt return yards record .
In high school , he was a five @-@ time Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools state champion in track and field and an All @-@ State football player . He was recruited by many Division I college football programs .
= = Early years = =
Mark spent his freshman year at Klein Forest High School in Greater Houston . When the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina brought many troubled students to his public high school , he transferred to St. Pius X High School , which is a private one 45 minutes away . As a sophomore at St. Pius , Mark competed in the most events and scored the most points for his high school when it placed fifth in the 2008 Texas Association of Private and Parochial Schools ( TAPPS ) Class 6A Track and Field Championship . That year he placed second in the long jump ( 21 feet 0 @.@ 25 inches ( 6 @.@ 41 m ) ) ; third in the triple jump ( 42 feet 11 @.@ 5 inches ( 13 @.@ 09 m ) ) and participated on medal winning 4 × 100 metres relay and 4 × 200 metres relay teams .
As a junior , he was described as a " gifted player " who was expected to be a " future star " for the two @-@ time defending state champion football team . Going into the 2008 state playoffs , Mark had 10 touchdowns as a return specialist and 20 receptions for 504 yards for the 7 – 2 St. Pius Panthers . By the end of his junior year , he had been timed at 4 @.@ 35 seconds in the 40 yard dash and had at least six Division I scholarship offers . Interested programs included Northwestern , Vanderbilt , Rice and Arizona . During the summer prior to his senior year , he increased the bodyweight of his 5 @-@ foot @-@ 8 @-@ inch ( 1 @.@ 73 m ) frame from 160 pounds ( 72 @.@ 6 kg ) to 175 pounds ( 79 @.@ 4 kg ) .
As a senior , he mostly played running back . In the 2009 TAPPS Division I football semifinals , Mark had 102 yards on 16 carries , including two rushing touchdowns and a 33 @-@ yard receiving touchdown . However , he was stopped on fourth and goal to go from the 2 @-@ yard @-@ line with 11 seconds left as the team lost Nolan Catholic High School 36 – 28 . Mark 's senior season statistics were 23 receptions for 242 yards , 92 rushes for 772 yards and 20 total touchdowns ( four on punt and kickoff returns ) . He also had seven touchdowns called back due to penalties . He was honored as a first team All @-@ state selection . As a senior , he had 18 offers from schools including his five finalists : Northwestern , Arizona , Iowa State , Vanderbilt and Colorado as well as Houston , Baylor , UTEP , Virginia and Penn State . He was one of three major Division I National Letter of Intent signees from St. Pius along with Kirk Poston ( defensive end , Colorado ) and Greg Daniels ( defensive end , Texas ) .
After committing to Northwestern , Mark went on to win five gold medals in the 2010 TAPPS Class 5A State Track and Field Championships . He won the 100 meters ( 10 @.@ 96 seconds ) , 200 meters ( 22 @.@ 26 ) , long jump ( 23 feet 1 inch ( 7 @.@ 04 m ) -state record ) and triple jump ( 44 feet 0 @.@ 25 inches ( 13 @.@ 42 m ) ) . He was the anchor of the winning 4 × 100 metres relay ( 43 @.@ 36 ) . Mark was the state championship meet 's elite athlete , scoring 45 of St. Pius ' 86 points . The school finished as runner @-@ up to St. Michael 's Catholic Academy ( 88 points ) in the state championships even though St. Pius ' 4 × 200 metres relay team , which was a favorite , had been disqualified in earlier competition .
= = College career = =
Mark was one of two true freshmen to play in every game for the 2010 Wildcats . On October 23 , he had a 29 @-@ yard end @-@ around run against Michigan State . On November 27 , Mark recorded 273 return yards on nine kickoffs against Wisconsin . This established a Wildcat single @-@ game kickoff return yard record ( 10 shy of a Big Ten Conference record ) and tied the Big Ten record for single @-@ game kickoff returns . It also earned Mark recognition as the Big Ten Special Teams and Freshman co @-@ Player of the Week on November 29 . Rivals.com recognized Mark with selection to its Freshman All @-@ American second team as a punt returner .
As a sophomore for the 2011 team , Mark switched from wide receiver to running back during the season . However , during the game against Michigan , he also played linebacker in order to shadow Denard Robinson . The season ended at the 2011 Meineke Car Care Bowl of Texas against Texas A & M. In the game , Mark recorded 7 kickoff returns for 141 yards . This gave him Northwestern record @-@ setting single @-@ season totals of 40 returns and 915 return yards , surpassing records both set by Jim Pooler in 1974 ( 38 for 807 ) . Mark also scored his first rushing touchdown in the game .
As a junior in 2012 , Mark was a preseason watchlist candidate for the Paul Hornung Award . That year , he tallied 8 100 @-@ yard rushing games , the first 1000 @-@ yard rushing season for Northwestern since Tyrell Sutton in 2006 , and the first unblocked punt return touchdown for Northwestern since Marquice Cole on September 10 , 2005 against Northern Illinois . Northwestern had blocked a punt and returned it for a touchdown in the season opener on August 31 , 2006 against Miami . In addition to scoring a punt return touchdown on September 1 against Syracuse , he broke both the Northwestern single @-@ game punt return yards record ( Lee Gissendaner , 121 vs. 1992 Stanford ) with 134 yards and the 29 @-@ year @-@ old career kickoff yards records ( Ricky Edwards , 1 @,@ 499 , 1983 ) during a career high @-@ tying 281 all @-@ purpose yards effort that earned him Big Ten Special Teams Player of the Week . His 82 rushing yards that day was a career high . The subsequent week , he had his first 100 @-@ yard effort when he totaled 123 yards against Vanderbilt on September 8 . Then he scored three rushing touchdowns on September 22 in a 117 @-@ yard effort against South Dakota . He set a new career @-@ high on September 29 when he totaled 139 yards against Indiana . He scored a second punt return touchdown on October 6 against Penn State , making him the first Wildcat to score two punt return touchdowns in the same season ( and second ever ) since Tom Worthington in 1949 . He then set his career high with 182 yards against Minnesota on October 13 .
For his efforts , Mark was named an 2012 All @-@ American first team selection by the Football Writers Association of America , CBS Sports and Sporting News as a punt returner . He was also an honorable mention All @-@ American all @-@ purpose selection by Sports Illustrated . Following the 2012 Big Ten Conference football season , Mark was a second team All @-@ Big Ten selection as a running back by both the coaches and the media . He was one of ten semifinalists for the Doak Walker Award , awarded to the best running back .
Mark was among the 2012 national statistical leaders in both all @-@ purpose yards and rushing yards .
Mark began the 2013 season affected by injury . He did not play special teams and mostly appeared in the August 31 opener against Cal in the fourth quarter . Mark did not play again until October 5 against Ohio State . He was sidelined again two weeks later .
Mark learned in early August 2014 , that he would be suspended for two games from the 2014 Northwestern Wildcats football team for " violation of team policy " . He decided to pursue his fifth year redshirt season with the Division II 2014 West Texas A & M Buffaloes where he could be close to his mother and grandmother .
= = Professional career = =
On December 8 , 2015 , Mark signed with the Ottawa Roughriders . He was released on April 27 , 2016 .
= = = Cedar Rapids Titans = = =
On June 2 , 2016 , Mark signed with the Cedar Rapids Titans .
= = Personal = =
The summer before his freshman year in college , he lost his brother , cousin and best friend to fatal shooting deaths . Mark 's father has not been involved in his life since his preteen years ; he was raised by his mother , Sheila Mark . Sheila attended Texas Tech University . Mark 's name came from having a Nigerian @-@ born father . His parents met while at boarding school in London . His brothers are named Victor and Vincent and his sister is named Special . In high school , he often stayed with his godmother , Jamie Garza , who lived nearer to the school .
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= Katie Chapman =
Katie Sarah Chapman ( born 15 June 1982 ) is an English footballer who plays for English FA WSL club Chelsea Ladies and is a member of the England women 's national team . She primarily plays as a central midfielder , although she has also been deployed in central defence while playing for England . Chapman is known for her strength , fierce tackling and heading ability . A mother of three , Chapman is described as " a physical player who handles a brunt of the dirty work in the middle of the pitch . She also can produce on the offensive end in a big game . " Her playing ability , profile and influence have drawn comparisons to former England captain and fellow Londoner David Beckham .
Chapman began her football career playing at primary school in her hometown of Bermondsey . At the age of ten , she joined leading women 's club Millwall Lionesses . In the 1996 – 97 season , Chapman made her senior team debut at the age of 14 . She became a regular starter in the team and also participated in the 1997 FA Women 's Premier League Cup and FA Women 's Cup final wins . In the 1998 – 99 campaign , Chapman won FA Young Player of the Year award . Already a full England international , she left Millwall in 2000 to sign a professional contract with Fulham . She played on the teams that won back @-@ to @-@ back promotions , as well as the 2001 – 02 Premier League Cup and FA Women 's Cup . In June 2001 Chapman was again named FA Young Player of the Year . After two years with Charlton Athletic from 2004 , Chapman joined Arsenal Ladies and reached prominence with the team in her first season , winning a domestic treble as well as the UEFA Women 's Cup . She had missed significant sections of the 2002 – 03 and 2007 – 08 seasons through pregnancy , and spent a single season with WPS team Chicago Red Stars in 2010 , before returning to Arsenal Ladies . After another pregnancy truncated her 2013 season , Chapman moved across London to sign for Chelsea Ladies in January 2014 .
Chapman is a former England U – 18 captain . She made her senior international debut aged 17 in May 2000 in a 2001 UEFA Women 's Championship qualification match against Switzerland . The following month , she made her first start against Norway . In March 2002 she netted her first senior international goal in a 4 – 1 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup qualification win in the Netherlands . In her first spell with the national team , Chapman represented England at four major international tournaments ; UEFA Euro 2001 , UEFA Euro 2005 , 2007 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2009 . A two @-@ time winner of the FA International Player of the Year in 2002 and 2010 , Chapman took a break from the national team in March 2011 with a total of 82 caps and eight goals . She was recalled to the England squad in February 2014 by new manager Mark Sampson and helped them finish third at the 2015 FIFA World Cup .
= = Club career = =
= = = Millwall = = =
Chapman joined Millwall Lionesses as a ten @-@ year @-@ old , and made her first team debut at 14 in 1996 – 97 . That season she helped the Lionesses win an FA Women 's Cup and Premier League Cup double . Lou Waller , who scored Millwall 's winning goal in the FA Women 's Cup final victory over Wembley , had been Chapman 's coach in the club 's youth teams . In 1998 – 99 Chapman was named Young Player of the Year in the first ever FA Women 's Football Awards .
= = = Fulham = = =
In June 2000 Chapman signed a contract with newly professional Fulham to become one of the first full @-@ time professional female players in England . It was reported that Chapman was one of the most highly paid players in the team , on an annual salary of about £ 20 @,@ 000 . In her first season with The Cottagers Chapman won the South West Combination Women 's Football League , the third level of women 's football , and was again named FA Young Player of the Year . She also played in Fulham 's 1 – 0 FA Women 's Cup final defeat to Arsenal .
In 2001 – 02 Chapman helped Fulham win the FA Women 's Premier League Southern Division and promotion to the top flight . She also scored two goals in the 7 – 1 Premier League Cup final win over Birmingham City , after which Fulham 's manager Gaute Haugenes claimed Chapman was good enough to play in any national side in the world . Chapman then scored the winning goal in the 2 – 1 FA Women 's Cup final victory over Doncaster Belles , a volley from 20 yards . In Conclusion to the 2001 @-@ 02 season , Chapman went on to be awarded the Ladies Player of the Season , as well as , winning the Nationwide International Player of the Year award .
Chapman sat out most of the following season due to pregnancy , as Fulham won a treble of FA Women 's Premier League National Division , FA Women 's Cup and Premier League Cup . She made the announcement during half @-@ time of a match against Tranmere Rovers , and was promptly substituted by Haugenes – who quipped that he was not permitted to have 12 players on the pitch at once . When Chapman returned to action , in the FA Women 's Community Shield in August 2003 , Fulham were no longer a professional outfit . She represented Fulham in that season 's Uefa Women 's Cup campaign . In March 2004 Chapman played in Fulham 's Premier League Cup final defeat to Charlton Athletic .
= = = Charlton Athletic = = =
July 2004 saw Chapman depart Fulham to sign for Charlton , making her debut in a 1 – 0 Community Shield win over Arsenal at Broadhall Way . She played in The Addicks ' 3 – 0 defeat to Arsenal in the Premier League Cup final in March 2005 . She then missed the conclusion of the 2004 – 05 season , including Charlton 's FA Women 's Cup win , with a broken hand sustained on international duty . In March 2006 Chapman played in her third successive Premier League Cup final , as Charlton beat Arsenal 2 – 1 .
= = = Arsenal = = =
Chapman signed for league champions Arsenal in July 2006 . She marked her Gunners debut with the opening goal in a 3 – 0 Community Shield win over Everton at Gresty Road . In Chapman 's first season at the club , Arsenal claimed an unprecedented quadruple , winning the FA Premier League Cup , FA Women 's Cup , FA Women 's Premier League and the UEFA Women 's Cup . Arsenal 's assistant coach Emma Hayes described Chapman as " a rock that makes everything around her better . She was the engine and heartbeat of the successful quadruple @-@ winning team . " Midway through the 2007 – 08 season , Chapman 's second pregnancy ruled her out of the rest of the campaign .
During 2008 – 09 Chapman returned to help Arsenal retain the league title ; she also scored the opening goal in the 2009 FA Women 's Cup final at Pride Park against Sunderland Ladies , in a game which ended 2 – 1 to Arsenal . She had also featured in Arsenal 's 5 – 0 Premier League Cup final win over Doncaster Rovers Belles .
= = = Chicago Red Stars = = =
In December 2009 WPS club Chicago Red Stars signed Chapman , who cited the need for a new challenge . The Red Stars announced that Chapman would join the club in time for the 2010 WPS season , joining up with former Arsenal coach Emma Hayes and England team @-@ mate Karen Carney . After making 21 appearances during the campaign , Chapman negotiated a mutual release from her contract and returned to Arsenal . It was reported that Chapman 's husband had difficulty finding employment in America , so she returned home for the sake of her family .
= = = Back to Arsenal = = =
Chapman rejoined Arsenal in October 2010 , with the club on domestic hiatus before the launch of the FA WSL . She was praised by manager Laura Harvey after scoring late , decisive goals against Rayo Vallecano Femenino and Linköpings FC which helped to take Arsenal through to a UEFA Women 's Champions League semi @-@ final against eventual winners Lyon . In May 2011 , following injuries to Faye White and Jayne Ludlow , Chapman captained the Arsenal team which beat Bristol Academy 2 – 0 at the Ricoh Arena to reclaim the FA Women 's Cup .
Arsenal and Chapman won the first two editions of the FA WSL in 2011 and 2012 . In March 2013 Arsenal announced that Chapman was seven months pregnant and would miss the first half of the 2013 campaign . She returned to the team in a friendly win over Coventry City in July 2013 , following the birth of her third son .
On 3 August 2013 , Chapman made a substitute appearance in Arsenal 's 3 – 0 FA WSL win over Liverpool . The FA decreed she had not been properly registered and Arsenal were deducted three points . The blunder meant that Arsenal – champions for the last nine consecutive seasons – could not finish higher than third and would not qualify for the 2014 – 15 UEFA Women 's Champions League , unless they won the 2013 – 14 competition .
= = = Chelsea = = =
In January 2014 , Chelsea announced the double transfer of Chapman and Gilly Flaherty from Arsenal . The move reunited Chapman with Emma Hayes , her coach from Arsenal and Chicago . She hoped that training more regularly with Chelsea would kick start her international career . In August 2015 Chapman captained Chelsea in their FA Women 's Cup final against Notts County , the first time the event had been staged at Wembley Stadium . She described the experience as " overwhelming " . Chelsea 's 1 – 0 win before a Cup final record 30 @,@ 710 crowd secured the club 's first major trophy . It was the ninth FA Women 's Cup winner 's medal of Chapman 's career . In October 2015 she played in Chelsea 's 4 – 0 win over Sunderland which secured the club 's first FA WSL title and a League and Cup " double " .
= = International career = =
As a 16 @-@ year @-@ old , Chapman was called into the England U – 18 team , and captained her country at that level . Chapman made her senior debut for England at 17 , during the 2001 UEFA Women 's Championship qualification tournament , replacing Samantha Britton after 73 minutes of a 1 – 0 win over Switzerland in Bristol on 6 May 2000 . Chapman 's first senior start came in an 8 – 0 reverse to Norway in June 2000 . Despite the heavy defeat she was praised for her performance by national coach Hope Powell . England qualified for the final tournament with Chapman named Player of the Match in the away leg of the play @-@ off win over Ukraine .
At the 2001 UEFA Women 's Championship finals , Chapman played in all three of England 's games and was praised for her performances by UEFA and the victorious German coach Tina Theune @-@ Meyer .
In March 2002 Chapman headed her first goal for England in a 4 – 1 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup qualification win in the Netherlands . She was named FA International Player of the Year for 2002 . Without Chapman – pregnant with her first child – England eventually failed to reach the 2003 FIFA Women 's World Cup after a play @-@ off defeat to France .
Despite a hand injury , Chapman also played every minute of all three games for England at the 2005 UEFA Women 's Championship , now featuring in midfield as she did at club level . Her initial appearances for the national team had come in central defence . At the 2007 FIFA Women 's World Cup Chapman started three matches , missing the group game against Argentina after picking up her second booking of the tournament during an impressive performance against Germany .
On Chapman 's return to the team she scored two goals in a Cyprus Cup win over South Africa in March 2009 . It was her first appearance for England since October 2007 , due to the birth of her second child . In May 2009 , Chapman was one of the first 17 female players to be given central contracts by The Football Association . She was an ever @-@ present in midfield during England 's run to the 2009 UEFA Women 's Championship final . In 2010 Chapman was named FA International Player of the Year for the second time .
Ahead of a March 2011 friendly against United States , Chapman unexpectedly withdrew from the England squad and quit international football . The decision , related to Chapman 's family commitments , was reported to have left England 's World Cup preparations in disarray . Hope Powell praised Chapman as " a wonderful servant to England over the years " . Chapman later confirmed she had been unhappy about a perceived lack of support with childcare costs and arrangements while on international duty . At the 2011 World Cup , Powell stressed that the FA had tried hard to accommodate Chapman 's requirements : " Katie was away with us in 2009 when we paid for her family to come along but at the end of the day there is not a bottomless pit of money in the women 's game . "
In September 2013 , after Powell had been sacked , Chapman gave an interview to BBC Radio 5 Live in which she lamented her treatment . Chapman recalled that she asked for time off to look after her children in a brief conversation with Powell , only to receive an e @-@ mail cancelling her central contract three hours later . She clarified that she had never retired from international football and that she still wanted to return and win 100 caps .
Powell 's successor Mark Sampson eventually recalled Champman to the national team squad in February 2015 , for a friendly against the United States in Milton Keynes . In May 2015 Sampson confirmed Chapman in his final squad for the 2015 FIFA Women 's World Cup , to be hosted in Canada . During the tournament Chapman celebrated her 33rd birthday and her husband and three sons flew out for a surprise visit . England eventually finished in third place after Chapman , starting her fifth match of the tournament , helped them beat Germany 1 – 0 in the bronze medal play @-@ off .
= = = International goals = = =
Scores and results list England 's goal tally first .
= = = Great Britain Olympic = = =
In June 2012 Chapman was not included in the final 18 – player Great Britain squad for the 2012 London Olympics . She had made the 35 – player longlist but was hurt and disappointed to be overlooked for the event in her home city . Chapman felt that her decision to withdraw from the England squad had caused Hope Powell – who managed Great Britain as well as England – to leave her out .
= = Personal life = =
Chapman has three sons with husband Mark . During the pregnancies Chapman trained until two weeks before the birth , then resumed training six weeks afterwards . In 2002 – 03 Chapman sat out Fulham 's treble winning season while pregnant with Harvey , but returned in August 2003 and played in the FA Women 's Community Shield win over Doncaster Belles .
As of January 2008 , Chapman announced she was pregnant with Riley , and as a result played no further part in Arsenal 's 2007 – 08 season . Riley was born on 8 July . Chapman returned to Arsenal for the 2008 – 09 season and assisted in their 5 – 1 victory over Nottingham Forest Ladies , in Carlton , on 18 September .
Chapman is a lifelong supporter of Millwall , and has trained as a beautician . Katie has a twin , Sophie , who she played alongside at Millwall Lionesses .
= = Honours = =
= = = Club = = =
Millwall Lionesses
FA Women 's Cup : 1996 – 97
FA Women 's Premier League Cup : 1996 – 97
Fulham
FA Women 's Premier League National Division : 2002 – 03
FA Women 's Premier League Southern Division : 2001 – 02
South East Combination Women 's Football League : 2000 – 01
FA Women 's Cup : 2001 – 02 , 2002 – 03
FA Women 's Premier League Cup : 2001 – 02 , 2002 – 03
Charlton
FA Women 's Cup : 2004 – 05
FA Women 's Premier League Cup : 2005 – 06
Arsenal
FA WSL : 2011 , 2012
FA Women 's Premier League National Division : 2006 – 07 , 2007 – 08 , 2008 – 09
UEFA Women 's Cup : 2006 – 07
FA Women 's Cup : 2006 – 07 , 2007 – 08 , 2008 – 09 , 2010 – 11
FA Women 's Premier League Cup : 2006 – 07 , 2008 – 09
FA WSL Continental Cup : 2011
FA Women 's Community Shield : 2006
Chelsea
FA WSL : 2015
FA Women 's Cup : 2014 – 15
= = = International = = =
England
Cyprus Cup : 2009 , 2015
= = = Individual = = =
FA Women 's Young Player of the Year : 1998 – 99 , 2000 – 01
FA Women 's International Player of the Year : 2001 – 02 , 2009 – 10
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= St Mawes Castle =
St Mawes Castle ( Cornish : Kastel Lannvowsedh ) is an artillery fort constructed by Henry VIII near Falmouth , Cornwall , between 1540 and 1542 . It formed part of the King 's Device programme to protect against invasion from France and the Holy Roman Empire , and defended the Carrick Roads waterway at the mouth of the River Fal . The castle was built under the direction of Thomas Treffry to a clover leaf design , with a four @-@ storey central tower and three protruding , round bastions that formed gun platforms . It was initially armed with 19 artillery pieces , intended for use against enemy shipping , operating in partnership with its sister castle of Pendennis on the other side of the estuary . During the English Civil War , St Mawes was held by Royalist supporters of King Charles I , but surrendered to a Parliamentary army in 1646 in the final phase of the conflict .
The castle continued in use as a fort through the 18th and 19th centuries . In the early 1850s , fears of a fresh conflict with France , combined with changes in military technology , led to the redevelopment of the fortification . The out @-@ dated Henrician castle was turned into a barracks and substantial gun batteries were constructed beneath it , equipped with the latest naval artillery . In the 1880s and 1890s an electronically @-@ operated minefield was laid across the River Fal , operated from St Mawes and Pendennis , and new , quick @-@ firing guns were installed at St Mawes to support these defences . After 1905 , however , St Mawes ' guns were removed , and between 1920 and 1939 it was run by the state as a tourist attraction .
Brought back into service in the Second World War , naval artillery and an anti @-@ aircraft gun were installed at the castle to defend against the risk of German attack . With the end of the war , St Mawes again returned to use as a tourist attraction . In the 21st century , the castle is operated by English Heritage . The castle has elaborate , carved 16th @-@ century decorations including sea monsters and gargoyles , and the historian Paul Pattison has described the site as " arguably the most perfect survivor of all Henry 's forts " .
= = History = =
= = = 16th – 17th centuries = = =
= = = = Construction = = = =
St Mawes Castle was built as a consequence of international tensions between England , France and the Holy Roman Empire in the final years of the reign of King Henry VIII . Traditionally the Crown had left coastal defences to the local lords and communities , only taking a modest role in building and maintaining fortifications , and while France and the Empire remained in conflict with one another , maritime raids were common but an actual invasion of England seemed unlikely . Basic defences , based around simple blockhouses and towers , existed in the south @-@ west and along the Sussex coast , with a few more impressive works in the north of England , but in general the fortifications were very limited in scale .
In 1533 , Henry broke with Pope Paul III in order to annul the long @-@ standing marriage to his wife , Catherine of Aragon and remarry . Catherine was the aunt of Charles V , the Holy Roman Emperor , and he took the annulment as a personal insult . This resulted in France and the Empire declaring an alliance against Henry in 1538 , and the Pope encouraging the two countries to attack England . An invasion of England appeared certain . In response , Henry issued an order , called a " device " , in 1539 , giving instructions for the " defence of the realm in time of invasion " and the construction of forts along the English coastline .
The stretch of water known as Carrick Roads at the mouth of the River Fal was an important anchorage serving shipping arriving from the Atlantic and the Mediterranean , and plans were made to protect it with five castles . In the event , only two of these were constructed , St Mawes and Pendennis , positioned on each side of Carrick Roads . The two castles ' guns could provide overlapping fire across the water , while St Mawes also overlooked a separate anchorage on the eastern side of the estuary . The construction work began in 1540 , under the direction of Sir Thomas Treffy , a prominent member of the local gentry appointed to act as the project 's Clerk of Works by Lord Admiral Russell . By later that year , the castle was described as being " half @-@ made " , with most of the build having been finished by 1542 . The total cost of the project was £ 5 @,@ 018 .
The clover leaf shaped castle , with an additional small blockhouse at the water 's edge below , was armed with 19 artillery pieces - a demi @-@ cannon , a demi @-@ culverin , a demi @-@ sling , five slings , four portpieces and seven bases - along with 12 large hagbusshes , a form of arquebus . The artillery was originally mounted in the castle 's stone bastions and was intended as " ship @-@ sinking " weapons for use against enemy vessels . A smaller blockhouse was constructed beneath the main castle , at sea level ; this may have been constructed ahead of the main castle build as a form of early protection . Normally the castle would have held a small garrison , which would have been supplemented by the local militia in the event of a crisis ; St Mawes had 18 billhooks and 30 bows in its stores , probably for the use of the militia in such a situation .
= = = = Initial operation = = = =
Michael Vvyan , a member of the local gentry , was appointed as the first captain of St Mawes and the surrounding land in 1544 , and was followed by Hannibal Vyvyan in 1561 . On Vyvyan 's death in 1603 , his son , Sir Francis Vyvyan , became captain . The captains of St Mawes frequently argued with those of Pendennis Castle and in 1630 a legal dispute broke out about the rights to search and detain incoming shipping : both castles argued that they had a traditional right to do so . The Admiralty issued a compromise , proposing that the castles share the incoming traffic . Sir Francis was dismissed from office in 1632 , accused of " practising a variety of deceptions " at St Mawes , including falsely claiming wages for non @-@ existent members of the garrison , and was replaced by first Sir Robert Le Grys and then Thomas Howard , the Earl of Arundel and Surrey .
Meanwhile , the invasion threat from France passed and a lasting peace was made in 1558 , but the Spanish threat to the south @-@ west of England grew in importance to the government . War broke out in 1569 , with the threat of invasion and the garrison at St Mawes was strengthened : in 1578 it comprised 100 soldiers . An additional battery of guns was built to allow the fort to fire further upriver . Fears of a Spanish attack continued especially after the failed Armada of 1597 ; two earth and timber bastions were built out from the original stone castle to hold guns , eventually becoming the main batteries for the castle . By 1623 the castle held two brass culverins , six iron culverins , one demi @-@ culverin and one saker , with a small garrison of 14 men , overseen by a captain and a lieutenant . A survey in 1634 indicated structural problems , and suggested that £ 534 was needed for repairs .
= = = = English Civil War and Restoration = = = =
When civil war broke out in 1642 between King Charles I and Parliament , St Mawes and the south @-@ west of England was held by the Royalists . The growing town of Falmouth was a strategically important part of their supply routes to the Continent , while Carrick Roads formed a base for Royalist piracy in the English Channel . The war turned in favour of the Parliamentarians and , by March 1646 , Thomas Fairfax had entered Cornwall with a substantial army .
The captain of the castle , Major Hannibal Bonithon , was invited by Colonel John Arundell to retreat to the stronger fortress of Pendennis , but Bonithon and his men surrendered immediately without putting up resistance . This decision has been put down to a result of war @-@ weariness , the large numbers of Parliamentary troops facing them and the generous surrender terms on offer , although the 19th @-@ century historian Samuel Oliver also suspected that Bonithon might have had Parliamentarian sympathies . 160 small arms and 13 artillery pieces were captured : the castle 's guns were removed and redeployed in the siege of Pendennis , which fell that August .
The castle was placed on a " care and maintenance " footing , with a skeleton garrison . Parliament appointed George Kekewich as the new captain and he probably remained in post until the restoration of Charles II to the throne in 1660 , when Sir Richard Vyvyan , Sir Francis 's son , took over command . Richard inherited a garrison of 13 men , which he considered insufficient . Richard 's son , Sir Vyel Vyvyan , became captain in turn on his father 's death , but he had no heirs and separated the castle 's lands from the captaincy , selling them to John Granville , the Earl of Bath .
= = = 18th – 19th centuries = = =
The castle continued in use as a fort through the 18th and 19th centuries under the command of successive captains , still operating in conjunction with Pendennis . A review by Colonel Christian Lilly in 1714 reported that the fortification was in a satisfactory condition , and in the 1730s , St Mawes was equipped with 17 artillery pieces , including six 24 @-@ pounder ( 11 kg ) cannons , mostly positioned in the batteries beneath the Henrician castle . Britain 's wars with France in the late @-@ 18th century made the defence of Falmouth critical and from 1775 until 1780 the local militia was called up to defend St Mawes . By the 1780s , the castle was equipped with over 30 pieces of heavy artillery . There were repeated concerns emerged about its ordnance , however , and an inspection in 1797 during the French Revolutionary Wars found that only one 24 @-@ pounder gun was serviceable .
In 1796 , a new gun battery was created at St Anthony Head , just along the coast from St Mawes . For a period this battery became the primary defensive position on the east side of the estuary , although in 1805 St Mawes was still armed with ten 24 @-@ pounder guns . The poet Lord Byron , visiting in 1809 , complained that St Mawes was " extremely well calculated for annoying every body except an enemy " , and commented that the fort was garrisoned by only one , elderly man . At the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 , the St Anthony 's battery was closed but St Mawes remained in use , albeit being operated once again on a " care and maintenance " basis in the post @-@ war years .
Falmouth Harbour became one of the most important ports in England during the 19th century , attracting much of the transatlantic shipping trade . The Tudor office of the captaincy was abolished in 1849 , with the death of the final incumbent , Sir George Nugent , and the command of the garrison became a regular military appointment . In the early 1850s , fears of a conflict with France led to a review of the state of the harbour 's defences . The development of ironclad warships equipped with rifled guns meant that St Mawes required a comprehensive overhaul . A new Grand Sea Battery and magazine was built beneath the Henrician castle , linked with deep passages , and equipped with eight 56 @-@ pound ( 25 kg ) and four 64 @-@ pounder ( 29 kg ) rifled muzzle loader guns . The old castle was used as a barracks but , since it could only hold 30 men , St Mawes was typically used as a training base and manned by militia and volunteer units .
Fresh concerns about France rose in the 1880s and an electronically @-@ operated minefield was laid across Carrick Roads in 1885 , jointly controlled from St Mawes and Pendennis . Additional contact mines were added , forcing incoming vessels to sail into a channel alongside St Mawes , illuminated with electric search lights . As part of this transformation , the castle 's 64 @-@ pounder guns were partially replaced with light , quick @-@ firing guns in the 1890s , able to engage any torpedo boats or mine sweepers attempting to break through the defences . The batteries for these were found to be poorly sited , and an additional battery was therefore built above the Henrician castle between 1900 and 1901 , again for housing quick @-@ firing guns .
= = = 20th – 21st centuries = = =
A 1905 review of the Falmouth defences concluded that the naval artillery at St Mawes had become superfluous , as the necessary guns could be mounted at combination of Pendennis and the recently re @-@ established battery at St Anthony 's instead . Disarmed , St Mawes was then used as a barracks in the First World War . In 1920 the castle was transferred to the control of the government 's Office of Works , and was opened to visitors , being promoted as a tourist destination by the Great Western Railway company who hoped to profit by increased numbers of visitors to Falmouth .
With the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 , St Mawes was reoccupied by the British Army . In late 1941 , the No 173 Coast Battery took over running a new , twin 6 @-@ pounder ( 2 @.@ 7 kg ) battery positioned just north @-@ west of the castle , combined with a 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) Bofors gun closer to the castle for anti @-@ aircraft protection , and searchlights along the base of the Grand Sea Magazine . Some of the 115 @-@ strong garrison lived in a local Nissen hut , with the remainder housed in St Mawes itself .
The castle was removed from active service in January 1945 and reopened to the public the following year . The Second World War gun battery was finally closed in 1956 after several years of use as a training site . Between 1945 and 1970 , much of the Victorian earthwork and concrete defences were cleared from the Grand Sea Battery , and the 1941 battery was completely destroyed .
In the 21st century , St Mawes Castle is operated by English Heritage as a tourist attraction , receiving 21 @,@ 104 visitors in 2010 . It is protected under UK law as a Scheduled Monument .
= = Architecture = =
St Mawes Castle is situated on a headland over the Carrock Roads , overlooked by higher land to the rear . At the top of the site is the entrance to the castle , the high @-@ level gun batteries and the 16th @-@ century Henrician Castle ; the terraced site slopes down to the water , where gun batteries and the 16th @-@ century blockhouse look out across the water .
= = = Henrician castle = = =
The central castle is built from slatestone rubble , with granite features and detailing ; it has a clover leaf design with a central , four @-@ storey circular tower , or keep , at its core , and three circular bastions emerging from it . The design allowed for multiple levels of artillery , and may have been influenced by the contemporary work of the Moravian engineer , Stefan von Haschenperg , on some of the other Device Forts constructed during this period . It had little protection to the landward side , and would have depended upon the local militia providing protection against such an attack . The castle has been little altered since its original construction , and the historian Paul Pattison considers it to be " arguably the most perfect survivor of all Henry 's forts " .
The castle is extensively decorated with carvings and inscriptions in stone and wood , praising Henry VIII and his lineage , leading the historian A. L. Rowse to describe the castle as the most decorative of all of Henry 's building works . These include Latin verses , such as " Henry , thy honour and praises will remain forever " , written by the antiquarian John Leland , and " Let fortunate Cornwall rejoice that Edward is now her Duke " , referring to Henry 's eldest son and heir . Carved sea monsters and gargoyles also feature around the fortification , along with heraldic shields which would originally have been painted and visible from the river .
The castle is entered through the gatehouse , a polygonal , stone building approximately 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 6 m ) across . The gatehouse has gunloops , murder holes and slots for a drawbridge , although it is uncertain if one was ever fitted ; it would originally have formed a sort of protective barbican . The yard behind it is approximately 20 by 59 feet ( 6 by 18 m ) and dates from before 1735 , originally being used a stable . This leads to a stone bridge that crosses a 25 feet ( 7 @.@ 5 m ) wide moat , cut out of the rock , to the main castle .
The central tower is 47 feet ( 14 m ) across and 44 feet ( 13 m ) high , with 8 feet ( 2 @.@ 4 m ) thick walls . The basement was originally a kitchen and storerooms , with the first floor was subdivided and used by the garrison , before being later converted for storing gunpowder . The bridge across the moat leads into to the second storey , which originally had four chambers with fireplaces and windows , linked by a central corridor ; this area may have been used by the castle 's officers , and to house an enlarged garrison in an emergency . The third floor forms a single , large room with gun embrasures , and was probably used by the garrison as living accommodation . Above it , the parapetted gun platform on the fourth floor could support up to seven guns and incorporates a lookout turret , topped by a 17th @-@ century cupola , designed as a daymark to guide passing ships .
The central tower is linked to the forward bastion , 59 feet ( 18 m ) in diameter , which in turn has steps leading to the side bastions , each 54 @-@ foot ( 16 @.@ 4 m ) across . Each of the bastions forms a gun platform , with embrasures for larger artillery pieces - five in the forward bastion , three on each of the sides - as well as swivel mounts for lighter guns , and parapets for protection . The forward bastion 's roof is modern and was added after an archaeological debate in the 1960s as to whether the bastions would originally have been covered . The bastions have various 18th- and 19th @-@ century artillery pieces on display , as well as a bronze saker dating from 1560 called the Albergheti gun , recovered from a shipwreck off the coast of Devon .
= = = Batteries and auxiliary buildings = = =
Gun batteries and other auxiliary buildings stretch across the St Mawes Castle site . Above the Henrician castle is the 12 @-@ pounder quick @-@ firing high @-@ level battery , dating from the start of the 20th century . Its four concrete platforms and earth parapets have survived , along with an underground magazine just behind the site . A small bungalow from this period at the entrance to the battery is still in use , serving as the English Heritage custodian 's house . Alongside the Henrician castle is the Engine House , approximately 41 feet ( 12 m ) square and dating from around 1902 . It originally contained an internal combustion engine , generating power for the castle 's searchlights , but was later converted into a storeroom .
Beneath the Henrician castle is a complex of artillery positions , cut out of the rock from around 1854 onwards , and collectively known as the Grand Sea Battery . The Grand Sea Battery was served by a 19th @-@ century magazine for holding gunpowder , approximately 35 by 18 feet ( 10 @.@ 7 by 5 @.@ 5 m ) with stone walls and bomb @-@ proof brick roof , topped with turf to help to protect against incoming shells . For many years the magazine was protected by an additional concrete fortification , but this was removed in 1970 . There are two gun platforms along the west and east sides of the complex , 110 feet ( 34 m ) and 80 feet ( 24 m ) across respectively and known as the Lower Gun Battery . The current design of the western platform dates from the 1890s , with two raised concrete platforms for rotating guns and a brick @-@ vaulted magazine just behind the battery . The eastern platform has pivots and racers for mounting four traversing gun carriages , one of which now houses a 12 @-@ pound smooth @-@ bore artillery piece dating from 1815 , mounted on a replica carriage .
Just below the Grand Sea Battery is the 16th @-@ century blockhouse , positioned by the water 's edge , 160 feet ( 49 m ) from the Henrician castle . The blockhouse is semi @-@ circular in shape , with 56 feet ( 17 m ) wide with 9 @.@ 8 @-@ foot ( 3 m ) thick stone walls facing the sea , but much thinner walls to the rear . It originally had four gunports , one of which has since been blocked up , along with an upper gun platform and battlements . The upper storey was later destroyed to turn it into a solid gun platform , although this has since been re @-@ excavated . Beside the blockhouse are the foundations of four searchlight emplacements dating from the Second World War .
To the west of the Grand Sea Battery are landscaped gardens , built on top of earlier gun positions along the site . Five 19th @-@ century smooth @-@ bore guns from the Napoleonic period are on display , forming a saluting battery . Beyond the gardens is the site of the Second World War 6 pounder battery , but little now remains of this position .
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= Australian ringneck =
The Australian ringneck ( Barnardius zonarius ) is a parrot native to Australia . Except for extreme tropical and highland areas , the species has adapted to all conditions . Traditionally , two species were recognised in the genus Barnardius , the Port Lincoln parrot ( Barnardius zonarius ) and the mallee ringneck ( Barnardius barnardi ) , but the two species readily interbred at the contact zone and are now considered one species . Currently , four subspecies are recognised , each with a distinct range .
In Western Australia , the ringneck competes for nesting space with the rainbow lorikeet , an introduced species . To protect the ringneck , culls of the lorikeet are sanctioned by authorities in this region . Overall , though , the ringneck is not a threatened species .
= = Description = =
The subspecies of the Australian ringneck differ considerably in colouration . It is a medium size species around 33 cm ( 11 in ) long . The basic colour is green , and all four subspecies have the characteristic yellow ring around the hindneck ; wings and tail are a mixture of green and blue .
The B. z. zonarius and B. z. semitorquatus subspecies have a dull black head ; back , rump and wings are brilliant green ; throat and breast bluish @-@ green . The difference between these two subspecies is that B. z. zonarius has a yellow abdomen while B. z. semitorquatus has a green abdomen ; the latter has also a prominent crimson frontal band that the former lacks ( the intermediate shown in the box has characteristics of both subspecies ) . The two other subspecies differ from these subspecies by the bright green crown and nape and blush cheek @-@ patches . The underparts of B. z. barnardi are turquoise @-@ green with an irregular orange @-@ yellow band across the abdomen ; the back and mantle are deep blackish @-@ blue and this subspecies has a prominent red frontal band . The B. z. macgillivrayi is generally pale green , with no red frontal band , and a wide uniform pale yellow band across the abdomen .
The calls of the mallee ringneck and Cloncurry parrot have been described as " ringing " , and the calls of the Port Lincoln ringneck and twenty @-@ eight have been described as " strident " . The name of the twenty @-@ eight parrot is an onomatopoeic derived from its distinctive ' twentee @-@ eight ' call ( or ' vingt @-@ huit ' , from an early French description ) .
= = Taxonomy and naming = =
The Australian ringneck was first described by the English naturalist George Shaw in 1805 . It is a broad @-@ tailed parrot and related to the rosellas of the genus Platycercus ; it has been placed in that genus by some authorities , including Ferdinand Bauer .
Currently , four subspecies of ringneck are recognised , all of which have been described as distinct species in the past : ( As of 1993 , the twenty @-@ eight and Cloncurry parrot were treated as subspecies of the Port Lincoln parrot and the mallee ringneck , respectively ) .
Several other subspecies have been described , but are considered synonyms with one of the above subspecies . B. z. occidentalis has been synonymised with B. z. zonarius . Intermediates exist between all subspecies except for between B. z. zonarius and B. z. macgillivrayi . Intermediates have been associated with land clearing for agriculture in southern Western Australia .
The classification of this species is still debated , and molecular research by Joseph and Wilke in 2006 found that the complex split genetically into two clades — one roughly correlating with B. z. barnardi and the other with the other three forms ; B. z. macgillivrayi was more closely related to B. z. zonarius than to the neighbouring B. z. barnardi . The researchers felt it was premature to reorganise the classification of the complex until more study was undertaken .
= = = Subspecies = = =
= = Behaviour = =
The Australian ringneck is active during the day and can be found in eucalypt woodlands and eucalypt @-@ lined watercourses . The species is gregarious and depending on the conditions can be resident or nomadic . In trials of growing hybrid eucalypt trees in dry environments parrots , especially the Port Lincoln parrot , caused severe damage to the crowns of the younger trees during the research period between 2000 – 3 .
= = = Feeding = = =
This species eats a wide range of foods that include nectar , insects , seeds , fruit , and native and introduced bulbs . It will eat orchard @-@ grown fruit and is sometimes seen as a pest by farmers .
= = = Breeding = = =
Breeding season for the northern populations starts in June or July , while the central and southern populations breed from August to February , but this can be delayed when climatic conditions are unfavourable . The nesting site is a hollow in a tree trunk . Generally four or five white oval eggs are laid measuring 29 mm x 23 mm , although a clutch may be as few as three and as many as six . Fledgling survival rates have been measured at 75 % .
= = Conservation = =
Although the species is endemic , the species is considered not threatened , but in Western Australia , the twenty @-@ eight subspecies ( B. z. semitorquatus ) gets locally displaced by the introduced rainbow lorikeets that aggressively compete for nesting places . The rainbow lorikeet is considered a pest species in Western Australia and is subject to eradication in the wild .
In Western Australia , a licence is required to keep or dispose of more than four Port Lincoln ringnecks . All four subspecies are sold in the Canary Islands and in Australia , and they are traded via the CITES convention . The sale of the Cloncurry parrot is restricted in Queensland . The Australian ringneck can suffer from psittacine beak and feather disease , which causes a high nestling mortality rate in captivity .
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= Washington State Route 285 =
State Route 285 ( SR 285 ) is a 5 @.@ 04 @-@ mile ( 8 @.@ 11 km ) state highway serving Douglas and Chelan counties , located in the U.S. state of Washington . The highway serves Wenatchee and begins at an interchange with State Route 28 ( SR 28 ) in East Wenatchee , crosses the Columbia River on the Senator George Sellar Bridge into Downtown Wenatchee and continues north to end at an interchange with U.S. Route 2 ( US 2 ) and US 97 north of the Wenatchee River in Sunnyslope .
The highway originally crossed the Columbia River on an earlier bridge built in 1908 . The bridge was signed as part of State Road 7 in 1909 and later State Road 2 ( the Sunset Highway ) in 1923 . The roadway was used by US 10 from 1926 until 1940 , when it was re @-@ routed and replaced by an alternate route . US 2 was extended from Idaho into Washington in 1946 and used the bridge until the newer Senator George Sellar Bridge was built to the south in 1950 . SR 285 was designated in 1977 after US 2 was routed onto the Richard Odabashian Bridge north of Wenatchee and East Wenatchee . The area around the Senator George Sellar Bridge is being improved by the Washington State Department of Transportation to handle increased traffic .
= = Route description = =
SR 285 begins its 5 @.@ 04 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 8 @.@ 11 km ) long route at a partial cloverleaf interchange with SR 28 west of the Wenatchee Valley Mall in East Wenatchee . The freeway crosses the Columbia River from Douglas County into Wenatchee and Chelan County on the Senator George Sellar Bridge , listed as a part of the National Register of Historic Places . The highway becomes Stevens Street and has a small interchange with Wenatchee Avenue before turning north onto Mission Street .
SR 285 serves Downtown Wenatchee and splits into a one @-@ way pair with southbound lanes on Chelan Avenue and northbound lanes staying on Mission Street , passing the Wenatchee branch of the North Central Regional Library at Memorial Park and the Wenatchee Valley Hospital . The one @-@ way pair rejoins the main route , turning north as Miller Street and then northwest as Wenatchee Avenue into West Wenatchee near Wenatchee Confluence State Park . Wenatchee Avenue crosses the Wenatchee River into Sunnyslope and becomes a freeway , intersecting Penny Road and Easy Street in an incomplete diamond interchange before ending at an interchange with US 2 and US 97 .
The Senator George Sellar Bridge is the busiest section of SR 285 , being used by a daily average of 52 @,@ 000 vehicles in 2011 . The southern end of the one @-@ way pair , at the intersection of Chelan Avenue and Mission Street , had a daily average of 22 @,@ 000 vehicles in 2011 .
= = History = =
The cantilever truss Columbia River Bridge was built in 1908 by the Washington Bridge Company and purchased by the Washington State Highway Commission the following year to serve Wenatchee and East Wenatchee , divided by the Columbia River . The bridge and the streets were signed as State Road 7 in 1909 as part of the highway from Renton to Idaho , later named the Sunset Highway in 1913 . The Sunset Highway became State Road 2 in a 1923 renumbering before the creation of US 10 in 1926 .
State Road 2 became Primary State Highway 2 ( PSH 2 ) in 1937 during the creation of the primary and secondary state highway system . US 10 was re @-@ routed south to cross the Columbia River at Vantage in the 1940s and was designated as US 10 Alternate , until US 2 was extended from Bonners Ferry , Idaho to Everett in 1946 . The Columbia River Bridge was replaced by the newly built Senator George Sellar Bridge in 1950 and US 2 was re @-@ routed south onto the bridge . PSH 2 was decommissioned during the 1964 renumbering and US 2 remained . US 2 was re @-@ routed , along with US 97 , onto the Richard Odabashian Bridge in Sunnyslope , bypassing Wenatchee in 1975 . SR 285 was established in 1977 to maintain the Senator George Sellar Bridge and only included the short route until 1991 , when it was extended to Sunnyslope .
Since 1991 , no major revisions to the highway have occurred , however the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) has been improving the roadway around the Senator George Sellar Bridge . Between May 2009 and July 2011 , WSDOT added an additional eastbound lane by moving the sidewalks to a new structure on the outside of the bridge , opening on July 29 , 2011 . A southbound bypass lane for SR 28 is currently being constructed under the east end of the bridge , expected to be completed in spring 2013 . At the west end of the bridge , in Downtown Wenatchee , a new off @-@ ramp to Crescent Street and signal improvements at Mission Street are being constructed and are scheduled to be finished by fall 2013 .
= = Major intersections = =
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= David Booth ( ice hockey ) =
David Jonathan Booth ( born November 24 , 1984 ) is an American professional ice hockey player who is currently playing for Admiral Vladivostok of the Kontinental Hockey League , having last played full @-@ time for the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League . Following his second year with the Michigan State Spartans , he was selected 53rd overall by the Florida Panthers in the 2004 NHL Entry Draft . He spent four years playing college hockey before turning professional with the Panthers organization in 2006 – 07 . After recording career @-@ highs in goals , assists and points , as well as being voted the Panthers ' most valuable player by the team 's fans in 2008 – 09 , he suffered two concussions the following season . Midway through his sixth year in the league , Booth was traded to the Vancouver Canucks in a four @-@ player deal .
Known as an offensive forward and a fast skater , Booth has reached the 30 @-@ goal plateau once in his NHL career . Representing the United States in international competition , he has won gold medals at the 2002 IIHF World U18 and 2004 IIHF World U20 Championships . He has also competed in the 2008 IIHF World Championship .
= = Playing career = =
= = = Amateur career = = =
After playing minor hockey with the Fraser Falcons , then the Detroit Honeybaked of the Midwest Elite Hockey League , Booth moved on to the Junior A level with the Detroit Compuware Ambassadors of the North American Hockey League ( NAHL ) . He recorded 30 points ( 17 goals and 13 assists ) over 42 games in 2000 – 01 , earning him NAHL All @-@ Rookie Team and Rookie of the Year honours . The following season , he joined the United States National Team Development Program and competed for their junior and under @-@ 18 teams in the United States Hockey League ( USHL ) and NAHL , respectively .
During his time with the Development Program , he committed to an athletic scholarship with the Michigan State Spartans of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association ( CCHA ) . Joining the Spartans in 2002 – 03 , he recorded 36 points ( 17 goals and 19 assists ) over 39 games , ranking fourth in team scoring and 13th in the CCHA overall . His freshman year included two CCHA Rookie of the Week distinctions and a hat @-@ trick , recorded on January 10 , 2003 , in a 5 – 2 win against the Alaska Nanooks . His efforts as a freshman earned him Spartans Rookie of the Year and CCHA All @-@ Rookie Team honours . Although Booth was eligible for the 2003 NHL Entry Draft , National Collegiate Athletics Association ( NCAA ) rules stipulated that players under the age of 19 could not opt into the draft without foregoing their college eligibility .
Early the following season , Booth sustained a knee injury that forced him out of the lineup for several games . He finished his sophomore year with 18 points ( eight goals and ten assists ) over 30 contests . Despite his decreased offensive production , he remained highly ranked by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau ( CSB ) at the end of the season for the upcoming 2004 NHL Entry Draft . He was listed at 27th among skaters playing in North America by the CSB , while The Hockey News ranked him 33rd overall . During the draft , Booth was selected in the second round , 53rd overall , by the Florida Panthers . He was scouted as a player with size and toughness , while a USA Today article declared that he " would have gone much higher if he opted into the draft [ the previous ] season . "
Following his draft , Booth returned to Michigan State to complete his four @-@ year tenure with the school . During his junior year , he and teammate Bryan Lerg set a Spartans record for the fastest two goals scored in a game ( five seconds apart ) . Their goals came in a 6 – 5 overtime loss to the Alaska Nanooks in February 2005 and surpassed the previous record by one second . Later that month , Booth sustained a cracked rib and was sidelined for several games . He finished the 2004 – 05 season with 16 points ( seven goals and nine assists ) over 29 contests .
In the first month of his senior year , Booth played in his 100th career college game in a contest against the North Dakota Fighting Sioux on October 16 , 2005 . He recorded a short handed goal in a 3 – 0 win . Booth later missed some playing time due to injury before returning to the lineup in late @-@ November 2005 . After struggling to score in the first half of the 2005 – 06 season ( he recorded nine points in the first three months ) , Booth finished with 35 points ( 13 goals and 22 assists ) over 37 games . His strong offensive production in the second half included an 11 @-@ game point @-@ scoring streak that was broken on the last regular season game against the Miami RedHawks . In the 2006 CCHA playoffs , Booth helped the Spartans to a Mason Cup as league champions . Facing the Miami RedHawks in the final , Booth scored the game @-@ winning goal six minutes in the second period , securing a 2 – 1 win for Michigan State . Moving on to the 2006 NCAA Tournament , they were eliminated in the regional final by the Maine Black Bears 5 – 4 . Booth scored a goal and an assist in the losing effort . Over four years with the Spartans , Booth finished his college career with 105 points in 134 games .
= = = Florida Panthers ( 2006 – 2011 ) = = =
On July 20 , 2006 , Booth signed with the Panthers . Joining the organization , he was assigned to the Panthers ' American Hockey League ( AHL ) affiliate , the Rochester Americans , to start the 2006 – 07 season . Within two months , he was called up to the Panthers on November 20 . Making his NHL debut that night against the Boston Bruins , he registered 11 @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half minutes of ice time in a 3 – 2 win . After being returned to the AHL six days later , he received another call @-@ up the following month . During his second stint with the team , he recorded his first NHL point on December 12 against the Anaheim Ducks . Booth drew the first assist on the game 's first goal by Drew Larman ; the Panthers went on to lose 5 – 4 . Sent back down to Rochester and recalled one more time in December , he remained with the team for the remainder of the campaign . Booth later scored his first NHL goal on January 4 , 2007 , against Jamie McLennan in a 5 – 4 overtime loss to the Calgary Flames . In the final month of the season , he registered his first game @-@ winning goal in the NHL on April 6 in a 7 – 2 win against the Tampa Bay Lightning . Booth completed his rookie season with 10 points ( 3 goals and 7 assists ) over 48 NHL games , while also recording 14 points ( seven goals and seven assists ) over 25 AHL games . As the Panthers failed to qualify for the 2007 playoffs , ranking 12th in the Eastern Conference , Booth was returned to the AHL for the Americans ' post @-@ season . He recorded two assists over six playoff games as Rochester was eliminated in the first round by the Hamilton Bulldogs .
Early in the 2007 – 08 season , Booth was injured after receiving a check from behind during a game against the Ottawa Senators on October 20 , 2007 . While playing the puck , he collided with Senators defenceman Anton Volchenkov , causing his head to hit the boards . Volchenkov received a five @-@ minute major penalty and a game misconduct on the play , while Booth was taken off the ice in a stretcher . He was brought to an Ottawa hospital for precautionary measures and returned home the same night with a sore neck . While a suspension for Volchenkov was suggested in the media following the game , the league chose not to hold a hearing regarding the incident . Senators head coach John Paddock was quick to dismiss the notion of a suspension , asserting that Booth turned into Volchenkov , as opposed to the Senators defenceman forcefully initiating contact . Booth missed one game due to the injury . Later in the campaign , he missed eight games with a knee injury . Missing nine games total , he recorded 40 points ( 22 goals and 18 assists ) over 73 contests , ranking fourth in team scoring . Becoming an integral part of the Panthers ' lineup , he also led the team with six game @-@ winning goals . As a team , the Panthers remained out of the playoffs in 2008 , finishing 11th in the East .
The following season , Booth recorded his first career NHL natural hat trick against the Anaheim Ducks on November 9 , 2008 . He scored all the Panthers goals against Jean @-@ Sébastien Giguère in a 3 – 1 win over the Anaheim Ducks . The following month , he sustained a left shoulder injury that sidelined him for eight games . After returning , he began an eight @-@ game point @-@ scoring streak that lasted from December 27 , 2008 , to January 10 , 2009 . Later in the season , he recorded another hat trick in a contest against the St. Louis Blues on March 7 , 2009 . Scoring all three goals against Chris Mason , Booth helped the Panthers to a 5 – 3 win . His efforts made him the fourth player in team history to register two hat @-@ tricks in one season , after Pavel Bure , Ray Sheppard and Olli Jokinen . He also added an assist for a four @-@ point game . Booth bettered that single @-@ game total during the last contest of the regular season , scoring two goals and three assists for a personal best five @-@ point effort in a 7 – 4 win against the Washington Capitals on April 11 , 2009 . Booth finished the season with career @-@ highs of 31 goals , 29 assists and 60 points over 72 games . While leading the Panthers in goals , powerplay goals ( 11 ) , game @-@ winning goals ( 5 ; tied with Nathan Horton , and shots ( 246 ) , he finished one point behind team @-@ leader Stephen Weiss ( who played six more games than Booth ) . Booth 's efforts helped the Panthers compete for a playoff spot late in the season for the first time in his tenure with the club . They finished the season tied for the eighth and final playoff spot in the East with the Montreal Canadiens at 41 wins and 93 points each . The Canadiens earned the spot over the Panthers by virtue of having won the season series between the two teams .
During his breakout season , Booth became a favorite among team followers ; home fans at BankAtlantic Center were known to cheer " Booooth " when he touched the puck during games . At the end of the campaign , he was chosen by the fans as the team 's most valuable player in an official online vote . Set to become a restricted free agent in the off @-@ season , Booth was tendered a qualifying offer by the Panthers on June 29 , 2009 . Two days later , he signed a six @-@ year , US $ 25 @.@ 5 million contract . Upon announcing the contract , Panthers General Manager Randy Sexton heralded Booth as " undoubtedly an important part of [ the ] club 's future ... [ and ] a role model for other players , " while embodying " every attribute of what a true Panthers player stands for . "
During the first month of the 2009 – 10 season , Booth sustained a concussion after being hit by Philadelphia Flyers forward Mike Richards during a game on October 24 , 2009 . Skating up to the Flyers ' blueline , Booth had shot the puck into the offensive zone when Richards hit him in the head with his shoulder . Rendered unconscious , Booth was taken off the ice on a stretcher and brought to a Philadelphia hospital . In addition to his concussion , he sustained a cut above one eye that required stitches ; he was released from hospital the next day . While Richards received a five @-@ minute major penalty for interference and a game misconduct for intent to injure , he was not suspended for the play . The decision not to further penalize Richards proved to be a highly contentious issue . Panthers General Manager Randy Sexton and defenceman Keith Ballard voiced their opinion that Richards ' hit was directed at the head while knowing Booth was in a vulnerable position , warranting a suspension . The Flyers captain expressed concern for Booth 's health both in the media and to Panthers Head Coach Peter DeBoer personally , but asserted that he was not intending to hurt him . Another concern was the timing of Richards ' hit , as Booth had already released the puck . In response , NHL Vice President Bill Daly explained that the hit was not late enough to justify a suspension .
Booth was not cleared for full @-@ contact practice with the team until January 25 , 2010 . Six days later , he returned to the lineup for a game against the New York Islanders after being sidelined for 45 contests . During his absence , the Panthers and Flyers played each other on December 21 , 2009 , for the first time since Richards ' hit . The game included four fights , including one between Panthers defenceman and captain Bryan McCabe and Richards . The teams met again with Booth in the lineup on March 3 , 2010 . After fighting Richards in the first period ( one of four fights in the game and Booth 's first in the NHL ) , Booth scored a goal and three assists ( completing a Gordie Howe hat trick ) to help the Panthers to a 7 – 4 win .
Although the NHL had not suspended Richards for his actions against Booth , the incident was instrumental in the League 's newfound efforts to eliminate hits to the head , particularly against players who cannot see the oncoming checker approaching ( as was the case with Booth ) . Several months after Booth 's October 2009 concussion , Boston Bruins forward Marc Savard was hit by Matt Cooke in a similar fashion on March 7 . Later that month , on March 25 , the NHL Board of Governors and NHL Players ' Association 's executive board voted in favour of a rule penalizing " blindside hits " ( bodychecking a player after having skated laterally towards him undetected , an idea similar to one 's " blind spot " while driving ) . That same night , Booth suffered his second concussion in five months during a game against the Montreal Canadiens . While reaching back to retrieve a loose puck , Booth was hit in the head by opposing defenceman Jaroslav Špaček 's shoulder . No penalty was called on the play , while Booth was helped off the ice and taken to hospital . The hit did not receive suspension and did not spark controversy as Booth 's previous concussion had . Following the game , Panthers forward Nathan Horton asserted that " It wasn 't a dirty hit " ; Špaček expressed concern for Booth , but explained that " when he turned I was standing right there and basically he just ran at me . " Sidelined for the remaining nine games of the season , Booth finished the campaign with 16 points ( eight goals and eight assists ) over 28 games . After pushing for a playoff spot the previous season , the Panthers ranked second @-@ worst in the East with 32 wins and 77 points .
While Booth 's hockey @-@ playing future was initially in doubt following his second concussion , he returned for the 2010 – 11 season and played all 82 games . Averaging 19 minutes of ice time per game ( second among forward behind Weiss ) , he led the Panthers with 23 goals while ranking third with 40 points ( behind Weiss and Mike Santorelli ) . With 280 shots , including a 14 @-@ shot effort against the Bruins on November 18 , 2010 , he led all Panthers ' players and ranked 12th in the NHL overall . As a team , the Panthers continued to struggle and General Manager Dale Tallon began trading away many of their veteran players towards the end of the season ; they finished with the worst record in the East .
= = = Vancouver Canucks ( 2011 – 2014 ) = = =
Less than a month into the 2011 – 12 season , Booth was traded to the Vancouver Canucks on October 22 , 2011 . The Panthers sent him , along with forward Steven Reinprecht and a third @-@ round pick in the 2013 draft , to Vancouver in exchange for forwards Mikael Samuelsson and Marco Sturm . Tallon described the deal as a performance @-@ based trade ; Booth had registered one assist over the first six games of the season and had a team @-@ worst – 6 plus @-@ minus rating while being demoted to the third line . Booth was saddened and admittedly surprised at the trade . Booth had also been reportedly sought after by Vancouver for six months prior ; the team conferred with alternate captain Ryan Kesler regarding Booth 's character on and off the ice ( the two grew up playing minor and junior hockey together ) . Joining Vancouver , he switched his jersey number from 10 to 7 , in honour of his younger sister , Rachael , who also wears the number as a hockey player .
Playing on the second line with countrymen Ryan Kesler and Christopher Higgins , the scoring unit was immediately nicknamed the " American Express " line . The unit has been occasionally shuffled , however , with Cody Hodgson replacing Higgins in some instances . Booth scored his first goal as a Canuck 15 days after the trade , opening the scoring in a 6 – 2 win against the Chicago Blackhawks . The following month , Booth suffered a right medial collateral ligament ( MCL ) injury after a knee @-@ on @-@ knee hit from Colorado Avalanche forward Kevin Porter during a game on December 6 , 2011 . Porter received a five @-@ minute major and game misconduct for the play , while a subsequent hearing with NHL disciplinarian Brendan Shanahan resulted in a four @-@ game suspension . Booth was sidelined for 18 games over six weeks with the injury , returning in mid @-@ January 2012 .
Booth finished the regular season with 16 goals and 30 points over 62 games . Having never qualified for the playoffs with the Panthers previously in his career , Booth made his post @-@ season debut in 2012 . Playing against the Los Angeles Kings , he recorded one assist over five games as the first @-@ seeded Canucks were eliminated in the first round . Booth told reporters prior to the playoffs that he was struggling with his diminished role with the Canucks , in comparison to his time with the Panthers , alluding to his ice time . The previous year , he was averaging nearly 19 minutes per game , which dropped to 15 minutes as a Canuck .
On June 17 , 2014 , the Canucks placed Booth on unconditional waivers , and the following day after he cleared waivers the Canucks used their final compliance buyouts on him and Booth became an unrestricted free agent .
= = = Toronto Maple Leafs ( 2014 – 2015 ) = = =
On July 22 , 2014 , the Toronto Maple Leafs signed Booth to a one @-@ year contract worth $ 1 @.@ 1 million . He scored the only shootout goal in the first preseason game on September 22 , 2014 , which led the Toronto Maple Leafs to victory .
On November 21 , 2014 , Booth was sent down to the Toronto Marlies of the AHL for a conditioning stint . He would finish with one goal in his two @-@ game tour with the Marlies . On November 29 , Booth played his first game as a Maple Leaf in a 6 – 2 win over the Washington Capitals . Booth recorded no points but enjoyed his first game in Toronto . However , Booth would record his first point as a Leaf three games later , an assist on a goal scored by line @-@ mate Richard Pánik in a 5 – 2 victory over his former team , the Canucks . His first goal as a Maple Leaf would come on December 16 , where he scored the game winner in a 6 – 2 victory over the Anaheim Ducks .
Booth would finish the season with 13 points ( 7 goals , 6 assists ) in 59 games .
= = International play = =
During his tenure with the United States National Team Development Program , Booth competed at the 2002 IIHF World U18 Championship , held in Trnava and Piešťany , Slovakia . Playing Russia in the last game of the final round , Booth scored the United States ' first two goals of the game . A win against Russia placed the United States in a tie for the gold medal with four wins and one tie each . In order to beat Russia on the goal @-@ differential tiebreaker , they needed to win the contest by two goals . Leading 2 – 1 with a minute remaining , the United States pulled their goalie and Zach Parise scored with 30 seconds left to capture the gold medal . Booth was named MVP of the gold medal game . Booth finished the tournament with two goals and two assists over eight games .
Two years later ( now a member of the Michigan State Spartans ) , Booth moved on to the under @-@ 20 level , competing at the 2004 IIHF World Junior Championships , held in Helsinki and Hameenlinna , Finland . He recorded his lone assist of the tournament on Dan Fritsche 's game @-@ winning goal in the semifinal against Finland . Booth and the United States went on to win the gold medal with a 4 – 3 win over Canada in the final . With a goal and an assist over six games , Booth tied for 12th in team point @-@ scoring . In a 2011 interview for Canucks.com , Booth recalled his IIHF U18 and U20 gold medals as his first- and second @-@ best hockey memories , respectively .
Following Booth 's second season in the NHL with the Florida Panthers , he was named to his first United States men 's team for the 2008 IIHF World Championships , held in Halifax and Quebec City , Canada . He scored his lone goal of the tournament ( also his first international goal and point at the men 's level ) in a 5 – 1 preliminary round win against Slovakia . In the quarterfinals , the United States lost 3 – 2 to Finland and finished the tournament in sixth place .
The following year , he was invited to the national team 's summer orientation camp in anticipation of the 2010 Winter Olympics . Booth later recalled that making the Olympic team was his goal at the start of the 2009 – 10 season . During the first month of NHL play , however , Booth suffered a concussion and was sidelined long @-@ term . When the final Olympic roster was announced on January 1 , 2010 , Booth was still recovering from the injury and he was not selected .
= = Playing style = =
At 6 feet ( 1 @.@ 83 metres ) and 212 pounds ( 96 kilograms ) , Booth 's size enables him to play in the style of a power forward . Along with his physical stature , he is a fast skater , both of which allow him to retain the puck and contribute to his offensive skills .
= = Personal life = =
Booth was born in Detroit , Michigan , and grew up in the nearby Washington Township of Macomb County . His father 's name is Mike . Booth has two brothers and one sister , Rachael . During Booth 's career with the Panthers , he lived with his younger brother in Florida . Raised in a Christian household , Booth has publicly professed his faith into his professional career . Growing up , he was a fan of the Detroit Red Wings and attended home games as his family owned season tickets . He has listed favorite players as a child as Red Wings forwards Steve Yzerman and Brendan Shanahan , as well as Keith Tkachuk , who played for the Phoenix Coyotes franchise , St. Louis Blues and Atlanta Thrashers .
During Booth 's minor hockey career , he was linemates with fellow Michigan @-@ native Ryan Kesler for two years , beginning at age 12 . The two went on to become teammates with the US National Team Development Program , the U.S. national junior team and the Vancouver Canucks . In addition to hockey , he also played baseball and golf growing up .
Booth earned his secondary education at Lutheran High School North in Macomb and Huron High School in Ann Arbor , Michigan . He moved to and graduated from the latter to facilitate his participation with the US National Team Development Program , which was based out of Ann Arbor . During his tenure with the Development Program , he made the choice to play NCAA hockey , opting against the major junior Ontario Hockey League ( OHL ) in order to attend college . The decision was encouraged by his father , who valued Booth 's education . Enrolled at Michigan State University while playing for the school 's hockey team , he studied dentistry before switching to general management .
An avid hunter , Booth posted a YouTube video in May 2012 of him baiting and killing an American black bear . Though the practice is legal in Alberta , it is banned in 18 American states , as well as British Columbia , the Vancouver Canucks ' province . Booth 's actions were widely criticized among the public causing him to remove the video within days .
Booth married model and former beauty queen from Tennessee , Ashley Durham , on June 14 , 2014 .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Regular season and playoffs = = =
= = = International = = =
= = Awards and honours = =
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= Helen Magnus =
Dr. Helen Magnus is the series protagonist and central character of the Canadian fantasy @-@ science fiction television series Sanctuary . She is portrayed by Amanda Tapping . In the series , Magnus is a life scientist from Victorian era England , who currently runs the global Sanctuary Network , an organization tasked with finding a series of creatures called " abnormals " , and later bring them to a Sanctuary base for refuge to protect them from the human population . The character is over two and a half centuries old , having been given her advanced longevity by injecting herself with vampire blood , as well as reliving the 20th century from time travel . After traveling back in time , Magnus had to avoid people so she isolated herself . In the season 4 finale " Sanctuary For None : Part 2 " It was revealed that Magnus spent the 113 years creating a new Sanctuary .
Tapping was offered a part in the original web series by series creator Damian Kindler and director Martin Wood . It became the actress ' first regular role since playing Samantha Carter on Stargate SG @-@ 1 and Stargate Atlantis for eleven years . She initially had difficulty playing Magnus as her personality greatly differed from Carter . She also dyed her hair darker and spoke with an English accent throughout the run , as she herself was born in England . In addition , Tapping serves as the series executive producer and on some occasions , director .
Magnus and Tapping 's portrayal of the character received generally mixed reactions from critics , with the negative comments pointing toward 's Tapping 's accent . However , Tapping was nominated for four awards , one Gemini Award and three Leo Awards , for her role as Helen Magnus , winning a Leo Award for " Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series " in 2009 for the episode " Requiem " .
= = Character arc = =
= = = Background = = =
Helen Magnus was born on August 27 , 1850 to Gregory Magnus ( Jim Byrnes ) and Patricia Heathering . Her father was regarded as a controversial medical researcher of his time , and exposed his daughter to his profession when she was a child . Years later , she helped form a secret group known as " the Five " , along with John Druitt ( Christopher Heyerdahl ) , Nikola Tesla ( Jonathon Young ) , James Watson ( Peter Wingfield ) and Nigel Griffin ( Vincent Gale ) at Oxford University . Each member voluntarily injected themselves with pure vampire blood , a species that had become extinct centuries before . This granted each member unique abilities . Magnus ' ability was longevity , allowing her to live several times longer than any normal human . At this point she entered a relationship with Druitt , whose ability is personal teleportation . However , he became insane and murdered several prostitutes , thereby becoming Jack the Ripper . They did conceive a child , Magnus later took the embryo and froze it .
By the turn of the 20th century , her research with the abnormal population went into full swing , and she founded the Sanctuary Network . To get the funding she needed , the Prime Minister reunited the Five to stop and kill Adam Worth ( Ian Tracey ) , who was turned down as a sixth member and blamed the Five for the death of his daughter , from releasing a toxin in London . In the season two episode " Next Tuesday " , Magnus states she was a passenger on the RMS Titanic in 1912 . In July 1944 , she worked with the French Resistance in Normandy to prevent the Nazis from controlling a fire elemental before D @-@ Day . She then charged the head Sanctuary in Old City , a fictional city in the Pacific Northwest , during which she decided to use the embryo to bear her daughter , Ashley ( Emilie Ullerup ) . On one of her expeditions , she saved a young Will Zimmerman from a dangerous abnormal , but failed to capture it before it killed his mother .
= = = Season one = = =
In the first season of the show , Magnus appoints an adult Will ( Robin Dunne ) , a forensic psychiatrist who worked for the Old City Police Department , to become her new protégé , which he eventually accepts . Druitt returns to the Sanctuary to ask Magnus to cure him from an unknown affliction ; Magnus tricks him into injecting poison , though Druitt escapes . Later , in " The Five " , it would be revealed Druitt survived , and Tesla was able to suppress his insanity . In " Fata Morgana " , she becomes aware of an underground organization known as the Cabal , who plot to control all abnormals for their own gain , and in several episodes throughout the first season , will become her and her organization 's primary focus . In " Requiem " , Magnus becomes exposed to an aggressive parasite in the Bermuda Triangle when going with Will to see a group of mermaids who massacred each other because of the same parasite . To stop Magnus from killing Will and herself , Will locks her in a cabin in the submarine , and drains all the oxygen , killing her . She is later revived after Will captures the escaping parasite . In the two @-@ part season finale " Revelations " , the Cabal launch a bioweapon called " Lazarus " , which causes any exposed abnormal to attack humans . To combat this , Magnus regroups the Five to Bhalasaam , a lost city , to recover the source blood ( vampire blood ) . However , by the end Magnus is distressed to learn that the Cabal have turned Ashley against her and the team and steals the blood sample .
= = = Season two = = =
The second season begins six weeks after the end of the first , where Magnus works hard to defeat the Cabal and save Ashley , whom the Cabal transformed to a vampire @-@ hybrid superabnormal , one of six tasked to destroy the Sanctuary Network . When the superabnormals arrive at the Old City Sanctuary , Magnus is able to get through to Ashley , who recognises her in time to save her from another superabnormal , and then teleports . Because an electromagnetic field is active , it would mean whoever teleports inside would be vaporized . Despite this , Magnus believes Ashley 's life energy may be in the electromagnetic field 's buffer . When it does not , she is forced to accept that Ashley has died . Because of her death , and other loved ones because of her longevity , she tried to find a way to age at a normal rate again . She finds an elixir used by the Mayans in Honduras , but it has the side effect of turning humans into zombie @-@ like creatures . After being shown the potential consequences of the elixir 's release by an incorporeal guardian , she decides to leave it behind .
Later on in the season , her leadership of the Sanctuary Network would be called into question by the other heads of house . In " Veritas " , she sets up an elaborate scheme to apprehend a telepath named Emma ( Erica Cerra ) , whom she suspects of working against the Network . In the scheme , Magnus forges a mental illness and fakes the murder of her butler , Bigfoot ( Heyerdahl ) , and makes Emma believe she kept alive Big Bertha , the most dangerous abnormal on Earth , which Magnus was thought to have killed . However , it is revealed in the season finale " Kali " , Magnus did indeed keep her alive in secrecy , but sedated , as she believes that killing Bertha would jeopardize the planet . When Big Bertha is being controlled by Edward Forsythe , Magnus attempts to sedate Big Bertha again , but by then , Terrence Wexford ( Paul McGillion ) overrides her authority and assumes control of the network . His attempt to kill Bertha only succeeds in angering her , and she launches a tsunami .
= = = Season three = = =
The third season begins with Magnus forcing Wexford to step down as head of the Sanctuary Network , thereby putting herself back in command , while the rest of the team deal with the tsunami . Though they are not happy that Big Bertha is still alive , the other Sanctuary house heads decide to keep Magnus in charge , while also firing Wexford for breaking several protocols . She learns from Will that when he talked to Kali , the avatar manifestation of Big Bertha , into stopping the tsunami , he saw her father , who left her clues leading to a map leading to Hollow Earth , thought to be the home of every abnormal species on the planet . In " Breach " Magnus learns Adam Worth is still alive , and he also intends to find Hollow Earth , having been there before and resurrected . After finding an entrance to Hollow Earth in Tibet , she and the team venture to the underground city of Praxis , where leader Ranna ( Polly Walker ) executes her and her team for trespassing . However , they are later resurrected as she wants their help in saving the city , which is facing destruction because a hyperspecies abnormal is not controlling the city 's geothermal energy . After saving it , Magnus and her team and Ranna part in good terms . It is also revealed Worth also came to the city to steal a power source with unlimited capabilities . Though it was assumed Druitt killed him before he could leave with it , it is later revealed in the season finale that Druitt kept him alive and that he is using the power source to create a time machine and cure his daughter 's leukemia , which could cause untold consequences on the planet . His first failed attempt causes the destruction of Praxis , and a time dilation bubble in Carentan , France . Magnus fails to stop him from succeeding , but does follow him through a time portal to London in 1898 .
= = = Season four = = =
Magnus pursues Worth throughout London to stop him from curing his daughter Imogene , who is meant to die in the timeline . During the pursuit she tries to avoid her past self , but fails to stop encountering Watson , who quickly discovers she is from his future , but he promises to keep quiet for the sake of preserving the timeline . When Worth chases Magnus later he accidentally kills Imogene , restoring the timeline . After killing Worth , Magnus ends up in hiding for the next 113 years before she can resurface to help Will dealing with a mass of Abnormals invading the surface . In the season finale , it is revealed that Helen had been secretly working with several important figures of the 20th Century , including Albert Einstein and Buckminster Fuller amongst others , and had built a new underground Sanctuary .
= = Characterization = =
The Syfy website describes Magnus as " beautiful and enigmatic " who has " devoted her life to the practical research of cutting edge medicine and science " . Her work is to explore the world of abnormals . While the rest of the world dismiss them as monstrous figments of their imaginations and elements of childhood nightmares , Magnus realizes that they are the world 's triumphs and mistakes . Magnus hence becomes their protector , but in some cases , their captor . She is also described as " bold and straightforward , brave and no @-@ nonsense , yet she remains proudly true to her formal Victorian English sensibilities " . Portraying actress Amanda Tapping described Magnus as a " crazy character " who is " very eccentric and very sexy and very unapologetic " .
Magnus " adores her daughter Ashley , respecting her independence and self @-@ reliance – but that doesn 't preclude some occasional mother @-@ daughter friction " . Tapping has said that there is a " huge amount of respect " between the two characters , adding " Ashley knows that when her mother says she needs to do something then she says it for a reason . And Magnus has a huge amount of respect for Ashley because Ashley can do things that she can 't . " Magnus made a hard choice of having Ashley even though she does not have her mother 's longevity , and Magnus would outlive her daughter . In the first season Magnus recruits Will as her protégé . When asked what Magnus thinks of Will , Tapping stated " I think Helen finds him fascinating . He 's so idealistic , she sees in him all the qualities that she admires , but all the qualities that she knows will probably get beaten out of him over the course of time . His idealism and purity of thought and the way he analyses things ... she absolutely respects that , but I think she also realises that there 's going to come a time when he 's going to become a bit jaded ... There are a couple of episodes where there 's been this bizarre sexual tension between the two of them ... but generally there 's just a huge healthy respect . " During a Blastr interview in 2011 , Tapping further explains Magnus ' relationship with Will ; " I love how this relationship has developed . [ ... ] " It 's been a really organic transformation of Will 's character and Magnus . To actually bring somebody on board who , initially , it 's all about teaching him the ropes . And then as the seasons have gone on he 's come into his own . He 's come into his own as a scientist . He 's come into his own in terms of his relationship with the people in the Sanctuary . " Dunne meanwhile stated " there 's a nice synchronicity that has formed between the two characters . And really , they 're two people that depend on each other for survival . And therefore , that 's where the respect comes out of . "
= = Conceptual history = =
Series creator Damian Kindler conceived the idea of Sanctuary in 2001 , many of his ideas were included in the final product , one of them being the English scientist Helen Magnus . A few years later , Kindler asked Martin Wood if there was a potential for a series . When Wood believed it would be , they both decided to approach Amanda Tapping to participate in the project , and she accepted . Kindler believed that casting Tapping was a " nice fit " to the character because the actress was born in England . Tapping , who played the regular character Samantha Carter in Stargate SG @-@ 1 and sister show Stargate Atlantis , did not know the future of her role in the show when she was approached to appear on Sanctuary in 2006 . When the webseries started shooting in January 2007 , it did not conflict with her commitments on Stargate . After the fourth season of Atlantis , Tapping was offered to return to the fifth season and she accepted . When Sanctuary was picked up to a television series , Tapping decided to turn down the Atlantis contract , having been encouraged by her husband to move on after playing Carter for eleven years . She went through a " weird disconnect " playing Magnus since " Sam Carter was so much a part of me " . However , she was able to embrace playing a new character " pretty quickly " .
Nevertheless , Tapping found it a challenge to play a different character , as Carter and Magnus have differing personalities and points of view ; " after playing a character like Sam Carter for so long where her physicality is so comfortable – Sam is so comfortable in her own skin and Helen is this very sexual , more mysterious being . She has a much darker edge to her and it was sort of finding that because Carter always looks on the bright side and Helen has been around so long , and has seen so much of the evil in human society if you will . " Whilst filming the webisodes , Tapping wore a dark @-@ haired wig , but when the television series was being shot , she dyed her hair to match the hair colour of the wig . Tapping spoke with an English accent throughout the run of the series . Although many of her relatives are from the United Kingdom and speak with British accents Tapping found the accent a challenge , as her character came from the Victorian era , which is a " very specific way of speaking . She clings to that eccentricity a bit , to that Britishness . " The actress listened to several different voices , as she had to factor in the fact that Magnus lived all around the world .
Sanctuary was mostly filmed on virtual green screen sets . Initially Tapping went through what she called " chroma key green headaches " because she had to stare at nothing but bright green walls for the first few days . When she got used to it , she likened filming on green screen to working in theatre . In the second season her daughter , Ashley was killed off . The producers , as well as the American and Canadian networks to give the character , including Magnus , a deep and most dramatic impact . They also wanted Magnus to feel more angry and vulnerable throughout the season , especially in the first three episodes . After playing Magnus in the series ' third season , Tapping admitted that she still does not get Magnus because " there 's so many things about the decisions that she makes that I still can 't wrap my head around , and to me that 's fascinating as an actor , to try to get inside somebody so complex and so kind of confusing . " In the episode " Normandy " , Tapping wore a red @-@ haired wig for Magnus during her time in the Second World War , as an homage to her late grandmother . For the fourth season , Tapping requested that Magnus would be given a new love interest . The request was granted in the form of a female virologist appearing early in the season ( thus establishing Magnus 's bisexuality ) .
In addition to being an actor , Tapping was also an executive producer on the series . However , she did not get paid extra as that salary would go towards financing the show , which was not backed up by a studio . She also served as a director on certain days if other directors were unavailable , or called in sick . In the second season , she was allowed to direct " Veritas " , the seventh episode .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical reaction = = =
According to Mark Wilson of About.com , Amanda Tapping was enthusiastic about creating a radically different character after eleven years playing Samantha Carter in Stargate SG @-@ 1 and Stargate Atlantis , and expended tremendous effort to separate Helen from Carter as successfully as possible . Tapping was able to successfully portray a woman who 's experienced a century and a half of isolation , strangeness , and relentless compassion . Rick Bentley from McClatchy Newspapers commented Tapping 's role as Dr. Magnus was a way for the actor to make a name of herself outside the Stargate universe as Carter . Magnus is also described as a " non @-@ glib , female Jack Harkness ; " Jack Harkness being the main character from the British science fiction show Torchwood . Hilary Rothing of UGO said that " Dr. Helen Magnus is intelligent , alluring and has one of those tasty British accents – Victorian era to be exact . That 's because she 's a 157 years old . But seriously , she doesn 't look a day over 35 . " She also added that Tapping is " right at home " taking the lead for the show . Alex Walker of Den of Geek believed Magnus was " typical for an English character in an American TV show , with a liking for tea and a cut @-@ glass elocution betraying no hint of a regional accent " . Helen Magnus has been listed number ten in TV Squad 's " Ten Most mysterious characters on television " .
Magnus 's English accent was not well received by some critics . She was listed ninth in io9 's " Worst Fake Accents From The Yanks ( And Canucks ) Of Science Fiction " , with Meredith Woerner stating " I really want to like this new Sci Fi Channel show , especially since the monsters look amazing – but I 'm worried Tapping 's dreadful accent will get in the way . It sounds completely forced in all the clips I 've seen so far , but I 'll guess I 'll have to wait until October 3 to make my full assessment . " Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune wondered why Tapping decided to speak with an " iffy accent , " but added she would be of interest by fans of Tapping 's previous works , notably Stargate . Rob Owen of the Pittsburgh Post @-@ Gazette called Tapping 's English accent " unremarkable " , whilst calling the show an " unremarkable series . "
= = = Accolades = = =
Over the course of the series , Tapping 's portrayal of Magnus resulted in several award nominations . Tapping was nominated for a 2009 Gemini Award for " Best Performance by an Actress in a Continuing Leading Dramatic Role , " for her role in " Requiem " , but lost out to Being Erica 's Erin Karpluk In the same year , Tapping won the similar " Best Lead Performance by a Female in a Dramatic Series " Leo Award for the same episode . She was nominated for the same category again in 2010 for " Pavor Nocturnus " , and in 2011 for " Breach " , but lost out to Erin Karpluk and Blackstone 's Carmen Moore , respectively .
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= Ross A. McGinnis =
Ross Andrew McGinnis ( June 14 , 1987 – December 4 , 2006 ) was a United States Army soldier who was killed in the Iraq War and was posthumously awarded the United States ' highest decoration for bravery , the Medal of Honor . While serving as the gunner in a HMMWV , his convoy was attacked and a hand grenade was thrown into his vehicle . McGinnis was subsequently killed in action when he deliberately threw himself on the grenade , saving the lives of at least four other soldiers in the vehicle . He was the fourth soldier to receive the Medal of Honor during the Iraq War , which was presented to his family following his death .
= = Early life and education = =
McGinnis was born in Meadville , Pennsylvania on June 14 , 1987 to Romayne and Tom McGinnis . Although he was born in Meadville he grew up in Knox , 90 miles north of Pittsburgh , after his family moved there when he was three . When he was in kindergarten , his teacher gave him a paper that at the top said " When I grow up , I want to be _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ " and he wrote " an Army Man " . When he was growing up he became involved in the Boy Scouts of America , enjoyed working on cars , and was an athlete playing multiple sports . He played basketball and soccer through the YMCA , and Little League baseball . He attended Clarion County public schools and graduated from Keystone Junior / Senior High School in 2005 . He had two sisters , Becky and Katie .
= = Career = =
McGinnis had wanted to be a soldier since kindergarten and joined the Army through the Delayed Entry Program on his 17th birthday , on June 14 , 2004 . Following basic training at Fort Benning , Georgia , he was assigned to the 1st Battalion , 26th Infantry Regiment , in Ledward Barracks , in Schweinfurt , Germany .
In August 2006 , aged 19 , the regiment was deployed to eastern Baghdad and he was serving as a .50 caliber machine @-@ gunner in a HMMWV during operations against insurgents in Adhamiyah . On December 4 , while his platoon was on mounted patrol in Adhamiyah , a grenade was thrown into his vehicle . He shouted a warning to the other four men in the vehicle , so they could prepare for the blast . When one of the men responded they could not see where the device had landed , instead of jumping out of the gunner 's hatch , McGinis threw his back over the grenade , absorbing the bulk of the blast . He was killed instantly , but the other occupants were able to survive with only minor injuries .
He is buried at Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia and his grave can be found in section 60 , site 8544 . Since the beginning of the Iraq War , he is one of five known United States servicemembers who have thrown themselves on a live grenade . The other personnel known to have done this are Marine Corporal Jason Dunham , Navy SEAL Petty Officer 2nd Class Michael A. Monsoor , Marine Corporal Kyle Carpenter , and Marine Sergeant Rafael Peralta . McGinnis was the fourth recipient of the Medal of Honor in the course of the Iraq War .
A ceremony was held in the east room of the White House on June 2 , 2008 in which the medal was presented to his family by President George W. Bush . In addition to his family and the President , many other notable people attended the ceremony , including the Vice President , the Secretary of Veterans Affairs James Peake , Secretary of the Army Pete Geren , Secretary of the Air Force Michael Wynne , General Jim " Hoss " Cartwright , and the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs . Several members of Congress also attended as did members of McGinnis ' unit from Iraq , including the other soldiers from the vehicle he sacrificed his life to save .
= = Awards and decorations = =
In addition to the Medal of Honor he also received a posthumous promotion to specialist as well as the Bronze Star and the Purple Heart .
= = = Medal of Honor citation = = =
For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty :
Private First Class Ross A. McGinnis distinguished himself by acts of gallantry and intrepidity above and beyond the call of duty while serving as an M2 .50 @-@ caliber Machine Gunner , 1st Platoon , C Company , 1st Battalion , 26th Infantry Regiment , in connection with combat operations against an armed enemy in Adhamiyah , Northeast Baghdad , Iraq , on December 4 , 2006 .
That afternoon his platoon was conducting combat control operations in an effort to reduce and control sectarian violence in the area . While Private McGinnis was manning the M2 .50 @-@ caliber Machine Gun , a fragmentation grenade thrown by an insurgent fell through the gunner 's hatch into the vehicle . Reacting quickly , he yelled " grenade , " allowing all four members of his crew to prepare for the grenade 's blast . Then , rather than leaping from the gunner 's hatch to safety , Private McGinnis made the courageous decision to protect his crew . In a selfless act of bravery , in which he was mortally wounded , Private McGinnis covered the live grenade , pinning it between his body and the vehicle and absorbing most of the explosion .
Private McGinnis ' gallant action directly saved four men from certain serious injury or death . Private First Class McGinnis ' extraordinary heroism and selflessness at the cost of his own life , above and beyond the call of duty , are in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflect great credit upon himself , his unit , and the United States Army .
= = = Other honors = = =
A PBS Special Report chronicled the life of McGinnis as told by his parents , friends and the people of his hometown of Knox , Clarion County , Pennsylvania .
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= Union City High School =
Union City High School is a three @-@ year comprehensive public high school serving students in tenth through twelfth grades from Union City , in Hudson County , New Jersey , United States , operating as part of the Union City Board of Education . The four @-@ story school is located between Kennedy Boulevard and Summit Avenue , from 24th to 26th Street , with additional facilities a block south on Kerrigan Avenue . Through its predecessors , the school has been accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Secondary Schools since 1928 .
As of the 2013 @-@ 14 school year , the school had an enrollment of 2 @,@ 530 students and 161 @.@ 0 classroom teachers ( on an FTE basis ) , for a student – teacher ratio of 15 @.@ 7 : 1 . There were 2 @,@ 247 students ( 88 @.@ 8 % of enrollment ) eligible for free lunch and 137 ( 5 @.@ 4 % of students ) eligible for reduced @-@ cost lunch .
The school opened in September 2009 , merging the student bodies of the city 's prior two high schools , Union Hill High School and Emerson High School , and marking the first high school opened in the city in 90 years . The school , which was built on the site of the former Roosevelt Stadium , cost $ 180 million , covers 4 ½ acres and includes a rooftop football field . The school 's colors are navy blue and silver .
= = Grade structure = =
Union City High School holds only Sophomore through Senior students . The Academy for Enrichment and Advancement ( AEA ) , which is housed one block south on Kerrigan Avenue between 22nd and 23rd Streets , is a special interest academy that is part of the High School . The AEA provides classes for students of grades 9 - 12 who show interest in the fields of science and engineering .
Since its inaugural school year , Union City High School has offered college @-@ level courses to students , and through its partnerships with nearby colleges and universities , increased the number of such courses for the 2010 – 2011 school year , enabling students to accumulate up to 12 - 15 college credits by graduation that can be readily transferred to New Jersey public colleges . In addition to Liberal Arts courses , students can take advanced placement biology , chemistry , physics , anatomy & physiology , forensic science , robotics , geometry , algebra 2 , and calculus at the AEA . Students preparing for civil engineering and architecture careers can take pre @-@ engineering , computer networking and computer aided design ( CAD ) at the AEA . The AEA is also one of the few high schools in New Jersey that offers a course in Mandarin Chinese .
= = History = =
The site on which Union City High School sits was originally the location of the Hudson County Consumers Brewery Company . It was purchased for $ 456 @,@ 000 , and turned it into a gated playground . Through the efforts of Director of Public Affairs Harry J. Thorout and the Federal Works Progress Administration , which awarded the project $ 172 @,@ 472 , as part of Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal , it was turned into the art deco Roosevelt Stadium , which opened in 1937 . Though primarily a football stadium that served as a home to future National Football League greats Lou Cordileone and Frank Winters and College Football Hall of Famer Ed Franco , the stadium also housed events in semi @-@ pro baseball , soccer , track , boxing , as well as numerous special events , such as an exhibition baseball game featuring Babe Ruth and Lou Gehrig . Roosevelt Stadium was also the home to the annual Thanksgiving Turkey Game between rivals Emerson High School and Union Hill High School , the two high schools that previously served the city . The last Turkey Game was hosted by the stadium in 2004 . Three subsequent Turkey Games were held at the Midtown Athletic Complex until 2007 , after which the two high schools would be converted into middle schools . José Martí Middle School , which is located on Summit Avenue at 18th Street , was converted into José Martí Freshman Academy .
On July 11 , 2005 , acting New Jersey Governor Richard Codey and Union City Mayor Brian P. Stack , along with other officials , broke ground in preparation for the new complex , budgeted at $ 180 million . $ 172 million of the funds were provided by the state , with Union City providing the remaining $ 8 million , making it one of the most expensive schools in New Jersey . Cliffside Park @-@ based RSC Architects , in partnership with architecture firm HOK New York , designed the 360 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 33 @,@ 000 m2 ) school , which includes 66 classrooms . Piscataway @-@ based Epic Management served as the construction manager for the project . In early March 2006 , a large piece of the Hudson Brewery 's original brick foundation was found intact , along with the base of a manhole still connected to an original sewer that opened underneath the brewery . The artifacts were removed for historic preservation .
Union City High School opened for students on September 3 , 2009 , marking the first high school built in Union City in 90 years . The school 's inaugural principal was David Wilcomes . A ribbon @-@ cutting ceremony was held on September 25 , and attended by Union City Mayor Brian P. Stack , New Jersey Governor Jon Corzine and Senator Bob Menendez . A subsequent opening gala was held September 26 , and featured appearances from celebrities such as New York Giant Harry Carson , and actor and Union Hill High School graduate Bobby Cannavale , and a performance by musician Tito Puente , Jr . A performance by Cuban singer Cucu Diamantes was cancelled by the city 's Board of Education , causing controversy . The Board cancelled the performance in response to threats of protest by anti @-@ Castro activists over Diamantes ' performance in a concert in Havana , Cuba days earlier .
The commencement ceremony for the school 's first graduating class was held June 23 , 2010 . Delivering the keynote speech to the 628 graduates was New Jersey State Associate Supreme Court Justice Roberto A. Rivera @-@ Soto . Subsequent commencement keynotes have been delivered by Judge Esther Salas , and former New Jersey Governor Jim McGreevey .
On October 28 , 2011 , the city broke ground on the school 's $ 930 @,@ 000 , state @-@ funded Student Sanctuary , a 16 @,@ 900 square foot , triangular landscaped pedestrian plaza in front of the school at the corner of Kennedy Boulevard at 24th Street . On December 18 , 2012 , the school 's 50 @-@ year time capsule was filled with items representing the school and then buried on the Sanctuary grounds , with a scheduled opening in 2061 . The Sanctuary , which was designed by Becica Associates L.L.C. , Borst Landscape and Design , and Environmental Resolutions Inc . , was opened with a ribbon @-@ cutting ceremony on May 22 , 2013 , marking the completion of the school . It features a small amphitheater , a rain garden , a functioning waterfall , a fountain , decorative brick paved walkways , patios , and over 100 different species of all @-@ season shrubs and grasses . The Sanctuary provides e a point of relaxation to students and residents , and has been referred to by students and the press alike as a " tranquil oasis stylishly [ that ] contrasts with the urban surrounding . " In addition to its rural features , which provides research opportunities for the school 's environmental sciences classes and its horticultural and environment clubs , the Sanctuary also features technological conveniences such as free Wi @-@ Fi to allows students and staff to use their equipment outside , and in @-@ ground speakers that allow the amphitheater to host performances and other events .
= = Faculty and staff = =
Former athlete Otis Davis , who won two gold medals in track and field events at the 1960 Summer Olympics , works at Union City High School as coach , mentor and verification officer . He is also co @-@ founder and current president of the Tri @-@ States Olympic Alumni Association , mentors student athletes at the school .
In July 2012 , English as a Second Language ( ESL ) teacher Kristine Nazzal was named Hudson County 's Teacher of the Year by the New Jersey Department of Education . Nazzal was among 300 teachers who appeared on the September 23 , 2012 episode of NBC Nightly News with Brian Williams to discuss issues pertaining to education .
= = Academic achievements = =
The school was the 301st @-@ ranked public high school in New Jersey out of 339 schools statewide in New Jersey Monthly magazine 's September 2014 cover story on the state 's " Top Public High Schools " , using a new ranking methodology . The school had been ranked 323rd in the state of 328 schools in 2012 . The magazine ranked the two predecessor schools 271st ( Emerson ) and 285th ( Union Hill ) out of 322 public high schools statewide , in the magazine 's September 2010 cover story on the state 's " Top Public High Schools " , after being ranked 288th ( Emerson ) and 233rd ( Union Hill ) in 2008 out of 316 public high schools statewide .
University of California , Berkeley Professor David L. Kirp , in his 2011 book , Kids First , and his 2013 book , Improbable Scholars , praised Union City 's education system for bringing poor , mostly immigrant children ( three quarters of whom live in homes where only Spanish is spoken and a quarter of which are thought to be undocumented and fearful of deportation ) into the educational mainstream . Kirp , who spent a year in Union City examining its schools , notes that while in the late 1970s , Union City schools faced the threat of state takeover , as of 2013 they boast achievement scores that approximate the statewide average . Kirp also observes that in 2011 , Union City boasted a high school graduation rate of 89 @.@ 5 percent — roughly 10 percentage points higher than the national average , and that in 2012 , 75 percent of Union City graduates enrolled in college , with top students winning scholarships to the Ivy League . Kirp attributes Union City 's success to among other things , the positive educational atmosphere of Union City High School generated by educators such as principal John Bennetti . Deborah Short of the Center for Applied Linguistics in Washington DC singled out the school 's initiatives , saying that the Union City High School " has created a culture that respects differences and promotes learning . The school expects its students to do well and it gives them lots of support . "
= = Facilities = =
The 360 @,@ 000 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 33 @,@ 000 m2 ) school houses 66 classrooms equipped with Mac computers , automatic lights , SMART Boards and Wi @-@ Fi to enable students to use laptop computers in their studies .
The arts are served by two art class rooms devoted to painting , sculpture and pottery , sewing machine @-@ equipped rooms for fashion classes , television production facilities , and three music classrooms , each of which is equipped with grand pianos . Dancers have two separate rooms with floor to ceiling mirrors and ballet bars . The school 's cafeteria is located on the second floor and is equipped with several walk @-@ in freezers and a half @-@ dozen pizza ovens . The school 's restrooms utilize automated no @-@ touch sinks .
The school 's " world @-@ class " gym includes bleachers that seat 1 @,@ 800 people , and a weight room accessible directly from the gym . Elsewhere on the first floor is an aerobics room that houses cardio exercise machines .
A centrally located Media Center is located on the first floor and includes dozens of Mac computers . Although it was initially suggested to name the room after Pulitzer Prize @-@ winning poet and United States Poet Laureate W.S. Merwin , who grew up in Union City , it was eventually named after former New Jersey Governor Jim McGreevey . It is located next to the outdoor Senior Courtyard . An American flag that stands in that courtyard , when raised , overlooks the athletic field . The Media Center is also used for community functions , such as an April 2011 book signing by Professor David L. Kirp .
The school 's centerpiece is its three @-@ acre athletic field , called the Eagle 's Nest , located on the second floor roof , an idea that inspired from a field that lies on top of a parking garage on the campus of Georgetown University . The field features skyline views of the Empire State Building and Midtown Manhattan . The architecture of the athletic complex , which cost $ 15 million , was designed to resemble the former Roosevelt Stadium , which previously occupied the site . A number of classrooms on the third and fourth floors overlook the field , which rests on two floors of steel and reinforced concrete . The field 's bleachers seat 2 @,@ 100 spectators . The field 's on @-@ campus location eliminates not only the students ' prior need to walk or be bussed from school to a separate location to play , but the need for the two prior schools to share the field . Although the merger of the former Union Hill Hillers and Emerson Bulldogs had experienced some difficulties a year prior when the students were still housed at separate high schools ( called Union City High School 's North and South campuses , respectively ) , the merge had been ameliorated by the move of the unified student body to the single new school . The athletic facility has been singled out as one of the most unusual in the United States . It was included in MaxPreps ' 2012 list of " 10 more high school football stadiums to see before you die " . Due to the athletic field 's unique location , it deals with unusual logistical challenges , such as balls that land on the streets surrounding the school ; space limitations that place the band close to the visitors ' sideline , thus making it sometimes difficult to hear ; and games that are interrupted by school fire drills .
The school 's 910 @-@ seat auditorium also serves as the Union City Performing Arts Center . The Center opened on October 16 , 2009 with a celebration that featured an art gallery of over 160 paintings , as well as performances by a number of musicians , poets and dancers . Included in the performances were a guitar solo by Francisco " Pancho " Navarro , who appeared in 2002 Salma Hayek film Frida , a dance performance by Tap Ole Dance Company that was choreographed by Megan Fernandez , who had appeared on the reality television program America 's Got Talent , and a poetry reading by Graciela Barreto , who had been named poet laureate of Union City in September . Drama classes are aided with a separate black box theater for small productions , which doubles as a community conference center . Public events used by the auditorium including the 2010 swearing @-@ in ceremony for Union City Mayor Brian P. Stack , and the Union City International Film Festival , the first one of which was held in December 2010 . The school 's athletic field and auditorium are made available to local residents in order to utilize the school as a community center for the city .
The federally funded , social services nonprofit group , North Hudson Community Action Corporation 's ( NHCAC ) pediatric health center , which is housed in the building , opened in early July 2010 , in order to allow the corporation 's facilities on 31st Street to expand its women 's health and internal medicine capacity . The center was opened in July so that the patient flow could be monitored when students were not in school , in order to determine how to integrate the center 's operations with the school 's , educate students on managing their health , and allow them to utilize its services in order to decrease health @-@ related absenteeism , once the school session resumed . Union City Superintendent of Schools Stanley Sanger indicated that eventually , health screenings would be provided to all Union City students . NHCAC runs a health screening facility six days a week by two doctors . The facility has a separate entrance / exit from the street , and is closed off to the rest of the school . The state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art 2 @,@ 286 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 212 @.@ 4 m2 ) full pediatric facility includes four private examination rooms and an on @-@ site laboratory . It is open to low @-@ income Hudson County families and sees approximately 20 @-@ 25 patients 18 and under daily , charging sliding @-@ scale fees for its services , though NHCAC President and city commissioner Christopher Irizarry expressed hopes to eventually increase that capacity to 50 patients a day . It is the third of NHCAC 's ten such facilities in North Hudson , New Jersey to implement electronic health record @-@ keeping , which allows patients to schedule appointments online , see doctors more quickly and facilitate quicker lab results and filling of prescriptions at pharmacies .
The staff 's parking garage , built a block south of the school , also serves nearby residents and business .
= = Athletics = =
The Union City High School Soaring Eagles compete in the Hudson County Interscholastic League , following a reorganization of sports leagues in North Jersey by the New Jersey State Interscholastic Athletic Association ( NJSIAA ) . With 2 @,@ 316 students in grades 10 @-@ 12 , the school was classified by the NJSIAA for the 2014 @-@ 15 school year as North I , Group IV for most athletic competition purposes , which included schools with an enrollment of 1 @,@ 108 to 2 @,@ 479 students in that grade range . Prior to the 2010 realignment , the school had been assigned to the North Jersey Tri @-@ County Conference for the 2009 @-@ 10 season .
Union City High School 's first head football coach was Joe Rotondi , previously the coach at Union Hill High School , who was appointed to the position when that school merged with Emerson High School for the 2008 @-@ 09 season . Due to a less successful than anticipated record ( 5 @-@ 5 in 2008 and 3 @-@ 7 in 2009 ) , he was replaced by former Ferris High School coach Wilbur Valdez in early 2010 .
In addition to fielding a team in football , Union City High school fields teams in wrestling , basketball , soccer , volleyball , bowling , baseball , cross county , lacrosse , swimming , tennis and track and field .
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= Tropical Storm Cristobal ( 2008 ) =
Tropical Storm Cristobal was the third named storm of the 2008 Atlantic hurricane season . It formed on July 19 from a trough of low pressure off the Southeast U.S. Coast . In a marginally favorable environment , it attained minimal tropical storm status later that day . The storm remained offshore , and peaked as a strong tropical storm on July 21 while it passed east of Cape Hatteras . It accelerated northeast parallel to the East Coast and became extratropical on July 23 near Nova Scotia . Because it was a weak storm and never made landfall , Cristobal 's effects were mostly limited to moderate rainfall . The storm dropped 3 @.@ 43 in ( 87 mm ) of rain in Wilmington , North Carolina , where minor flooding was reported . Additionally , the extratropical remnants contributed to rainfall on Nova Scotia which caused some street and basement flooding .
= = Meteorological history = =
On July 14 , 2008 a weakening surface trough extended across northern Florida , producing thunderstorms across the state . A weak low pressure area developed on July 15 near Tallahassee , which moved southeastward into the Gulf of Mexico . Late on July 16 it crossed onshore near Tampa , and development was not anticipated due to land interaction . Late on July 17 , however , convection increased in association with the low , and the system quickly became better organized . Late on July 18 , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) remarked that a tropical depression was developing , with its convection becoming more concentrated around a circulation ; at 11 p.m. EST on July 18 ( 0300 UTC July 19 ) , it was classified as Tropical Depression Three , about 65 miles ( 105 km ) southeast of Charleston , South Carolina .
Located between a ridge to its southeast and northwest , the depression moved slowly northeastward , and with a marginally favorable upper @-@ level environment , it attained minimal tropical storm status during the early afternoon of July 19 . Initially fairly disorganized with little deep convection , dry air in the mid- to @-@ upper @-@ levels of the atmosphere prevented immediate intensification . However , late on July 20 thunderstorm activity increased . Cristobal remained a fairly weak tropical storm as it tracked adjacent to the Carolina coast , and the storm never made landfall . It reached peak intensity as a strong tropical storm on July 21 while it passed east of Cape Hatteras , and remained such over the warm Gulf Stream waters as convection became strong over the southern portion of the circulation . Beginning to enter cooler waters , the cyclone accelerated east @-@ northeastward on July 21 and July 22 . On the afternoon of July 22 , Cristobal began to weaken south of Nova Scotia . In the evening hours , satellite imagery indicated that the mid @-@ level center became separated from the low @-@ level center . The storm 's cloud pattern became disorganized , and by July 23 it had completed an extratropical transition . The National Hurricane Center issued its last advisory on the system at 5 : 00 am EDT ( 0900 UTC ) on July 23 .
= = Preparations = =
In anticipation of Tropical Storm Cristobal , a tropical storm warning was issued for coastal areas from the South Santee River in South Carolina to the North Carolina – Virginia Border . The advisory was discontinued on July 20 as Cristobal pulled away from land . Flood advisories were declared for parts of North Carolina . National Weather Service forecasters advised against swimming due to high seas and potential rip currents . Environment Canada issued rain warnings throughout portions of Nova Scotia .
= = Impact = =
Prior to forming , the precursor low dropped light to moderate rainfall across the state of Florida . In Lake Wales , 6 inches ( 150 mm ) of precipitation was reported , most of which fell within the period of two hours . The sudden , heavy rainfall clogged storm drains , causing some street flooding . Up to 40 cars were pulled from flooded streets , some being submerged with 2 ft ( 0 @.@ 6 m ) of water . Damages from the flooding was estimated at $ 10 @,@ 000 . In Georgia , the storm produced 3 @.@ 48 inches ( 88 mm ) of rain , while in South Carolina , 2 @.@ 60 inches ( 66 mm ) was recorded .
On July 20 , Cristobal skirted eastern North Carolina , resulting in minimal damage . Along the coast , water levels rose 1 foot ( 0 @.@ 30 m ) above normal ; rough surf was also reported . Rainfall averaged 0 @.@ 5 to 1 @.@ 5 inches ( 13 to 38 mm ) , though the NEXRAD weather radar estimates indicated that isolated amounts exceeded 4 inches ( 100 mm ) . The storm dropped 3 @.@ 43 in ( 87 mm ) in Wilmington , North Carolina , where minor flooding occurred . Because the bulk of the storm remained over open waters , winds along the coast ran about 25 mph ( 40 km / h ) .
While the center of Cristobal was more than a day away from the Canadian Maritimes , moisture extended ahead of the cyclone and became enhanced by a stalled frontal system . As a result , heavy rainfall fell along the Atlantic coast of Nova Scotia . At Baccaro Point , 224 mm ( 8 @.@ 8 in ) of rain was reported , while 145 mm ( 5 @.@ 8 in ) fell at Sambro , near Halifax . The rain flooded basements and streets in the Cape Sable area . A sailor from Connecticut was rescued 250 km ( 160 mi ) to the southeast of Halifax when his ship capsized in stormy seas . The highest winds remained offshore , though a buoy recorded gusts to 58 miles per hour ( 93 km / h ) .
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= Prime Minister of Vietnam =
The Prime Minister of Vietnam ( Vietnamese : Thủ tướng Việt Nam ) , officially styled Prime Minister of the Socialist Republic ( Vietnamese : Thủ tướng Chính phủ nước Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa ) , is the head of government of Vietnam and presides over the meetings of the Central Government ( formerly the Council of Ministers ) . The prime minister directs the work of government members , and may propose deputy prime ministers to the National Assembly .
The head of government is responsible to the National Assembly and serves as the Deputy Chairman of the Council for Defence and Security . The tenure of a prime minister is five years , and the term is renewable once . The current prime minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc has served since 2016 . In case of incapacity , a deputy prime minister assumes the office of acting prime minister until the prime minister resumes duty , or until the appointment of a new prime minister .
The powers and prestige of the prime minister have varied through the years . Pham Van Dong , Vietnam 's second prime minister , often lamented that in practice he had little power . Since the death of Pham Hung in 1988 , the prime minister has been ranked 3rd in the order of precedence of the Communist Party 's Politburo , the highest decision @-@ making body in Vietnam .
= = History = =
Ho Chi Minh , who also served as the country 's President , was appointed Vietnam 's first prime minister in 1946 by the National Assembly , after having served months as Acting Chairman of the Provisional Government and foreign minister in the aftermath of the 1945 August Revolution . Both the 1946 and 1959 Constitutions state that the National Assembly had the power to appoint and relieve the prime minister of his duties . The prime minister presided over the Council of Ministers , the highest executive body of state , from 1981 until it was renamed to Government in the 1992 constitution . The office of prime minister was renamed in the 1980 constitution to that of Chairman of the Council of Ministers .
Pham Van Dong , the second Prime Minister of Vietnam , served as North Vietnamese Prime Minister from 1955 until 1976 , when he became prime minister of a unified Vietnam , and then until 1987 , when he resigned . At his resignation , he was the longest @-@ serving prime minister in Vietnamese history , and the oldest serving prime minister in the world . He often lamented that he was one of the world 's weakest prime ministers , on one occasion saying ; " I can do nothing . When I say something , nobody listens . If I propose changing a deputy minister , it turns out to be impossible . I cannot even choose my own ministers . " Since the death of Pham Hung in 1988 , the prime minister has been ranked Number 3 in the order of precedence of the Communist Party 's Politburo .
= = Duties , powers and responsibilities = =
The National Assembly by a proposal of the President of Vietnam elects the prime minister . The prime minister is responsible to the National Assembly , and the Assembly elects all ministers to government . Activity reports by the prime minister must be given to the National Assembly , while the Standing Committee of the National Assembly supervises the activities of the Central Government and the prime minister . Finally , the deputies of the National Assembly have the right to question the prime minister and other members of government .
The prime minister is the only member of government who must be a member of the National Assembly . This is because the prime minister is accountable to the National Assembly , and he reports to it , or to its Standing Committee , and to the president . The prime minister issues directives and supervises the implementation of formal orders given by the president , the National Assembly or the Standing Committee . Cabinet members and members of the Central Government in general are responsible to the prime minister and the National Assembly for the fields they specialise in . According to the Constitution of Vietnam , the following are the duties , powers and responsibilities of the prime minister :
To head the Central Government , and direct the works of members of the Central Government , the People 's Councils at all levels and to chair the meetings of the Cabinet ;
To propose to the National Assembly that ministries , or organs with ministerial rank , be established or dissolved ; to present to the National Assembly or , when the latter is not in session , to its Standing Committee , for approval , proposals on the appointment , release from duty , or dismissal of deputy prime ministers , cabinet ministers and other members of the Government ;
To appoint , release from duty , or dismiss deputy ministers and officials of equal rank ; to approve the election , release from duty , secondment and dismissal of chairmen and deputy chairmen of People 's Committees of provinces and cities under direct central rule ;
To suspend or annul decisions , directives and circulars of cabinet ministers and other Government members , decisions and directives of People 's Councils and chairmen of People 's Committees of provinces and cities under direct central rule that contravene the Constitution , the law , or other formal written documents of superior State organs ;
To suspend the execution of resolutions of People 's Councils of provinces and cities under direct central rule that contravene the Constitution , the law , or the formal written orders of superior State organs ; at the same time to propose to the Standing Committee of the National Assembly to annul them ;
To make regular reports to the people through the mass media on major issues to be settled by the Government .
When the prime minister is absent , he must choose one of his deputy prime ministers to direct the work of the government .
The prime minister serves concurrently as the secretary of the CPV Government Caucus Commission . The National Assembly chairman serves as the commission 's deputy . Currently there are ten members of the Commission , all of whom hold government posts . Commission members are appointed by the Politburo , and the Commission itself is responsible to the Politburo and the Secretariat . The decision @-@ making process within the Commission is based on the principles of collective leadership .
= = Living former prime ministers = =
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= Queen Maud Land =
Queen Maud Land ( Norwegian : Dronning Maud Land ) is a c . 2 @.@ 7 million @-@ square @-@ kilometre ( 1 million sq mi ) region of Antarctica claimed as a dependent territory by Norway . The territory lies between 20 ° west and 45 ° east , between the British Antarctic Territory to the west and the Australian Antarctic Territory to the east . On most maps there had been an unclaimed area between Queen Maud Land 's borders of 1939 and the South Pole until June 12 , 2015 when Norway formally annexed that area . Positioned in East Antarctica , the territory comprises about one @-@ fifth of the total area of Antarctica . The claim is named after Queen Maud of Norway ( 1869 – 1938 ) .
Norwegian Hjalmar Riiser @-@ Larsen was the first person known to have set foot in the territory , in 1930 . On 14 January 1939 , the territory was claimed by Norway . From 1939 until 1945 , Nazi Germany claimed New Swabia , which consisted of part of Queen Maud Land . On 23 June 1961 , Queen Maud Land became part of the Antarctic Treaty System , making it a demilitarised zone . It is one of two Antarctic claims made by Norway , the other being Peter I Island . They are administrated by the Polar Affairs Department of the Norwegian Ministry of Justice and Public Security in Oslo .
Most of the territory is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet , and a tall ice wall stretches throughout its coast . In some areas further within the ice sheet , mountain ranges breach through the ice , allowing for birds to breed and the growth of a limited flora . The region is divided into the Princess Martha Coast , Princess Astrid Coast , Princess Ragnhild Coast , Prince Harald Coast and Prince Olav Coast . The waters off the coast are called the King Haakon VII Sea .
There is no permanent population , although there are 12 active research stations housing a maximum average of 40 scientists , the numbers fluctuating depending on the season . Six are occupied year @-@ round , while the remainder are seasonal summer stations . The main aerodromes for intercontinental flights , corresponding with Cape Town , South Africa , are Troll Airfield , near the Norwegian Troll research station , and a runway at the Russian Novolazarevskaya Station .
= = Geography = =
Queen Maud Land extends from the boundary with Coats Land in the west to the boundary with Enderby Land in the east , and is divided into the Princess Martha Coast , Princess Astrid Coast , Princess Ragnhild Coast , Prince Harald Coast and Prince Olav Coast . The territory is estimated to cover around 2 @,@ 700 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 sq mi ) . The limits of the claim , put forth in 1939 , did not fix the northern and southern limits other than as ' … the mainland beach in Antarctica … with the land that lies beyond this beach and the sea beyond … ' . The sea that extends off the coast between the longitudal limits of Queen Maud Land is generally called King Haakon VII Sea .
There is no ice @-@ free land at the coast ; the coast consists of a 20 @-@ to @-@ 30 @-@ metre high ( 70 to 100 ft ) wall of ice throughout almost the entire territory . It is thus only possible to disembark from a ship in a few places . Some 150 to 200 kilometres ( 90 to 120 mi ) from the coast , rocky peaks pierce the ice cap , itself at a mean height of around 2 @,@ 000 metres ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) above sea level , with the highest point at Jøkulkyrkja ( 3 @,@ 148 metres or 10 @,@ 328 feet ) in the Mühlig @-@ Hofmann Mountains . The other major mountain ranges are the Heimefront Range , Orvin Mountains , Wohlthat Mountains and Sør Rondane Mountains .
Geologically , the ground of Queen Maud Land is dominated by Precambrian gneiss , formed c . 1 to 1 @.@ 2 Ga , before the creation of the supercontinent Gondwana . The mountains consist mostly of crystalline and granitic rocks , formed c . 500 to 600 Ma in the Pan @-@ African orogeny during the assembly of Gondwana . In the farthest western parts of the territory , there are younger sedimentary and volcanic rocks . Research on the thickness of the ice has revealed that without the ice , the coast would be similar to those of Norway and Greenland , with deep fjords and islands .
= = History = =
= = = Early activity = = =
Queen Maud Land was the first part of Antarctica to be sighted , on 27 January 1820 by Fabian von Bellingshausen . It was however among the last to be explored , as it required aircraft in combination with ships to undertake systematic exploration . Early Norwegian research activities in Antarctica rested entirely on whaling and sealing expeditions funded by ship owners , particularly by Christen Christensen and his son Lars . The first two Norwegian expeditions were carried out by sealing ships in 1892 – 93 and 1893 – 94 . While they were primarily sent for exploring , sealing , and whaling possibilities , they also performed scientific research . Further Norwegian expeditions were mounted into the first decades of the 20th century .
The Antarctic Plateau was claimed for Norway by Roald Amundsen as the King Haakon VII Plateau when his expedition was the first to reach South Pole on 14 December 1911 . It was mapped as a circular territory comprising the plateau around the South Pole , including all the land above latitude 85 ° S. However , roughly the same area had been claimed by the British as the King Edward VII Plateau , which was in conflict with the Norwegian claim . Amundsen 's claim has never been officially claimed by the Norwegian government .
The name Queen Maud Land was initially applied in January 1930 to the land between 37 ° E and 49 ° 30'E discovered by Hjalmar Riiser @-@ Larsen and Finn Lützow @-@ Holm during Lars Christensen 's Norvegia expedition of 1929 – 30 . It was named after the Norwegian queen Maud of Wales , wife of the then @-@ reigning King Haakon VII . The territory was explored further during the Norvegia expedition of 1930 – 31 . During this whaling season , a total of 265 whaling ships , mostly Norwegian , worked off the coast of Queen Maud Land . In the same season , Riiser @-@ Larsen discovered the Prince Olav Coast , Princess Martha Coast and Princess Ragnhild Coast from the air . Captain H. Halvorsen of the whaler Sevilla discovered the Princess Astrid Coast independently at the same time . Six years later , during Christensen 's expedition of 1936 – 37 , Viggo Widerøe flew over and discovered the Prince Harald Coast . Negotiations with the British government in 1938 resulted in the western border of Queen Maud Land being set at 20 ° W.
Norway 's claim was disputed by Germany , which in 1938 dispatched the German Antarctic Expedition , led by Alfred Ritscher , to fly over as much of it as possible . The ship Schwabenland reached the pack ice off Antarctica on 19 January 1939 . During the expedition , an area of about 350 @,@ 000 square kilometres ( 140 @,@ 000 sq mi ) was photographed from the air by Ritscher , who dropped darts inscribed with swastikas every 26 kilometres ( 16 mi ) . Germany eventually attempted to claim the territory surveyed by Ritscher under the name New Swabia , but lost any claim to the land following its defeat in the Second World War .
On 14 January 1939 , five days prior to the German arrival , Queen Maud Land was annexed by Norway , after a royal decree announced that the land bordering the Falkland Islands Dependencies in the west and the Australian Antarctic Dependency in the east was to be brought under Norwegian sovereignty . The primary bases for the annexation were the Norwegian explorations and the need to secure the Norwegian whaling industry 's access to the region . Scientific operations were also a basis , with Norwegian contributions to international polar science extending back to the late 19th century . Norway was in addition forced to contend with competing claims made by the United Kingdom and other countries in the years prior to the Norwegian claim , including the new threat of German claims in Queen Maud Land . The Norwegian claim was sometimes referred to as the " Bouvet sector " , drawing from the previously annexed Bouvet Island . During 1946 and 1947 , vast areas of Queen Maud Land were photographed during the Richard Evelyn Byrd expedition . In 1948 , Norway and the United Kingdom agreed to limit Queen Maud Land to longitudes from 20 ° W to 45 ° E , and that the Bruce Coast and Coats Land were to be incorporated into Norwegian territory .
= = = Later developments = = =
The Norwegian – British – Swedish Antarctic Expedition of 1949 – 52 was the first international scientific expedition in Antarctica . The expedition established its winter quarters at a base called Maudheim at 71 ° S , 11 ° W , and mapped much of western Queen Maud Land . During the International Geophysical Year ( 1957 – 1958 ) , year @-@ round stations were established in Queen Maud Land by Norway , the Soviet Union , Belgium and Japan . The Norwegian expedition continued with topographical mapping , while the others started geophysical and geological research . Norway 's Norway Station was lent to South Africa following the withdrawal of the Norwegian expedition in 1960 . South Africa later built the SANAE station , near the now @-@ defunct Norway Station . The Soviet Union , and later Russia , has maintained continual operations , although it moved from Lazarev Station to Novolazarevskaya Station . Japan has been based at its Showa Station since 1957 , except for a hiatus of a few years . Belgium closed its Roi Baudouin station in 1961 , though it mounted limited operations in cooperation with the Netherlands in 1964 – 66 . The United States established the temporary Plateau Station in 1966 .
In 1948 , the newly created Norwegian Polar Institute was assigned the administration of Norwegian territories in the Arctic and Antarctic , including Queen Maud Land . Norway sent two major expeditions to the territory in the 1940s and 1950s , but its efforts declined after that . On 21 June 1957 , Queen Maud Land became subject to Norwegian sovereignty as a dependency ( biland ) , and the Antarctic Treaty officially came into force on 23 June 1961 . Norwegian activity during the 1960s was limited to some minor co @-@ expeditions with the United States , until it gradually picked up again following a larger expedition to western Queen Maud Land and the eastern Weddell Sea by the Norwegian Polar Institute in 1976 – 77 .
Founded in 1978 , the Polar Affairs Department of the Norwegian Ministry of Justice and the Police , headquartered in Oslo , has been assigned the administration of the Norwegian polar areas including Queen Maud Land . Since 1979 , the Norwegian Polar Institute has been a directorate under the Ministry of the Environment .
In 1992 , an expedition by Ivar Tollefsen made the first ascents of several mountains , including the tallest , Jøkulkyrkja . Norway established the summer station Troll in 1989 – 90 . In 2003 , Minister of the Environment Børge Brende was the first Norwegian minister to visit Queen Maud Land , and he soon allocated funds to expand the Troll station . Troll was upgraded to a year @-@ round station in 2005 as part of the centenary of Norway 's independence . Among the guests were Minister of Foreign Affairs Jan Petersen and Minister of the Environment Knut Arild Hareide , and Troll was officially opened by Queen Sonja of Norway , the first queen to ever visit Antarctica . In 2008 , Prime Minister Jens Stoltenberg , accompanied by forty officials , scientists and reporters , became the first Norwegian prime minister to visit Queen Maud Land . He personally named three mountains around the Troll station where he was based , although he chose to sleep outdoors in a tent , rather than in a bed inside . He said the purposes of the visit were to claim Norway 's possessions in Antarctica , as well as to learn more about the climate research at Troll , which he said was key to better understanding of global climate change .
In 2015 , King Harald V became the world 's first reigning monarch to visit Antarctica when he went to Queen Maud Land .
= = Legal status = =
Like all other territorial claims in Antarctica , the Norwegian claim of Queen Maud Land ( along with its claim of Peter I Island ) is subject to the Antarctic Treaty System . The treaty makes clear that Antarctica can only be used for peaceful purposes and assures the freedom of scientific activity . It promotes international scientific cooperation and bans any nuclear @-@ related activities . Although territorial claims are not invalidated by the treaty , all claims are effectively suspended as long as the treaty is in force . Norway , Australia , France , New Zealand and the United Kingdom have all mutually recognised each other 's claims in Antarctica .
Norwegian administration of Queen Maud Land is controlled by the Polar Affairs Department of the Ministry of Justice and the Police , located in Oslo . The annexation of the territory is regulated by the Dependency Act of 24 March 1933 ; Queen Maud Land was added on 21 June 1957 . It establishes that Norwegian criminal law , private law and procedural law applies to the territory , in addition to other laws that explicitly state they are valid in the territory . Furthermore , it establishes that all the land belongs to the state , and prohibits both nuclear detonations and the storage of nuclear waste .
Since 5 May 1995 , Norwegian law has required all Norwegian activity in Antarctica to follow international environmental law for Antarctica . Norwegian citizens who plan activities in Queen Maud Land must therefore report to the Norwegian Polar Institute , which may prohibit any non @-@ compliant activity . Those who visit Queen Maud Land must follow laws regarding protection of nature , treatment of waste , pollution and insurance for search and rescue operations .
= = Fauna and flora = =
There are three types of birds around Troll : the Antarctic petrel , the snow petrel and the only raptor in Queen Maud Land , the south polar skua . The Antarctic petrel lives on the sea ice for most of the year , with the exception of its breeding season ( in Antarctica , from November to February ) , when it moves to the inland mountains and nunataks . The 3 @.@ 9 @-@ square @-@ kilometre ( 1 @.@ 5 sq mi ) area of ice @-@ free cliffs in Princess Astrid Coast called Svarthamaren Mountain hosts Antarctica 's largest known inland colony of breeding seabirds , almost 1 million ( 250 @,@ 000 pairs ) Antarctic petrels . Many snow petrels and south polar skuas also breed in this area . Snow petrels are generally spread out in smaller colonies throughout the mountainous areas of Queen Maud Land . During the breeding season , the south polar skua feeds exclusively upon the eggs , as well as both young and adult birds , of both petrel species .
The emperor penguin has some of its breeding places concentrated in Queen Maud Land . All four of the true Antarctic seals , namely the Weddell seal , leopard seal , crabeater seal and Ross seal , can be found in the King Haakon VII Sea off Queen Maud Land . The Ross seal is notably found in its greatest numbers in the King Haakon VII Sea .
The nunatak areas have a scarcity of flora , limited to lichen , bryophyte and algae . Flowering plants are not found there . The Norwegian Polar Institute has not registered the occurrence of any threatened or rare plants or animals in Queen Maud Land , the known ones thus existing in healthy populations .
= = Research stations = =
Queen Maud Land is currently home to 12 research stations , the Norwegian Troll and Tor stations ; Russia 's Novolazarevskaya Station ; South Africa 's SANAE IV ; the Swedish Wasa ; the Finnish Aboa ; The German Neumayer @-@ Station III and Kohnen ; Indias Maitri station ; the Japanese Showa Station and Dome Fuji Station ; and Belgium 's Princess Elisabeth Base .
These stations are connected by the Dronning Maud Land Air Network Project ( DROMLAN ) , which is a cooperative agreement for transportation between eleven nations with research stations in East Antarctica . Long @-@ range aircraft fly between Cape Town , South Africa and either the Troll Airfield , located at the Troll research station , or the runway at the Novolazarevskaya Station . From these two main airfields , smaller aircraft may fly further to other Antarctic destinations .
Norway 's Troll station serves as a major hub of the DROMLAN network through the Troll Airfield . Research at Troll include air and atmospheric measurements , monitoring of greenhouse gases and bird colonies , as well as meteorological and climate research . The other Norwegian station , Tor , was established for researching birds at the breeding colony in Svarthamaren Mountain .
Activities conducted by Russia 's Novolazarevskaya Station include environmental monitoring , geodesy / mapping , geomagnetic and meteorological observations , glaciology , biology , ionospheric / auroral observations , limnology , geology , geophysics and seismology .
South Africa 's SANAE IV station , the successor to three former stations , was completed in 1997 . Research at SANAE IV include invasion biology / ecology , geology , geomorphology and atmospheric sciences . Its facilities include a small hospital and a two @-@ helicopter hangar .
The Swedish Wasa station and the Finnish Aboa station together make up the Nordenskiöld Base , and cooperate in research and logistics . Research carried out includes geodesy / mapping , glaciology , human biology , meteorological observations , geology and geophysics .
The German Neumayer @-@ Station III , finished in 2009 , succeeded two former stations that were buried by snow and ice . It conducts geophysical , meteorological and seismological research , as well as air chemistry measurements and atmospheric ozone monitoring . Germany 's other station , Kohnen , was opened as part of a major ice @-@ drilling project .
The Maitri station succeeded the Dakshin Gangotri station in 1989 , India 's first Antarctic base . Maitri 's research focus on geology , and the study of the supercontinent Gondwana , when India and Antarctica belonged to the same landmass . It also includes low @-@ temperature engineering research that is relevant to conditions in the Himalayas .
The Showa Station is Japan 's main research station in Antarctica . A vast array of research is conducted there , including upper atmosphere physics , meteorology , seismology , gravimetry , geodesy / mapping , oceanography , glaciology , geology , marine and terrestrial biology , and medical research . Japan 's other station , Dome Fuji Station was opened as part of a major ice @-@ coring project . It mainly studies climate change and conducts deep drilling and atmospheric observations .
Belgium 's Princess Elisabeth Base was established as a project to promote polar sciences , as well as to demonstrate the possibility of building a Zero emission station . Research is conducted by an international team of scientists , studying climatology , glaciology and microbiology .
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= Ohio State Route 161 =
State Route 161 ( SR 161 ) is an east – west state highway in central Ohio . Its western terminus is in Mutual at State Route 29 and its eastern terminus is near Alexandria at State Route 37 . It is 57 @.@ 46 miles ( 92 @.@ 47 km ) long . State Route 161 passes through Columbus , Ohio 's capital , and a variety of towns including Plain City , Dublin , and New Albany .
The route was established in 1924 to connect Plain City and Dublin . It was later expanded to cover Mutual and Granville . Parts of SR 161 in Dublin and New Albany were upgraded to a freeway in 1969 and 1997 .
= = Route description = =
SR 161 starts off in Mutual as Milford Road , at a T @-@ intersection at SR 29 . The road turns northeast and later meets SR 559 and Bullard Rutan Road in a 5 @-@ point intersection . Two miles later , a concurrency begins with SR 4 . One mile later , the concurrency ends with SR 4 continuing to move north . About five miles later , SR 38 starts a very short concurrency at Chuckery . After Chuckery , SR 38 splits off . There would be no more major intersections until SR 161 has reached Plain City , as it meets U.S. Route 42 ( US 42 ) . SR 161 goes through Madison and a small section of Franklin County without major intersections . In Union County , it meets US 33 and Post Road in an interchange . SR 161 goes on the freeway and starts a concurrency . The concurrency goes back to Franklin County and into Dublin . In Dublin , the freeway has interchanges with Avery – Muirfield Drive and Interstate 270 ( I @-@ 270 ) . The freeway becomes an at @-@ grade highway as it meets Post Road again .
The road goes into Dublin downtown and has intersections with SR 745 and SR 257 . At SR 257 , US 33 splits off and the concurrency ends . After that , there are no more major intersections until SR 161 reaches Worthington , as it meets SR 315 in a diamond interchange , and US 23 at an at @-@ grade intersection . After the intersection at US 23 , SR 161 enters Columbus . There is an intersection with SR 710 and an interchange with I @-@ 71 . Three miles later , in Minerva Park , SR 161 becomes a limited access freeway . The first exit is SR 3 , a partial cloverleaf interchange with service roads . A mile later , SR 161 re @-@ enters Columbus and meets I @-@ 270 again in a modified cloverleaf interchange . There is a SPUI @-@ parclo hybrid interchange at Sunbury Road , and an incomplete interchange for Little Turtle Way , a half of a diamond interchange . The next two interchanges , Hamilton Road and New Albany Road , uses diamond interchanges . SR 161 enters New Albany , and has two interchanges with US 62 , in Franklin County , and Beech Road , in Licking County . Then it exits New Albany and enters St. Albans Township . In the township , SR 161 has two diamond interchanges with SR 310 and SR 37 . SR 161 ends at SR 37 . SR 161 is part of the Big Darby Plains scenic byway . The parts of the route that are included in the byway are from Homer Road to Rosedale Road and from Kramer Road to US 33 .
= = History = =
SR 161 was designated in 1924 , as a connection from Plain City to Dublin . Its east end was a junction with SR 21 , five miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) west of Dublin . It was later expanded to include an unnumbered section between Mutual and Plain City , and Dublin and Granville . In 1938 , a concurrency from five miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) west of Dublin to the city itself was changed from SR 31 to US 33 . Much later , in 1969 , the five @-@ mile section in Dublin was upgrade to a freeway . Seven years later , the section between I @-@ 71 and Sunbury Road was upgraded to a divided highway . In 1997 , a bypass was created around New Albany , from I @-@ 270 to a point two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) east of it . SR 161 's route was changed to use the bypass , no longer intersecting New Albany 's downtown area . The project completed in 2000 . On June 14 , 2004 , Ohio Department of Transportation began the Northwest Expressway Transformation , replacing 17 bridges , 18 ramps , and 5 miles of highway . The project finished in 2008 . The freeway in New Albany was extended to SR 37 , SR 161 's eastern terminus . Currently , new interchanges and solutions are being designed for interchanges of I @-@ 270 and Avery @-@ Muirfield Drive . Study started for the interchanges in 2011 , and phase one of the project will start in 2014 .
= = Junction list = =
= = State Route 161J = =
An unsigned state route named SR 161J exists in Licking County . The actual name of the road is Jersey Mills Road . It starts as a dead end and ends at Jug Street Road . It intersects SR 310 , but never meets SR 161 . The route suffix " J " means " awaiting abandonment . "
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= Country Bill 's =
Country Bill 's Restaurant was a family @-@ owned American @-@ style steakhouse and seafood restaurant in the Woodstock neighborhood of southeast Portland , Oregon , in the United States . Adjacent to the restaurant was a bar called CB 's Lounge . The restaurant opened in 1964 when ownership transferred from Bill Blake to Ron Thomas ' family . Though Thomas was not particularly fond of the name of the business Blake had established in 1960 , he was unable to afford new signage and kept the lounge 's title . Over time the restaurant grew from a hamburger stand into a family dining restaurant , expanding from one space to four . In 1978 , the family purchased the building and property following the landlord 's death .
Eventually , Thomas transferred the business to one of his two sons , Craig . Craig and his wife decided to retire in 2011 and none of their children wanted to continue operating the restaurant . The business and the 5 @,@ 300 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 490 m2 ) building were listed for sale in February 2011 . Country Bill 's closed in September 2012 after 48 years of operation . The restaurant had low staff turnover and dedicated patrons , hundreds of whom visited during its final days . Country Bill 's was also known for its Brat Pack era decor , including red clamshell booths , mood lighting supplied by electric candles , metallic wallpaper and wood paneling . Following closure , the building underwent interior and exterior renovation to make spaces available for new tenants .
= = History = =
Country Bill 's Restaurant opened in 1964 after Ron Thomas ' family purchased the business from Bill Blake for $ 600 . Blake had named his lounge Country Bill 's in 1960 but the business was unsuccessful . Thomas had been in the food service industry in Utah previously and ended up living in Portland after a series of relocations with his family . Though he was not fond of the lounge 's name , Thomas was unable to afford new signage and kept the title . Over time the restaurant grew from a hamburger stand into a family dining restaurant , expanding east from one space to four . In 1978 , the family purchased the building and property following the death of their landlord .
Ownership stayed within the family , eventually transferring to Craig Thomas , one of Ron 's two sons , both of whom worked in the restaurant for numerous years . Craig Thomas and his wife decided to retire in 2011 and none of their children wanted to continue operating the restaurant . In February 2011 , Country Bill 's and the 5 @,@ 300 @-@ square @-@ foot ( 490 m2 ) building were listed for sale for $ 975 @,@ 000 . The restaurant closed on September 15 , 2012 , after 48 years of operation . Hundreds of customers , some from as far away as Europe , visited the restaurant during its final days .
Following the restaurant 's closing in 2012 , the building underwent interior and exterior renovation , resulting in two spaces for future tenants , one of which has been confirmed as a dental office .
= = Description and reception = =
Country Bill 's served American food , originally operating as a hamburger stand , before becoming a steakhouse and seafood restaurant . The menu included prime rib , razor clams and steelhead ; meals were accompanied by soup or salad and a potato as sides . Slot machines were available on site but the business made 70 percent of its income from food . Adjacent to the restaurant was a bar reminiscent of the Brat Pack era called CB 's Lounge .
In his review for Willamette Week , Ben Waterhouse asserted that the restaurant had changed little since its establishment . Waterhouse stated " time travel " was Country Bill 's form of entertainment , noting its red vinyl booths , wood paneling and " white @-@ haired " clientele . He recommended ordering beer or spirits ( specifically Anchor Steam ) as opposed to cocktails , which he found contained too much sugar . Mix magazine reviewed Country Bill 's as one of " five vintage restaurants that have stood the test of time " . In his review , Michael Russell described CB 's Lounge 's red clamshell booths , electric candles and the servers " who alternate between alarmingly fresh @-@ faced and downright sassy " . Russell recommended the hand @-@ cut garlic French fries and deep fried cheesecake , which he described as " country @-@ fair gluttony incarnate " . The Portland Mercury also described the restaurant 's retro features such as the plush red booths , mood lighting and metallic wallpaper . The publication also noted the older waiting staff .
Country Bill 's was known for its low staff turnover and dedicated patrons . According to Craig Thomas , the family 's formula for success included a hard work ethic , loyal staff and a " common @-@ sense approach " to business . The cook worked for the restaurant for 43 years , starting at age 16 . Longtime customers and employees reportedly felt its closing was " almost like losing a family member " . The Oregonian wrote about Country Bill 's last days in articles about local restaurant and economic news , noting the business 's longevity .
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= Tungsten =
Tungsten , also known as wolfram , is a chemical element with symbol W and atomic number 74 . The word tungsten comes from the Swedish language tung sten , which directly translates to heavy stone . Its name in Swedish is volfram , however , in order to distinguish it from scheelite , which in Swedish is alternatively named tungsten .
A hard , rare metal under standard conditions when uncombined , tungsten is found naturally on Earth almost exclusively in chemical compounds . It was identified as a new element in 1781 , and first isolated as a metal in 1783 . Its important ores include wolframite and scheelite . The free element is remarkable for its robustness , especially the fact that it has the highest melting point of all the elements . Its high density is 19 @.@ 3 times that of water , comparable to that of uranium and gold , and much higher ( about 1 @.@ 7 times ) than that of lead . Polycrystalline tungsten is an intrinsically brittle and hard material , making it difficult to work . However , pure single @-@ crystalline tungsten is more ductile , and can be cut with a hard @-@ steel hacksaw .
Tungsten 's many alloys have numerous applications , including incandescent light bulb filaments , X @-@ ray tubes ( as both the filament and target ) , electrodes in TIG welding , superalloys , and radiation shielding . Tungsten 's hardness and high density give it military applications in penetrating projectiles . Tungsten compounds are also often used as industrial catalysts .
Tungsten is the only metal from the third transition series that is known to occur in biomolecules , where it is used in a few species of bacteria and archaea . It is the heaviest element known to be essential to any living organism . Tungsten interferes with molybdenum and copper metabolism and is somewhat toxic to animal life .
= = Characteristics = =
= = = Physical properties = = =
In its raw form , tungsten is a hard steel @-@ grey metal that is often brittle and hard to work . If made very pure , tungsten retains its hardness ( which exceeds that of many steels ) , and becomes malleable enough that it can be worked easily . It is worked by forging , drawing , or extruding . Tungsten objects are also commonly formed by sintering .
Of all metals in pure form , tungsten has the highest melting point ( 3422 ° C , 6192 ° F ) , lowest vapor pressure ( at temperatures above 1650 ° C , 3000 ° F ) and the highest tensile strength . Although carbon remains solid at higher temperatures than tungsten , carbon sublimes , rather than melts , so tungsten is considered to have a higher melting point . Tungsten has the lowest coefficient of thermal expansion of any pure metal . The low thermal expansion and high melting point and tensile strength of tungsten originate from strong covalent bonds formed between tungsten atoms by the 5d electrons . Alloying small quantities of tungsten with steel greatly increases its toughness .
Tungsten exists in two major crystalline forms : α and β . The former has a body @-@ centered cubic structure and is the more stable form . The structure of the β phase is called A15 cubic ; it is metastable , but can coexist with the α phase at ambient conditions owing to non @-@ equilibrium synthesis or stabilization by impurities . Contrary to the α phase which crystallizes in isometric grains , the β form exhibits a columnar habit . The α phase has one third of the electrical resistivity and a much lower superconducting transition temperature TC relative to the β phase : ca . 0 @.@ 015 K vs. 1 – 4 K ; mixing the two phases allows obtaining intermediate TC values . The TC value can also be raised by alloying tungsten with another metal ( e.g. 7 @.@ 9 K for W @-@ Tc ) . Such tungsten alloys are sometimes used in low @-@ temperature superconducting circuits .
= = = Isotopes = = =
Naturally occurring tungsten consists of five isotopes whose half @-@ lives are so long that they can be considered stable . Theoretically , all five can decay into isotopes of element 72 ( hafnium ) by alpha emission , but only 180W has been observed to do so with a half @-@ life of ( 1 @.@ 8 ± 0 @.@ 2 ) × 1018 years ; on average , this yields about two alpha decays of 180W in one gram of natural tungsten per year . The other naturally occurring isotopes have not been observed to decay , constraining their half @-@ lives to be :
182W , t1 / 2 > 7 @.@ 7 × 1021 years
183W , t1 / 2 > 4 @.@ 1 × 1021 years
184W , t1 / 2 > 8 @.@ 9 × 1021 years
186W , t1 / 2 > 8 @.@ 2 × 1021 years
Another 30 artificial radioisotopes of tungsten have been characterized , the most stable of which are 181W with a half @-@ life of 121 @.@ 2 days , 185W with a half @-@ life of 75 @.@ 1 days , 188W with a half @-@ life of 69 @.@ 4 days , 178W with a half @-@ life of 21 @.@ 6 days , and 187W with a half @-@ life of 23 @.@ 72 h . All of the remaining radioactive isotopes have half @-@ lives of less than 3 hours , and most of these have half @-@ lives below 8 minutes . Tungsten also has 4 meta states , the most stable being 179mW ( t1 / 2 6 @.@ 4 minutes ) .
= = = Chemical properties = = =
Elemental tungsten resists attack by oxygen , acids , and alkalis .
The most common formal oxidation state of tungsten is + 6 , but it exhibits all oxidation states from − 2 to + 6 . Tungsten typically combines with oxygen to form the yellow tungstic oxide , WO3 , which dissolves in aqueous alkaline solutions to form tungstate ions , WO2 −
4 .
Tungsten carbides ( W2C and WC ) are produced by heating powdered tungsten with carbon . W2C is resistant to chemical attack , although it reacts strongly with chlorine to form tungsten hexachloride ( WCl6 ) .
In aqueous solution , tungstate gives the heteropoly acids and polyoxometalate anions under neutral and acidic conditions . As tungstate is progressively treated with acid , it first yields the soluble , metastable " paratungstate A " anion , W
7O6 –
24 , which over time converts to the less soluble " paratungstate B " anion , H
2W
12O10 –
42 . Further acidification produces the very soluble metatungstate anion , H
2W
12O6 –
40 , after which equilibrium is reached . The metatungstate ion exists as a symmetric cluster of twelve tungsten @-@ oxygen octahedra known as the Keggin anion . Many other polyoxometalate anions exist as metastable species . The inclusion of a different atom such as phosphorus in place of the two central hydrogens in metatungstate produces a wide variety of heteropoly acids , such as phosphotungstic acid H3PW12O40 .
Tungsten trioxide can form intercalation compounds with alkali metals . These are known as bronzes ; an example is sodium tungsten bronze .
= = History = =
In 1781 , Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovered that a new acid , tungstic acid , could be made from scheelite ( at the time named tungsten ) . Scheele and Torbern Bergman suggested that it might be possible to obtain a new metal by reducing this acid . In 1783 , José and Fausto Elhuyar found an acid made from wolframite that was identical to tungstic acid . Later that year , at the Royal Basque Society in the town of Bergara , Spain , the brothers succeeded in isolating tungsten by reduction of this acid with charcoal , and they are credited with the discovery of the element .
In World War II , tungsten played a significant role in background political dealings . Portugal , as the main European source of the element , was put under pressure from both sides , because of its deposits of wolframite ore at Panasqueira . Tungsten 's desirable properties such as resistance to high temperatures , its hardness and density , and its strengthening of alloys made it an important raw material for the arms industry , both as a constituent of weapons and equipment and employed in production itself , e.g. , in tungsten carbide cutting tools for machining steel .
= = = Etymology = = =
The name " tungsten " ( from the Swedish tung sten , " heavy stone " ) is used in English , French , and many other languages as the name of the element , but not in the Nordic countries . Tungsten was the old Swedish name for the mineral scheelite . The other name " wolfram " ( or " volfram " ) is used in most European ( especially Germanic and Slavic ) languages , and is derived from the mineral wolframite , which is the origin of its chemical symbol , W. The name " wolframite " is derived from German " wolf rahm " ( " wolf soot " or " wolf cream " ) , the name given to tungsten by Johan Gottschalk Wallerius in 1747 . This , in turn , derives from " lupi spuma " , the name Georg Agricola used for the element in 1546 , which translates into English as " wolf 's froth " , and is a reference to the large amounts of tin consumed by the mineral during its extraction .
= = Occurrence = =
Tungsten is found in wolframite ( iron – manganese tungstate ( Fe , Mn ) WO4 being a solid solution of the minerals ferberite FeWO4 and hübnerite MnWO4 ) and scheelite ( calcium tungstate ( CaWO4 ) . Other tungsten minerals are moderately to very rare and have no economical value . They include the recently approved native tungsten .
= = Production = =
About 61 @,@ 300 tonnes of tungsten concentrates were produced in the year 2009 , and in 2010 , world production of tungsten was about 68 @,@ 000 tonnes . The main producers were as follows ( data in tonnes ) :
There is additional production in the U.S. , but the amount is proprietary company information . U.S. reserves are 140 @,@ 000 tonnes .
Tungsten is considered to be a conflict mineral due to the unethical mining practices observed in the Democratic Republic of the Congo .
There is a large deposit of tungsten ore on the edge of Dartmoor in the United Kingdom , which was exploited during World War I and World War II as the Hemerdon Mine . With recent increases in tungsten prices , as of 2014 this mine has been reactivated .
Tungsten is extracted from its ores in several stages . The ore is eventually converted to tungsten ( VI ) oxide ( WO3 ) , which is heated with hydrogen or carbon to produce powdered tungsten . Because of tungsten 's high melting point , it is not commercially feasible to cast tungsten ingots . Instead , powdered tungsten is mixed with small amounts of powdered nickel or other metals , and sintered . During the sintering process , the nickel diffuses into the tungsten , producing an alloy .
Tungsten can also be extracted by hydrogen reduction of WF6 :
WF6 + 3 H2 → W + 6 HF
or pyrolytic decomposition :
WF6 → W + 3 F2 ( ΔHr = + )
Tungsten is not traded as a futures contract and cannot be tracked on exchanges like the London Metal Exchange . The prices are usually quoted for tungsten concentrate or WO3 . If converted to the metal equivalent , they were about US $ 19 per kilogram in 2009 .
= = Applications = =
Approximately half of the tungsten is consumed for the production of hard materials – namely tungsten carbide – with the remaining major use being in alloys and steels . Less than 10 % is used in other chemical compounds .
= = = Hard materials = = =
Tungsten is mainly used in the production of hard materials based on tungsten carbide , one of the hardest carbides , with a melting point of 2770 ° C. WC is an efficient electrical conductor , but W2C is less so . WC is used to make wear @-@ resistant abrasives , and " carbide " cutting tools such as knives , drills , circular saws , milling and turning tools used by the metalworking , woodworking , mining , petroleum and construction industries . Carbide tooling is actually a ceramic / metal composite , where metallic cobalt acts as a binding ( matrix ) material to hold the WC particles in place . This type of industrial use accounts for about 60 % of current tungsten consumption .
The jewelry industry makes rings of sintered tungsten carbide , tungsten carbide / metal composites , and also metallic tungsten . WC / metal composite rings use nickel as the metal matrix in place of cobalt because it takes a higher luster when polished . Sometimes manufacturers or retailers refer to tungsten carbide as a metal , but it is a ceramic . Because of tungsten carbide 's hardness , rings made of this material are extremely abrasion resistant , and will hold a burnished finish longer than rings made of metallic tungsten . Tungsten carbide rings are brittle , however , and may crack under a sharp blow .
= = = Alloys = = =
The hardness and density of tungsten are applied in obtaining heavy metal alloys . A good example is high speed steel , which can contain as much as 18 % tungsten . Tungsten 's high melting point makes tungsten a good material for applications like rocket nozzles , for example in the UGM @-@ 27 Polaris submarine @-@ launched ballistic missile . Tungsten alloys are used in a wide range of different applications , including the aerospace and automotive industries and radiation shielding . Superalloys containing tungsten , such as Hastelloy and Stellite , are used in turbine blades and wear @-@ resistant parts and coatings .
= = = Armaments = = =
Tungsten , usually alloyed with nickel and iron or cobalt to form heavy alloys , is used in kinetic energy penetrators as an alternative to depleted uranium , in applications where uranium 's radioactivity is problematic even in depleted form , or where uranium 's additional pyrophoric properties are not required ( for example , in ordinary small arms bullets designed to penetrate body armor ) . Similarly , tungsten alloys have also been used in cannon shells , grenades and missiles , to create supersonic shrapnel . Tungsten has also been used in Dense Inert Metal Explosives , which use it as dense powder to reduce collateral damage while increasing the lethality of explosives within a small radius .
= = = Chemical applications = = =
Tungsten ( IV ) sulfide is a high temperature lubricant and is a component of catalysts for hydrodesulfurization . MoS2 is more commonly used for such applications .
Tungsten oxides are used in ceramic glazes and calcium / magnesium tungstates are used widely in fluorescent lighting . Crystal tungstates are used as scintillation detectors in nuclear physics and nuclear medicine . Other salts that contain tungsten are used in the chemical and tanning industries .
Tungsten oxide ( WO3 ) is incorporated into selective catalytic reduction ( SCR ) catalysts found in coal @-@ fired power plants . These catalysts convert nitrogen oxides ( NOx ) to nitrogen ( N2 ) and water ( H2O ) using ammonia ( NH3 ) . The tungsten oxide helps with the physical strength of the catalyst and extends catalyst life .
= = = Niche uses = = =
Applications requiring its high density include weights , counterweights , ballast keels for yachts , tail ballast for commercial aircraft , and as ballast in race cars for NASCAR and Formula One ; depleted uranium is also used for these purposes , due to similarly high density . 75 @-@ kg blocks of tungsten were used as " cruise balance mass devices " on the entry vehicle portion of the 2012 Mars Science Laboratory spacecraft . It is an ideal material to use as a dolly for riveting , where the mass necessary for good results can be achieved in a compact bar . High @-@ density alloys of tungsten with nickel , copper or iron are used in high @-@ quality darts ( to allow for a smaller diameter and thus tighter groupings ) or for fishing lures ( tungsten beads allow the fly to sink rapidly ) . Some cello C strings are wound with tungsten . The extra density gives this sting more projection and often cellists will buy just this string and use it with 3 strings from a different set .
Sodium tungstate is used in Folin @-@ Ciocalteu 's reagent , a mixture of different chemicals used in the " Lowry Assay " for protein content analysis .
= = = Gold substitution = = =
Its density , similar to that of gold , allows tungsten to be used in jewelry as an alternative to gold or platinum . Metallic tungsten is hypoallergenic , and is harder than gold alloys ( though not as hard as tungsten carbide ) , making it useful for rings that will resist scratching , especially in designs with a brushed finish .
Because the density is so similar to that of gold ( tungsten is only 0 @.@ 36 % less dense ) , tungsten can also be used in counterfeiting of gold bars , such as by plating a tungsten bar with gold , which has been observed since the 1980s , or taking an existing gold bar , drilling holes , and replacing the removed gold with tungsten rods . The densities are not exactly the same , and other properties of gold and tungsten differ , but gold @-@ plated tungsten will pass superficial tests .
Gold @-@ plated tungsten is available commercially from China ( the main source of tungsten ) , both in jewelry and as bars .
= = = Electronics = = =
Because it retains its strength at high temperatures and has a high melting point , elemental tungsten is used in many high @-@ temperature applications , such as light bulb , cathode @-@ ray tube , and vacuum tube filaments , heating elements , and rocket engine nozzles . Its high melting point also makes tungsten suitable for aerospace and high @-@ temperature uses such as electrical , heating , and welding applications , notably in the gas tungsten arc welding process ( also called tungsten inert gas ( TIG ) welding ) .
Because of its conductive properties and relative chemical inertness , tungsten is also used in electrodes , and in the emitter tips in electron @-@ beam instruments that use field emission guns , such as electron microscopes . In electronics , tungsten is used as an interconnect material in integrated circuits , between the silicon dioxide dielectric material and the transistors . It is used in metallic films , which replace the wiring used in conventional electronics with a coat of tungsten ( or molybdenum ) on silicon .
The electronic structure of tungsten makes it one of the main sources for X @-@ ray targets , and also for shielding from high @-@ energy radiations ( such as in the radiopharmaceutical industry for shielding radioactive samples of FDG ) . It is also used in gamma imaging as a material from which coded apertures are made , due to its excellent shielding properties . Tungsten powder is used as a filler material in plastic composites , which are used as a nontoxic substitute for lead in bullets , shot , and radiation shields . Since this element 's thermal expansion is similar to borosilicate glass , it is used for making glass @-@ to @-@ metal seals .
= = Biological role = =
Tungsten , at atomic number 74 , is the heaviest element known to be biologically functional , with the next heaviest being iodine ( Z = 53 ) . It is used by some bacteria , but not in eukaryotes . For example , enzymes called oxidoreductases use tungsten similarly to molybdenum by using it in a tungsten @-@ pterin complex with molybdopterin ( molybdopterin , despite its name , does not contain molybdenum , but may complex with either molybdenum or tungsten in use by living organisms ) . Tungsten @-@ using enzymes typically reduce carboxylic acids to aldehydes . The tungsten oxidoreductases may also catalyse oxidations . The first tungsten @-@ requiring enzyme to be discovered also requires selenium , and in this case the tungsten @-@ selenium pair may function analogously to the molybdenum @-@ sulfur pairing of some molybdenum cofactor @-@ requiring enzymes . One of the enzymes in the oxidoreductase family which sometimes employ tungsten ( bacterial formate dehydrogenase H ) is known to use a selenium @-@ molybdenum version of molybdopterin . Acetylene hydratase is an unusual metalloenzyme in that it catalyzes a hydration reaction . Two reaction mechanisms have been proposed , in one of which there is a direct interaction between the tungsten atom and the C ≡ C triple bond . Although a tungsten @-@ containing xanthine dehydrogenase from bacteria has been found to contain tungsten @-@ molydopterin and also non @-@ protein bound selenium , a tungsten @-@ selenium molybdopterin complex has not been definitively described .
In soil , tungsten metal oxidizes to the tungstate anion . It can be selectively or non @-@ selectively imported by some prokaryotic organisms and may substitute for molybdate in certain enzymes . Its effect on the action of these enzymes is in some cases inhibitory and in others positive . The soil 's chemistry determines how the tungsten polymerizes ; alkaline soils cause monomeric tungstates ; acidic soils cause polymeric tungstates .
Sodium tungstate and lead have been studied for their effect on earthworms . Lead was found to be lethal at low levels and sodium tungstate was much less toxic , but the tungstate completely inhibited their reproductive ability .
Tungsten has been studied as a biological copper metabolic antagonist , in a role similar to the action of molybdenum . It has been found that tetrathiotungstates may be used as biological copper chelation chemicals , similar to the tetrathiomolybdates .
= = Precautions = =
Because tungsten is rare and its compounds are generally inert , the effects of tungsten on the environment are limited . The median lethal dose LD50 depends strongly on the animal and the method of administration and varies between 59 mg / kg ( intravenous , rabbits ) and 5000 mg / kg ( tungsten metal powder , intraperitoneal , rats ) .
People can be exposed to tungsten in the workplace by breathing it in , swallowing it , skin contact , and eye contact . The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH ) has set a recommended exposure limit ( REL ) of 5 mg / m3 over an 8 @-@ hour workday and a short term limit of 10 mg / m3 .
= = Patent claim = =
Tungsten is unique amongst the elements in that it has been the subject of patent proceedings . In 1928 , a US court rejected General Electric 's attempt to patent it , overturning U.S. Patent 1 @,@ 082 @,@ 933 granted in 1913 to William D. Coolidge .
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= Senior Prom =
Senior Prom was a classified black program conducted by the United States Air Force in conjunction with the Lockheed Corporation 's Skunk Works for the development and testing of a cruise missile utilising stealth technology . Based on the company 's Have Blue demonstrator , the six Senior Prom vehicles proved successful in testing conducted at Area 51 in the late 1970s ; despite this , the aircraft was not selected to enter production , and the program was terminated in the early 1980s .
= = Design and development = =
Following the success of the test programme for the Lockheed Have Blue stealth technology demonstrator aircraft , the United States Air Force awarded a contract to the Lockheed Advanced Development Projects division — the " Skunk Works " — for the development of an unmanned aerial vehicle , intended to act as the prototype of a cruise missile , that would apply the Have Blue 's faceted design in order to reduce the radar cross section of the missile by deflecting electromagnetic waves from radar transmitters away from their source , instead of directly back at the radar set 's antenna .
The program begin in 1977 , with a reported budget of USD $ 24 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ; the design of the aircraft was closely based on that of Have Blue , except scaled down . Intended for launch from Lockheed DC @-@ 130 Hercules drone launcher aircraft , the original configuration of the Senior Prom vehicle included winglets and a ventral fin ; the aircraft was later modified to include a V @-@ tail and more slender wings , closer in configuration to the F @-@ 117 Nighthawk stealth fighter . Radar @-@ absorbent material was applied to the airframe as part of its stealth configuration ; in addition to the faceting of the design , similar to that of Have Blue and the F @-@ 117 , the " sawtooth " wing profile bore similarities to the B @-@ 2 stealth bomber 's planform .
The Senior Prom vehicle was intended to be expendable ; however , it was modified to be reusable before testing commenced , with a ballistic parachute and inflatable landing bag located under the fuselage . The aircraft is believed to have been fitted with folding wings to facilicate carriage by the launching aircraft , and was powered by a single turbofan engine , with the air intake and exhaust being configured in such a manner that the airframe would shield them from the ground , reducing the aircraft 's radar and infrared signatures .
= = Testing and cancellation = =
Flight testing of the Senior Prom vehicles began in October 1978 ; a total of six aircraft were built , which completed a total of fourteen flights over the duration of the testing programme . The craft were reportedly capable of flying within 500 feet ( 150 m ) of a SPS @-@ 13 radar without generating a discernible return . Most testing took place at Groom Lake ( " Area 51 " ) in Nevada , with a DC @-@ 130 Hercules acting as the launch aircraft ; there are also reports that some testing was conducted at Edwards Air Force Base in California , with a B @-@ 52 Stratofortress being used as the launch platform , while " Hangar 18 " at the Groom Lake test complex was reportedly constructed to house the B @-@ 52 and Senior Prom combination .
Despite the success of the test programme , Senior Prom was cancelled in 1982 ; reportedly one reason for the cancellation of the project was that the size and configuration of the Senior Prom aircraft rendered it incapable of being carried in internal weapons bays such as that on the B @-@ 1 bomber ; the AGM @-@ 129 ACM , a competing design to Senior Prom for the cruise missile requirement , had a more slender airframe with retractable wings , which rendered it capable of internal carriage ; it began flight testing shortly after the end of the Senior Prom programme .
Despite the cancellation of the programme in 1982 , the Senior Prom remained highly classified into the 21st century . There are rumours that a small number of Senior Prom aircraft , configured for aerial reconnaissance , were acquired by the United States Air Force , and were utilised in secret missions over Eastern Europe late in the Cold War , over Iraq during Operation Desert Storm , and over North Korea ; there is no official confirmation of this being the case .
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= Seahorse Seashell Party =
" Seahorse Seashell Party " is the second episode of the tenth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy , an episode produced for season 9 . It originally aired on October 2 , 2011 in the United States on Fox . The episode mainly centers around the Griffin family , who are riding out an oncoming hurricane . In their attempt to pass the time , they participate in numerous activities and games . After being condemned by her peers , Meg lashes out and confronts her family . Meanwhile , Brian consumes magic mushrooms which cause him to hallucinate .
" Seahorse Seashell Party " is the second part of the Night of the Hurricane block with The Cleveland Show and American Dad ! . The episode was first announced by Seth MacFarlane at the 2010 San Diego Comic @-@ Con International . It was written by Wellesley Wild and directed by Brian Iles . Originally scheduled to air on May 1 , 2011 as the sixteenth episode of the ninth season of Family Guy , the episode was postponed due to the April 25 – 28 , 2011 tornado outbreak subsequently coinciding with the timing of the scheduled episodes .
Critical responses to the episode were negative , particularly for its humor and main plot . An estimated 6 @.@ 91 million viewers tuned into the episode upon its initial airing , while also garnering a 3 @.@ 5 / 8 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic according to the Nielsen ratings . The episode featured guest performances by Ioan Gruffudd , Dee Bradley Baker , Debra Wilson , Kat Purgal , and Colin Ford along with several other recurring guest voice actors for the series .
= = Plot = =
As the Griffins prepare for an approaching hurricane which had already hit Stoolbend , Brian decides to use magic mushrooms , to the curiosity of Stewie . As the mushrooms take effect on Brian , he has hallucinations and cuts his ear off , believing it would stop World War II . Stewie tries to take care of Brian , whose hallucinations become more overwhelmingly disturbing , to the point where he sees Stewie transforming into a hideous demon towering over him before he perceives himself in a grotesque , hellish world . During his nightmare sequence , Brian is continually attacked by various monsters resembling the Griffin family and Quagmire . He recovers when Stewie helps him downstairs to drink some water .
The rest of the family passes the time by playing charades and other games . Peter , Lois and Chris play a game of " finger @-@ bang , " until Meg joins in . They shun her , using the sexual connotation to insult and demean her and again later gang up on her when she disturbs Peter 's humming by opening a soda can . At her limit after years of their abuse , Meg finally gets the nerve to turn on them .
She starts with Chris by calling him " a bastard " for being a terrible brother to her , berating him for all the ill treatment he has given her over the years , and how he never takes her side when their parents abuse her . Lois condescendingly tells Meg that she is simply taking her own problems out on everyone else invoking Meg to bring up her mother 's delinquent past . Meg tells her that she is far from the perfect parent , harshly berates her for constantly and ruthlessly pointing out Meg 's shortcomings . Lois tries to justify that she 's a better person because of her past and she is open that she isn 't the perfect parent , but Meg tells her that she 's the farthest thing from and states how she has neglected to protect her from harm and guide her through life . Meg also informs Lois that when she turns 18 , she may never want to see her again . This breaks Lois ' heart and she finally admits that she 's been a terrible mother to Meg . Finally , Meg turns on Peter who , unable to comprehend her insults , thinks that his daughter 's argument is amusing , even when she points out Peter 's destructive tendencies and that he would go to jail if someone could witness his negative treatment towards her . It dawns on Peter that he is being insulted when Meg calls him a " waste of a man . "
A shocked Peter asks Lois to tell Meg to " knock it off , " but Lois refuses because he didn 't stick up for her . Within moments , Peter , Lois and Chris turn their abusive criticisms and insults on each other . Peter finally runs to his room crying , leaving Meg and Brian , who is now full recovered from his trip , to discuss what just happened . Despite Brian complimenting her for standing up for herself , Meg comes to the conclusion that her family cannot survive without a " lightning rod " to absorb the dysfunction , and the only way they can get along is if she continues to take their abuse . Brian tells her that she is more mature than her family . She then lies to them , saying that she was only taking her own problems out on everyone , restoring their egos and original opinions although she only did this to prevent further fighting and will return being abused by the family , as the hurricane heads for Langley Falls .
Before the episode ends , Stewie then breaks the fourth wall by telling the viewer about the dangers of drugs : " Tonight 's Family Guy was a very special episode about drug use , but the simple fact is , it 's no laughing matter . To learn more about drugs , visit your local library . There 's probably a guy behind there who sells drugs . "
= = Production and development = =
The episode was first announced in July 2010 by series creator Seth MacFarlane at the Comic @-@ Con International in San Diego , California . Kevin Reilly , the entertainment president of the Fox Broadcasting Company , originally pitched the idea for the crossover , which was inspired by theme nights of comedy shows from the 1980s . MacFarlane described the crossover event to be an " enormous challenge " and a " substantial undertaking " ; he chose to do one central story line so that each writing staff would not have to write stories for unfamiliar characters . MacFarlane was also willing to do another crossover event if this one receives successful ratings .
In April 2011 , executives of the Fox Broadcasting Company officially announced that " Seahorse Seashell Party " would air on May 1 . However , on April 29 , it was announced that the crossover event would be removed from the schedule , in response to a series of tornadoes that killed nearly 300 people in the Southern United States . The episodes were subsequently replaced by repeats of " I Am the Walrus " from American Dad ! , " Brian Writes a Bestseller " from Family Guy , and " Ain 't Nothin ' But Mutton Bustin ' " from The Cleveland Show . MacFarlane agreed with the decisions after consulting with the executives of Fox , and a spokeswoman for the company later announced that the episodes would air the following season .
" Seahorse Seashell Party " was written by Wellesley Wild and directed by Brian Iles . It features guest appearances from Ioan Gruffudd , Dee Bradley Baker , Colin Ford , and Debra Wilson . This episode marked Gruffudd 's first guest appearance since the season eight episode " The Splendid Source " and Wilson 's first guest appearance since the season three episode " And the Wiener Is ... " .
= = Cultural references = =
" Seahorse Seashell Party " features several references to media , music , film , and other pop culture phenomena . The episode 's title references dialogue from the viral video " Drinking out of Cups " by electronic musician and composer Dan Deacon .
Peter mentions wanting to watch ' G.I. Jose ' , which leads to a cutaway parodying the G.I. Joe : A Real American Hero public service announcements . Peter mentions the film Fletch while playing charades . One of the many passing @-@ time gags involves Peter performing a sing @-@ a @-@ long to the opening chase music from Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade . As Brian 's hallucinations begin to worsen , Stewie attempts to calm him , reminding him that seeing Lady Gaga nude was a worst @-@ case scenario . Towards the end of the episode , a cutaway gag involving a confrontation between an African American woman and an Italian American man parodies the National Geographic 's documentaries . A reference to the social networking site Twitter was also made by Stewie .
= = Reception = =
" Seahorse Seashell Party " first aired in the United States on October 2 , 2011 as part of the animation television night on Fox . It was preceded by episodes of The Simpsons and The Cleveland Show , while being succeeded by an episode of American Dad ! . It was viewed by 6 @.@ 91 million viewers upon its initial airing , despite simultaneously airing with Desperate Housewives on ABC , Amazing Race on CBS , and a game between the Baltimore Ravens and the New York Jets on NBC . Total viewership for the episode was the highest out of its respective line @-@ up . " Seahorse Seashell Party " garnered a 3 @.@ 5 / 8 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , according to the Nielsen ratings , also becoming the highest rating of the animation television night on Fox . Total viewership and ratings were significantly down from the previous episode , " Lottery Fever " , which was watched by 7 @.@ 69 million viewers and garnered a 4 @.@ 1 / 9 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic .
The main plot of " Seahorse Seashell Party " received negative reviews . Kevin McFarland of The A.V. Club wrote of the episode , " This far into the show ’ s run , shifting to a much more dramatic bottle episode and reaching for emotional payoffs felt far too little too late . " He resumed : " Nobody cares about any member of the Griffin family the way we care about every last Simpson . I feel bad about Meg becoming the scapegoat . Not because she ’ s a good character , but because instead of tweaking and working to make her appreciated or comically valuable , Family Guy spent years going down the path of least resistance and simply joined the fan chorus of hatred . One episode of pointed , forced justification for that shift doesn ’ t change a thing . " McFarland concluded his review by giving the episode a grade of D + . Similarly , Terron Moore of Ology felt that much of the episode was wasted . In his review , Moore stated that " Seahorse Seashell Party " was " an episode that spends a lot of time addressing something that didn ’ t need to be addressed . " He gave the episode a 4 @.@ 5 out of ten points . TV Fanatic 's Kate Moon was less negative of the episode , stating that even though Meg confronting her family in regards to her treatment was long overdue , she concluded that it felt contrived and uninteresting .
Critics were polarized with the episode subplot . While McFarland expressed enjoyment of some of the animation of the episode , he asserted that it " fell flat . " Moon exclaimed that the subplot would have been more interesting had Stewie ingested the mushroom alongside Brian .
The episode debuted in the United Kingdom on May 20 , 2012 , and achieved 1 @.@ 6 million viewers . Although US reception was negative , UK critics praised the episode for its subplot animation and bold storyline .
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= Marouane Chamakh =
Marouane Chamakh ( French pronunciation : [ ma.ʁwan ʃa.mak ] ; Arabic : مروان الشماخ ; born 10 January 1984 ) is a Moroccan professional footballer who plays as a foward for the Morocco national team . His most recent club side was English Premier League team Crystal Palace . He is described as a prototypical target man and is noted for his " link @-@ up play " , " tall stature " and " excellent heading ability " . He is the first and only player in UEFA Champions League history to score in six consecutive matches .
Chamakh started his career training throughout various clubs in the Aquitaine region . In 2000 , he signed with Bordeaux . Chamakh made his professional debut for the club in the 2002 – 03 season . He spent nine years at the club and helped Bordeaux win the Coupe de la Ligue in 2007 . In the 2008 – 09 season , Chamakh won his first league title as Bordeaux were crowned champions for the first time since the 1998 – 99 season . The club also won the Coupe de la Ligue completing the league and league cup double . In May 2010 , Chamakh joined Arsenal of the Premier League on a free transfer after agreeing to a four @-@ year contract with the club .
Although born and raised in France , Chamakh chose to play international football for Morocco , because he had Moroccan parents . He made his national team debut in July 2003 and has played at three Africa Cup of Nations tournaments , including the 2004 tournament in which Morocco finished runner @-@ up . In August 2010 , he captained the national team for the first time .
= = Personal life = =
Chamakh was born in Tonneins , a small town near the Garonne River , to Moroccan parents , and was raised in the nearby commune of Aiguillon . His father , El Mostafa Chamakh , was a former footballer in Morocco and played for Difaâ Aïn Sbaâ in Casablanca . In 1979 , he left Morocco to locate more favorable living conditions and to find a better job . After settling in France and finding work as a stonemason , the elder Chamakh brought his family over soon after . Chamakh 's younger brother Yassin owns a café . Chamakh has stated that when he goes back home , he often waits tables to help out his brother .
While pursuing his career as a professional footballer , Chamakh was equally adept off the field earning good grades in school . During his early years at Bordeaux , he began attending high school . He hoped to earn a Baccalauréat in accounting , which he later accomplished . In addition to having a Baccalauréat , Chamakh is also very interested in politics and , in February 2010 , voiced his support for the Democratic Movement ( MoDem ) political party ahead of the upcoming regional elections . In the 2010 regional elections , Chamakh was , surprisingly , listed as a candidate by the MoDem for the Gironde department in the Aquitaine region . The lead deputy of the party , Jean Lassalle , stated on the decision to name Chamakh to the ballot : " I want to gather all the forces of Aquitaine to sustain our region , and Marouane is one of those forces who Aquitaine needs . " Chamakh was listed as a non @-@ eligible candidate on the ballot and Lasalle was accused of using Chamakh in order to garner votes from football supporters in the region .
Chamakh is a practising Muslim and has stated that " I have no problem fasting during Ramadan , it becomes normal . The day before a game and on match days I do not fast , but I 'll make up the lost days later . "
= = Club career = =
= = = Early career = = =
Chamakh began his football career at the age of four playing for local club Nérac FC in the nearby commune of Nérac . While at Nérac , youth coaches at the club nicknamed him " Mr. George " after the former FIFA World Player of the Year George Weah because Chamakh " used to score four or five goals in every tolka rovers game " . After six years at Nérac , Chamakh joined FC Marmandais . While in Marmande , he developed his physical skills and traits , growing as tall as 6 ft ( 1 @.@ 83 m ) and also earning his first regional selection to play for the Aquitaine regional team in the Coupe Nationale .
= = = Bordeaux = = =
In 2000 , Chamakh was pursued by several professional clubs that wanted to obtain his services . He drew interest from Lens , Toulouse , Lorient , and Bordeaux . Chamakh eventually decided to sign with Bordeaux due to the club 's infrastructure and training facilities and also because of the close proximity to his family . Upon his arrival , Chamakh was placed into the club 's youth academy . For the 2001 – 02 season , he was promoted to the club 's Championnat de France amateur 2 team in the fifth division . Chamakh was involved heavily in the campaign of the team , coached by Jean @-@ Louis Garcia . He appeared in 17 matches and scored six goals as the team finished first in their group , thus earning promotion to the Championnat de France amateur .
Following the season , Chamakh turned professional and signed a three @-@ year contract with Bordeaux . He spent the first half of the 2002 – 03 campaign playing in the fourth division , but following the winter break , was called up to the senior team by manager Elie Baup . Chamakh made his professional debut on 19 January 2003 in the team 's Coupe de la Ligue match against Metz . He appeared as a substitute and played 15 minutes in a 1 – 0 defeat . Chamakh made his league debut three weeks later in a 2 – 0 home defeat to Bastia again appearing as a substitute . On 20 May , he scored his first professional goal against Nice , netting the equalizing goal just a minute before injury time in a 1 – 1 draw . Chamakh appeared in 14 games , always as a substitute , during the campaign . In the 2003 – 04 season , he was promoted to the senior team permanently by new manager Michel Pavon and made his first professional league start on 1 November 2003 in a 1 – 0 win over Marseille . In the team 's following match , Chamakh scored the opening goal in a 1 – 1 draw with Strasbourg just before halftime . However , mid @-@ way through the second half , he received his first career red card after incurring a second yellow . Upon returning from his one @-@ game suspension , Chamakh developed into a regular starter for the club , scoring goals in consecutive matches against Metz and Montpellier . He finished the league campaign with six goals in 25 matches . In the club 's UEFA Cup campaign , Chamakh netted four times in eight appearances .
In the 2004 – 05 season , Pavon decided to move Chamakh into the lead striker position and install Argentine playmaker Juan Pablo Francia as a support striker . The move was a success with Chamakh scoring ten league goals . He opened the campaign by scoring his first professional hat trick in a 5 – 1 victory over Nice . In September 2004 , Chamakh scored goals in back @-@ to @-@ back matches against Bastia and Derby de la Garonne rivals Toulouse . He finished the campaign by scoring the opening goal in a 1 – 1 draw with Monaco . Despite the positive individual season from Chamakh , Bordeaux finished the campaign in 15th place ; its worst finish since ending the league campaign in 16th over a decade before . Pavon , due to heart problems , stepped down from his position and was replaced by Ricardo Gomes . Under Gomes , Chamakh struggled to meet the success of his previous season scoring only 12 league goals in 58 matches over the course of two seasons . Two of his notable performances during Gomes ' reign included scoring a double in league matches against Metz and Nancy . In the match against the former club , Chamakh scored both of his goals within a minute of each other . He was later ejected from the match after committing a red card offense . Chamakh ended the 2006 – 07 Ligue 1 campaign by hoisting the Coupe de la Ligue trophy after featuring in the team 's 1 – 0 victory over Lyon in the final match . It was Chamakh 's first major club honour .
Following the departure of Gomes , Bordeaux hired rookie manager Laurent Blanc ahead of the 2007 – 08 season . Chamakh has stated on several occasions that Blanc was an important figure in his development as a footballer . However , when Blanc first arrived to the club , Chamakh struggled to earn meaningful minutes because Blanc preferred David Bellion , a new recruit . His playing time up front was further hampered by the arrival of striker Fernando Cavenaghi , who had a prolific season scoring 15 goals in only 23 appearances . Due to Cavenaghi 's emergence , Chamakh was used as a target man and scored four goals , his lowest output since becoming a professional . In the 2008 – 09 season , Chamakh was relegated to appearing as a substitute for the first @-@ half of the campaign . However , on 21 December 2008 , Chamakh convinced Blanc to change his mind . With Bordeaux trailing 3 – 0 against Monaco , Chamakh appeared as a substitute and , within minutes on the field , scored a goal . Following a goal from Alou Diarra to make the match 3 – 2 , Chamakh equalized three minutes from time and , two minutes later , Cavenaghi netted the game @-@ winner to give Bordeaux a 4 – 3 victory . Following the winter break , Blanc decided to use both Chamakh and Cavenaghi in the attack with influential playmaker Yoann Gourcuff acting in support . It was the former who developed a consistent partnership with Gourcuff , and Chamakh responded by scoring eight league goals in the second half of the season . On 30 May 2009 , Bordeaux sealed their first league title since the 1998 – 99 season after defeating Caen 1 – 0 at the Stade Chaban Delmas . Chamakh played the entire match . The club also won the Coupe de la Ligue , completing the league and league cup double .
During the club 's victory parade , with only one year left on his contract Chamakh declared that he would be staying at Bordeaux for the 2009 – 10 season , despite strong interest from Premier League club Arsenal . Despite the statement , rumors of a move to Arsenal continued to surface with negotiations reportedly having been ongoing throughout the summer . On 3 August 2009 , president Jean @-@ Louis Triaud declared that Arsenal had sent a bid of € 7 million for Chamakh and that he had rejected it , demanding that Arsenal improve its offer . The following day , Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger announced that he would not be offering a better deal and declared the possible transfer dead . The announcement subsequently led Chamakh to confirm his intent to remain at Bordeaux for the 2009 – 10 season . On 29 August , Chamakh reportedly snubbed a move to West Ham United . The club offered Bordeaux £ 18 million for the player and offered Chamakh a four @-@ year contract worth £ 3 million a year . However , Chamakh remained firm on his stance , reiterating his commitment to Bordeaux .
In his final season with Bordeaux , Chamakh was equally adept in both the league and the Champions League . He began the season claiming his fifth trophy on 25 July 2009 as Bordeaux won the 2009 Trophée des Champions in a 2 – 0 victory over Guingamp . Chamakh scored ten goals in league play and netted five in the Champions League , which included goals against Italian club Juventus and German club Bayern Munich in the group stage . Bordeaux were only one of two clubs to finish the group @-@ stage portion undefeated . In the knockout rounds , Chamakh scored a goal in Bordeaux 's 2 – 1 victory over Greek club Olympiacos in the second leg of the team 's UEFA Champions League opening knockout round match . Bordeaux won the tie with a 3 – 1 aggregate scoreline to advance to the quarter @-@ finals , where they faced league rivals Lyon . In the first leg , which Lyon won 3 – 1 , Chamakh scored a vital away goal . In the second leg , Chamakh converted another goal to get the scoreline 3 – 2 on aggregate . In the second half , however , Bordeaux were unable to score another as Lyon advanced to the semi @-@ finals on the aggregate scoreline . In Ligue 1 , Chamakh appeared in all 38 matches for the first time in his career . Despite starting the campaign strong , Bordeaux fell out of the running for the league title in the spring and eventually finished the season in sixth place , failing to qualify for European competition next season .
= = = Arsenal = = =
On 21 May 2010 , Chamakh completed his move to Arsenal on a free transfer after completing his contract with Bordeaux . The transfer took effect on 1 July 2010 . He made his debut in a pre @-@ season friendly against Barnet on 17 July , appearing as a substitute . On 27 July , he scored his first pre @-@ season goal for the club , converting a penalty in a 4 – 0 victory over Austrian club SC Neusiedl . In the 2010 edition of the Emirates Cup , Chamakh scored on his home debut against Italian club Milan . He made his Premier League debut on 15 August in the team 's 1 – 1 draw with Liverpool . Chamakh contributed to the team 's equalising goal by heading a cross off the goal post , which then redirected off goalkeeper Pepe Reina and into the back of the net , resulting in an own goal .
On 21 August 2010 , Chamakh scored his first Premier League goal with a header against Blackpool . In the same match , he won a penalty when he was fouled by Ian Evatt , which Andrey Arshavin subsequently converted in a 6 – 0 win for Arsenal . In his third start in four games , Chamakh scored the team 's second goal against Bolton Wanderers in a 4 – 1 victory . On 15 September , in his first Champions League match for the club , he scored the third goal in a 6 – 0 win against Portuguese club Braga . Two weeks later , Chamakh scored his second Champions League goal for Arsenal against Serbian outfit Partizan . The goal was his seventh goal in eight Champions League matches . Following the international break , Chamakh continued his solid form , scoring the winning goal in a 2 – 1 victory over Birmingham City . Three days later , he scored his eighth goal in nine Champions League matches against Ukrainian club Shakhtar Donetsk in a 5 – 1 rout . On 10 November , Chamakh scored both goals in a midweek victory over Wolverhampton Wanderers . He scored the opening goal 37 seconds into play , which is the fastest league goal scored in the club 's history . The previous record was held by Thierry Henry , who scored a goal after 58 seconds for Arsenal against Reading on 22 October 2006 .
On 20 November , Chamakh scored a goal in a 3 – 2 defeat by Tottenham Hotspur in the North London derby . A week later , he converted another goal , this time in a 4 – 2 win over Aston Villa . Following the goal against Villa , Chamakh went scoreless in the winter months , often appearing as a substitute in a majority of the matches . In matches he did start , he was often substituted on early in the second half . On 15 February 2011 , he admitted that he felt burnt @-@ out , stating , " By the start of January I felt that I had completely lost my edge . " The striker also admitted he needed some rest and wouldn 't return to full form until March . On 20 February , Chamakh played the entire match in Arsenal 's 1 – 1 draw with Leyton Orient in the FA Cup . It was the first time in nearly two months he had played the full 90 minutes in a match . On 2 March , in the replay against Leyton Orient , Chamakh scored his first goal since November in a 5 – 0 win .
In the 2011 – 12 season , Chamakh made just 11 league appearances , most of which as a substitute , and scored only one goal , which came in the 4 – 3 defeat to Blackburn Rovers .
On 30 October 2012 , Chamakh made his first start since January , scoring two goals to help Arsenal recover from a 4 – 0 disadvantage and defeat Reading 7 – 5 in extra time and advance to the quarterfinals of the League Cup .
= = = West Ham United ( loan ) = = =
On 4 January 2013 , it was announced that Chamakh had been loaned to West Ham United until the end of the 2012 – 13 season . The loan deal was confirmed on West Ham 's official site with the striker saying , " I didn 't have opportunities to play recently , but I did well before and I know I am a very good striker . We played only one striker at Arsenal , so I didn 't play a lot , so I hope to do so more with West Ham . " He played only three games for West Ham without scoring .
= = = Crystal Palace = = =
On 10 August 2013 , Ian Holloway announced the signing of Chamakh on a one @-@ year deal from Arsenal to Crystal Palace . On 24 August 2013 he scored his first Premier League goal since September 2011 and his first for Crystal Palace , in a 2 – 1 away defeat to Stoke City .
On 9 November 2013 , Chamakh was given a standing ovation by the home fans at Selhurst Park whilst being substituted , despite not scoring , impressing with his work rate and attitude against Everton . On 3 December 2013 , Chamakh scored in a 1 – 0 win against West Ham from a cross of Barry Bannan , his first goal in 11 matches . He continued his good form with a well @-@ hit low volley in a 2 – 0 home win over Cardiff City . On 14 December 2013 , he scored his third goal in three matches against Chelsea in a 2 – 1 away loss ; he received a standing ovation for " working his socks off literally " when replaced on the 88th minute .
At the end of 2013 – 14 season , Chamakh was listed as being released by the club , as his contract had expired . On 11 July 2014 , however , it was announced that Chamakh had signed a new two @-@ year contract with Palace . On 24 January 2015 , he scored a brace in a 2 – 3 away win against Southampton in the FA Cup .
On the final day of the 2014 – 15 Premier League season , Chamakh scored the winner in a 1 – 0 home victory against Swansea City at Selhurst Park , the club 's final home goal of the season . Coincidentally , the Moroccan had scored his first Palace home goal of that season , when he scored against his former club West Ham in August . The goal was only his second league goal of the season . On 13 June 2016 , it was announced that Chamakh had again been released by Crystal Palace .
= = International career = =
Chamakh is a Moroccan international at the senior level . Prior to representing Morocco , he played for the under @-@ 19 team of France and made his debut on 12 February 2003 in a friendly match against the Czech Republic . That was his only appearance with the team . Chamakh was called up to the team for the 2003 UEFA European Under @-@ 19 Football Championship , but declined the offer after being called up for Morocco national team duty by coach Badou Zaki for the team 's 2004 African Cup of Nations qualification matches against Sierra Leone and Gabon . On 7 June 2003 , he made his debut with the team in the match against Sierra Leone . On 10 September 2003 , Chamakh scored both goals , which included his first international goal , in a 2 – 0 victory over Trinidad and Tobago . He participated in the rest of the qualification matches and was later named to participate in the tournament . Chamakh scored two goals in the competition ; one against Benin in the group stage and another in the quarter @-@ finals against Algeria . Morocco beat Mali in the semi @-@ finals to reach the final where they faced Tunisia . In the match , Chamakh played the entire contest as Morocco were defeated 2 – 1 at the Stade 7 Novembre in Tunis .
In qualification for the 2006 FIFA World Cup , Chamakh scored three goals . One of his goals during qualification occurred on 8 October 2010 against Tunisia . With Morocco needing a win to qualify for the World Cup , Chamakh opened the scoring in the third minute . However , the match finished 2 – 2 , which resulted in the team failing to qualify for the competition . However , the draw did allow Morocco qualification for the 2006 Africa Cup of Nations . In the tournament , Morocco were eliminated in the group stage and departed the tournament without scoring a goal . In 2008 , Chamakh was selected to participate in his third consecutive Africa Cup of Nations and was held scoreless in the competition as Morocco were again eliminated in the group stage . In 2009 – 2010 , Chamakh appeared in only four matches and scored no goals as Morocco failed to qualify for both the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations and the 2010 FIFA World Cup .
On 11 August 2010 , Chamakh captained the national team for the first time in a 2 – 1 win over the Equatorial Guinea . Three months later , he scored the opening goal in the team 's 1 – 1 away draw to Northern Ireland . After going scoreless for six months at international level , on 4 June 2011 , Chamakh scored the second goal in a 4 – 0 win over Algeria in qualification for the 2012 Africa Cup of Nations .
Chamakh was excluded from Morocco 's squad for the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations , with coach Rachid Taoussi explaining that the striker had not been playing enough club football to be considered .
= = = International goals = = =
Scores and results list Morocco 's goal tally first .
= = Career statistics = =
= = = Club = = =
As of 6 February 2016
= = = International = = =
As of match played 16 November 2014 .
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= Batman =
Batman is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics . The character was created by artist Bob Kane and writer Bill Finger , and first appeared in Detective Comics # 27 ( May 1939 ) . Originally named the " Bat @-@ Man " , the character is also referred to by such epithets as the Caped Crusader , the Dark Knight , and the World 's Greatest Detective .
Batman 's secret identity is Bruce Wayne , an American billionaire , playboy , philanthropist , and owner of Wayne Enterprises . After witnessing the murder of his parents Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne as a child , he swore revenge on criminals , an oath tempered by a sense of justice . Wayne trains himself physically and intellectually and crafts a bat @-@ inspired persona to fight crime . Batman operates in the fictional Gotham City , with assistance from various supporting characters , including his butler Alfred , police commissioner Jim Gordon , and vigilante allies such as Robin . Unlike most superheroes , Batman does not possess any superpowers ; rather , he relies on his genius intellect , physical prowess , martial arts abilities , detective skills , science and technology , vast wealth , intimidation , and indomitable will . A large assortment of villains make up Batman 's rogues gallery , including his archenemy , the Joker .
Batman became popular soon after his introduction in 1939 and gained his own comic book title , Batman , the following year . As the decades went on , differing interpretations of the character emerged . The late 1960s Batman television series used a camp aesthetic , which continued to be associated with the character for years after the show ended . Various creators worked to return the character to his dark roots , culminating in 1986 with The Dark Knight Returns by Frank Miller . The success of Warner Bros. ' live @-@ action Batman feature films have helped maintain public interest in the character .
An American cultural icon , Batman has been licensed and adapted into a variety of media , from radio to television and film , and appears on a variety of merchandise sold all over the world , such as toys and video games . The character has also intrigued psychiatrists , with many trying to understand the character 's psyche . In May 2011 , Batman placed second on IGN 's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time , after Superman . Empire magazine listed him second in their 50 Greatest Comic Book Characters of All Time . The character has been portrayed in both film and television by Lewis Wilson , Robert Lowery , Adam West , Michael Keaton , Kevin Conroy , Val Kilmer , George Clooney , Christian Bale , Bruce Greenwood , Peter Weller , and Ben Affleck .
= = Publication history = =
= = = Creation = = =
In early 1939 , the success of Superman in Action Comics prompted editors at National Comics Publications ( the future DC Comics ) to request more superheroes for its titles . In response , Bob Kane created " the Bat @-@ Man " . Collaborator Bill Finger recalled that " Kane had an idea for a character called ' Batman , ' and he 'd like me to see the drawings . I went over to Kane 's , and he had drawn a character who looked very much like Superman with kind of ... reddish tights , I believe , with boots ... no gloves , no gauntlets ... with a small domino mask , swinging on a rope . He had two stiff wings that were sticking out , looking like bat wings . And under it was a big sign ... BATMAN " . The bat @-@ wing @-@ like cape was suggested by Bob Kane , inspired by Leonardo Da Vinci 's sketch of an ornithopter flying device as a child .
Finger suggested giving the character a cowl instead of a simple domino mask , a cape instead of wings , and gloves ; he also recommended removing the red sections from the original costume . Finger said he devised the name Bruce Wayne for the character 's secret identity : " Bruce Wayne 's first name came from Robert Bruce , the Scottish patriot . Wayne , being a playboy , was a man of gentry . I searched for a name that would suggest colonialism . I tried Adams , Hancock ... then I thought of Mad Anthony Wayne . " He later said his suggestions were influenced by Lee Falk 's popular The Phantom , a syndicated newspaper comic @-@ strip character with which Kane was also familiar .
Kane and Finger drew upon contemporary 1930s popular culture for inspiration regarding much of the Bat @-@ Man 's look , personality , methods , and weaponry . Details find predecessors in pulp fiction , comic strips , newspaper headlines , and autobiographical details referring to Kane himself . As an aristocratic hero with a double identity , the Bat @-@ Man had predecessors in the Scarlet Pimpernel ( created by Baroness Emmuska Orczy , 1903 ) and Zorro ( created by Johnston McCulley , 1919 ) . Like them , he performed his heroic deeds in secret , averted suspicion by playing the fool in public , and marked his work with a signature symbol . Kane noted the influence of the films The Mark of Zorro ( 1920 ) and The Bat Whispers ( 1930 ) in the creation of the character 's iconography . Finger , drawing inspiration from pulp heroes like Doc Savage , The Shadow , Dick Tracy , and Sherlock Holmes , made the character a master sleuth .
In his 1989 autobiography , Kane detailed Finger 's contributions to Batman 's creation :
One day I called Bill and said , ' I have a new character called the Bat @-@ Man and I 've made some crude , elementary sketches I 'd like you to look at . ' He came over and I showed him the drawings . At the time , I only had a small domino mask , like the one Robin later wore , on Batman 's face . Bill said , ' Why not make him look more like a bat and put a hood on him , and take the eyeballs out and just put slits for eyes to make him look more mysterious ? ' At this point , the Bat @-@ Man wore a red union suit ; the wings , trunks , and mask were black . I thought that red and black would be a good combination . Bill said that the costume was too bright : ' Color it dark gray to make it look more ominous . ' The cape looked like two stiff bat wings attached to his arms . As Bill and I talked , we realized that these wings would get cumbersome when Bat @-@ Man was in action , and changed them into a cape , scalloped to look like bat wings when he was fighting or swinging down on a rope . Also , he didn 't have any gloves on , and we added them so that he wouldn 't leave fingerprints .
= = = Golden Age = = =
= = = = Subsequent creation credit = = = =
Kane signed away ownership in the character in exchange for , among other compensation , a mandatory byline on all Batman comics . This byline did not originally say " Batman created by Bob Kane " ; his name was simply written on the title page of each story . The name disappeared from the comic book in the mid @-@ 1960s , replaced by credits for each story 's actual writer and artists . In the late 1970s , when Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster began receiving a " created by " credit on the Superman titles , along with William Moulton Marston being given the byline for creating Wonder Woman , Batman stories began saying " Created by Bob Kane " in addition to the other credits .
Finger did not receive the same recognition . While he had received credit for other DC work since the 1940s , he began , in the 1960s , to receive limited acknowledgment for his Batman writing ; in the letters page of Batman # 169 ( February 1965 ) for example , editor Julius Schwartz names him as the creator of the Riddler , one of Batman 's recurring villains . However , Finger 's contract left him only with his writing page rate and no byline . Kane wrote , " Bill was disheartened by the lack of major accomplishments in his career . He felt that he had not used his creative potential to its fullest and that success had passed him by . " At the time of Finger 's death in 1974 , DC had not officially credited Finger as Batman co @-@ creator .
Jerry Robinson , who also worked with Finger and Kane on the strip at this time , has criticized Kane for failing to share the credit . He recalled Finger resenting his position , stating in a 2005 interview with The Comics Journal :
Bob made him more insecure , because while he slaved working on Batman , he wasn 't sharing in any of the glory or the money that Bob began to make , which is why ... [ he was ] going to leave [ Kane 's employ ] . ... [ Kane ] should have credited Bill as co @-@ creator , because I know ; I was there . ... That was one thing I would never forgive Bob for , was not to take care of Bill or recognize his vital role in the creation of Batman . As with Siegel and Shuster , it should have been the same , the same co @-@ creator credit in the strip , writer , and artist .
Although Kane initially rebutted Finger 's claims at having created the character , writing in a 1965 open letter to fans that " it seemed to me that Bill Finger has given out the impression that he and not myself created the ' ' Batman , t ' [ sic ] as well as Robin and all the other leading villains and characters . This statement is fraudulent and entirely untrue . " Kane himself also commented on Finger 's lack of credit . " The trouble with being a ' ghost ' writer or artist is that you must remain rather anonymously without ' credit ' . However , if one wants the ' credit ' , then one has to cease being a ' ghost ' or follower and become a leader or innovator . "
In 1989 , Kane revisited Finger 's situation , recalling in an interview :
In those days it was like , one artist and he had his name over it [ the comic strip ] — the policy of DC in the comic books was , if you can 't write it , obtain other writers , but their names would never appear on the comic book in the finished version . So Bill never asked me for it [ the byline ] and I never volunteered — I guess my ego at that time . And I felt badly , really , when he [ Finger ] died .
In September 2015 , DC Entertainment revealed that Finger would be receiving credit for his role in Batman 's creation on the 2016 superhero film Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice and the second season of Gotham after a deal was worked out between the Finger family and DC . Finger received credit as a creator of Batman for the first time in a comic in October 2015 with Batman and Robin Eternal # 3 and Batman : Arkham Knight Genesis # 3 . The updated acknowledgement for the character appeared as " Batman created by Bob Kane with Bill Finger " .
= = = = Early years = = = =
The first Batman story , " The Case of the Chemical Syndicate " , was published in Detective Comics # 27 ( May 1939 ) . Finger said , " Batman was originally written in the style of the pulps " , and this influence was evident with Batman showing little remorse over killing or maiming criminals . Batman proved a hit character , and he received his own solo title in 1940 , while continuing to star in Detective Comics . By that time , National was the top @-@ selling and most influential publisher in the industry ; Batman and the company 's other major hero , Superman , were the cornerstones of the company 's success . The two characters were featured side @-@ by @-@ side as the stars of World 's Finest Comics , which was originally titled World 's Best Comics when it debuted in fall 1940 . Creators including Jerry Robinson and Dick Sprang also worked on the strips during this period .
Over the course of the first few Batman strips elements were added to the character and the artistic depiction of Batman evolved . Kane noted that within six issues he drew the character 's jawline more pronounced , and lengthened the ears on the costume . " About a year later he was almost the full figure , my mature Batman " , Kane said . Batman 's characteristic utility belt was introduced in Detective Comics # 29 ( July 1939 ) , followed by the boomerang @-@ like batarang and the first bat @-@ themed vehicle , the Batplane , in # 31 ( Sept . 1939 ) . The character 's origin was revealed in # 33 ( Nov. 1939 ) , unfolding in a two @-@ page story that establishes the brooding persona of Batman , a character driven by the death of his parents . Written by Finger , it depicts a young Bruce Wayne witnessing his parents ' murder at the hands of a mugger . Days later , at their grave , the child vows that " by the spirits of my parents [ I will ] avenge their deaths by spending the rest of my life warring on all criminals " .
The early , pulp @-@ inflected portrayal of Batman started to soften in Detective Comics # 38 ( April 1940 ) with the introduction of Robin , Batman 's junior counterpart . Robin was introduced , based on Finger 's suggestion , because Batman needed a " Watson " with whom Batman could talk . Sales nearly doubled , despite Kane 's preference for a solo Batman , and it sparked a proliferation of " kid sidekicks " . The first issue of the solo spin @-@ off series Batman was notable not only for introducing two of his most persistent enemies , the Joker and Catwoman , but for a story in which Batman shoots some monstrous giants to death . That story prompted editor Whitney Ellsworth to decree that the character could no longer kill or use a gun .
By 1942 , the writers and artists behind the Batman comics had established most of the basic elements of the Batman mythos . In the years following World War II , DC Comics " adopted a postwar editorial direction that increasingly de @-@ emphasized social commentary in favor of lighthearted juvenile fantasy " . The impact of this editorial approach was evident in Batman comics of the postwar period ; removed from the " bleak and menacing world " of the strips of the early 1940s , Batman was instead portrayed as a respectable citizen and paternal figure that inhabited a " bright and colorful " environment .
= = = Silver and Bronze Age = = =
= = = = 1950s and early 1960s = = = =
Batman was one of the few superhero characters to be continuously published as interest in the genre waned during the 1950s . In the story " The Mightiest Team in the World " in Superman # 76 ( June 1952 ) , Batman teams up with Superman for the first time and the pair discovers each other 's secret identity . Following the success of this story , World 's Finest Comics was revamped so it featured stories starring both heroes together , instead of the separate Batman and Superman features that had been running before . The team @-@ up of the characters was " a financial success in an era when those were few and far between " ; this series of stories ran until the book 's cancellation in 1986 .
Batman comics were among those criticized when the comic book industry came under scrutiny with the publication of psychologist Fredric Wertham 's book Seduction of the Innocent in 1954 . Wertham 's thesis was that children imitated crimes committed in comic books , and that these works corrupted the morals of the youth . Wertham criticized Batman comics for their supposed homosexual overtones and argued that Batman and Robin were portrayed as lovers . Wertham 's criticisms raised a public outcry during the 1950s , eventually leading to the establishment of the Comics Code Authority , a code that is no longer in use by the comic book industry . The tendency towards a " sunnier Batman " in the postwar years intensified after the introduction of the Comics Code . Scholars have suggested that the characters of Batwoman ( in 1956 ) and the pre @-@ Barbara Gordon Bat @-@ Girl ( in 1961 ) were introduced in part to refute the allegation that Batman and Robin were gay , and the stories took on a campier , lighter feel .
In the late 1950s , Batman stories gradually became more science fiction @-@ oriented , an attempt at mimicking the success of other DC characters that had dabbled in the genre . New characters such as Batwoman , Ace the Bat @-@ Hound , and Bat @-@ Mite were introduced . Batman 's adventures often involved odd transformations or bizarre space aliens . In 1960 , Batman debuted as a member of the Justice League of America in The Brave and the Bold # 28 ( Feb. 1960 ) , and went on to appear in several Justice League comic series starting later that same year .
= = = = " New Look " Batman and camp = = = =
By 1964 , sales on Batman titles had fallen drastically . Bob Kane noted that , as a result , DC was " planning to kill Batman off altogether " . In response to this , editor Julius Schwartz was assigned to the Batman titles . He presided over drastic changes , beginning with 1964 's Detective Comics # 327 ( May 1964 ) , which was cover @-@ billed as the " New Look " . Schwartz introduced changes designed to make Batman more contemporary , and to return him to more detective @-@ oriented stories . He brought in artist Carmine Infantino to help overhaul the character . The Batmobile was redesigned , and Batman 's costume was modified to incorporate a yellow ellipse behind the bat @-@ insignia . The space aliens , time travel , and characters of the 1950s such as Batwoman , Ace , and Bat @-@ Mite were retired . Batman 's butler Alfred was killed off ( though his death was quickly reversed ) while a new female relative for the Wayne family , Aunt Harriet , came to live with Bruce Wayne and Dick Grayson .
The debut of the Batman television series in 1966 had a profound influence on the character . The success of the series increased sales throughout the comic book industry , and Batman reached a circulation of close to 900 @,@ 000 copies . Elements such as the character of Batgirl and the show 's campy nature were introduced into the comics ; the series also initiated the return of Alfred . Although both the comics and TV show were successful for a time , the camp approach eventually wore thin and the show was canceled in 1968 . In the aftermath , the Batman comics themselves lost popularity once again . As Julius Schwartz noted , " When the television show was a success , I was asked to be campy , and of course when the show faded , so did the comic books . "
Starting in 1969 , writer Dennis O 'Neil and artist Neal Adams made a deliberate effort to distance Batman from the campy portrayal of the 1960s TV series and to return the character to his roots as a " grim avenger of the night " . O 'Neil said his idea was " simply to take it back to where it started . I went to the DC library and read some of the early stories . I tried to get a sense of what Kane and Finger were after . "
O 'Neil and Adams first collaborated on the story " The Secret of the Waiting Graves " ( Detective Comics # 395 , January 1970 ) . Few stories were true collaborations between O 'Neil , Adams , Schwartz , and inker Dick Giordano , and in actuality these men were mixed and matched with various other creators during the 1970s ; nevertheless the influence of their work was " tremendous " . Giordano said : " We went back to a grimmer , darker Batman , and I think that 's why these stories did so well ... " While the work of O 'Neil and Adams was popular with fans , the acclaim did little to improve declining sales ; the same held true with a similarly acclaimed run by writer Steve Englehart and penciler Marshall Rogers in Detective Comics # 471 – 476 ( August 1977 – April 1978 ) , which went on to influence the 1989 movie Batman and be adapted for Batman : The Animated Series , which debuted in 1992 . Regardless , circulation continued to drop through the 1970s and 1980s , hitting an all @-@ time low in 1985 .
= = = Modern Age = = =
= = = = The Dark Knight Returns = = = =
Frank Miller 's limited series The Dark Knight Returns ( February – June 1986 ) , which tells the story of a 55 @-@ year @-@ old Batman coming out of retirement in a possible future , reinvigorated the character . The Dark Knight Returns was a financial success and has since become one of the medium 's most noted touchstones . The series also sparked a major resurgence in the character 's popularity .
That year Dennis O 'Neil took over as editor of the Batman titles and set the template for the portrayal of Batman following DC 's status quo @-@ altering miniseries Crisis on Infinite Earths . O 'Neil operated under the assumption that he was hired to revamp the character and as a result tried to instill a different tone in the books than had gone before . One outcome of this new approach was the " Year One " storyline in Batman # 404 – 407 ( February – May 1987 ) , in which Frank Miller and artist David Mazzucchelli redefined the character 's origins . Writer Alan Moore and artist Brian Bolland continued this dark trend with 1988 's 48 @-@ page one @-@ shot Batman : The Killing Joke , in which the Joker , attempting to drive Commissioner Gordon insane , cripples Gordon 's daughter Barbara , and then kidnaps and tortures the commissioner , physically and psychologically .
The Batman comics garnered major attention in 1988 when DC Comics created a 900 number for readers to call to vote on whether Jason Todd , the second Robin , lived or died . Voters decided in favor of Jason 's death by a narrow margin of 28 votes ( see Batman : A Death in the Family ) . The following year saw the release of Tim Burton 's Batman feature film , which firmly brought the character back to the public 's attention , grossing millions of dollars at the box office , and millions more in merchandising . However , the three sequels , Tim Burton 's Batman Returns and director Joel Schumacher 's Batman Forever and Batman & Robin , did not perform as well at the box office . The fourth film in the series , the Schumacher @-@ directed Batman & Robin , meanwhile , was a critical and commercial failure . The Batman movie franchise was rebooted with director and co @-@ writer Christopher Nolan 's Batman Begins in 2005 , The Dark Knight in 2008 and The Dark Knight Rises in 2012 . In 1989 , the first issue of Legends of the Dark Knight , the first new solo Batman title in nearly 50 years , sold close to a million copies .
The 1993 " Knightfall " story arc introduced a new villain , Bane , who critically injures Batman after pushing him to the limits of his endurance . Jean @-@ Paul Valley , known as Azrael , is called upon to wear the Batsuit during Bruce Wayne 's convalescence . Writers Doug Moench , Chuck Dixon , and Alan Grant worked on the Batman titles during " Knightfall " , and would also contribute to other Batman crossovers throughout the 1990s . 1998 's " Cataclysm " storyline served as the precursor to 1999 's " No Man 's Land " , a year @-@ long storyline that ran through all the Batman @-@ related titles dealing with the effects of an earthquake @-@ ravaged Gotham City . At the conclusion of " No Man 's Land " , O 'Neil stepped down as editor and was replaced by Bob Schreck .
Another writer who rose to prominence on the Batman comic series , was Jeph Loeb . Along with longtime collaborator Tim Sale , they wrote two miniseries ( " The Long Halloween " and " Dark Victory " ) that pit an early in his career version of Batman against his entire rogues gallery ( most notably Two @-@ Face , whose origin was re @-@ envisioned by Loeb ) while dealing with various mysteries involving serial killers Holiday and the Hangman . In 2003 , Loeb teamed with artist Jim Lee to work on another mystery arc : " Batman : Hush " for the main Batman book . The twelve – issue storyline has Batman and Catwoman teaming up against Batman 's entire rogues gallery , including an apparently resurrected Jason Todd , while seeking to find the identity of the mysterious supervillain Hush . While the character of Hush failed to catch on with readers , the arc was a sales success for DC . As the storyline was Jim Lee 's first regular comic book work in nearly a decade , the series became # 1 on the Diamond Comic Distributors sales chart for the first time since Batman # 500 ( October 1993 ) and Jason Todd 's appearance laid the groundwork for writer Judd Winick 's subsequent run as writer on Batman , with another multi @-@ issue epic , " Under the Hood " , which ran from Batman # 637 – 650 .
In 2005 , DC launched All @-@ Star Batman and Robin , a stand @-@ alone comic series set outside the existing DC Universe . Written by Frank Miller and drawn by Jim Lee , the series was a commercial success for DC Comics though widely panned by critics for its writing and strong depictions of violence .
Starting in 2006 , the regular writers on Batman and Detective Comics were Grant Morrison and Paul Dini , with Grant Morrison reincorporating controversial elements of Batman lore ( most notably , the science fiction themed storylines of the 1950s Batman comics , which Morrison revised as hallucinations Batman suffered under the influence of various mind @-@ bending gases and extensive sensory deprivation training ) into the character . Morrison 's run climaxed with " Batman R.I.P. " , which brought Batman up against the villainous " Black Glove " organization , which sought to drive Batman into madness . " Batman R.I.P. " segued into Final Crisis ( also written by Morrison ) , which saw the apparent death of Batman at the hands of Darkseid . In the 2009 miniseries Batman : Battle for the Cowl , Wayne 's former protégé Dick Grayson becomes the new Batman , and Wayne 's son Damian becomes the new Robin . In June 2009 , Judd Winick returned to writing Batman , while Grant Morrison was given his own series , titled Batman and Robin .
In 2010 , the storyline Batman : The Return of Bruce Wayne saw Bruce travel through history , eventually returning to the present day . Although he reclaimed the mantle of Batman , he also allowed Grayson to continue being Batman as well . Bruce decided to take his war on crime globally , which is the central focus of Batman Incorporated . DC Comics would later announce that Grayson would be the main character in Batman , Detective Comics and Batman and Robin , while Wayne would be the main character in Batman Incorporated . Also , Bruce appeared in another ongoing series , Batman : The Dark Knight .
= = = = The New 52 = = = =
In September 2011 , DC Comics ' entire line of superhero books , including its Batman franchise , was canceled and relaunched with new # 1 issues as part of The New 52 reboot . Bruce Wayne is the only character to be identified as Batman and is featured in Batman , Detective Comics , Batman and Robin , and Batman : The Dark Knight . Dick Grayson returns to the mantle of Nightwing and appears in his own ongoing series . While many characters have their histories significantly altered to attract new readers , Batman 's history remains mostly intact . Batman Incorporated was relaunched in 2012 @-@ 2013 to complete the " Leviathan " storyline .
Since the beginning of The New 52 , Scott Snyder has been the writer of the flagship Batman title . His first major story arc was " Night of the Owls " , where Batman confronts the Court of Owls , a secret society that has controlled Gotham for centuries . The second story arc was " Death of the Family " , where the Joker returns to Gotham and simultaneously attacks each member of the Batman family . The third story arc was " Batman : Zero Year " , which redefined Batman 's origin in The New 52 . It followed Batman # 0 , published in June 2012 , which explored the character 's early years . The final storyline before the Convergence ( 2015 ) event was Endgame , depicting the supposed final battle between Batman and the Joker when he unleashes the deadly Endgame virus onto Gotham City . The storyline ends with Batman and the Joker 's supposed deaths . Starting with # 41 , Commissioner James Gordon takes over Bruce 's mantle as a new , state @-@ sanctioned , mecha Batman , debuting in the Free Comic Book Day special comic Divergence . However , Bruce Wayne is soon revealed to be alive , albeit now suffering almost total amnesia of his life as Batman and only remembering his life as Bruce Wayne through what he has learned from Alfred . Bruce Wayne finds happiness and proposes to his girlfriend , Julie , but Mr. Bloom heavily injures Jim Gordon and takes control of Gotham City and threatens to destroy the city by energizing a particle reactor to create a " strange star " to swallow the city . Bruce Wayne discovers the truth that he was Batman and after talking to a stranger who smiles a lot ( it is heavily implied that this is the amnesic Joker ) he forces Alfred to implant his memories as Batman , but at the cost of his memories as the reborn Bruce Wayne . He returns and helps Jim Gordon defeat Mr. Bloom and shut down the reactor . Gordon gets his job back as the commissioner , and the government Batman project is shuttered .
In 2015 , DC Comics released The Dark Knight III : The Master Race , the sequel to Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns and The Dark Knight Strikes Again .
During the Darkseid War Batman acquires the Mobius Chair and asks " What 's the Joker 's real name ? " and the response causes him to say " No that is not possible . At the end of the Darkseid War Batman reveals to Hal that the chair told him there were three Jokers and during DC Universe - Rebirth # 1 Batman confirms the existence of at least two Jokers : one who was in Civic City killing people while the other Joker had been caught just outside Baltimore three hours ago and was still in transit to Arkham Asylum . " ( F ) rom the looks of the artwork , it appears that the three jokers include the original , Jerry Robinson Joker ; the Brian Bolland Killing Joke Joker ; and the Scott Snyder / Greg Capullo " New 52 " Joker . "
= = Characterization = =
= = = Bruce Wayne = = =
Batman 's secret identity is Bruce Wayne , a wealthy American business magnate who resides outside of Gotham City . As a child , Bruce witnessed the murder of his parents , Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne , which ultimately led him to craft the Batman persona and seek vengeance against criminals . Wayne averts suspicion by acting the part of a superficial playboy idly living off his family 's fortune , which was amassed through investment in real estate before the city became a bustling metropolis , and the profits of Wayne Enterprises , his inherited conglomerate . He supports philanthropic causes through his nonprofit Wayne Foundation , but is more widely known as a celebrity socialite . In public , he appears frequently in the company of high @-@ status women , which encourages tabloid gossip . Although he leads an active romantic life , crime @-@ fighting accounts for most of his time .
Writers of Batman and Superman stories have often compared and contrasted the two . Interpretations vary depending on the writer , the story , and the timing . Grant Morrison notes that both heroes " believe in the same kind of things " despite the day / night contrast their heroic roles display . He notes an equally stark contrast in their real identities . Bruce Wayne and Clark Kent belong to different social classes : " Bruce has a butler , Clark has a boss . " T. James Musler 's book Unleashing the Superhero in Us All explores the extent to which Bruce Wayne 's vast personal wealth is important in his life story , and the crucial role it plays in his crusade against crime .
Modern stories tend to portray the playboy image of Bruce Wayne as a facade ( in counterpoint to the post @-@ Crisis Superman , whose Clark Kent persona is the true identity , while the Superman persona is the facade ) . In Batman Unmasked , a television documentary about the psychology of the character , behavioral scientist Benjamin Karney notes that Batman 's personality is driven by Bruce Wayne 's inherent humanity ; that " Batman , for all its benefits and for all of the time Bruce Wayne devotes to it , is ultimately a tool for Bruce Wayne 's efforts to make the world better " .
Will Brooker notes in his book Batman Unmasked that " the confirmation of the Batman 's identity lies with the young audience ... he doesn 't have to be Bruce Wayne ; he just needs the suit and gadgets , the abilities , and most importantly the morality , the humanity . There 's just a sense about him : ' they trust him ... and they 're never wrong . "
During the character 's creation , the name " Bruce Wayne " was chosen for certain connotations . According to co @-@ creator Bill Finger , " Bruce Wayne 's first name came from Robert Bruce , the Scottish patriot . Wayne , being a playboy , was a man of gentry . I searched for a name that would suggest colonialism . I tried Adams , Hancock ... then I thought of Mad Anthony Wayne . "
= = = = Personality = = = =
Batman 's primary character traits can be summarized as " wealth ; physical prowess ; deductive abilities and obsession " . The details and tone of Batman comic books have varied over the years due to different creative teams . Dennis O 'Neil noted that character consistency was not a major concern during early editorial regimes : " Julie Schwartz did a Batman in Batman and Detective and Murray Boltinoff did a Batman in the Brave and the Bold and apart from the costume they bore very little resemblance to each other . Julie and Murray did not want to coordinate their efforts , nor were they asked to do so . Continuity was not important in those days . "
The driving force behind Bruce Wayne 's character is his parents ' murder and the absence of the father . Bob Kane and Bill Finger discussed Batman 's background and decided that " there 's nothing more traumatic than having your parents murdered before your eyes " . Despite his trauma , he sets his mind on studying to become a scientist and to train his body into physical perfection to fight crime in Gotham City as Batman , an inspired idea from Wayne 's insight into the criminal mind .
Another of Batman 's characterizations is a vigilante ; in order to stop evil that started with the death of his parents , he must sometimes break laws himself . Although manifested differently by being re @-@ told by different artists , it is nevertheless that the details and the prime components of Batman 's origin have never varied at all in the comic books , the " reiteration of the basic origin events holds together otherwise divergent expressions " . The origin is the source of the character 's traits and attributes , which play out in many of the character 's adventures .
Batman is often treated as a vigilante by other characters in his stories . Frank Miller views the character as " a dionysian figure , a force for anarchy that imposes an individual order " . Dressed as a bat , Batman deliberately cultivates a frightening persona in order to aid him in crime @-@ fighting , a fear that originates from the criminals ' own guilty conscience . Miller is often credited with reintroducing anti @-@ heroic traits into Batman 's characterization , such as his brooding personality , willingness to use violence and torture , and increasingly alienated behavior . Batman 's original character was changed when comic book codes went into place and DC editor Whitney Ellsworth reinvented Batman as having a stringent moral code which never allowed him to kill . Miller 's Batman was closer to the original , Golden Age version , who was willing to kill criminals .
= = = Others = = =
On two occasions former Robin Dick Grayson has served as Batman . He served briefly while Wayne recovered from spinal injuries caused by Bane in the 1993 Knightfall storyline . He assumed the mantle again in a 2009 comic book while Wayne was believed dead , and served as a second Batman even after Wayne returned in 2010 . As part of DC 's 2011 editorial mandate , he returned to being Nightwing following the Flashpoint crossover event .
In an interview with IGN , Morrison details that having Dick Grayson as Batman and Damian Wayne as Robin represented a " reverse " of the normal dynamic between Batman and Robin , with , " a more light @-@ hearted and spontaneous Batman and a scowling , badass Robin " " Morrison explains his intentions for the new characterization of Batman : " Dick Grayson is kind of this consummate superhero . The guy has been Batman 's partner since he was a kid , he 's led the Teen Titans , and he 's trained with everybody in the DC Universe . So he 's a very different kind of Batman . He 's a lot easier ; He 's a lot looser and more relaxed . "
Over the years , there have been numerous others to assume the name of Batman , or to officially take over for Bruce during his leaves of absence . Jean Paul Valley , also known as Azrael , assumed the cowl after the events of the Knightfall saga . James Gordon , donned a mech @-@ suit after the events of Batman : Endgame , and served as Batman in 2015 and 2016 .
Additionally , members of the group Batman , Incorporated , Bruce Wayne 's experiment at franchising his brand of vigilantism , have at times stood in as the official Batman in cities around the world . Various others have also taken up the role of Batman in stories set in alternative universes and possible futures , including , among them , various former proteges of Bruce Wayne .
= = Abilities = =
= = = Skills and training = = =
Batman has no inherent superhuman powers ; he relies on " his own scientific knowledge , detective skills , and athletic prowess " . In the stories , Batman is regarded as one of the world 's greatest detectives , if not the world 's greatest crime solver . Batman has been repeatedly described as having a genius @-@ level intellect , being one of the greatest martial artists in the DC Universe , and having peak human physical conditioning . He has traveled the world acquiring the skills needed to aid in his crusade against crime . As a polymath , his knowledge and expertise in almost every discipline known to man is nearly unparalleled by any other character in the DC Universe . In the Superman : Doomed story arc , Superman considers Batman to be one of the most brilliant minds on the planet . Batman 's inexhaustible wealth allows him access to advanced technology , and as a proficient scientist , he is able to use and modify these technologies to his advantage .
Batman has trained extensively in various martial arts , mastering over 127 different types , making him one of the best hand @-@ to @-@ hand fighters in the DC Universe . Superman describes Batman as " the most dangerous man on Earth " , able to defeat an entire team of superpowered extraterrestrials by himself in order to rescue his imprisoned teammates in Grant Morrison 's first storyline in JLA .
Batman has the ability to function under great physical pain and to withstand telepathy and mind control . He is a master of disguise , multilingual , and an expert in espionage , often gathering information under the identity of Matches Malone , a notorious gangster . He is a master of stealth and escapology , which allows him to appear and disappear at will and to break free of nearly inescapable deathtraps with little to no harm .
Batman is an expert in interrogation techniques and often uses extreme methods to extract information from suspects , such as hanging a person over the edge of a building . His intimidating and frightening appearance alone is often all that is needed in getting information from suspects . Despite having the potential to harm his enemies , Batman 's most defining characteristic is his strong commitment to justice and his unwillingness to take life , regardless of the situation he has faced . This unyielding moral rectitude has earned him the respect of several heroes in the DC Universe , most notably that of Superman and Wonder Woman .
= = = Technology = = =
= = = = Personal armor = = = =
Batman 's body armored costume incorporates the imagery of a bat in order to frighten criminals . The details of the Batman costume change repeatedly through various decades , stories , medias and artists ' interpretations , but the most distinctive elements remain consistent : a scallop @-@ hem cape ; a cowl covering most of the face ; a pair of batlike ears ; a stylized bat emblem on the chest ; and the ever @-@ present utility belt . The costumes ' colors have traditionally been dark blue and grey , although this colorization arose due to the way comic book art was colored ; the character is sometimes depicted in black and grey . Finger and Kane conceptualized Batman as having a black cape and cowl and grey suit , but conventions in coloring called for black to be highlighted with blue . In the Tim Burton 's Batman and Batman Returns films , Batman has been depicted as completely black with a bat in the middle surrounded by a yellow background . Christopher Nolan 's The Dark Knight Trilogy depicted Batman wearing high @-@ tech gear painted completely black with a black bat in the middle .
Batman 's batsuit aids in his combat against enemies , having the properties of both Kevlar and Nomex . It protects him from gunfire and other significant impacts . His gloves typically feature three scallops that protrude from long , gauntlet @-@ like cuffs , although in his earliest appearances he wore short , plain gloves without the scallops . The overall look of the character , particularly the length of the cowl 's ears and of the cape , varies greatly depending on the artist . Dennis O 'Neil said , " We now say that Batman has two hundred suits hanging in the Batcave so they don 't have to look the same . . . Everybody loves to draw Batman , and everybody wants to put their own spin on it . "
Batmobile
Batman 's primary vehicle is the Batmobile , which is usually depicted as an imposing black car , often with tailfins that suggest a bat 's wings . Batman also has an aircraft called the Batplane ( later called the " Batwing " ) , along with various other means of transportation . In proper practice , the " bat " prefix ( as in Batmobile or batarang ) is rarely used by Batman himself when referring to his equipment , particularly after some portrayals ( primarily the 1960s Batman live @-@ action television show and the Super Friends animated series ) stretched the practice to campy proportions . For example , the 1960s television show depicted a Batboat , Bat @-@ Sub , and Batcycle , among other bat @-@ themed vehicles . The 1960s television series Batman has an arsenal that includes such " bat- " names as the bat @-@ computer , bat @-@ scanner , bat @-@ radar , bat @-@ cuffs , bat @-@ pontoons , bat @-@ drinking water dispenser , bat @-@ camera with polarized bat @-@ filter , bat @-@ shark repellent bat @-@ spray , and bat @-@ rope . The storyline " A Death in the Family " suggests that given Batman 's grim nature , he is unlikely to have adopted the " bat " prefix on his own . In The Dark Knight Returns , Batman tells Carrie Kelley that the original Robin came up with the name " Batmobile " when he was young , since that is what a kid would call Batman 's vehicle . The Batmobile was redesigned in 2011 when DC Comics relaunched its entire line of comic books , with the batmobile being given heavier armor and new aesthetics .
Utility belt
Batman keeps most of his field equipment in his utility belt . Over the years it has shown to contain an assortment of crime @-@ fighting tools , weapons , and investigative and technological instruments . Different versions of the belt have these items stored in compartments , often as pouches or hard cylinders attached evenly around it . Batman is often depicted as carrying a projectile which shoots a retractable grappling hook attached to a cable . This allows him to attach to distant objects , be propelled into the air , and thus swing from the rooftops of Gotham City . An exception to the range of Batman 's equipment are guns , which he refuses to use on principle , since a gun was used in his parents ' murder .
Bat @-@ Signal
When Batman is needed , the Gotham City police activate a searchlight with a bat @-@ shaped insignia over the lens called the Bat @-@ Signal , which shines into the night sky , creating a bat @-@ symbol on a passing cloud which can be seen from any point in Gotham . The origin of the signal varies , depending on the continuity and medium .
In various incarnations , most notably the 1960s Batman TV series , Commissioner Gordon also has a dedicated phone line , dubbed the Bat @-@ Phone , connected to a bright red telephone ( in the TV series ) which sits on a wooden base and has a transparent cake cover on top . The line connects directly to Batman 's residence , Wayne Manor , specifically both to a similar phone sitting on the desk in Bruce Wayne 's study and the extension phone in the Batcave .
= = = = Batcave = = = =
The Batcave is Batman 's secret headquarters , consisting of a series of subterranean caves beneath his mansion , Wayne Manor . It serves as his command center for both local and global surveillance , as well as housing his vehicles and equipment for his war on crime . It also is a storeroom for Batman 's memorabilia . In both the comic Batman : Shadow of the Bat ( issue # 45 ) and the 2005 film Batman Begins , the cave is said to have been part of the Underground Railroad .
= = = = Other equipment = = = =
Batman uses a large arsenal of specialized , high @-@ tech vehicles and gadgets in his war against crime , the designs of which usually share a bat motif . Batman historian Les Daniels credits Gardner Fox with creating the concept of Batman 's arsenal with the introduction of the utility belt in Detective Comics # 29 ( July 1939 ) and the first bat @-@ themed weapons the batarang and the " Batgyro " in Detective Comics # 31 and # 32 ( September ; October 1939 ) .
= = Supporting characters = =
Batman 's interactions with both villains and cohorts have , over time , developed a strong supporting cast of characters .
= = = Adversaries = = =
Batman faces a variety of foes ranging from common criminals to outlandish supervillains . Many of them mirror aspects of the Batman 's character and development , often having tragic origin stories that lead them to a life of crime . These foes are commonly referred to as Batman 's " rogues gallery " . Batman 's " most implacable foe " is the Joker , a homicidal maniac with a clown @-@ like appearance . The Joker is considered by critics to be his perfect adversary , since he is the antithesis of Batman in personality and appearance ; the Joker has a maniacal demeanor with a colorful appearance , while Batman has a serious and resolute demeanor with a dark appearance . As a " personification of the irrational " , the Joker represents " everything Batman [ opposes ] " . Other long time recurring foes that are part of Batman 's rogues gallery include Catwoman ( a cat burglar antiheroine who is an occasional ally ) , the Penguin , Ra 's al Ghul , Two @-@ Face , the Riddler , the Scarecrow , Mr. Freeze , Poison Ivy , Harley Quinn , Bane , Clayface , and Killer Croc among others .
= = = Allies = = =
= = = = Batman family = = = =
Batman gained a butler named Alfred Pennyworth in Batman # 16 ( 1943 ) . He serves as Bruce Wayne 's loyal father figure and is one of the few persons to know his secret identity . Having practically raised Bruce since his parents ' death , Alfred knows him on a very personal level . He is sometimes portrayed as the only other resident of Wayne Manor aside from Bruce . The character " [ lends ] a homey touch to Batman 's environs and [ is ] ever ready to provide a steadying and reassuring hand " to the hero and his sidekick .
Other supporting characters in the Batman family include Barbara Gordon , Commissioner Gordon 's daughter , who has fought crime under the costumed identity of Batgirl and , during a period in which she was confined to a wheelchair due to a gunshot wound inflicted by the Joker , the computer hacker Oracle ; Helena Bertinelli , the sole surviving member of a mob family turned vigilante who has worked with Batman on occasion , primarily as the Huntress and as Batgirl for a brief stint ; Cassandra Cain , the daughter of professional assassins David Cain and Lady Shiva , who succeeded Bertinelli as Batgirl .
= = = = Civilians = = = =
Lucius Fox , a technology specialist and Bruce Wayne 's business manager who is well aware of his employer 's clandestine vigilante activities ; Dr. Leslie Thompkins , a family friend who like Alfred became a surrogate parental figure to Bruce Wayne after the deaths of his parents , and is also aware of his secret identity ; Vicki Vale , an investigative journalist who often reports on Batman 's activities for the Gotham Gazette ; Ace the Bat @-@ Hound , Batman 's canine partner who was predominantly active in the 1950s and 1960s ; and Bat @-@ Mite , an extra @-@ dimensional imp predominately active in the 1960s who idolizes Batman .
= = = = GCPD = = = =
Commissioner James " Jim " Gordon , Batman 's ally in the Gotham City police , debuted along with Batman in Detective Comics # 27 . Gordon has been a consistent presence ever since . As a crime @-@ fighting everyman , he shares the Batman 's goals while offering , much as the character of Watson does in Sherlock Holmes stories , a normal person 's perspective on the work of an extraordinary genius .
= = = = Justice League = = = =
Batman is at times a member of superhero teams such as the Justice League of America and the Outsiders . Batman has often been paired in adventures with his Justice League teammate Superman , notably as the co @-@ stars of World 's Finest and Superman / Batman series . In pre @-@ Crisis continuity , the two are depicted as close friends ; however , in current continuity , they have a mutually respectful but uneasy relationship , with an emphasis on their differing views on crime @-@ fighting and justice . In Superman / Batman # 3 ( December 2003 ) , Superman observes , " Sometimes , I admit , I think of Bruce as a man in a costume . Then , with some gadget from his utility belt , he reminds me that he has an extraordinarily inventive mind . And how lucky I am to be able to call on him . "
= = = = Robin = = = =
A widely recognized supporting character for many years has been Batman 's junior counterpart Robin . Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because " Batman didn 't have anyone to talk to , and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking . " The first Robin , Dick Grayson , was introduced in 1940 . In the 1970s he finally grew up , went off to college and became the hero Nightwing . A second Robin , Jason Todd , appeared in the 1980s . In the stories he was eventually badly beaten and then killed in an explosion set by the Joker , but was later revived . He used the Joker 's old persona , the Red Hood , and became an antihero vigilante with no qualms about using firearms or deadly force . Carrie Kelly , the first female Robin to appear in Batman stories , was the final Robin in the continuity of Frank Miller 's graphic novels The Dark Knight Returns and The Dark Knight Strikes Again , fighting alongside an aging Batman in stories set out of the mainstream continuity .
The third Robin in mainstream comics is Tim Drake , who first appeared in 1989 . He went on to star in his own comic series , and currently goes by Red Robin , a variation on the traditional Robin persona . In the first decade of the new millennium , Stephanie Brown served as the fourth in @-@ universe Robin between stints as her self @-@ made costumed identity The Spoiler , and later as Batgirl . After Stephanie Brown 's apparent death , Drake resumed the role of Robin for a time . The role eventually passed to Damian Wayne , the ten @-@ year @-@ old son of Bruce Wayne and Talia al Ghul , in the late 2000s . Damian 's tenure as du jour Robin ended when the character was killed off in the pages of Batman Incorporated in 2013 . Batman 's next young sidekick is Harper Row , a streetwise young woman who avoids the name Robin but followed the ornithological theme nonetheless ; she debuted the codename and identity of Bluebird in 2014 . Unlike the Robins , Bluebird is willing and permitted to use a gun , albeit non @-@ lethal ; her weapon of choice is a modified rifle that fires taser rounds . In 2015 , a new series titled We Are Robin will focus on a group of teenagers using the Robin persona to fight crime in Gotham City .
= = = = Wayne family = = = =
Helena Wayne is the biological daughter of Bruce Wayne and Selina Kyle of an alternate universe established in the early 1960s ( Multiverse ) where the Golden Age stories took place .
Damian Wayne is the biological son of Bruce Wayne and Talia al Ghul , and thus the grandson of Batman villain Ra 's al Ghul .
= = = Romantic interests = = =
Writers have varied in the approach over the years to the " playboy " aspect of Bruce Wayne 's persona . Some writers show his playboy reputation as a manufactured illusion to support his mission as Batman , while others have depicted Bruce Wayne as genuinely enjoying the benefits of being " Gotham 's most eligible bachelor " . Bruce Wayne has been portrayed as being romantically involved with many women throughout his various incarnations . The most significant relationships occurred with Selina Kyle and Talia al Ghul , as both women gave birth to his biological offsprings , Helena Wayne and Damien Wayne , respectively .
Some of Batman 's romantic interests have been women with a respected status in society , such as Julie Madison , Vicki Vale , and Silver St. Cloud . Batman has also been romantically involved with allies , such as Batwoman ( Kathy Kane ) , Sasha Bordeaux , and Wonder Woman , and with villainesses , such as Catwoman , Jezebel Jet , and Talia al Ghul .
= = = = Catwoman = = = =
While most of Batman 's romantic relationships tend to be short , the attraction between Batman and Catwoman is present in nearly every version and medium in which the characters appear . Although Catwoman has been historically portrayed as a supervillainess , Batman and Catwoman have worked together in achieving common goals and are usually depicted as having a romantic relationship .
After the introduction of DC Comics ' multiverse in the 1960s , DC established that stories from the Golden Age star the Earth @-@ Two Batman , a character from a parallel world . This version of Batman partners with and marries the reformed Earth @-@ Two Catwoman , Selina Kyle ( as shown in Superman Family # 211 ) . They have a daughter named Helena Wayne , who , as the Huntress , becomes ( along with Dick Grayson , the Earth @-@ Two Robin ) Gotham 's protector once Wayne retires from the position to become police commissioner , a position he occupies until he is killed during one final adventure as Batman .
In an early 1980s storyline , Selina and Bruce develop a relationship , in which the closing panel of the final story shows her referring to Batman as " Bruce " . However , a change in the editorial team brought a swift end to that storyline and , apparently , all that transpired during the story arc . Bruce Wayne and Selina Kyle ( out of costume ) develop a relationship during The Long Halloween . The story shows Selina saving Bruce from Poison Ivy . However , the relationship ends when Bruce rejects her advances twice ; once as Bruce and once as Batman . In Batman : Dark Victory , he stands her up on two holidays , causing her to leave him for good and to leave Gotham City for a while . When the two meet at an opera many years later , during the events of the twelve @-@ issue story arc called Hush , Bruce comments that the two no longer have a relationship as Bruce and Selina . However , Hush sees Batman and Catwoman allied against the entire rogues gallery and rekindling their romantic relationship . In Hush , Batman reveals his true identity to Catwoman .
Batman and Catwoman are shown having a sexual encounter on a rooftop in Catwoman # 1 ( 2011 ) ; the same issue implies that the two have had an ongoing sexual relationship .
= = Fictional character biography = =
Batman 's history has undergone various revisions , both minor and major . Few elements of the character 's history have remained constant . Scholars William Uricchio and Roberta E. Pearson noted in the early 1990s , " Unlike some fictional characters , the Batman has no primary urtext set in a specific period , but has rather existed in a plethora of equally valid texts constantly appearing over more than five decades . "
= = = 20th century = = =
= = = = Origin = = = =
The central fixed event in the Batman stories is the character 's origin story . As a young boy , Bruce Wayne was horrified and traumatized when he watched his parents , the physician Dr. Thomas Wayne and his wife Martha , murdered by a mugger with a gun . Batman refuses to utilize any sort of gun on the principle that a gun was used to murder his parents . This event drove him to train his body to physical perfection and fight crime in Gotham City as Batman . Pearson and Uricchio also noted beyond the origin story and such events as the introduction of Robin , " Until recently , the fixed and accruing and hence , canonized , events have been few in number " , a situation altered by an increased effort by later Batman editors such as Dennis O 'Neil to ensure consistency and continuity between stories .
= = = = Golden Age = = = =
In Batman 's first appearance in Detective Comics # 27 , he is already operating as a crime @-@ fighter . Batman 's origin is first presented in Detective Comics # 33 ( November 1939 ) and is later expanded upon in Batman # 47 . As these comics state , Bruce Wayne is born to Dr. Thomas Wayne and his wife Martha , two very wealthy and charitable Gotham City socialites . Bruce is brought up in Wayne Manor , and leads a happy and privileged existence until the age of eight , when his parents are killed by a small @-@ time criminal named Joe Chill while on their way home from a movie theater . That night , Bruce Wayne swears an oath to spend his life fighting crime . He engages in intense intellectual and physical training ; however , he realizes that these skills alone would not be enough . " Criminals are a superstitious cowardly lot " , Wayne remarks , " so my disguise must be able to strike terror into their hearts . I must be a creature of the night , black , terrible ... " As if responding to his desires , a bat suddenly flies through the window , inspiring Bruce to take on the persona of Batman .
In early strips , Batman 's career as a vigilante earns him the ire of the police . During this period , Bruce Wayne has a fiancée named Julie Madison . In Detective Comics # 38 , Wayne takes in an orphaned circus acrobat , Dick Grayson , who becomes his junior counterpart , Robin . Batman also becomes a founding member of the Justice Society of America , although he , like Superman , is an honorary member , and thus only participates occasionally . Batman 's relationship with the law thaws quickly , and he is made an honorary member of Gotham City 's police department . During this time , Alfred Pennyworth arrives at Wayne Manor , and after deducing the Dynamic Duo 's secret identities , joins their service as their butler .
= = = = Silver Age = = = =
The Silver Age of Comic Books in DC Comics is sometimes held to have begun in 1956 when the publisher introduced Barry Allen as a new , updated version of The Flash . Batman is not significantly changed by the late 1950s for the continuity which would be later referred to as Earth @-@ One . The lighter tone Batman had taken in the period between the Golden and Silver Ages led to the stories of the late 1950s and early 1960s that often feature many science @-@ fiction elements , and Batman is not significantly updated in the manner of other characters until Detective Comics # 327 ( May 1964 ) , in which Batman reverts to his detective roots , with most science @-@ fiction elements jettisoned from the series .
After the introduction of DC Comics ' multiverse in the 1960s , DC established that stories from the Golden Age star the Earth @-@ Two Batman , a character from a parallel world . This version of Batman partners with and marries the reformed Earth @-@ Two Catwoman , Selina Kyle ( as shown in Superman Family # 211 ) . They have a daughter , Helena Wayne , who as the Huntress , becomes ( along with Dick Grayson , the Earth @-@ Two Robin ) Gotham 's protector once Wayne retires from the position to become police commissioner , a position he occupies until he is killed during one final adventure as Batman . Batman titles however often ignored that a distinction had been made between the pre @-@ revamp and post @-@ revamp Batmen ( since unlike The Flash or Green Lantern , Batman comics had been published without interruption through the 1950s ) and would occasionally make reference to stories from the Golden Age . Nevertheless , details of Batman 's history were altered or expanded upon through the decades . Additions include meetings with a future Superman during his youth , his upbringing by his uncle Philip Wayne ( introduced in Batman # 208 , January / February 1969 ) after his parents ' death , and appearances of his father and himself as prototypical versions of Batman and Robin , respectively . In 1980 then @-@ editor Paul Levitz commissioned the Untold Legend of the Batman limited series to thoroughly chronicle Batman 's origin and history .
Batman meets and regularly works with other heroes during the Silver Age , most notably Superman , whom he began regularly working alongside in a series of team @-@ ups in World 's Finest Comics , starting in 1954 and continuing through the series ' cancellation in 1986 . Batman and Superman are usually depicted as close friends . As a founding member of the Justice League of America , Batman appears in its first story , in 1960 's Brave and the Bold # 28 . In the 1970s and 1980s , Brave and the Bold became a Batman title , in which Batman teams up with a different DC Universe superhero each month .
= = = = Bronze Age = = = =
In 1969 , Dick Grayson attends college as part of DC Comics ' effort to revise the Batman comics . Additionally , Batman also moves from his mansion , Wayne Manor into a penthouse apartment atop the Wayne Foundation building in downtown Gotham City , in order to be closer to Gotham City 's crime . Batman spends the 1970s and early 1980s mainly working solo , with occasional team @-@ ups with Robin and / or Batgirl . Batman 's adventures also become somewhat darker and more grim during this period , depicting increasingly violent crimes , including the first appearance ( since the early Golden Age ) of the Joker as a homicidal psychopath , and the arrival of Ra 's al Ghul , a centuries @-@ old terrorist who knows Batman 's secret identity . In the 1980s , Dick Grayson becomes Nightwing .
In the final issue of Brave and the Bold in 1983 , Batman quits the Justice League and forms a new group called the Outsiders . He serves as the team 's leader until Batman and the Outsiders # 32 ( 1986 ) and the comic subsequently changed its title .
Detective Comics # 439 ( 1974 ) depicts Bruce Wayne as a graduate of Yale Law School , in which the final page shows a Yale Law School diploma hanging in Bruce Wayne 's office .
= = = = Modern Age = = = =
After the 12 @-@ issue limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths , DC Comics retconned the histories of some major characters in an attempt at updating them for contemporary audiences . Frank Miller retold Batman 's origin in the storyline " Year One " from Batman # 404 – 407 , which emphasizes a grittier tone in the character . Though the Earth @-@ Two Batman is erased from history , many stories of Batman 's Silver Age / Earth @-@ One career ( along with an amount of Golden Age ones ) remain canonical in the post @-@ Crisis universe , with his origins remaining the same in essence , despite alteration . For example , Gotham 's police are mostly corrupt , setting up further need for Batman 's existence . The guardian Phillip Wayne is removed leaving young Bruce to be raised by Alfred Pennyworth . Additionally , Batman is no longer a founding member of the Justice League of America , although he becomes leader for a short time of a new incarnation of the team launched in 1987 . To help fill in the revised backstory for Batman following Crisis , DC launched a new Batman title called Legends of the Dark Knight in 1989 and has published various miniseries and one @-@ shot stories since then that largely take place during the " Year One " period .
Subsequently , Batman begins exhibiting an excessive , reckless approach to his crime @-@ fighting , a result of the pain of losing Jason Todd . Batman works solo until the decade 's close , when Tim Drake becomes the new Robin .
Many of the major Batman storylines since the 1990s have been inter @-@ title crossovers that run for a number of issues . In 1993 , DC published " Knightfall " . During the storyline 's first phase , the new villain Bane paralyzes Batman , leading Wayne to ask Azrael to take on the role . After the end of " Knightfall " , the storylines split in two directions , following both the Azrael @-@ Batman 's adventures , and Bruce Wayne 's quest to become Batman once more . The story arcs realign in " KnightsEnd " , as Azrael becomes increasingly violent and is defeated by a healed Bruce Wayne . Wayne hands the Batman mantle to Dick Grayson ( then Nightwing ) for an interim period , while Wayne trains for a return to the role .
The 1994 company @-@ wide crossover storyline " Zero Hour " changes aspects of DC continuity again , including those of Batman . Noteworthy among these changes is that the general populace and the criminal element now considers Batman an urban legend rather than a known force .
Batman once again becomes a member of the Justice League during Grant Morrison 's 1996 relaunch of the series , titled JLA . During this time , Gotham City faces catastrophe in the decade 's closing crossover arc . In 1998 's " Cataclysm " storyline , Gotham City is devastated by an earthquake and ultimately cut off from the United States . Deprived of many of his technological resources , Batman fights to reclaim the city from legions of gangs during 1999 's " No Man 's Land " .
Meanwhile , Batman 's relationship with the Gotham City Police Department changed for the worse with the events of " Batman : Officer Down " and " Batman : War Games / War Crimes " ; Batman 's long @-@ time law enforcement allies Commissioner Gordon and Harvey Bullock are forced out of the police department in " Officer Down " , while " War Games " and " War Crimes " saw Batman become a wanted fugitive after a contingency plan of his to neutralize Gotham City 's criminal underworld is accidentally triggered , resulting in a massive gang war that ends with the sadistic Black Mask the undisputed ruler of the city 's criminal gangs . Lex Luthor arranges for the murder of Batman 's on @-@ again , off @-@ again love interest Vesper ( introduced in the mid @-@ 1990s ) during the " Bruce Wayne : Murderer ? " and " Bruce Wayne : Fugitive " story arcs . Though Batman is able to clear his name , he loses another ally in the form of his new bodyguard Sasha , who is recruited into the organization known as " Checkmate " while stuck in prison due to her refusal to turn state 's evidence against her employer . While he was unable to prove that Luthor was behind the murder of Vesper , Batman does get his revenge with help from Talia al Ghul in Superman / Batman # 1 – 6 .
= = = 21st century = = =
DC 's 2005 limited series Identity Crisis reveals that JLA member Zatanna had altered Batman 's memories to prevent him from stopping the League from lobotomizing Dr. Light after he sexually assaulted Sue Dibny . Batman later creates the Brother I satellite surveillance system to watch over and if necessary , kill the other heroes . The revelation of Batman 's creation and his tacit responsibility for Blue Beetle 's death becomes a driving force in the lead @-@ up to the Infinite Crisis miniseries , which again restructures DC continuity . Batman and a team of superheroes destroy Brother Eye and the OMACs , though at the very end Batman reaches his apparent breaking point when Alexander Luthor Jr. seriously wounds Nightwing . Picking up a gun , Batman nearly shoots Luthor in order to avenge his former sidekick , until Wonder Woman convinces him to not pull the trigger .
Following Infinite Crisis , Bruce Wayne , Dick Grayson ( having recovered from his wounds ) , and Tim Drake retrace the steps Bruce had taken when he originally left Gotham City , to " rebuild Batman " . In the Face the Face storyline , Batman and Robin return to Gotham City after their year @-@ long absence . Part of this absence is captured during Week 30 of the 52 series , which shows Batman fighting his inner demons . Later on in 52 , Batman is shown undergoing an intense meditation ritual in Nanda Parbat . This becomes an important part of the regular Batman title , which reveals that Batman is reborn as a more effective crime fighter while undergoing this ritual , having " hunted down and ate " the last traces of fear in his mind . At the end of the " Face the Face " story arc , Bruce officially adopts Tim ( who had lost both of his parents at various points in the character 's history ) as his son . The follow @-@ up story arc in Batman , Batman and Son , introduces Damian Wayne , who is Batman 's son with Talia al Ghul . Although originally in Son of the Demon , Bruce 's coupling with Talia was implied to be consensual , this arc ret @-@ conned it into Talia forcing herself on Bruce .
Batman , along with Superman and Wonder Woman , reforms the Justice League in the new Justice League of America series , and is leading the newest incarnation of the Outsiders .
Grant Morrison 's 2008 storyline , " Batman R.I.P. " featured Batman being physically and mentally broken by the enigmatic villain Doctor Hurt and attracted news coverage in advance of its highly promoted conclusion , which would speculated to feature the death of Bruce Wayne . However , though Batman is shown to possibly perish at the end of the arc , the two @-@ issue arc " Last Rites " , which leads into the crossover storylines " Final Crisis " , shows that Batman survives his helicopter crash into the Gotham City River and returns to the Batcave , only to be summoned to the Hall of Justice by the JLA to help investigate the New God Orion 's death . The story ends with Batman retrieving the god @-@ killing bullet used to kill Orion , setting up its use in " Final Crisis " . In the pages of Final Crisis Batman is reduced to a charred skeleton . In Final Crisis # 7 Wayne is shown witnessing the passing of the first man , Anthro . Wayne 's " death " sets up the three @-@ issue Battle for the Cowl miniseries in which Wayne 's ex @-@ proteges compete for the " right " to assume the role of Batman , which concludes with Grayson becoming Batman , while Tim Drake takes on the identity of Red Robin . Dick and Damian continue as Batman and Robin , and in the crossover storyline " Blackest Night " , what appears to be Bruce 's corpse is reanimated as a Black Lantern zombie , but is later shown that Bruce 's corpse is one of Darkseid 's failed Batman clones . Dick and Batman 's other friends conclude that Bruce is alive .
Bruce subsequently returns in Morrison 's miniseries Batman : The Return of Bruce Wayne , which depicts his travels through time from prehistory to present @-@ day Gotham . Bruce 's return sets up Batman Incorporated , an ongoing series which focuses on Wayne franchising the Batman identity across the globe , allowing Dick and Damian to continue as Gotham 's Dynamic Duo . Bruce publicly announces that Wayne Enterprises will aid Batman on his mission , known as " Batman , Incorporated " . Due to rebooted continuity that occurred as part of DC 's 2011 relaunch of all of its book , The New 52 , however , Grayson is restored as Nightwing with Wayne serving as the sole Batman once again . The relaunch also interrupts the publication of Batman , Incorporated , which resumed its story in 2012 @-@ 2013 with changes to suit the new status quo .
= = Cultural impact = =
Batman has become a pop culture icon , recognized around the world . The character 's presence has extended beyond his comic book origins ; events such as the release of the 1989 Batman film and its accompanying merchandising " brought the Batman to the forefront of public consciousness " . In an article commemorating the sixtieth anniversary of the character , The Guardian wrote , " Batman is a figure blurred by the endless reinvention that is modern mass culture . He is at once an icon and a commodity : the perfect cultural artefact for the 21st century . "
In addition , media outlets have often used the character in trivial and comprehensive surveys — Forbes magazine estimated Bruce Wayne to be the 8th @-@ richest fictional character with his $ 6 @.@ 9 billion fortune , several places after Iron Man , who is at 5 . BusinessWeek listed the character as one of the ten most intelligent superheroes appearing in American comics . Entertainment Weekly named Batman as one of The 20 All Time Coolest Heroes in Pop Culture . Batman was placed on AFI 's 100 Years … 100 Heroes and Villains from the 1989 feature film by the American Film Institute . In 2013 , ComicsAlliance ranked Batman 's alter ego Bruce Wayne as # 46 on their list of the " 50 Sexiest Male Characters in Comics " . The character was the focus of the 2008 non @-@ fiction book Becoming Batman : The Possibility of a Superhero by E. Paul Zehr .
= = = In other media = = =
The character of Batman has appeared in various media aside from comic books , such as newspaper syndicated comic strips , books , radio dramas , television , a stage show , and several theatrical feature films . The first adaptation of Batman was as a daily newspaper comic strip which premiered on October 25 , 1943 . That same year the character was adapted in the 15 @-@ part serial Batman , with Lewis Wilson becoming the first actor to portray Batman on screen . While Batman never had a radio series of his own , the character made occasional guest appearances in The Adventures of Superman starting in 1945 on occasions when Superman voice actor Bud Collyer needed time off . A second movie serial , Batman and Robin , followed in 1949 , with Robert Lowery taking over the role of Batman . The exposure provided by these adaptations during the 1940s " helped make [ Batman ] a household name for millions who never bought a comic book " .
In the 1964 publication of Donald Barthelme 's collection of short stories " Come Back , Dr. Caligari " , Barthelme wrote " The Joker 's Greatest Triumph " . Batman is portrayed for purposes of spoof as a pretentious French @-@ speaking rich man .
= = = = In television = = = =
The Batman television series , starring Adam West , premiered in January 1966 on the ABC television network . Inflected with a camp sense of humor , the show became a pop culture phenomenon . In his memoir , Back to the Batcave , West notes his dislike for the term ' camp ' as it was applied to the 1960s series , opining that the show was instead a farce or lampoon , and a deliberate one , at that . The series ran for 120 episodes ; ending in 1968 . In between the first and second season of the Batman television series , the cast and crew made the theatrical film Batman ( 1966 ) . The Kinks performed the theme song from the Batman show on their 1967 album Live at Kelvin Hall . The popularity of the Batman TV series also resulted in the first animated adaptation of Batman in The Batman / Superman Hour ; the Batman segments of the series were repackaged as The Adventures of Batman and Batman with Robin the Boy Wonder which produced thirty @-@ three episodes between 1968 and 1977 . From 1973 until 1986 , Batman had a starring role in ABC 's Super Friends series ; which was animated by Hanna @-@ Barbera . Olan Soule was the voice of Batman in all these shows , but was eventually replaced during Super Friends by Adam West , who also voiced the character in Filmation 's 1977 series The New Adventures of Batman .
In 1992 , the DC Animated Universe @-@ contunuity premiered with Batman : The Animated Series on the Fox television network ; produced by Warner Bros. Animation and featuring Kevin Conroy as the voice of Batman . The series received considerable acclaim for its darker tone , mature writing , stylistic design and thematic complexity compared to previous superhero cartoons , in addition to multiple Emmy Awards . The series ' success led to the theatrical film Batman : Mask of the Phantasm ( 1993 ) , as well as various spin @-@ off TV series ; including Superman : The Animated Series , The New Batman Adventures , Justice League and Justice League Unlimited ( each of which also featured Conroy as Batman ) . The futuristic series Batman Beyond also took place in this same animated continuity and featured a newer , younger Batman voiced by Will Friedle , with the elderly Bruce Wayne ( again voiced by Conroy ) as a mentor .
In 2004 , an unrelated animated series titled The Batman made its debut with Rino Romano as the title character . In 2008 , this show was replaced by another animated series , Batman : The Brave and the Bold , featuring Diedrich Bader as Batman . In 2013 , a new CGI @-@ animated series titled Beware the Batman made its debut , with Anthony Ruivivar as Batman .
In 2014 , the live @-@ action TV series Gotham premiered on the Fox network ; featuring David Mazouz as a 12 @-@ year @-@ old Bruce Wayne .
= = = = In films = = = =
The initial Batman film @-@ continuity began in 1989 , when Warner Bros. released the live @-@ action feature film Batman ; directed by Tim Burton and starring Michael Keaton as the title character . The film was a huge success ; not only was it the top @-@ grossing film of the year , but at the time was the fifth highest @-@ grossing film in history . The film also won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction . The film 's success spawned three sequels : Batman Returns ( 1992 ) , Batman Forever ( 1995 ) and Batman & Robin ( 1997 ) ; the latter two of which were directed by Joel Schumacher instead of Burton , and replaced Keaton as Batman with Val Kilmer and George Clooney , respectively . The second Schumacher film , while a box office success , failed to outgross any of its predecessors and was critically panned ; causing Warner Bros. to cancel the planned fourth sequel , Batman Unchained , and place the film series on hiatus .
The Dark Knight Trilogy @-@ continuity began in 2005 , when Batman Begins was released by Warner Bros. as a reboot of the film series ; directed by Christopher Nolan and starring Christian Bale as Batman . Its sequel , The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) , set the record for the highest grossing opening weekend of all time in the U.S. , earning approximately $ 158 million , and became the fastest film to reach the $ 400 million mark in the history of American cinema ( eighteenth day of release ) . These record breaking attendances saw The Dark Knight end its run as the second @-@ highest domestic grossing film ( at the time ) with $ 533 million , bested then only by Titanic . The film also won two Academy Awards , including Best Supporting Actor for the late Heath Ledger . It was eventually followed by another sequel , The Dark Knight Rises ( 2012 ) , which served as a conclusion to Nolan 's film series .
The DC Extended Universe @-@ contunuity began in 2013 , when Warner Bros. announced that Ben Affleck would be portraying Batman in Batman v Superman : Dawn of Justice ( 2016 ) .
In 2014 , a short film based on Batman Beyond created by Darwyn Cooke aired on Cartoon Network 's DC Nation block for Batman 's 75th Anniversary . The short features the original voice cast of the show , as well as cameos of robotic batmen from The New Batman Adventures , Beware the Batman , The Batman , Batman : The Brave and the Bold , The Dark Knight Returns , Michael Keaton 's Batman , Adam West 's Batman , and the original comic book Batman from 1939 . Another short film titled Batman : Strange Days directed by Bruce Timm ( the co @-@ creator of Batman : The Animated Series ) also aired on the DC Nation block ; based on the look of the original 1939 Batman comics . A Lego @-@ themed version of Batman was also featured as one of the protagonists of the animated film The Lego Movie ( 2014 ) ; voiced by Will Arnett .
Since 2008 , Batman has also starred in various direct @-@ to @-@ video animated films under the DC Universe Animated Original Movies banner . Kevin Conroy has reprised his voice role of Batman for several of these films , while others have featured celebrity voice actors in the role ; including Jeremy Sisto , William Baldwin , Bruce Greenwood , Ben McKenzie and Peter Weller .
= = = = In video games = = = =
Batman has also starred in multiple video games , most of which were adaptations of the various cinematic or animated incarnations of the character . Among the most successful of these was the Batman : Arkham @-@ continuity . The first installment , Batman : Arkham Asylum ( 2009 ) , was released by Rocksteady Studios to critical acclaim ; review aggregator Metacritic reports it as having received 92 % positive reviews . It was followed by the sequel Batman : Arkham City ( 2011 ) , which also received widespread acclaim and holds a Metacritic ranking of 94 % . A prequel game titled Batman : Arkham Origins ( 2013 ) was later released by WB Games Montréal . More recently , a fourth game titled Batman : Arkham Knight ( 2015 ) has been released by Rocksteady . As with most animated Batman productions , Kevin Conroy has provided the voice of the character for these games ; excluding Arkham Origins , in which the younger Batman is voiced by Roger Craig Smith .
= = = Batman impersonators = = =
The Dark Knight inspired people around the world such as the American superhero , Leonard B. Robinson also known as " the Baltimore Batman " . Robinson used the Batman image to bring joy and happiness to children in hospitals and schools in the Baltimore area . A video of Robinson being stopped by the police due to him having a Bat symbol for a license plate propelled his crusade to comfort sick children and attribute solidarity among the parents of those same children . On August 16 , 2015 , Robinson died when a motor vehicle struck him at a stop which caused many people in the Baltimore area such as the Baltimore Ravens 's Ray Lewis to express their grief and loss over Robinson 's death .
= = = Gay interpretations = = =
Gay interpretations of the character have been part of the academic study of Batman since psychologist Fredric Wertham asserted in Seduction of the Innocent in 1954 that " Batman stories are psychologically homosexual ... The Batman type of story may stimulate children to homosexual fantasies , of the nature of which they may be unconscious . " Andy Medhurst wrote in his 1991 essay " Batman , Deviance , and Camp " that Batman is interesting to gay audiences because " he was one of the first fictional characters to be attacked on the grounds of his presumed homosexuality " . Professor of film and cultural studies Will Brooker argues the validity of a queer reading of Batman , and that gay readers would naturally find themselves drawn to the lifestyle depicted within , whether the character of Bruce Wayne himself were explicitly gay or not . He also identifies a homophobic element to the vigour with which mainstream fandom rejects the possibility of a gay reading of the character .
Creators associated with the character have expressed their own opinions . Writer Alan Grant has stated , " The Batman I wrote for 13 years isn 't gay ... everybody 's Batman all the way back to Bob Kane ... none of them wrote him as a gay character . Only Joel Schumacher might have had an opposing view . " Frank Miller views the character as sublimating his sexual urges into crimefighting , concluding , " He 'd be much healthier if he were gay . " Grant Morrison said that " Gayness is built into Batman ... Obviously as a fictional character he 's intended to be heterosexual , but the basis of the whole concept is utterly gay . I think that 's why people like it . All these women fancy him and they all wear fetish clothes and jump around rooftops to get to him . He doesn 't care — he 's more interested in hanging out with the old guy and the kid . "
In 2000 , DC refused permission for the reprinting of four panels ( from Batman # 79 , 92 , 105 and 139 ) to illustrate Christopher York 's paper All in the Family : Homophobia and Batman Comics in the 1950s . In 2005 , painter Mark Chamberlain displayed a number of watercolors depicting both Batman and Robin in suggestive and sexually explicit poses , prompting DC to threaten legal action .
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= Li Long =
Li Long ( 李龍 （ リ ・ ロン ） , Ri Ron , pinyin : Lǐ Lóng ) is a fictional character in the Soul series of video games . Created by Namco 's Project Soul division , he first appeared in Soul Edge , later appearing in both console and arcade versions of Soulcalibur III , as well as on various merchandise related to the series . He is voiced in Japanese by Jin Yamanoi in Soul Edge and Masaya Takatsuka in Soulcalibur III .
Li Long is an assassin , who failed in a mission to kill the leader of a Japanese pirate faction . Taken in by an innkeeper and his daughter , he fell in love with the girl only for her to be apparently killed . Desiring revenge , he battles wandering swordsmen and steals their weapons , while searching for the cursed sword Soul Edge . After being severely beaten by its wielder and now on the run pursued by assassins sent by his former employer , he reflects on who he is with doubt , until he meets a woman reminding him of his lost love . Reinvigorated , Li Long now searches to discover who he is . As a character , Li Long was positively received , and described as " the most dramatic " of the characters in Soul Edge . His replacement by another character later in the series , Maxi , has been criticized by the media , with several sources stating a preference for him .
= = Conception and creation = =
As a character introduced in Soul Edge , Li Long 's weapon , a pair of nunchaku with mounted blades , were selected before other elements of the character . One of several weapons initially considered for the character Hwang early in development , they were designed to be unique amongst the other weapons in the game . Li Long 's design and concept were built to revolve around them , starting with gender , then physical measurements , and lastly background details . After his appearance and movement were fleshed out by a concept artist , his character was rendered as a 3D model by a design team that worked solely on him , and then animated by a motion designer using motion capture to create his in @-@ game movements . During development , many ideas were considered for Li Long 's appearance , including several younger drafts . Another idea considered was for him to fight using kung fu , instead of solely with his nunchaku .
Due to a ban of nunchaku weapons in the United Kingdom , his weapon was changed to a three @-@ section staff for European releases of Soul Blade , with a section of staff replacing the chain in terms of appearance . Li Long was initially considered for inclusion for Soulcalibur , however the developers instead decided to focus on creating a new character using the same weapon for the title , resulting in Maxi . Later , due to the character 's popularity , Li Long was selected to be included in home and arcade versions of Soulcalibur III . In an interview , Soulcalibur IV director Katsutoshi Sasaki stated many fans had requested for the character to reappear in the series , though added no plans had been made to release the character as downloadable content for the title .
= = = Design = = =
In Soul Edge , Li Long appears as a tall , Asian male with his brown hair tied in a knot atop his head with long , thick sideburns . His facial contours , expressions and hairdo were designed to be sharp , intended to suggest the " assassin " side of his character , as well as imply the image of Chinese culture in the character . A large light brown jacket with green trimming covers his arms , while a large belt wraps around his midsection . Dark brown pants ending in white trimming cover his legs , and blue and white stripped shoes cover his feet . His alternate character model varies significantly , featuring a shaved head , blue and gray vest with an open collar , small gold belt , green pants , and blue and red striped shoes . Li Long stands 1 @.@ 68 m ( 5 ft 6 in ) tall .
When considering his appearance for Soulcalibur , different designs were considered , including one with a heavily bandaged eye and scarred appearance intended to imply his fate at the end of Soul Edge , and another modeled after his appearance in Soul Edge 's opening sequence , featuring a wide @-@ brimmed hat , though both designs were rejected as the developers felt they made the character appear too thin . Elements from both were reused for Soulcalibur III , retaining the hat while giving his left eye a damaged appearance . Elements of his previous design were retained , with the addition of a green vest and bracers , and the lengthening of the tail of his coat to his mid @-@ thighs . His alternate character model from Soul Edge was added as his alternate in the game , featuring minimal changes save for opening the vest to have his chest be bare .
= = In video games = =
Introduced in Soul Edge , Li Long is an assassin sent by the Emperor of China to kill a pirate lord , but failed . Badly injured , he was rescued by a woman named Chie and eventually fell in love with her . While out one day , a fight broke out at the inn and Chie was believed to be dead . Told falsely the swordsman Heishirō Mitsurugi was responsible , he set out after Soul Edge knowing Mitsurugi was also after the blade . Along the way he takes the weapons of other fighters he defeats , repurposing some for his own use . Upon finding and defeating him , he realized Mitsurugi had no part in the attack upon Chie , and continued his goal of searching for Soul Edge . He located its wielder , Cervantes , but was beaten severely . Revealed to have survived in Soulcalibur III but having lost an eye , he found himself on the run from assassins sent by his former employer . Traveling by night under a false name , he was taken in by a girl that reminded him of Chie . When the assassins eventually found him , Li Long stood his ground and defeated them . Remembering the feel of fighting for something other than revenge , he set out to find himself , not knowing that Chie was actually alive and , after giving birth to their son , had set out to find him .
= = = Gameplay = = =
Li Long 's fighting style in Soul Edge has been described as accessible to novices of the game , while also usable by experienced players . His Reverse Scales attack consists of three swift horizontal attacks one after another , while his Flaming Fangs attack is similar , only vertical , requiring opponents to guard the attacks differently . Other attacks also consist of variations of existing moves with a different conclusion , such as his Combined Wind and Sand @-@ Dust attacks , which both give similar visible cues but with the latter ending in a lower strike . Others moves such as Violent Cannon make use of feints , appearing to attack from one angle but striking from another .
In Soulcalibur III , Li Long represents the game 's " nunchaku " fighting style available to player @-@ created characters through the game 's character creation mode . Though the style utilized several elements from Maxi , many elements were altered , including attack commands , stance , and a separate series of weapons . With the character 's inclusion in the arcade edition of Soulcalibur III , alterations were made to further define Li Long 's fighting style as unique , modifying several attacks to utilize two nunchaku simultaneously as a result .
= = Promotion and reception = =
In addition to artwork , many promotional items for Soul Edge featured Li Long 's likeness , including toys , window shades and table coasters . A two @-@ page promotional comic was also released by Namco for the character , featuring Mitsurugi attempting to assist him in winning Chie 's heart .
In a 2002 poll by Namco prior to the release of Soulcalibur II regarding their favorite character from the series , Li Long placed last , part of a three @-@ way tie with 1 % of the poll 's results . MAXIMUM , on the other hand , described him as " one of the most dramatic characters in the game " , citing visible similarity to actor Bruce Lee 's use of nunchaku . Retronauts in their retrospective of the series cited Li Long as an aspect of Soul Edge not included in later titles they missed . Comparisons have been drawn between the character and later series character Maxi , with sources such as 1UP.com stating preference for the former . GameDaily staff writer Eugene Huang shared the sentiment while naming him as one of his favorite characters , describing his attacks as " focused around efficacy and efficiency " and praising the character as having a compelling backstory .
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= Noronhomys =
Noronhomys vespuccii , also known as Vespucci 's rodent , is an extinct rat species from the islands of Fernando de Noronha off northeastern Brazil . Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci may have seen it on a visit to Fernando de Noronha in 1503 , but it subsequently became extinct , perhaps because of the exotic rats and mice introduced by the first explorers of the island . Numerous but fragmentary fossil remains of the animal , of uncertain but probably Holocene age , were discovered in 1973 and described in 1999 .
Noronhomys vespuccii was a fairly large rodent , larger than the black rat ( Rattus rattus ) . A member of the family Cricetidae and subfamily Sigmodontinae , it shares several distinctive characters with Holochilus and related genera within the tribe Oryzomyini , including high @-@ crowned molars with simplified crown features and the presence of several ridges on the skull which help anchor the chewing muscles . Although a suite of traits suggest that Holochilus is its closest relative , it is distinctive in many ways and is therefore classified in a separate genus , Noronhomys . Its close relatives , including Holochilus and Lundomys , are adapted to a semiaquatic lifestyle , spending much of their time in the water , but features of the Noronhomys bones suggest that it lost its semiaquatic lifestyle after arrival at its remote island .
= = Discovery and taxonomy = =
Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci may have seen this animal on his fourth voyage , which took him to Brazil ; the Lettera di Amerigo Vespucci delle Isole Nuovamente in Quattro Suoi Viaggi recorded that he visited an island just south of the equator on August 10 , 1503 . On this island , identified as Fernando de Noronha , he saw " very big rats and lizards with two tails , and some snakes " . The Lettera purports to be an account of Vespucci 's voyages , but it is unlikely that he produced it himself and , additionally , his fourth voyage may never have actually taken place . The biological details given in the Lettera 's account of Fernando de Noronha agree with what is known of the natural history of the island , lending weight to the view that it derives from an actual visit , whether by Vespucci himself or by another explorer . The lizard is probably Trachylepis atlantica and the record of snakes most likely refers to Amphisbaena ridleyi , which is actually an amphisbaenian instead of a snake .
During excavations conducted in 1973 , American ornithologist Storrs L. Olson found fossils of a moderately large rat on Fernando de Noronha , which were described as a new genus and species in a 1999 publication by Olson and his colleague , mammalogist Michael D. Carleton . The material is now in the United States National Museum of Natural History in Washington , D.C. , and in the museum of the Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul in Porto Alegre , Rio Grande do Sul . The generic name , Noronhomys , combines the name of the island of Fernando de Noronha with the Ancient Greek μῦς mys " mouse " and the specific name , vespuccii , honors Amerigo Vespucci . Noronhomys would have been larger than the black rat ( Rattus rattus ) , which was common on ships and which Vespucci would have been familiar with , consistent with his description of " very large rats " .
Noronhomys is a member of the tribe Oryzomyini , which includes over a hundred species distributed mainly in South America , including nearby islands such as the Galápagos Islands and some of the Antilles . Oryzomyini is one of several tribes recognized within the subfamily Sigmodontinae , which encompasses hundreds of species found across South America and into southern North America . Sigmodontinae itself is the largest subfamily of the family Cricetidae , other members of which include voles , lemmings , hamsters , and deermice , all mainly from Eurasia and North America .
Carleton and Olson performed a detailed comparison of Noronhomys to members of the mainland genera Holochilus and Lundomys on the basis of both general morphology and morphometrical data , concluding that the Fernando de Noronha rat is distinct from both other animals . They used a cladistic analysis to examine its relationships within Oryzomyini , also including two species of Holochilus , Lundomys , and five other oryzomyines . They found that Noronhomys appeared closest to Holochilus , with Lundomys more distantly related . Eighteen shared characters ( synapomorphies ) supported the grouping of Noronhomys with Holochilus . Another form described as a species of Holochilus , Holochilus primigenus , may also be related , but is likely to fall outside the Holochilus – Noronhomys clade .
In 1998 , a fragmentary fossil of another species of this same group of oryzomyines was found in eastern Argentina . It was initially identified as a possible second species of Noronhomys on the basis of the presence of a crest on the upper first molar , the mesoloph , but the specimen is different from Noronhomys vespuccii in other respects , and in 2008 it was described as a new genus and species , Carletonomys cailoi , related to Noronhomys and associated genera .
= = Description = =
Noronhomys vespuccii is known from a number of bone fragments , including five skulls , damaged to various degrees , and many isolated jaws and other bones . This material documents that , with a skull of about 4 cm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) ( occipitonasal length ) , Noronhomys was a moderately large oryzomyine , smaller than Lundomys but well within the range of Holochilus . It shares a number of the features that characterize the group of Holochilus and related genera , including a reduction in the complexity of the chewing surface of the molars , simple posterolateral palatal pits ( perforations of the palate near the third molar ) , and a similarly shaped interorbital region of the skull . Noronhomys is distinctive , among other characters , in its lack of a spinous process on the zygomatic plate , the flattened front portion of the zygomatic arch ( cheekbone ) ; the short palate , which does not extend behind the third molars ; and the presence of an accessory crest , the mesoloph , on the upper molars .
Analysis of morphometrical data from the known material of Noronhomys suggests that growth continued in adults — the older the animal , the larger the depth of the mandible and the size of the lower incisor — and does not provide evidence for a difference in size between males and females . Skull shape is strikingly different from both Holochilus and Lundomys , resulting in a clear separation from both of these taxa in statistical analyses of measurement data . In three individuals measured , the occipitonasal length , a measure of skull length , varies from 38 @.@ 0 to 39 @.@ 2 mm ( 1 @.@ 50 to 1 @.@ 54 in ) , averaging 38 @.@ 5 mm ( 1 @.@ 52 in ) . The width of the braincase is 13 @.@ 4 to 14 @.@ 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 53 to 0 @.@ 58 in ) , averaging 14 @.@ 1 mm ( 0 @.@ 56 in ) . Between the first molars , the width of the palate is 8 @.@ 1 to 8 @.@ 9 mm ( 0 @.@ 32 to 0 @.@ 35 in ) in four specimens , averaging 8 @.@ 4 mm ( 0 @.@ 33 in ) . The lower molars have a total length of 7 @.@ 57 to 8 @.@ 29 mm ( 0 @.@ 298 to 0 @.@ 326 in ) , averaging 8 @.@ 00 mm ( 0 @.@ 315 in ) , in 39 specimens with intact molar rows . The femur ( upper leg bone ) is 32 @.@ 5 to 41 @.@ 0 mm ( 1 @.@ 28 to 1 @.@ 61 in ) in length in nine specimens , averaging 36 @.@ 5 mm ( 1 @.@ 44 in ) . Carleton and Olson estimated that body mass in Noronhomys was similar to that of some populations of living Holochilus sciureus at about 200 to 250 g ( 7 @.@ 1 to 8 @.@ 8 oz ) .
= = = Skull = = =
The skull is flattened in general shape . The front part is short and broad . The broad interorbital region ( located between the eyes ) is hourglass @-@ shaped , with squared edges and weakly developed beading . A postorbital ridge is present , obscuring the suture ( joint ) between the frontal and squamosal bones , a feature shared only with Holochilus among oryzomyines . The braincase is squarish . The interparietal bone is wide , but does not reach the squamosals on the sides . The zygomatic arches , which are well @-@ developed , are furthest apart at the back and converge toward the front . The jugal bone is small .
The back margin of the zygomatic plate is located close to the front of the upper first molar . The incisive foramina do not extend between the molars . Unlike in both Holochilus and Lundomys , the palate is flat , lacking a distinct ridge at the midline . The parapterygoid fossae , which are located behind the palate at the level of the molars , are excavated somewhat above the level of the palate . A strut of the alisphenoid bone is present , separating two openings in the skull , the masticatory – buccinator foramen and the foramen ovale accessorium . The subsquamosal fenestra , an opening at the back of the skull determined by the shape of the squamosal , is present but small . The squamosal probably lacks a suspensory process that contacts the tegmen tympani , the roof of the tympanic cavity , a defining character of oryzomyines .
The mandible ( lower jaw ) is robust . The two masseteric ridges , which anchor some of the chewing muscles , are joined together as a single crest for a portion of their length and extend forward to a point below the first molar . The capsular process , a raising of the mandibular bone at the back end of the lower incisor , is well developed .
= = = Teeth = = =
In the upper incisors , the chewing edges are located behind the vertical plane of the incisors ; thus , they are opisthodont . The microstructure of the enamel of the lower incisor was reported in a 2005 study . The inner portion ( portio interna , PI ) is much thicker than the outer portion ( portio externa , PE ) . The PI consists of Hunter @-@ Schreger bands , which are uniserial ( consisting of a single enamel prism ) , as in all myomorph rodents . The PE consists of radial enamel , with flattened prisms that are almost parallel to the junction between the enamel and the dentine . The microstructure is similar to that of Holochilus brasiliensis and displays several characters seen only in Myomorpha .
The molars are high @-@ crowned ( hypsodont ) and planar , with the main cusps as high as the crests connecting them , a configuration shared only with Holochilus and Carletonomys among oryzomyines . The first molars are the longest and the third molars are longer but narrower than the second molars . The molars lack many accessory ridges , including the anteroloph on the first upper molar , the posteroloph on the first and second upper molar , and the anterolophid and mesolophid on all lower molars . The first and second upper molar have a short mesoloph and the front cusp of the first lower molar , the anteroconid , encloses a large internal pit . Most of the folds between the cusps and crests are open at the margins of the molars , but two — the posteroflexid on the lower second molar and the entoflexid on the lower third molar — are closed by a wall , or cingulum , at the inner margin of the tooth . As in most oryzomyines , the upper molars all have one root on the inner ( lingual ) side and two on the outer ( labial ) side and the lower molars have a single root at the front and back of each molar ; in addition , the first upper molar has another labial root and the first lower molar has a small labial and usually also a small lingual root located between the main roots .
= = = Postcranial skeleton = = =
The entepicondylar foramen is absent , as in all members of the Sigmodontinae ; if present , as in some other rodents , this foramen ( opening ) perforates the distal ( far ) end of the humerus ( upper arm bone ) . The pelvis and the bones of the hindlimbs are heavily built . The femoral tubercle of the acetabulum ( part of the pelvis ) , which anchors the rectum femoris muscle , is reduced relative to Holochilus and Lundomys .
= = Distribution and origin = =
Noronhomys is known only from Fernando de Noronha , a small archipelago of volcanic origin off northeastern Brazil , consisting of a main island and several associated smaller islands . The formation of the archipelago , which has never been connected to the mainland , began about 11 million years ago ; active vulcanism ceased about 2 million years ago . Remains of Noronhomys were found in association with remains of various reptiles , birds , and snails , several of which are also restricted to the archipelago , in sand dunes near the northeastern tip of the main island . The age of the deposits is unknown , but is likely late Holocene , at most a few thousand years old .
The ancestor of Noronhomys may have been a semiaquatic animal , similar to living Holochilus or Lundomys , that arrived on Fernando de Noronha by chance on a floating log . The morphology of the limb bones in Noronhomys suggests that the animal was not semiaquatic like its relatives , but terrestrial , consistent with its occurrence on a small island , where streams and pools are rare or absent .
= = Extinction = =
Vespucci 's account suggests that Noronhomys was common when the island was first visited , but was not encountered by the first biological explorers of the island , who conducted their research in the late 19th century . The introduced black rat and house mouse ( Mus musculus ) , which became very common on the island , may have driven it to extinction by directly competing for food , preying on young Noronhomys , or transmitting diseases . Other factors that may have played a role include modification of its habitat , introduction of predators such as cats ( Felis catus ) , and predation by visiting sailors . These extinction mechanisms are common for island endemic species . In 1888 , Henry Nicholas Ridley already suggested that the rat Vespucci had seen had been driven to extinction by the introduced black rat . The International Union for Conservation of Nature lists it as " extinct " .
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= Nissan Leaf =
The Nissan Leaf ( also formatted " LEAF " as a backronym for leading environmentally @-@ friendly affordable family car ) is a compact five @-@ door hatchback electric car manufactured by Nissan and introduced in Japan and the United States in December 2010 , followed by various European countries and Canada in 2011 . The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA ) official range for the 2016 model year Leaf with the 30 kWh battery is 172 km ( 107 miles ) on a full battery charge , while the trim with the smaller 24 kWh battery is 135 km ( 84 miles ) , the same as the 2014 / 15 model year . Leaf battery packs can be charged from fully discharged to 80 % capacity in about 30 minutes using DC fast charging .
As of April 2016 , the Nissan Leaf is the world 's all @-@ time best selling highway @-@ capable all @-@ electric car . Almost 220 @,@ 000 Leafs have been sold worldwide by mid @-@ April 2016 . The top markets for Leaf sales , as of April 2016 , are the United States with over 93 @,@ 000 units sold , followed by Japan with almost 65 @,@ 000 units , and Europe with over 55 @,@ 000 Leafs through March 2016 . The European market is led by Norway with over 17 @,@ 000 new units registered through the end of April 2016 , and the U.K. with over 12 @,@ 000 units registered by the end of 2015 .
As an all @-@ electric car , the Nissan Leaf produces no tailpipe pollution or greenhouse gas emissions at the point of operation , and contributes to reduced dependence on petroleum . Among other awards and recognition , the Nissan Leaf won the 2010 Green Car Vision Award , the 2011 European Car of the Year , the 2011 World Car of the Year , and the 2011 – 2012 Car of the Year Japan .
= = Development history = =
Nissan introduced its first battery electric vehicle , the Nissan Altra at the Los Angeles International Auto Show on 29 December 1997 . The Altra EV was produced between 1998 and 2002 , only about 200 vehicles were ever produced , and it was mainly used as a fleet vehicle for companies such as electric utilities . Nissan also developed the Nissan Hypermini , ran a demonstration program and sold limited numbers for government and corporate fleets in Japan between 1999 and 2001 . A small fleet of Hyperminis was also field tested in several cities in California between 2001 and 2005 .
Unveiled in 2009 , the EV @-@ 11 prototype electric car was based on the Nissan Tiida ( Versa in North America ) , but with the conventional gasoline engine replaced with an all @-@ electric drivetrain , and included an 80 kW ( 110 hp ) / 280 N · m ( 210 lb · ft ) electric motor , 24 kWh lithium @-@ ion battery pack rated to have a range of 175 km ( 109 miles ) on the United States Environmental Protection Agency 's LA @-@ 4 or " city " driving cycle , navigation system , and remote control and monitoring via a cellphone connection through Nissan 's secure data center to the car . The technology in the EV @-@ 11 was previously developed and tested in the EV @-@ 01 and EV @-@ 02 test cars , built with an all @-@ electric powertrain that used the Nissan Cube ( Z11 ) as a development mule . The EV @-@ 11 prototype was on display July 26 , 2009 . A week later , on August 2 , 2009 , Nissan unveiled its production version at its Yokohama headquarters and committed to begin retail sales in both the North American market and Japan at end of 2010 .
= = Specifications = =
= = = Design = = =
The Leaf 's frontal style is characterized by a sharp V @-@ shape design with large , up slanting light @-@ emitting diode ( LED ) headlights that create a distinctive blue internal reflective design . The headlights also split and redirect airflow away from the door mirrors , which reduces wind noise and aerodynamic drag . The LED low @-@ beam headlights consume less electricity than halogen lamps . Nissan sought to make the Leaf appealing to mainstream drivers by giving it a familiar sedan- and hatchback @-@ like design . The bottom of the car has aerodynamic paneling to reduce drag and improve aerodynamics as much as possible . According to Nissan , the 2011 Leaf has a drag coefficient of Cd = 0 @.@ 29 , which was improved to Cd = 0 @.@ 28 in 2012 ( for the 2013 model year ) .
= = = Powertrain = = =
The Leaf uses an 80 kW ( 110 hp ) and 280 N · m ( 210 ft · lb ) front @-@ mounted synchronous electric motor driving the front axle , powered by a 24 kWh lithium ion battery pack rated to deliver up to 90 kW ( 120 hp ) power .
The pack contains air @-@ cooled , stacked laminated lithium ion manganese oxide batteries .
The 2011 / 12 model Leaf has a top speed of over 150 km / h ( 93 mph ) . Unofficially , 0 to 60 mph ( 0 to 97 km / h ) performance has been tested at 9 @.@ 9 seconds .
= = = Battery = = =
With the 24 kWh electric vehicle battery ( total capacity ; usable battery capacity is about 21 @.@ 3 kWh ) it consists of 48 modules and each module contains four battery cells , a total of 192 cells , and is assembled by Automotive Energy Supply Corporation ( AESC ) – a joint venture between Nissan , NEC and NEC Energy Devices , at Zama , Japan . The battery and control module together weigh 218 kg ( 480 lb ) the specific energy of the cells is 140 W · h / kg .
The Leaf 's design locates the battery , the heaviest part of any EV , below the seats and rear foot space , keeping the center of gravity as low as possible and increasing structural rigidity compared to a conventional five @-@ door hatchback .
The battery pack is expected to retain 70 % to 80 % of its capacity after 10 years but its actual lifespan depends on how often DC fast charging ( 480 volts DC ) is used and also on driving patterns and environmental factors . Nissan said the battery will lose capacity gradually over time but it expects a lifespan of over 10 years under normal use . The 2011 / 12 Leaf 's battery was initially guaranteed by Nissan for eight years or 160 @,@ 000 km ( 100 @,@ 000 miles ) ( see Warranty sub @-@ section below under United States for limitations ) . Nissan stated in 2015 that until then only 0 @.@ 01 percent of batteries , produced since 2010 , had to be replaced because of failures or problems and then only because of externally inflicted damage . Some vehicles have already covered more than 200 @,@ 000 km ( 120 @,@ 000 miles ) with no battery problems . In April 2016 , Nissan estimated that fewer than 5 batteries are replaced per year worldwide ; about 0 @.@ 012 % of all Leafs since introduction . Nissan recycles 15 @-@ 20 batteries per year ; as of 2016 too few to use for stationary energy storage . Nissan plans to offer recycled batteries as 4 @.@ 2 kWh home storage by fall 2016 , called xStorage .
In addition to the main battery , the Leaf also has an auxiliary 12 @-@ volt lead – acid battery that provides power to the car computer systems and accessories such as the audio system , supplemental restraint systems , headlights and windshield wipers . The small solar panel on the Leaf rear spoiler helps to charge this accessory battery . ( In the United States models , only comes with SL trim . )
For the 2011 model year Leafs , Nissan recommended owners perform the following preventive actions to help maximize the lithium @-@ ion battery ’ s useful life and its ability to hold a charge :
Avoid exposing a vehicle to ambient temperatures above 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) for over 24 hours .
Avoid storing a vehicle in temperatures below − 13 ° F ( − 25 ° C ) for over 7 days .
Avoid exceeding 70 % to 80 % state of charge when using frequent ( more than once per week ) fast or quick charging .
Allow the battery charge to go below 80 % before charging .
Avoid leaving the vehicle for over 14 days where the Li @-@ ion battery available charge gauge reaches a zero or near zero ( state of charge ) .
As a result of the controversy regarding several U.S. owners reporting premature loss of battery capacity in places with hot climate , Nissan USA announced in January 2012 , that it will offer an extended battery warranty on the 2013 model year Leaf which includes 2011 and 2012 model years as well . The 2013 Leaf is covered by a " State Of Health " clause which covers gradual capacity loss . This provision allows for the battery pack to either be repaired or replaced if the battery life reduces quicker than anticipated over the eight years warranty period .
Costs
Each battery pack cost Nissan an estimated US $ 18 @,@ 000 at the car 's launch in May 2010 . By 2015 , the battery costs were around US $ 300 / kWh , giving a battery cost of around US $ 5 @,@ 500 for batteries not within the eight year warranty period . Nissan reported that in Europe only 3 of 35 @,@ 000 leaf batteries had failed .
Battery replacement program
In June 2013 , Nissan announced a battery replacement program to go into effect in 2014 . At a cost of about US $ 100 ( ~ € 76 ) per month , Leaf owners can sign up at any time for the program and immediately get a new battery pack with the latest available technology that is compatible with their vehicle . The replacement battery has a full 12 bars ( 100 % ) of capacity . Nissan provides assurance that the replacement pack will maintain at least 9 bars ( 70 % capacity ) or more capacity for the time that they own their car and make monthly payments . The program also provides protection from defects in materials or workmanship for the time they own their Leaf and remain in the battery program . In summary , all batteries installed under this program will have coverage similar to the terms of standard battery coverage under the " Nissan New Electric Vehicle Limited Warranty . "
In June 2014 , Nissan USA announced an updated battery replacement program allowing the outright purchase of a new battery pack for US $ 5 @,@ 499 . The price does not include labor and the trade @-@ in of the old pack is mandatory . Older 2011 – 12 model year Leafs will require a mounting kit to retrofit the new pack for an additional US $ 225 . The new pack will be the same as the one in the 2015 model year Leaf , with the latest battery chemistry which Nissan claims will be more heat tolerant . Financing for the replacement battery was scheduled to be announced by the end of 2014 .
= = = Range = = =
2011 / 2012 model year
The United States Environmental Protection Agency official range is 117 km ( 73 miles ) , much less than the 160 km ( 100 miles ) quoted by Nissan . The Federal Trade Commission , which is supposed to label all alternative fuel vehicles , disagrees with the EPA rating , and considers that the correct range is between 154 to 177 km ( 96 to 110 miles ) . Although the FTC does not conduct its own tests as EPA does , it relies on a standard set by SAE International and the results reported by automakers . The Leaf has a range of 175 km ( 109 miles ) on the New European Driving Cycle .
Based on third @-@ party test drives carried out in the U.S. , reviewers have found that the range available from a single charge can vary up to 40 % in real @-@ world situations ; reports vary from about 100 km ( 62 miles ) to almost 222 km ( 138 miles ) depending on driving style , load , traffic conditions , weather ( i.e. , wind , atmospheric density ) , and accessory use . Nissan tested the Leaf under several scenarios to estimate real @-@ world range figures , and obtained a worst @-@ case scenario of 76 km ( 47 miles ) and a best @-@ case scenario of 222 km ( 138 miles ) . The following table summarizes the results under each scenario tested using EPA 's L4 test cycle and presents EPA rating as a reference :
Consumer Reports tested a 2011 / 12 model Leaf loaner under cold @-@ weather driven as a daily commuter . The average range obtained was 105 km ( 65 miles ) per charge with temperatures varying from 20 to 30 ° F ( − 7 to − 1 ° C ) . The magazine also reported one trip under a temperature of 10 ° F ( − 12 ° C ) that began with the range panel indicator showing 32 km ( 20 miles ) remaining . After 13 km ( 8 miles ) the Leaf drastically lost power and dropped its speed and continued to run slower until the last stretch was completed almost at walking speed . Consumer Reports concluded that the Leaf works as designed under cold temperatures but a more accurate range indicator is desirable .
In June 2011 , Nissan reported , based on data collected through the Leaf 's advanced telematics system , that most Leaf owners in Japan and the United States drive distances less than 100 km ( 60 miles ) per day . Nissan also found that on average owners charge their electric cars for two hours a night , and occasionally some owners drive two days on one charge . In October 2011 , Nissan North America reported that based on a bigger sample of 7 @,@ 500 Leafs on the U.S. roads , the typical driver averages 60 km ( 37 miles ) a day and the average trip length is 11 km ( 7 miles ) , measured as the distance between power on and power off .
In spring 2012 , the Finnish car magazine Tekniikan Maailma tested the Leaf in city driving at temperatures of − 15 ° C ( 5 ° F ) . They achieved a range of 59 km ( 37 miles ) with cabin and battery heaters on .
2013 model year
According to Nissan , the U.S. 2013 model year Leaf has a more efficient heating system that allows the Leaf to extend its range in cold @-@ weather conditions by 32 to 40 km ( 20 to 25 miles ) . The EPA rating is 121 km ( 75 miles ) from 117 km ( 73 miles ) in the previous models . Nissan explained that actually these ratings are not comparable , because for the 2013 model year the EPA changed the test procedures to calculate range for electric cars . Before 2013 , the agency estimated the range assuming the battery pack was charged to 100 % of its capacity . Nissan estimates that the 2013 Leaf has a 135 km ( 84 miles ) range from a 100 % charge ( Long @-@ Distance Mode charging ) , while the range drops to 106 km ( 66 miles ) for an 80 % charge ( Long @-@ Life Mode charging ) . The new EPA testing procedure considers the average of these two ranges . The increased Long @-@ Distance Mode range comes from improvements to the Leaf ’ s regenerative braking system , an overall weight reduction and enhanced aerodynamics .
The 2013 European version has a certified range of 200 km ( 120 miles ) under the New European Driving Cycle ( NEDC ) , up from 175 km ( 109 miles ) for the 2011 / 12 model .
2014 / 2015 model year
The official EPA range for the 2014 and 2015 model year Leaf , increased from 121 to 135 km ( 75 to 84 miles ) . The difference in range is due to a technicality , as Nissan decided to eliminate the EPA blended range rating , which was an average of the 80 % charge range and the 100 % charge range . For the 2014 model year , only the 100 % charge range figure applies .
2016 model year
Nissan added more battery capacity which increased the range of the car on a full charge . A larger 30 kWh battery is featured on the SL and SV trims , and the S trim kept the smaller 24 kWh battery found in earlier Leafs . The official EPA range for the 2016 Leaf with the 30 kWh battery is 172 km ( 107 miles ) , while the range for Leaf with the smaller 24 kWh is 135 km ( 84 miles ) , the same as the 2014 / 15 model year .
= = = Fuel economy = = =
Under its five @-@ cycle testing , the United States Environmental Protection Agency found the 2011 model Leaf 's energy consumption to be 0 @.@ 212 kWh / km ( 34 kWh / 100 miles ) and rated the Leaf combined fuel economy at 99 miles per gallon gasoline equivalent – MPGe – ( 2 @.@ 4 L / 100 km ) , with an equivalent 106 mpg @-@ US ( 2 @.@ 2 L / 100 km ; 127 mpg @-@ imp ) in city driving and 92 mpg @-@ US ( 2 @.@ 6 L / 100 km ; 110 mpg @-@ imp ) on highways .
For the 2013 model year Leaf , Nissan achieved a 15 % improvement of its EPA 's fuel economy combined ratings . According to the EPA , the 2013 Leaf improved its energy consumption to 115 mpg @-@ e ( 30 kW · h / 100 mi ; 18 @.@ 6 kW · h / 100 km ) from 99 mpg @-@ e ( 35 kW · h / 100 mi ; 22 kW · h / 100 km ) , giving 129 mpg @-@ e ( 27 kW · h / 100 mi ; 16 @.@ 6 kW · h / 100 km ) in city driving and 102 mpg @-@ e ( 34 kW · h / 100 mi ; 21 kW · h / 100 km ) on highways .
According to the EPA , the 2014 and 2015 model year Leafs have an energy consumption of 30 kWh / 100 miles , for a combined city / highway rating of 114 mpg @-@ e ( 30 kW · h / 100 mi ; 18 @.@ 7 kW · h / 100 km ) ; 126 MPGe ( 27 @.@ 3 kW · h / 100 mi ; 17 @.@ 0 kW · h / 100 km ) city and 101 MPGe ( 34 @.@ 0 kW · h / 100 mi ; 21 @.@ 2 kW · h / 100 km ) highway .
The 2016 Leaf with the smaller 24 kWh battery has the same ratings and energy consumption as the 2014 / 15 models , while the trims with the larger 30 kWh has the same energy consumption of 30 kWh / 100 miles , but was rated 112 MPGe ( 30 @.@ 7 kW · h / 100 mi ; 19 @.@ 1 kW · h / 100 km ) for combined city / highway ; 124 MPGe ( 27 @.@ 7 kW · h / 100 mi ; 17 @.@ 2 kW · h / 100 km ) city and 101 MPGe ( 34 @.@ 0 kW · h / 100 mi ; 21 @.@ 2 kW · h / 100 km ) highway .
= = = Operating costs = = =
According to Consumer Reports , as of December 2011 , the Nissan Leaf has an out @-@ of @-@ pocket operating cost of 3 @.@ 5 cents per mile ( 2 @.@ 19 ¢ per km ) while the heavier Chevrolet Volt has a cost in electric mode of 3 @.@ 8 cents per mile ( 2 @.@ 38 ¢ per km ) . These costs are based on the U.S. national average electricity rate of 11 cents per kWh and energy consumption was estimated from their own tests . The consumer magazine also compared the Leaf with the most fuel @-@ efficient hybrid and gasoline @-@ powered cars as tested by Consumer Reports . The results are summarized in the following table , and the analysis found that the Leaf operating cost is much less than half of the gasoline @-@ powered cars for trips up to 110 km ( 70 miles ) , which is close to the Leaf 's maximum range . The Volt while on EV mode has a close cost per mile but as the distance is larger than its electric range of 56 km ( 35 miles ) , the Leaf advantage is similar to the other cars . Consumer Reports also noted that even with a much higher electric rate of 19 cents per kWh , such as rural Connecticut , the Leaf still cost about 20 % less to operate than the Prius and around 50 % less than the Corolla .
According to Nissan , the operating cost of the Leaf in the U.K. is 1 @.@ 75 pence per mile ( 1.09p per km ) when charging at an off @-@ peak electricity rate , while a conventional gasoline @-@ powered car costs more than 10 pence per mile ( 6.25p per km ) . These estimates are based on a national average of British Gas Economy 7 rates as of January 2012 , and assumed 7 hours of charging overnight at the night rate and one hour in the daytime charged at the Tier @-@ 2 daytime rate .
Leaf owners in Japan are liable for yearly annual taxes due to the vehicles exterior dimensions that are not in compliance with Japanese Government dimension regulations for cars in the " compact " classification . This is offset by the tax incentives Japanese consumers receive for a vehicle with no tailpipe emissions .
= = = = Payback time = = = =
According to Edmunds.com , the price premium paid for the Leaf , after discounting the US $ 7 @,@ 500 federal tax credit , may take a long time for consumers to recover in fuel savings . In February 2012 , Edmunds compared the mid @-@ sized Leaf ( priced at US $ 28 @,@ 550 ) with the compact gasoline @-@ powered Nissan Versa ( priced at US $ 19 @,@ 656 ) and found that the payback period for the Leaf is 9 years for gasoline at US $ 3 per gallon , 7 years at US $ 4 per gallon , and drops to 5 years with gasoline prices at US $ 5 per gallon . Considering gasoline prices by early 2012 , the break even period is 7 years . These estimates assume an average of 24 @,@ 000 km ( 15 @,@ 000 miles ) annual driving and vehicle prices correspond to Edmunds.com 's true market value estimates . For the same two vehicles , the U.S. EPA estimates the Leaf 's annual fuel cost at US $ 612 while the Versa 's annual fuel cost is US $ 1 @,@ 860 . EPA estimates are based on 45 % highway and 55 % city driving , over 15 @,@ 000 annual miles ; gasoline price of US $ 3 @.@ 72 per gallon and electricity price of US $ 0 @.@ 12 per kWh .
In a similar comparison carried out in April 2012 , by TrueCar.com for The New York Times , the analysis found that at a gasoline price of US $ 3 @.@ 85 per gallon , the payback period required for the Leaf to compensate the nearly US $ 10 @,@ 000 difference in purchase versus a Nissan Versa , takes 8 @.@ 7 years . The analysis assumes an average of 15 @,@ 000 miles driven a year , a fuel economy of 33 @.@ 6 mpg @-@ US ( 7 @.@ 0 L / 100 km ; 40 @.@ 4 mpg @-@ imp ) for the Versa , priced at US $ 18 @,@ 640 , and a Leaf price of US $ 28 @,@ 421 , after discounting the US $ 7 @,@ 500 federal tax . The payoff time drops to 6 years if gasoline is priced at US $ 5 per gallon . The newspaper also reported that according to the March 2012 Lundberg Survey , gasoline prices would need to reach US $ 8 @.@ 53 a gallon for the Leaf to be competitive with a similar gasoline @-@ powered car in the 6 years an average person owns a car , while the Chevrolet Volt plug @-@ in hybrid requires a gasoline price of US $ 12 @.@ 50 a gallon to break even .
= = = = Total cost of ownership = = = =
According to a study published in June 2013 , by the Electric Power Research Institute , the total cost of ownership of the 2013 Nissan Leaf SV is substantially lower than that of comparable conventional and hybrid vehicles . For comparison , the study constructed average hybrid and conventional vehicles and assumed an average US distance per trip distribution . The study took into account the manufacturer 's suggested retail price , taxes , credits , destination charge , electric charging station , fuel cost , maintenance cost , and additional cost due to the use of a gasoline vehicle for trips beyond the range of the Leaf .
= = = Environmental footprint = = =
In February 2014 , the Automotive Science Group ( ASG ) published the result of a study conducted to assess the life @-@ cycle of over 1 @,@ 300 automobiles across nine categories sold in North America . The study found that among advanced automotive technologies , the Nissan Leaf holds the smallest life @-@ cycle environmental footprint of any model year 2014 automobile available in the North American market with minimum four @-@ person occupancy . The study concluded that the increased environmental impacts of manufacturing the battery electric technology is more than offset with increased environmental performance during operational life . For the assessment , the study used the average electricity mix of the U.S. grid in 2014 .
= = = Recharging = = =
Recharging receptacles vary between models . The Leaf , with the SL option , has two charging receptacles : a standard SAE J1772 @-@ 2009 connector for level 1 and 2 charging ( 120 / 220 volts AC ) and a JARI high @-@ voltage DC connector designed by TEPCO for DC fast charging ( 500 volts DC 125 amps ) using the CHAdeMO protocol .
Models with an on @-@ board 3 @.@ 6 kW charger can be fully recharged from empty in 8 hours from a 220 / 240 @-@ volt 30 amp supply ( 5 @.@ 2 kW allowable draw ) that can provide the on @-@ board charger its full 3 @.@ 6 kW of usable power . Models with an on @-@ board 6 @.@ 6 kW charger can be fully recharged from empty in 4 hours from a 220 / 240 @-@ volt 40 amp supply ( 7 @.@ 7 kW allowable draw ) that can provide the on @-@ board charger its full 6 @.@ 6 kW of usable power . A third option is to use the supplied EVSE cable from a standard 220 / 240V AC outlet , taking around 12 hours for a full recharge drawing 10A .
In North America and Japan using a standard household outlet ( 120 @-@ volt , 15 amp breaker , 12 amp maximum allowable draw , 1 @.@ 4 kW ) and the 7 @.@ 5 @-@ meter ( 25 ft ) cable included by Nissan , the Leaf will regain approximately 5 miles of range per hour . This type of charging is ideal for the commuter that can plug into standard outlets at home and at work during the typical 21 hours a day that the typical North American car is parked . It is also useful for emergency charging from any ubiquitous 120 @-@ volt outlet just about anywhere in North America .
United States electrical regulations require a 240 @-@ volt charging station to be permanently wired unless proper interlock mechanisms are available to ensure the charging current can be safely turned on and off . Nissan selected AeroVironment to supply its charging dock and installation services in North America ( see the United States section below for more details ) .
For models with DC fast charging , a battery pack can be charged from fully discharged to 80 % capacity in about 30 minutes . Nissan developed its own 500 @-@ volt DC fast charger that went on sale in Japan for ¥ 1 @,@ 470 @,@ 000 ( around US $ 16 @,@ 800 ) in May 2010 . Nissan warns that if fast charging is the primary way of recharging , then the normal and gradual battery capacity loss is about 10 % more than regular 220 @-@ volt charging over a 10 @-@ year period . Other companies make compatible charging stations , and companies and local government have various initiatives to create networks of public charging stations ( see electric vehicle network ) .
= = = Technology = = =
The Nissan Leaf employs an advanced telematics system called CarWings which originally was only available in Japan . The system sends and receives data via a built @-@ in GPRS radio similar to the connectivity of mobile phones . Carwings is connected any time the car is in range of a cell tower and it makes possible several user functionalities , such as position and possible range on a map and which charging stations are available within range . The system also tracks and compiles statistics about distance traveled and energy consumption and produces daily , monthly and annual reports of these and several other operational parameters . All information is available in the Leaf 's digital screens . Through a smart phone application or secure web page , owners can remotely turn on the air @-@ conditioner or heater as well as reset charging functions even when the vehicle is powered down . This remote functionality can be used to pre @-@ heat or pre @-@ cool the car prior to use while it is still charging so that less energy from the battery is used for climate control . An on @-@ board timer can also be pre @-@ programmed to recharge batteries at a set time such as during off @-@ peak rates . The Leaf 's SL trim has a small solar panel at the rear of the roof / spoiler that can trickle charge the auxiliary battery .
= = = Safety = = =
NHTSA rates the 2011 and 2012 model years , as 5 stars overall . The 2013 and 2014 model years rating , is 4 stars overall due to lower scores for passengers in front and side tests .
The Nissan Leaf won the " Top Safety Pick " awarded by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety in 2011 . The Leaf received top ratings of " Good " for front , side , and rear impact crash tests , and also on rollover protection . All injury measurements except one were rated good , indicating a low risk of significant injuries in crashes according to the scale of severity employed in the IIHS ’ s testing . The European New Car Assessment Programme ( Euro NCAP ) awarded the Leaf the highest five star car safety rating , earning the following ratings for each criteria :
Accident and rescue handling
In December 2010 , Nissan published a guide for first responders that details procedures for handling a damaged 2011 Leaf at the scene of an accident . The steps include a manual high @-@ voltage system shutdown , subsequent to the assumed automatic disconnects , built into the car 's safety systems . Rescue personnel are instructed by Nissan to disconnect both the high voltage and 12 V systems before performing any first response actions .
The Nissan Leaf 's battery pack is shielded from crash damage by structural steel reinforcement . To prevent shock and fire hazards , the Leaf has a battery safety system that is activated in a crash that involves the airbags . The airbag control unit sends a signal which mechanically disconnects the high voltage from the vehicle .
In December 2011 , Nissan reported , as an indication of the Leaf safety performance , that none of the around two dozen Leafs that were destroyed during the March 2011 tsunami caught fire and their batteries remained intact . As of December 2011 , no fires after a crash have been reported in the U.S. associated with the Leaf or other plug @-@ in electric cars available in the market .
Warning sounds
Due to significant noise reduction typical of electric vehicles that travel at low speeds , the 2011 Leaf includes digital warning sounds , one for forward motion and another for reverse , to alert pedestrians , the blind , and others of its presence . For this purpose Nissan created the Vehicle Sound for Pedestrians ( VSP ) system , which was also used in Nissan Fuga hybrid . The system developed makes a noise easy to hear for those outside in order to be aware of the vehicle approaching , but the warning sounds do not distract the car occupants inside . Nissan explained that during the development of the sound , they studied behavioral research of the visually impaired and worked with cognitive and acoustic psychologists . The sine @-@ wave sound system sweeps from 2 @.@ 5 kHz at the high end to a low of 600 Hz , an easily audible range across age groups . Depending on the speed and if the Leaf is accelerating or decelerating , the sound system makes sweeping , high @-@ low sounds . The sound system ceases operation when the Nissan Leaf reaches 30 km / h ( 18 @.@ 6 mph ) and engages again as car slows to under 25 km / h ( 15 @.@ 5 mph ) . For the 2011 model , the driver could turn off sounds temporarily through a switch inside the vehicle , but the system automatically reset to " On " at the next ignition cycle . The system is controlled through a computer and synthesizer in the dash panel , and the sound is delivered through a speaker in the front driver ’ s side wheel well . Nissan removed the ability to disable the pedestrian alert between model year 2011 and 2012 in anticipation of the U.S. ruling to be issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration .
After the new sounds were publicized , the U.S. National Federation of the Blind commented that " while it was pleased that the alert existed , it was unhappy that the driver could turn it off . " The Leaf 's electric warning sound had to be removed for cars delivered in the U.K. , as the country 's law mandates that any hazard warning sound must be capable of being disabled between 11 : 00 pm and 6 : 00 am , and the Leaf 's audible warning system does not allow for such temporary deactivation .
= = = 2013 model = = =
Japanese market
In November 2012 , Nissan announced the specifications of the updated 2013 model Leaf destined for the Japanese market . The improved version delivers a range increase of 14 % on the Japanese cycle , allowing the travel distance on a full charge to go from 200 to 228 km ( 124 to 142 miles ) . Besides adjusting the regenerative braking to improve power generation , Nissan reduced the Leaf weight by integrating the electric motor , inverter , and AC / DC converter , achieving a combined weight reduction for those parts of 10 % . Also , lighter parts were used throughout , and an improved battery module and more integrated electronic units have together reduced the car mass by over 77 kg ( 170 lb ) , 5 % of the previous version .
The 2013 Leaf has a larger trunk , with its volume increased from 330 to 370 litres ( 11 @.@ 6 to 13 cu ft ) . The extra space was freed by moving a downsized charger from the back of the car to the front . Other improvements include a new gauge that tells the driver how much battery capacity is remaining by percentage , and a long @-@ life battery mode is now available in any charging mode , which charges the battery to 80 % to improve pack life . Also , Nissan will introduce in the Japanese market a lower price entry @-@ level model with less equipment , called the S trim . This model will be priced at just under ¥ 2 @.@ 5 million ( around US $ 29 @,@ 700 ) , almost half a million yen ( approximately US $ 5 @,@ 950 ) cheaper than the previous year ’ s entry price .
American market
The 2013 model year Leaf destined for the U.S. market has several key improvements similar to the Japanese version , better range , faster charging capabilities , a more efficient cabin heater , and a lower starting price . According to Nissan USA , several of the changes seek to address shortcomings of previous versions of the Leaf , and feedback from Leaf owners was taken into consideration . The 2013 model year Leaf delivers a higher range than the 2012 model with the same 24 kWh battery pack . The efficiency gains come from a combination of improvements to aerodynamics through tweaks to the front fascia that allowed a reduction of the drag coefficient ; a more efficient heater ; the addition of a driver @-@ selected B @-@ mode that increases regenerative braking ; and energy / range management .
The 2013 model year offers a dashboard display of the battery ’ s state of charge on a percentage basis , as has been demanded by Leaf owners . A 6 @.@ 6 @-@ kW onboard charger , available as an extra @-@ cost option on the base model , reduces charging times using 240 @-@ volt power . This improvement means adding about 32 km ( 20 miles ) in an hour of charging , rather than about 19 km ( 12 miles ) that took with the 3 @.@ 6 @-@ kW charger on 2012 models . A complete charge from empty to full takes about four hours , instead of seven hours .
The charge port area now comes with a light not provided on earlier models , and the ability to open the port door from inside the car or by using the key fob . The onboard charger in all 2013 Leafs has also been reduced in size and relocated to a new position under the hood , which increases cargo volume . The new base trim level is called the Leaf S model , and is the result of a strategy for affordability . The S trim replaces the LED headlights with less expensive projector beams , and uses 16 @-@ inch steel wheels with plastic covers rather than alloy wheels . The base trim does not include the navigation system and the remote connectivity that allows drivers to turn on the climate control and monitor battery charging remotely using a smartphone . New features , including LED headlamps , fog lights , 17 @-@ inch alloy wheels and leather seating , are reserved for the higher @-@ end SL trim . Additional premium upgrades to the SL trim include a Bose seven @-@ speaker audio system and around view monitor , which puts cameras in front , in back and on the side mirrors for parking assistance .
The new base @-@ level 2013 Nissan Leaf S starts at US $ 28 @,@ 800 , the mid @-@ level Leaf SV at US $ 31 @,@ 820 , and the high @-@ end Leaf SL trim starts at US $ 34 @,@ 840 . All prices have a mandatory US $ 850 destination fee added .
European market
The 2013 European version has many of the same improvements of the Japanese and U.S. versions , including an extended range , greater recyclability , more interior space , better charging performance , and more equipment . Also three versions will be available : Visia , Acenta and Tekna . The Visia version has a lower starting price than the previous model , and the Tekna model features even more standard equipment than the 2011 / 12 Leaf . The European version was unveiled at the 2013 Geneva Motor Show , and production of the 2013 model began in March 2013 at the Sunderland plant in the U.K. , and sales started in June 2013 . The price of the 2013 Leaf produced in Sunderland is lower than the one built in Japan , and to further reduce the purchase price by GB £ 5 @,@ 000 , Nissan offered a battery leasing option for all trims produced at Sunderland . The leasing option is also available in several European countries , reducing the purchase price by € 5 @,@ 900 . This measure , among others , helped to reduce the sales price in Germany , for instance , from roughly € 37 @,@ 000 in April 2012 ( with battery ) to roughly € 24 @,@ 000 in July 2013 ( excluding battery lease of € 79 per month ) .
= = = 2014 model = = =
American market
The 2014 model year Leaf went on sale in December 2013 , in the United States . The 2014 Leaf is largely the same as the 2013 model year , except :
RearView Monitor will now be standard on all trims
Updated EV @-@ IT functionality with voice destination entry and SMS readout
= = Production = =
As of March 2013 , Nissan has an installed capacity to produce 250 @,@ 000 Leafs per year , 150 @,@ 000 at Smyrna , U.S. , 50 @,@ 000 at Oppama , Japan , and 50 @,@ 000 at Sunderland , England .
= = = Oppama , Japan = = =
The first vehicles sold in the U.S. were produced at Nissan ’ s plant in Oppama , Japan , which started production on October 22 , 2010 . The plant has an annual production capacity of 50 @,@ 000 vehicles . Production of the electric car was disrupted for several months beginning in March 2011 due to the earthquake and tsunami in Japan , and as a result , Nissan announced it was not able to reach its 2011 production target of 50 @,@ 000 Leafs . Nissan expected to increase sales in 2012 to 40 @,@ 000 units from 20 @,@ 000 in 2011 , as production returned to normal output and the Leaf became available in more European countries and more regional markets in the U.S.
With cumulative sales of more than 49 @,@ 000 Leafs through December 2012 , Nissan achieved only a 22 % increase in sales during 2012 , which according with Nissan CEO Carlos Ghosn " was a disappointment for us . " Mr Ghosn cited the adverse dollar @-@ yen exchange rate as one of the factors affecting the Leaf price . He also said that they realized the price of the original Leaf models was a problem , and the decision to drop the price on the 2013 model year Leaf by 18 % is possible due to the start of U.S. production of the battery car on the new assembly line in Smyrna , Tennessee , which will reduce production costs . Nissan has also taken other steps to improve production efficiency and lower component costs – especially for the battery pack , the single @-@ costliest part of an electric vehicle .
= = = Smyrna , U.S. = = =
Commercial U.S. production began in January 2013 , at Nissan 's manufacturing facility in Smyrna , Tennessee . This plant was modified with a US $ 1 @.@ 4 billion loan granted by the US Department of Energy to allow the manufacturing plant to produce the Nissan Leaf and its advanced batteries . The Smyrna plant is expected to produce up to 150 @,@ 000 vehicles and 200 @,@ 000 battery packs annually . Nissan planned to unveil the upgraded 2013 model year version Nissan Leaf for the North American market in December 2012 , once production of the electric car had begun in the Smyrna plant , but rescheduled the introduction of the 2013 model to January 2013 , during the North American International Auto Show . The Smyrna plant began producing lithium @-@ ion cells in December 2012 . These cells are used in the battery pack of the 2013 model year Leaf built at the adjacent assembly plant . The cell fabrication factory in Smyrna is the largest plant in the U.S. that builds automotive @-@ scale lithium @-@ ion batteries , and it can produce batteries for up to 200 @,@ 000 electric vehicles a year . Leaf production in the Smyrna plant began in January 2013 , sharing the production line with the Altima mid @-@ size sedan and Maxima full @-@ size sedan .
= = = Sunderland , United Kingdom = = =
Production of the Leaf at Nissan 's plant in Sunderland , England , began in March 2013 . Nissan benefited from a GB £ 20 @.@ 7 million grant from the British government and up to GB £ 220 million from the European Investment Bank . The plant has the capacity to produce 60 @,@ 000 lithium @-@ ion batteries and 50 @,@ 000 Leafs a year . The U.K. produced Leaf is destined for the European market . In January 2013 Nissan announced an immediate price reduction of GB £ 2 @,@ 500 or € 3 @,@ 000 for the Japanese @-@ made Leaf model sold in the U.K. and other European markets . The price of the 2013 Leaf produced in Sunderland is lower than the model built in Japan , and Nissan is offering a battery leasing option for the three trims produced at Sunderland , which further reduces the purchase price by GB £ 5 @,@ 000 in the U.K. , and € 5 @,@ 900 in the other European countries where the leasing option is available . The first retail delivery of a 2013 Leaf built in the Sunderland plant took place in the U.K. in late May 2013 .
= = = Guangdong , China = = =
In March 2013 , the Chinese government announced that a partnership between Nissan and Dongfeng Motor to build Leafs is being planned . The initial production line will be able to produce 10 @,@ 000 units per year until it is upgraded to 50 @,@ 000 units by 2015 .
= = Markets and sales = =
Nissan officially introduced the Leaf in a ceremony held at its global headquarters in Yokohama on December 3 , 2010 . The first US customer delivery took place in Northern California on December 11 , 2010 and the first delivery in Japan took place at the Kanagawa Prefecture on December 22 . Deliveries to individual customers began in Ireland in February 2011 , in the U.K. in March 2011 , and in France in August 2011 . Deliveries to corporate customers began in Portugal in December 2010 , in the Netherlands in March 2011 , and in Canada in July 2011 . Retail deliveries began in Spain and Norway in September 2011 in Switzerland in November 2011 , and in Germany in January 2012 . As of June 2015 , the Leaf is available in 46 countries in four continents .
Since December 2010 , Nissan sold 49 @,@ 117 Leafs worldwide during its first two years in the market , making the Leaf the world 's best @-@ selling highway @-@ capable electric car ever . With global sales of more than 22 @,@ 000 units in 2011 , the Leaf surpassed the Mitsubishi i MiEV as the best selling all @-@ electric car in history . Global sales during 2012 reached 26 @,@ 973 Leafs , a rise of 22 % over 2011 sales , led by Japan with 11 @,@ 115 units , an 8 % increase over 2011 sales ; followed by the United States with 9 @,@ 819 units representing a 1 @.@ 5 % rise over 2011 sales . During the first half of 2012 , the Leaf had a market share of 49 % of global sales of all @-@ electric cars . The sales milestone of 50 @,@ 000 units delivered worldwide was reached by mid February 2013 . A total of 47 @,@ 716 Leafs were sold during 2013 , up 77 % from 2012 .
As of mid January 2014 , and just after three years in the market , global sales totalled 100 @,@ 000 units , capturing a 45 % market share of worldwide pure electric vehicles sold since 2010 . During 2014 a total of 61 @,@ 507 Leafs were sold worldwide . Global sales totaled over 158 @,@ 000 units at the end of 2014 . Global Leaf sales passed the 200 @,@ 000 unit milestone in December 2015 . Total sales totaled 43 @,@ 651 units worldwide in 2015 , down 29 % from 2014 . The leading market in 2015 was the United States with 17 @,@ 269 units sold , down 42 @.@ 8 % from 2014 , followed by the European market with 15 @,@ 630 units .
Almost 220 @,@ 000 Leafs have been sold worldwide by mid @-@ April 2016 , making the Nissan Leaf the world 's all @-@ time best @-@ selling highway @-@ capable electric car in history . As of April 2016 , the United States continued to rank as the top selling market with 93 @,@ 309 units sold , followed by Japan with 64 @,@ 635 units through March 2016 , the European market with 55 @,@ 408 through March 2016 , and Canada with 3 @,@ 571 units sold through April 2016 . The European market is led by Norway with 17 @,@ 199 new units registered up until April 2016 , followed by the U.K. with 12 @,@ 433 units registered through December 2015 .
Battery leasing option
Initially the Leaf was sold in all markets including the battery pack and is not compatible with the QuickDrop battery swapping feature developed by its alliance partner Renault . In April 2013 , Nissan announced that sales of the 2013 Leaf will begin in the U.K. in June 2013 , and it will offer a battery leasing option for the three available trims . Pricing for the battery leasing in the U.K. starts at GB £ 70 ( US $ 108 ) a month for a 36 @-@ month lease limited no more than 12 @,@ 100 km ( 7 @,@ 500 miles ) a year , with a maximum of GB £ 129 ( US $ 198 ) a month for a 12 @-@ month lease with no more than 24 @,@ 000 km ( 15 @,@ 000 miles ) driven . The battery leasing option lowers the price of the level entry model to GB £ 20 @,@ 990 ( US $ 32 @,@ 230 ) before applying the Plug @-@ in Car Grant .
In several European countries , except Norway , Finland , Iceland , Ireland and the Baltic markets , the leasing option will also be offered , resulting in a purchase price reduction of € 5 @,@ 900 . The battery monthly charge starts at € 79 ( US $ 103 ) for a 36 @-@ month lease limited no more than 12 @,@ 500 km ( 7 @,@ 800 miles ) a year , with a maximum of € 142 ( US $ 186 ) a month for a 12 @-@ month lease with no more than 25 @,@ 000 km ( 16 @,@ 000 miles ) driven .
= = = Australia = = =
In July 2011 , Nissan Australia provided 16 Leafs for an electric vehicle trial in Victoria to be used by both personal and commercial users . The trial also includes 14 Mitsubishi i MiEVs and 3 Toyota Prius PHEVs .
Leaf retail sales in Australia began in June 2012 via 14 initial qualified dealerships in Brisbane , the Gold Coast , Sydney , Canberra , Melbourne and Perth . The electric car initially sold for A $ 51 @,@ 500 ( excluding delivery fees , stamp duty and registration ) without public subsidies as the Australian government does not provide any . In December 2012 the Leaf price was reduced to A $ 46 @,@ 990 , and again in May 2013 to A $ 39 @,@ 990 . A total of 19 Leafs were registered in 2011 , and 77 during 2012 . Sales during the first nine months of 2013 totaled 118 units . Sales for the first six months of 2014 totaled 68 units , reaching approximately 320 Leafs registered in the country since 2011 .
= = = Canada = = =
The 2011 Leaf price was set at CA $ 38 @,@ 395 , and the initial roll @-@ out was limited to selected markets and in limited quantities . The 2011 Canadian Leaf came with additional equipment useful for colder weather , such as heated front and rear seats , steering wheel , and outside mirrors . Other modifications included a battery heater system and an HVAC duct to the rear seating area .
Fleet deliveries in Canada began on July 29 , 2011 , and deliveries to individuals began in late September 2011 . The order process for individuals began on August 27 , 2011 , and the only 40 model year 2011 Leafs were allocated in two hours . For the 2012 model , Nissan expects to release initially only around 600 Leafs in the country . The Leaf is sold only through 27 Leaf @-@ certified dealers for the entire country , and sales are limited to customers who live within a 65 km ( 40 miles ) radius of one of those dealers . Cumulative sales through April 2016 reached 3 @,@ 571 units .
Ontario residents are eligible for a rebate of CA $ 8 @,@ 500 . The rebate is available for purchasing or leasing a plug @-@ in electric vehicles to the first 10 @,@ 000 applicants who qualify . Residents of the Province of Quebec were eligible for a CA $ 8 @,@ 000 refundable tax credit that was replaced with a purchase or lease rebate program on January 1 , 2012 . Since January 2012 , Communauto , the oldest carsharing service in North America , has 25 Leaf in operation , with 25 more to be added later . The Vancouver @-@ based car co @-@ op Modo has two Nissan Leaf on its fleet , a first for Western Canada .
= = = China = = =
In September 2011 , Nissan announced it has received government 's approval to begin selling the Leaf in China by October 2011 . The Leaf was expected to be sold at around CN ¥ 200 @,@ 000 ( US $ 32 @,@ 600 ) . Initially Nissan planned to release the Leaf in limited quantities to government customers . In November 2011 Nissan delivered the first 15 Leafs out of 25 allocated to the municipal government of Wuhan as part of a pilot outreach program . Another objective of the program was to provide feedback for planning the full @-@ fledged rollout of electric cars in the Chinese market .
As part of a pilot program , a total of 300 rebadged Leafs were deployed in Guangzhou , Xiangyang and Dalian between December 2013 and June 2014 . These units were marketed as Venucia Morning Wind since local production of the Venucia e30 had not begun at the time . Together , the pilot fleet run 5 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 km ( 3 @,@ 100 @,@ 000 miles ) without any failure . Retail sales of the Chinese manufactured version of the Leaf , the Venucia e30 , began in September 2014 . Initially the e30 is available in nine cities : Beijing , Dalian , Guangzhou , Hangzhou , Shanghai , Shenzhen , Tianjin , Wuhan and Zhengzhou . Nationwide availability is expected for 2015 . The Venucia e30 starts at CN ¥ 267 @,@ 800 ( ~ US $ 43 @,@ 705 ) . The e30 is eligible for a purchase tax exemption and other government incentives available for new energy vehicles manufactured in China . Cumulative sales of the rebadged Leaf manufactured by Venucia totaled 1 @,@ 776 units through November 2015 .
= = = Europe = = =
The Leaf was launched in Europe in early 2011 . European prices , which include the cost of the battery , are almost € 10 @,@ 000 more than the U.S. price . Most countries , except the Netherlands , have government incentives at the point of sale . Nissan also said that " the Leaf would allow owners to save € 600 a year in fuel costs compared with an equivalent internal combustion model . " Nissan explained that its decision to launch initially only in four countries was due to the existing government incentives for electric cars and the ongoing efforts to deploy charging infrastructure . According to Nissan , 12 @,@ 000 European customers signed up to receive regular updates , and the company began taking orders in Portugal and Ireland on July 30 , 2010 . The process started in the U.K. in September 2010 . By April 2012 , deliveries of the Leaf had taken place in Denmark , Estonia , France , Germany , Ireland , the Netherlands , Norway , Portugal , Spain , Switzerland , Sweden , and the U.K ..
Leaf sales climbed from 1 @,@ 728 units in 2011 to 5 @,@ 211 in 2012 , and to 11 @,@ 097 in 2013 . Sales totaled 14 @,@ 658 units in 2014 , capturing 26 % of the segment sales that year , and allowing the Leaf to rank as the best selling all @-@ electric car in Europe for a fourth year @-@ in @-@ a @-@ row . As of December 2014 , and accounting for cumulative sales since 2010 , the Leaf ranked as the all @-@ time top selling plug @-@ in electric car in the region with 33 @,@ 481 new units delivered . However , the Mitsubishi Outlander P @-@ HEV ranked in 2014 as the top selling plug @-@ in electric vehicle in Europe , ahead of the Nissan Leaf by more than 5 @,@ 000 units .
During the first ten months of 2015 , the Leaf continued to rank as the top selling all @-@ electric car in Europe , with 13 @,@ 801 units sold , but again ranked second to the Outlander P @-@ HEV in the overall plug @-@ in electric car category . The Nissan Leaf was overtaken during 2015 by the Outlander plug @-@ in hybrid as the all @-@ time top selling plug @-@ in passenger car in Europe with over 50 @,@ 000 units sold through October 2015 . A total of 15 @,@ 630 Leafs were sold in Europe in 2015 . As of December 2015 , a total of 49 @,@ 111 Leafs had been sold in Europe since its introduction .
Belgium
Leaf retail deliveries in the Belgian market began in the third quarter of 2011 at a price of € 36 @,@ 990 including VAT and before a federal income tax credit of up to € 9 @,@ 190 is applied . The Wallonia regional government provides an additional € 4 @,@ 500 eco @-@ bonus for cars registered before December 31 , 2011 . The reservation process started in late June 2011 and Nissan charged a fully refundable € 300 reservation fee . A total of 174 Leafs were sold in the country and Luxembourg through October 2012 .
Denmark
Retail customer deliveries in Denmark began in early 2012 , at a price of 290 @,@ 690 Danish kroner ( kr ) including VAT . Even though the government does not have any purchase rebates , as an all @-@ electric vehicle weighing under 2 @,@ 000 kg , the Leaf is exempted from the new car registration tax , which can amount to more than 130 @,@ 000 kr on a vehicle the size of a Leaf , and is also exempt from public parking fees and toll payments . Since 2011 a total of 512 Leafs have been registered in Denmark through June 2014 . The world 's largest single private order for the Leaf came in April 2014 when Avis Rent a Car System ordered 400 cars , with support from the Danish government .
France
Leaf deliveries in the French market began in August 2011 , at a price of € 35 @,@ 990 before a € 5 @,@ 000 government subsidy is applied . A total of 4 @,@ 847 Leafs have been registered through May 2015 .
Germany
Due to the lack of government purchase subsidies , Germany is one of the last European countries where the Leaf was deployed . The only incentive available is an exemption from the annual circulation tax for a period of ten years from the date of first registration . Retail deliveries began in January 2012 and a total of 2 @,@ 871 Leafs have been sold through June 2015 . As part of a marketing campaign to promote Leaf sales , Nissan introduced an " electric bonus " of € 5 @,@ 200 between July and September 2015 , which represented a discount of 22 % of the list price .
In March 2016 , Nissan Europe announced its support to the green car incentive and its commintment to double the government 's E @-@ premium incentive when buying a Nissan electric car , with a reduction of the purchase price of the same amount of the subsidy . Nissan Center Europe CEO said " we remain convinced that the goal of one million electric cars by 2020 is still achievable . " The purchase incentive scheme to promote plug @-@ in electric vehicle adoption was approved in April 2016 and is scheduled to start as early as May 2016 . The cost of the purchase incentive will be shared equally between the government and automakers . Electric car buyers will get a € 4 @,@ 000 ( US $ 4 @,@ 520 ) discount while buyers of plug @-@ in hybrid vehicles will get a discount of € 3 @,@ 000 ( US $ 3 @,@ 390 ) . In May 2016 , Nissan confirmed the company will raise the bonus with an additional € 1 @,@ 000 ( US $ 1 @,@ 130 ) to € 5 @,@ 000 ( US $ 5 @,@ 650 ) for customers of its all @-@ electric Leaf car and e @-@ NV200 utility van .
Hungary
The Leaf launch was scheduled for July 2013 , with pre @-@ orders starting in the middle of June . The price was announced to start at 8 @,@ 774 @,@ 500 ft .
Ireland
The Leaf was launched in Ireland in February 2011 , at a price of € 29 @,@ 995 after a € 5 @,@ 000 government incentive is applied . Buyers are exempted from the vehicle registration tax . The first Leaf was delivered on February 21 , 2011 , and cumulative sales reached 111 units through October 2012 . In May 2015 cumulative registrations exceeded 800 units .
Italy
Deliveries began in September 2011 . Sales increased from five units in 2011 to 146 in 2012 and more than double to 323 in 2013 , for a total of 474 sold through December 2013 .
Netherlands
According to Nissan , the Leaf roll @-@ out in the Netherlands was rescheduled from December 2010 to June 2011 , due to the high demand . The price is € 34 @,@ 990 . Existing incentives include total exemption of the registration fee and road taxes , which result in savings of approximately € 5 @,@ 324 for private car owners over four years and € 19 @,@ 000 for corporate owners over five years . Leaf buyers also have access to parking spaces in Amsterdam reserved for battery electric vehicles , so Leaf buyers avoid the current wait for a parking place in Amsterdam , which can reach up to 10 years in some parts of the city .
Deliveries to fleet customers began in March 2011 , and the first Leafs were delivered to LeasePlan , the City of Amsterdam and BAM Building Contractors . These first units are part of a pilot program that Nissan had agreed on with the City of Amsterdam . Sales went up from 265 units in 2012 to 462 in 2013 , and a total of 1 @,@ 021 Leafs have been sold in the Netherlands through December 2013 .
Norway
Official sales of the Leaf in the Norwegian market began in September 2011 , at a price of 255 @,@ 000 kroner . There are no direct government subsidies to the purchase price , but the Leaf , as all other electric cars , is exempt from all non @-@ recurring vehicle fees , including sales tax ( VAT ) , the annual road tax , all public parking fees , and toll payments , as well as being able to use bus lanes .
A total of 600 Leafs were sold in the first three days and deliveries for these customers were fulfilled in early 2012 . Since September 2011 , a total of 7 @,@ 275 new Leaf cars had been sold through December 2013 . Accounting for used Leaf imported from neighboring countries , of which , 1 @,@ 608 units were registered during 2013 , a total of 9 @,@ 080 Leafs have been registered in Norway through December 2013 , representing 9 @.@ 4 % of the 96 @,@ 847 Leafs delivered globally through December 2013 .
In February 2012 , Leaf sales represented a 2 % market share of all new car sales that month , and by October 2012 increased to 2 @.@ 2 % , with the Leaf ranking for the first time ever among the country 's top 10 best selling new cars , making Norway the first country in the world where an electric car ranked among the top 10 best selling new cars . For 2012 total new car sales , the Leaf ended in the 13th place , representing a market share of 1 @.@ 7 % of all new car sales in the country in 2012 , up from 0 @.@ 3 % in 2011 . In April 2013 , the Leaf climbed to become the second top selling new car in the country , and in October 2013 , the Nissan Leaf was the best selling new car in the country . The Leaf sold 716 units , representing a 5 @.@ 6 % of new car sales that month . The Nissan Leaf , with 4 @,@ 604 units sold , ranked as the third best selling new car in Norway during 2013 .
In January 2014 , the Leaf topped for a second time the list of top selling new cars in Norway , with 650 units sold , representing a 5 @.@ 7 % of new car sales that month . Nissan Leaf registrations passed the 10 @,@ 000 unit milestone in February 2014 . The Leaf ranked as the third top selling new car in Norway in 2014 with 4 @,@ 781 units delivered , capturing a 3 @.@ 3 % market share of total new car sales in the country . As of November 2015 , there were over 20 @,@ 000 Leafs registered in Norway , including a significant number of used imported Leafs from neighboring countries , meaning that more than 10 % of Leafs sold in the world were on Norwegian roads by November 2015 . Leaf registrations during the first quarter of 2016 totaled 1 @,@ 413 units , representing 22 @.@ 0 % of the all @-@ electric segment registrations that quarter . A total of 17 @,@ 199 new Leafs have been registered in the country up until April 2016 .
The following table presents first time registrations of the Nissan Leaf since 2011 through December 2015 with the breakdown between new and used imports from neighboring countries .
Portugal
Leaf retail deliveries in Portugal began in January 2011 , at a price of € 30 @,@ 250 after a € 5 @,@ 000 government subsidy . Some consumers could benefit from an additional € 1 @,@ 500 incentive if they turned in their used car as part of the down payment for the new electric car . These incentives were discontinued at the beginning of 2012 due to the financial crisis of the country . As of May 2010 , there are only about a dozen recharging stations in the country , but the government expected to deploy 320 before the end of 2010 and 1 @,@ 300 by the end of 2011 . On December 22 , 2010 in Lisbon Nissan delivered the first nine Leafs to its commercial customer the MOBI.E consortium , and another unit to the Portuguese government as a loan for trial purposes . Deliveries for individual customers began in early 2011 . A total of 121 Leafs have been sold through October 2012 .
Spain
The reservation process began in May 2011 , and Nissan asked for a fully refundable € 300 reservation fee . Pricing starts at a price of € 35 @,@ 950 before a € 6 @,@ 000 government subsidy is applied . Deliveries began in Barcelona in September 2011 , followed by Madrid in October 2011 . A total of 732 Leafs have been sold through December 2014 .
Sweden
Leaf deliveries in the Swedish market began in February 2012 at a price of 369 @,@ 900 kr including VAT and before a 40 @,@ 000 kr government subsidy is applied . All Leafs are equipped with the cold @-@ weather package . A total of 884 Leafs have been sold through December 2014 .
Switzerland
The Leaf was launched in November 2011 , at a price of SFr 49 @,@ 950 . The Swiss government does not have any subsidies or incentives for purchasing plug @-@ in electric vehicles . A total of 542 Leafs have been registered in the country through December 2015 . This figure includes registrations in Liechtenstein .
United Kingdom
The Leaf went on sale in the United Kingdom at a price of GB £ 28 @,@ 990 which includes the new 20 % VAT and before discounting the Plug @-@ in Car Grant of GB £ 5 @,@ 000 that came into effect in January 2011 . Despite the government incentive , at that price the Leaf is still around GB £ 4 @,@ 000 more expensive than the price of a basic Toyota Prius . On February 24 , 2011 , Nissan announced that on March 1 , 2011 the price of Leaf would increase by GB £ 2 @,@ 000 ( about US $ 3 @,@ 238 ) . Orders and pre @-@ orders placed before that date received the old price . Pricing of the 2013 model built in the UK starts at GB £ 25 @,@ 990 with the battery included , and at GB £ 20 @,@ 990 with the battery leasing option , which varies from GB £ 70 to GB £ 129 per month depending on the miles driven per year and length of the lease .
Nissan had to delay the beginning of deliveries in order to remove the Leaf 's electric warning sound for pedestrians , as U.K. law mandates that any hazard warning sound must be capable of being disabled between 11 : 00 pm and 6 : 00 am , and at that time the Leaf 's audible warning system did not allow for such temporary deactivation . Deliveries to individual customers began on March 21 , 2011 . The first retail delivery of a 2013 Leaf produced in the Sunderland plant took place on 31 May 2013 , and Nissan chose the same retail customer who was the first person in the UK to take delivery of a Nissan Leaf in March 2011 . Sales of the three trims of the 2013 model began in June 2013 .
Leaf sales in September 2014 , achieved a record of 851 units , up from 332 units in September 2013 , representing not only the best monthly sales ever in the U.K. , but also the largest volume of Nissan Leafs ever sold in one month in a European country . The previous European record was achieved by Norway in March 2013 with 703 Leafs sold in that month . During 2014 Leaf sales totaled 4 @,@ 051 units , up from 1 @,@ 812 in 2013 . By December 2014 , the Leaf continued to rank as the all @-@ time top selling plug @-@ in electric car in the U.K. , with 7 @,@ 197 units sold since its introduction .
In March 2015 , with over 10 @,@ 000 units sold , the Mitsubishi Outlander P @-@ HEV passed the Nissan Leaf to become the all @-@ time top selling plug @-@ in electric vehicle in the U.K. Leaf sales passed the 10 @,@ 000 mark in June 2015 . With 5 @,@ 236 new registrations in 2015 , up 29 % from 2014 , the Leaf retained its position as the top selling all @-@ electric car in the UK for fourth year running , and also ranked as the second top selling plug @-@ in electric car after the Outlander P @-@ HEV ( 11 @,@ 681 ) . Cumulative Leaf registrations totaled 12 @,@ 433 units at the end of December 2015 .
= = = Japan = = =
The price of the Leaf in Japan starts at ¥ 3 @.@ 76 million ( approximately US $ 44 @,@ 600 ) before any current tax breaks . The Leaf is eligible for a ¥ 770 @,@ 000 government tax credit if current incentives continue through fiscal year 2010 , which reduce the net price to ¥ 2 @.@ 99 million ( US $ 35 @,@ 500 ) . The Leaf is also exempted from the car @-@ weight and car @-@ acquisition taxes .
Nissan offers customers various purchasing methods , including a financing program that allows consumers to pay ¥ 2 @.@ 4 million ( US $ 28 @,@ 500 ) and then a monthly fee of ¥ 10 @,@ 000 ( US $ 119 ) , which includes electricity costs . Other services that are available include assistance from Nissan dealers to customers in the installation of charging facilities in their homes . Nissan committed to install 200 @-@ volt regular chargers at 2 @,@ 200 Nissan dealers nationwide before December 2010 ; about 200 dealers would also have quick @-@ charging facilities that provide 80 % of battery capacity in less than 30 minutes . Nissan guarantees the availability of at least one quick @-@ charge unit within a 40 km ( 25 miles ) radius throughout the country . The 220 V quick charger went on sale on May 2010 for ¥ 1 @,@ 470 @,@ 000 ( around US $ 17 @,@ 800 ) excluding taxes and installation . The quick chargers were developed by Nissan but they also work with electric cars from other automakers . Nissan offers variants built for hot and cold climate for ¥ 1 @,@ 732 @,@ 500 ( US $ 20 @,@ 964 ) and ¥ 1 @,@ 543 @,@ 500 ( US $ 18 @,@ 677 ) respectively .
The Leaf pre @-@ order process began on April 1 , 2010 through Nissan dealers across Japan . During the first three weeks , individuals accounted for 64 % of the pre @-@ orders , and fleet orders represented the remaining 36 % . Among individuals , older consumers ( age 50 and higher ) accounted for 61 % of the orders . As of late May 2010 , Nissan claimed it had already received 6 @,@ 000 pre @-@ orders , which allowed it to reach its Japan sales target for FY2010 . The first Leaf delivery took place at the Kanagawa Prefecture on December 22 , 2010 . Ten units were delivered to the Kanagawa Prefecture Government , which decided to assign six Leafs for official use and the other four will be available for the car rental service run by the local government . Since December 2010 , Nissan has sold 65 @,@ 783 units by the end of May 2016 .
Nissan Zero Emission Fund
In June 2012 , Nissan launched a new fund for individual Nissan electric vehicle owners in Japan called the Nissan Zero Emission Fund . Through participation in this program , Leaf owners are able to generate CO2 emissions credits certified by the Ministry of Economy , Trade and Industry ( METI ) based on the amount of CO2 emissions that are offset by driving the Nissan Leaf to generate credits . Measurement and certification of the amount of CO2 emissions that are avoided by driving the electric cars is calculated based on the total annual distance traveled as automatically collected by Nissan 's advanced telematics " Carwings " system . These credits are sold to an organization that promotes investment in low carbon emissions , the Green Investment Promotion Organization . All profits earned by the sale of the credits will be invested by the fund to support forest conservation activities of thinning forests in Japan and the installation of quick charging facilities in appropriate locations in the country .
= = = United States = = =
Nissan offered the 2011 model year Leaf in SV and SL trim levels . The SV trim level included an advanced navigation system and Internet / smart phone connectivity to the vehicle . The SL trim level added features , including rearview monitor , solar panel spoiler , fog lights , and automatic headlights for an additional US $ 940 . An optional CHAdeMO fast charge receptacle was available for US $ 700 , but only as a factory installed option on the SL model . This second charge port is likely to differ from the SAE International standard for electric vehicle fast @-@ charging equipment that is under development , and expected to be published by mid @-@ 2012 . A cold weather package was available , standard in some states , optional in others . The package included a temperature management system for the lithium ion battery , heated front and rear seats , heated steering wheel , rear seat heat duct and heated outside mirrors .
Minor upgrades for the 2012 model year Leaf included a quick charge port that is standard on the SL trim , and also the cold weather package is standard on all Leafs ; but pricing for both trims of the 2012 model year Leaf was increased . Nissan explained that these changes reflect customer preferences in the US based on actual orders of the 2011 model in the seven initial launch market states , as the SL trim was chosen by 95 % of the buyers , and of those Leaf SLs , 90 % had the DC quick charge .
Charging options
Leaf customers have the option to buy a home charging station through Nissan at cost of around US $ 2 @,@ 200 including installation , which was eligible for a 50 % federal tax credit up to US $ 2 @,@ 000 until December 31 , 2010 , and afterwards the credit was reduced to 30 % up to US $ 1 @,@ 000 for individuals and US $ 30 @,@ 000 for commercial buyers . The charging stations operate on a 240 @-@ volt supply and are built and installed by AeroVironment . This one @-@ stop @-@ shop process includes a home assessment by a certified technician to ensure that the buyer 's garage is plug @-@ in ready . The AeroVironment charging dock is also available as a cash and carry purchase , with installation by any electrical contractor arranged separately . It was originally available for US $ 751 , but the price was increased in April , 2011 to US $ 995 .
Other options for level 2 charging of the Leaf include the Blink charging dock from ECOtality ( also available through the EV Project ) , the Schneider Electric Square @-@ D , and the Evr @-@ Green unit from Leviton . A complete list of charging stations is available at Plug In America . It is also possible to have the level 1 charging dock which comes with the Leaf modified to support both 120 V and 240 V charging , the latter at either 12 amps ( US $ 239 ) or 16 amps ( US $ 287 ) . The 16 amp modification provides the maximum current draw the Leaf can use , and thus charges at the same rate as the AeroVironment charging dock . Various adapters allow using the modified unit with a wide range of 240 V sockets . The modified unit provides the cheapest charging solution for those with a 240 volt socket available and is portable for use at other locations . Possible disadvantages include the lack of UL certification and the potential for theft since the unit is not hardwired . The modification of the 120V charger could also void various warranties associated with the charging cable , EV system , and battery .
EV Project
The US Department of Energy initially granted US $ 99 @.@ 8 million , and later awarded an additional US $ 15 million , to Electric Transportation Engineering Corporation ( eTec ) for the EV Project , that involves the installation of up to 11 @,@ 210 charging stations in strategic markets in Phoenix and Tucson , Arizona ; San Diego , California ; Portland , Eugene , Salem and Corvallis , Oregon , Seattle , Washington ; Nashville , Knoxville , and Chattanooga ; Washington D.C. ; Dallas , Fort Worth , and Houston , Texas . Nissan has partnered with eTec on this project and will supply 4 @,@ 700 vehicles to individual and fleet customers in these areas .
The EV Project will collect and analyze data regarding vehicle use under different geographic and climatic conditions , for both commercial and public installations . The effectiveness of the deployed charge infrastructure will also be evaluated as part of the project and the lessons learned will be applied to improve the deployment of the full production number of Leafs and other EVs .
Price and government incentives
The base retail price for the 2011 model year Leaf in the U.S. was US $ 32 @,@ 780 before any applicable tax incentives ( federal tax credit ) . Nissan also had a 36 @-@ month lease option for US $ 349 a month for the SV trim and US $ 379 a month for the SL trim , plus an initial payment of US $ 1 @,@ 999 in both cases . For eligible customers there is an electric vehicle federal tax credit for up to a US $ 7 @,@ 500 established by the American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009 . The federal tax credit shrinks by automaker after it has sold at least 200 @,@ 000 vehicles in the U.S. , and then it phases out over a year . Nissan explained that it priced the Leaf lower in the U.S. than in Japan because it wants to achieve higher sales in that market . Other state and local incentives are available and may further decrease the cost . California initially had a US $ 5 @,@ 000 statewide rebate for FY 2010 @-@ 2011 available through the Clean Vehicle Rebate Project ( CVRP ) , and it was decreased to US $ 2 @,@ 500 for FY 2011 @-@ 2012 . Georgia has a US $ 5 @,@ 000 tax credit , and Oregon has a US $ 1 @,@ 500 tax credit .
The base retail price for the 2012 model year Leaf SV was increased to US $ 36 @,@ 020 including a US $ 820 destination charge , and the 2012 Nissan SL is also priced higher , at US $ 37 @,@ 250 . Both 2012 model trims include more standard equipment than the 2011 model . These prices do not include any federal or local government incentives or tax credits . The three @-@ year lease for the 2012 Leaf SV was increased to US $ 369 , a US $ 20 increased over the lease rate for a 2011 model . Kelly Blue Book ( KBB ) estimates the 2012 Nissan Leaf 's resale value at 39 @.@ 0 % of its original price after 3 years and 25 @.@ 5 % after 5 years . KBB explained that the residual value for a plug @-@ in electric car is lower than the market 35 @.@ 5 % average due to the US $ 7 @,@ 500 federal tax credit , which lowers the transaction price and pushes the residual value lower . For the 2013 model year Nissan introduced a new stripped @-@ down base @-@ level Leaf S trim , with pricing starting at US $ 28 @,@ 800 . The mid @-@ level Leaf SV starts at US $ 31 @,@ 820 , and the high @-@ end Leaf SL trim starts at US $ 34 @,@ 840 . All prices have a mandatory US $ 850 destination fee added .
Sales and regional launches
Nissan began the online @-@ only reservation process on April 20 , 2010 , charging a fully refundable US $ 99 reservation fee that allowed customers to secure a place on the list to purchase or lease a Leaf . It limited reservations to one per household and by July 2010 it had received approximately 17 @,@ 000 reservations . The carmaker reported that more than 55 % of the reservations were from what Nissan calls its primary launch markets in California , Washington , Oregon , Arizona , and Tennessee , where the carmaker has its US headquarters and an auto factory . By September 2010 Nissan announced it had reached 20 @,@ 000 reservations , and it did not accept any more reservations for the remainder of 2010 . In July 2011 , Nissan stated that only 48 % of Leaf reservations from the initial 2010 process materialized into firm orders . The US $ 99 reservation fee was ended in mid April 2012 , and customers are since allowed to buy the Leaf directly from dealers , keeping the online reservation as optional .
Firm orders started in August , and deliveries began in select markets and limited quantities in December 2010 . Nissan initially limited Leaf sales among states that are home to the EV Project , which was awarded a grant from the United States Department of Energy and is the largest electric vehicle and infrastructure deployment in the US . The first Leaf customer delivery took place in a Nissan dealership in Petaluma , California on December 11 , 2010 to the first person to place an on @-@ line order in the United States . Nissan reopened online reservations for the 2011 model year Leaf on May 1 , 2011 in the seven initial launch states of Arizona , California , Hawaii , Oregon , Tennessee , Texas and Washington . Starting on July 27 , 2011 , Nissan opened up the 2012 model year Leaf ordering process to consumers with existing reservations the second group of launch markets , which included Alabama , Florida , Georgia , Illinois , Maryland , Mississippi , North Carolina , South Carolina , Virginia , and Washington , D.C. Then , on August 4 , Nissan reopened the reservation process to the general public in the first and second launch markets . By October 2011 Nissan had also opened orders for the 2012 Leaf to residents of Colorado , Connecticut , Massachusetts , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York . Deliveries of the first batch of 2012 model year Leafs began in November 2011 . On December 6 , 2011 , Nissan began taking order in Delaware , Indiana , Louisiana , Nevada , Ohio , Pennsylvania , and Rhode Island . Since March 2012 the Leaf is available nationwide . Sales of the 2013 model year Leaf began in February 2013 .
A total of 19 units were delivered in December 2010 . On June 1 , 2011 , Nissan stated that it expected the total number of U.S. deliveries to be between 10 @,@ 000 and 12 @,@ 000 by the end of 2011 , a drop from its original forecast of 20 @,@ 000 sales . In 2011 , a total of 9 @,@ 674 Leafs were sold . Over 60 % of the Leafs sold in the U.S. were bought in California up to November 2011 . In May 2012 , Nissan announced a sales goal of 20 @,@ 000 Leafs for the year and the company expected to increase sales to meet such target once production starts in the U.S. , however , only 9 @,@ 819 units were sold in 2012 . During 2013 , sales increased to 22 @,@ 610 units , and the Leaf was the top selling Nissan model in Atlanta , Seattle , and San Francisco . Also , the Leaf ranked within the top @-@ three Nissan models in Honolulu and Portland , Oregon . As of August 2013 , Nissan noted that the Leaf is among the ten top selling vehicles in San Francisco regardless of powertrain . Between August 2013 and May 2014 , Atlanta was the Leaf top U.S. metropolitan market for eight out of 10 months . Leaf sales reached a 4 @.@ 4 % share of Nissan passenger car sales in the American market in December 2013 , and the share climbed to a record 5 @.@ 1 % in September 2014 .
In March 2015 Leaf sales passed the 75 @,@ 000 unit milestone , and , by the end of March cumulative sales reached 76 @,@ 407 units since its introduction , surpassing Chevrolet Volt sales ( 75 @,@ 231 ) to become the all @-@ time top selling plug @-@ in electric car in the United States since . A total of 17 @,@ 269 Leafs were sold in 2015 , down from 30 @,@ 200 units in 2014 . Cumulative Volt sales passed Leaf sales in March 2016 , and the plug @-@ in hybrid became once again the best selling plug @-@ in car in the American market . As of June 2016 , a total of 95 @,@ 384 Leafs had been sold in the United States .
Use patterns and owners profile
Based on the aggregate information compiled until late April 2011 through the telematics systems included in all Leafs and reflecting the patterns of early adopters , Nissan found that the average trip length is 7 miles ( 11 km ) and the average charging time is 2 hours and 11 minutes , with most owners charging on a Level 2 , 220 @-@ volt charger at their homes . Nissan also found that early adopters are a combination of conscientious environmentalists and tech @-@ savvy individuals . According to additional information compiled until mid July 2011 and based on the owners profile from more than 4 @,@ 000 Leaf delivered in the U.S. market the Leaf was the primary vehicle for most owners ; 60 % of Leaf sales in the country took place in California , led by Los Angeles and San Francisco ; Leaf owners drive less than 97 km ( 60 miles ) a day ; and the Toyota Prius is the number one vehicle also owned by Leaf buyers , with 19 % . The information compiled allowed Nissan to build a profile of the first owners , finding that Leaf buyers are college educated ; have excellent credit , with an average credit score of 750 , and have a combined household income of US $ 140 @,@ 000 a year .
Car rental availability
The Nissan Leaf will also be available through two car rental companies and carsharing services in selected markets . Enterprise Rent @-@ A @-@ Car initially plans to offer about 500 vehicles at dealerships in Los Angeles , San Diego , Portland , and Seattle beginning in January 2011 . The Leaf became available for rental at their Santa Monica , California location in late March 2011 . Hertz Rent @-@ a @-@ Car plans to offer the Leaf and other electric cars at select locations in the US and Europe , including New York City ; Washington , D.C. ; and San Francisco in 2011 . The Leaf will also be available at some Hertz on Demand carsharing locations , a service with operations in London , Paris , Madrid , Berlin , and 150 locations in the United States . The carsharing rental by the hour of the Leaf began in New York City in March 2011 .
Warranty
The 2011 / 12 Leaf 's battery warranty is for eight years or 160 @,@ 000 km ( 100 @,@ 000 miles ) . The warranty covers defects in materials and workmanship , but initially did not cover gradual loss of battery capacity , nor does it cover damage or failure resulting from not following the preventive actions recommended in the Leaf Owner 's Manual for the lithium @-@ ion battery , such as exposing the car to ambient temperatures above 120 ° F ( 49 ° C ) for over 24 hours , or storing the Leaf in temperatures below − 13 ° F ( − 25 ° C ) for over 7 days .
Before the Leaf 's market launch , Nissan conducted an e @-@ mail survey in July 2010 among the 16 @,@ 000 individuals that made a reservation in the US and a sample of other potential customers regarding the terms of the battery pack guarantee . The survey was sent two days after General Motors announced that the Chevrolet Volt 's battery was guaranteed for eight years or 160 @,@ 000 km ( 100 @,@ 000 miles ) . The multiple @-@ choice survey had a batch of battery warranty related questions focused on the responder 's preference between a five @-@ year or 97 @,@ 000 km ( 60 @,@ 000 miles ) warranty or an eight @-@ year or 160 @,@ 000 km ( 100 @,@ 000 miles ) warranty . A Nissan spokeswoman commented that the company wanted to hear from future Leaf drivers to ensure Nissan was meeting the expectations of the marketplace before making a decision on its warranty policy .
The 2013 model year Leaf battery warranty covers a gradual loss of charge for five years or 97 @,@ 000 km ( 60 @,@ 000 miles ) . In Europe the battery warranty is for five years or 100 @,@ 000 km ( 62 @,@ 000 miles ) . Under the new warranty , Nissan will repair or replace the battery over the warranty period if it loses more than 30 % of its charge capacity ( below nine bars ) . This warranty is in addition of the original Leaf 's batteries that covers defects and flaws for up to eight years or 160 @,@ 000 km ( 100 @,@ 000 miles ) . But even with the new warranty , Nissan says the fix may only restore a diminished battery 's capacity to nine bars out the twelve of a new car , as Nissan clarified that batteries aren 't designed to last forever , and some loss of capacity is to be expected . According to Nissan , " the intent of this warranty is to provide consumers with confidence that despite this normal battery capacity loss , they will be assured of a minimum level of capacity throughout the warranty period . " The new loss of charge warranty also benefits owners of the 2011 / 12 model year Leaf .
Marketing
In November 2009 , Nissan launched the Zero Emission Tour , with stops in 22 North American cities . At each stop on the tour , visitors were able to view the car and learn about the benefits of zero @-@ emission driving . The first stop of the tour was in Los Angeles on November 13 , 2009 , a event that marked the unveiling of the Leaf in North America . Other stops on the tour included San Francisco ; Seattle ; Vancouver ; Las Vegas , Nevada ; Houston ; Washington , D.C. ; and Orlando , Florida . The tour ended in February 2010 in New York City after visiting 24 cities , including two ( Atlanta and Boston ) that were added to the original itinerary due to requests . Nissan estimates that 100 @,@ 000 people saw the company ’ s lithium @-@ ion battery car .
Nissan conducted a test drive tour — dubbed the Drive Electric Tour — in several cities in the initial U.S. launch markets . The tour began on October 1 , 2010 , at the AltCar Expo in Santa Monica , California , and continued in Anaheim , San Diego , Los Angeles , and San Jose . In November , the tour moved to Hillsboro , Oregon ; Seattle , Washington ; and San Francisco . The following month the tour continued in Tucson and Tempe , Arizona ; and Austin , Texas .
As winner of the Taxi of Tomorrow competition , Nissan is sponsoring a pilot program in New York City with six Leafs and their charging stations to study the use of zero @-@ emission electric vehicles as taxis . The program was launched in April 2013 , and by June 2013 , four Leafs are providing cab service in the city .
= = = Other countries = = =
Barbados
In July 2013 , Megapower Limited commenced sale of Nissan Leaf in Barbados and deployment of publicly accessible solar photovoltaic and grid @-@ tied charging points . Nineteen existing locations to charge are available . As of 2014 , there were over 40 Nissan Leafs on the road , making Barbados one of the fastest growing markets for the Nissan Leaf in per capita terms . It is notable that this has been private sector driven and not from government subsidies or direct Nissan backing .
Brazil
In April 2010 , Nissan signed an agreement with the municipal government of São Paulo to deploy 50 Leafs for use in the city 's Traffic Engineering Agency fleet . In exchange , the municipality had to conduct feasibility studies regarding the use of the electric car in the city , including the deployment of the charging infrastructure required , and how it will help to reduce air pollution . Deliveries were scheduled to begin during the first semester of 2011 and the demonstration project would end on December 2012 . In another agreement between São Paulo 's Municipality , the Renault @-@ Nissan Alliance , AES Eletropaulo and the Association of Taxi Fleet of São Paulo , ten Leafs were deployed for taxi service on pre @-@ defined routes in the city . The first two units began service in June 2012 , and the remaining eight were deployed in December 2012 . A total of 15 dedicated charging stations were installed around the city designed to offer recharging , of which Eletropaulo provided five to allow rapid charging .
In March 2013 , the first two Leafs out of a fleet of 15 , were deployed in Rio de Janeiro to operate as taxis . This program is a partnership between the government of Rio de Janeiro City , Nissan do Brasil ( NBA ) and Petrobras Distribuidora . The first two electric taxis are available at the Santos Dumont airport stand , and charging is provided in two Petrobras service stations at the Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas and in the Barra da Tijuca neighborhood . The program is part of the city 's goal to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases by 16 % by 2016 compared to emission levels of 2005 .
According to Nissan , a timeline for retail sales has not been set because of the high prices of electric cars in Brazil . The car maker is pursuing an exemption from the 35 % import tax and the enactment of other federal government incentives to make the car affordable and competitive within the Brazilian market . In June 2013 , Nissan and the government of the State of Rio de Janeiro signed a memorandum of understanding to study the possibility of manufacturing the Nissan Leaf in the state , and the entire infrastructure necessary for running electric cars . The state government would provide fiscal incentives during the investment phase , and the electric car will be exempted from import taxes .
Cayman Islands
The first Leaf was delivered in George Town , Cayman Islands in June 2014 .
Costa Rica
In February 2012 , Nissan signed an agreement with the Costa Rican government to implement a pilot program as part of the introduction of the Nissan Leaf in the country . A task force was created through the agreement to assess the infrastructure requirements for the deployment of electric cars and the identification of necessary government incentives for consumers to purchase electric cars . Retail sales were scheduled to begin by late 2013 .
Hong Kong
In March 2011 , an EV Pilot Program was launched in Hong Kong as a collaboration between the government of Hong Kong special administrative region and Nissan . The program began with a four @-@ day test drive event open to the public . Nissan scheduled to deliver 200 Leafs to be used by the government , power companies and other private companies . During 2012 a total of 89 Leafs were delivered .
Malaysia
A pilot program began in May 2012 , with 10 Leafs . The pilot will be conducted mainly in the Klang Valley , where the general public will have the opportunity to test drive the Nissan Leaf . Also some volunteers will be selected to keep the electric car for daily use for an extended period of up to two months .
Mexico
In October 2009 , Nissan reached an agreement with the local government of Mexico City , by which 500 units of the Leaf would be delivered by 2011 for use of government and corporate fleets . In exchange , recharging infrastructure will be deployed by the city government , and an exemption from the ownership tax is being pursued . The city government of Mexico D.F. also reached an agreement with Nissan in November 2010 in order for the first 100 Leafs to be introduced in the country to operate as part of the capital 's taxi fleet . The first Leafs destined for the taxi fleet were delivered by late September 2011 , allowing the country to become the first Latin American market where the Leaf is available . As of February 2013 , there were in the country about 70 Leafs deployed as taxis , 20 in Mexico City and 50 in Aguascalientes . Carrot Mexico , a carsharing company operating in Mexico City , acquired 3 Leafs which are available to their 1 @,@ 600 customers .
Retail sales began in June 2014 , with sales initially limited to Mexico City . Only one version is available with , among other features , " B Mode driving " that allows power renewal almost immediately after the throttle is removed ; a fast @-@ charging port that allows a recharge of 80 % of the battery in 30 minutes ; " Around View Monitor " that allows a panoramic view around the car ; leather seats ; and a 7 @-@ inch touch screen . Pricing starts at Mexican pesos 545 @,@ 400 ( ~ US $ 42 @,@ 000 ) . Deliveries to retail customers began in August 2014 .
New Zealand
Leaf sales began in July 2012 , at a price starting at NZ $ 69 @,@ 600 ( ~ US $ 52 @,@ 630 ) . In 2014 Nissan NZ reduced this price to NZ $ 39 @,@ 900 . As of February 2016 , a total of 414 Nissan Leafs have been registered in the country , of which , 86 were new units and 328 used imports , mainly from Japan . Nissan stopped sales in November 2015 .
Puerto Rico
Retail deliveries began in late August 2014 . The island 's government enacted a 100 % excise tax reimbursement for the purchase of electric vehicles up to US $ 8 @,@ 000 .
South Africa
Sales of the Nissan Leaf began in October 2013 , starting at a price of R446,000 ( ~ US $ 45 @,@ 500 ) . There are no government incentives or subsidies to promote electric cars .
Sri Lanka
Sales of the Nissan Leaf began in 2013 . As of September 2015 , the Nissan Leaf is the top selling electric car , out of 2 @,@ 072 electric cars registered in the country . There are no government incentives or subsidies to promote electric cars in Sri Lanka . The electric vehicle tax increased from 5 % to 50 % through the new Government ’ s Interim Budget .
Thailand
In August 2013 , Nissan Motor Thailand and the Metropolitan Electricity Authority signed an agreement to deploy a one @-@ year field trial program to test the Leaf in the country . Nissan wants to study the possibilities of introducing and selling electric vehicles in Thailand in the future . The electricity agency , which is already testing electric vehicles in Thailand , will be responsible to deploy the necessary charging infrastructure .
= = = Global sales = = =
The Nissan Leaf is available for retail customers in 46 countries . Almost 220 @,@ 000 Leafs have been sold worldwide by mid @-@ April 2016 , making the Nissan Leaf the world 's all @-@ time best @-@ selling highway @-@ capable electric car in history . As of April 2016 , the United States continued to rank as the top selling market with 93 @,@ 309 units sold , followed by Japan with 64 @,@ 978 units through April 2016 , and the European market with 55 @,@ 408 through March 2016 . The European market is led by Norway with 17 @,@ 199 new units registered up until April 2016 .
The following table presents retail sales by year since deliveries of the Leaf began in December 2010 , for the national markets with cumulative sales of more than 500 units through the end of 2015 .
= = Reported issues = =
Initial issues
In April 2011 , Nissan announced that customers in the United States and Japan reported problems in restarting their Leaf vehicles after switching the motor off . Nissan said the problem does not pose any accident risk . On April 15 . Nissan announced that the problem only affected a small proportion of Leafs . Nissan engineers identified a programming error in an air conditioning system sensor that sometimes triggers an erroneous high voltage alert when the air conditioning unit is switched on , due to the increased demand for power . The system issues an Inhibit Restart command , which does not prevent driving the vehicle , but does prevent it restarting after it is turned off . The solution requires reprogramming of the Vehicle Control Module by a Nissan dealer . Nissan announced a " service campaign " to apply the software fix to all 5 @,@ 300 Nissan Leafs in operation around the world , but it was not an official recall because it was not a safety issue . The applied software update also improves the car ’ s on @-@ board range calculation system , which several Leaf owners reported was overestimating the number of miles left . In addition , the update changes the state @-@ of @-@ charge bars display to provide a true reserve capacity ; the driver now has up to five miles to find a charging spot after the car reaches the zero miles remaining mark .
A number of early models had air conditioning failures due to a faulty hose .
A number of customers have reported safety problems with the antilock brakes : after an emergency braking event , and once the driver has released the brake pedal , the brakes remain in full force for some amount of time , increasing the risk of rear collisions .
Battery capacity loss
In May 2012 , several U.S. owners reported seeing only 11 of 12 battery capacity bars on the in @-@ car display which led them to believe they had lost some battery capacity . As time went on , more people reported seeing the issue , and some had lost two , three , and even in rare cases , four battery capacity bars . The battery capacity loss problem seems to be concentrated in regions with hot climate , and Phoenix , Arizona and the state of Texas in particular . In July 2012 , Nissan responded by saying they were investigating the issue , and a carmaker spokesman also said that " the problem is isolated to maybe 0 @.@ 3 percent of the 13 @,@ 000 Leafs on U.S. roads , and the company reportedly has loaned cars to some Leaf owners in Arizona as it researches the issue . " This is equivalent to around 40 vehicles have experienced a loss of any battery capacity bars .
Crowd sourced reports of Nissan Leafs with premature battery degradation have been collected at the MyNissanLeaf.com forum and have been tracked on the website 's wiki page .
By early September 2012 , Nissan Executive Vice President said that there is " no problem " with the LEAF battery , and that the any customer complaints were merely the result of instrument problems . " As a response , a group of 12 Phoenix Leaf owners participated in an independent test in controlled conditions organized by Leaf driver and EV advocate Tony Williams that took place on September 15 , 2012 . The test confirmed that the Leaf has poor instruments , but the test also found significant loss of range in some cars reflecting battery capacity loss . The worst affected Leaf showed around 60 to 65 % of its original battery capacity remaining , and was only capable of driving 95 km ( 59 miles ) before running out of charge .
Based on a complete evaluation that Nissan Americas conducted with seven different Leafs in its Arizona Testing Center , the carmaker found that the common link among the seven Leafs from Arizona was that all of them had covered much higher mileage than the 20 @,@ 100 km ( 12 @,@ 500 miles ) Nissan used to estimate the rate of battery capacity loss over time . All of them had covered at least 50 % more than Nissan estimated average , with 31 @,@ 500 km ( 19 @,@ 600 miles ) as the average mileage for the cars evaluated . According to Nissan , that average is " more than double the average Phoenix customer mileage of 7 @,@ 500 miles per year . " Nissan concluded that " the cars and the battery packs are behaving as we expected . " As a result of this assessment , Nissan published an open letter to Leaf owners explaining the results of the assessment and the details of normal battery capacity loss expected over time . The company also decided to set up an independent advisory board to study how the company may improve its communication with customers about the performance of the Leaf . The group will be led by Chelsea Sexton , known for its prominent role on the marketing of the GM EV @-@ 1 electric car . She will select the members of the advisory board that would make recommendations to Nissan . By late September Nissan reported that around 450 Leafs have been sold in Arizona , and in the interest of customer satisfaction , two units with battery loss problems were repurchased using the buyback formula modeled on Arizona 's lemon law . One of the owners that had their Nissan Leaf repurchased established a blog in order to persuade other potential Nissan Leaf buyers in hot climates to reconsider buying this particular vehicle . By mid September , Nissan 's CEO Carlos Ghosn announced that there is an improved second generation battery coming online that will cost less than the previous one .
On September 17 , 2012 , a federal class action lawsuit was filed by California Leaf lessee Humberto Daniel Klee and Arizona Leaf owner David Wallak , accusing Nissan of concealing in its advertising that its Leaf vehicles have a design defect that causes them to prematurely lose battery life and driving range . The class action suit says that " before purchase or lease , Nissan failed to disclose its own recommendations that owners avoid charging the battery beyond 80 % in order to mitigate battery damage and failed to disclose that Nissan ’ s estimated 100 mile range was based on a full charge battery , which is contrary to Nissan ’ s own recommendation for battery charging . "
In January 2013 , Nissan USA announced that it will offer an extended battery warranty on the 2013 model year Leaf and will include 2011 and 2012 model years as well .
A 2015 report by insurance company Warranty Direct , stated that of 35 @,@ 000 Leafs sold in Europe , three had a battery failure . That is 0 @.@ 01 % immobilized compared to 0 @.@ 255 % for internal combustion engined cars .
On July 7 , 2015 , U.S. Circuit Judge A. Wallace Tashima of the 9th Circuit U.S. approved the class action settlement in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California , valued at $ 24 million .
Airbag failure
In March 2014 , Nissan is recalling nearly one million vehicles for a problem with the airbags . The occupant classification system ( OCS ) may incorrectly think that the passenger seat is empty when it is occupied by an adult , failing to activate the airbag in a collision . Cars affected include the 2013 @-@ 14 model year Leaf , Altima , Pathfinder and Sentra , as well as the 2013 NV200 , 2013 JX35 , 2014 QX60 and the 2014 Q50 . Recall documents say that due to the sensitivity of the OCS software calibration , the system may not sense a passenger . That combined with high @-@ engine vibration at idle when the seat is empty and then becomes occupied , or unusual occupant seating postures , can cause the system to fail . If the car crashes during this time , the airbag won 't deploy . Nissan will notify owners , and dealerships will fix the OCS software free of charge .
= = Related cars = =
Leaf Aero Style
Nissan unveiled the Nissan Leaf Aero Style concept car at the 2011 Tokyo Auto Salon . The Leaf Aero Style exterior features a new front bumper , extended side skirts , restyled mirrors , LED daytime driving lights , and special wheels .
Leaf Nismo
Nissan unveiled the Leaf Nismo RC ( Racing Competition ) demonstration car at the 2011 New York International Auto Show . This electric car has the same battery pack and motor as the Leaf but is designed and constructed as a racing car with a full carbon fiber monocoque body which makes it about 40 % lighter than the production Leaf . Leaf Nismo RC is projected to have a running time of around 20 minutes under racing conditions , and in preliminary testing it accelerated from 0 to 62 mph ( 0 to 100 km / h ) in 6 @.@ 85 seconds and has a top speed of 93 mph ( 150 km / h ) . Nissan built eight of these rear @-@ wheel drive cars .
Another concept from Nismo was unveiled at the 2011 Tokyo Motor Show , the Leaf Nismo Concept . It was designed as normal highway @-@ capable automobile and uses the same 80 kW electric motor as the Leaf . In January 2013 , Nissan announced that the Leaf Nismo will be produced in low volumes by mid @-@ 2013 , and sold in Japan only . The Leaf Nismo uses the Leaf 's all @-@ electric drive train with no extra power or performance improvements , but has an aerodynamic body kit with styling influenced by the electric Leaf RC demonstrator , new alloy wheels , and interior improvements .
Infiniti LE
The Nissan Infiniti LE concept all @-@ electric car was unveiled at the 2012 New York International Auto Show . It is based on the same platform as the Leaf , but it is expected to become Nissan 's luxury electric car . It was expected to go into production in 2014 . In May 2013 the company said that it was waiting for inductive charging industry standards before launching the vehicle .
Venucia e30
Nissan and its joint venture partner Dongfeng Motor unveiled a production version of the Venucia e30 electric car at the 2012 Auto Guangzhou . An earlier version , the Venucia E @-@ Concept , was unveiled at the 2012 Beijing Auto Show . The car was initially scheduled for production in China by 2015 . The Venucia e30 shares the bodywork , dimensions , electric @-@ drive specifications and several other features of the Leaf . Dongfeng Nissan started pilot projects in 15 Chinese cities to promote the Venucia e30 with local governments . A total of 216 units were delivered in December 2013 . These units were marketed as Venucia Morning Wind and they were badged Leafs since local production had not begun at the time . In April 2014 Dongfeng Nissan announced that retail sales of the Venucia e30 were going to begin ahead of schedule .
The Venucia e30 was launched in the Chinese market in September 2014 . The e30 has the same 24 kWh lithium ion battery as the Nissan Leaf , with an energy consumption of 14 @.@ 6 kWh / 100 km and a range of 160 km ( 99 miles ) .
Autonomous car
In August 2013 , Nissan announced its plans to launch several driverless cars by 2020 . The company is building in Japan a dedicated autonomous driving proving ground , to be completed in 2014 . Nissan installed its autonomous car technology in a Nissan Leaf for demonstration purposes . The car was demonstrated at Nissan 360 test drive event held in California in August 2013 . In September 2013 , the Leaf fitted the prototype Advanced Driver Assistance System was granted a license plate that allows to drive it on Japanese public roads . The testing car will be used by Nissan engineers to evaluate how its in @-@ house autonomous driving software performs in the real @-@ world . Time spent on public roads will help refine the car ’ s software for fully automated driving . The autonomous Leaf was demonstrated on public roads for the first time at a media event held in Japan in November 2013 . The Leaf drove on the Sagami Expressway in Kanagawa prefecture , near Tokyo . Nissan vice chairman Toshiyuki Shiga and the prefecture ’ s Governor , Yuji Kuroiwa , rode in the car during the test .
= = Motorsport = =
An Electric Production Class was formed for the 2011 Pikes Peak International Hill Climb and Chad Hord raced a Leaf in the event . The off @-@ road racing driver ascended the 19 @.@ 99 km ( 12 @.@ 42 miles ) course in 14 minutes and 33 seconds to win the class . The interior of the car was removed and replaced with mandatory racing seats , safety harness , and a roll cage .
= = Reception = =
The Leaf was enthusiastically received by consumers . There were 20 @,@ 000 pre @-@ orders in the United States for the vehicle 's debut . After hitting this milestone in September 2010 , Nissan stopped taking reservations in the United States until many of the initial orders had been delivered in early 2011 .
The Leaf has received awards from multiple organizations . Notable awards include the inclusion by Time magazine as one of the 50 best inventions of 2009 . At the 2010 Washington Auto Show , the Leaf was given the 2010 Green Car Vision Award by the Green Car Journal ( GCJ ) , who noted that the Leaf " will provide the features , the styling , and the driving experience that will meet the needs of a sophisticated and demanding market , while producing zero localized emissions and requiring no petroleum fuels . " Popular Mechanics , upon awarding the Leaf its 2010 Breakthrough Award , explained that the Nissan Leaf is " not the first pure EV , but [ ... ] hits the mainstream like none of its predecessors . " Popular Mechanics also alluded to the Leaf 's 160 km ( 100 miles ) range , which is said to be " enough for most commuters for the price of an average vehicle – and with a much lower operating cost than gasoline @-@ powered vehicles . "
Other awards received by the Leaf include the 2011 European Car of the Year , EV.com ’ s 2011 EV of the Year , 2011 Eco @-@ Friendly Car of the Year by Cars.com , 2011 Green Fleet Electric Vehicle of the Year , it was listed among the 2011 Greenest Vehicles of the Year by the American Council for an Energy @-@ Efficient Economy , also listed by Mother Earth News among its " Best Green Cars " of 2011 , and also was ranked first in Kelley Blue Book Top 10 Green Cars for 2011 . The Leaf won the 2011 World Car of the Year , and was a finalist for the 2011 World Green Car . Ward 's Auto listed the Leaf 's 80 kW electric motor in Ward 's 10 Best Engines for 2011 . Until October 2011 the Leaf was ranked as the most efficient EPA certified vehicle for all fuels ever . In December 2011 , the Leaf was awarded with the 2011 – 2012 Car of the Year Japan at the Tokyo Motor Show .
= = = Criticism = = =
In 2009 , a former Tesla Motors marketing manager criticized Nissan about the cooling system chosen for thermal management in lithium @-@ ion battery packs . He also claimed there may also be an overestimation of the 160 km ( 100 @-@ mile ) range that was computed using LA @-@ 4 or " city " mode , which may underestimate the energy draw during highway driving conditions .
The American magazine Consumer Reports noted that while charger costs vary between US $ 700 and US $ 1 @,@ 200 , an at @-@ home charger and its installation cost more than US $ 2 @,@ 000 even for simple installations . Nissan estimates a typical charger installation costs US $ 2 @,@ 200 . The article did not mention that home charger installations are eligible for a 50 % federal tax credit up to US $ 2 @,@ 000 . Consumer Reports noted that the first 5 @,@ 700 Leaf buyers will get free chargers with federal support in 13 cities . The consumer group also reminded that many older houses with only a 60 – 100 amp supply may need a panel upgrade to install a 240 @-@ volt circuit , which can cost several thousand dollars . The additional 220 – 240 @-@ volt charger is only required for countries ( mainly the North / South American continent ) that do not have a 220 – 240 @-@ volt domestic grid and want faster charging than under 110 – 120 @-@ volt .
There are a variety of EVSE manufacturers for the Nissan Leaf including SPX , Schneider , Leviton , Aerovironment , Blink and GE . Some are priced at less than $ 850 . Since the on @-@ board charger in the Leaf only draws 16 amps , many home installations can be as simple as adding a dedicated 20 amp circuit and receptacle in the garage .
Consumer Reports also called buyers ' attention to the fact that the Leaf 's total out @-@ of @-@ pocket costs include a US $ 595 acquisition fee and a US $ 395 disposition fee . The consumer group also emphasized that the lease price of US $ 349 @-@ a @-@ month applies only to buyers with good credit ( Tier 1 , or a FICO score of 700 or above ) ; for those with less than optimum credit , the monthly rate would increase . They reminded buyers that the lease comes with a 23 @,@ 000 km / year ( 15 @,@ 000 @-@ mile @-@ per @-@ year ) allowance , but additional miles will cost extra .
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= Hurricane Lidia ( 1993 ) =
Hurricane Lidia was the strongest tropical cyclone of the 1993 Pacific hurricane season . Forming from a tropical wave on September 8 , Lidia steadily organized and became a hurricane on September 10 . The hurricane continued to strengthen while developing a well @-@ defined eye , and peaked as a Category 4 hurricane on September 11 . However , it weakened considerably before making landfall in Sinaloa as a Category 2 storm . Lidia dissipated near Austin on September 14 and was later absorbed by a cold front . Across Mexico , the hurricane killed seven people ; over 100 @,@ 000 people were forced to evacuate their homes . A total of 160 homes were destroyed and 10 @,@ 000 people were left homeless because of the storm . In the United States , five people suffered injuries and storm damage totaled $ 8 million ( 1993 USD ) .
= = Meteorological history = =
A westward @-@ moving tropical wave left the coast of Africa on August 24 . Initially , shower activity was minimal , but it increased somewhat as it approached the southern Lesser Antilles . Disorganized , the wave moved through the Southwestern Caribbean Sea on September 3 and 4 . The system quickly emerged into the Pacific Ocean , to the south of Central America . After September 7 , shower activity began to increase and the cloud pattern became more organized . At this time , the disturbance was located about 200 mi ( 320 km ) south of Salina Cruz . After becoming much better organized , it developed well @-@ defined banding features and a well @-@ defined atmospheric circulation . Based on this , the disturbance was upgraded into a tropical depression later that day . It continued to organize , and a nearby ship later reported near gale @-@ force winds far from its center . Based on this , the depression was upgraded into Tropical Storm Lidia overnight .
Meanwhile , Lidia was moving to the northwest at around 10 mph ( 15 km / h ) . On 0000 UTC September 9 , the tropical storm attained winds of 45 mph ( 75 km / h ) while located about 300 mi ( 480 km ) south @-@ southwest of Salina Cruz . After pausing in intensification for a while , Lidia resumed intensification later that day . Predicted to peak as a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir – Simpson hurricane wind scale ( SSHWS ) , the system developed very deep convection and a well @-@ defined outflow . Shortly thereafter , the National Hurricane Center ( NHC ) upgraded Lidia into a hurricane . Although Hurricane Lidia was expected to parallel the Pacific Coast of Mexico , the agency did note that Lidia could pose a threat to parts of the country . Late on September 9 , Hurricane Lidia finally developed an eye , and thus the NHC re @-@ assessed the intensity at 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) . Over the next six hours , a wind increase of 15 mph ( 25 km / h ) occurred , and the hurricane reached major hurricane intensity ( Category 3 or higher on the SSHS ) . Lidia was now predicted to threaten the Baja California Peninsula . At 1200 UTC on September 11 , Hurricane Lidia reached its peak wind speed of 150 mph ( 240 km / h ) as the hurricane developed a clear and distinct eye .
Thunderstorm activity near the eye soon decreased in coverage , and Lidia began a weakening trend . Because of two troughs , one over the northern Gulf of California and another over the Southwestern United States , the weakening system began to re @-@ curve northeast . Heading towards mainland Mexico , the hurricane weakened significantly a day after its peak , in which Lidia was only a mid @-@ level Category 2 hurricane . Continuing to weaken , Lidia made landfall in Sinaloa at 1800 UTC on September 13 . Shortly after landfall , Hurricane Lidia then accelerated northeastward and then east @-@ northeastward . It weakened to a depression just after crossing the international border with Texas . Tropical Depression Lidia dissipated near Austin on September 14 . The remnants of the cyclone were absorbed by a cold front .
= = Preparations , impact , and aftermath = =
= = = Mexico = = =
A tropical storm warning was issued from Acapulco to Cabo Corrientes at 2100 UTC September 21 , but was discontinued 18 hours later . On 0300 UTC September 12 a hurricane warning was issued for areas below La Paz . Twelve hours later , a tropical storm warning was issued for the remaining portion of Baja California Sur . The same day , a hurricane warning was issued for a large area of the mainland . However , all watches and warnings were discontinued on September 13 as the system had moved inland over Mexico .
Although no reports of tropical storm force winds over land were received by the NHC , it is estimated that near @-@ hurricane @-@ force winds occurred near Mazatlán . The following locations received more than 8 in ( 200 mm ) of rain ; 12 @.@ 72 in ( 323 mm ) fell in La Cruz / Elota , 12 @.@ 3 inches ( 310 mm ) fell in Ayolta , 8 @.@ 7 in ( 220 mm ) fell in La Cruz , and 8 @.@ 3 in ( 210 mm ) was recorded in Digue La Primeva . Seven deaths are fully attributed to the storm and 41 people perished in combination of Tropical Storm Beatriz , Hurricane Gert , and Lidia . In addition , one injury were reported . One person in Sinaloa was electrocuted , and another person died in Durango during the collapse of a dwelling . Three fishing boats were reported missing at sea . More than 10 @,@ 000 people were homeless , and damage was widespread in both of the states . Hundreds of shanty @-@ homes near Mazatlán were toppled , and 100 houses were destroyed in La Cruz . In Durango , 16 homes were destroyed and 4 @,@ 000 were damaged . In some areas of Nayarit , flooding destroyed several areas of agriculture . Near Culiacán , 1 @,@ 200 head of cattle were killed , and a 150 @-@ foot ( 46 m ) television tower was blown over . Utility poles , snapped trees and branches , and shredded billboards littered strreets . Water , telephone , and electricity were cut off . Due to lack of power , gas stationss were unable to pump . Many windows were smashed and widespread power and cell phone service outages were recorded . However , the hurricane avoided the more populated areas of the country , thus greatly reducing damage . About 100 @,@ 000 people were forced to evacuate their homes . During the aftermath of the storm , army troops provided blankets and food to the homeless .
= = = United States = = =
The remnants of Lidia , in combination of a cold front , prompted a tornado watch and flash flood watch for much of Texas . In Texas , six tornadoes were reported , with one of them causing over $ 8 million ( 1993 USD ) in damage . The Dallas @-@ Fort Worth area was hit hard . Strong winds , tornadoes and torrential downpours left broken trees , damaged buildings , and minor injuries in the wake of the storm . Johnson , Denton , Collin , Tarrant , and Dallas counties were the hardest hit . In northern Arlington , five people were injured when a roof was torn off of a hotel .
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= M @-@ 54 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 54 is a north – south state trunkline highway in the US state of Michigan that bypasses the city of Flint . It is named Dort Highway in much of its length , in honor of Flint carriage and automobile pioneer Josiah Dallas Dort . The portion from the north end of Dort Highway to Clio Road is part of the historic Saginaw Trail , and was also part of the old Dixie Highway . The modern highway runs for 30 @.@ 276 miles ( 48 @.@ 724 km ) through Genesee and Saginaw counties from a connection with Interstate 75 ( I @-@ 75 ) near Grand Blanc on the south to Birch Run on the north . The highway serves mostly suburban and urban sections of the Flint area . Outside of the city , it also passes through agricultural areas in northern Genesee County and southeastern Saginaw County .
The first state highway along the general route of M @-@ 54 was M @-@ 10 , one of the original state trunklines signed in 1919 . Later , it was redesignated as part of US Highway 10 ( US 10 ) in the 1920s . After a series of realignments in the 1940s and 1960s , the roadway was given the M @-@ 54 designation in 1962 . A segment of Saginaw Road through Flint was redesignated a business route in the 1940s that became Business M @-@ 54 ( Bus . M @-@ 54 ) as well in 1962 . That business loop was decommissioned in 1974 . Previously , two other highways in Michigan bore the M @-@ 54 designation : a roadway that is now part of M @-@ 37 and one that is Bus . US 2 in Ironwood .
= = Route description = =
M @-@ 54 starts at exit 109 along I @-@ 75 and follows Dort Highway northward through suburban Grand Blanc Township . The area near the southern end is mostly residential , but north of Reid Road , there is the Grand Blanc Metal Center plant for GM to the east of the highway . M @-@ 54 intersects Hill and Saginaw roads in the unincorporated community of Whigville as the trunkline passes out of the industrial area surrounding the plant . North of the Maple Road intersection , Dort Highway crosses into Burton , and the suburban residential neighborhoods give way to commercial properties along the roadway . There is a rail line owned by CSX Transportation that runs parallel to the highway about a half mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) to the east . North of Atherton Road , M @-@ 54 crosses into Flint and runs through the city 's east side . The trunkline intersects I @-@ 69 near the Amtrak station in the city , and a crossing with a line of the Canadian National Railway . Between Robert T. Longway Boulevard and Davison Road , Dort Highway passes another industrial area . North of Leith Street , the highway turns to the northwest , and the parallel railroad , still part of the CSX line , follows suit .
Dort Highway crosses the Flint River on the northeast side of the city near the interchange that connects the highway to I @-@ 475 . This interchange uses the connection with Stewart Avenue on the western side of the river to provide all of the possible traffic movements between the freeway and the highway . M @-@ 54 turns due northerly past the interchange and crosses under the rail line as it heads out of Flint . The area north of the city line on Carpenter Road is dominated by industrial properties as far north as Coldwater Road . Running northward through a more rural area , M @-@ 54 passes to the east of Mount Morris . Turning northwesterly , the trunkline is dotted with commercial businesses as it continues to the Clio area . The highway runs parallel to east of the railroad , now part of the Lake State Railway . It passes the Flint Memorial Park cemetery and the Auto City Speedway , a motorsports race track in an area that is otherwise agricultural in nature away from the main highway . The Dort Highway name ends at the intersection with Saginaw Road , and the highway takes on the latter name . East of Clio , M @-@ 54 intersects M @-@ 57 in the unincorporated community of Pine Run .
Past the town , M @-@ 54 turns due north on Clio Road before crossing into southern Saginaw County . Over the county line , the name changes to Gera Road , and the trunkline runs through farm fields to an intersection with Birch Run Road . At that intersection , M @-@ 54 northbound turns westward and joins M @-@ 83 to run concurrently to Birch Run while M @-@ 83 continues north to Frankenmuth on Gera Road . Birch Run Road carries opposing directions of the two highways , a phenomenon called a wrong @-@ way concurrency . Running westward , the road is signed as both M @-@ 54 northbound or M @-@ 83 southbound . About two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) west of the intersection between Gera and Birch Run roads , the two highways meet a common terminus at exit 136 on I @-@ 75 / US 23 in a commercial district that includes a large outlet mall bordering that freeway .
M @-@ 54 is maintained by MDOT like other state highways in Michigan . As a part of these maintenance responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic that uses the roadways under its jurisdiction . These volumes are expressed using a metric called annual average daily traffic , which is a statistical calculation of the average daily number of vehicles on a segment of roadway . MDOT 's surveys in 2010 showed that the highest traffic levels along M @-@ 54 were the 30 @,@ 145 vehicles daily north of the I @-@ 69 interchange in Flint ; the lowest counts were the 2 @,@ 880 vehicles per day along the M @-@ 83 concurrency . M @-@ 54 between I @-@ 75 in Grand Blanc Township and M @-@ 57 near Clio has been listed on the National Highway System , a network of roads important to the country 's economy , defense , and mobility .
= = History = =
= = = Previous designations = = =
The first version of M @-@ 54 began at M @-@ 16 ( later US 16 ) near Grand Rapids and ran northerly along the current M @-@ 37 corridor to M @-@ 20 ( later US 10 ) . This version of M @-@ 54 was replaced by an extension of M @-@ 37 by 1927 . The second incarnation of M @-@ 54 was designated in Ironwood along the former US 2 routing through downtown in 1934 . This was replaced by the current Bus . US 2 in August 1942 .
= = = Current designation = = =
Originally , Saginaw Road in the Flint area was a part of the Saginaw Trail , a Native American foot path in the area . In the early 20th century , the highway was a part of the Dixie Highway through the area . When the state signed its highway system in 1919 , Saginaw Road was part of M @-@ 10 ; later it was used as a section of US 10 in 1926 . In August 1926 , the Flint City Council renamed the former Western Road after Joasiah Dallas Dort , a partner in GM . In 1941 , the highway was moved eastward to follow Dort Highway , and the route through the city was designated Bus . US 10 .
The current M @-@ 54 was designated in 1962 for a former routing of US 10 through the Flint area ; US 10 was moved after the completion of the I @-@ 75 freeway , and the M @-@ 54 designation was applied to the Saginaw Road @-@ Dort Highway routing of US 10 from I @-@ 75 in Grand Blanc to M @-@ 83 in Birch Run . At the same time , Bus . US 10 became Bus . M @-@ 54 through Flint . An extension of Dort Highway in 1987 relocated the southern end of M @-@ 54 in Grand Blanc to end at exit 109 on I @-@ 75 .
= = Major intersections = =
= = Business route = =
Business M @-@ 54 ( Bus . M @-@ 54 ) was a business loop in the Flint area . It ran for about 14 @.@ 8 miles ( 23 @.@ 8 km ) along Saginaw Road , which was also called Saginaw Street in the city of Flint . The highway connected to its parent , M @-@ 54 , in Grand Blanc Township on the south end and ran through suburban Burton northwesterly into Flint . There it ran through downtown , passing under I @-@ 475 without an interchange . Bus . M @-@ 54 ran parallel to that freeway and met I @-@ 69 at an interchange near downtown . There were intersections with both directions of M @-@ 21 ; eastbound M @-@ 21 was routed on 5th Street while westbound traffic followed Court Street one block north . The highway crossed the Flint River and turned northward . Saginaw Street continued parallel to what is now I @-@ 475 before passing out of town . In Mount Morris Township north of Flint , the business loop terminated at the intersection with M @-@ 54 ( Dort Highway ) .
Originally , Saginaw Road in the Flint area was a part of the Saginaw Trail , a Native American foot path in the area . When the state signed its highway system in 1919 , Saginaw Road was part of M @-@ 10 . Later it was used as a section of US 10 in 1926 . In 1929 , the highway was moved eastward to follow Dort Highway , and the route through the city was designated M @-@ 10 again . In 1941 , this was renumbered to Bus . US 10 . Later , in 1962 , US 10 was moved again to follow the recently completed I @-@ 75 freeway ; the former route of US 10 was redesignated M @-@ 54 and its business loop was renumbered to match . This business route lasted until 1974 ; at the same time that I @-@ 475 was completed , Bus . M @-@ 54 was decommissioned and turned over to local control .
Major intersections
The entire highway was in Genesee County .
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= HMS Decoy ( H75 ) =
HMS Decoy was a D @-@ class destroyer of the Royal Navy . Ordered in 1931 , the ship was constructed by Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company , and entered naval service in 1933 . Decoy was initially assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet before she was transferred to the China Station in early 1935 . She was temporarily deployed in the Red Sea during late 1935 during the Abyssinia Crisis , before returning to her duty station where she remained until mid @-@ 1939 . Decoy was transferred back to the Mediterranean Fleet just before the Second World War began in September 1939 . She briefly was assigned to West Africa for convoy escort duties in 1940 before returning to the Mediterranean . The ship participated in the Battles of Calabria without significant damage and escorted ships of the Mediterranean Fleet for most of the rest of the year .
Decoy assisted in the evacuations from Greece and Crete in April – May 1941 . She began escorting supply convoys in June to Tobruk , Libya until the ship was badly damaged in a collision in November . Repairs were not completed until February 1942 and Decoy was transferred to the Eastern Fleet in the Indian Ocean the following month . She remained there until September when she was ordered to return to Britain . The ship was refitted as an escort destroyer from November to April 1943 and transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy that same month as HMCS Kootenay . The ship was assigned to convoy escort duties in the mid @-@ Atlantic for the rest of 1943 and early 1944 . Kootenay was transferred back to British coastal waters in May to protect the build up for Operation Overlord . Together with other ships , she sank three German submarines between July and September . The ship was given a lengthy refit in Canada from October to February 1945 and returned to the English Channel in April to protect against any last @-@ gasp efforts by the Kriegsmarine to interfere with Allied supply lines to the Continent . After the end of the war in May , Kootenay served as a troop transport in Canadian waters . She was placed in reserve in October and broken up in 1946 .
= = Description = =
Decoy displaced 1 @,@ 375 long tons ( 1 @,@ 397 t ) at standard load and 1 @,@ 890 long tons ( 1 @,@ 920 t ) at deep load . The ship had an overall length of 329 feet ( 100 @.@ 3 m ) , a beam of 33 feet ( 10 @.@ 1 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 6 inches ( 3 @.@ 8 m ) . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines , driving two shafts , which developed a total of 36 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 27 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 36 knots ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Admiralty 3 @-@ drum water @-@ tube boilers . Decoy carried a maximum of 473 long tons ( 481 t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 5 @,@ 870 nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 870 km ; 6 @,@ 760 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . The ship 's complement was 145 officers and men .
The ship mounted four 45 @-@ calibre QF 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch Mk IX guns in single mounts , designated ' A ' , ' B ' , ' X ' , and ' Y ' from front to rear . For anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) defence , Decoy had a single QF 3 @-@ inch 20 cwt AA gun between her funnels , and two quadruple Mark I mounts for the 0 @.@ 5 @-@ inch Vickers Mark III machine gun . She was fitted with two above @-@ water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedoes . One depth charge rail and two throwers were fitted ; 20 depth charges were originally carried , but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began .
= = Career = =
Decoy was ordered on 2 February 1931 under the 1930 Naval Estimates , and was laid down at John I Thornycroft 's yard at Woolston , Southampton on 25 June 1931 . She was launched on 7 June 1932 and completed on 17 January 1933 , at a total cost of £ 225 @,@ 236 , excluding equipment supplied by the Admiralty , such as weapons , ammunition and wireless equipment . The ship was initially assigned to the 1st Destroyer Flotilla in the Mediterranean and made a brief deployment to the Persian Gulf and Red Sea in September – October 1933 . New torpedo tubes were fitted at Malta after her return .
The ship was refitted at Devonport Dockyard between 3 September and 20 October 1934 for service on the China Station with the 8th ( later the 21st ) Destroyer Flotilla and arrived there in January 1935 . She was attached to the Mediterranean Fleet in the Red Sea from September 1935 to May 1936 during the Abyssinian Crisis and made port visits in Mombasa and other East African ports before returning to Hong Kong . The ship was refitted there in October and toured Southeast Asia in the first quarter of 1937 . Decoy required further repairs and fumigation in April – May after her return . In August 1938 she sailed for Tsingtao , carrying representatives to apologise for incidents where drunken sailors had insulted the Japanese flag . She remained in the Far East until the rise in tensions before World War II began prompted her recall in August 1939 .
= = = World War II = = =
With the outbreak of war , Decoy was assigned to the Mediterranean Fleet and assigned to contraband control duties . In December the ship began an extensive refit to repair corrosion problems , fix her boiler feedwater pumps , and replace her funnels . After completing her repairs in January 1940 , she was transferred to Freetown , joining the 20th Destroyer Flotilla , to escort convoys off the West African coast . Decoy returned to the Mediterranean Fleet in May and was assigned to the 10th Destroyer Flotilla . Together with her sister Defender , she escorted Convoy US @-@ 2 carrying Australian and New Zealand troops to the Middle East through the Red Sea from 12 to 17 May .
The ship and three other destroyers , escorted the French battleship Lorraine and three British cruisers as they bombarded Bardia during the night of 20 / 21 June . On 27 June 1940 , Decoy participated in the sinking of the Italian submarine Console Generale Liuzzi . Together with her sisters Dainty and Defender , the destroyer Ilex , and the Australian destroyer Voyager , the ship depth charged Console Generale Liuzzi , which was then scuttled by her own crew south @-@ east off Crete .
On 29 June 1940 Decoy participated , together with the same squadron , in the sinking of the Italian submarine Argonauta . The squadron patrolled the area between Alexandria , the Aegean Sea and the central Mediterranean from 27 to 30 June 1940 as part of Operation MA3 in support of British convoys from the Greek ports to Port Said and from Alexandria to Malta . Argonauta was probably sunk near Cape Ras el Hilal , Libya , at around 0615 hours by the British destroyers ; though it is also possible the Argonauta was depth charged and sunk around 1450 hours that same day by Short Sunderland L5804 of the RAF . The Historical Bureau of the Italian Navy believes the first theory to be more believable , but doubt still persists . On 9 July 1940 , she took part of the Battle of Calabria , where she was hit by splinters from a near @-@ miss from the Italian battleship Giulio Cesare .
While returning from Operation Hats , Decoy , Ilex and the light cruisers HMS Orion and HMAS Sydney bombarded Scarpanto during the night of 3 / 4 September . On 6 November , Decoy , together with the destroyers Defender , Hasty , Havock , Hereward , Hero , Hyperion , Ilex , Janus , Jervis , Mohawk , and Nubian screened the capital ships of the Mediterranean Fleet , which provided distant cover for the passage of Convoy MW3 from Egypt to Malta and Convoy ME3 from Malta as part of Operation MB8 . While in Alexandria , the ship was struck by a bomb that penetrated completely through the ship on 13 November . After temporary repairs were made , she was sent to Malta for permanent repairs which lasted until 1 February 1941 , after she was further damaged on 19 January . On 25 February , she participated in Operation Abstention ; together with Hereward and the gunboat Ladybird , Decoy landed commandos on the island of Kastelorizo , but they were overwhelmed by an Italian counter @-@ attack . Only a few survivors were taken off two days later .
The ship participated in Operation Demon , the evacuation of Allied troops from Greece in April , and assisted in the evacuation of troops from Crete to Egypt after the Germans invaded Crete on 22 May ( Operation Merkur ) . She spent most of the rest of the year escorting convoys to Tobruk . On 25 November , she was escorting the battleship HMS Barham when that ship was torpedoed by the German submarine U @-@ 331 . Decoy was damaged in a collision the following month and was under repair at Malta from 20 December to 8 February 1942 . After returning to Alexandria , she was transferred to the Eastern Fleet in the Indian Ocean where she escorted the slow ships of Force B when the Japanese carriers attacked in March – April 1942 . The ship remained with the Eastern Fleet until she was ordered home to refit in September . En route , Decoy briefly operated from Freetown , but arrived at Greenock on 29 October , her first visit home since 1934 .
The ship was refitted at the Palmers shipyard at Hebburn @-@ on @-@ Tyne between 3 November and 12 April 1943 . Her armament was modified to accommodate additional depth charges by removing ' Y ' gun and her light AA armament was increased by the addition of six 20 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) Oerlikon guns and two Parachute and Cable projectors . A Type 286 surface @-@ search radar were probably also fitted at this time , but 1944 this had been replaced by a Type 290 system . Before the war 's end this was supplemented when her director @-@ control tower and rangefinder above the bridge was replaced by a Type 271 target indication radar . Decoy was transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy during the refit on 1 March and was recommissioned on 12 April with the new name of HMCS Kootenay ( the ship was gifted to the Canadians on 15 June ) . After working up , she was assigned to Escort Group C5 for convoy escort duties in the North Atlantic .
On 22 May 1943 Kootenay picked up 19 survivors from the Norwegian tanker Sandanger , which had been torpedoed and sunk on 12 May by U @-@ 221 in the North Atlantic . She remained with the escort group until October when she began a refit in Halifax that lasted until December , Kootenay rejoined the group upon completion of the refit . The ship was reassigned to the 11th Escort Group in May 1944 in preparation for Operation Overlord . The group was tasked to protect Allied shipping in the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay and Kootenay , together with the destroyer Ottawa and the corvette Statice , sank U @-@ 678 in the English Channel south of Brighton on 7 July 1944 . Together with Ottawa and the destroyer Chaudière , the ship sank U @-@ 621 in the Bay of Biscay near La Rochelle on 18 August . Two days later , the same ships sank U @-@ 984 in the Bay of Biscay west of Brest .
Kootenay was extensively refitted between 2 October 1944 and 27 February 1945 at Shelburne Naval Dockyard and resumed anti @-@ submarine patrols in the Channel in April after working up . After V @-@ E day , she was used as a troop transport between Newfoundland and Quebec City until she was placed in reserve at Sydney , Nova Scotia on 26 October . She was broken up for scrap in 1946 .
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= Say Anything ( band ) =
Say Anything is an American rock band from Los Angeles , California . The band was formed in 2000 by Max Bemis and four of his friends . Within two years , they self @-@ released two EPs , Junior Varsity and In Your Dreams , and the full @-@ length Baseball : An Album by Sayanything .
In 2003 , the band signed with their first label , Doghouse Records . A year later , they released ... Is a Real Boy . To support the album , they picked up new members and began touring ; however , despite rapidly growing critical and fan acclaim , Bemis ' health problems , including bipolar disorder and drug addictions , sidelined the band in 2005 as five band members left during the year .
Say Anything signed with J Records in 2005 and , following Bemis ' successful rehabilitation , re @-@ released ... Is a Real Boy on J Records . They went on co @-@ headlining tours with Saves the Day in 2006 and Hellogoodbye in 2007 . On October 23 , 2007 , the band released their third full @-@ length album , In Defense of the Genre . In 2008 , Say Anything went on a headlining tour across the US and UK and appeared on every date of Warped Tour . Their fourth album , entitled Say Anything , was released on November 3 , 2009 .
= = History = =
= = = Early Years ( 2002 – 2004 ) = = =
Sometime around 2002 , Sayanything added a space to their name to become Say Anything . In late 2002 , Bemis and Linder recorded the Menorah / Majora EP and released the album online . By this point , Say Anything 's releases had generated " a major bidding war . " Drive @-@ Thru Records pursued the band and called Max Bemis " the next Bob Dylan . " Brett Gurewitz of Epitaph Records recorded " A Boston Peace , " one of the dorm @-@ room demos , with the band . In early 2003 , Say Anything signed with Doghouse Records stating sarcastically that Doghouse " put out such obscure , borderline D.I.Y. records as The All @-@ American Rejects . "
After signing with the label , Bemis began writing songs for his band 's Doghouse debut . With tremendous self @-@ created pressure , he threw himself into pushing the sonic boundaries of the band and maturing their sound , incorporating elements of math @-@ rock , indie @-@ pop and theatrical pomp . He and Linder also started the search for a producer . The two met several producers but eventually decided on Tim O 'Heir and Stephen Trask . Bemis struggled with different ideas for the record and decided the album should focus on " the artistic struggle , the fact that every creative person has this sick ambition to affect some sort of change in society with their art , to be more than just a guy in a band or a poet or a sculptor . " Bemis originally intended the album to be a rock opera with a full script , narration , and a cast of characters . It was tentatively titled Zona ! Zona ! However , Bemis became overwhelmed by the entire process of writing and playing most of the instruments and had a breakdown .
" I literally lost my mind while we were recording , " stated Bemis regarding the breakdown . The breakdown was precipitated by a mockumentary discussed by Bemis and O 'Heir . Bemis ' condition led him to believe he was being secretly filmed for the mockumentary ; the situation culminated in him walking the streets of Brooklyn thinking he was being filmed while encountering friends ( who were actually strangers ) . After recovering , Bemis decided to focus solely on the music and dropped the idea of a script . Around July 2003 , the band began recording ... Is a Real Boy , their first album with Doghouse Records . Bemis said the two people he wanted to " outdo with ... Is a Real Boy were Andy Warhol and Jesus . " In addition to working with O 'Heir and Trask , Say Anything worked with Forrest Kline ( of power pop band Hellogoodbye ) to record the For Sale ... EP , released in 2004 . The band also worked with ECA Records to record a promotional album that was never released .
... Is a Real Boy was released August 3 , 2004 . The album featured Linder on drums and Bemis on vocals , guitar , bass guitar , and keyboard . ... Is a Real Boy received positive reviews , including a 99 % from AbsolutePunk.net and four and a half stars ( out of five ) from Allmusic . When the band began touring in support of ... Is a Real Boy , they picked up Dan DeLauro , Casper Adams , and Kevin Seaton .
Say Anything signed with J Records in 2005 , owned by Sony BMG Music Entertainment , one of the " big four " record labels . When asked why he signed with a major label , Bemis stated , " We were looking to expand our fan base as well as have more money to tour comfortably . I also wanted enough money to work with an awesome producer for [ In Defense of the Genre ] . " In June 2005 , Say Anything was forced to cancel a six @-@ week headlining tour with Circa Survive and Emanuel on the third day of the tour due to health problems with Bemis , including " full @-@ on paranoid delusions " in Austin , Texas . At this point , Bemis ' bipolar disorder and drug addictions were wreaking havoc on the band . Bassists DeLauro and Seaton had already parted ways with the band . Andy Jackson left in September after only a few months of touring with Say Anything . Casper Adams , who was clashing personally with Bemis despite a close friendship , was fired after a show .
On October 3 , 2005 , Bemis had another breakdown ; this time , it involved harassing children , spitting in food at an outdoor cafe , spending a " half @-@ hour pouring a bowl of soup onto the floor , one spoonful at a time , " engaging in a street fight and finally being admitted to a mental hospital by an off @-@ duty policeman . This incident forced Say Anything to cancel another tour , this time with Bemis ' personal idols Saves the Day , along with Senses Fail and The Early November . The band was replaced by Emanuel . After returning from his stay in the hospital , Bemis ' mother and the remaining members of the band selected the Menninger clinic in Houston , Texas , to rehab Bemis . Eventually , Bemis approved of their decision , admitted himself to the Menninger clinic , and has reportedly not had a relapse since .
= = = ... Is a Real Boy ( 2005 – 2007 ) = = =
Under J Records , Say Anything re @-@ released ... Is a Real Boy with a bonus CD entitled ... Was a Real Boy on February 28 , 2006 ( although the album was originally slated for release on October 18 , 2005 and later January 17 , 2006 ) . However , copies were leaked before the release by Tower Records and His Master 's Voice , with some copies selling on eBay at inflated prices . According to the album 's liner notes , ... Was a Real Boy was originally intended as a charity album , but the band dropped the project . This charity project was to be called Vs . AIDS and was recorded in Kevin Seaton 's garage . Bemis said that " it was J Records ' idea to reissue ... Is a Real Boy . They believe it has a mainstream appeal that wasn 't really reached when Doghouse released the record . " Around this time , the band also released " Alive with the Glory of Love " as a single .
Alex Kent joined the band to play bass guitar after the band met him while touring with Lance 's Hero . Jake and Jeff Turner joined to play guitar and help with backup vocals after Adams and Jackson left . Parker Case completed the sextet when he joined to play guitar and keyboard after his previous band JamisonParker broke up . At the time , JamisonParker and Say Anything shared the same manager , Randy Nichols ; the band met Case while at a train station on the way to Nichols ' wedding .
In summer 2006 , Say Anything toured with Dashboard Confessional ; Ben Lee was with the tour in the US , while John Ralston joined the tour in Canada . The band was asked to be a part of the Warped Tour 2006 , but instead opted for the Dashboard tour . Bemis later made statements implying he did not feel he was emotionally ready for a Warped Tour .
Say Anything completed one of their first headlining tours in fall 2006 , when they toured with Piebald and mewithoutYou . Days Away , Brazil and Forgive Durden opened for the band on select dates . In February 2007 , Say Anything performed on Last Call with Carson Daly . The band also released their second single , " Wow , I Can Get Sexual Too , " which was from the ... Was a Real Boy bonus disc . Also in that month , the band announced a co @-@ headlining tour with Saves the Day and The Almost , John Ralston , The Dear Hunter , and Manchester Orchestra as openers on select dates . The band completed the tour successfully during April and May of that year . In August , Say Anything announced a co @-@ headlining tour with Hellogoodbye sponsored by MySpace . The tour took place during fall of the same year with shows in the US and Europe .
= = = In Defense of the Genre ( 2007 – 2008 ) = = =
In the weeks before the release of their third album , Say Anything released several songs from the album on MySpace . They also announced pre @-@ ordered copies could be ordered with a signed CD booklet . The band released their first single from the new album , " Baby Girl , I 'm a Blur " , on October 2 , 2007 . In Defense of the Genre was released on October 23 , 2007 . It was released in a dual @-@ disc format complete with 27 songs and contained many guest vocals . When asked about the name of the record , Bemis said , " Whatever ' genre ' ( or music ) one loves needs a defense , because half the world is too ignorant to really understand something before they dismiss it . " Before recording the record , Bemis stated , " I hope that [ In Defense ] will be more inspiring and uplifting . I want [ the record ] to be The Joshua Tree with balls on laughing gas . "
Andy Jackson , a former member of the band and close friend of Bemis , was responsible for recording many of the cameo appearances . He recorded some cameos while at the Warped Tour 2007 with Hot Rod Circuit and others in his home studio . Jackson recorded vocals from several musicians , such as Gerard Way , Adam Lazzara , Anthony Raneri , Anthony Green , Hayley Williams , Aaron Gillespie , Jordan Pundik , and Chad Gilbert . Chris Conley and several others also provided guest vocals . Alternative Press called the record " a truly magnificent sophomore effort " and gave it a 4 @.@ 5 / 5 , while Spin gave the album four stars and Corey Schmidt of PastePunk said , " There are a few really great songs here . "
In January 2008 , Say Anything announced a US headlining tour with Manchester Orchestra , Biffy Clyro and Weatherbox . The tour took place in March and April of that year . After finishing this tour , Say Anything announced a headlining tour in the UK that took place in June . The tour was in support of In Defense of the Genre , which was released in the UK on June 23 , 2008 .
Say Anything released the video for " Shiksa ( Girlfriend ) " on April 9 , 2008 . On April 25 , Say Anything performed on Late Night with Conan O 'Brien . During summer 2008 , Say Anything joined the Warped Tour for the first time , appearing on all dates . On August 1 , 2008 , Say Anything announced the Max Bemis Song Shop , through which users could pay $ 150 for Max Bemis to write a song based on a short writing by the customer . However , by the end of the night , the item was no longer available with the following text displayed on the item listing : " We 're sorry but Max can 't write songs as fast as you are requesting them . As soon as he catches up we will start again . Thank you so much for believing in our crazy idea . " The Song Shop has reopened a few times since its initial launch , and taken down after about a week each time . This aforementioned message has been displayed each time the Song Shop was discontinued .
= = = Say Anything ( 2008 @-@ 2009 ) = = =
In an online chat with fans on March 14 , 2008 , Max Bemis stated that the band has plans to record a new record called This Is Forever . He said it will be " about God and how we relate to Him . " AbsolutePunk.net reported on August 1 , 2008 , that J Records " picked up the option for Say Anything 's next release . " On November 10 , Bemis announced that the focus of the fourth album changed and the new record will be self @-@ titled . He noted that the album , which will be released in 2009 , will ask " what the point of all of it was . "
Though Max has explained that he was very proud of In Defense of the Genre , he described it as being more of an " homage to sort of a lot of the bands that we liked and , like , a style that we respected . " He then explained that the new album would be " more concise and would be a bit more original , I want to say , and sort of pop out like Is a Real Boy did . " He also explained that this CD has both the catchiest and most mature songs they 've ever recorded and called it a " step forward . "
During a concert at the College of Saint Rose in Albany , New York on April 25 , 2009 , Max Bemis proclaimed to the crowd that the newest album titled " Say Anything " is complete , and will be released " early summer , " after stating that he was married three weeks prior to the event on April 4 , 2009 .
According to Say Anything 's In Studio website , on May 21 , 2009 , Max posted a blog stating " I just wanted to let you guys know we ’ re done recording our new record , entitled " Say Anything " , and we ’ re moving into the mixing phase . It should be out this fall . This record is kind of a new start , or at least a new phase in the Say Anything story . "
Max posted a blog on Myspace.com saying that the new album will be released October 13 , 2009 , and will be titled Say Anything . The self @-@ titled album will be released by RCA Records and will have 13 tracks , including " Hate Everyone " , the album 's first single . " Hate Everyone " was officially released on August 25 , 2009 , after WBRU FM in Providence , RI became the first radio station to debut the single on the 17th . Lead singer Max Bemis also premiered the song " Crush 'd , " performing the song acoustic in WBRU 's studio . The corresponding video for Hate Everyone was released on MySpace Music on September 1 , 2009 . The new album 's release date had been delayed by three weeks and was officially released on November 3 , 2009 , after being posted to the band 's Myspace page on October 28 .
Max also posted on Twitter on 2 / 14 / 10 that the band plans to release " Do Better " as the next single from the album .
On August 19 , 2010 it was confirmed that Say Anything and RCA Records had parted ways . Max Bemis also announced via his Twitter account that big changes were to be announced during the following week .
On September 29 , 2010 it was announced via Say Anything 's official website that Alex Kent would be leaving the band , and that Kenny Vasoli of The Starting Line would be temporarily taking over as bassist for their upcoming tour . On October 24 , 2011 it was announced that Adam Thadius Siska A.K.A Sisky Business was officially joining Say Anything .
= = = Side projects ( 2008 – 2011 ) = = =
After recording In Defense of the Genre , Say Anything band members Max Bemis and Coby Linder worked with Saves the Day 's Chris Conley and David Soloway on a side project named Two Tongues . The group features Bemis and Conley sharing lead vocals and guitar duties with Soloway on bass guitar and Linder on drums . Thirteen songs were recorded in Electric Ladybug Studio , Conley 's home studio in Chico , California . Bemis , Conley , and Linder previously collaborated on a cover song of Bob Dylan 's " The Man In Me " for the compilation album Paupers , Peasants , Princes & Kings : The Songs of Bob Dylan released by Doghouse Records in 2006 . The group 's self @-@ titled debut was released on February 3 , 2009 .
Say Anything band members Jake and Jeff Turner self @-@ released their six @-@ track EP Some Day in May 2008 under the name XO . They recorded it with Matt Malpass in Atlanta in January 2008 at Monsters and Marigolds Studio . The album features both brothers on vocals , guitar , bass , and keyboard , with Jeff also playing drums . Around the same time , Parker Case embarked on a solo project named I and the Universe , while Alex Kent started a record label , Gnome Records and began work on his own solo effort under the name Alexander T. Kent . Alex also has a side project with members of Japandi and Witt called Qwermicide .
In 2008 , Say Anything featured on the Punk Goes Crunk album covering Ol ' Dirty Bastard 's " Got Your Money " .
In 2009 , Max and his wife , Sherri DuPree ( From the band Eisley ) formed a small side project named " Perma " and were selling the demo during the 2009 tour .
In early 2010 , the band announced that they will be opening for Angels and Airwaves on their LOVE tour which kicked off on April 5 .
In August 2010 , Max announced that he will be releasing a " lo @-@ fi " post @-@ punk album in Fall 2010 under the name " Max Bemis and The Painful Splits . "
Say Anything also toured with the bands Motion City Soundtrack and Saves the Day in the fall of 2010 . Bemis commented on it on his Twitter , claiming that Say Anything 's fans might want to come up with their favorite Two Tongues songs , insinuating that the group will play a few songs on the tour .
= = = Anarchy , My Dear ( 2011 – 2013 ) = = =
On 13 July 2011 , Max Bemis posted a video on the band 's website announcing that the band has officially signed with Equal Vision Records , he also stated that Tim O 'Heir , who produced their second record ... Is a Real Boy would be producing Say Anything 's fifth studio record . Additionally , Bemis stated Equal Vision had acquired the rights to Say Anything 's past releases , as he cited the proposed re @-@ release of Baseball . Bemis announced via an October 6 interview with AltPress.com that the name of the new record was Anarchy , My Dear , and this was later confirmed by Bemis and the rest of the band via Twitter . Anarchy , My Dear was released on March 13 , 2012 . On April 20 , 2012 , the music video for the song " Say Anything " premiered on mtvU .
On November 9 , 2012 , Equal Vision announced a statement that confirms the release of the long @-@ awaited re @-@ release of the Say Anything record Baseball , the Menora / Mejora EP , the " Dormroom Demos " , Junior Varsity , and other various rarities in a triple @-@ CD box set that are limited to 5000 physical copies . A citation and more information can be found at Equal Vision 's website .
On December 28 , 2012 , It was announced via Say Anything 's Facebook page that Coby had left the band on good terms . Max Bemis stated the following in regards to seeking a new drummer " Say Anything will continue on without Coby but we will not be seeking a replacement drummer to play on the records we put out , as Coby and his style of drumming is , in many senses , irreplaceable ; rather we plan on having a multitude of drummers play on our material . Say Anything on record will now be identified in the same way Nine Inch Nails is , in that it ’ s pretty much me and whoever I choose to play with at the time . Live shows will continue to have their own identity including Jake , Jeff , Parker , Adam , and whoever plays drums for us live . The band couldn ’ t be further from breaking up , and as I ’ ve said recently , we plan on releasing music as Say Anything forever , and already have a lot in the works . "
= = = All My Friends Are Enemies : Early Rarities ( 2013 @-@ 2014 ) = = =
On January 22 , 2013 , Say Anything released All My Friends Are Enemies : Early Rarities , a three @-@ disc compilation consisting of all of the material recorded by Say Anything prior to the release of ... Is a Real Boy . Disc one of this compilation is a copy of Baseball : An Album by Sayanything ; disc two is Menorah / Majora EP and the Dormroom Demos ; and disc three is titled Junior Varsity and includes all the songs from the first Junior Varsity ( in Your Dreams ) EP , in addition to other tracks . Overall , the album contains 45 remastered B @-@ side tracks from the early days of Say Anything .
The band toured from June 6 , 2013 to late summer to promote this album .
= = = Hebrews ( 2014 @-@ 2015 ) = = =
On January 13 , 2014 , wife of Max Bemis , Sherri DuPree @-@ Bemis published an instagram photo stating that the new Say Anything album is almost mixed . The band 's record , Hebrews , was released June 10 , 2014 on Equal Vision Records . The album was the first album that was self @-@ produced by front @-@ man Max Bemis . Bemis worked in the studio with audio engineer Garron DuPree for many months while recording the album at Bemis and Dupree 's own studio in Tyler , TX . The album was mixed by mix engineer Brad Wood , and mastered by Emily Lazar . The album was met with generally positive reception by fans and critics upon its release , and the group embarked on a successful headlining tour in support of the album in the summer of 2014 .
= = = I Don 't Think It Is ( 2016 @-@ Present ) = = =
At about midnight EST on February 4th , 2016 Say Anything released I Don 't Think It Is without any prior announcement besides several teaser posts the day before .
= = Style = =
= = = Themes and influences = = =
Say Anything 's music falls into the indie rock , emo and post @-@ punk genres . They can most easily be identified by their sardonic , literary sense of humor balanced out with a sense of intense catharsis . The band , as well as certain artists within the indie scene such as Cursive , MewithoutYou , Brand New , Bright Eyes , Motion City Soundtrack , and Manchester Orchestra tend to straddle the line between older fans and a youth oriented audience . Their style incorporates pieces of hardcore , bombastic arena rock and post @-@ punk . Bemis , the primary songwriter of Say Anything , stated , " I believe that an artist should let his art be appreciated by anyone who 's interested and not ' play favourites ' . " He also said that lyrics are " based on experience . " However , due to Bemis ' bipolar disorder and strange , dark mentality , the themes of the songs are often bleak , irreverent , personal , and autobiographical . Other themes include distaste with snobbery and hypocrisy . Drugs and mankind 's relationship with drugs are also a popular subject in Say Anything 's songs , especially on In Defense of the Genre , which was written and recorded after Bemis ' several drug @-@ fueled breakdowns . Specifically , " Admit It ! ! ! " , " Yellow Cat ( Slash ) Red Cat " , " Try To Remember , Forget " , " The Writhing South " , and " Sorry , Dudes , My Bad " include references to Bemis ' drug usage . In general , Say Anything tends to draw inspiration from alienation from a flawed society but confers a sense of hope .
Max Bemis was raised " in a strong Jewish environment . " Many of Bemis ' lyrics borrow from his Jewish roots . While most of band 's earlier songs are free of any such inspiration , the songs of ... Is a Real Boy and In Defense of the Genre include references to Jewish heritage . " Alive with the Glory of Love , " Say Anything 's first single , has a main subject of a relationship affected by World War II and the Holocaust , based on Bemis 's grandparents , while " Wow , I Can Get Sexual Too " includes mentions of " the old shul " and a rabbi 's teachings . A strong example from In Defense comes from the lyrics of " Died a Jew " . The song includes several references to the Jewish people and its history along with mentions of " the murder of God " and Bemis ' departures from kosher . References to religion come again in " Fed to Death " on Say Anything , referring to a ' man from Nazareth ' who would one day ' spring to life to smile and clear your name ' but until then ' nail yourself upon the cross and hang your head in shame.'
In regards to writing songs for ... Is a Real Boy , Bemis stated , " The songs were jam packed with fairly blatant nods to bands I dig ( Queen , Saves the Day , Pavement , Faith No More , Fugazi , etc ) . " These can be considered some of Say Anything 's influences . Other influences at some point cited by the band include Botch , Weezer , The Stooges , Neutral Milk Hotel , Sunny Day Real Estate , Wilco , and the Foo Fighters . Also of note , the band has covered songs by Ol ' Dirty Bastard ( " Got Your Money " ) , Notorious B.I.G. ( " No Soul " contains the same hook as the sample in " Juicy " although it adheres more closely to the original song " Juicy Fruit " from which the sample for the Notorious B.I.G. song was taken ) , The Four Tops ( " Sure , Baby ... Hold Back " features a chorus lifted from " Sugar Pie Honey Bunch " ) , Safety in Numbers ( " Dealer " ) , Saves the Day ( " Jessie and My Whetstone " ) , and Bob Dylan ( " The Man in Me " ) .
Max Bemis expounded upon the story of In Defense of the Genre as well as the differences between that album and ... Is a Real Boy in an interview with AbsolutePunk.net on June 19 , 2007 .
= = = Live shows = = =
During live shows , some members of the group ( other than Bemis ) sing backing vocals . Bemis often sings parts he wrote , but which were sung by guest vocalists on studio recordings . In recent years , Bemis has switched up the lineup of performing musicians , using some permanent members of the groups , while rotating other musicians in and out of the live lineup . Beginning on the " All My Friends Are Enemies - Rarities Tour , " Bemis added drummer Reed Murray , and bassist Garron DuPree . In summer of 2014 on the Hebrews tour , Bemis recruited ex @-@ Taking Back Sunday member Fred Mascherino , Moneen guitarist Kenny Bridges , and Moving Mountains vocalist Greg Dunn to replace the Jake and Jeff Turner and Parker Case , who were at the time performing with their band XO . The status of long time guitarists Jake and Jeff Turner is , as of yet , unclear due to their commitments to XO .
= = = Remixes = = =
Albany , New York emcee Dezmatic remixed " Wow , I Can Get Sexual Too " on his mixtape , Bigfoots Dick .
Georgia emcee Kyle Lucas remixed " Wow , I Can Get Sexual Too " on his mixtape , Kyle Lucas Is Still My Favorite .
= = Discography = =
Studio albums
Baseball : An Album by Say Anything ( 2001 )
... Is a Real Boy ( 2004 )
In Defense of the Genre ( 2007 )
Say Anything ( 2009 )
Anarchy , My Dear ( 2012 )
Hebrews ( 2014 )
I Don 't Think It Is ( 2016 )
= = Members = =
= = = Current members = = =
Max Bemis – vocals ( 2000 – present )
Parker Case – keyboards , guitar , backing vocals ( 2005 – present )
Reed Murray – drums ( 2013 – present )
Garron DuPree – bass ( 2013 – present )
Current touring members
Kenny Bridges ( Moneen ) - guitar , backing vocals ( 2014 – present )
= = = Former members = = =
Evan Span – guitar ( 2000 – 2001 )
Michael Levin – bass ( 2000 – 2002 )
Josh Eichenstein ( 2000 )
Dan DeLauro – bass ( 2003 – 2004 )
Alex Hedrick — guitar ( 2004 )
Kevin Seaton – bass , guitar ( 2004 – 2005 )
Casper Adams – guitar ( 2004 – 2005 )
Alex Kent – bass guitar , backing vocals ( 2004 – 2010 , 2016 )
Coby Linder – drums , backing vocals ( 2000 – 2012 )
Adam Siska – bass guitar ( 2011 @-@ 2013 )
Jake Turner – guitar , backing vocals ( 2005 – 2014 )
Jeff Turner – guitar , backing vocals ( 2006 – 2014 )
= = = Notable Touring Members = = =
Andy Jackson ( Hot Rod Circuit ) – guitar ( 2005 )
Kenny Vasoli ( The Starting Line , Person L ) - bass guitar , backing vocals ( 2010 @-@ 2011 )
Fred Mascherino ( Taking Back Sunday , The Color Fred , Terrible Things ) - guitar , backing vocals ( 2014 )
Chris Conley ( Saves the Day , Two Tongues ) - guitar , backing vocals ( 2014 )
Greg Dunn ( Moving Mountains ) - guitar , keyboards , backing vocals ( 2014 – 2016 )
= = = Timeline = = =
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= Resident Evil ( 2002 video game ) =
Resident Evil , known in Japan as biohazard , is a survival horror video game developed and published by Capcom and originally released for the GameCube video game console in 2002 . It is a remake of the 1996 game Resident Evil , the first installment in the Resident Evil video game series . The story takes place in 1998 near the fictional Midwestern town of Raccoon City where a series of bizarre murders have taken place . The player takes on the role of either Chris Redfield or Jill Valentine , S.T.A.R.S. agents sent in by the city to investigate the murders .
Resident Evil was developed over the course of one year and two months as part of an exclusivity deal between Capcom and Nintendo . It was directed by Shinji Mikami , who also designed and directed the original Resident Evil . Mikami decided to produce a remake because he felt that the original had not aged well and that the GameCube 's capabilities could bring the game closer to his original vision . The game retains the same graphical presentation , with 3D models superimposed over pre @-@ rendered backgrounds . However , the quality of the graphics were vastly improved . The remake also features new gameplay mechanics , revised puzzles , additional explorable areas , a revised script , and new story details including an entire subplot cut from the original game .
Upon release , Resident Evil received critical acclaim from video game journalists , who praised its graphics and improved gameplay over the original game . It is often described as one of the best , scariest , and most visually impressive entries in the Resident Evil series . Despite this , the game sold worse than expected and led Capcom to change the direction of the series to a more action @-@ oriented approach . In 2008 , the game was ported to the Wii , featuring a new control system . A high @-@ definition version of the game was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , and Xbox One in 2015 to positive critical reception and commercial success .
= = Gameplay = =
Resident Evil is a survival horror game where the player controls the on @-@ screen character from a third @-@ person perspective to interact with the environment . To advance through the game , the player must explore a mansion and its surrounding areas while avoiding , outsmarting and defeating various types of monsters like zombies , undead dogs , and giant spiders . The player can open doors , push certain objects , climb obstacles , and pick up items . When an item is collected , it is stored in an inventory that the player can access at any time . Items in the inventory can be used , examined , and combined to solve puzzles and gain access to areas that were previously inaccessible . The inventory is limited to a certain number of slots , and the player must often move items from the inventory to storage boxes located in certain areas to manage space .
Although the player can use firearms to kill monsters , Resident Evil emphasizes evasion over fast @-@ paced combat by providing the player with limited ammunition . The player also has a limited amount of health which decreases when attacked by monsters . Nevertheless , players can regain their health by collecting and using herbs , which can be mixed with other herbs to increase their healing effect . Some monsters can also infect the player with a poisoning effect , which gradually depletes the player 's health over time until the poison is cured with serum or special herbs . The zombies that are defeated but not decapitated or burned eventually revive mutated into a much faster and deadlier opponents .
Like in the original Resident Evil , the player can play as either Chris Redfield or Jill Valentine and each character has advantages and disadvantages . For example , Chris can take and deal more damage than Jill but Jill can carry more items and unlock certain doors with a lock pick . Both characters can also equip defensive weapons that can save them from taking damage when seized by an enemy . These defensive weapons include a dagger and a special weapon that is exclusive to each of them : Jill can use a taser , while Chris is able to shove stun grenades into the zombies ' mouths and detonate them with a pistol shot . Defensive weapons are limited and can only be used when the player is grabbed by a monster .
The game features an automap to help players navigate the different areas of the game . Additionally , the player can pick up maps of certain sections to reveal unexplored areas . To save their progress , players need to find ink ribbons and use them with a typewriter ; the game features a limited supply of ink ribbons , so players cannot save their progress as many times as they want . The story of the game is slightly altered by the character the player chooses to play as , and certain choices the player makes in the game can impact the direction of the game and its ending . Upon completing the game under a certain difficulty setting and time limit , the player may unlock secret costumes for the main characters , bonus weapons , and special difficulty modes .
= = Plot = =
Resident Evil takes place on July 24 , 1998 , when a series of bizarre murders have occurred on the outskirts of the Midwestern town of Raccoon City . The Raccoon City Police Department 's Special Tactics And Rescue Service ( STARS ) , which is divided into Alpha Team and Bravo Team , is assigned to investigate these murders . Bravo Team is sent first , but after contact with them is lost , Alpha Team is sent to investigate their disappearance . Alpha Team locates Bravo Team 's crashed helicopter and land at the site , where they are suddenly attacked by a pack of monstrous dogs , one of which kills one of the team 's members . After Alpha Team 's helicopter pilot , Brad Vickers , panics and takes off alone , the remaining members of the team ( Chris Redfield , Jill Valentine , Albert Wesker and Barry Burton ) are forced to seek refuge in a nearby abandoned mansion .
Depending on which character the player chooses to control , one of the members of Alpha Team is separated from the others during the chase and does not make it to the mansion ( Barry if Chris , Chris if Jill ) . In the mansion , the team decides to split up and search for clues . Over the course of the game , the player character finds several members of Bravo Team , including Kenneth J. Sullivan being eaten by a zombie , Richard Aiken , who dies after being bitten by a venomous snake , Forest Speyer , who is found dead on the balcony and then revived as a zombie , and Bravo Team leader Enrico Marini , who reveals that one of the Alpha Team members is a traitor before being shot and killed by an unseen assailant . Bravo Team survivor Rebecca Chambers joins Chris . The player character also learns from scattered documents found in the mansion that a series of illegal experiments were being undertaken by a clandestine research team under the authority and supervision of biomedical company Umbrella Corporation . The creatures roaming the mansion and its surrounding areas are the results of these experiments , which have exposed the mansion 's personnel and various animals and insects to a highly contagious and mutagenic biological agent known as the T @-@ virus .
Eventually , the player character discovers a secret underground laboratory containing Umbrella 's experiments . In the laboratory , the player finds Jill or Chris in a cell and encounters Wesker programming a Tyrant supersoldier . Wesker reveals that he is a double agent working for Umbrella and plans to use the Tyrant to kill the remaining STARS members . However , in the ensuing confrontation , Wesker is supposedly killed and the player character defeats the Tyrant . After activating a self @-@ destruct system , the player gets up to the heliport and manages to contact Brad for extraction . The game features multiple endings depending on how well the player performed at key points within the game . In the best ending , the mansion is destroyed and most of the team escapes in the helicopter after defeating the Tyrant one last time . In contrast , in the worst possible ending , the mansion remains intact and the player character is the sole survivor .
= = Development = =
Resident Evil was developed by Capcom and directed by Shinji Mikami , who has designed and directed the original Resident Evil for the PlayStation video game console . The game was part of an exclusivity agreement between Capcom and Nintendo that spanned three Resident Evil titles for the GameCube , the others being Resident Evil Zero and Resident Evil 4 . Mikami decided to produce a remake of the original Resident Evil because he felt that it had not aged very well , making it hard for new players to appreciate its charm . He also remarked that the GameCube 's capabilities would allow the developers to bring the Resident Evil series closer to the original vision he had for the series . According to Capcom 's marketing director Todd Thorson , the main goal in developing the remake was to " achieve motion picture quality visuals and create even more suspense and fear than the original " .
Production on the game started at the beginning of 2001 with a team of only four programmers . Since Resident Evil was one of Capcom 's first titles developed for the GameCube , the development team had to study the system 's performance during the first stages of development . Initially , the team considered the possibility of creating the game 's environments with computer graphic animation , but then realized that this approach would require too much hardware capacity and processing to achieve realistic graphics . As a result , the graphical style of the remake features 3D models over pre @-@ rendered backgrounds like the Resident Evil games for the PlayStation . Despite this , the camera is more dynamic and can track the player at varying angles . The backgrounds also make use of particle effects and full motion video layers to simulate effects such as rushing water or swaying tree branches . Causing fear to the player was a high priority , and many of the game 's backgrounds were designed to have a high contrast between dark and light so that enemies could appear unexpectedly .
Originally , the developers planned to only upgrade the graphics and tweak the gameplay . However , as development was getting closer to completion , Capcom started making more substantial changes in the game . For example , the inventory was expanded so that players could carry a standard item like Jill 's lock picking , while defense items , which were initially not going to be separated from the main inventory , were introduced to make the game a bit easier than the original Resident Evil . The developers originally planned to make all enemies invisible but the idea was ultimately discarded because it would have made the remake very different from the original game . However , they designed the zombies so that they could come back to life a certain amount of time after they are killed . The developers also added new areas for the player to explore , changed most of the puzzle designs , and included a new control scheme called Type C where players move their characters by pressing the R button of the GameCube controller and steer them with the analog stick . Another addition is the subplot involving the character Lisa Trevor , which was cut from the original game . Instead of using adjectives to describe difficulty levels , Mikami deliberately decided to have unique questions so that the player would pick the hard one .
Capcom auditioned actors to be used as references by the character designers . The faces of the main protagonists were shaped and based on real people , while motion capture was used to animate their models . About 60 percent of the characters ' motions were animated based on the captured data , while the rest was created from scratch . The developers initially struggled to develop a system for computer graphic animation . However , Nintendo provided Capcom with assistance and the problems were eventually solved . Capcom also hired new voice actors and rewrote the game 's script to make the plot more convincing . The game was developed over the course of one year and two months . Final development of the game was very intense , as programmers had to work for two straight months with no days off to meet the proposed deadline .
= = Release = =
Resident Evil was originally released for the GameCube in March 2002 in Japan , April 2002 in North America , and September 2002 in Europe . As of January 2004 , 445 @,@ 176 copies of the game had been sold in the United States . In May 2008 , Capcom revealed that a total of 1 @.@ 35 million copies of the GameCube game were sold . In December 2008 , the game was ported to the Wii along with Resident Evil Zero . The port , titled Resident Evil Archives : Resident Evil , features a control system that supports the Wii Remote and the GameCube controller . Although Capcom originally had no plans to release the Wii version outside Japan , arguing that the game would not sell very well , the game was eventually released in North America and Europe in June 2009 due to the commercial success of Resident Evil 5 .
A high @-@ definition version of the game , titled Resident Evil HD Remaster , was released worldwide for Microsoft Windows , PlayStation 3 , PlayStation 4 , Xbox 360 , and Xbox One in January 2015 . The HD version supports 5 @.@ 1 surround sound as well as a resolution of 1080p and a widescreen aspect ratio of 16 : 9 . Since the original controls of the game were criticized , the remaster also includes a new control scheme which allows players to move their character in the direction of the analog stick . Although the game is a digital @-@ only release in North America and Europe , a retail edition of the PlayStation 3 version was made available exclusively in Japan and Asia . The HD version was a commercial success , breaking several sales records . It became the PlayStation Network 's biggest launch title in the service 's history and Capcom 's fastest selling digital game across both North America and Europe . As of April 2015 , more than one million copies of HD Remaster had been sold worldwide across all platforms .
= = Reception = =
Upon its initial release , the GameCube version of Resident Evil received critical acclaim . Matt Casamassina of IGN felt that the game is " a triumph as a stand @-@ alone adventure and a major accomplishment as a remake " , calling it " the prettiest , most atmospheric and all @-@ around scariest game we 've ever played . " Similarly , GameSpot reviewer Shane Satterfield described the remake as " one amazing game that clearly stands as the best the [ Resident Evil ] series has to offer . " Jes Bickham , writing for NGC Magazine , criticized the gameplay for its limiting controls and tedious inventory management , but nevertheless judged its graphics impressive , noting that the game is " so visually rich that simply seeing the next area is an experience to be treasured . "
The game was widely praised for its graphics . Satterfield was impressed with the game 's attention to detail , realistic gore , volumetric fog , and Capcom 's ability to integrate real @-@ time lighting and shadows with pre @-@ rendered backgrounds , commenting that the company " has finally perfected the art of mixing prerendered scenery with ambient animations and polygonal objects , and the result is the most visually impressive video game ever released . " Bickham also remarked that , unlike in the original Resident Evil , the contrast between character models and backgrounds is seamless . Casamassina highlighted the complex geometry of the character models , stating that " close shots of Chris or Jill look almost photo @-@ realistic . " The game 's suspenseful and cinematic atmosphere received similar praise , with Game Revolution going so far as to say that the game makes the original Resident Evil look like Pong . Resident Evil was also praised for its realistic sound . AllGame reviewer Scott Alan Marriott felt that the game " [ creates ] a constant sense of dread without relying too much on obvious shock values " , while Satterfield highlighted the quality and variety of sound effects , noting that " there seem to be dozens of sound effects for footsteps alone . " However , some publications considered the voice acting to be weak due to its exaggerated delivery .
Changes to many aspects of the gameplay were positively viewed ; Mike Weigand of GamePro wrote that " It 's like playing Resident Evil for the first time . " Satterfield remarked that the defensive weapons add a new layer of strategy to the game . However , the controls were criticized for their lack of analog precision , a feature that was previously available in the Nintendo 64 version of Resident Evil 2 . Hector Guzman of GameSpy criticized the fact that the original game 's " laborious " movement scheme , where the analog stick moves the player character in the direction they are facing , was not changed , stating that it can cause unnecessary difficulties when players try to evade monsters . Casamassina also criticized the game 's default control scheme , but considered the Type C controls to be a welcome addition . At the GameSpot 's Best and Worst of 2002 awards , Resident Evil was nominated for Best Story on GameCube , Best Graphics ( Technical ) on GameCube , and Best Action Adventure Game on GameCube .
The Wii version of the game received generally favorable reviews from critics , but some publications such as IGN criticized it for its outdated controls and lack of new features . Critical reception towards the HD version was mostly positive . Several critics noted that some features like the inventory system and the insistence on having to revisit previously explored areas have not aged very well , but generally agreed that the remaster was a solid revival of a classic .
= = Legacy = =
Resident Evil is often regarded as one of the best and most visually impressive titles in the Resident Evil series . According to Lucas M. Thomas of IGN , the game 's graphics " became the new standard by which all future installments in the series would be compared . " Digital Spy writer Liam Martin remarked that the game is " the definitive version of a true classic " and that it still looked " fantastic " nearly 13 years after it was first released . Although the GameCube version received critical acclaim , it sold worse than expected . As a result , Mikami and Capcom decided that subsequent games in the Resident Evil series would shift away from the survival horror genre and incorporate more action @-@ based elements , starting with Resident Evil 4 in 2005 . Before that happened , Capcom developed Resident Evil Zero , a direct prequel using the same graphic engine and released in late 2002 . The commercial success of the HD version resulted in Capcom 's announcement of a similar edition of Resident Evil Zero in 2015 . A retail compilation called Resident Evil : Origins Collection that includes both Resident Evil HD Remaster and Resident Evil Zero HD Remaster was released on January 22 , 2016 .
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= USS Ozark ( 1863 ) =
USS Ozark was a single @-@ turreted river monitor built for the United States Navy during the American Civil War . The ship served in the Mississippi River Squadron during the war , and participated in the Red River Campaign shortly after she was commissioned in early 1864 . Ozark patrolled the Mississippi River and its tributaries after the end of the campaign for the rest of the war . She was decommissioned after the war and sold in late 1865 .
The ship 's activities or owner are not known after her sale , but Ozark transported Federal troops and New Orleans police attempting to apprehend the white supremacists who killed a large number of blacks during the Colfax Massacre in 1873 . She ferried witnesses back and forth to their homes on the Red River during the subsequent trials in 1874 . Her ultimate fate is unknown .
= = Description = =
The ship was 180 feet ( 54 @.@ 9 m ) long overall and had a beam of 50 feet ( 15 @.@ 2 m ) . She had a depth of hold of 7 feet 4 inches ( 2 @.@ 2 m ) and a draft of six feet . Ozark had a tonnage of 578 tons burthen .
She was powered by a pair of two @-@ cylinder steam engines , each driving two four @-@ bladed , 7 @-@ foot ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) propellers , using steam generated by four boilers . The engines were designed to reach a top speed of 9 miles per hour ( 14 km / h ) . They had a bore of 15 inches ( 381 mm ) and a stroke of 24 inches ( 610 mm ) . Ozark could carry about 100 long tons ( 102 t ) of coal . All of the machinery was built by the Franklin Foundry of St. Louis , Missouri .
The ship was fitted with three rudders , and the armored pilothouse was mounted on top of the gun turret . The officers ' staterooms were built on deck out of light pine , and a hurricane deck was positioned between the turret and the deckhouse , between the two funnels . The hull was subdivided by three transverse and three longitudinal watertight bulkheads .
Ozark 's main armament initially consisted of two smoothbore , muzzle @-@ loading 11 @-@ inch ( 279 mm ) Dahlgren guns mounted in a twin @-@ gun turret forward . The 11 @-@ inch gun weighed 16 @,@ 000 pounds ( 7 @,@ 300 kg ) and could fire a 136 @-@ pound ( 61 @.@ 7 kg ) shell up to a range of 1 @,@ 710 yards ( 1 @,@ 560 m ) at + 5 ° elevation . By July 1864 , her armament had been reinforced by the addition of one 10 @-@ inch ( 254 mm ) Dahlgren gun and three 9 @-@ inch ( 229 mm ) Dahlgrens , all on pivot mounts . One of these guns was mounted at the bow , another at the stern and the two others were abreast the deckhouse , one on each broadside . The 10 @-@ inch Dahlgren weighed 12 @,@ 500 pounds ( 5 @,@ 700 kg ) and could fire a 103 @-@ pound ( 46 @.@ 7 kg ) shell up to a range of 3 @,@ 000 yards ( 2 @,@ 700 m ) at + 19 ° elevation . The nine @-@ inch gun weighed 9 @,@ 200 pounds ( 4 @,@ 200 kg ) and could fire a 72 @.@ 5 @-@ pound ( 32 @.@ 9 kg ) shell to a range of 3 @,@ 357 yards ( 3 @,@ 070 m ) at an elevation of + 15 ° . Ozark was chosen as the testbed for an experimental " underwater battery " that consisted of a nine @-@ inch Dahlgren gun firing through a pipe in the side of the hull below the waterline . Cost overruns caused the project to be cancelled in January 1863 before it could be tested .
The cylindrical Ericsson @-@ style turret was armored with six layers of wrought iron 1 @-@ inch ( 25 mm ) plates . The forward 40 feet ( 12 @.@ 2 m ) of the hull was protected by two layers of 1 @.@ 25 @-@ inch ( 32 mm ) plates that extended 1 foot ( 0 @.@ 3 m ) below the waterline . Aft of the bow section , the hull 's armor consisted of two layers of 1 @.@ 125 @-@ inch ( 28 @.@ 6 mm ) plates . The ship 's deck was protected by iron plates one inch thick .
= = Construction and service = =
The contract for Ozark , the first ship of that name in the United States Navy and named for the Ozark Tribe of the Quapaw Indians , was awarded to George C. Bestor on 14 May 1862 . He subcontracted the ship 's construction to Hambleton , Collier & Co. at their Mound City Marine Ways shipyard in Mound City , Illinois . Ozark was laid down in 1862 and launched on 18 February 1863 . She was towed to St. Louis for fitting out and arrived there on 27 February . Ozark commissioned on 18 February 1864 , with Acting Volunteer Lieutenant George W. Brown in command . She cost about $ 215 @,@ 000 .
Ozark spent her entire Union Navy career serving in the Mississippi River Squadron . From 12 March to 22 May 1864 , she took part in the Rear Admiral David Porter 's Red River Expedition to Alexandria , Louisiana . During the retreat down the Red River , Ozark was trapped above the falls at Alexandria , along with most of the other ironclads of the Mississippi Squadron , when the river 's water level unexpectedly began to fall . Two temporary dams , known as Bailey 's Dam , had to be built in April – May to raise the water level high enough to allow the ironclads to proceed downstream . After the end of the campaign , Ozark was assigned to the Third District , patrolling the Mississippi River between Morganza , Louisiana and Fort Adams , Mississippi . Following the end of the war , she was decommissioned at Mound City on 24 July 1865 and was sold 29 November .
The identity of her purchaser is not known , nor are her activities after her sale , but Ozark was still in service in late 1873 and based at New Orleans . Louisiana governor William Pitt Kellogg used the ship to transport 35 soldiers of the 19th Infantry Regiment and 25 mounted members of the New Orleans Metropolitan Police to Colfax , Louisiana in October to apprehend the perpetrators of the Colfax Massacre . Due to widespread resistance by local whites , only a few men were arrested and transported to New Orleans by Ozark to stand trial in December . Prosecution witnesses were transported and housed in the ship during the trials in February – March 1874 to protect them from threats made by white supremacists . Nothing further is known about the Ozark 's activities or fate .
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= Giles Deacon =
Giles Deacon ( born 1969 ) is a British fashion designer , best known for his playful designs and his collaboration with High Street retailer New Look . Deacon was employed by the fashion houses Bottega Veneta and Gucci , before founding his own label , GILES , in 2003 . He launched his first collection for GILES at the 2004 London Fashion Week and was named " Best New Designer " at the British Fashion Awards . Deacon 's designs have been met with critical acclaim and have sparked a renewed interest in London fashion . Having become one of the fashion industry 's most fêted figures , Deacon was named British Fashion Designer of the Year in 2006 and was awarded the French ANDAM Fashion Award 's Grand Prix in 2009 . The designer was appointed creative director of French fashion house Ungaro in April 2010 . Deacon retained the position until September 2011 , when he and Ungaro mutually decided to end their collaboration .
= = Early life = =
Deacon was born in Darlington , County Durham , but grew up near Ullswater in the Lake District . Deacon is the youngest child of David , an agricultural salesman and Judith , a housewife . He has one older sister . He attended Barnard Castle School in County Durham which he credits with instilling in him " the mindset of aesthetics " . Deacon initially wanted to become a marine biologist , but he failed his chemistry A @-@ level . He later joined Harrogate College of Arts , where he completed an art foundation course . After completing his course he went on to study at Central St Martins and was in the same class as fashion designers Alexander McQueen and Luella Bartley . He graduated in 1992 and began collaborating on the label ' Doran Deacon ' with his friend , Fi Doran as well as contributing illustrations to Dazed & Confused .
= = Career = =
Deacon chose to travel and gain experiences at fashion houses , before starting his own label . During his time in Paris , Deacon was hired to work with fashion designer Jean @-@ Charles de Castelbajac , where he learnt how to use a brand name commercially . Deacon worked with Castelbajac for two years , before returning to London to work for High Street fashion houses . During this time , Deacon met the owner of Italian luxury goods house , Bottega Veneta , and was hired to work for the company , becoming the head designer and debuting a much acclaimed collection in 2000 . Deacon was dismissed in 2001 when the Gucci group bought the company and terminated his contract , so they could hire German designer , Tomas Maier . However , he was immediately hired by Tom Ford to assist with Gucci womenswear . Deacon was forced to leave Gucci after one season when he became ill from an infected saliva gland .
Once he had recovered , Deacon decided to take out a loan to start his own label and he launched GILES in 2003 . He launched his first collection at London Fashion Week in February 2004 , styled by his friend Katie Grand , the show saw models Karen Elson , Lily Cole , Eva Herzigova and Linda Evangelista walking the catwalk . The collection received international acclaim and began a renewed interest in London fashion . Deacon regularly shows at London Fashion Week and the GILES collection is bought by over thirty retail stores including Barneys , Harvey Nichols and Selfridges . Deacon counts Thandie Newton , Princess Beatrice and Scarlett Johansson among his clients . Since Deacon launched his label , he has seen the turnover double every year and sales increase during the recession .
In April 2010 , it was announced that Deacon had been appointed the creative director position with French fashion house Ungaro , following the dismissal of Estrella Archs . Deacon became the fifth designer to be hired by the house since the it was sold to entrepreneur Asim Abdullah in 2005 . On 19 September 2010 , Deacon made a return to London Fashion Week , after spending two years showing his collection in Paris . Deacon showed his first collection for Ungaro in October 2010 . Vogue previewed the new collection , which was designed by Deacon , styled by Grand and accessorised by Katie Hillier and Stephen Jones , on their website . Vogue reporter , Dolly Jones , described the collection as one of the " most hotly anticipated shows " of the week and she added " [ Deacon ] looks like he 'll be credited with bringing the house of Ungaro back to life , at last . "
From June 2011 , Deacon took part in the Channel 4 entertainment series , New Look Style the Nation . The designer joined New Look 's creative director Barbara Horspool on a panel tasked with finding an " exceptional new fashion stylist " from contestants , who demonstrate good creativity and style . The winner is hired by New Look as a stylist . Deacon has previously appeared on Britain 's Next Top Model as a judge . On 15 September , it was announced Ungaro and Deacon had " mutually decided " to end their collaboration .
In 2013 , Deacon presented the first ever fashion exhibition at the William Morris Gallery in London .
= = = Style = = =
Deacon has been known to challenge the traditional ideas of womenswear and often uses wild prints and pop culture references in his designs . He has described his designs for GILES as humorous , dark and sexy and has stated that he wants diversity in among them . He said , " My dresses should be worn by young , cool girls just as much as by 55 to 60 year old women " . Deacon often designs " structured big @-@ entrance " dresses , which are aimed at women who want to be noticed . At the 2008 London Fashion Week , Deacon presented a collection with a futuristic theme based on the 1980s arcade game Pac @-@ Man . The character was embellished on many of the dresses and the models wore oversized helmets in the shape of Pac @-@ Man . The designer 's New Look menswear collections have been described by GQ magazine as " straddling the line between quirky and wearable " .
On Deacon 's style , fashion website Style.com has said , " His work is randomness incarnate . It can 't keep to any one message , or develop an intellectual thesis . If you 're looking for a point , he 'll never get to it " . Susannah Frankel of The Independent has said that Deacon 's collections are " a much @-@ needed injection of grand @-@ scale glamour " . Frankel added that a playfulness and humour have also found their way into Deacon 's collections . In May 2011 , Deacon said he does not design for wallflowers and that his collections would always be a " little bit sideways " , " quirky " and " British in feel . " The Scotsman said Deacon 's designs are not brash , but " they suit a woman who has the confidence to take centre @-@ stage . "
= = = Collaborations = = =
Deacon has worked on many collaborations with companies including Sky , Converse and Evoke , with whom he created his first jewellery collection . Deacon has called collaborations " practical " , because they " bring the money you need for your own company " . In a two season collaboration with British fashion company Mulberry , Deacon introduced a line of accessories called " Mulberry for Giles " , which was both a commercial and critical success . Deacon was then appointed to design for the classic British tailoring label , Daks . He showed his first and second collections for the brand in 2007 and his third in 2008 .
In 2009 , Deacon designed and created a strapless dress with polka dots for the Cadbury 's Caramel Bunny , to celebrate the launch of Caramel Nibbles . A limited edition scarf was also created and 1400 were given away via the world 's first online Pop Up Boutiques . The scarf then went on sale at selected John Lewis stores and online . In the same year , Deacon teamed up with Norwegian water company Isklar and created a limited edition Tote bag with fifty per cent of the proceeds from each bag sold going to Oxfam . The following year , Deacon designed a T @-@ shirt for the Environmental Justice Foundation and in January 2011 it was announced that he would be designing a capsule collection for Nine West .
Deacon 's best known collaboration has been with the High Street fashion chain New Look . The collection called Gold by Giles began in March 2007 . On choosing to collaborate with the clothing retailer , Deacon said : " I chose New Look as the high street store to work with , as we both have a sense of fun and believe in fashion for everyone . " Actress Drew Barrymore starred in the first ad campaigns for the collection , following a chance meeting between her and the designer in a lift . British model , Agyness Deyn took over and modelled the key pieces for Deacon 's 4th collection . Deacon 's first menswear collection debuted in 2008 and his first beachwear collection launched in early June 2009 . On 22 March 2010 , Deacon launched his tenth Gold collection . Three years after starting the collaboration with New Look , Deacon said ; " My tenth collection focuses on dresses which are easy throw @-@ on pieces with a glamorous edge to ensure that you 'll get noticed " . In November 2011 , Deacon launched a line of nail varnishes with New Look . The following year , the designer launched a full make @-@ up collection .
In April 2014 , it was announced that Deacon had collaborated with Ann Summers on a new range of lingerie . The collection was made up of key lingerie pieces and " fashion @-@ forward sexcessories " , which included eye masks and feather ticklers . The range launched in @-@ stores and online on 1 May 2014 . Deacon thought the collaboration would be something different and interesting . He wanted the collection to appeal to the existing Ann Summers customers and a new audience . Of creating the collection , Deacon said " From a quality perspective the fit , details and finish were of huge importance as I wanted it to look and feel as premium and as special as possible . " The Ann Summers collection marked the end of Deacon 's collaborations , as he concentrated on an e @-@ commerce site in time for Fashion Week in September 2014 .
In late 2015 , Deacon designed a womanswear collection for Debenhams . The collection titled Giles Deacon for Edition was modelled by Daisy Lowe and featured " beautiful dresses , bold prints and luxe outerwear " .
= = Recognition = =
In 2004 , Deacon was named ' Best New Designer ' at the British Fashion Awards and in the following year he was given the Young Designer Award at Elle magazine 's Style Awards . 2006 saw Deacon win the British Fashion Council 's Fashion Forward Award , as well as being named British Fashion Designer of the Year at the British Fashion Awards . He was named Best British Designer at the 2007 Elle Style Awards . Two years later , Deacon won the French ANDAM Fashion Award 's Grand Prix , becoming the second consecutive British designer to win the award following Gareth Pugh 's win in 2008 . In the same year , he was named GQ magazine 's Designer of the Year .
= = Personal life = =
Deacon divides his time between his home in Islington , London , his apartment in Paris and Italy . Deacon 's hobbies include swimming , hiking and gardening .
He counts Elsa Schiaparelli , Miuccia Prada , Coco Chanel and Mr J.M. Millet among his design inspirations .
Deacon is in a relationship with actress Gwendoline Christie .
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= The Boat Race 1879 =
The 36th Boat Race took place on 5 April 1879 . The Boat Race is an annual side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Each crew contained four Blues . In a race umpired by former Oxford rower Joseph William Chitty , Cambridge led all the way , and won by a margin of three lengths in a time of 21 minutes 18 seconds . The victory took the overall record to 18 – 17 in Oxford 's favour .
= = Background = =
The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . Cambridge went into the race as reigning champions having won the previous year 's race by ten lengths . However Oxford held the overall lead , with 18 victories to Cambridge 's 16 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) .
Cambridge 's coaches were James Brooks Close ( who rowed for the Light Blues in the 1872 , 1873 and 1874 races ) , Herbert Edward Rhodes ( who took part in four races between 1873 and 1876 ) and Robert John Spurrell ( a Blue in 1878 ) . Oxford were coached by William Grenfell ( who had rowed for the Dark Blues in 1877 and was the non @-@ rowing president of Oxford University Boat Club ) .
The race was umpired by Joseph William Chitty who had rowed for Oxford twice in 1849 ( in the March and December races ) and the 1852 race , while the starter was Edward Searle .
= = Crews = =
The Cambridge crew weighed an average of 12 st 0 @.@ 5 lb ( 76 @.@ 2 kg ) , 0 @.@ 75 pounds ( 0 @.@ 3 kg ) more than their opponents . Oxford 's crew contained four former Blues , including H. P. Marriott who was rowing in his fifth consecutive Boat Race . Similarly , Cambridge saw four Blues return to their crew , including cox George Latham Davies who was steering the Light Blue boat for the fifth time . Rower and author George Drinkwater stated that " neither of the crews this year was up to the high standard of the winning crews in the past few years " .
The Cambridge crew included the only non @-@ British participant in the race , Australian rower Charles Fairbairn . He was born in Victoria and was educated at Geelong Grammar School before matriculating at Jesus College .
= = Race = =
Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Cambridge . Cambridge made the better start and were clear of Oxford within the first 90 seconds of the race . Despite a lower stroke rate , the Light Blues had extended their lead to three lengths by Hammersmith Bridge . Encountering rough water in Corney Reach , Cambridge slowed and allowed Oxford to gain on them , but as the crews passed under Barnes Bridge into smoother water , the Light Blues reasserted their dominance . They passed the finishing post three lengths ahead in a time of 21 minutes 18 seconds . It was Cambridge 's first victory since the 1876 race , and their seventh in the last ten races , taking the overall record to 18 – 17 in Oxford 's favour .
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= Anodyne ( album ) =
Anodyne is the fourth and final studio album by alternative country band Uncle Tupelo , released on October 5 , 1993 . The recording of the album was preceded by the departure of the original drummer Mike Heidorn and the addition of three new band members : bassist John Stirratt , drummer Ken Coomer , and multi @-@ instrumentalist Max Johnston . The band signed with Sire Records shortly before recording the album ; Anodyne was Uncle Tupelo 's only major label release until 89 / 93 : An Anthology in 2002 .
Recorded in Austin , Texas , Anodyne featured a split in songwriting credits between singers Jay Farrar and Jeff Tweedy , plus a cover version of the Doug Sahm song " Give Back the Key to My Heart " , with Sahm on vocals . The lyrical themes were influenced by country music and — more than their preceding releases — touched on interpersonal relationships . After two promotional tours for the album , tensions between Farrar and Tweedy culminated in the breakup of Uncle Tupelo . Well @-@ received upon its initial release , Anodyne was re @-@ mastered and re @-@ released in 2003 by Rhino Entertainment including five bonus tracks .
= = Context = =
Uncle Tupelo 's third album , March 16 – 20 , 1992 , was released though Rockville Records on August 3 , 1992 . On the release , the band eschewed the growing popularity of alternative rock by playing acoustic folk and country songs " as a big ' fuck you ' to the rock scene " . Drummer Mike Heidorn had a reduced role on the album ; because it was an acoustic album , Heidorn added only brush @-@ stroke percussion on a few songs . Heidorn wanted to leave the band to spend more time with his wife and two young children . Though band manager Tony Margherita announced that several major labels were interested in signing Uncle Tupelo , Heidorn decided to permanently leave the band .
Rockville Records refused to pay Uncle Tupelo any royalties , even though the band 's first two albums , No Depression and Still Feel Gone , sold a combined 40 @,@ 000 copies . Consequently , Margherita was trying to find a new recording deal for the band . On a recommendation by singer Gary Louris of The Jayhawks , talent scout Joe McEwen pursued the band for a contract with Sire Records . McEwen was impressed by how the band was willing to go against trends , calling the band " an alternative to the alternative " . Executing an out @-@ clause in their contract with Rockville , Uncle Tupelo signed a seven @-@ record deal with Sire in 1992 . The deal guaranteed the release of at least two albums , with a $ 150 @,@ 000 budget for the first .
Before releasing their first album with Sire , Uncle Tupelo needed a drummer . Farrar and Tweedy interviewed twenty @-@ four candidates and were both impressed with Ken Coomer and Bill Belzer . Belzer was chosen and Uncle Tupelo embarked on the European segment of the promotional tour for March 16 – 20 , 1992 as the opening act for Sugar . Belzer was dismissed from the band after six months , and Coomer was hired as his permanent replacement . Coomer was not the only new member added after the tour — Uncle Tupelo sought to expand beyond a trio for the Anodyne recording sessions . They recruited multi @-@ instrumentalist Max Johnston and bassist John Stirratt — Stirratt 's presence enabled Tweedy to become a full @-@ time guitarist on the songs that he wrote .
= = Recording = =
Anodyne was recorded from May to June 1993 at Cedar Creek studio in Austin , Texas . Uncle Tupelo liked the studio because it " just seemed really kind of homey and small and cheap " . The album was produced , mixed , and engineered by Brian Paulson . The now @-@ expanded lineup inspired Tweedy to spend more time with his bandmates . After Tweedy wrote each song , he would play it to Stirratt , Coomer , and Johnston to get their opinions . Farrar interpreted these practice sessions as a sign of Tweedy 's increasing arrogance . At live shows , during this time , tensions between Tweedy and Farrar increased and led to verbal altercations .
The album was recorded live in the studio , and each song was recorded in only one take . As a result , the recording sessions for Anodyne were completed in two weeks . Anodyne was the only Uncle Tupelo album to completely lack overdubbing . Sire was pleased with the album ; according to McEwen , " everybody [ at the label ] considered it a step up from what they 'd done before . " Farrar wrote six of the songs on the album and Tweedy wrote five , though all the new material was credited to both songwriters . While on tour , Uncle Tupelo met Texas Tornados singer Doug Sahm at the Hotel Phoenix in Boston , Massachusetts . Farrar invited him to join the band in the studio for a cover of Sahm 's " Give Back the Key to My Heart " , which Sahm contributed lead vocals to .
The lyrical content of Anodyne was influenced by 1950s and 1960s country music , particularly Ernest Tubb , Buck Owens , and Lefty Frizzell . Tweedy included several songs referencing aspects of the music industry . One example was " Acuff @-@ Rose " , a paean on the music publishers of Acuff @-@ Rose Music . He also wrote " We 've Been Had " , which was intended to chastise bands such as Nirvana and The Clash who were " all just show biz " in his opinion . Tweedy was also the author of " New Madrid " , a song about Iben Browning 's erroneous prediction of an apocalyptic earthquake in New Madrid , Missouri . Farrar was less comfortable discussing the lyrics that he wrote , claiming that his songs frequently change their meanings . Like other Uncle Tupelo albums , Farrar and Tweedy wrote their own lyrics , and played them for each other a week before the recording sessions . In comparison to the rest of the Uncle Tupelo catalog , Coomer described the music of the album as " some of [ the band 's ] earlier crunch with the acoustic subtlety of March 16 – 20 , 1992 " .
= = Promotion and reception = =
Anodyne was Uncle Tupelo 's only recording to appear on the American Billboard Heatseekers chart . Despite the lack of a single to promote the album , sales eventually surpassed 150 @,@ 000 copies . A promotional tour for the album began later that year , including a sold @-@ out show at Tramps in New York City . Most shows on the tour sold over one thousand tickets . The success of the tour encouraged the label ; according to Sire executive Bill Bentley , " people here thought we were going to have platinum records from Uncle Tupelo . "
Despite the label 's aspirations , Jay Farrar announced his intention to leave Uncle Tupelo in January 1994 . Farrar kept his reasoning secret until fall 1995 , when he claimed in an interview that " it reached a point where Jeff and I really weren 't compatible . " As a sign of loyalty to band manager Tony Margherita , who had acquired a three thousand dollar debt on behalf of the band , Farrar agreed to do another promotional tour . Physical altercations between Tweedy and Farrar began two weeks into the tour and continued throughout — many were due to Farrar 's refusal to play on Tweedy 's songs . Despite Farrar 's reservations , Uncle Tupelo performed Tweedy 's " The Long Cut " on Late Night with Conan O 'Brien , the band 's only network television appearance . The band played their final concert on May 1 , 1994 at Mississippi Nights in St. Louis , Missouri . The remaining members of the Anodyne sessions formed Wilco a few weeks later .
The band re @-@ mastered and re @-@ released the album on March 11 , 2003 through Rhino Records . The new version included two previously unreleased songs : Farrar 's " Stay True " , Tweedy 's " Wherever " . It also included a cover of Waylon Jennings ' " Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way ? " , with vocals by Joe Ely , a song previously released on the 1993 compilation Trademark of Quality . Live cover versions of " Truck Drivin ' Man " and " Suzy Q " were also included on the re @-@ issue .
Anodyne was well received by critics domestically and internationally . Allmusic writer Jason Ankeny wrote , " Uncle Tupelo never struck a finer balance between rock and country than on Anodyne " . Mark Kemp wrote for Rolling Stone that the band " [ has ] an intuitive sense of the simplicity and dynamics of a country song . " German music periodical Spex compared the album to Neil Young and to Little Feat 's debut album . At the end of the year , Anodyne placed at number twenty @-@ eight on The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop critics ' poll and at number nineteen on the Spex critics ' poll . Nathan Brackett praised Max Johnston 's contributions in the 2004 book The New Rolling Stone Album Guide and called the album " Tupelo 's finest effort . " Norwegian newspaper Dagbladet listed Anodyne in 1999 as one of " The Best Albums of the Century " . In 2008 , Rolling Stone critic Tom Moon listed Anodyne among the 1 @,@ 000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die .
Although the majority of the album 's reviews were positive , some critics disagreed . Q 's reviewer gave the album three stars out of five and noted that the band needed to " shed some of the Neil Young obsession . " Tom Moon of Rolling Stone gave the 2003 re @-@ release all five stars , but commented that the bonus tracks there were " pleasant but inconsequential . " Robert Christgau perceived the album as neither a " dud " nor worthy of " honorable mention " .
= = Track listing = =
Songwriting credits from the 2003 reissue .
" Slate " ( Farrar ) – 3 : 24
" Acuff @-@ Rose " ( Tweedy ) – 2 : 35
" The Long Cut " ( Tweedy ) – 3 : 20
" Give Back the Key to My Heart " ( Sahm ) – 3 : 26
" Chickamauga " ( Farrar ) – 3 : 42
" New Madrid " ( Tweedy ) – 3 : 31
" Anodyne " ( Farrar ) – 4 : 50
" We 've Been Had " ( Tweedy ) – 3 : 26
" Fifteen Keys " ( Farrar ) – 3 : 25
" High Water " ( Farrar ) – 4 : 14
" No Sense in Lovin ' " ( Tweedy ) – 3 : 46
" Steal the Crumbs " ( Farrar ) – 3 : 38
= = = 2003 CD reissue bonus tracks = = =
" Stay True " * ( Farrar ) – 3 : 29
" Wherever " * ( Tweedy ) – 3 : 38
" Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way " * ( Jennings ) – 3 : 01
" Truck Drivin ' Man ( Live ) " ( Fell ) – 2 : 13
" Suzy Q ( Live ) " ( Hawkins / Lewis / Broadwater ) – 7 : 13
* Tracks 13 – 15 previously unreleased studio outtakes .
= = Personnel = =
Uncle Tupelo
Ken Coomer – drums
Jay Farrar – vocals and guitar , mandolin on " Acuff @-@ Rose "
Max Johnston – fiddle and lap steel guitar ; banjo on " New Madrid " , dobro on " Fifteen Keys "
John Stirratt – guitar , bass guitar
Jeff Tweedy – vocals , bass guitar , guitar
Additional musicians
Joe Ely – vocals on " Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way ? "
Brian Henneman – vocals on " Truck Drivin ' Man "
Lloyd Maines – pedal steel guitar
Doug Sahm – guitar and vocals on " Give Back the Key to My Heart "
Technical personnel
Dave C. Birke – graphic design , art direction
Dan Corrigan – photography
Scott Hull – mastering
Brian Paulson – production , engineering , mixing
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= Battle of Assaye =
The Battle of Assaye was a major battle of the Second Anglo @-@ Maratha War fought between the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company . It occurred on 23 September 1803 near Assaye in western India where an outnumbered Indian and British force under the command of Major General Arthur Wellesley ( who later became the Duke of Wellington ) defeated a combined Maratha army of Daulat Scindia and the Raja of Berar . The battle was the Duke of Wellington 's first major victory and one he later described as his finest accomplishment on the battlefield .
From August 1803 , Wellesley 's army and a separate force under the command of his subordinate Colonel James Stevenson had been pursuing the Maratha cavalry @-@ based army which threatened to raid south into Hyderabad . After several weeks of pursuit and countermarching , Scindia reinforced the combined Maratha army with his modernized infantry and artillery as the British forces closed in on his position .
Wellesley received intelligence indicating the location of the Maratha encampment on 21 September and devised a plan whereby his two armies would converge on the Maratha position three days later . Wellesley 's force , however , encountered the Maratha army – which was under the command of Colonel Anthony Pohlmann , a German formerly in British service – 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) farther south than he anticipated . Although outnumbered , Wellesley resolved to attack at once , believing that the Maratha army would soon move off . Both sides suffered heavily in the ensuing battle ; Maratha artillery caused large numbers of casualties among Wellesley 's troops but the vast numbers of Maratha cavalry proved largely ineffective . A combination of bayonet and cavalry charges eventually forced the Maratha army to retreat with the loss of most of their guns , but Wellesley 's army was too battered and exhausted to pursue .
Wellesley 's victory at Assaye , preceded by the capture of Ahmednagar and followed by victories at Argaon and Gawilghur , resulted in the defeat of Scindia and Berar 's armies in the Deccan . Wellesley 's progress in the Deccan was matched by Lieutenant General Gerard Lake 's successful campaigns in Northern India and led to the British becoming the dominant power in the heartlands of India .
= = Background = =
Feuding between the two dominant powers within the Maratha Empire , Yashwant Rao Holkar and Daulat Rao Scindia , led to civil war at the turn of the 19th century . The hostilities culminated in the Battle of Poona in October 1802 where Holkar defeated a combined army of Scindia and Baji Rao II – the Peshwa and nominal overlord of the Maratha Empire . Scindia retreated into his dominions to the north , but Baji Rao was driven from his territory and sought refuge with the East India Company at Bassein . He appealed to the Company for assistance , offering to accept its authority if he were restored to his principality at Poona . Lord Mornington , the ambitious Governor @-@ General of British India , seized on the opportunity to extend Company influence into the Maratha Empire which he perceived as the final obstacle to British paramountcy over the Indian subcontinent . The Treaty of Bassein was signed in December 1802 whereby the Company agreed to restore Baji Rao in return for control over his foreign affairs and a garrison of 6 @,@ 000 Company troops permanently stationed in Poona . The restoration was commanded by Lord Mornington ’ s younger brother , Major General Arthur Wellesley , who in March 1803 marched on Poona from Mysore with 15 @,@ 000 Company troops and 9 @,@ 000 Hyderabad allies . Wellesley entered Poona without opposition on 20 April , and Baji Rao was formally restored to his throne on 13 May .
The treaty gave offence to the other Maratha leaders , who deemed that the system of subsidiary alliances with the British was an unwarranted interference into their affairs and fatal to the independent Maratha states . The Maratha leaders refused to submit to the Peshwa 's authority and tensions were raised further when Holkar raided into Hyderabad in May , claiming that the Nizam of Hyderabad ( a British ally ) owed him money . Mornington consequently engaged the various Maratha chieftains in negotiations . Lieutenant Colonel John Collins was sent to Scindia 's camp to discuss his objections and propose a defensive alliance . However , Scindia had formed a military alliance with the Rajah of Berar with a view to bringing the Maratha leaders into a coalition against the British , and had begun to mass his forces on the Nizam 's border . Wellesley , who had been given control over the Company 's military and political affairs in central India in June , demanded Scindia declare his intentions and withdraw his forces or face the prospect of war . After a protracted period of negotiations , Collins reported to Wellesley on 3 August that Scindia refused to give an answer and would not withdraw his troops . Wellesley 's response was to declare war on Scindia and Berar " in order to secure the interests of the British government and its allies " .
= = Prelude = =
The East India Company attacked the two principal Maratha forces of Scindia and the Raja of Berar from the north and the south . Of the other Maratha leaders , Holkar was hesitant to enter the war in cooperation with his rival , Scindia , and remained aloof from the hostilities , and the Gaekwad of Baroda placed himself under British protection . Operations in the north were directed by Lieutenant General Gerard Lake who entered Maratha territory from Cawnpore to face Scindia 's main army which was commanded by the French mercenary , Pierre Perron . A second British force under the command of Major General Wellesley confronted a combined army of Scindia and Berar in the Deccan . Wellesley was determined to gain the initiative through offensive action and told his senior subordinate , Colonel James Stevenson , that " a long defensive war would ruin us and will answer no purpose whatever " .
The Maratha army in the Deccan was largely composed of fast @-@ moving cavalry able to live off the land . Consequently , Wellesley planned to work in conjunction with a separate force under Colonel Stevenson to enable his slower troops to outmanoeuvre the Maratha army and force it into a position where it could not avoid a pitched battle . Stevenson was despatched from Hyderabad with an army of some 10 @,@ 000 men to Jafarabad to deny Scindia and Berar the chance to raid east into the Nizam 's territory . In the meantime , Wellesley moved north from his camp near the Godavari River on 8 August with some 13 @,@ 500 troops and headed towards Scindia 's nearest stronghold – the walled town and fort at Ahmednuggur . The bulk of his forces were Company troops from Mysore : five sepoy infantry battalions of the Madras Native Infantry and three squadrons of Madras Native Cavalry . A contingent of European troops were supplied by the British Army and included cavalry from the 19th Light Dragoons and two battalions of Scottish infantry from the 74th and 78th Regiment of Foot . Irregular light cavalry were also provided by the Company 's Mysore and Maratha allies .
Wellesley reached Ahmednuggur later the same day after a 7 @-@ mile ( 11 km ) march and immediately ordered an escalade assault on the town rather than enter into a time @-@ consuming siege . The walled town , which was garrisoned by 1 @,@ 000 Arab mercenaries , upwards of 60 cannon and one of Scindia ’ s infantry battalions under the command of French officers , was captured with minimal losses after a brief action . The adjacent fort 's defenders capitulated four days later once the walls were breached by British artillery . With the fortification providing a logistics base and point of support for future operations into Maratha territory , Wellesley installed a garrison and headed north towards the Nizam 's city of Aurungabad . Along the way he captured Scindia ’ s other possessions south of the Godavari and established a series of guarded bridges and ferries along the river to maintain his communication and supply lines .
= = = Maratha reinforcements = = =
The Marathas slipped past Stevenson and advanced on Hyderabad . After receiving reports of their movement on 30 August , Wellesley hurried east down to the Godavari to intercept . Stevenson , meanwhile , marched westwards to the Maratha city of Jalna which he took by storm . Scindia learned of Wellesley 's intentions and returned to a position north of Jalna . Unable to make a clean break from the pursuing British he abandoned plans to raid into Hyderabad and instead assembled his infantry and artillery . The combined Maratha army was around 50 @,@ 000 strong , the core of which was 10 @,@ 800 well equipped regular infantry organised into three brigades , trained and commanded by European adventurer and mercenary officers . Colonel Anthony Pohlmann , a Hanoverian and former East India Company sergeant , commanded the largest brigade with eight battalions . A further brigade with five battalions was provided by Begum Samru , and was commanded on her behalf by a Frenchman , Colonel Jean Saleur . The third brigade had four battalions and was commanded by Dutchman , Major John James Dupont . In addition , the Maratha force included 10 @,@ 000 – 20 @,@ 000 of Berar 's irregular infantry , some 30 @,@ 000 – 40 @,@ 000 irregular light cavalry and over 100 guns ranging in size from one to 18 @-@ pounders .
After several weeks of chasing down the Maratha army , Wellesley and Stevenson met at Budnapoor on 21 September and received intelligence that the Maratha army was at Borkardan , around 30 miles ( 48 km ) to the north . They agreed a plan by which their two armies – moving separately along either side of a range of hills with Wellesley to the east and Stevenson to the west – would converge on Borkardan on 24 September . Wellesley 's force reached Paugy on the afternoon of 22 September and departed camp before dawn . By noon , the army had marched 14 miles ( 23 km ) to Naulniah , a small town 12 miles ( 19 km ) south of Borkardan , where they intended to rest before joining Stevenson to attack the Maratha army the next day . At this point , Wellesley received further intelligence that rather than being at Borkardan , the Maratha army was camped just 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) north , but their cavalry had moved off and the infantry were about to follow .
At about 13 : 00 , Wellesley went forward with a cavalry escort to reconnoitre the Maratha position . The rest of his army followed closely behind apart from a battalion of sepoys left at Naulniah to guard the baggage . In all , Wellesley had 4 @,@ 500 troops at his disposal plus 5 @,@ 000 Mysore and Maratha horse and 17 cannon . Aware that the British were nearby , the Maratha chiefs had positioned their army in a strong defensive position along a tongue of land stretching east from Borkardan between the Kailna River and its tributary the Juah . However , Scindia and Berar did not believe Wellesley would attack with his small force and had moved off from the area in the morning . Command of their army was given to Pohlmann , who had positioned his infantry to the east of the Maratha camp in the plains around the village of Assaye on the southern bank of the Juah .
To his surprise , Wellesley found the entire combined army before him . Nevertheless , he resolved to attack at once , believing that if he waited for Stevenson , the Marathas would have the chance to slip away and force the pursuit to drag on . Wellesley was also eager to forge a reputation for himself , and despite his numerical disadvantage , he was confident that the Maratha ’ s irregular forces would be swept aside by his disciplined troops , and only Scindia ’ s regular infantry could be expected to stand and fight .
= = Battle = =
= = = Initial manoeuvres = = =
Pohlmann struck camp and deployed his infantry battalions in a line facing southwards behind the steep banks of the Kailna with his cannon arrayed directly in front . The great mass of Maratha cavalry was kept on the right flank and Berar 's irregular infantry garrisoned Assaye to the rear . The only observable crossing point over the river was a small ford directly ahead of the Maratha position . Pohlmann 's strategy was to funnel the British and Madras troops across the ford into the mouth of his cannon , and then on to the massed infantry and cavalry behind . Wellesley 's local guides assured him that no other ford existed nearby , but he quickly discarded the option of a frontal assault as suicide . While reconnoitring he had noticed two unguarded villages , Peepulgaon and Waroor , one on each bank of the Kaitna beyond the Maratha left . On the assumption that a ford must exist between the two villages , Wellesley ordered the area to be further reconnoitred by his Chief Engineer , Captain John Johnson , who reported that there was indeed a ford at that spot . Thus Wellesley led his army east to the crossing in an attempt to launch an attack on Pohlmann 's left flank .
At around 15 : 00 , the British crossed to the northern bank of the Kaitna unopposed apart from a distant harassing fire from the Maratha cannon which was largely inaccurate but succeeded in decapitating Wellesley 's dragoon orderly . Once across , Wellesley ordered his six infantry battalions to form into two lines , with his cavalry as a reserve in a third . His allied Maratha and Mysore cavalry were ordered to remain south of the Kaitna to keep in check a large body of Maratha cavalry which hovered around the British rear . Pohlmann soon recognised Wellesley ’ s intentions and swung his infantry and guns through 90 degrees to establish a new line spread approximately 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) across the isthmus with their right flank on the Kaitna and the left on Assaye . Although the new position secured the Maratha flanks , it restricted Pohlmann from bringing his superior numbers into action .
The Maratha redeployment was swifter and more efficient than Wellesley had anticipated and he immediately reacted by extending his front to deny Pohlmann the opportunity to outflank him . A battalion of pickets and the 74th Highlanders , which formed the right of the first and second lines , were ordered to move obliquely to the right . This allowed the 78th to anchor the left flank and Madras infantry battalions ( the 1 / 10th , 1 / 8th , 1 / 4th and 2 / 12th ) to form the centre of the British line . Wellesley 's intention was to force back the Marathas from their guns and then – operating by his left to avoid the heavily defended Assaye – throw them back on the Juah and complete their destruction with his cavalry .
= = = British infantry attack = = =
The Maratha cannonade intensified as the British redeployed . Although British artillery was brought forward to counter , it was ineffective against the mass firepower of the Maratha guns and quickly disabled through the weight of shot directed against it . British casualties mounted as the Maratha guns turned their attention to the infantry and subjected them to a barrage of canister , grape and round shot . Wellesley decided that his only option to neutralise the artillery and get his men out of the killing field was to advance directly into the mouth of the Maratha artillery . He ordered his cannon to be abandoned and gave the command for his infantry to march forward with bayonets fixed .
The Maratha cannonade punched holes in the British line , but the infantry maintained a steady pace , closing up the gaps in their ranks as they advanced . The 78th Highlanders were the first to reach the enemy in the southern sector next to the River Kailna . They paused 50 yards ( 46 m ) from the Maratha gunners and unleashed a volley of musket fire before launching into a bayonet charge . The four battalions of Madras infantry to the right of the 78th , accompanied by the Madras Pioneers , reached Pohlmann 's line shortly afterwards and attacked in the same fashion . The gunners stood by their cannon but were no match for the bayonets of the British and Madras troops who swiftly pressed on towards the Maratha infantry . However , instead of meeting the charge , the Maratha right broke and fled northwards towards the Juah , causing the rest of the southern half of the line to follow . The officers of the Madras battalions temporarily lost control as the sepoys , encouraged by their success , pushed too far in pursuit . Maratha cavalry momentarily threatened to charge but were checked by the 78th who remained in order and re @-@ formed to face the danger .
In the northern sector of the battlefield however , Wellesley 's right flank was in turmoil . The commander of the pickets , Lieutenant Colonel William Orrock , had mistaken his orders and continued his oblique path directly towards Assaye . Major Samuel Swinton of the 74th regiment was ordered to support the pickets and followed close behind . This created a large gap in the centre of the British line , and brought the two battalions under a barrage of cannonade from the artillery around the village and the Maratha left . The two battalions began to fall back in disarray and Pohlmann ordered his remaining infantry and cavalry forward to attack . The Marathas gave no quarter ; the pickets were virtually annihilated but the remnants of the 74th were able to form a rough square behind hastily piled bodies of dead . Realising that the destruction of his right would leave his army exposed and outflanked , Wellesley ordered a detachment of British cavalry under Colonel Patrick Maxwell consisting of the 19th Light Dragoons and elements of the 4th and 5th Madras Native Cavalry into action . From their position at the rear , the cavalry dashed directly towards the 74th 's square , crashed into the swarming attackers and routed them . Maxwell pressed his advantage and continued his charge into the Maratha infantry and guns on the left , driving them backwards and across the Juah " with great slaughter " .
= = = Culmination = = =
A number of Maratha gunners who had feigned death when the British advanced over their position re @-@ manned their guns and began to pour cannon fire into the rear of the 74th and Madras infantry . Wellesley ordered his four sepoy battalions to re @-@ form and ward off any threat from the Maratha infantry and cavalry while the 78th were sent back to retake the Maratha gun line . Wellesley , meanwhile , galloped back to 7th Madras Native Cavalry , which had been held back in reserve to the east , and led a cavalry charge from the opposite direction . The gunners again stood their ground but were eventually driven from their guns and this time it was ensured that all those who remained were dead .
While Wellesley was preoccupied with re @-@ taking the gun line , Pohlmann rallied his infantry and redeployed them into a semicircle with their backs to the Juah ; their right flank across the river and their left in Assaye . However , most of the Maratha cannon , which had inflicted heavy losses on Wellesley 's infantry , had been captured or lay abandoned on the battlefield . Reluctant to join the fray , the Maratha cavalry lingered in the distance to the west . Most were Pindarries : loosely organised and lightly armed horsemen whose traditional role was to cut down fleeing enemy troops , harass convoy lines and carry out raids into enemy territory . They were not trained to attack well @-@ formed infantry or heavily armed European cavalry , and did not play a further part in the battle .
With the remanned Maratha artillery silenced , Wellesley turned his attention to Pohlmann 's reformed infantry . Although Maxwell had suffered heavy losses , he had rallied his cavalry and returned to the field of battle . Wellesley ordered him to charge the Maratha left flank , while the infantry moved forward as a single line to meet the centre and right . The cavalry spurred forward but were met with a volley of canister shot which struck Maxwell , killing him instantly . Their momentum lost , the cavalry did not complete their charge but veered away from the Maratha line at the last moment . The British and Madras infantry marched on against the Maratha position but Pohlmann 's men , their morale low , did not wait for the attack and instead retreated northwards across the Juah . Descriptions differ as to the manner of their departure : Maratha sources claim the line marched away from the battlefield in an orderly manner on Pohlmann 's orders but British accounts claim the Maratha infantry fled in an uncontrolled panic . Berar 's irregulars inside Assaye , now leaderless and having witnessed the fate of the regular infantry , abandoned the village and marched off northwards at around 18 : 00 , followed shortly afterwards by the Maratha cavalry . Wellesley 's troops , however , were exhausted and in no condition to pursue and the native allied cavalry which had remained on the south bank of the Kailna and had not been engaged , refused to pursue without the support of the British and Madras cavalry .
= = Aftermath = =
East India Company and British Army casualties amounted to 428 killed , 1138 wounded and 18 missing ; a total of 1 @,@ 584 – over a third of the force engaged in combat . The 74th and the picket battalion were decimated ; from a strength of about 500 , the 74th lost ten officers killed and seven wounded , and 124 other ranks killed and 270 wounded . The pickets lost all their officers except their commander , Lieutenant Colonel William Orrock , and had only about 75 men remaining . Of the ten officers forming the general 's staff , eight were wounded or had their horses killed . Wellesley himself lost two horses ; the first was shot from underneath him and the second was speared as he led the charge to re @-@ capture the Maratha gun line . The number of Maratha casualties is more difficult to ascertain . Despatches from British officers give a figure of 1 @,@ 200 dead and many more wounded but some modern historians have estimated a total of 6 @,@ 000 dead and wounded . The Marathas also surrendered seven stands of colours , large amounts of stores and ammunition and 98 cannon – most of which were later taken into service by the East India Company . Although Scindia and Berar 's army was not finished as a fighting force , several of Scindia 's regular infantry battalions and artillery crews had been destroyed . Their command structure had also been damaged : many of their European officers , including Colonel Pohlmann and Major Dupont , surrendered to the Company – which had offered amnesty to Europeans in the service of the Maratha armies – or deserted and sought employment with other native chieftains .
The sound of the guns at Assaye was heard by Stevenson who immediately broke up his camp 10 miles ( 16 km ) miles to the west in an attempt to join the battle . However , he was misled by his guide and marched first on Borkardan before he reached the battlefield on the evening of 24 September . Suspecting that his guide had intentionally led him astray , Stevenson later had him hanged . He remained with Wellesley to assist with the wounded – troops were still being carried from the battlefield four days after the engagement – until ordered to recommence the pursuit of the Maratha army on 26 September . Wellesley remained to the south while he established a hospital at Ajanta and awaited reinforcements from Poona . Two months later , he combined with Stevenson to rout Scindia and Berar 's demoralised and weakened army at Argaon , and shortly afterwards stormed Berar 's fortress at Gawilghur . These victories , coupled with Lieutenant General Lake 's successful campaign in the north , induced the two Maratha chiefs to sue for peace .
Wellesley later told Stevenson that " I should not like to see again such a loss as I sustained on the 23rd September , even if attended by such a gain " , and in later life he referred to Assaye as " the bloodiest for the numbers that I ever saw " . Lieutenant Colonel Thomas Munro , the Company 's district collector at Mysore , was critical of the high proportion of casualties and questioned Wellesley 's decision not to wait for Stevenson . He wrote to Wellesley : " I am tempted to think that you did it with a view of sharing the glory with the smallest numbers " . In response , Wellesley politely rebuffed Munro 's accusations and defended his action as necessary because he had received and acted upon incorrect intelligence regarding the Maratha position . Assaye was 34 @-@ year @-@ old Wellesley 's first major success and despite his anguish over the heavy losses , it was a battle he always held in the highest estimation . After his retirement from active military service , the Duke of Wellington ( as he later became known ) considered Assaye the finest thing he ever did in the way of fighting even when compared to his later military career .
Lord Mornington and his Council lauded the battle as a " most brilliant and important victory " , and presented each of the Madras units and British regiments involved in the engagement with a set of honorary colours . The British regiments and native units were also awarded the Assaye battle honour and most were later given permission to adopt an Assaye elephant as part of their insignia . A public monument was also erected by the East India Company at Fort William , Calcutta to commemorate the victory . The 74th Regiment of foot later became known as the Assaye regiment due to their stand at the battle and their modern @-@ day successors , the Royal Highland Fusiliers ( 2 SCOTS ) , still celebrate the anniversary of the battle each year . Of the native infantry battalions , only the Madras Sappers survive in their original form in the Indian Army but they no longer celebrate Assaye as it has been declared a repugnant battle honour by the Government of India .
= = In fiction = =
Cornwell , Bernard , Sharpe 's Triumph : Richard Sharpe and the Battle of Assaye , September 1803 , HarperCollins , 1998 , ISBN 0 @-@ 00 @-@ 225630 @-@ 4 . The book includes most of the important events of the battle , although mostly focusing on the British forces with Indian regiments generally in the background . Building on the real events , Wellington loses a third horse and is tipped into the enemy ranks where he is saved by Sharpe , who in doing so earns his commission as an officer . The battle is mentioned numerous times throughout the series as a personal achievement for both Sharpe and Wellington ( whose careers progress in parallel ) , and whenever characters from 78th or other highland infantry units appear , as Sharpe feels their actions at Assaye were a testament to their courage and discipline .
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= Denial ( Sugababes song ) =
" Denial " is a song by English girl group the Sugababes from their fifth studio album , Change ( 2007 ) . Coinciding with the commencement of the group 's 2008 Change Tour , it was released on 10 March 2007 as the album 's fourth and final single . V V Brown wrote " Denial " for the band while she was on London Underground 's Victoria line , and attempted to " get into their mindsets " in the process . The Sugababes and the song 's producers , Flex Turner and Elliot Malloy , co @-@ wrote it . Composed of staccato verses , a harmonious chorus and a solo middle eight , " Denial " is a Europop and soft rock song that samples " Standing in the Way of Control " by The Gossip .
The song received mixed reviews from critics , who were ambivalent towards its composition , but became a commercial success throughout Europe , where it peaked at number one on the Czech Singles Chart , number four on the Austrian Singles Chart , and within the top twenty on the charts in Germany , Hungary , Ireland , and Switzerland . It reached number 15 on the UK Singles Chart . Harvey B @-@ Brown directed the song 's music video , which was inspired by Vogue and contains fashion editorial characteristics . The Sugababes performed " Denial " on Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway , at the 2008 Oxegen Festival , and during their Change Tour .
= = Development and release = =
English singer and songwriter V V Brown wrote " Denial " while she was on London Underground 's Victoria line . Brown told Metro that songs she writes for enjoyment come sponteneously to her . She composed " Denial " specifically for the Sugababes , and attempted to " get into their mindsets " in the process . The song was submitted to the group and received by their management ; the band enjoyed the song and subsequently recorded it for their fifth studio album Change . Brown described its transferral to the band as " validation that I 'd truly found who I am in both territories as a song writer , as a producer , as a writer and as an artist " .
The Sugababes and the song 's producers and programmers , Flex Turner and Elliot Malloy , received co @-@ writing credits on the song . " Denial " was mixed by Jeremy Wheatley at Twenty One Studios , London , with assistance from Richard Edgeler . The song 's instruments were provided by Pete Boxsta Martin and Wheatley . When Metro questioned Brown about her feelings towards the group 's ownership of the song , she responded : " When you write songs for other people you ’ ve got to let it go , it becomes their property , they have to interpret it in the way they feel . You can ’ t be too precious about it otherwise you wouldn ’ t have given it away in the first place . "
" Denial " was confirmed for release in January 2008 as the fourth and final single from Change , and the Sugababes ' 21st single overall . Island Records released " Denial " as a digital download in the United Kingdom on 10 March 2008 . The CD single was made available on 17 March 2008 . Its release coincided with the commencement of the group 's Change Tour , which began on 13 March 2008 in Brentwood , Essex . " Denial " was released as a CD single in Germany on 25 April 2008 . In October 2007 , the Sugababes performed a cover version of " Hey There Delilah " by the Plain White T 's on BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge as the B @-@ side to " Denial " . " Denial " was remixed by American disc jockey Ian Carey .
= = Composition = =
" Denial " is a midtempo Europop song with elements of soft rock . Its instrumentation is provided by a guitar , a keyboard , drums and synthesizers . The song contains a sample of the bass hook from " Standing in the Way of Control " by The Gossip . Kim Dawson of the Daily Star compared the song 's bassline to that featured in " One Minute " , a song from Kelly Clarkson 's album My December . The opening of " Denial " is evocative of David Bowie 's song " Fashion " , although it soon transitions into the sound of songs performed by Australian recording artist Kylie Minogue . " Denial " is composed of soft rock staccato verses , which are proceeded by a melancholic and harmonious pop chorus . Digital Spy 's Nick Levine commented upon the song 's compositional transition , writing : " ' Denial ' rides its elastic bassline to a transcendent , melodically @-@ inspired chorus " . The group 's harmonies are backed by warm synthesizers and 1980s soft rock music . The song contains a solo middle eight performed by group member Heidi Range , and is opened with the line " I see the way the wind blows like open minds for us " . " Denial " explores themes of unrequited love , as noted by Peter Murphy from Hot Press .
= = Reception = =
= = = Critical response = = =
Alexis Petridis of The Guardian classified " Denial " as a " beautifully @-@ crafted bulletproof pop song " , while Manchester Evening News ' Sarah Walters described the track as " a steamy , disco hit " . Levine from Digital Spy rated the song four out of five stars ; he regarded it as " brilliantly addictive " , and " bouncier than a Labrador puppy on Ritalin , but classy too " . Birmingham Mail critic Sean Coleman commended the Sugababes ' emotion and harmonious vocal performance on the song , which he considered the standout from Change . Fraser McAlpine of BBC gave " Denial " a full five @-@ star rating , and highlighted the Sugababes ' vocal performance accompanied by the " raw , brittle emotion " in the song . The BBC 's ChartBlog team listed the song on their " 2008 's finest five " list , describing the chorus as " the cherry on the cake " . Andreas Borcholte from German news magazine Der Spiegel positively highlighted it in comparison to the album 's filler tracks .
The song also received negative responses . A journalist from the Stornoway Gazette called it " disposable " despite the " undeniably lovely " harmonies , and stated that the song would have no impact on the quality of Change if it did not appear on the album . Tom Young of BBC wrote that the track " stumbles awkwardly " owing to the sample of " Standing in the Way of Control " . A writer from The Scotsman criticised it as substandard , noting its " clunking sexual imagery " and " bewildering observation " in the middle eight . Entertainment Ireland critic Lauren Murphy dismissed the song as " garden @-@ variety pop " and wrote that it suggests the Sugababes " may be losing their magic touch " .
= = = Commercial performance = = =
" Denial " debuted on the UK Singles Chart on 8 March 2008 at number 64 , based on digital downloads from Change . The song rose from number 34 to number 15 in the issue dated 22 March 2008 with sales of 9 @,@ 580 copies . It held this position for two consecutive weeks , while overall it charted for 11 weeks . By April 2010 , the single had sold approximately 90 @,@ 000 copies in the UK , placing it 16th on the group 's list of best @-@ selling songs . The song had similar success on the Irish Singles Chart , where it debuted at number 50 and peaked at number 18 in the issue dated 20 March 2008 . The single spent ten weeks on the chart . " Denial " performed best on the Czech Singles Chart , where it first appeared at number 92 , and , eighteen weeks after its debut , peaked at number one for two consecutive weeks . Overall , the single spent 62 non @-@ consecutive weeks in the chart .
" Denial " entered the Austrian Singles Chart on 9 May 2008 at number seven , and reached number four two weeks later . It appeared in the chart for 21 weeks , and was placed 43rd on Austria 's list of best @-@ performing singles of 2008 . " Denial " became the Sugababes ' highest @-@ charting non @-@ lead single on the German Singles Chart , where it peaked at number 11 . The song debuted at number 71 on the Swiss Singles Chart in the issue dated 6 April 2008 and reached number 14 three weeks later . Overall , it spent 23 weeks on the chart . " Denial " peaked at number 20 on the Hungarian Singles Chart and ranked 47th on its 2008 list of best @-@ performing songs . The song peaked at number 21 on Slovakian Singles Chart , for two non @-@ consecutive weeks . " Denial " charted at number 40 on the Danish Singles Chart , while on the Netherlands ' Mega Single Top 100 chart it reached number 61 .
= = Music video = =
The music video for " Denial " was directed by Harvey B @-@ Brown . It was his first solo video project , following the discontinuation of his 18 @-@ year partnership with Carolyn Corben . The video was produced by Francesca Barnes , while Tom Gander served as the art director . It was shot in various formats , including 16 mm film , Bolex , Super 8 film and three still cameras . Aman King , a smoke artist from Golden Square , collaborated with Brown to devise treatments of the stills . Multiple film effects were used in the video , including colour correction , vignetting and film grain , with the intention of creating visuals inspired by Vogue . It premiered on the Sugababes ' official website on 7 January 2008 .
Brown stated that he wanted to " redefine " the group and conceptualise a new image that would represent his perception of their personas . He described the band as " extremely style @-@ savvy " and motivated them to be bold , uninhibited and experimental . The video takes influences from styles of fashion editorial and features the Sugababes in various costumes and guises . Their outfits were created with many fabrics , in addition to newspapers , plastic bin bags and florist 's cellophane . Overall , there were 13 costume changes . Scenes for the video were shot in a wide range of environments and locations , including a fire escape , loading bay , and storage cupboard .
" I shot the video like [ a ] fashion editorial , using every inch of the studio , including the fire escape , the gantry and the loading bay . I even did a couple of shots with the girls in the storage cupboard where the studio lighting stands were kept . And whilst I was shooting one outfit on one girl , I would be getting the next outfit and set ready . "
Digital Arts called the video " a sumptuously over @-@ the @-@ top affair " and wrote that the effects created " luxuriant , opulent visuals that capture the buzz , attitude and posing of a high @-@ fashion shoot " . Coleman from the Birmingham Mail described it as " amazing " . The video became one of the Sugababes ' favourites to shoot , and inspired them to wear more daring and dramatic outfits on their Change Tour in 2008 . According to London Evening Standard , the group managed to adopt a more sophisticated and mature style with the assistance from various stylists .
= = Live performances = =
" Denial " was one of three songs from Change that the Sugababes performed at London 's indig02 on 14 September 2007 . The performance was part of a gig to promote the release of the album 's lead single " About You Now " . They performed " Denial " in March 2008 on the eighth season of the British television show Ant & Dec 's Saturday Night Takeaway . The song was included on the set list for the group 's 2008 Change Tour . Their performance at the Newcastle City Hall attracted a positive response from Kat Keogh of The Journal , who wrote that the song " slotted in neatly " amongst the group 's more well @-@ known songs . The Sugababes performed " Denial " at the 2008 Oxygen Festival as part of a set list , which included their number @-@ one singles such as " Freak like Me " , " Round Round " , " Hole in the Head " and " Push the Button " , in addition to other tracks from Change . Midway through the gig , technical difficulties with their microphones arose and the trio were forced to delay their performance while the issue was fixed . The band performed " Denial " in July 2009 at the Riverside Cricket Ground , County Durham as part of a set list .
= = Formats and track listings = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Songwriter – Heidi Range , Keisha Buchanan , Amelle Berrabah , Flex Turner , Elliot Malloy , Vanessa Brown
Production – Elliot Malloy , Flex Turner
Programming – Elliot Malloy , Flex Turner
Guitar – Flex Turner
Keyboard and drum programming – Pete Boxsta Martin , Jeremy Wheatley
Mixing – Jeremy Wheatley
Mixing ( assistant ) – Richard Edgeler
Credits adapted from the liner notes of Change .
= = Charts = =
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= Film Booking Offices of America =
Film Booking Offices of America ( FBO ) ( also known as FBO Pictures Corporation ) was an American film studio of the silent era , a producer and distributor of mostly low @-@ budget films . The business began in 1918 as Robertson @-@ Cole ( U.S. ) , the American division of a British import – export company and Robertson @-@ Cole was formed by the English @-@ born Harry F. Robertson and the American Rufus Sidman Cole . Robertson @-@ Cole bought the Hallmark Exchanges ( formerly the Mutual Exchanges that became known as Exhibitors @-@ Mutual Exchanges ) from Frank J. Hall in 1920 . Exhibitors @-@ Mutual / Hallmark had distributed Robertson @-@ Cole product , and acquiring the exchanges gave them the right to distribute their own films plus Hall 's product , with the exception of Charlie Chaplin reissues he had the rights to .
Robertson @-@ Cole initiated movie production in the United States in 1920 . That year , it incorporated Robertson @-@ Cole Studios , Inc. and bought 460 acres in Santa Monica , California to establish a studio . The property , which became known as the " R.C. Ranch " , enabled Robertson @-@ Cole to centralize movie production , which previously had been scattered . The movie company had relied on equipment rentals to produce motion pictures . Two years later , a corporate reorganization led to the company 's new name , with FBO becoming the official name of the distributing operation and Robertson @-@ Cole Pictures Corp. the name of the production operation . In 1923 , the studio contracted with Western actor Fred Thomson , who would soon emerge as one of Hollywood 's most popular stars . Thomson was just one of numerous screen cowboys with whom FBO became identified .
The studio , whose core market was America 's small towns , also put out many romantic melodramas , non @-@ Western action pictures , and comedic shorts . In 1926 , financier Joseph P. Kennedy led a group that acquired the company . In June 1928 , using RCA Photophone technology , FBO became only the second Hollywood studio to release a feature @-@ length " talkie . " A few months later , Kennedy and RCA chief David Sarnoff arranged the merger that created RKO , one of the major studios of Hollywood 's Golden Age .
= = Business history = =
= = = Foundation and identity = = =
The company that would become FBO began as the U.S.-based movie subsidiary of the British importer , exporter , and film distributor Robertson @-@ Cole . This organization was similar in structure to the French Pathé Exchange company , a subsidiary of the French Pathé Frères company . From its U.S. headquarters in New York City , R @-@ C Pictures , as it was sometimes known , first entered the American film distribution market . In 1919 , the company forged an alliance with Exhibitors Mutual Distributing , a corporate descendant of the Mutual Film studio . The first of R @-@ C 's own feature productions to be released was The Wonder Man , directed by John G. Adolfi and starring Georges Carpentier , which debuted May 29 , 1920 . With its move into production , Robertson @-@ Cole established a 13 @.@ 5 @-@ acre ( 5 @.@ 5 @-@ hectare ) studio in Los Angeles 's fortuitously named Colegrove district , then adjacent to but soon to be subsumed by Hollywood . In January 1921 , Robertson @-@ Cole absorbed Hallmark Pictures , which had acquired the Exhibitors Mutual interests the previous year . The first official Robertson @-@ Cole production shot at the new studio was a February 1921 release , The Mistress of Shenstone , directed by Henry King and starring beautiful Pauline Frederick , a former Paramount and Goldwyn star . That year , the British owners of the studio entered into a working relationship with Joseph P. Kennedy , father of future U.S. president John F. Kennedy . Joseph Kennedy was then a broker at the New York banking firm of Hayden , Stone , as well as the owner of Maine – New Hampshire Theatres , a small chain of movie houses . Though he failed to arrange the sale R @-@ C 's general partners were looking for , Kennedy 's involvement with the studio was far from over .
In 1922 , Robertson @-@ Cole underwent a major reorganization as the company 's founders departed , though the corporation remained under majority British ownership . The flagship U.S. distribution business changed its name to Film Booking Offices of America , a banner under which R @-@ C had released more than a dozen independent productions . The West Coast studio apparently continued to make films under the Robertson @-@ Cole name for some time , but FBO ultimately became the primary identity of the business for production as well as distribution . Between the 1922 reorganization and October 1923 , one of the company 's new American investors , Pat Powers , was effectively in command . Powers had previously led his own filmmaking company , part of the multiple merger that created the large Universal studio in 1912 . Powers apparently changed the name of Robertson @-@ Cole / FBO to the Powers Studio for a brief period , though there is no record of the company ever having produced or released a film under that banner . In 1923 , the studio launched a series of boxing @-@ themed shorts , Fighting Blood , starring George O 'Hara . He would become an FBO mainstay , often paired with Alberta Vaughn , in such comedy series as The Pacemakers ( 1925 ) . Most of O 'Hara 's and Vaughn 's films for the studio were two @-@ reelers — a measure of film length indicating a running time of about twenty minutes .
Now a fully independent businessman , Joseph Kennedy joined the FBO board of directors in 1923 , as well . By this time , the studio was owned by Graham 's of London , a banking firm , and Powers was succeeded by H.C.S. Thomson , a Graham 's operative . Before leaving the board the following year , Kennedy put together a major distribution and production deal between FBO and leading Western star Fred Thomson . B. P. Fineman became the studio 's production chief in 1924 ; Evelyn Brent , his wife , moved over from Fox to become FBO 's top dramatic star . In April 1925 , FBO vice @-@ president Joseph I. Schnitzer signed Thomson to a new contract paying him $ 10 @,@ 000 a week ( equivalent to approximately $ 134 @,@ 934 in 2016 dollars ) . Thomson was now the highest paid of all cowboy actors , surpassing even the renowned Tom Mix . The deal also gave Thomson his own independent production unit at the studio .
As a distributor , FBO 's roster of films was about half independent and foreign productions , half its own studio output . At the height of its activity ( 1923 – 28 ) , it released an average of around 110 features and shorts a year , focusing on distribution to small @-@ town exhibitors and independent theater chains ( that is , those not owned by one of the major Hollywood studios ) . As a production company , Film Booking Offices concentrated on low @-@ budget movies , with an emphasis on Westerns , romantic melodramas , and comedy shorts . From its first productions in early 1920 through late 1928 , when it was dissolved in a merger , the company produced approximately 400 films under the brand of either Robertson @-@ Cole Pictures or FBO Pictures . Between 1924 and 1926 , several higher @-@ end productions were made under the rubric of Gothic Pictures . The studio 's top @-@ of @-@ the @-@ line movies , aimed at major exhibition venues beyond the reach of most FBO films , were sometimes marketed as FBO " Gold Bond " pictures . Without the backing of large corporate interests , nor the security of its own theater chain , the company faced cash @-@ flow difficulties during its earlier years . Short @-@ term loans at high interest rates posed a significant financial drain .
= = = Kennedy takes command = = =
While still at Hayden , Stone , Kennedy had boasted to a colleague , " Look at that bunch of pants pressers in Hollywood making themselves millionaires . I could take the whole business away from them . " In 1925 , he set out to do so , forming his own group of investors led by wealthy Boston lawyer Guy Currier and including Filene 's department store owner Louis Kirstein and Union Stockyards and Armour and Company owner Frederick H. Prince . In August 1925 , Kennedy traveled to England with an offer to buy a controlling stake in Film Booking Offices for $ 1 million . The bid was initially rejected , but in February 1926 , FBO 's owners decided to take the money . In short order , Kennedy moved his family from Massachusetts to New York City to focus on running his new business . He swiftly addressed the company 's perennial cash @-@ flow problems , arranging lines of credit and issuing stock in a business division he established , the Cinema Credit Corporation . By March , he was traveling to Hollywood . The president of the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors Association , Will Hays , was delighted by the new face on the scene — in Hays 's eyes , Kennedy signified both a desirable image for the industry and Wall Street 's faith in its prospects . Hays heralded Kennedy as " exceedingly American " ( historian Cari Beauchamp explains the connotation : " not Jewish , " in contrast to most of the studio heads ) , while celebrating Kennedy 's " background of lofty and conservative financial connections , an atmosphere of much home and family life and all those fireside virtues of which the public never hears in the current news from Hollywood . "
Fineman and Brent both departed FBO around the time of the purchase . Kennedy appointed Edwin King as the studio 's production chief , but the new owner took a personal hand in guiding the company creatively as well as financially . Kennedy soon brought stability to FBO , making it one of the most reliably profitable outfits in the minor leagues of the Hollywood studio system . Westerns remained the studio 's backbone , along with various action pictures and romantic scenarios ; as Kennedy put it , " Melodrama is our meat . " During this period , the average production cost of FBO features was around $ 50 @,@ 000 , and few were budgeted at anything more than $ 75 @,@ 000 . By comparison , in 1927 – 28 the average cost at Fox was $ 190 @,@ 000 ; at Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer , $ 275 @,@ 000 . One major expense was taken on directly by Kennedy : with several studios competing for Fred Thomson , Kennedy signed him to a personal contract for $ 15 @,@ 000 a week . This was the highest straight salary for any actor in the industry , matched only by Tom Mix 's new arrangement with Fox . Under the contract , Kennedy struck a deal in early 1927 with Paramount Pictures for the major studio to produce and distribute a series of four Thomson " super westerns . " Kennedy participated in the films ' financing ( and profits ) and the actor 's company stayed on the FBO lot . Of the four Thomson features that reached theaters in 1927 , three were FBO releases .
= = = Sound enters the picture = = =
The advent of sound film would drastically alter the studio 's course : Negotiations that began in late 1927 with the Radio Corporation of America ( RCA ) on a deal for sound conversion led to RCA purchasing a major interest in FBO in January 1928 . Four months later , as part of a strategy conceived with RCA head David Sarnoff , Kennedy acquired control of Keith @-@ Albee @-@ Orpheum ( KAO ) , a vaudeville exhibition chain with approximately one hundred theaters across the United States , and with the Pathé Exchange and Cecil B. De Mille 's Producers Distributing Corporation under its control .
On June 17 , 1928 , FBO 's The Perfect Crime , directed by Bert Glennon and starring Clive Brook and Irene Rich , debuted . It was the first feature @-@ length " talkie " to appear from a studio other than Warner Bros. since the epochal premiere of Warners ' The Jazz Singer eight months before . The Perfect Crime , which went into general release on August 4 , had been shot silently . Using the RCA Photophone sound @-@ on @-@ film system , the dialogue was dubbed in afterward — a process then known as " synthetic sound . " On August 22 , Kennedy signed a contract with RCA for live Photophone recording ; more importantly , he also tendered the company an option to buy his governing share of FBO . Two months later , RCA had acquired controlling stock interests in both the studio and KAO .
On October 23 , 1928 , RCA announced it was merging Film Booking Offices and Keith @-@ Albee @-@ Orpheum to form the new motion picture business Radio @-@ Keith @-@ Orpheum ( RKO ) , with Sarnoff as chairman . Kennedy , who retained Pathé , was paid $ 150 @,@ 000 for arranging the merger on top of the millions of dollars in profit he made from selling off his stock . Joseph I. Schnitzer , ranking FBO vice @-@ president , was elevated to president of the new company 's production arm , replacing Kennedy . William LeBaron , the last FBO production chief , retained his position after the merger , but the new studio , dedicated to full sound production , cut ties with most of FBO 's roster of silent @-@ screen performers . Movies that Film Booking Offices had either produced or arranged to distribute were released under the FBO banner through the end of 1929 . The last official FBO production to reach American theaters was Pals of the Prairie , directed by Louis King and starring Buzz Barton and Frank Rice , released July 1 , 1929 .
= = Cinematic legacy = =
= = = Headliners and celebrity casting = = =
The vast majority of FBO / Robertson @-@ Cole pictures , produced during either the silent era or the transitional period of the conversion to sound cinema , are considered to be lost films , with no copies now known to exist . Partly in consequence , many of FBO 's star actors are barely remembered today .
Pauline Frederick was the major headliner of the early R @-@ C days , and Evelyn Brent was FBO 's most prized non @-@ Western star . Warner Baxter , Joe E. Brown , and young Frankie Darro were among the other prominent FBO players . Anna Q. Nilsson starred in two of the studio 's larger productions , as did Olive Borden and Douglas Fairbanks Jr . FBO 's leading star of action and mystery pictures was Richard Talmadge . He appeared in eighteen FBO releases , more than half of them produced by his own company . Maurice " Lefty " Flynn starred in over a dozen FBO action films , all directed by Harry Garson , who also ran his own production business . From the studio 's pre @-@ Hollywood days in 1920 through 1928 , Ralph Lewis starred in more than ten R @-@ C and FBO pictures of various genres . Former model Reed Howes , renowned as an " Arrow Collar Man " , made his acting debut with FBO after an extensive publicity campaign .
In its earlier years , the studio did not hesitate to take advantage of scandal sheet – worthy events . After the death of celebrated Paramount actor Wallace Reid , brought on by morphine addiction , his widow , Dorothy Davenport , signed on as producer and star of a cinematic examination of the sins of substance abuse : Human Wreckage , released by FBO in June 1923 , five months after Reid 's death , featured Davenport ( billed as Mrs. Wallace Reid ) as the wife of a noble attorney turned dope fiend .
When the biggest movie star in the world , Rudolph Valentino , split from his wife , Natacha Rambova , she was swiftly enlisted by the studio to costar with Clive Brook in the sensitively titled When Love Grows Cold ( 1925 ) . Under Kennedy 's control , studio production shifted away from provocative fare in an attempt to brand the studio 's films as suitable for the " average American " and the entire family : " We can 't make pictures and label them ' For Children , ' or ' For Women ' or ' For Stout People ' or ' For Thin Ones . ' We must make pictures that have appeal to all . " Though Kennedy ended the scandal @-@ sheet specials , FBO still found occasion for celebrity casting : One Minute to Play ( 1926 ) , directed by Sam Wood , marks the film debut of football great " Red " Grange .
= = = Western stars = = =
Central to the FBO identity were Westerns and the studio 's major cowboy star , Fred Thomson . In both 1926 and 1927 , he ranked number two in the Exhibitors ' Herald survey of the " Top Stars of the Year , " right behind Tom Mix . With Thomson 's personal contract with Kennedy due to expired in mid @-@ 1927 , Kennedy — sending that Thomson had reached the peak of his popularity and seeing a financial opportunity for FBO — arranged a four @-@ picture deal with Paramount Pictures , one of the major Hollywood studio . The deal essentially ceded Thomson to the rival studio . For FBO 's guarantee of $ 75 @,@ 000 in financing per picture , Thomson would star in Paramount productions . In return , Paramount would return the $ 75 @,@ 000 in financing plus an additional $ 100 @,@ 000 to FBO and pay Thomson 's $ 15 @,@ 000 a week salary .
In 1928 , Kennedy replaced Thomson by signing Tom Mix , whose contract with William Fox 's Fox Film Corporation had expired . Mix played hard @-@ to @-@ get , threatening to move to Argentina to make films or joining the circus , but eventually , he signed with FBO but eventually left for Universal due to salary disputes with the studio . He said of Kennedy that he was a " tight @-@ assed , money @-@ crazed son @-@ of @-@ a @-@ bitch " .
FBO 's second @-@ biggest long @-@ running Western star was Tom Tyler . According to a June 1927 report in Moving Picture World :
With Tom Tyler rapidly taking the place recently vacated by Fred Thomson , F.B.O. ' s program of western pictures is taking a place second to none in the industry .... Tyler has made rapid strides during his two years with F.B.O. and with his horse ' Flash ' and dog ' Beans ' has become one of the leading favorites on the screen .
In addition to these three big names there was also Harry Carey , still a major star when he made several films for the studio in 1922 – 23 . The other cowboy stars of FBO included Bob Custer , Bob Steele , and teenager Buzz Barton .
= = = Canine stars = = =
One of the studio 's most reliable Western headliners was a dog : Ranger . The fabled Strongheart starred in FBO 's White Fang ( 1925 ) , and Rin Tin Tin had one of his earliest roles in My Dad ( 1922 ) .
= = = Short subjects and animation = = =
FBO 's many shorts — the popular George O 'Hara and Alberta Vaughn series , and scores of others — are largely forgotten . Of particular historical interest are two independently produced series of slapstick comedies with important performers : FBO put out several shorts in 1924 – 25 made by Joe Rock and starring Stan Laurel , before his famous partnership with Oliver Hardy . In 1926 – 27 , the company distributed more than a dozen shorts by innovative comedian / animator Charles Bowers .
In addition to the work of Charles Bowers , FBO was a distributor of other significant animated films . Between 1924 and 1926 , FBO released the work of John Randolph Bray 's cartoon studio , including the " Dinky Doodle " series created by Walter Lantz . From 1925 to 1927 , the studio put out approximately three dozen animated adaptations of George Herriman newspaper comics directed by William Nolan , featuring characters from Herriman 's famed Krazy Kat strip . FBO picked up the Krazy Kat cartoons from the distribution team of Margaret Winkler and her husband , Charles Mintz . In 1926 , FBO struck a deal with the Winkler – Mintz operation for another series , one that , like Bowers ' shorts , involved both animation and a live performer : the " Alice Comedies , " of which FBO would put out over two dozen , were created by two young animators , Ub Iwerks and Walt Disney .
= = = Notable films and filmmakers = = =
Kennedy had no illusions about his studio 's place in the realm of cinematic art . A journalist once complimented him on FBO 's recent output : " You have had some good pictures this year . " Kennedy jocularly inquired , " What the hell were they ? " In her history of RKO , author Betty Lasky points to the pre @-@ Kennedy Broken Laws ( 1924 ) , directed by Roy William Neill and starring Dorothy Davenport ( again billed as Mrs. Wallace Reid ) as exemplifying the rare " unforgettable picture of the higher caliber " put out by FBO .
Among the studio 's action movies , one standout production was a 1927 Tarzan picture . Author Edgar Rice Burroughs declared , " If you want to see the personification of Tarzan of the Apes as I visualize him , see the film Tarzan and the Golden Lion with Mr. James Pierce . " The Film Daily reviewer wrote that the movie " has a rather new order of thrills and atmosphere that might prove distinctly attractive . " The two @-@ reeler West of Hot Dog ( 1924 ) , according to historian Simon Louvish , contains " one of Stan [ Laurel ] ' s finest gags , " involving a level of cinematic technique that bears comparison to Buster Keaton 's classic Sherlock , Jr .
Some of the studio 's most impressive releases were foreign productions . In 1927 , FBO picked up for U.S. distribution a celebrated Austrian biblical spectacular made three years earlier : Die Sklavenkönigin ( The Slave Queen , aka Moon of Israel ) had already won its director , Michael Kertész , a job with Warner Bros. In Hollywood , he would change his name to Michael Curtiz . Una Nueva y gloriosa nación ( 1928 ) , the most successful film in the history of Argentine silent cinema , was shot in Hollywood and distributed in the United States by FBO as The Charge of the Gauchos .
One of the two cinematographers of Una Nueva y gloriosa nación was Nicholas Musuraca , who established his career at Film Booking Offices . With RKO , Musuraca would become one of Hollywood 's most respected cinematographers .
Among FBO 's other offscreen talent , the best known director to work regularly at the studio was Ralph Ince , younger brother of famous filmmaker Thomas H. Ince . Pulling double duty on occasion , Ralph Ince starred in four of the fourteen films he made for FBO . One production in which Ince served in both capacities was particularly well received : Chicago After Midnight ( 1928 ) was described by the New York Times as " [ a ] n unusually well @-@ acted and adroitly directed underworld story . " After The Mistress of Shenstone , Henry King directed two more R @-@ C films with Pauline Frederick , also in 1921 : Salvage and The Sting of the Lash . Tod Browning directed two Gothic Pictures specials in 1924 starring Evelyn Brent : The Dangerous Flirt and Silk Stocking Sal .
From 1921 to 1924 , William Seiter directed a half @-@ dozen FBO releases , some produced directly for the studio , others independently . Between 1922 and 1926 , Emory Johnson produced and directed at least eight films for FBO . Historian William K. Everson has pointed to Seiter and Johnson as two of the overlooked directorial talents of the silent era .
Screenwriter Frances Marion , who would win two Oscars in the 1930s , penned ten of the FBO pictures starring her husband , Fred Thomson . Editor Pandro S. Berman , son of a major FBO stockholder , cut his first film for the studio at the age of twenty @-@ two ; he would go on to renown as an RKO producer and production chief . Famed RKO costume designer Walter Plunkett was also an FBO graduate .
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= C @-@ 66 ( Michigan county highway ) =
C @-@ 66 is a county @-@ designated highway in the US state of Michigan running about 28 miles ( 45 km ) across the northern tip of the Lower Peninsula . The roadway starts in the unincorporated community of Cross Village in Emmet County at an intersection with M @-@ 119 and C @-@ 77 . It follows Levering Road through rural areas to an interchange with Interstate 75 ( I @-@ 75 ) west of Cheboygan . The eastern terminus is at an intersection with US Highway 23 ( US 23 ) and M @-@ 27 in downtown Cheboygan . The first roadways along what is now C @-@ 66 were in place by the early 20th century . Segments were paved by 1936 , although some reverted to a gravel surface during World War II . The full roadway was paved by the mid @-@ 1950s , and the C @-@ 66 moniker was designated on the roadway in the early 1970s .
= = Route description = =
The roadway starts at a junction with M @-@ 119 ( Lake Shore Drive ) and C @-@ 77 ( State Road ) in the community of Cross Village near Lake Michigan in Emmet County . C @-@ 66 travels southward for about 300 feet ( 91 m ) concurrently along C @-@ 77 to the intersection with Levering Road . From there , C @-@ 66 turns eastward on Levering Road , leaving town . The landscape outside of town is mostly woodland with scattered fields . Except for a jog near Hill Road in Bliss Township , Levering Road is a straight road running due east . C @-@ 66 intersects C @-@ 81 ( Pleasantview Road ) in a clearing before entering the community of Levering . The county road passes through some residential areas and by a baseball field before meeting US 31 . C @-@ 66 turns south to run concurrently along US 31 for about a quarter mile ( 0 @.@ 4 km ) before turning eastward again .
Levering Road continues easterly leaving town south of Sherett Lake . East of the intersection with Ingleside Road , C @-@ 66 crosses into Cheboygan County . The roadway curves to the northeast before returning to a due eastward course north of Munro Lake along the Hebron – Munro township line .. The landscape changes to include more farm fields once road passes the lake . C @-@ 66 intersects I @-@ 75 at exit 326 along the latter . On the east side of the interchange , Levering Road passes Sea Shell City , a tourist trap , and turns northeastward into Hebron Township . C @-@ 66 then turns easterly again before it crosses into Beaugrand Township , taking the additional name Cheboygan Road . The roadway crosses branches of the Little Black River and passes to the south of the Cheboygan County Airport . East of the airport , C @-@ 66 enters the city of Cheboygan and follows State Street into town ; this area is residential in nature . State Street crosses the North Central State Trail , a rail trail , before turning to the southeast . The roadway passes into the northern end of downtown near several smaller businesses .. C @-@ 66 terminates at a four @-@ way intersection with Main Street one block west of the Cheboygan River ; this intersection also marks the northern terminus of M @-@ 27 . As a county @-@ designated highway , C @-@ 66 is maintained by the Emmet and Cheboygan county road commissions ( ECRC , CCRC ) in their respective counties .
= = History = =
Roadways along the route of Levering Road in Cheboygan County existed as far back as 1902 in Hebron and Munro townships ; the section south of the township line was not yet built at the time . By 1927 , Levering Road extended across the tip of the Lower Peninsula ; near the Hebron – Beaugrand township line in Cheboygan County , the county road made a jog to follow what is now Wollangur and Hill roads . In 1930 , the ECRC paved Levering Road between US 31 and the county line and the CCRC paved the roadway in Beaugrand Township . By mid 1936 , it was paved from a point between Cross Village and the Pleasantview Road intersection to the county line in Emmet County as well as the Beaugrand Township section in Cheboygan County . During World War II , the counties reverted most of Levering Road to a gravel surface ; pavement in Emmet County started east of Pleasantview Road instead of west , and Cheboygan County had no sections paved . At the same time , the new roadway was opened to bypass Wollangur and Hill roads .
In late 1949 or early 1950 , the ECRC repaved Levering Road westward back to the point between Cross Village and Pleasantview Road that had been paved before the war . In late 1951 or early 1952 , the CCRC paved its section of Levering Road . In late 1954 or early 1955 , the ECRC completed paving all of Levering Road in its jurisdiction . The county @-@ designated highway system was created around after October 5 , 1970 . The C @-@ 66 designation was first shown on the 1971 state map following the routing used today .
= = Major intersections = =
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= Banquo =
Lord Banquo / ˈbæŋkwoʊ / , Thane of Lochaber , is a character in William Shakespeare 's 1606 play Macbeth . In the play , he is at first an ally to Macbeth ( both are generals in the King 's army ) and they are together when they meet the Three Witches . After prophesying that Macbeth will become king , the witches tell Banquo that he will not be king himself , but that his descendants will be . Later , Macbeth in his lust for power sees Banquo as a threat and has him murdered ; Banquo 's son , Fleance , escapes . Banquo 's ghost returns in a later scene , causing Macbeth to react with alarm during a public feast .
Shakespeare borrowed the character of Banquo from Holinshed 's Chronicles , a history of Britain published by Raphael Holinshed in 1587 . In Chronicles Banquo is an accomplice to Macbeth in the murder of the king , rather than a loyal subject of the king who is seen as an enemy by Macbeth . Shakespeare may have changed this aspect of his character in order to please King James , who was thought at the time to be a descendant of the real Banquo . Critics often interpret Banquo 's role in the play as being a foil to Macbeth , resisting evil where Macbeth embraces it . Sometimes , however , his motives are unclear , and some critics question his purity . He does nothing to accuse Macbeth of murdering the king , even though he has reason to believe Macbeth is responsible .
= = Source = =
Shakespeare often used Raphael Holinshed 's Chronicles of England , Scotland , and Ireland — commonly known as Holinshed 's Chronicles — as a source for his plays , and in Macbeth he borrows from several of the tales in that work . Holinshed portrays Banquo as a historical figure : he is an accomplice in Mac Bethad mac Findlaích 's ( Macbeth 's ) murder of Donnchad mac Crínáin ( King Duncan ) and plays an important part in ensuring that Macbeth , not Máel Coluim mac Donnchada ( Malcolm ) , takes the throne in the coup that follows . Holinshed in turn used an earlier work , the Scotorum Historiae ( 1526 – 7 ) by Hector Boece , as his source . Boece 's work is the first known record of Banquo and his son Fleance ; and scholars such as David Bevington generally consider them fictional characters invented by Boece . In Shakespeare 's day , however , they were considered historical figures of great repute , and the king , James I , based his claim to the throne in part on a descent from Banquo . The House of Stuart was descended from Walter fitz Alan , the first High Steward of Scotland , and he was believed to have been the grandson of Fleance and Gruffydd ap Llywelyn 's daughter , Nesta verch Gruffydd . In reality Walter fitz Alan was the son of Alan fitz Flaad , a Breton knight .
Unlike his sources , Shakespeare gives Banquo no role in the King 's murder , making it a deed committed solely by Macbeth and his wife . Why Shakespeare 's Banquo is so different from the character described by Holinshed and Boece is not known , though critics have proposed several possible explanations . First among them is the risk associated with portraying the king 's ancestor as a murderer and conspirator in the plot to overthrow a rightful king , as well as the author 's desire to flatter a powerful patron . But Shakespeare may also simply have altered Banquo 's character because there was no dramatic need for another accomplice to the murder . There was , however , a need to provide a dramatic contrast to Macbeth ; a role that many scholars argue is filled by Banquo . Similarly , when Jean de Schelandre wrote about Banquo in his Stuartide in 1611 , he also changed the character by portraying him as a noble and honourable man — the critic D. W. Maskell describes him as “ … Schelandre 's paragon of valour and virtue ” — probably for reasons similar to Shakespeare 's .
Banquo 's role in the coup that follows the murder is harder to explain . Banquo 's loyalty to Macbeth , rather than Malcolm , after Duncan 's death makes him a passive accomplice in the coup : Malcolm , as Prince of Cumberland , is the rightful heir to the throne and Macbeth a usurper . Daniel Amneus , however , argues that when Ross and Angus bring King Duncan 's praise , and the news that Macbeth has been granted the title of Thane of Cawdor , the " greater honor " he ascribes to Macbeth is actually his title as Prince of Cumberland . If Macbeth , rather than Malcolm , is Prince of Cumberland then Macbeth would be next in line to the throne and no coup would be needed , effectively removing this ambiguity from Banquo 's character .
= = Role in the play = =
Banquo is in a third of the play 's scenes , as both a human and a ghost . As significant as he is to the plot , he has fewer lines than the relatively insignificant Ross , a Scottish nobleman who survives the play . In the second scene of the play , King Duncan describes the manner in which Macbeth , Thane of Glamis , and Banquo , Thane of Lochaber , bravely led his army against invaders , fighting side by side . In the next scene , Banquo and Macbeth , returning from the battle together , encounter the Three Witches , who predict that Macbeth will become Thane of Cawdor , and then king . Banquo , skeptical of the witches , challenges them to predict his own future , and they foretell that Banquo will never himself take the throne , but will beget a line of kings . Banquo remains skeptical after the encounter , wondering aloud if evil can ever speak the truth . He warns Macbeth that evil will offer men a small , hopeful truth only in order to catch them in a deadly trap .
When Macbeth kills the king and takes the throne , Banquo — the only one aware of this encounter with the witches — reserves judgment for God . He is unsure whether Macbeth committed regicide to gain the throne , but muses in a soliloquy that " I fear / Thou play 'dst most foully for ' t " . He offers his respects to the new King Macbeth and pledges loyalty . Later , worried that Banquo 's descendants and not his own will rule Scotland , Macbeth sends men to kill Banquo and his son Fleance . During the melee , Banquo holds off the assailants so that Fleance can escape , but is himself killed . The ghost of Banquo later returns to haunt Macbeth at the banquet in act three , scene four . A terrified Macbeth sees him , while the apparition is invisible to his guests . He appears again to Macbeth in a vision granted by the Three Witches , wherein Macbeth sees a long line of kings descended from Banquo .
= = Analysis = =
= = = Foil to Macbeth = = =
Many scholars see Banquo as a foil and a contrast to Macbeth . Macbeth , for example , eagerly accepts the Three Witches ' prophecy as true and seeks to help it along . Banquo , on the other hand , doubts the prophecies and the intentions of these seemingly evil creatures . Whereas Macbeth places his hope in the prediction that he will be king , Banquo argues that evil only offers gifts that lead to destruction . Banquo steadily resists the temptations of evil within the play , praying to heaven for help , while Macbeth seeks darkness , and prays that evil powers will aid him . This is visible in act two ; after Banquo sees Duncan to bed , he says : " There 's husbandry in heaven , / Their candles are all out " . This premonition of the coming darkness in association with Macbeth 's murders is repeated just before Banquo is killed : " it will be rain to @-@ night " , Banquo tells his son Fleance .
Banquo 's status as a contrast to Macbeth makes for some tense moments in the play . In act two , scene one , Banquo meets his son Fleance and asks him to take both his sword and his dagger ( " Hold , take my sword ... Take thee that too " ) . He also explains that he has been having trouble sleeping due to " cursed thoughts that nature / gives way to in repose ! " On Macbeth 's approach , he demands the sword returned to him quickly . Scholars have interpreted this to mean that Banquo has been dreaming of murdering the king as Macbeth 's accomplice in order to take the throne for his own family , as the Three Witches prophesied to him . In this reading , his good nature is so revolted by these thoughts that he gives his sword and dagger to Fleance to be sure they do not come true , but is so nervous at Macbeth 's approach that he demands them back . Other scholars have responded that Banquo 's dreams have less to do with killing the king and more to do with Macbeth . They argue that Banquo is merely setting aside his sword for the night . Then , when Macbeth approaches , Banquo , having had dreams about Macbeth 's deeds , takes back his sword as a precaution in this case .
Macbeth eventually sees that Banquo can no longer be trusted to aid him in his evil , and considers his friend a threat to his newly acquired throne . Thus he has him murdered . Banquo 's ability to live on in different ways is another oppositional force , in this case to Macbeth 's impending death . His spirit lives on in Fleance , his son , and in his ghostly presence at the banquet .
= = = Ghost scenes = = =
When Macbeth returns to the witches later in the play , they show him an apparition of the murdered Banquo , along with eight of his descendants . The scene carries deep significance : King James , on the throne when Macbeth was written , was believed to be separated from Banquo by nine generations . What Shakespeare writes here thus amounts to a strong support of James ' right to the throne by lineage , and for audiences of Shakespeare 's day , a very real fulfillment of the witches ' prophecy to Banquo that his sons would take the throne . This apparition is also deeply unsettling to Macbeth , who not only wants the throne for himself , but also desires to father a line of kings .
Banquo 's other appearance as a ghost during the banquet scene serves as an indicator of Macbeth 's conscience returning to plague his thoughts . Banquo 's triumph over death appears symbolically , insofar as he literally takes Macbeth 's seat during the feast . Shocked , Macbeth uses words appropriate to the metaphor of usurpation , describing Banquo as " crowned " with wounds . The spirit drains Macbeth 's manhood along with the blood from his cheeks ; as soon as Banquo 's form vanishes , Macbeth announces : " Why , so ; being gone , / I am a man again . "
Like the vision of Banquo 's lineage , the banquet scene has also been the subject of criticism . Critics have questioned whether not one , but perhaps two ghosts appear in this scene : Banquo and Duncan . Scholars arguing that Duncan attends the banquet state that Macbeth 's lines to the Ghost could apply equally well to the slain king . " Thou canst not say I did it " , for example , can mean that Macbeth is not the man who actually killed Banquo , or it can mean that Duncan , who was asleep when Macbeth killed him , cannot claim to have seen his killer . To add to the confusion , some lines Macbeth directs to the ghost , such as " Thy bones are marrowless " , cannot rightly be said of Banquo , who has only recently died .
Scholars debate whether Macbeth 's vision of Banquo is real or a hallucination . Macbeth had already seen a hallucination before murdering Duncan : a knife hovering in the air . Several performances of the play have even ignored the stage direction to have the Ghost of Banquo enter at all , heightening the sense that Macbeth is growing mad , since the audience cannot see what he claims to see . Scholars opposing this view claim that while the dagger is unusual , ghosts of murdered victims are more believable , having a basis in the audience 's superstitions . Spirits in other Shakespeare plays — notably Hamlet and Midsummer Night 's Dream — exist in ambiguous forms , occasionally even calling into question their own presence .
The concept of a character being confronted at a triumphant feast with a reminder of their downfall is not unique to Shakespeare and may originate from the Belshazzar 's feast episode of the Bible . The term ' ghost at the feast ' has entered popular culture , and is often used as a metaphor for a subject a person would rather avoid considering , or ( considering the general plot of Macbeth ) a reminder of a person 's unpleasant past or likely future .
= = Performances and interpretations = =
Banquo 's role , especially in the banquet ghost scene , has been subject to a variety of interpretations and mediums . Shakespeare 's text states : " Enter Ghost of Banquo , and sits in Macbeth 's place . " Several television versions have altered this slightly , having Banquo appear suddenly in the chair , rather than walking onstage and into it . Special effects and camera tricks also allow producers to make the ghost disappear and reappear , highlighting the fact that only Macbeth can see it .
Stage directors , unaided by post @-@ production effects and camera tricks , have used other methods to depict the ghost . In the late 19th century , elaborate productions of the play staged by Henry Irving employed a wide variety of approaches for this task . In 1877 a green silhouette was used to create a ghostlike image ; ten years later a trick chair was used to allow an actor to appear in the middle of the scene , and then again from the midst of the audience . In 1895 a shaft of blue light served to indicate the presence of Banquo 's spirit . In 1933 a Russian director named Theodore Komisarjevsky staged a modern retelling of the play ( Banquo and Macbeth were told of their future through palmistry ) ; he used Macbeth 's shadow as the ghost . In 1936 Orson Welles directed the Federal Theatre Project production of the play , with an African @-@ American cast that included Canada Lee in the role of Banquo .
Film adaptations have approached Banquo 's character in a variety of ways . Akira Kurosawa 's 1957 adaptation Throne of Blood makes the character into Capitan Miki ( played by Minoru Chiaki ) , slain by Macbeth 's equivalent ( Captain Washizu ) when his wife explains that she is with child . News of Miki 's death does not reach Washizu until after he has seen the ghost in the banquet scene . In Roman Polanski 's 1971 adaptation , Banquo is played by acclaimed stage actor Martin Shaw , in a style reminiscent of earlier stage performances . Polanski 's version also emphasises Banquo 's objection to Macbeth 's ascendency by showing him remaining silent as the other thanes around him hail Macbeth as king. in the 1990 telling of Macbeth in a New York Mafia crime family setting , Men of Respect , the character of Banquo is named " Bankie Como " and played by American actor Dennis Farina .
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= Backlash ( 2007 ) =
Backlash ( 2007 ) was a professional wrestling pay @-@ per @-@ view event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment ( WWE ) , which took place on April 29 , 2007 , at the Philips Arena in Atlanta , Georgia . Following WrestleMania , all pay @-@ per @-@ views became tri @-@ branded . It was the ninth annual event under the Backlash name and starred talent from Raw , SmackDown ! , and ECW .
The main match on the Raw brand was a Fatal Four @-@ Way match for the WWE Championship involving champion John Cena , Randy Orton , Edge , and Shawn Michaels . Cena won the match and retained the championship after pinning Orton . The primary match on the SmackDown ! brand was a Last Man Standing match for the World Heavyweight Championship between The Undertaker and Batista , which ended in a no @-@ contest after both men failed get to their feet before the referee counted to ten . The featured match on the ECW brand was Bobby Lashley versus Team McMahon ( Umaga , Vince and Shane McMahon ) in a Handicap match for the ECW World Championship . Vince won the title and the match for his team after pinning Lashley .
= = Background = =
The main event scripted into Backlash on the Raw brand was a Fatal Four Way match for the WWE Championship , a standard match involving four wrestlers between John Cena , Edge , Shawn Michaels and Randy Orton . At the Royal Rumble in January , Michaels was one of the final two participants in the Royal Rumble match , a multi @-@ competitor match type in which wrestlers are eliminated until one is left and declared winner before being eliminated by The Undertaker . On the February 5 , 2007 episode of Raw , Michaels earned the right to become the number @-@ one contender to the WWE Championship at WrestleMania after defeating Edge and Orton in a Triple Threat match , a standard match involving three wrestlers . At WrestleMania , Cena defeated Michaels to retain the WWE Championship , after wrapping his arm around the neck of Michaels in a sleeper hold , a submission referred to as an STFU . On the April 9 episode of Raw , a standard match between Michaels and Orton to determine the number @-@ one contender to the WWE Championship ended in a no contest , after both men 's shoulders were on the mat while they were pinning one another . Later that night , during Edge 's talk show , " The Cutting Edge " , Edge claimed that General Manager Jonathan Coachman , a portrayed match maker and rules enforcer had named him the number @-@ one contender to the WWE title . Honorary General Manager Michael Pena , from the Make @-@ a @-@ Wish Foundation , however , announced that Michaels , Orton , and Edge would face Cena for the title at Backlash in a Fatal Four @-@ Way match , a standard match involving four wrestlers .
Another rivalry leading up to the event was between The Undertaker and Batista over the World Heavyweight Championship . At the Royal Rumble in January , The Undertaker won the 2007 Royal Rumble match . As a result , he was given the right to a title match at WrestleMania for any of WWE 's three major championships ( ECW World , World Heavyweight , or WWE ) . On the February 5 episode of Raw , Undertaker teased all three World Champions ( Bobby Lashley , Batista , and John Cena ) . Undertaker then chose World Heavyweight Champion Batista as his opponent to face at WrestleMania 23 . At WrestleMania , The Undertaker defeated Batista to win the World Heavyweight Championship to extend his WrestleMania undefeated streak to 15 @-@ 0 . Their rivalry , however , did not end , as General Manager Theodore Long booked a Last Man Standing match — a match where the first person unable to respond to a ten count by the referee lost — between The Undertaker and Batista at Backlash .
The main rivalry on the ECW brand was between Bobby Lashley and Team McMahon ( Umaga , Vince and Shane McMahon ) , in which Lashley and Vince were feuding over the ECW World Championship . The rivalry started on the February 26 episode of Raw , when Lashley was selected by Donald Trump to compete at WrestleMania 23 . Lashley was selected to compete against Vince 's representative , Umaga , in Hair vs. Hair match , a match in which the loser or the loser 's representative would have to get his head shaved bald . At WrestleMania , Lashley defeated Umaga , and after the match , Trump and Lashley shaved Vince 's head bald . On the April 9 episode of Raw , Shane challenged Lashley to a Hair vs. Title match for the ECW World Championship . Shane got himself intentionally disqualified , but did not get his head shaved . After the match , Umaga and Vince and Shane attacked Lashley . After the beating , Vince announced that Lashley would have to defend the ECW World Championship against Team McMahon at Backlash in a three @-@ on @-@ one Handicap match , a match consisting of one team of wrestlers facing off against a team of wrestlers with numerical superiority such as three against two , or three against one .
= = Event = =
= = = Preliminary matches = = =
Before the event aired live on pay @-@ per @-@ view , Carlito defeated Johnny Nitro in a dark match . The first match of the event was The Hardys ( Matt and Jeff ) versus Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch for the World Tag Team Championship . Cade and Murdoch controlled a majority of the match ; however , The Hardys won the bout when Matt pinned Murdoch after a Twist Of Fate , which was followed by Jeff Hardy 's Swanton Bomb .
The match that followed was Melina versus Mickie James for the WWE Women 's Championship . The match was short lived , as Melina performed an Inverted DDT upon Mickie James and pinned her to retain the WWE Women 's Championship . The third match was between Chris Benoit and Montel Vontavious Porter for the WWE United States Championship . Benoit and MVP struggled throughout the match , attempting to gain the upper hand . In the end , Benoit pinned MVP after a series of counters from both superstars , culminating in a small package to win the match and retain the WWE United States Championship .
= = = Main event matches = = =
The three @-@ on @-@ one Handicap ECW World Championship match between champion Bobby Lashley and Team McMahon ( Umaga , Vince and Shane McMahon ) was next . Near the end of the match , Shane hit Lashley with the title belt , which was followed by Umaga landing a top rope splash to Lashley . Umaga then tagged in Vince , who attempted to pin Lashley . Lashley , however , kicked out . Vince then tagged in Umaga , who once again executed a diving splash on Lashley . After being tagged in again , Vince pinned Lashley to win the ECW World Championship and the match for his team .
The following match was a Last Man Standing Match for the World Heavyweight Championship between The Undertaker and Batista . One spot in the match saw Undertaker perform a leg drop on Batista and through an announce table . Towards the end of the match , the two fought up the entrance ramp , where Batista gave a spear to The Undertaker off the stage . Neither man was able to get to their feet before the referee counted to ten ; as a result , the match was declared a draw . Due to WWE regulations , a title can not change hands in a Last Man Standing match via a draw , so The Undertaker retained his title .
Next was the main event , which saw John Cena defend the WWE Championship against Edge , Randy Orton , and Shawn Michaels in a Fatal Four @-@ Way match . During the opening minutes of the match , Michaels performed a moonsault from the top turnbuckle onto Cena , Edge , and Orton outside the ring . Near the end of the match , Orton attempted to RKO Cena . Cena , however , pushed Orton into Edge , which made Edge execute a Spear to Orton . Cena then performed an FU to Edge . When Cena turned around , Michaels superkicked Cena . When Cena fell , he landed on Orton and the referee counted the pinfall . Cena won the match and retained the WWE Championship .
= = Aftermath = =
Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch continued their rivalry with The Hardys until the two teams had a rematch at Judgment Day for the World Tag Team Championship , which The Hardys won . Chris Benoit and Montel Vontavious Porter also continued their rivalry for the WWE United States Championship , which led to a best 2 out of 3 falls match at Judgment Day , which Porter won .
On the May 11 episode of SmackDown ! , The Undertaker defended the World Heavyweight Championship against Batista in a Steel cage match , a match fought within a cage formed by placing four sheets of mesh metal around , in , or against the edges of a wrestling ring . Both men escaped the steel cage at the same time , and The Undertaker was therefore declared still the champion . After the match , Mark Henry returned and attacked The Undertaker . Edge , who was scripted to beat Mr. Kennedy on the May 7 episode of Raw to win the Money in the Bank contract , cashed in his opportunity and defeated The Undertaker to win the World Heavyweight Championship .
Team McMahon 's feud with Bobby Lashley continued as Mr. McMahon gave Lashley a rematch at Judgment Day , which was another three @-@ on @-@ one Handicap match for the ECW World Championship . At Judgment Day , Lashley won the match , but Vince said that Lashley had not beaten him , as Lashley had pinned Shane instead , so Lashley was not awarded the belt . The rivalry continued until One Night Stand , where Lashley challenged Vince to a match where there is no disqualifications or countouts , dubbed a Street Fight . Lashley won the match and the ECW World Championship , and their rivalry ended .
= = Results = =
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= Many @-@ banded krait =
The Many @-@ banded krait ( Bungarus multicinctus ) , also known as the Taiwanese krait or the Chinese krait , is a highly venomous species of elapid snake found in throughout much of central and southern China and Southeast Asia . The species was first described by the scientist Edward Blyth in 1861 . This species has two known subspecies , the nominate Bungarus multicinctus multicinctus , and Bungarus multicinctus wanghaotingi . The many @-@ banded krait mostly inhabits marshy areas throughout its geographical distribution , though it does occur in other habitat types .
= = Etymology = =
Since the species ' description by zoologist and pharmacist , Edward Blyth in 1861 , Bungarus multicinctus has been the binomial of the species . The generic name , Bungarus , is a Latinisation of Telegu baṅgāru , " krait . " The specific name multicinctus is derived from the Latin multi- , combining form of multus , " much , many " , and Latin cinctus , past participle of cingere , " to encircle " - as in a " band " . The full species name ( Bungarus multicinctus ) thus literally means " banded krait " . The common name " krait " is from Hindi ( करैत karait ) , which is perhaps ultimately derived from the Sanskrit word ( काल kāla ) , which means " black " .
= = Taxonomy and evolution = =
The kraits , as they are commonly known , belong to the family Elapidae and the genus Bungarus . The genus is endemic to the continent of Asia . They are morphologically well connected , forming a close @-@ knit and cohesive unit . The genus has 12 @-@ 13 species who are morphologically distinct from the Naja genus and the Afro @-@ elapids according to McDowell ( 1987 ) . McDowell stated " species diversity is greatest in Africa , but the Asiatic Bungarus and Ophiophagus are each so peculiar in anatomy as to suggest an ancient divergence ” . Others , including Slowinski , believed that the kraits ( Bungarus ) , are part of a clade that clusters with a group including the king cobra ( Ophiophagus hannah ) and oddly enough , with the African mambas ( Dendroaspis ) on the most @-@ parsimonious tree or with Elapsoidea on the maximum @-@ likelihood tree . This result calls into question the monophyly of cobras and underscores the uncertainty of the homology of the hood spreading behavior in cobras and mambas . The relationships of Dendroaspis , Ophiophagus , and Bungarus differed between the parsimony and likelihood analyses , suggesting that more work is necessary to resolve the relationships of these problematic taxa . McDowell 's findings in regard to the sister @-@ group of Bungarus and the sea snakes ( Hydrophiinae ) family , propose that the kraits might just be a per @-@ mutable clade between the elapidae " palatine @-@ erectors " and the hydrophiinae " palatine draggers " . Two genera within the hydrophiinae family in particular , support McDowell 's hypothesis . The two genera are Salomonelaps and Loveridgelaps due to many shared characteristics . Mao et al ( 1983 ) showed that this species , Bungarus multicinctus was slightly distinct from the other members of its genus and was immunologically more similar to Laticauda , terrestrial Australian elapids , and true sea snakes than it is to Elapsoidea sundevalli ( Sundevall 's garter snake ) , Naja naja ( Indan cobra ) or two Micrurus species ( New World or American coral snakes ) . Minton ( 1981 ) , Schwaner et al. and Cadle & Gorman ( 1981 ) all suggested similar things to Mao et al . ( 1983 ) based on immunological data . The many @-@ banded krait was more similar to the Australian elapids , Laticauda and true sea snakes than they were to numerous elapids they were compared to .
= = Description = =
The many @-@ banded krait is a medium to large sized species of snake , averaging 1 to 1 @.@ 5 m ( 3 @.@ 3 to 4 @.@ 9 ft ) in length , with maximum lengths reaching 1 @.@ 85 m ( 6 @.@ 1 ft ) . Its body is slender and moderately compressed . The scales of this species are smooth and glossy , with a noticeably distinct vertebral ridge . The colour of the snake is black to dark bluish @-@ black with approximately 21 @-@ 30 white or creamy white cross bands along the entire length of its upper body . More banding is seen in longer than average sized specimens . The tail is short and pointed , that is also black in colour with alternating white cross bands , of which there are 7 @-@ 11 . The belly of the snake is usually white in colour , but could be an off white or creamy white . The head is primarily black in colour , is broad and oval in shape , but flat and slightly distinct from the body . The eyes are small and black in colour . The pupils are black in colour , thus making them hardly noticeable as they blend in with the rest of the eyes . This species has large nostrils . The fangs are small , fixed and are located in the anterior of the upper jaw . Juveniles of this species usually have whitish blotches on the lower side of their heads .
= = = Scalation = = =
Dorsal scales in 15 rows ; ventral scales 200 @-@ 231 in males , 198 @-@ 227 in females ; tail short and tapering ; subcaudal scales single ( undivided ) , 43 @-@ 54 in males , 37 @-@ 55 in females .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
This species is found in throughout the island of Taiwan ( including the Archipelagos of Matsu and Kinmen ) , in the central and southern regions of mainland China ( in the provinces of Hainan , Anhui , Sichuan , Guangdong , Guangxi , Hunan , Hubei , Yunnan , Guizhou , Jiangxi , Zhejiang , and Fujian ) , Hong Kong , Myanmar ( Burma ) , Laos , and northern Vietnam . It may also be found in Thailand .
Although it can be found in elevations up to about 1 @,@ 500 m ( 4 @,@ 900 ft ) , they are far more commonly found in humid lowland areas , most often observed in subtropical to marshy regions of its range . They also are frequently found in shrublands , woodlands , agricultural fields , and mangroves , often adjacent to water , such as rivers , streams , rice paddies , and ditches . They may also sometimes be found in villages and suburban areas . It is able to survive in other habitats also .
= = Behaviour and diet = =
The snake is nocturnal , when it may be more defensive . It is , however , a timid and placid species of snake . In the daytime , it hides under stones or in holes . The snake appears from April and retreats into hibernation in November . It is considered to be more defensive than the Banded krait ( Bungarus fasciatus ) , thrashing about as it is handled .
Unlike other Bungarus species , who are primarily snake @-@ eaters , the many @-@ banded krait usually feeds on fish , but it is also preys on other species of snakes , including members of its own species . This species also feeds on rodents , eels , frogs , and occasionally lizards .
= = = Reproduction = = =
There is limited information on the reproductive habits of this snake . Like many elapids , the many @-@ banded kraits are oviparous . Mating occurs between the months of August and September . Females usually deposit 3 @-@ 15 eggs , although up to 20 eggs can be produced . The eggs are deposited in late spring or early summer , usually in the month of June . Eggs usually hatch about a month and a half later . The hatchlings are around 25 centimetres ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) in length .
= = Venom and toxins = =
The venom of the many @-@ banded krait consists of both pre- and postsynaptic neurotoxins ( known as α @-@ bungarotoxins and β @-@ bungarotoxins , among others ) . The average venom yield from specimens kept on snake farms is about 4 @.@ 6 mg — 19 @.@ 4 mg per bite . The venom is highly toxic with LD50 values of 0 @.@ 09 mg / kg — 0 @.@ 108 mg / kg SC , 0 @.@ 113 mg / kg IV and 0 @.@ 08 mg / kg IP on mice . Based on several LD50 studies , the many @-@ banded krait is among the most venomous land snakes in the world .
α @-@ Bungarotoxin is important for neuromuscular histology , it is known to bind irreversibly to receptors of the neuromuscular junction , and can be labelled with fluorescent proteins such as green fluorescent protein or the rhodamine dye tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate .
= = = Clinical symptoms = = =
The local symptoms of victims bitten by the many @-@ banded krait are usually neither serious swelling nor pain ; the victims merely feel slightly itchy and numb . Systemic symptoms occur , in general , one to six hours after being bitten by this snake . Symptoms may include bilateral ptosis , diplopia , discomfort in the chest , general ache , weak feeling in limbs , ataxia , glossolysis , loss of voice , dysphagia , tunnel vision , and difficulty breathing . In case of serious bite , suppression of breathing may occur , leading to death .
Untreated , the mortality rate caused by the bites of this species varies among different studies , ranging from 25 @-@ 35 % to 70 @-@ 100 % . During the Vietnam War , American soldiers referred to the many @-@ banded krait as the “ two @-@ step snake , ” in the mistaken belief that its venom is so lethal , if bitten , you will die after taking just two steps .
The many @-@ banded krait gathered worldwide attention after a juvenile individual bit and killed Dr. Joe Slowinski on September 11 , 2001 in Myanmar . He died just 29 hours after being bitten .
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= Something to Remember =
Something to Remember is a compilation album by American recording artist Madonna , released by Maverick and Warner Bros. on November 3 , 1995 . The record was conceived after a controversial period in Madonna 's career , when many critics had speculated that her career had declined . In response Madonna composed the album , composed of ballads spanning over a decade of her career , including a reworked version of " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " and three new songs : " You 'll See " , " One More Chance " and a cover of Marvin Gaye 's " I Want You " . The record also features previously released singles that had never been included on a Madonna album , " I 'll Remember " and " This Used to Be My Playground " , and altogether provided a softer image for the singer during a critical period in her career .
For producing the new songs for the album , Madonna worked with David Foster and Nellee Hooper , the former known for his work with such artists as Barbra Streisand and Olivia Newton @-@ John . Madonna stated that the concept for the album was to make fans and critics alike remember her music contributions rather than her media controversies . Something to Remember was well received by music critics who were impressed with Madonna 's vocals and the album 's cohesiveness . It was also a commercial success , topping charts in Australia , Austria , Finland , and Italy , and peaking within top ten elsewhere . In the United States , it reached number six on the Billboard 200 and was certified three times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipments of three million units . Worldwide , Something to Remember has sold over ten million copies .
Four singles and one promotional single were released to promote the album . Originally intended as the album 's lead single , " I Want You " was released as the promotional single preceding the album , with a music video directed by Earle Sebastian . " You 'll See " was released as the album 's first single on October 23 , 1995 , accompanied by a Spanish version titled " Verás " and a music video directed by Michael Haussman . The song peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 , while reaching the top five in Austria , Canada , Finland , Italy and the United Kingdom . " Oh Father " , " One More Chance " and " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " were released as the follow up singles , but gained little commercial response ; the latter received a music video directed by Jean @-@ Baptiste Mondino .
= = Background = =
After a controversy @-@ fueled period , Madonna 's personal life had started to dominate over her musical career . " She knew it was time to make a change " as said by one anonymous member of her management team who claimed that she wanted to prove there was more to her than the constant media circus surrounding her . J. Randy Taraborrelli , author of Madonna : An Intimate Biography , documented that Madonna had previously stated that many of her songs have been overlooked in response to current trends , with her long @-@ time friend and producer Mirwais Ahmadzaï stating " she hasn 't shouted about her musical abilities . " Taraborrelli explained " So , whether Madonna released Something to Remember , a collection of previously released love songs , because she had a point to prove or simply to keep a contractual obligation , the fourteen track recording did make a statement . " Described as a " love letter from Madonna to her fans and music lovers alike " the compilation seemed to notify her contemporaries of her musical talent . On the album 's liner note , Madonna further explained :
So much controversy has swirled around my career this past decade that very little attention ever gets paid to my music . The songs are all but forgotten . While I have no regrets regarding the choices I 've made artistically , I 've learned to appreciate the idea of doing things in a simpler way . So without a lot of fanfare , without any distractions , I present to you this collection of ballads . Some are old , some are new . All of them are from my heart .
The new material for the album saw her collaboration with a well @-@ known producer David Foster , who had worked with the likes of Barbra Streisand , Al Jarreau and Earth , Wind & Fire . Foster recalled the first time Madonna 's publicist Liz Rosenberg contacting him for a dinner with the singer : " When Madonna first called , I was a little surprised — my music isn 't really hip enough for her — but I guess her camp thought we should meet , and I got a call from Liz Rosenberg , the PR maven who has been with Madonna from the beginning . " Not long after the dinner , Madonna and Foster began the recording session in his Malibu studio . During the album conception , Madonna was also asked by her Bedtime Stories producer Nellee Hooper to collaborate with British trip hop group Massive Attack for a Marvin Gaye tribute album . Previously , the band had offered the collaboration to several artists , including Chaka Khan who rejected it . Madonna and Massive Attack covered Gaye 's 1976 hit " I Want You " , which finished among the new material for Something to Remember and was also included on the Inner City Blues : The Music of Marvin Gaye released by Motown Records .
= = Development = =
The first track selected for use on the compilation album was " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " from Like a Virgin ( 1984 ) . The track was reworked by producer David Reitzas and features a quite different composition from the 1984 version . Madonna also included two soundtrack singles which had never been featured on her own album , " This Used to Be My Playground " from the 1992 film A League of Their Own and " I 'll Remember " from the 1994 film With Honors . Other previously released material selected for the compilation were " Crazy for You " from Vision Quest ( 1985 ) , " Live to Tell " from True Blue ( 1986 ) , " Oh Father " from Like a Prayer ( 1989 ) , " Something to Remember " from I 'm Breathless ( 1990 ) , " Rain " from Erotica ( 1992 ) , as well as " Take a Bow " and " Forbidden Love " , both from Bedtime Stories ( 1994 ) . Two tracks on the compilation , " Crazy for You " and " Live to Tell " , were overlapping with her first greatest hits album , The Immaculate Collection ( 1990 ) . According to Rikky Rooksby , the author of The Complete Guide to the Music of Madonna , the song selection creates a soft atmosphere , the music is downbeat and " emotionally introverted " with mellow vibes throughout .
Madonna 's recording session with David Foster resulted two new songs to the final track listing , " You 'll See " and " One More Chance " . Foster commented : " At the end of the day , the songs we did were not particularly impressive , though one of them , " You 'll See " , was really neat . Madonna had written a great lyric ( You think that I can 't live without your love / You 'll see ) and I thought my music was great . " " You 'll See " is a low bass track featuring wind chimes and a Spanish guitar . Throughout the chord changes progression to give Madonna 's vocals dominance in the song , and after a minute the percussion starts with a tremolo guitar added later . Lyrically , the song talks of independence after the end of a love affair stating that Madonna will go onto greater things . Madonna was asked whether the track was about revenge to which she replied " No , it 's about empowering yourself . " The next original song , " One More Chance " features an acoustic guitar introduction with plenty of chord changes . Lyrically , the song features Madonna attempting to win a lost lover back . Madonna later recorded the Spanish version of " You 'll See " in Gloria and Emilio Estefan 's studio in Miami . Titled " Verás " , the song was adapted into Spanish by Paz Martinez .
Nellee Hooper produced another new addition to the compilation , the cover version of Marvin Gaye 's " I Want You " . After Madonna accepted Hooper 's suggestion to collaborate with Massive Attack , the band sent Madonna the music of the song first . Robert " 3D " Del Naja , one of the band members , subsequently went to New York with Hooper and worked in the studio for two days . Del Naja said , " I think the really cool thing about it was the fact that [ Madonna ] sang it so beautifully . There was no special effects , no messing around — it was just in there singing it with a lot of passion and soul . " Musically , the song starts with a long introduction featuring a hip @-@ hop drum beat with emphasis on the bass section of the instrumental alongside a semi @-@ tonal string figure . The second verse features a harp and a repeating drum loop accompanied with a telephone style bleeping sound . Madonna 's vocals at times are accompanied by spoken passages with her overall vocals dominating the track , with lyrics discussing a man that no longer wants her , while she is determined to change his mind . The compilation also features the orchestral version of " I Want You " in which the original drum track , bass and percussion are removed . The version starts slower with Madonna 's vocals entering with a low string bass line only , gradually more string arrangements are added with harp and brass featured in the background of the mix . A moment towards the end of the track hears her voice with no accompaniment creating a " dramatic " theme , and overall the version features around 20 seconds less than the original .
= = Artwork and release = =
The album 's artwork was shot by fashion photographer Mario Testino . It was originally made for Madonna 's Versace adversitsement which appeared on high @-@ fashion magazines . The packaging included with the release showed Madonna looking " deliciously cosmopolitan " as she wore a tight @-@ fit white cocktail attire , while the back cover artwork is predominantly more playful . The front cover artwork presented Madonna leaning against a wall with an expression of " romantic loss or absorption . " Designed as the Madonna album which would appeal to a larger audience in contrast to her previous records , Bedtime Stories and Erotica , the booklet featured red roses inside and a golden yellow flower on the back cover . According to The Guardian writer Caroline Sullivan , the fact that Madonna removed her nose ring for the cover shot indicated she " wants the album to be taken on its own merits . " In 2013 , the artwork was dubbed as one of the " 20 Most Fashionable Album Covers Ever " by the Dutch edition of Elle magazine . The title of the album derives from her 1990 song of the same name since it had received little attention during the release of its original album , I 'm Breathless .
Something to Remember was released in some European countries on November 3 , 1995 . In Madonna 's native country , the album was released on November 7 , 1995 . In Japan , the album was released under the title Best of Madonna : Ballad Collection on November 10 , 1995 , containing her 1986 song " La Isla Bonita " as a bonus track . " La Isla Bonita " was re @-@ released three months prior the compilation as a double A @-@ side record with " Human Nature " , the final single from Bedtime Stories . Receiving gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) , the song was added to Something to Remember track listing in the hope of boosting the album sales in the region . In Latin America , the album included the bonus track " Verás " , the Spanish version of " You 'll See " . In 2001 , WEA Records released a box set of Something to Remember and The Immaculate Collection to coincide with the release of Madonna 's second greatest hits package , GHV2 .
= = Singles = =
" I Want You " was released as a promotional single from the album on October 2 , 1995 . It was originally intended as the album 's first single , but cancelled due to contract problems between Madonna 's label and Motown Records , the copyright owner of the song . The music video for the song was directed by Earle Sebastian and was nominated for the MTV Amour category at the MTV Europe Music Awards 1996 . " You 'll See " was released as the album 's lead single on October 30 , 1995 . The song reached the top five position in Austria , Canada , Finland , Italy and the United Kingdom . The single managed to peak at number six on the Billboard Hot 100 , making Madonna the third act in history ( after Aretha Franklin and Marvin Gaye ) to have a hit peak at each position from one to ten on the chart . An accompanying music video was directed by Michael Haussman as a sequel to Madonna 's previous music video for " Take a Bow " .
" Oh Father " was released as the second single for European market on December 21 , 1995 . It became a top ten hit in Finland and the United Kingdom , but charted weakly in the rest of the continent , resulting a low peak of 62 on the European Hot 100 Singles chart . " One More Chance " received a limited single release in Australia and several European countries on March 7 , 1996 . Despite barely any promotion and no music video , the song still charted as high as number two in Italy and peaked inside the top 40 in Australia , Finland , Sweden and the United Kingdom . " Love Don 't Live Here Anymore " was released as the final single from the album on March 19 , 1996 . The song received poor commercial reception , peaking at number 78 on the Billboard Hot 100 , while reaching the top forty in Australia and Canada . Its accompanying music video was directed in by Jean @-@ Baptiste Mondino at the Confitería El Molino in Buenos Aires , Argentina , during Madonna 's day off from filming Evita . It was shot in a single frame portraying Madonna in an empty suite of an abandoned hotel .
= = Critical reception = =
Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic wrote that " Throughout the album , Madonna proves that she 's a terrific singer whose voice has improved over the years . " He added , " Not one of the tracks is second @-@ rate , and the best songs on Something to Remember rank among the best pop music of the ' 80s and ' 90s " . Neil Strauss of The New York Times felt all the songs on the album " cohere better than a greatest @-@ hits package would " and " they tell a story of their own , of a voice and attitude that have hardened in the dozen years that have elapsed between the bubble @-@ gum @-@ chomping innocence of 1983 's ' Crazy for You ' and the tortured torch singing of the new ' You 'll See ' . " Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly commented : " By placing her greatest @-@ hit ballads ( ' Live to Tell ' , ' Crazy for You ' , ' Take a Bow ' , etc . ) in a new context — that is , separated from her more attention @-@ getting dance music — Madonna reinvigorates them , which is just what a good best @-@ of compilation is supposed to do . The three new songs ' You 'll See ' , ' One More Chance ' , and a wonderfully eerie version of Marvin Gaye 's ' I Want You ' are consumer enticements that just add to the allure . "
According to Greg Forman from The Post and Courier , the album shows that " There 's an important difference between having a great voice and being a great singer . Whitney Houston or Mariah Carey can sing circles ( and octaves ) around the most famous woman on the planet , but Madonna , through sheer force of personality sells her slow numbers with a panache few modern singers can match . " John Wirt from The Advocate said that the album shows that Madonna " can craft slow songs as effectively as she knocks out dance numbers " and found " an unaffected simplicity and sincerity " in her ballad singing . Writing for The Baltimore Sun , J. D. Considine believed that with the album " Madonna not only reminds us that there 's more to her music than dance tunes , but also demonstrates that her voice is nowhere near as thin and chirpy as her detractors imagine . " He further explained , " one of the most amazing things about the album is how sultry and assured she sounds ... The Madonna on display here not only has a richer , deeper voice than you imagined , but more interpretive insight as well . "
Alwyn W. Turner in the book The Rough Guide to Rock stated that the album features " the best of her slow pieces " displaying that " Madonna had evolved over the years into an excellent ballad singer . " Edna Gundersen from USA Today said that the album " flaunts the less sizzling , though equally galvanizing , highlights of her career . " She was mostly impressed with Madonna 's vocal and emotional power on the track " You 'll See " which became " the clearest proof that the ambitious blonde is more singer than celebrity . " J. Randy Taraborrelli in his book Madonna : An Intimate Biography picked the David Foster produced tracks as standouts , saying " It was interesting that , with all of his [ David Foster ] exciting musical ability from which to draw , he and Madonna would come up with two of the most sombre songs she has ever recorded — but such is the excitement of collaboration ; one never knows what will come of it . " Tirzah Agassi from The Jerusalem Post said the arrangements on the new songs " show a great leap in sophistication " and felt that Madonna " has invested much in improving her vocal technique . " Robert Christgau criticized the album with a " dud " rating , indicating " a bad record whose details rarely merit further thought . "
= = Commercial performance = =
In the United States , Something to Remember debuted and peaked at number six on the Billboard 200 chart on the issue date of November 25 , 1995 . It stayed on the chart for 34 weeks and was certified triple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) for shipments of three million units . According to Nielsen SoundScan , the album has sold 2 @,@ 086 @,@ 000 copies as of August 2009 . This figure does not include sales from clubs , such as BMG Music Club where the album sold an additional 179 @,@ 000 copies . In Canada , the album entered the RPM Albums Chart at number two on November 20 , 1995 . The album held the top ten position for eight consecutive weeks before descending to number 12 on January 29 , 1996 . It stayed on the chart for 26 weeks , and was certified double platinum by the Music Canada ( MC ) for shipments of 200 @,@ 000 copies . The album also performed well in other North American market such as Mexico , where it was certified platinum by Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas ( AMPROFON ) for shipments of 250 @,@ 000 copies .
In the United Kingdom , Something to Remember debuted at number three on the UK Albums Chart on November 18 , 1995 . It dropped to number four in its second and third week , spending twelve consecutive weeks in the top ten before falling to number 11 on February 2 , 1996 . The album was certified triple platinum by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for shipments of 900 @,@ 000 copies . In Germany , the album reached number two on the Media Control Charts for two weeks and was certified platinum by the Bundesverband Musikindustrie ( BVMI ) for shipping 500 @,@ 000 copies . The album also reached the top ten of the charts in other European countries and peaked at number one in Austria , Finland and Italy , where it shipped more than 500 @,@ 000 copies according to the Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana ( FIMI ) . Its commercial success in the continent allowed the album to peak at number three on the European Top 100 Albums chart . It was certified triple platinum by the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry ( IFPI ) for selling over three million copies across Europe .
The album was also well received commercially in Asia @-@ Pacific territories . In Japan , the album peaked at number nine on the Oricon Albums Chart and was certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) for shipping 400 @,@ 000 copies . In Australia , the album debuted at number two on November 19 , 1995 and topped the record chart the following week . It stayed on the top 50 for 19 weeks and received quadruple platinum award from the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of 280 @,@ 000 copies . It also became a top @-@ ten album in New Zealand , peaking at number eight , and was certified platinum by the Recorded Music NZ ( RMNZ ) for shipments of 15 @,@ 000 copies . Overall , the album has sold more than ten million copies worldwide . With the commercial success it achieved , Something to Remember set a trend of releasing ballad albums afterward , such as the 1996 albums Love Songs by Elton John and If We Fall in Love Tonight by Rod Stewart .
= = Track listing and formats = =
= = Credits and personnel = =
Credits adapted from the album 's liner notes .
= = Charts = =
= = Certifications = =
= = Release history = =
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= John Hay =
John Milton Hay ( October 8 , 1838 – July 1 , 1905 ) was an American statesman and official whose career in government stretched over almost half a century . Beginning as a private secretary and assistant to Abraham Lincoln , Hay 's highest office was United States Secretary of State under Presidents William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt . Hay was also an author and biographer , and wrote poetry and other literature throughout much of his life .
Born in Indiana to an anti @-@ slavery family that moved to Illinois when he was young , Hay showed great potential , and his family sent him to Brown University . After graduation in 1858 , Hay read law in his uncle 's office in Springfield , Illinois , adjacent to that of Lincoln . Hay worked for Lincoln 's successful presidential campaign , and became one of his private secretaries at the White House . Throughout the American Civil War , Hay was close to Lincoln , and stood by his deathbed after the President was shot at Ford 's Theatre . In addition to his other literary works , Hay co @-@ authored with John George Nicolay a multi @-@ volume biography of Lincoln that helped shape the assassinated president 's historical image .
After Lincoln 's death , Hay spent several years at diplomatic posts in Europe , then worked for the New @-@ York Tribune under Horace Greeley and Whitelaw Reid . Yet , Hay remained active in politics , and from 1879 to 1881 served as Assistant Secretary of State . Afterwards , he remained in the private sector , until President McKinley , for whom he had been a major backer , made him Ambassador to the United Kingdom in 1897 . Hay became Secretary of State the following year .
Hay served for almost seven years as Secretary of State under President McKinley , and after his assassination , under Theodore Roosevelt . Hay was responsible for negotiating the Open Door Policy , which kept China open to trade with all countries on an equal basis , with international powers . By negotiating the Hay – Pauncefote Treaty with the United Kingdom , the ( ultimately unratified ) Hay – Herrán Treaty with Colombia , and finally the Hay – Bunau @-@ Varilla Treaty with the newly @-@ independent Republic of Panama , Hay also cleared the way for the building of the Panama Canal .
= = Early life = =
= = = Family and youth = = =
John Milton Hay was born in Salem , Indiana , on October 8 , 1838 . He was the third son of Dr. Charles Hay and the former Helen Leonard . Charles Hay , born in Lexington , Kentucky , hated slavery , and moved to the North in the early 1830s . A doctor , he practiced in Salem and married there in 1831 . Helen 's father , David Leonard , had moved his family west from Assonet , Massachusetts , in 1818 , but died en route to Vincennes , Indiana , and Helen relocated to Salem in 1830 to teach school . Charles was not successful in Salem , and moved , with his wife and children , to Warsaw , Illinois , in 1841 .
John attended the local schools , and in 1849 his uncle Milton Hay invited John to live at his home in Pittsfield , Pike County , and attend a well @-@ regarded local school , the John D. Thomson Academy . Milton was a friend of Springfield attorney Abraham Lincoln , and had read law in the firm Stuart and Lincoln . In Pittsfield , John first met John Nicolay , who was at the time a 20 @-@ year @-@ old newspaperman . Once John Hay completed his studies there , the 13 @-@ year @-@ old was sent to live with his grandfather in Springfield , and attend school there . His parents and uncle Milton ( who financed the boy 's education ) sent him to Brown University in Providence , Rhode Island , alma mater of his late maternal grandfather .
= = = Student and Lincoln supporter = = =
Hay enrolled at Brown in 1855 . Although he enjoyed college life , he did not find it easy : his Western clothing and accent made him stand out ; he was not well prepared academically and was often sick . Hay gained a reputation as a star student , and became a part of Providence 's literary circle that included Sarah Helen Whitman and Nora Perry . He wrote poetry , and experimented with hashish . Hay received his Master of Arts degree in 1858 , and was , like his grandfather before him , Class Poet . He returned to Illinois . Milton Hay had moved his practice to Springfield , and John became a law clerk in his firm , where he could study law .
Milton Hay 's firm was one of the most prestigious in Illinois . Lincoln maintained offices next door and was a rising star in the new Republican Party . Hay recalled an early encounter with Lincoln :
He came into the law office where I was reading ... with a copy of Harper 's Magazine in hand , containing Senator Douglas 's famous article on Popular Sovereignty . [ whether residents of each territory ] could decide on slavery ] Lincoln seemed greatly roused by what he had read . Entering the office without a salutation , he said : " This will never do . He puts the moral element out of this question . It won 't stay out . "
Hay was not a supporter of Lincoln for president until after his nomination in 1860 . Hay then made speeches and wrote newspaper articles boosting Lincoln 's candidacy . When Nicolay , who had been made Lincoln 's private secretary for the campaign , found he needed help with the huge amounts of correspondence , Hay worked full @-@ time for Lincoln for six months .
Lincoln was elected . Nicolay , who continued as Lincoln 's private secretary , recommended that Hay be hired to assist him at the White House . Lincoln is reported to have said , " We can 't take all Illinois with us down to Washington " but then " Well , let Hay come " . Kushner and Sherrill were dubious about " the story of Lincoln 's offhand appointment of Hay " as fitting well into Hay 's self @-@ image of never having been an office @-@ seeker , but " poorly into the realities of Springfield politics of the 1860s " — Hay must have expected some reward for handling Lincoln 's correspondence for months . Hay biographer John Taliaferro suggests that Lincoln engaged Nicolay and Hay to assist him , rather than more seasoned men , both " out of loyalty and surely because of the competence and compatibility that his two young aides had demonstrated " . Historian Joshua Zeitz argues that Lincoln was moved to hire Hay when Milton agreed to pay his nephew 's salary for six months .
= = American Civil War = =
= = = Secretary to Lincoln = = =
Milton Hay desired that his nephew go to Washington as a qualified attorney , and John Hay was admitted to the bar in Illinois on February 4 , 1861 . On February 11 , he embarked with President @-@ elect Lincoln on a circuitous journey to Washington . By this time , several Southern states had seceded to form the Confederate States of America in reaction to the election of Lincoln , seen as an opponent of slavery . When Lincoln was sworn in on March 4 , Hay and Nicolay moved into the White House , sharing a shabby bedroom . As there was only authority for payment of one presidential secretary ( Nicolay ) , Hay was appointed to a post in the Interior Department at $ 1 @,@ 600 per year , seconded to service at the White House . They were available to Lincoln 24 hours a day . As Lincoln took no vacations as president and worked seven days a week , often until 11 pm ( or later , during crucial battles ) the burden on his secretaries was heavy .
Hay and Nicolay divided their responsibilities : Nicolay tending to assist Lincoln in his office and in meetings , while Hay dealt with the correspondence , which was very large . Both men tried to shield Lincoln from office @-@ seekers and others who wanted to meet with the President . Unlike the dour Nicolay , Hay , with his charm , escaped much of the hard feelings from those denied Lincoln 's presence . Abolitionist Thomas Wentworth Higginson described Hay as " a nice young fellow , who unfortunately looks about seventeen and is oppressed with the necessity of behaving like seventy " . Hay continued to write , anonymously , for newspapers , sending in columns calculated to make Lincoln appear a sorrowful man , religious and competent , giving of his life and health to preserve the Union . Similarly , Hay served as what Taliaferro deemed a " White House propagandist " , in his columns explaining away losses such as that at First Manassas in July 1861 .
Despite the heavy workload — Hay wrote that he was busy 20 hours a day — he tried to make as normal a life as possible , eating his meals with Nicolay at Willard 's Hotel , going to the theatre with Abraham and Mary Todd Lincoln , and reading Les Misérables in French . Hay , still in his early 20s , spent time both in barrooms and at cultured get @-@ togethers in the homes of Washington 's elite . The two secretaries often clashed with Mary Lincoln , who resorted to various stratagems to get the dilapidated White House restored without depleting Lincoln 's salary , which had to cover entertainment and other expenses . Despite the secretaries ' objections , Mrs. Lincoln was generally the victor , and managed to save almost 70 % of her husband 's salary in his four years in office .
After the death of Lincoln 's 11 @-@ year @-@ old son Willie in February 1862 ( an event not mentioned in Hay 's diary or correspondence ) , " it was Hay who became , if not a surrogate son , then a young man who stirred a higher form of parental nurturing that Lincoln , despite his best intentions , did not successfully bestow on either of his surviving children " . According to Hay biographer Robert Gale , " Hay came to adore Lincoln for his goodness , patience , understanding , sense of humor , humility , magnanimity , sense of justice , healthy skepticism , resilience and power , love of the common man , and mystical patriotism " . Speaker of the House Galusha Grow stated , " Lincoln was very much attached to him " ; writer Charles G. Halpine , who knew Hay then , later recorded that " Lincoln loved him as a son " .
Hay and Nicolay accompanied Lincoln to Gettysburg , Pennsylvania , for the dedication of the cemetery there , where were interred many of those who fell at the Battle of Gettysburg . Although they made much of Lincoln 's brief Gettysburg Address in their 1890 multi @-@ volume biography of Lincoln , Hay 's diary states " the President , in a firm , free way , with more grace than is his wont , said his half @-@ dozen lines of consecration . "
= = = Presidential emissary = = =
Lincoln sent Hay away from the White House on various missions . In August 1861 , Hay escorted Mary Lincoln and her children to Long Branch , New Jersey , a resort on the Jersey Shore , both as their caretaker and as a means of giving Hay a much @-@ needed break . The following month , Lincoln sent him to Missouri to deliver a letter to Union General John C. Frémont , who had irritated the President with military blunders and by freeing local slaves without authorization , endangering Lincoln 's attempts to keep the border states in the Union .
In April 1863 , Lincoln sent Hay to the Union @-@ occupied South Carolina coast to report back on the ironclad vessels being used in an attempt to recapture Charleston Harbor . Hay then went on to the Florida coast . He returned to Florida in January 1864 , after Lincoln had announced his Ten Percent Plan , that if ten percent of the 1860 electorate in a state took oaths of loyalty and to support emancipation , they could form a government with federal protection . Lincoln considered Florida , with its small population , a good test case , and made Hay a major , sending him to see if he could get sufficient men to take the oath . Hay spent a month in the state during February and March 1864 , but Union defeats there reduced the area under federal control . Believing his mission impractical , he sailed back to Washington .
In July 1864 , New York publisher Horace Greeley sent word to Lincoln that there were Southern peace emissaries in Canada . Lincoln doubted that they actually spoke for Confederate President Jefferson Davis , but had Hay journey to New York to persuade the publisher to go to Niagara Falls , Ontario , to meet with them and bring them to Washington . Greeley reported to Lincoln that the emissaries lacked accreditation by Davis , but were confident they could bring both sides together . Lincoln sent Hay to Ontario with what became known as the Niagara Manifesto : that if the South laid down its arms , freed the slaves , and reentered the Union , it could expect liberal terms on other points . The Southerners refused to come to Washington to negotiate .
= = = Assassination of Lincoln = = =
By the end of 1864 , with Lincoln reelected and the victorious war winding down , both Hay and Nicolay let it be known that they desired different jobs . Soon after Lincoln 's second inauguration in March 1865 , the two secretaries were appointed to the US delegation in Paris , Nicolay as consul and Hay as secretary of legation . Hay wrote to his brother Charles that the appointment was " entirely unsolicited and unexpected " , a statement that Kushner and Sherrill found unconvincing given that Hay had spent hundreds of hours during the war with Secretary of State William H. Seward , who had often discussed personal and political matters with him , and the close relationship between the two men was so well known that office @-@ seekers cultivated Hay as a means of getting to Seward . The two men were also motivated to find new jobs by their deteriorating relationship with Mary Lincoln , who sought their ouster , and by Nicolay 's desire to wed his intended — he could not bring a bride to his shared room at the White House.They remained at the White House pending the arrival and training of replacements .
Hay did not accompany the Lincolns to Ford 's Theatre on the night of April 14 , 1865 , but remained at the White House , drinking whiskey with Robert Lincoln . When the two were informed that the President had been shot , they hastened to the Petersen House , a boarding house where the stricken Lincoln had been taken . Hay remained by Lincoln 's deathbed through the night and was present when he died . Hay saw , at the moment of Lincoln 's death , " a look of unspeakable peace came upon his worn features " . He heard War Secretary Edwin Stanton 's declaration , " Now he belongs to the ages . "
According to Kushner and Sherrill , " Lincoln 's death was for Hay a personal loss , like the loss of a father ... Lincoln 's assassination erased any remaining doubts Hay had about Lincoln 's greatness . " In 1866 , in a personal letter , Hay deemed Lincoln , " the greatest character since Christ " . Taliaferro noted that " Hay would spend the rest of his life mourning Lincoln ... wherever Hay went and whatever he did , Lincoln would always be watching " .
= = Early diplomatic career = =
Hay sailed for Paris at the end of June 1865 . There , he served under U.S. Minister to France John Bigelow . The workload was not heavy , and Hay found time to enjoy the pleasures of Paris . When Bigelow resigned in mid @-@ 1866 , Hay , as was customary , submitted his resignation , though he was asked to remain until Bigelow 's successor was in place , and stayed until January 1867 . He consulted with Secretary of State William H. Seward , asking him for " anything worth having " . Seward suggested the post of Minister to Sweden , but reckoned without the new president , Andrew Johnson , who had his own candidate . Seward offered Hay a job as his private secretary , but Hay declined , and returned home to Warsaw .
Initially happy to be home , Hay quickly grew restive , and he was glad to hear , in early June 1867 , that he had been appointed secretary of legation to act as chargé d 'affaires at Vienna . He sailed for Europe the same month , and while in England visited the House of Commons , where he was greatly impressed by the Chancellor of the Exchequer , Benjamin Disraeli . The Vienna post was only temporary , until Johnson could appoint a chargé d 'affaires and have him confirmed by the Senate , and the workload was light , allowing Hay , who was fluent in German , to spend much of his time traveling . It was not until July 1868 that Henry Watts became Hay 's replacement . Hay resigned , spent the remainder of the summer in Europe , then went home to Warsaw .
Unemployed again , in December 1868 Hay journeyed to the capital , writing to Nicolay that he " came to Washington in the peaceful pursuit of a fat office . But there is nothing just now available " . Seward promised to " wrestle with Andy for anything that turns up " , but nothing did prior to the departure of both Seward and Johnson from office on March 4 , 1869 . In May , Hay went back to Washington from Warsaw to press his case with the new Grant administration . The next month , due to the influence of his friends , he obtained the post of secretary of legation in Spain .
Although the salary was low , Hay was interested in serving in Madrid both because of the political situation there — Queen Isabella II had recently been deposed — and because the U.S. Minister was the swashbuckling former congressman , General Daniel Sickles . Hay hoped to assist Sickles in gaining U.S. control over Cuba , then a Spanish colony . Sickles was unsuccessful and Hay resigned in May 1870 , citing the low salary , but remaining in his post until September . Two legacies of Hay 's time in Madrid were magazine articles he wrote that became the basis of his first book , Castilian Days , and his lifelong friendship with Sickles 's personal secretary , Alvey A. Adee , who would be a close aide to Hay at the State Department .
= = Wilderness years ( 1870 – 97 ) = =
= = = Tribune and marriage = = =
While still in Spain , Hay had been offered the position of assistant editor at the New @-@ York Tribune — both the editor , Horace Greeley , and his managing editor , Whitelaw Reid , were anxious to hire Hay . He joined the staff in October 1870 . The Tribune was the leading reform newspaper in New York , and through mail subscriptions , the largest @-@ circulating newspaper in the nation . Hay wrote editorials for the Tribune , and Greeley soon proclaimed him the most brilliant writer of " breviers " ( as they were called ) that he had ever had .
With his success as an editorial writer , Hay 's duties expanded . In October 1871 , he journeyed to Chicago after the great fire there , interviewing Mrs. O 'Leary , whose cow was said to have started the blaze , describing her as " a woman with a lamp [ who went ] to the barn behind the house , to milk the cow with the crumpled temper , that kicked the lamp , that spilled the kerosene , that fired the straw that burned Chicago " . His work at the Tribune came as his fame as a poet was reaching its peak , and one colleague described it as " a liberal education in the delights of intellectual life to sit in intimate companionship with John Hay and watch the play of that well @-@ stored and brilliant mind " . In addition to writing , Hay was signed by the prestigious Boston Lyceum Bureau , whose clients included Mark Twain and Susan B. Anthony , to give lectures on the prospects for democracy in Europe , and on his years in the Lincoln White House .
By the time President Grant ran for reelection in 1872 , Grant 's administration had been rocked by scandal , and some disaffected members of his party formed the Liberal Republicans , naming Greeley as their candidate for president , a nomination soon joined in by the Democrats . Hay was unenthusiastic about the editor @-@ turned @-@ candidate , and in his editorials mostly took aim at Grant , who , despite the scandals , remained untarred , and who won a landslide victory in the election . Greeley died only weeks later , a broken man . Hay 's stance endangered his hitherto sterling credentials in the Republican Party .
By 1873 , Hay was wooing Clara Stone , daughter of Cleveland multimillionaire railroad and banking mogul Amasa Stone . The success of his suit ( they married in 1874 ) made the salary attached to office a small consideration for the rest of his life . Amasa Stone needed someone to watch over his investments , and wanted Hay to move to Cleveland to fill the post . Although the Hays initially lived in John 's New York apartment and later in a townhouse there , they moved in June 1875 to Stone 's ornate home on Cleveland 's Euclid Avenue , " Millionaire 's Row " , and a mansion was quickly under construction for the Hays next @-@ door . The Hays had four children , Helen Hay Whitney , Adelbert Barnes Hay , Alice Evelyn Hay Wadsworth Boyd , and Clarence Leonard Hay . Their father proved successful as a money manager , though he devoted much of his time to literary and political activities , writing to Adee that " I do nothing but read and yawn " .
On December 29 , 1876 , a bridge over Ohio 's Ashtabula River collapsed . The bridge had been built from metal cast at one of Stone 's mills , and was carrying a train owned and operated by Stone 's Lake Shore and Michigan Railway . Ninety @-@ two people died ; it was the worst rail disaster in American history up to that point . Blame fell heavily on Stone , who departed for Europe to recuperate and left Hay in charge of his businesses . The summer of 1877 was marked by labor disputes ; a strike over wage cuts on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad soon spread to the Lake Shore , much to Hay 's outrage . He blamed foreign agitators for the dispute , and vented his anger over the strike in his only novel , The Bread @-@ Winners ( 1883 ) .
= = = Return to politics = = =
Hay remained disaffected from the Republican Party in the mid @-@ 1870s . Seeking a candidate of either party he could support as a reformer , he watched as his favored Democrat , Samuel Tilden , gained his party 's nomination , but his favored Republican , James G. Blaine , did not , falling to Ohio Governor Rutherford B. Hayes , whom Hay did not support during the campaign . Hayes 's victory in the election left Hay an outsider as he sought a return to politics , and he was initially offered no place in the new administration . Nevertheless , Hay attempted to ingratiate himself with the new President by sending him a gold ring with a strand of George Washington 's hair , a gesture that Hayes deeply appreciated . Hay spent time working with Nicolay on their Lincoln biography , and traveling in Europe . When Reid , who had succeeded Greeley as editor of the Tribune , was offered the post of Minister to Germany in December 1878 , he turned it down and recommended Hay . Secretary of State William M. Evarts indicated that Hay " had not been active enough in political efforts " , to Hay 's regret , who told Reid that he " would like a second @-@ class mission uncommonly well " .
From May to October 1879 , Hay set out to reconfirm his credentials as a loyal Republican , giving speeches in support of candidates and attacking the Democrats . In October , President and Mrs. Hayes came to a reception at Hay 's Cleveland home . When Assistant Secretary of State Frederick W. Seward resigned later that month , Hay was offered his place and accepted , after some hesitancy because he was considering running for Congress .
In Washington , Hay oversaw a staff of eighty employees , renewed his acquaintance with his friend Henry Adams , and substituted for Evarts at Cabinet meetings when the Secretary was out of town . In 1880 , he campaigned for the Republican nominee for president , his fellow Ohioan , Congressman James A. Garfield . Hay felt that Garfield did not have enough backbone , and hoped that Reid and others would " inoculate him with the gall which I fear he lacks " . Garfield consulted Hay before and after his election as president on appointments and other matters , but offered Hay only the post of private secretary ( though he promised to increase its pay and power ) , and Hay declined . Hay resigned as assistant secretary effective March 31 , 1881 , and spent the next seven months as acting editor of the Tribune during Reid 's extended absence in Europe . Garfield 's death in September and Reid 's return the following month left Hay again on the outside of political power , looking in . He would spend the next fifteen years in that position .
= = = Wealthy traveler ( 1881 – 97 ) = = =
= = = = Author and dilettante = = = =
After 1881 , Hay did not again hold public office until 1897 . Amasa Stone committed suicide in 1883 ; his death left the Hays very wealthy . They spent several months in most years traveling in Europe . The Lincoln biography absorbed some of Hay 's time , the hardest work being done with Nicolay in 1884 and 1885 ; beginning in 1886 , portions began appearing serially , and the ten @-@ volume biography was published in 1890 .
In 1884 , Hay and Adams commissioned architect Henry Hobson Richardson to construct houses for them on Washington 's Lafayette Square ; these were completed by 1886 . Hay 's house , facing the White House and fronting on Sixteenth Street , was described even before completion as " the finest house in Washington " . The price for the combined tract , purchased from William Wilson Corcoran , was $ 73 @,@ 800 , of which Adams paid a third for his lot . Hay budgeted the construction cost at $ 50 @,@ 000 ; his ornate , 12 @,@ 000 square feet ( 1 @,@ 100 m2 ) mansion eventually cost over twice that . Despite their possession of two lavish houses , the Hays spent less than half the year in Washington and only a few weeks a year in Cleveland . They also spent time at The Fells , their summer residence in Newbury , New Hampshire . According to Gale , " for a full decade before his appointment in 1897 as ambassador to England , Hay was lazy and uncertain . "
Hay continued to devote much of his energy to Republican politics . In 1884 , he supported Blaine for president , donating considerable sums to the senator 's unsuccessful campaign against New York Governor Grover Cleveland . Many of Hay 's friends were unenthusiastic about Blaine 's candidacy , to Hay 's anger , and he wrote to editor Richard Watson Gilder , " I have never been able to appreciate the logic that induces some excellent people every four years because they cannot nominate the candidate they prefer to vote for the party they don 't prefer . " In 1888 , Hay had to follow his own advice as his favored candidate , Ohio Senator John Sherman , was unsuccessful at the Republican convention . After some reluctance , Hay supported the nominee , former Indiana senator Benjamin Harrison , who was elected . Though Harrison appointed men whom Hay supported , including Blaine , Reid , and Robert Lincoln , Hay was not asked to serve in the Harrison administration . In 1890 , Hay spoke for Republican congressional candidates , addressing a rally of 10 @,@ 000 people in New York City , but the party was defeated , losing control of Congress . Hay contributed funds to Harrison 's unsuccessful re @-@ election effort , in part because Reid had been made Harrison 's 1892 running mate .
= = = = McKinley backer = = = =
Hay was an early supporter of Ohio 's William McKinley , and worked closely with McKinley 's political manager , Cleveland industrialist Mark Hanna . In 1889 , Hay supported McKinley in his unsuccessful effort to become Speaker of the House . Four years later , McKinley — by then Governor of Ohio — faced a crisis when a friend whose notes he had imprudently co @-@ signed went bankrupt during the Panic of 1893 . The debts were beyond the governor 's means to pay , and the possibility of insolvency threatened McKinley 's promising political career . Hay was among those Hanna called upon to contribute , buying up $ 3 @,@ 000 of the debt of over $ 100 @,@ 000 . Although others paid more , " Hay 's checks were two of the first , and his touch was more personal , a kindness McKinley never forgot " . The governor wrote , " How can I ever repay you & other dear friends ? "
The same panic that nearly ruined McKinley convinced Hay that men like himself must take office to save the country from disaster . By the end of 1894 , he was deeply involved in efforts to lay the groundwork for the governor 's 1896 presidential bid . It was Hay 's job to persuade potential supporters that McKinley was worth backing . Nevertheless , Hay found time for a lengthy stay in New Hampshire — one visitor at The Fells in mid @-@ 1895 was Rudyard Kipling — and later in the year wrote , " The summer wanes and I have done nothing for McKinley . " He atoned with a $ 500 check to Hanna , the first of many that were to follow . During the winter of 1895 – 96 , Hay passed along what he heard from other Republicans influential in Washington , such as Massachusetts Senator Henry Cabot Lodge .
Hay spent part of the spring and early summer of 1896 in the United Kingdom , and elsewhere in Europe . There was a border dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana , and Cleveland 's Secretary of State , Richard Olney , supported the Venezuelan position . Hay told British politicians that McKinley , if elected , would be unlikely to change course . McKinley was nominated in June 1896 ; still , many Britons were minded to support whoever became the Democratic candidate . This changed when the 1896 Democratic National Convention nominated former Nebraska congressman William Jennings Bryan on a " free silver " platform ; he had electrified the delegates with his Cross of Gold speech . Hay reported to McKinley when he returned to Britain after a brief stay on the Continent during which Bryan was nominated in Chicago : " they were all scared out of their wits for fear Bryan would be elected , and very polite in their references to you . "
Once Hay returned to the United States in early August , he went to The Fells and watched from afar as Bryan barnstormed the nation in his campaign while McKinley gave speeches from his front porch . Despite an invitation from the candidate , Hay was reluctant to visit McKinley at his home in Canton . " He has asked me to come , but I thought I would not struggle with the millions on his trampled lawn " . In October , after basing himself at his Cleveland home and giving a speech for McKinley , Hay went to Canton at last , writing to Adams ,
I had been dreading it for a month , thinking it would be like talking in a boiler factory . But he met me at the [ railroad ] station , gave me meat & took me upstairs and talked for two hours as calmly & serenely as if we were summer boarders in Bethlehem , at a loss for means to kill time . I was more struck than ever with his mask . It is a genuine Italian ecclesiastical face of the XVth Century .
Hay was disgusted by Bryan 's speeches , writing in language that Taliaferro compares to The Bread @-@ Winners that the Democrat " simply reiterates the unquestioned truths that every man with a clean shirt is a thief and ought to be hanged : that there is no goodness and wisdom except among the illiterate & criminal classes " . Despite Bryan 's strenuous efforts , McKinley won the election easily , with a campaign run by himself and Hanna , and well @-@ financed by supporters like Hay . Henry Adams later wondered , " I would give six @-@ pence to know how much Hay paid for McKinley . His politics must have cost . "
= = Ambassador = =
= = = Appointment = = =
In the post @-@ election speculation as to who would be given office under McKinley , Hay 's name figured prominently , as did that of Whitelaw Reid ; both men sought high office in the State Department , either as secretary or one of the major ambassadorial posts . Reid , in addition to his vice @-@ presidential run , had been Minister to France under Harrison . Reid , an asthmatic , handicapped himself by departing for Arizona Territory for the winter , leading to speculation about his health .
Hay was faster than Reid to realize that the race for these posts would be affected by Hanna 's desire to be senator from Ohio , as with one of the state 's places about to be occupied by the newly elected Joseph B. Foraker , the only possible seat for him was that held by Senator Sherman . As the septuagenarian senator had served as Treasury Secretary under Hayes , only the secretaryship of state was likely to attract him and cause a vacancy that Hanna could fill . Hay knew that with only eight cabinet positions , only one could go to an Ohioan , and so Hay had no chance for a cabinet post . Accordingly , Hay encouraged Reid to seek the State position , while firmly ruling himself out as a possible candidate for that post , and quietly seeking the inside track to be ambassador in London . Zeitz states that Hay " aggressively lobbied " for the position .
According to Taliaferro , " only after the deed was accomplished and Hay was installed as the ambassador to the Court of St. James 's would it be possible to detect just how subtly and completely he had finessed his ally and friend , Whitelaw Reid " . A telegraph from Hay to McKinley in the latter 's papers , dated December 26 ( most likely 1896 ) reveals the former 's suggestion that McKinley tell Reid that the editor 's friends had insisted that Reid not endanger his health through office , especially in London 's smoggy climes . The following month , in a letter , Hay set forth his own case for the ambassadorship , and urged McKinley to act quickly , as suitable accommodations in London would be difficult to secure . Hay gained his object ( as did Hanna ) , and shifted his focus to appeasing Reid . Taliaferro states that Reid never blamed Hay , but Kushner and Sherrill recorded , " Reid was certain that he had been wronged " by Hay , and the announcement of Hay 's appointment nearly ended their 26 @-@ year friendship .
Reaction to Hay 's appointment in Britain was generally positive , with George Smalley of The Times writing to him , " we want a man who is a true American yet not anti @-@ English " . Hay secured a Georgian house on Carlton House Terrace , overlooking Horse Guards Parade , with 11 servants . He brought with him Clara , their own silver , two carriages , and five horses . Hay 's salary of $ 17 @,@ 000 " did not even begin to cover the cost of their extravagant lifestyle " .
= = = Service = = =
During his service as ambassador , Hay attempted to advance the relationship between the U.S. and Britain . The latter country had long been seen negatively by many Americans , legacy of its colonial role and refreshed by its Civil War neutrality , when British @-@ built raiders such as the Alabama preyed on US @-@ flagged ships . In spite of these past differences , according to Taliaferro , " rapprochement made more sense than at any time in their respective histories " . In his Thanksgiving Day address to the American Society in London in 1897 , Hay echoed these points , " The great body of people in the United States and England are friends ... [ sharing ] that intense respect and reverence for order , liberty , and law which is so profound a sentiment in both countries " . Although Hay was not successful in resolving specific controversies in his year and a third as ambassador , both he and British policymakers regarded his tenure as a success , because of the advancement of good feelings and cooperation between the two nations .
An ongoing dispute between the U.S. and Britain was over the practice of pelagic sealing , that is , the capture of seals offshore of Alaska . The U.S. considered them American resources ; the Canadians ( Britain was still responsible for that dominion 's foreign policy ) contended that the mammals were being taken on the high seas , free to all . Soon after Hay 's arrival , McKinley sent former Secretary of State John W. Foster to London to negotiate the issue . Foster quickly issued an accusatory note to the British that was printed in the newspapers . Although Hay was successful in getting Lord Salisbury , then both Prime Minister and Foreign Secretary , to agree to a conference to decide the matter , the British withdrew when the U.S. also invited Russia and Japan , rendering the conference ineffective . Another issue on which no agreement was reached was that of bimetallism : McKinley had promised silver @-@ leaning Republicans to seek an international agreement varying the price ratio between silver and gold to allow for free coinage of silver , and Hay was instructed to seek British participation . The British would only join if the Indian colonial government ( on a silver standard until 1893 ) was willing ; this did not occur , and coupled with an improving economic situation that decreased support for bimetallism in the United States , no agreement was reached .
Hay had little involvement in the crisis over Cuba that culminated in the Spanish – American War . He met with Lord Salisbury in October 1897 and gained assurances Britain would not intervene if the U.S. found it necessary to go to war against Spain . Hay 's role was " to make friends and to pass along the English point of view to Washington " . Hay spent much of early 1898 on an extended trip to the Middle East , and did not return to London until the last week of March , by which time the USS Maine had exploded in Havana harbor . During the war , he worked to ensure U.S.-British amity , and British acceptance of the U.S. occupation of the Philippines — Salisbury and his government preferred that the U.S. have the islands than have them fall into the hands of the Germans .
In its early days , Hay described the war " as necessary as it is righteous " . In July , writing to former Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt , who had gained wartime glory by leading the Rough Riders volunteer regiment , Hay made a description of the war for which , according to Zeitz , he " is best remembered by many students of American history " :
It has been a splendid little war , begun with the highest motives , carried on with magnificent intelligence and spirit , favored by that Fortune that loves the brave . It is now to be concluded , I hope , with that fine good nature , which is , after all , the distinguishing trait of the American character .
Secretary Sherman had resigned on the eve of war , and been replaced by his first assistant , William R. Day . One of McKinley 's Canton cronies , with little experience of statecraft , Day was never intended as more than a temporary wartime replacement . With America about to splash her flag across the Pacific , McKinley needed a secretary with stronger credentials . On August 14 , 1898 , Hay received a telegram from McKinley that Day would head the American delegation to the peace talks with Spain , and that Hay would be the new Secretary of State . After some indecision , Hay , who did not think he could decline and still remain as ambassador , accepted . British response to Hay 's promotion was generally positive , and Queen Victoria , after he took formal leave of her at Osborne House , invited him again the following day , and subsequently pronounced him , " the most interesting of all the Ambassadors I have known . "
= = Secretary of State = =
= = = McKinley years = = =
John Hay was sworn in as Secretary of State on September 30 , 1898 . He needed little introduction to Cabinet meetings , and sat at the President 's right hand . Meetings were held in the Cabinet Room of the White House , where he found his old office and bedroom each occupied by several clerks . Now responsible for 1 @,@ 300 federal employees , he leaned heavily for administrative help on his old friend Alvey Adee , the second assistant .
By the time Hay took office , the war was effectively over and it had been decided to strip Spain of her overseas empire and transfer at least part of it to the United States . At the time of Hay 's swearing @-@ in , McKinley was still undecided whether to take the Philippines , but in October finally decided to do so , and Hay sent instructions to Day and the other peace commissioners to insist on it . Spain yielded , and the result was the Treaty of Paris , narrowly ratified by the Senate in February 1899 over the objections of anti @-@ imperialists .
= = = = Open Door Policy = = = =
By the 1890s , China had become a major trading partner for Western nations , and for Japan . China lacked military muscle to resist these countries , and several , including Russia , Britain , and Germany , had carved off bits of China — some known as treaty ports — for use as trading or military bases . Within those jurisdictions , the nation in possession often gave preference to its own citizens in trade or in developing infrastructure such as railroads . Although the United States did not claim any parts of China , a third of the China trade was carried in American ships , and having an outpost near there was a major factor in deciding to retain the former Spanish colony of the Philippines in the Treaty of Paris .
Hay had been concerned about the Far East since the 1870s . As Ambassador , he had attempted to forge a common policy with the British , but the United Kingdom was willing to undertake territorial acquisition in China to guard its interests there whereas McKinley was not . In March 1898 , Hay warned that Russia , Germany , and France were seeking to exclude Britain and America from the China trade , but he was disregarded by Sherman , who accepted assurances from Russia and Germany .
McKinley was of the view that equality of opportunity for American trade in China was key to success there , rather than colonial acquisitions ; that Hay shared these views was one reason for his appointment as Secretary of State . Many influential Americans , seeing coastal China being divided into spheres of influence , urged McKinley to join in ; still , in his annual message to Congress in December 1898 , he stated that as long as Americans were not discriminated against , he saw no need for the United States to become " an actor in the scene " .
As Secretary of State , it was Hay 's responsibility to put together a workable China policy . He was advised by William Rockhill , an old China hand . Also influential was Charles Beresford , a British Member of Parliament who gave a number of speeches to American businessmen , met with McKinley and Hay , and in a letter to the secretary stated that " it is imperative for American interests as well as our own that the policy of the ' open door ' should be maintained " . Assuring that all would play on an even playing field in China would give the foreign powers little incentive to dismember the Chinese Empire through territorial acquisition .
In mid @-@ 1899 , the British inspector of Chinese maritime customs , Alfred Hippisley , visited the United States . In a letter to Rockhill , a friend , he urged that the United States and other powers agree to uniform Chinese tariffs , including in the enclaves . Rockhill passed the letter on to Hay , and subsequently summarized the thinking of Hippisley and others , that there should be " an open market through China for our trade on terms of equality with all other foreigners " . Hay was in agreement , but feared Senate and popular opposition , and wanted to avoid Senate ratification of a treaty . Rockhill drafted the first Open Door note , calling for equality of commercial opportunity for foreigners in China .
Hay formally issued his Open Door note on September 6 , 1899 . This was not a treaty , and did not require the approval of the Senate . Most of the powers had at least some caveats , and negotiations continued through the remainder of the year . On March 20 , 1900 , Hay announced that all powers had agreed , and he was not contradicted . Former secretary Day wrote to Hay , congratulating him , " moving at the right time and in the right manner , you have secured a diplomatic triumph in the ' open door ' in China of the first importance to your country " .
= = = = Boxer Rebellion = = = =
Little thought was given to the Chinese reaction to the Open Door note ; the Chinese minister in Washington , Wu Ting @-@ fang , did not learn of it until he read of it in the newspapers . Among those in China who opposed Western influence there was a movement in Shantung Province , in the north , that became known as the Fists of Righteous Harmony , or Boxers , after the martial arts they practiced . The Boxers were especially angered by missionaries and their converts . As late as June 1900 , Rockhill dismissed the Boxers , contending that they would soon disband . By the middle of that month , the Boxers , joined by imperial troops , had cut the railroad between Peking and the coast , killed many missionaries and converts , and besieged the foreign legations . Hay faced a precarious situation ; how to rescue the Americans trapped in Peking , and how to avoid giving the other powers an excuse to partition China , in an election year when there was already Democrat opposition to what they deemed American imperialism .
As American troops were sent to China to relieve the nation 's legation , Hay sent a letter to foreign powers ( often called the Second Open Door note ) , stating while the United States wanted to see lives preserved and the guilty punished , it intended that China not be dismembered . Hay issued this on July 3 , 1900 , suspecting that the powers were quietly making private arrangements to divide up China . Communication between the foreign legations and the outside world had been cut off , and the personnel there were falsely presumed slaughtered , but Hay realized that Minister Wu could get a message in , and Hay was able to establish communication . Hay suggested to the Chinese government that it now cooperate for its own good . When the foreign relief force , principally Japanese but including 2 @,@ 000 Americans , relieved the legations and sacked Peking , China was made to pay a huge indemnity but there was no cession of land .
= = = = Death of McKinley = = = =
McKinley 's vice president , Garret Hobart , had died in November 1899 . Under the laws then in force , this made Hay next in line to the presidency should anything happen to McKinley . There was a presidential election in 1900 , and McKinley was unanimously renominated at the Republican National Convention that year . He allowed the convention to make its own choice of running mate , and it selected Roosevelt , by then Governor of New York . Senator Hanna bitterly opposed that choice , but nevertheless raised millions for the McKinley / Roosevelt ticket , which was elected .
Hay accompanied McKinley on his nationwide train tour in mid @-@ 1901 , during which both men visited California and saw the Pacific Ocean for the only times in their lives . The summer of 1901 was tragic for Hay ; his older son Adelbert , who had been consul in Pretoria during the Boer War and was about to become McKinley 's personal secretary , died in a fall from a New Haven hotel window .
Secretary Hay was at The Fells when McKinley was shot by Leon Czolgosz , an anarchist , on September 6 in Buffalo . With Vice President Roosevelt and much of the cabinet hastening to the bedside of McKinley , who had been operated on ( it was thought successfully ) soon after the shooting , Hay planned to go to Washington to manage the communication with foreign governments , but presidential secretary George Cortelyou urged him to come to Buffalo . He traveled to Buffalo on September 10 ; hearing on his arrival an account of the President 's recovery , Hay responded that McKinley would die . He was more cheerful after visiting McKinley , giving a statement to the press , and went to Washington , as Roosevelt and other officials also dispersed . Hay was about to return to New Hampshire on the 13th , when word came that McKinley was dying . Hay remained at his office and the next morning , on the way to Buffalo , the former Rough Rider received from Hay his first communication as head of state , officially informing President Roosevelt of McKinley 's death .
= = = Theodore Roosevelt administration = = =
= = = = Staying on = = = =
Hay , again next in line to the presidency , remained in Washington as McKinley 's body was transported to the capital by funeral train , and stayed there as the late president was taken to Canton for interment . He had admired McKinley , describing him as " awfully like Lincoln in many respects " and wrote to a friend , " what a strange and tragic fate it has been of mine — to stand by the bier of three of my dearest friends , Lincoln , Garfield , and McKinley , three of the gentlest of men , all risen to be head of the State , and all done to death by assassins " .
By letter , Hay offered his resignation to Roosevelt while the new president was still in Buffalo , amid newspaper speculation that Hay would be replaced — Garfield 's Secretary of State , Blaine , had not remained long under the Arthur administration . When Hay met the funeral train in Washington , Roosevelt greeted him at the station and immediately told him he must stay on as Secretary . According to Zeitz , " Roosevelt 's accidental ascendance to the presidency made John Hay an essential anachronism ... the wise elder statesman and senior member of the cabinet , he was indispensable to TR , who even today remains the youngest president ever " .
The deaths of his son and of McKinley were not the only griefs Hay suffered in 1901 — on September 26 , John Nicolay died after a long illness , as did Hay 's close friend Clarence King on Christmas Eve .
= = = = Panama = = = =
Hay 's involvement in the efforts to have a canal joining the oceans in Central America went back to his time as Assistant Secretary of State under Hayes , when he served as translator for Ferdinand de Lesseps in his efforts to interest the American government in investing in his canal company . President Hayes was only interested in the idea of a canal under American control , which de Lesseps 's project would not be . By the time Hay became Secretary of State , de Lesseps 's project in Panama ( then a Colombian province ) had collapsed , as had an American @-@ run project in Nicaragua . The 1850 Clayton @-@ Bulwer Treaty ( between the United States and Britain ) forbade the United States from building a Central American canal that it exclusively controlled , and Hay , from early in his tenure , sought the removal of this restriction . But the Canadians , for whose foreign policy Britain was still available , saw the canal matter as their greatest leverage to get other disputes resolved in their favor , persuaded Salisbury not to resolve it independently . Shortly before Hay took office , Britain and the U.S. agreed to establish a Joint High Commission to adjudicate unsettled matters , which met in late 1898 but made slow progress , especially on the Canada @-@ Alaska boundary .
The Alaska issue became less contentious in August 1899 when the Canadians accepted a provisional boundary pending final settlement . With Congress anxious to begin work on a canal bill , and increasingly likely to ignore the Clayton @-@ Bulwer restriction , Hay and British Ambassador Julian Pauncefote began work on a new treaty in January 1900 . The first Hay @-@ Pauncefote Treaty was sent to the Senate the following month , where it met a cold reception , as the terms forbade the United States from blockading or fortifying the canal , that was to be open to all nations in wartime as in peace . The Senate Foreign Relations Committee added an amendment allowing the U.S. to fortify the canal , then in March postponed further consideration until after the 1900 election . Hay submitted his resignation , which McKinley refused . The treaty , as amended , was ratified by the Senate in December , but the British would not agree to the changes .
Despite the lack of agreement , Congress was enthusiastic about a canal , and was inclined to move forward , with or without a treaty . Authorizing legislation was slowed by discussion on whether to take the Nicaraguan or Panamanian route . Much of the negotiation of a revised treaty , allowing the U.S. to fortify the canal , took place between Hay 's replacement in London , Joseph H. Choate , and the British Foreign Secretary , Lord Lansdowne , and the second Hay @-@ Pauncefote Treaty was ratified by the Senate by a large margin on December 6 , 1901 .
Seeing that the Americans were likely to build a Nicaragua Canal , the owners of the defunct French company , including Philippe Bunau @-@ Varilla , who still had exclusive rights to the Panama route , lowered their price . Beginning in early 1902 , President Roosevelt became a backer of the latter route , and Congress passed legislation for it , if it could be secured within a reasonable time . In June , Roosevelt told Hay to take personal charge of the negotiations with Colombia . Later that year , Hay began talks with Colombia 's acting minister in Washington , Tomás Herrán . The Hay @-@ Herrán Treaty , granting $ 10 million to Colombia for the right to build a canal , plus $ 250 @,@ 000 annually , was signed on January 22 , 1903 , and ratified by the United States Senate two months later . In August , however , the treaty was rejected by the Colombian Senate .
Roosevelt was minded to build the canal anyway , using an earlier treaty with Colombia that gave the U.S. transit rights in regard to the Panama Railroad . Hay predicted " an insurrection on the Isthmus [ of Panama ] against that regime of folly and graft ... at Bogotá " . Bunau @-@ Varilla gained meetings with both men , and assured them that a revolution , and a Panamanian government more friendly to a canal , was coming . In October , Roosevelt ordered Navy ships to be stationed near Panama . The Panamanians duly revolted in early November 1903 , with Colombian interference deterred by the presence of U.S. forces . By prearrangement , Bunau @-@ Varilla was appointed representative of the nascent nation in Washington , and quickly negotiated the Hay – Bunau @-@ Varilla Treaty , signed on November 18 , giving the United States the right to build the canal in a zone 10 miles ( 16 km ) wide , over which the U.S. would exercise full jurisdiction . This was less than satisfactory to the Panamanian diplomats who arrived in Washington shortly after the signing , but they did not dare renounce it . The treaty was approved by the two nations , and work on the Panama Canal began in 1904 . Hay wrote to Secretary of War Elihu Root , praising " the perfectly regular course which the President did follow " as much preferable to armed occupation of the isthmus .
= = = = Relationship with Roosevelt , other events = = = =
Hay had met the President 's father , Theodore Roosevelt , Sr. , during the Civil War , and during his time at the Tribune came to know the adolescent " Teddy " , twenty years younger than himself . Although before becoming president Roosevelt often wrote fulsome letters of praise to Secretary Hay , his letters to others then and later were less complimentary . Hay felt Roosevelt too impulsive , and privately opposed his inclusion on the ticket in 1900 , though he quickly wrote a congratulatory note after the convention .
As President and Secretary of State , the two men took pains to cultivate a cordial relationship . Roosevelt read all ten volumes of the Lincoln biography and in mid @-@ 1903 , wrote to Hay that by then " I have had a chance to know far more fully what a really great Secretary of State you are " . Hay for his part publicly praised Roosevelt as " young , gallant , able , [ and ] brilliant " , words that Roosevelt wrote that he hoped would be engraved on his tombstone .
Privately , and in correspondence with others , they were less generous : Hay grumbled that while McKinley would give him his full attention , Roosevelt was always busy with others , and it would be " an hour 's wait for a minute 's talk " . Roosevelt , after Hay 's death in 1905 , wrote to Senator Lodge that Hay had not been " a great Secretary of State ... under me he accomplished little ... his usefulness to me was almost exclusively the usefulness of a fine figurehead " . Nevertheless , when Roosevelt successfully sought election in his own right in 1904 , he persuaded the aging and infirm Hay to campaign for him , and Hay gave a speech linking the administration 's policies with those of Lincoln : " there is not a principle avowed by the Republican party to @-@ day which is out of harmony with his [ Lincoln 's ] teaching or inconsistent with his character . " Kushner and Sherrill suggested that the differences between Hay and Roosevelt were more style than ideological substance .
In December 1902 , the German government asked Roosevelt to arbitrate its dispute with Venezuela over unpaid debts . Hay did not think this appropriate , as Venezuela also owed the U.S. money , and quickly arranged for the International Court of Arbitration in The Hague to step in . Hay supposedly said , as final details were being worked out , " I have it all arranged . If Teddy will keep his mouth shut until tomorrow noon ! " Hay and Roosevelt also differed over the composition of the Joint High Commission that was to settle the Alaska boundary dispute . The commission was to be composed of " impartial jurists " and the British and Canadians duly appointed notable judges . Roosevelt appointed politicians , including Secretary Root and Senator Lodge . Although Hay was supportive of the President 's choices in public , in private he protested loudly to Roosevelt , complained by letter to his friends , and offered his resignation . Roosevelt declined it , but the incident confirmed him in his belief that Hay was too much of an Anglophile to be trusted where Britain was concerned . The American position on the boundary dispute was imposed on Canada by a 4 – 2 vote , with the one English judge joining the three Americans .
One incident involving Hay that benefitted Roosevelt politically was the kidnapping of Greek @-@ American playboy Ion Perdicaris in Morocco by chieftain Mulai Ahmed er Raisuli , an opponent of Sultan Abdelaziz . Raisuli demanded a ransom , but also wanted political prisoners to be released and control of Tangier in place of the military governor . Raisuli supposed Perdicaris to be a wealthy American , and hoped United States pressure would secure his demands . In fact , Perdicaris , though born in New Jersey , had renounced his citizenship during the Civil War to avoid Confederate confiscation of property in South Carolina , and had accepted Greek naturalization , a fact not generally known until years later , but that decreased Roosevelt 's desire for military action . The sultan was ineffective in dealing with the incident , and Roosevelt considered seizing the Tangier waterfront , source of much of Abdelaziz 's income , as a means of motivating him . With Raisuli 's demands escalating , Hay , with Roosevelt 's approval , finally cabled the consul @-@ general in Tangier , Samuel Gummeré :
We want Perdicaris alive or Raisuli dead . We desire least possible complications with Morocco or other Powers . You will not arrange for landing marines or seizing customs house without specific direction from the [ State ] department .
The 1904 Republican National Convention was in session , and the Speaker of the House , Joseph Cannon , its chair , read the first sentence of the cable — and only the first sentence — to the convention , electrifying what had been a humdrum coronation of Roosevelt . " The results were perfect . This was the fighting Teddy that America loved , and his frenzied supporters — and American chauvinists everywhere — roared in delight . " In fact , by then the sultan had already agreed to the demands , and Perdicaris was released . What was seen as tough talk boosted Roosevelt 's election chances .
= = = = Final months and death = = = =
Hay never fully recovered from the death of his son Adelbert , writing in 1904 to his close friend Lizzie Cameron that " the death of our boy made my wife and me old , at once and for the rest of our lives " . Gale described Hay in his final years as a " saddened , slowly dying old man " .
Although Hay gave speeches in support of Roosevelt , he spent much of the fall of 1904 at his New Hampshire house or with his younger brother Charles , who was ill in Boston . After the election , Roosevelt asked Hay to remain another four years . Hay asked for time to consider , but the President did not allow it , announcing to the press two days later that Hay would stay at his post . Early 1905 saw futility for Hay , as a number of treaties he had negotiated were defeated or amended by the Senate — one involving the British dominion of Newfoundland due to Senator Lodge 's fears it would harm his fisherman constituents . Others , promoting arbitration , were voted down or amended because the Senate did not want to be bypassed in the settlement of international disputes .
By Roosevelt 's inauguration on March 4 , 1905 , Hay 's health was so bad that both his wife and his friend Henry Adams insisted on his going to Europe , where he could rest and get medical treatment . Presidential doctor Presley Rixey issued a statement that Hay was suffering from overwork , but in letters the secretary hinted his conviction that he did not have long to live . An eminent physician in Italy prescribed medicinal baths for Hay 's heart condition , and he duly journeyed to Bad Nauheim , near Frankfurt , Germany . Kaiser Wilhelm II was among the monarchs who wrote to Hay asking him to visit , though he declined ; Belgian King Leopold II succeeded in seeing him by showing up at his hotel , unannounced . Adams suggested that Hay retire while there was still enough life left in him to do so , and that Roosevelt would be delighted to act as his own Secretary of State . Hay jokingly wrote to sculptor Augustus Saint @-@ Gaudens that " there is nothing the matter with me except old age , the Senate , and one or two other mortal maladies " .
After the course of treatment , Hay went to Paris and began to take on his workload again by meeting with the French foreign minister , Théophile Delcassé . In London , King Edward VII broke protocol by meeting with Hay in a small drawing room , and Hay lunched with Whitelaw Reid , ambassador in London at last . There was not time to see all who wished to see Hay on what he knew was his final visit .
On his return to the United States , despite his family 's desire to take him to New Hampshire , the secretary went to Washington to deal with departmental business and " say Ave Caesar ! to the President " , as Hay put it . He was pleased to learn that Roosevelt was well on his way to settling the Russo @-@ Japanese War , an action for which the President would win the Nobel Peace Prize . Hay left Washington for the last time on June 23 , 1905 , arriving in New Hampshire the following day . He died there on July 1 of his heart ailment and complications . Hay was interred in Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland , near the grave of Garfield , in the presence of Roosevelt and many dignitaries , including Robert Lincoln .
= = Literary career = =
= = = Early works = = =
Hay wrote some poetry while at Brown University , and more during the Civil War . In 1865 , early in his Paris stay , Hay penned " Sunrise in the Place de la Concorde " , a poem attacking Napoleon III for his reinstitution of the monarchy , depicting the Emperor as having been entrusted with the child Democracy by Liberty , and strangling it with his own hands . In " A Triumph of Order " , set in the breakup of the Paris Commune , a boy promises soldiers that he will return from an errand to be executed with his fellow rebels . Much to their surprise , he keeps his word and shouts to them to " blaze away " as " The Chassepots tore the stout young heart , / And saved Society . "
In poetry , he sought the revolutionary outcome for other nations that he believed had come to a successful conclusion in the United States . His 1871 poem , " The Prayer of the Romans " , recites Italian history up to that time , with the Risorgimento in progress : liberty cannot be truly present until " crosier and crown pass away " , when there will be " One freedom , one faith without fetters , / One republic in Italy free ! " His stay in Vienna yielded " The Curse of Hungary " , in which Hay foresees the end of the Austria @-@ Hungarian Empire . After Hay 's death in 1905 , William Dean Howells suggested that the Europe @-@ themed poems expressed " ( now , perhaps , old @-@ fashioned ) American sympathy for all the oppressed . Castilian Days , souvenir of Hay 's time in Madrid , is a collection of seventeen essays about Spanish history and customs , first published in 1871 , though several of the individual chapters appeared in The Atlantic in 1870 . It went through eight editions in Hay 's lifetime . The Spanish are depicted as afflicted by the " triple curse of crown , crozier , and sabre " — most kings and ecclesiastics are presented as useless — and Hay pins his hope in the republican movement in Spain . Gale deems Castilian Days " a remarkable , if biased , book of essays about Spanish civilization " .
Pike County Ballads , a grouping of six poems published ( with other Hay poetry ) as a book in 1871 , brought him great success . Written in the dialect of Pike County , Illinois , where Hay went to school as a child , they are approximately contemporaneous with pioneering poems in similar dialect by Bret Harte and there has been debate as to which came first . The poem that brought the greatest immediate reaction was " Jim Bludso " , about a boatman who is " no saint " with one wife in Mississippi and another in Illinois . Yet , when his steamboat catches fire , " He saw his duty , a dead @-@ sure thing , — / And went for it , thar and then . " Jim holds the burning steamboat against the riverbank until the last passenger gets ashore , at the cost of his life . Hay 's narrator states that , " And Christ ain 't a @-@ going to be too hard / On a man that died for men . " Hay 's poem offended some clergymen , but was widely reprinted and even included in anthologies of verse .
= = = The Bread @-@ Winners = = =
The Bread @-@ Winners , one of the first novels to take an anti @-@ labor perspective , was published anonymously in 1883 ( published editions did not bear Hay 's name until 1916 ) and he may have tried to disguise his writing style . The book examines two conflicts : between capital and labor , and between the nouveau riche and old money . In writing it , Hay was influenced by the labor unrest of the 1870s , that affected him personally , as corporations belonging to Stone , his father @-@ in @-@ law , were among those struck , at a time when Hay had been left in charge in Stone 's absence . According to historian Scott Dalrymple , " in response , Hay proceeded to write an indictment of organized labor so scathing , so vehement , that he dared not attach his name to it . "
The major character is Arthur Farnham , a wealthy Civil War veteran , likely based on Hay . Farnham , who inherited money , is without much influence in municipal politics , as his ticket is defeated in elections , symbolic of the decreasing influence of America 's old @-@ money patricians . The villain is Andrew Jackson Offitt ( true name Ananias Offitt ) , who leads the Bread @-@ winners , a labor organization that begins a violent general strike . Peace is restored by a group of veterans led by Farnham , and , at the end , he appears likely to marry Alice Belding , a woman of his own class .
Although unusual among the many books inspired by the labor unrest of the late 1870s in taking the perspective of the wealthy , it was the most successful of them , and was a sensation , gaining many favorable reviews . It was also attacked as an anti @-@ labor polemic with an upper @-@ class bias . There were many guesses as to authorship , with the supposed authors ranging from Hay 's friend Henry Adams to New York Governor Grover Cleveland , and the speculation fueled sales .
= = = Lincoln biography = = =
Early in his presidency , Hay and Nicolay requested and received permission from Lincoln to write his biography . By 1872 , Hay was " convinced that we ought to be at work on our ' Lincoln . ' I don 't think the time for publication has come , but the time for preparation is slipping away . " Robert Lincoln in 1874 formally agreed to let Hay and Nicolay use his father 's papers ; by 1875 , they were engaged in research . Hay and Nicolay enjoyed exclusive access to Lincoln 's papers , which were not opened to other researchers until 1947 . They gathered documents written by others , as well as many of the Civil War books already being published . They at rare times relied on memory , such as Nicolay 's recollection of the moment at the 1860 Republican convention when Lincoln was nominated , but for much of the rest relied on research .
Hay began his part of the writing in 1876 ; the work was interrupted by illnesses of Hay , Nicolay , or family members , or by Hay 's writing of The Bread @-@ Winners . By 1885 , Hay had completed the chapters on Lincoln 's early life , and they were submitted to Robert Lincoln for approval . Sale of the serialization rights to The Century magazine , edited by Hay 's friend Richard Gilder , helped give the pair the impetus to bring what had become a massive project to an end .
The published work , Abraham Lincoln : A History , alternates parts in which Lincoln is at center with discussions of contextual matters , such as legislative events or battles . The first serial installment , published in November 1886 , received positive reviews . When the ten @-@ volume set emerged in 1890 , it was not sold in bookstores , but instead door @-@ to @-@ door , then a common practice . Despite a price of $ 50 , and the fact that a good part of the work had been serialized , five thousand copies were quickly sold . The books helped forge the modern view of Lincoln as great war leader , against competing narratives that gave more credit to subordinates such as Seward . According to historian Joshua Zeitz , " it is easy to forget how widely underrated Lincoln the president and Lincoln the man were at the time of his death and how successful Hay and Nicolay were in elevating his place in the nation 's collective historical memory . "
= = Assessment and legacy = =
In 1902 , Hay wrote that when he died , " I shall not be much missed except by my wife . " Nevertheless , due to his premature death at age 66 , he was survived by most of his friends . These included Adams , who although he blamed the pressures of Hay 's office , where he was badgered by Roosevelt and many senators , for the Secretary of State 's death , admitted that Hay had remained in the position because he feared being bored . He memorialized his friend in the final pages of his autobiography , The Education of Henry Adams : with Hay 's death , his own education had ended .
Gale pointed out that Hay " accomplished a great deal in the realm of international statesmanship , and the world may be a better place because of his efforts as secretary of state ... the man was a scintillating ambassador " . Yet , Gale felt , any assessment of Hay must include negatives as well , that after his marriage to the wealthy Clara Stone , Hay " allowed his deep @-@ seated love of ease triumph over his Middle Western devotion to work and a fair shake for all . " Despite his literary accomplishments , Hay " was often lazy . His first poetry was his best . "
Taliaferro suggests that " if Hay put any ... indelible stamp on history , perhaps it was that he demonstrated how the United States ought to comport itself . He , not Roosevelt , was the adult in charge when the nation and the State Department attained global maturity . " He quotes John St. Loe Strachey , " All that the world saw was a great gentleman and a great statesman doing his work for the State and for the President with perfect taste , perfect good sense , and perfect good humour " .
Hay 's efforts to shape Lincoln 's image increased his own prominence and reputation in making his association ( and that of Nicolay ) with the assassinated president ever more remarkable and noteworthy . According to Zeitz , " the greater Lincoln grew in death , the greater they grew for having known him so well , and so intimately , in life . Everyone wanted to know them , if only to ask what it had been like — what he had been like . " Their answer to that , expressed in ten volumes of biography , Gale wrote , " has been incredibly influential " . In 1974 , Lincoln scholar Roy P. Basler stated that later biographers such as Carl Sandburg , did not " ma [ k ] e revisions of the essential story told by N. [ icolay ] & H. [ ay ] . Zeitz concurs , " Americans today understand Abraham Lincoln much as Nicolay and Hay hoped that they would . "
Hay brought about more than 50 treaties , including the Canal @-@ related treaties , and settlement of the Samoan dispute , as a result of which the United States secured what became known as American Samoa . In 1900 , Hay negotiated of a treaty with Denmark for the cession of the Danish West Indies . That treaty failed in the Danish parliament on a tied vote .
Brown University 's John Hay Library is named for that prominent alumnus . Hay 's New Hampshire estate has been conserved by various organizations . Although he and his family never lived there ( Hay died while it was under construction ) , the Hay @-@ McKinney House , home to the Cleveland History Center and thousands of artifacts , serves to remind Clevelanders of John Hay 's lengthy service .
According to historian Lewis L. Gould , in his account of McKinley 's presidency ,
One of the most entertaining and interesting letter writers who ever ran the State Department , the witty , dapper , and bearded Hay left behind an abundance of documentary evidence on his public career . His name is indelibly linked with that verity of the nation 's Asian policy , the Open Door , and he contributed much to the resolution of the longstanding problems with the British . Patient , discreet , and judicious , Hay deserves to stand in the front rank of secretaries of state .
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= Lucky and Squash =
Lucky and Squash is an 2012 American children 's book written by Jeanne Birdsall and illustrated with watercolor paintings by Jane Dyer published by Harper . The two eponymous characters are dogs based on Birdsall 's and Dyer 's actual dogs , Cagney and Scuppers , a Boston Terrier and a Tibetan Terrier respectively .
Lucky and Squash received generally positive reviews . A School Library Journal article praises Birdsall 's writing , describing the story as funny , sweet , heartwarming , and suspenseful . A Publishers Weekly review refers to Lucky and Squash as almost being " Emma meets Ferris Bueller 's Day Off with wagging tails " and states that Birdsall 's " genial , intimate storytelling instantly establishes a bond with readers " . A Booklist reviewer compares the story 's dog characters to Pyramus and Thisbe , lovers in Ovid 's Metamorphoses who , frustrated by being separated by a wall , conspire to run away together . An article in Kirkus Reviews calls the illustrations charming and says that they " have all the clever details that are Dyer 's signature touch " .
= = Background = =
Lucky and Squash is a children 's book by Jeanne Birdsall , author of Flora 's Very Windy Day . It is illustrated with watercolor paintings by Jane Dyer , illustrator of more than fifty books , Lucky and Squash was published in 2012 by Harper . The book is appropriate for children between the ages of 3 and 7 . The eponymous characters are dogs , Lucky being a brave Lhasa Apso and Squash being a smart Boston Terrier . They are based on two real dogs who knew each other since they were puppies and often played together : Cagney , Birdsall 's Boston Terrier ; and Scuppers , Dyer 's Tibetan Terrier .
= = Plot = =
Lucky and Squash are neighbors separated by a fence that prevents them from playing together . Lucky 's owner , Mr. Bernard , and Squash 's owner , Miss Violet , are both single and have never spoken to each other because they are so shy . Lucky and Squash decide to run away hoping that , when their owners come rescue them , the two owners will meet , fall in love , and get married , thereby making the dogs " brothers " and allowing them to play together whenever they wish . Lucky and Squash escape from their respective yards three days in a row and go on adventures . The owners do meet and fall in love .
= = Reception = =
A Publishers Weekly review refers to Lucky and Squash as almost being " Emma meets Ferris Bueller 's Day Off with wagging tails " and states that Birdsall 's " genial , intimate storytelling instantly establishes a bond with readers " . An article in Kirkus Reviews suggests that Lucky and Squash is similar to a fairy tale in its narrative structure , language , and romantic wedding scene conclusion . This reviewer summarizes Lucky and Squash as a " gentle , entertaining story ... good for dog lovers and romantics alike " .
In a School Library Journal article , Anne Beier of the Hendrick Hudson Free Library in Montrose , New York gives the book a positive review , praising Birdsall 's writing and describing the story as funny , sweet , heartwarming , and suspenseful . Beier especially praises the climactic scene of the dogs ' capture by the bear , writing that the repeated story arc of running away is strong as a result of the increased tension . She calls the dog characters endearing and writes , " This title will be a hit at storytime or in a one @-@ on @-@ one setting " . Connie Fletcher of Booklist also gives the book a positive review , comparing the two eponymous characters to Pyramus and Thisbe , two lovers in Ovid 's poem Metamorphoses . In her review , Fletcher calls the book " a fun canine fantasy with humor , excitement , a happy ending , and , most important of all , two ridiculously adorable dogs that end up getting their way - as dogs tend to do " .
The Publishers Weekly reviewer is critical of Dyer 's illustrations , arguing that they do not provide the two dogs with sufficiently differing personalities . The reviewer calls the illustrations " pretty and sweet " , but argues that they are too understated in their depiction of the dogs going on improbable adventures , such as snorkeling at the beach and riding in a hansom cab in Manhattan .
Other reviews of the book 's illustrations were positive . Beier writes highly of the illustrations and states that Dyer 's paintings of the dogs ' faces are priceless , particularly in the scenes where they are looking at each other through the fence and those where they are in their owners ' arms . Similarly , the Kirkus reviewer calls the illustrations charming and writes that they " have all the clever details that are Dyer 's signature touch " , noting specifically the lavender frames of Miss Violet 's eyeglasses and the inclusion of the dogs ' names on their collars . Fletcher suggests that , apart from the " ominous grays and greens " in the illustrations of the forest scenes with the bear , the pastel @-@ colored illustrations in the book are evocative of 1940s picture postcards , which she considers " just right for such jolly capers " .
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= 2011 Canadian Grand Prix =
The 2011 Canadian Grand Prix ( formally the Formula 1 Grand Prix du Canada ) was a Formula One motor race held on 12 June 2011 at the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve , in Montreal , Canada . It was the seventh race of the 2011 Formula One season and the 48th Canadian Grand Prix . The 70 @-@ lap race was won by McLaren driver Jenson Button after starting from seventh position . Sebastian Vettel , who started from pole position , finished second in a Red Bull with teammate Mark Webber finishing third .
The race began behind the safety car , and once it returned to the pits Vettel built a lead over Fernando Alonso . A second safety car deployment caused by the collision of Button and teammate Lewis Hamilton closed the time gaps between cars , but Vettel retained the lead . By lap 26 , increasingly heavy rain led to the race 's suspension , before it was restarted over two hours later . Button was involved in another collision on lap 37 , which led to Alonso 's retirement and Button falling to last place . Over the remainder of the race , he moved from twenty @-@ first place to first , passing Webber and Michael Schumacher , who had started fourth and eighth respectively , for second place on lap 65 , and Vettel on the final lap .
The victory was Button 's first of the season , and put him into second place in the World Drivers ' Championship , sixty points behind leader Vettel , who had extended his lead despite finishing second . Webber remained in third , and Hamilton 's retirement meant he slipped to fourth . In the World Constructors ' Championship Red Bull extended their lead to 65 points from McLaren , with Ferrari a further 85 points behind . At over four hours the race set the record as the longest in Formula One history .
= = Report = =
= = = Background = = =
The Grand Prix was contested by twelve teams , each of two drivers . The teams , also known as constructors , were Red Bull , McLaren , Ferrari , Mercedes , Renault , Williams , Force India , Sauber , Toro Rosso , Lotus , HRT and Virgin . Tyre supplier Pirelli brought four different tyre types to the race : two dry compounds , the soft " primes " and the super @-@ soft " options " and two wet @-@ weather compounds , the intermediate and full wet . The drag reduction system ( DRS ) had two activation zones for the race ; one was on the straight between turns 11 and 13 , and the second on the start / finish straight from the final to first corners .
Going into the race , Red Bull driver Sebastian Vettel led the Drivers ' Championship with 143 points , ahead of Lewis Hamilton on 85 points and Mark Webber on 79 . Jenson Button was fourth with 76 points while Fernando Alonso was fifth on 69 points . In the Constructors ' Championship Red Bull were leading with 222 points , McLaren and Ferrari were second and third with 161 and 93 points respectively , while Renault with 50 and Mercedes with 40 points contended for fourth place . Red Bull and Sebastian Vettel had so far dominated the championship , winning five out of the six previous races , with Lewis Hamilton winning the Chinese Grand Prix . Championship contenders Webber and Button had gained one second @-@ place finish each , and Alonso , Vitaly Petrov and Nick Heidfeld had achieved third place podium finishes .
Prior to the event Virgin Racing announced they would end their partnership with Wirth Research , the company responsible for designing and developing the team 's racing cars . In order to cut costs , Wirth Research had designed the cars exclusively using computational fluid dynamics , and unlike their competitors Wirth had not utilised a wind tunnel . The approach was not successful as the team had failed to qualify higher than 20th so far in the season , and Virgin decided to end the partnership . Virgin Racing 's CEO Andy Webb , who had aims to challenge for a podium position at the inaugural Russian Grand Prix , expressed that ending the partnership would mean " that the team will take greater control of its own destiny " . Wirth Research would continue to develop the car until the end of the 2011 season , while Virgin Racing would set up their own technical department under the control of former Renault Director of Engineering Pat Symonds .
Several teams made major technical updates to their cars for the Grand Prix . McLaren and Ferrari altered the brake ducts on their cars , improving the cooling to manage the high brake temperatures encountered in Montreal . Ferrari and Mercedes revised their rear suspension layouts , while Red Bull brought a new front wing optimised for a lower downforce level . Renault and Williams brought new rear wings , which were designed specifically for low @-@ downforce circuits such as Circuit Gilles Villeneuve .
= = = Practice and qualifying = = =
Three practice sessions were held before the race ; two 90 minute sessions on Friday and one lasting an hour on Saturday . Nico Rosberg was the fastest driver in the first practice session , ahead of Alonso and Mercedes driver Michael Schumacher . Vettel caused the session to be suspended after crashing into the circuit 's " Wall of Champions " on the last corner , heavily damaging his car . After the morning session Sergio Pérez , who had suffered from concussion after a crash at the previous race , withdrew from the Grand Prix . Although he had passed the FIA 's medical examination , Perez said that " I only want to drive when I 'm a hundred per cent well . I need some more time to recover " . He was replaced by McLaren 's reserve driver Pedro de la Rosa , who had competed for Sauber in 2010 . Alonso was fastest in the second session , ahead of Vettel , Massa and Hamilton – although the McLaren driver received a puncture mid @-@ way through practice . The session was disrupted by incidents as Kamui Kobayashi and Jérôme d 'Ambrosio struck the barriers – both accidents requiring a suspension as marshals cleared the track of debris – and Adrian Sutil 's Force India broke its suspension in a crash at turn 7 . The third session on Saturday morning saw Vettel fastest , ahead of Alonso , Rosberg and Massa . A KERS failure on Mark Webber 's RB7 prevented him from participating . A crash by de la Rosa in the final minute brought out a red flag , and the session was prematurely ended due to the limited time remaining .
The qualifying session on Saturday afternoon was split into three parts . The first part ran for 20 minutes and eliminated the cars from qualifying that finished the session 18th or lower . During this session , the 107 % rule was in effect , which necessitated each driver set a time within 107 % of the quickest lap to qualify for the race . The second part of qualifying lasted 15 minutes and eliminated cars that finished in positions 11 to 17 . The final part of qualifying determined the positions from first to tenth , and decided pole position .
Vettel achieved his sixth pole position of the season , and his first at the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve , with a time of 1 : 13 @.@ 014 . He was joined on the front row of the grid by Alonso , with teammate Massa in third , giving Ferrari their best qualifying performance of the season . Webber had not been able to use his car 's KERS and qualified fourth , four @-@ tenths of a second behind Vettel . Hamilton and Button qualified in fifth and seventh respectively and McLaren blamed the slow pace on too high levels of downforce on the high @-@ speed circuit . The Mercedes drivers qualified in sixth and eighth , and Heidfeld and Vitaly Petrov completed the top ten . Paul di Resta was in 11th position , ahead of fellow rookies Pastor Maldonado and Kobayashi . Adrian Sutil struggled with grip throughout the session and was 14th ; following him were Sébastien Buemi , Barrichello and de la Rosa . Jaime Alguersuari qualifying in 18th complained of insufficient grip and brake balance , and at the back of the grid were the Lotus , HRT and Virgin drivers . D 'Ambrosio did not qualify after failing to set a time within 107 % in the first qualifying session . However the stewards allowed him to race , having considered he was using a new chassis after an accident in Friday practice , where he had set faster lap times .
= = = Race = = =
The track was wet before the race , as rain showers had hit the area throughout the day . The race was due to start at 13 : 00 local time ( UTC @-@ 5 ) , and heavy rain was expected to arrive an hour into the race . The air temperature ranged between 17 – 19 ° C ( 63 – 66 ° F ) , with the track temperature between 18 – 20 ° C ( 64 – 68 ° F ) . Standing water on the track , which was causing heavy spray and impairing visibility , meant that the race would start behind the safety car and all cars would use the full wet tyres . Alguersuari would start the race from the pitlane , as he modified his Toro Rosso 's set @-@ up to optimise the car for the wet conditions .
The race began behind the safety car , with no formation lap , and despite the slow speed drivers struggled for grip on the wet surface . The safety car came into the pits after five laps , and the cars were allowed to overtake . Vettel retained first place withstanding Alonso 's attempts to pass , while behind Hamilton and Webber collided at the first corner – dropping the drivers to seventh and fourteenth respectively . Button lost fifth place mid @-@ lap after running wide , losing two places to Schumacher and Hamilton . At the end of the first racing lap , Di Resta had moved up to eighth position , followed by Heidfeld and Kobayashi , who made three places off the grid . Vettel extended his lead over the next lap , while the positions behind continued to change . Kobayashi had improved to eighth and Webber recovered to twelfth , while di Resta fell back to thirteenth . Hamilton lost sixth position running wide on a failed overtaking move on Schumacher , and fell behind Button . He attempted an overtake on the pit straight , but the two drivers collided and Hamilton hit the pit wall . The accident caused Hamilton 's retirement , which prompted a safety car deployment at the end of lap eight .
The race was resumed on lap 13 and Button , who had changed to intermediate tyres before the safety car period , was given a drive @-@ through penalty for speeding behind the safety car , emerging in 15th place . Vettel began to enlarge his lead over Alonso and Massa in second and third . Alonso and the Mercedes pitted for intermediate tyres , leaving Massa in second and Kobayashi in third by lap 17 . Barrichello , who switched for intermediates as the safety car came in , began setting times at the same pace as the leaders , and gained 15th position as the drivers in front changed tyres . On lap 19 , a rain storm arrived at the circuit , forcing the drivers on intermediate tyres to switch back to full wets . Alonso and Button , who were in fifth and eighth respectively , fell to ninth and eleventh , while the drivers on the full wet tyres began pitting for fresh wet tyres . The safety car was brought out on lap 20 due to the intensity of the rain , and Vettel , Webber , Massa and Buemi , who had not changed tyres , went to the pitlane for fresh full wets . After six laps under the safety car , the conditions were getting worse , and the race was suspended .
Torrential rain prevented the resumption of the Grand Prix for over two hours , until the rain eased at 15 : 50 local time . The race was restarted behind the safety car with the drivers in the positions held before the suspension . Vettel was first , followed by Kobayashi , Massa , Heidfeld , Petrov and di Resta . Webber was in seventh place with Alonso , de la Rosa and Button behind . The safety car remained out for seven laps , during which the circuit began drying enough to be suitable for intermediate tyres , and D 'Ambrosio pitted on lap 33 to change from the full wets . Vettel began to extend the lead over Kobayashi once the safety car came in on lap 35 , as Massa and Heidfeld fought for Kobayashi 's second place . Schumacher led several cars into the pitlane to change to intermediate tyres , while Button , Heidfeld and di Resta were among those who pitted the next lap . Vettel and Karthikeyan were the only drivers not to change tyres by lap 37 , when Button came upon tenth placed Alonso as he exited the pitlane . As Button attempted to pass at turn 3 the two cars touched , and Alonso 's Ferrari spun and beached upon a curb , bringing out the safety car . When the race resumed three laps later , Vettel , Kobayashi and Massa retained their positions , as Heidfeld , di Resta , Webber and Schumacher fought for fourth place . Button had a punctured tyre after the collision and was in twenty @-@ first and last place , but immediately began to make up positions and was 14th by lap 44 . Di Resta damaged his front wing attempting to overtake Heidfeld ; the subsequent pit @-@ stop and drive @-@ through penalty dropped him down to last . Schumacher , having overtaken Webber , passed Heidfeld in fourth place , and set the fastest lap of the race .
DRS was enabled on lap 46 , as Barrichello and Rosberg were contesting eighth position . Button had caught Maldonado and Alguersuari , and passed both cars for tenth place . Mark Webber was the first driver to switch to slick tyres , and was followed by Barrichello and Buemi . Kobayashi and Massa , fighting for second place , were both passed by Schumacher on lap 51 ; Massa then passed Kobayashi for third place . As the drivers pitted for slick tyres over the next three laps , Massa damaged his wing forcing him into another pitstop , while damage to Adrian Sutil 's car led to his retirement . Button had risen from ninth after his pit @-@ stop to fourth , and was catching the leading trio of Vettel , Schumacher and Webber . On lap 56 Heidfeld , while battling Kobayashi for fifth place , collided with the rear of the Sauber which damaged his front wing . The wing then detached and folded under the car , and Heidfeld after losing control of his car ran down an escape road on turn 3 . The debris on @-@ track from the accident called the sixth safety car period of the race .
Following the pitstops and safety car deployment , Petrov had gained sixth place while Barrichello , Alguersuari , Rosberg and Maldonado were in the remaining point scoring positions . Schumacher and Webber , who had contested second place before the safety car , resumed their fight as the race resumed on lap 61 . Barrichello was passed by Rosberg and Alguersuari before Massa , who had been in eleventh place , overtook both Williams cars for ninth . Kobayashi lost fifth place to Petrov , and Maldonado retired by spinning off on the wet track at turn two . Webber , passing Schumacher using DRS , cut the chicane on lap 64 and ceded the position back to avoid a penalty . Button passed Webber , after he again cut the chicane , and Schumacher on the same lap , and gained second place . As Button began catching race leader Vettel , Webber overtook Schumacher for third place on lap 67 . On the same lap di Resta retired because of a puncture , and Massa gained eighth position from Alguersuari . The fastest lap of the race was set by Button on lap 69 , setting a time of 1 : 16 @.@ 956 as he was closing to Vettel for the race lead .
Vettel led by 0 @.@ 9 seconds on the final lap , before he ran wide at turn six . Button passed him to take the lead , and held it to win the race . Vettel recovered from going off @-@ track and finished second , ahead of Webber in third and Schumacher in fourth . Petrov took fifth place , while Massa passed Kobayashi on the finish line for sixth place . Alguersuari , Barrichello and Buemi filled the final point scoring positions , and Rosberg 's car had lost the front wing , dropping him to eleventh . De la Rosa was twelfth , and Liuzzi , d 'Ambrosio , Glock , Trulli and Karthikeyan were the final classified drivers .
= = = Post @-@ race = = =
The top three finishers appeared on the podium to collect their trophies , and in the subsequent press conference . Button felt the win was the best of his career so far , and stated that he had to fight hard to win the race : " It was really a fight . I got a drive @-@ through for speeding behind the safety car and I had to fight my way through about three times . Eventually , on the last lap I was chasing down Seb . He ran a little bit wide onto the wet part of the circuit and I was able to take the opportunity and take the win . " Button also praised his team and strategy for helping him take the victory , in particular the moves to intermediate tyres . Vettel expressed his disappointment of making a mistake on the final lap , after driving a faultless race up to that point . Nevertheless , he was happy with second place , as he had increased his championship lead . Webber said he was happy to finish third after his incident at the beginning of the race , putting his recovery from fourteenth place down to correct tyre choices .
Martin Whitmarsh , McLaren 's team principal , praised Button 's win , believing that it was one of the finest performances in Formula One :
I think it was one of the best wins in the history of F1 , let alone his . There were punctures , he had to change the front wing , and from 21st I don 't know how many times he had to overtake people . He just drove fantastically well . He kept focused . He applied as much pressure as he had to get past and really did a fantastic job . This was 90 per cent him and 10 per cent the car . He did a great , great , great job .
The stewards did not impose a penalty on Button for his collisions with Hamilton and Alonso , having judged that no driver was to blame in either incident . Hamilton agreed with the stewards that Button did not intentionally collide with him , and although he felt he was alongside Button at the time , later reflected that " he probably hadn 't spotted me " . He went on to praise his teammate 's race as " an utterly fantastic performance , from a truly great driver . " Alonso also did not place any blame on Button , saying that it was the final incident on a day that " everything went wrong " .
Michael Schumacher admitted to having mixed feelings after the race , having been in second position until the race 's last laps . The Mercedes driver stated : " I would obviously have loved to finish there [ in second place ] and be on the podium again . But even if it did not work out in the very end , we can be happy about the result and the big fight we put in . " Kobayashi , placed second at the restart , shared similar feelings to Schumacher about finishing in a lower position : " Originally I qualified 13th so then it is not bad to finish seventh , but on the other hand I started second after the long red flag and looking from there the result is disappointing . "
The usage of the safety car came under criticism from figures within the sport . Fernando Alonso disagreed with the decision to start under the safety car as he felt it prevented him from attacking Vettel , while Sauber technical director James Key thought his team was put at a disadvantage when Kobayashi could not defend against the quicker cars after the fifth safety car period . Martin Brundle , who competed in Formula One for twelve years , stated " the fact that the drivers came in almost immediately for intermediate tyres tells me that , on the face of it , the safety car was out too long " , and felt that the safety car " should be a last resort , not a default option . " However , he recognised that FIA race director Charlie Whiting had to consider the driver 's visibility , and inexperience using the Pirelli wet @-@ weather tyres led to caution . Jarno Trulli however agreed with the FIA 's decisions , in particular the length of the red flag delay : " It was right to wait that long ; track conditions had to improve in order to make the cars drivable again . They did everything right . " De la Rosa and di Resta also agreed with the decision to halt the race , and Whiting stating that " when it rained it was quite clear we needed to stop the race . " Whiting went on to say that the opinions of the drivers were taken into account on the decision to halt the race , although he also considered the possibility of a suspension benefiting those drivers .
With a total time of four hours , four minutes and 39 seconds ( including the two @-@ hour suspension ) , the race was the longest in Formula One history . Button set records for the lowest average race winning speed , at 74 @.@ 864 km / h ( 46 @.@ 518 mph ) and with six stops the most pit stops by the winner of a world championship race . The race also had the highest number of safety car deployments , with six appearances .
= = Classification = =
= = = Qualifying = = =
^ – Jérôme d 'Ambrosio did not set a lap time within the 107 % rule , but was allowed to race by the stewards discretion .
= = = Race = = =
^ – Jaime Alguersuari started from the pit lane .
^ – Karthikeyan finished 14th but was given a post @-@ race 20 second penalty for cutting the chicane and gaining an advantage .
= = Championship standings after the race = =
Note : Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings .
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= South West Coast Path =
The South West Coast Path is England 's longest waymarked long @-@ distance footpath ( and one of the longest in the UK ) and a National Trail . It stretches for 630 miles ( 1 @,@ 014 km ) , running from Minehead in Somerset , along the coasts of Devon and Cornwall , to Poole Harbour in Dorset . Since it rises and falls with every river mouth , it is also one of the more challenging trails . The total height climbed has been calculated to be 114 @,@ 931 ft ( 35 @,@ 031 m ) , almost four times the height of Mount Everest . It has been voted ' Britain 's Best Walking route ' twice in a row by readers of the Ramblers Walk magazine , and regularly features in lists of the world 's best walks .
The final section of the path was designated as a National Trail in 1978 . Many of the landscapes which the South West Coast Path crosses have special status , either as a National Park or one of the Heritage Coasts . The path passes through two World Heritage Sites : the Dorset and East Devon Coast , known as the Jurassic Coast , was designated in 2001 , and the Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape in 2007 .
In the 1990s it was thought that the path brought £ 15 million into the area each year , but new research in 2003 indicated that it generated around £ 300 million a year in total , which could support more than 7 @,@ 500 jobs . This research also recorded that 27 @.@ 6 % of visitors to the region came because of the Path , and they spent £ 136 million in a year . Local people took 23 million walks on the Path and spent a further £ 116 million , and other visitors contributed the remainder . A further study in 2005 estimated this figure to have risen to around £ 300 million . Following investment through the Rural Development Programme for England , more detailed research was undertaken in 2012 , and this found the annual spend by walkers to have risen to £ 439 million which sustains 9771 full @-@ time equivalent jobs
= = History of the path = =
The path originated as a route for the Coastguard to walk from lighthouse to lighthouse patrolling for smugglers . They needed to be able to look down into every bay and cove : as a result , the path closely hugs the coast providing excellent views but rarely the most direct path between two points . The South West Coast Path is no longer used by the Coastguard but it has been transformed from a practical defence system into a resource for recreational walkers . The path is covered by England 's right @-@ of @-@ way laws , as amended by the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 , which keep historic footpaths open to the public even when they pass through private property . Sections of the path are maintained by the National Trust , which owns parts of the coast .
The path is a designated National Trail , largely funded by Natural England . It was created in stages , with its final section , Somerset and North Devon , opening in 1978 . It is maintained by a dedicated South West Coast Path Team .
The South West Coast Path Association , a registered charity , exists to support the interests of users of the path . The Association was formed in 1973 and since then it has campaigned for improvements to the path and undertakes considerable fundraising to help care for and improve the path . Its services include accommodation guides and completion certificates .
= = Route description = =
The route is described here anticlockwise , from Minehead to Poole . The distance and total ascent between any two points , in either direction , can be obtained from The South West Coast Path Association Distance Reckoner . A survey carried out in 1999 and 2000 found that at that time the path had 2 @,@ 473 signposts or waymarks , and included 302 bridges , 921 stiles , and 26 @,@ 719 steps . In practice , any such calculation is soon out of date because of path diversions due to landslips or access changes .
Many walkers take about eight weeks to complete the path , often dividing this into sections walked over several years . In contrast , a team of six Royal Marines , taking turns in pairs to run two @-@ hour sections , completed the path in six days in 2004 and in 2012 a runner ran the entire path in 16 days , 9 hours and 57 minutes . New records for completing the path were set on 11 May 2013 , when two runners completed the trail in 14 days , 14 hours and 45 minutes and 23 April 2015 , when a runner completed the trail in 14 days , 8 hours and 2 minutes . This record was however quickly broken and as of June 2015 , the record is held by Mark Berry , who ran it in 11 days , 8 hours and 15 minutes .
= = = Somerset = = =
The South West Coast Path starts from the western side of Minehead , in Somerset , at a marker erected in 2001 and partly paid for by the South West Coast Path Association . The path follows the waterfront past the harbour to Culver Cliff before climbing up on a zigzag path through woodland . Entering the Exmoor National Park , it cuts inland past North Hill , Selworthy Beacon and Bossington Hill before regaining the cliff top at Hurlestone Point . After passing through Bossington it follows the beach to Porlock Weir and connects with the Coleridge Way .
The scenery of rocky headlands , ravines , waterfalls and towering cliffs gained the Exmoor coast recognition as a Heritage Coast in 1991 . The Exmoor Coastal Heaths have been recognised as a Site of Special Scientific Interest due to the diversity of species present . The path passes the smallest parish church in England , Culbone Church , in Culbone . The path crosses the county boundary into Devon , a few hundred yards north of the National Park Centre at County Gate .
= = = North Devon = = =
The next big headland is Foreland Point , after which the path comes to Lynmouth with the Lynton and Lynmouth Cliff Railway linking it with Lynton on the hill above . At Lynmouth the path intersects with the Two Moors Way . The river here suffered a catastrophic flood in the 1950s . Beyond Lynton the path passes through the Valley of the Rocks , known for its herd of goats , then Duty Point and Lee Bay , then Crock Point and Woody Bay . After Highveer Rocks the path crosses the small River Heddon then skirts Trentishoe Down and Holdstone Down and climbs Great Hangman . At 1 @,@ 043 feet ( 318 m ) this is the highest point on the path . With a cliff face of 800 feet ( 244 m ) , it is described as the highest cliff on mainland Britain . The path now leaves the Exmoor National Park and enters the village of Combe Martin , which claims to have the longest village street in England ( two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) ) .
After rounding Widmouth Head , the path passes ' The Coastguard Cottages ' in Hele Bay and enters the seaside resort of Ilfracombe , with its small harbour , surrounded by cliffs . A seasonal foot passenger ferry service runs from the harbour to Lundy Island , and the Balmoral , the Waverley and pleasure boats ply to Porthcawl near Swansea . From Ilfracombe to Bideford the Tarka Trail coincides with the South West Coast Path .
The path leaves Ilfracombe through The Torrs and follows the cliff top past several small bays including Lee Bay before passing Bull Point and the Bull Point Lighthouse , into Rackham Bay . It then rounds Morte Point , passing the nearby village of Mortehoe before turning south to enter the long sandy Morte Bay which includes Woolacombe and Putsborough . Baggy Point divides Morte Bay from Croyde Bay , and the surfing mecca of Croyde and then the much larger Barnstaple or Bideford Bay , which forms part of the North Devon Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . The wide expanse of Saunton Sands , which takes its name from Saunton , merges into the Braunton Burrows Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , the largest sand dune system ( psammosere ) in England and a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve . It is particularly important ecologically because it includes the complete successional range of dune plant communities , with over 400 vascular plant species . The short turf communities are very rich in lichens and herbs , and the dune slacks are also rich . The many rare plants and animals include 14 with UK Biodiversity Action Plans .
From Braunton Burrows the South West Coast Path turns inland following the Braunton Canal to Braunton and then along north bank of the River Taw , following part of the route of the old Ilfracombe Branch Line , past the perimeter of the Royal Marines Base Chivenor towards Barnstaple where the new Barnstaple Western Bypass now forms the closest bridge over the Taw to the sea . After crossing medieval Barnstaple Long Bridge , the path then turns west following the disused Bideford & Instow Railway line along southern bank of the Taw past Fremington Quay and the Fremington Quay Cliffs SSSI to Instow at the joint estuary of the Rivers Taw and Torridge and the Taw @-@ Torridge Estuary ( SSSI ) . The ferry which used to operate at Instow ceased on the retirement of the ferryman in 2007 , but since 2013 a revived ferry again runs in summer . The path goes upstream to cross the river by the 13th @-@ century Long Bridge at Bideford , which is the site of the Bideford Railway Heritage Centre and terminus of the North Devon Railway .
The path continues north beside the Torridge Estuary , in places following the route of the Bideford , Westward Ho ! and Appledore Railway , past Northam to Appledore and around the promontory past the Shell middens and a submerged forest , that dates from the Mesolithic period , off the pebble ridge to Westward Ho ! ( this is the only placename in the UK which includes an exclamation mark ) . The path then follows the coast around Clovelly Bay where several small villages including Abbotsham lie inland , because of the cliffs . The path passes the site of the Iron Age Hill fort at Peppercombe Castle and the village of Bucks Mills . Clovelly itself is a historic village with a small natural harbour . The path continues past the site of the Iron Age hillfort at Windbury Head to Hartland Point and Hartland Quay . Hartland Point features a lighthouse and radar tower , and marks the western limit ( on the English side ) of the Bristol Channel with the Atlantic Ocean to the west . There is a winter helicopter service from Hartland Point to the island of Lundy , which is visible from many points along the path between Welcombe and the Cornish border .
= = = North Cornwall = = =
The path crosses into Cornwall at Marsland Mouth and continues south @-@ westwards along this rocky coast , past Morwenstow then Higher and Lower Sharpnose Points . Beyond Sandy Mouth , the walking becomes easier through Bude , a popular surfing resort , and along Widemouth Bay . Returning to the cliffs , the path continues on to Crackington Haven , past Cambeak and further south ( over " High Cliff " , Southern Britain 's highest sheer @-@ drop cliff at 735 feet ( 224 m ) ) , and from there to Boscastle , the scene of flooding in 2004 .
Tintagel and its castle are associated with the conception of the legendary King Arthur and a 15th @-@ century house that was later used as a post office . The path continues to Trebarwith Strand , Tregardock , then to Port Gaverne , Port Isaac , and Port Quin , three small harbours . Overlooking Port Quin is Doyden Castle , a 19th @-@ century folly .
The scenery is now less wild , the cliffs less high . Rumps Point has Iron Age defences across its narrow neck but the path heads straight past to Pentire Head then swings eastwards again into Polzeath . The estuary of the River Camel forces a detour away from the sea to Rock and the Black Tor Ferry that takes walkers into Padstow .
From Stepper Point the path again runs along low sea cliffs to Trevone and Harlyn Bay then around Trevose Head . From here- — weather permitting- — the coast can be seen from Hartland in Devon to beyond St Ives in the west . The path runs southwards through Constantine Bay to Porthcothan then passes around Park Head to reach Mawgan Porth .
The long , sandy Watergate Bay leads to St Columb Porth and Newquay . A rail link with through trains to London and the North of England on summer weekends has helped the town prosper as a seaside resort popular with surfers and clubbers . On the far side of the town , beyond Fistral Beach , lies the River Gannel . There are seasonal ferries to Crantock and a footbridge which is passable at low tide , otherwise there is a detour inland to use the road bridge .
The path now skirts Pentire Point West and then Kelsey Head to reach Holywell Bay , another surfing beach . After passing round Penhale and crossing Penhale Sands the path enters Perranporth , then climbs out the other side back onto a stretch of cliffs past Kligga Head to the village of St Agnes . Past St Agnes Head , a breeding ground for kittiwakes , lies the ruins of Towanroath Mine and the inlet at Chapel Porth . Next are the ruins of Wheal Charlotte mine and then Porthtowan village .
After passing Nancekuke firing ranges , the path drops into Portreath , once a busy port serving inland tin mines around Redruth . Beyond lies Carvannel Downs with Samphire Island just off the coast , and then the Reskajeage Downs better known locally as the North Cliffs . Beyond the cove at Hell 's Mouth , the path runs northwards to pass around Navax Point and Godrevy Point , offshore from which lies Godrevy Island with its lighthouse .
= = = West Cornwall = = =
Turning into the wide sweep of St Ives Bay , where many walkers drop down onto the sands at low tide , the path follows the line of the sand dunes or Towans as they are known here . This area was used for explosives manufacture for many years , the sand being ideal for absorbing any accidental explosions . The Towans are interrupted by two rivers , the small Red River at the north end , and the larger River Hayle and its estuary towards the south . Although narrow , the estuary is tidal and fast flowing due to the large expanse of mud flats and docks that lie behind the Towans , so the path turns away from St Ives Bay to go round via Hayle . The water is crossed using an old railway bridge and then the old Hayle Railway is followed into the town centre then the A30 road to Griggs Quay where quieter roads bring the Path around to the west side of the tidal mud flats . Views of the birdlife can be had from Carnsew Pool at Hayle and from the area around Lelant Saltings railway station , although the official path is slightly inland on the A3074 road through Lelant village , regaining the coast by crossing golf links to reach the last of the Towans above Porth Kidney Sands .
Rising back onto low cliffs , the path rounds Carrack Gladden and enters Carbis Bay , it then follows alongside the St Ives Bay railway line into St Ives ; a bustling town favoured by artists since the 19th century , which is home to the Tate St Ives art gallery and the Barbara Hepworth Museum . The path passes the east @-@ facing Porthminster Beach and goes around " The Island " , a headland , to the north @-@ facing Porthmeor Beach .
The coast now shows the open and ancient landscape of the Penwith district along a series of wild headlands such as Clodgy Point , Hor Point , Pen Enys Point , and Carn Naun Point . The Carracks lie just offshore , locally known as Seal Island ( and seals can often be seen close to the shore opposite here ) , then there lies Zennor Head and Gurnard 's Head as the Path leads into Morvah , although the village proper lies inland . Portheras Cove is a relief from the many small rocky bays along this coast but the cliffs then continue beyond the iconic , disused Crowns Mine at Botallack .
From Cape Cornwall at St Just , the Path heads southwards to sandy Whitesand Bay and the village of Sennen . At the end of the sands the path turns westwards one last time to reach Land 's End . This is the most westerly point of the English mainland .
After passing Land 's End the path continues further south past Pordenack Point and Mill Bay before turning fully eastward at Gwennap Head . Beyond the tiny village of Porthgwarra lies St Levan . The next bay lies below Porthcurno . It is overlooked by the open @-@ air Minack Theatre and is where the Eastern Cable Company 's cable came ashore , the first telegraph link with India . Climbing out of the bay the path passes the precarious Logan Rock .
The next village is Penberth , then a series of bays are separated by the headlands of Merthen Point , Boscawen Point , and Tater Du with its lighthouse built in 1965 . Lamorna Cove is a favourite with artists such as S. J. " Lamorna " Birch , who lived there in a small cottage . Then , after rounding Carn Du , the path turns northwards towards Mousehole and Penlee Point . This section of the path follows a road into Newlyn , but a diversion via Paul allows walkers to follow a quieter inland path . Newlyn has a busy fishing harbour and is again favoured by artists , known as the Newlyn School ; it merges into Penzance and the path now follows the promenade through the town , passing Penzance railway station and continuing past the railway engine shed along the shore of Mount 's Bay with its views of St Michael 's Mount . This is an island at high tide but can be reached from Marazion by a causeway at low tide .
The path now turns south again , passing the village of Perranuthnoe ( or Perran ) and Perran Sands , then skirting inland across the neck of Cudden Point to Prussia Cove and Bessy 's Cove . A larger sandy beach is Praa Sands after which the path climbs up onto a series of cliff tops such as Trewavas Head . This area shows many signs of Cornwall 's mining history with abandoned engine houses such as Wheal Prosper close to the path .
After passing through Porthleven the path crosses the shingle bank of Loe Bar with the freshwater Loe Pool behind . At Gunwalloe more cliffs appear , leading to Poldhu Cove overlooked by the radio station on Poldhu Point , then Porth Mellin on Mullion Cove with Mullion Island offshore . Rounding Predannack Head , Vellan Head , and Rill Head ( where the Spanish Armada was first sighted on 29 July 1588 ) , the path leads to Kynance Cove and Lizard Point , the lighthouse of which has been visible for some distance . Lizard Point is the most southerly point of the British mainland .
= = = South Cornwall = = =
After passing The Lizard the path turns northwards , continuing past Housel Bay and a building used by Guglielmo Marconi for radio experiments , then Bass Point with its Coastguard Station . The Lizard lifeboat station is a sheltered position in Kilcobben Cove . Passing through Cadgwith and across Kennack Sands , the path heads towards Black Head then into Coverack . Once around Lowland Point , The Manacles lie a mile offshore , a reef that has wrecked many ships . The path passes through Porthoustock and Porthallow , then around Nare Point lies Gillan Creek . This can be crossed at very low tide , but most walkers follow the lanes round the head of the creek to reach Dennis Head at the mouth of the Helford River . To cross this wider river means following it inland to Helford where there is a ferry across to Helford Passage on the north bank . Some people take a short cut from Gillan Creek to Helford by a path through Manaccan .
After following the river back through Durgan to the open waters beyond Toll Point , the path skirts Falmouth Bay along Maenporth , Swanpool and Gyllyngvase beaches before passing around the headland beneath Pendennis Castle to enter bustling Falmouth . The castle was built , along with its twin at St Mawes , to protect the deep water of Carrick Roads from attack . This natural haven is what made Falmouth such an important harbour , it being the last good shelter for ships heading westwards towards the Atlantic Ocean .
The path crosses the harbour on the St Mawes Ferry and then passes St Anthony Head and Zone Point and northwards past the village of Portscatho and around Gerrans Bay . Beyond Nare Head is Portloe in Veryan Bay . The next big headland is Dodman Point after which the coast path resumes its northwards course through Gorran Haven and the fishing harbour at Mevagissey to Pentewan where the once busy dock has silted up with sand . The path then climbs up around Black Head to reach Porthpean and then Charlestown . This was the first harbour to serve the china clay industry around St Austell and has featured in several films as it is home to a heritage fleet of sailing ships .
After passing Carlyon Bay the path comes to the much busier china @-@ clay exporting port of Par , where it goes inland of the dock site . After passing through the village the path regains the coast at Par Sands and links with the Saints ' Way , a coast @-@ to @-@ coast path across Cornwall , at Polmear . It then follows the cliff tops through Polkerris and around Gribbin Head . From here to Polperro is designated as a heritage coast .
The path now passes Polridmouth ( pronounced ' Pridmouth ' ) and Readymoney Cove to enter Fowey ( ' Foy ' ) , another busy harbour but this time the deep water quays are situated up river above the town . The River Fowey is crossed on the Polruan ferry , beyond which are some steep cliffs with spectacular views . Beyond Lantic Bay lies Pencarrow Head then the larger Lantivet Bay with further cliffs and small coves leading to Polperro , a fishing village which bans cars during the summer .
Beyond Polperro lies Talland Bay and Portnadler Bay , with the bird reserve of Looe Island ( also known as St George 's island ) off shore . The path now enters Looe , passing through Hannafore , West Looe then , after crossing the River Looe on a seven @-@ span bridge . The path continues up onto the cliff then heads towards Millendreath then along more cliffs , running past a 60 @-@ ft sevenfold labyrinth carved into the turf of the hillside to Seaton , Downderry , and Portwrinkle .
The long beach of Whitsand Bay has a fast @-@ rising tide and is a military firing range so the path runs inland behind Tregantle Fort to reach Freathy and Rame Head . Beyond this lies Penlee Point and then the path turns northwards into Plymouth Sound , skirting Cawsand Bay and Mount Edgcumbe Country Park to reach the ferry at Cremyll . Beyond here lies the Hamoaze , the combined estuary of the Tamar and other rivers .
= = = South Devon = = =
The Cremyll Ferry lands in Devon at Stonehouse , one of the Three Towns that make up the modern city of Plymouth . The path follows roads past Stonehouse Barracks and Millbay Docks to Plymouth Hoe with its views across Plymouth Sound . It then crosses Sutton Harbour by the Mayflower Steps then skirts the hill of Cattedown to cross the River Plym by the Laira Bridge to Plymstock . Passing round the edge of the tidal Hooe Lake , the path regains the countryside above Jennycliff Bay , part of the Plymouth Sound , Shores and Cliffs ( Site of Special Scientific Interest ) , and follows the cliffs past Bovisand to Wembury , Wembury Marine Centre .
From Wembury the path travels east into the South Hams district to the Warren Point Ferry , across the River Yealm , near Newton Ferrers . The River Erme near Kingston must be forded at Erme Mouth within one hour of low tide . The path then goes past Hillsea Point Rock . The view to the southwest is then over Bigbury Bay past Burgh Island and Hope Cove to the promontory known as Bolt Tail . The next 6 miles ( 10 km ) of cliff top paths from Bolberry Down past Bolt Head and the tidal ria of Kingsbridge Estuary to Prawle Point , belong to the National Trust . The estuary is crossed using the Salcombe Ferry , from Salcombe to East Portlemouth , close to Salcombe Castle and within the South Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty ( AONB ) . The path passes through the Prawle Point and Start Point Site of Special Scientific Interest which is recognised as being an important site for solitary bees and wasps , the rare cuckoo bee Nomada sexfasciata , and the Cirl bunting .
The path then continues around Lannacombe Bay to Start Point and its Lighthouse and then through Start Bay along a 3 @-@ mile ( 5 km ) shingle causeway between Slapton Sands and the Slapton Ley freshwater lake and nature reserve before entering the estuary of the River Dart and historic port of Dartmouth . From Dartmouth , the route uses either the Lower Ferry or Passenger Ferry to cross the river to Kingswear .
Kingswear is the terminus of the Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway which follows the River Dart , but the coast path climbs out of the village in the opposite direction to reach Torbay , known as " The English Riviera " . It passes the historic harbour of Brixham and the seaside towns of Goodrington , Paignton , Torquay , Babbacombe . The coast path then passes along the wooded cliffs above Labrador Bay to reach Shaldon and the River Teign .
Crossing the river by ferry or the long Shaldon Bridge brings walkers to Teignmouth , beyond which the coast path follows the South Devon Railway sea wall to Hole Head where the Parson and Clerk rocks look out to sea . Passing beneath the railway , the path climbs up to the main road , which it follows for a few yards before turning back towards the cliff top ( in stormy weather the sea wall is too dangerous and this road must be followed most of the way from Teignmouth ) . Entering Dawlish along a now by @-@ passed toll road , the coast path descends back to the level of the railway which it follows to Dawlish Warren , although a slightly more landward route is necessary at high tides .
Dawlish Warren is a sand spit and nature reserve that lies at the mouth of the River Exe . The route now turns away from the coast and follows the Exe estuary past Cockwood to Starcross where the seasonal Exmouth to Starcross Ferry crosses to Exmouth . The Exe Valley Way continues beyond Starcross towards Exeter , but when the ferry is not running it is possible to catch a train from either Dawlish Warren or Starcross railway stations to Exmouth railway station .
On the eastern side of Exmouth , the coast path climbs up onto the High Land of Orcombe . This is the start of the Jurassic Coast , a World Heritage Site . The next town is Budleigh Salterton , beyond which lies the River Otter . The path then skirts Chiselbury Bay and Ladram Bay towards Sidmouth which sits at the mouth of the River Sid . Access to the beach is via a wooden staircase known as Jacob 's ladder . Sidmouth is surrounded by the East Devon Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . Erosion remains a serious concern east of the mouth of the River Sid . The cliffs have been heavily eroded , threatening cliff top homes and the footpath , which passes along the tops of the cliff , around Lyme Bay , avoiding The Undercliff towards Branscombe . The path then follows Seaton Bay past Beer , with Beer Caves a man @-@ made cave complex , resulting from the quarrying of Beer stone and Seaton before going through The Undercliff SSSI and NNR and crossing the border into Dorset shortly before reaching Lyme Regis .
= = = Dorset = = =
Across the Dorset border , the Coast Path runs through the town of Lyme Regis where the Cobb breakwater was seen in the film The French Lieutenant 's Woman and features on the film 's poster . Further east , where it shares its route with the Monarch 's Way , the path passes by Golden Cap , the highest point on the south coast , and on through Charmouth and West Bay ( near Bridport ) , to Burton Bradstock at the start of Chesil Beach , an 18 @-@ mile ( 29 km ) long tombolo . At Abbotsbury , the path leaves Chesil beach to follow the shores of the Fleet lagoon , until it reaches the terminus of Chesil beach next to the villages of Fortuneswell and Chiswell on the Isle of Portland . The path circumnavigates the Isle of Portland , passing the lighthouses at Portland Bill and the Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy in Chiswell , and returns across Chesil beach to Wyke Regis ( encompassing the Rodwell Trail ) and along the shores of Portland Harbour to the Nothe Fort in the resort of Weymouth .
In Weymouth the coast path runs along Weymouth Harbour and the Wey Estuary up to Radipole Lake , through the town centre to the Esplanade on the shore of Weymouth Bay , and on to Ringstead Bay , with White Nothe at its eastern end , near the village of Osmington Mills . There is an alternative route around Weymouth and Portland along the South Dorset Downs , which reduces the footpath distance by 19 @.@ 25 miles ( 31 km ) . Just the loop around the Isle of Portland can be omitted , reducing the journey by 13 @.@ 2 miles ( 21 @.@ 2 km ) .
The coast path then heads towards the Isle of Purbeck , via Bat 's Head , Swyre Head , Durdle Door — a natural arch which has been described as " one of Dorset 's most recognisable features " — and Lulworth Cove , " the most visited geological locality in Britain " . Further east is the deserted village of Tyneham , beside Worbarrow Bay , and Kimmeridge , next to Kimmeridge Bay , with its rocky shore and wave cut platform . Between Lulworth Cove and Kimmeridge the path passes through the Lulworth Ranges , which are not always open to the public . When the ranges are in use a 12 @-@ mile ( 19 km ) road detour is needed .
The coast path then reaches St Alban 's Head , just to the south of the village of Worth Matravers . Between St Alban 's Head and the resort of Swanage is Durlston Country Park nature reserve . North of Swanage is the chalk Ballard Down , the eastern tip of which has been eroded to form Old Harry Rocks – a series of stacks , arches and caves jutting into the sea between Swanage Bay and Studland Bay . This headland marks the end of the Jurassic Coast World Heritage Site . Behind Studland beach , an extensive system of sand dunes have formed a psammosere , stretching for miles across the Studland peninsula . The peninsula forms one shore of Poole Harbour , one of the largest natural harbours in the world . Part of Studland beach is the National Trust 's only official naturist beach . The South West Coast Path ends at South Haven Point , where there is a commemorative marker . The Sandbanks Ferry links this to the Sandbanks area of Poole on the eastern edge of the harbour .
= = Intersecting and connecting paths = =
From Plymouth to Poole the South West Coast Path forms part of the route of the E9 European Coastal Path which runs for 3 @,@ 125 miles ( 5 @,@ 000 km ) from Cabo de São Vicente in Portugal to Narva @-@ Jõesuu in Estonia . The route crosses by ferry from Roscoff to Plymouth , and beyond Poole the path follows the Bournemouth Coast Path to Milford on Sea , then the Solent Way ( with an Isle of Wight option ) , South Downs Way , 1066 Country Walk and Saxon Shore Way to Dover , from where it returns to continental Europe . It is also part of the network of routes that form the International Appalachian Trail .
The South West Coast Path , covering such a wide area , inevitably intersects with other , more local , routes , and it connects with many other long @-@ distance paths offering opportunities for even longer expeditions :
Bournemouth Coast Path , 20 miles ( 32 km ) from Sandbanks to Milford @-@ on @-@ Sea ( Dorset and Hampshire )
Celtic Way — runs from the west of Wales to Stonehenge and then heads south @-@ west to Cornwall , a total of 723 miles ( 1 @,@ 164 km )
Channel to Channel Path , Seaton to Watchet , 80 kilometres ( 50 mi )
Coast to Coast , Devon , Wembury to Lynmouth 116 miles ( 187 km )
Coleridge Way , 36 miles ( 58 km ) from Nether Stowey in the Quantocks across the Brendon Hills and the fringes of Exmoor National Park to the coast at Porlock .
East Devon Way , 38 miles ( 61 km ) Exmouth to Lyme Regis
Exe Valley Way , Devon – runs 45 miles ( 72 km ) from the River Exe estuary to Exmoor
Liberty Trail , 28 miles ( 45 km ) Ham Hill to Lyme Regis ( Somerset , Dorset )
The Macmillan Ways :
Macmillan Way from Abbotsbury in Dorset to Boston , Lincolnshire 288 miles ( 463 km )
Macmillan Way West from Castle Cary in Somerset to Barnstaple in Devon , 101 miles ( 163 km ) ( Boston to Barnstaple is 346 miles ( 557 km )
the Macmillan Abbotsbury Langport Link , which creates a 24 miles ( 39 km ) short @-@ cut for walkers from Abbotsbury to Barnstaple , a total of 126 miles ( 203 km ) .
Saint 's Way , Padstow — Fowey 26 miles ( 42 km ) ( Cornwall )
Samaritans Way South West , runs 100 miles ( 161 km ) from Bristol to Lynton , but only the section from Bristol to Goathurst is waymarked
Tarka Trail . Between Ilfracombe and Bideford , the path mostly follows a coastal section of the Tarka Trail . For part of this route , the paths follow the course of disused railway lines : the Ilfracombe Branch Line , between Braunton and Barnstaple , and the Bideford Branch Line , between Barnstaple and Bideford .
Two Moors Way , Devon — Ivybridge to Lynmouth 103 miles ( 166 km )
Wessex Ridgeway , 136 miles ( 219 km ) from Lyme Regis to Marlborough , which combined with The Ridgeway National Trail , the Icknield Way and the Peddars Way National Trail forms the Greater Ridgeway , 362 miles ( 583 km ) , from Lyme Regis to Hunstanton on The Wash
West Devon Way — Okehampton to Plymouth , 36 miles ( 58 km )
West Somerset Coast Path — Minehead to Steart Peninsula ( linking SWCP to the River Parrett Trail ) , 25 miles ( 40 km )
= = Public transport = =
There are regular train services from other parts of the UK to the south west , principal destination stations being Barnstaple , Exeter , Newquay , Penzance and Plymouth . From these places local trains or buses connect to many points of the path . Airports at Exeter and Newquay are served from a range of national and international destinations .
Using public transport for at least part of the journey means that walkers can plan walks that start and finish at different places , rather than having to circle back to their start point to collect their cars .
More than twenty railway stations give options either for short walks – such as Dawlish to Paignton — or for longer walks over several days . The West Somerset Railway offers steam and diesel services from Taunton to Minehead at the Somerset end of the path ( using a connecting bus from Taunton railway station to Bishops Lydeard ) , and the Paignton and Dartmouth Steam Railway connects Kingswear and Paignton .
Long @-@ distance bus services connect some coastal towns with railway stations :
Bude to Exeter St Davids railway station
Minehead to Taunton railway station
Padstow to Bodmin Parkway railway station
Westward Ho ! and Bideford to Barnstaple railway station
A boat service runs down the River Fal from Truro to Falmouth and can be used as an interesting method to get to the path .
= = Charity fundraising = =
Many individuals or organisations use a walk on all or part of the path to raise money for charity .
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= Poor Folk =
Poor Folk ( Russian : Бедные люди , Bednye lyudi ) , sometimes translated as Poor People , [ note ] is the first novel by Fyodor Dostoyevsky , written over the span of nine months between 1844 and 1845 . Dostoyevsky was in financial difficulty because of his extravagant living and his developing gambling addiction ; although he had produced some translations of foreign novels , they had little success , and he decided to write a novel of his own to try to raise funds .
Inspired by the works of Gogol , Pushkin , and Karamzin , as well as English and French authors , Poor Folk is written in the form of letters between the two main characters , Makar Devushkin and Varvara Dobroselova , who are poor second cousins . The novel showcases the life of poor people , their relationship with rich people , and poverty in general , all common themes of literary naturalism . A deep but odd friendship develops between them until Dobroselova loses her interest in literature , and later in communicating with Devushkin after a rich widower Mr. Bykov proposes to her . Devushkin , a prototype of the clerk found in many works of naturalistic literature at that time , retains his sentimental characteristics ; Dobroselova abandons art , while Devushkin cannot live without literature .
Contemporary critics lauded Poor Folk for its humanitarian themes . While Vissarion Belinsky dubbed the novel Russia 's first " social novel " and Alexander Herzen called it a major socialist work , other critics detected parody and satire . The novel uses a complicated polyphony of voices from different perspectives and narrators . Initially offered by Dostoyevsky to the liberal @-@ leaning magazine Fatherland Notes , the novel was published in the almanac , St. Petersburg Collection , on January 15 , 1846 . It became a huge success nationwide . Parts of it were translated into German by Wilhelm Wolfsohn and published in an 1846 / 1847 magazine . The first English translation was provided by Lena Milman in 1894 , with an introduction by George Moore , cover art design by Aubrey Beardsley and publication by London 's Mathews and Lane .
= = Plot = =
Varvara Dobroselova and Makar Devushkin are second cousins twice @-@ removed and live across from each other on the same street in terrible apartments . Devushkin 's , for example , is merely a portioned @-@ off section of the kitchen , and he lives with several other tenants , such as the Gorshkovs , whose son who groans in agonizing hunger almost the entire story and eventually dies . Devushkin and Dobroselova exchange letters attesting to their terrible living conditions and the former frequently squanders his money on gifts for her .
The reader progressively learns their history . Dobroselova originally lived in the country , but moved to St. Petersburg ( which she hates ) when her father lost his job . Her father becomes very violent and her mother severely depressed . Her father dies and they move in with Anna Fyodorovna , a landlady who was previously cruel to them but at least pretends to feel sympathy for their situation . Dobroselova is tutored by a poor student named Pokrovsky , whose drunken father occasionally visits . She eventually falls in love with Pokrovsky . She struggles to save a measly amount of money to purchase the complete works of Pushkin at the market for his birthday present , then allows his father to give the books to him instead , claiming that just knowing he received the books will be enough for her happiness . Pokrovsky falls ill soon after , and his dying wish is to see the sun and the world outside . Dobroselova obliges by opening the blinds to reveal grey clouds and dirty rain . In response Pokrovsky only shakes his head and then passes away . Dobroselova 's mother dies shortly afterwards , and Dobroselova is left in the care of Anna for a time , but the abuse becomes too much and she goes to live with Fedora across the street .
Devushkin works as a lowly copyist , frequently belittled and picked on by his colleagues . His clothing is worn and dirty , and his living conditions are perhaps worse than Dobroselova 's . He considers himself a rat in society . He and Dobroselova exchange letters ( and occasional visits that are never detailed ) , and eventually they also begin to exchange books . Devushkin becomes offended when she sends him a copy of " The Overcoat " , because he finds the main character is living a life similar to his own .
Dobroselova considers moving to another part of the city where she can work as a governess . Just as he is out of money and risks being evicted , Devushkin has a stroke of luck : his boss takes pity on him and gives him 100 rubles to buy new clothes . Devushkin pays off his debts and sends some to Dobroselova . She sends him 25 rubles back because she does not need it . The future looks bright for both of them because he can now start to save money and it may be possible for them to move in together .
The writer Ratazyayev , who jokes about using Devushkin as a character in one of his stories offends him , but genuinely seems to like him . Eventually Devushkin 's pride is assuaged and their friendship is restored . The Gorshkovs come into money because the father 's case is won in court . With the generous settlement they seem to be destined to be perfectly happy , but the father dies , leaving his family in a shambles despite the money . Soon after this , Dobroselova announces that a rich man , Mr. Bykov who had dealings with Anna Fyodorovna and Pokrovsky 's father , has proposed to her . She decides to leave with him , and the last few letters attest to her slowly becoming accustomed to her new money .
She asks Devushkin to find linen for her and begins to talk about various luxuries , but leaves him alone in the end despite his improving fortunes . In the last correspondence in the story , on September 29 , Devushkin begs Dobroselova to write to him . Dobroselova responds saying that " all is over " an to not forget her . The last letter is from Devushkin saying that he loves her and that he will die when he leaves her .
= = Main characters = =
Makar Alekseyevich Devushkin ( Макар Алексеевич Девушкин ) – the protagonist of Poor Folk is a shy , poor and lonely forty @-@ seven @-@ year @-@ old clerk and copyist . He has been compared to other clerks from the " natural school " such as " The Overcoat " ' s Akaka Akakievich . Although trying to use literature to understand life , Devushkin does not discuss these topics separately , and falsely believes that Dobroselova 's letters reflect his life , taking short stories as realistic works . He exhibits typical sentimental characteristics ; according to Robert Payne , Dostoyevsky " writes on the edge of sentimentality , but he is a completely credible and rounded figure " . Devushkin 's name derives from devushka , meaning maiden or girl , possibly symbolizing virginity and innocence , although Joseph Frank remarked it is an incongruent description .
Varvara Alekseyevna Dobroselova ( Варвара Алексеевна Добросёлова ) – lives in similar conditions as Devushkin . Her decision to live with the unscrupulous Mr. Bykov makes her an outsider , not typical of sentimental novels ; unlike the heroine in Samuel Richardson 's 1748 novel Clarissa , she chooses the materialistic path and loses her interest in literature . Her name derives from dobro , meaning good , symbolizing her good @-@ hearted personality .
Mr. Bykov ( Быков ) – an old , rich , brutal widower . Successfully proposes to Dobroselova at the end . His name derives from byk , meaning bull , symbolizing sexual power and lust .
= = Creation = =
Dostoyevsky showed interest in literature since his childhood . His mother 's subscription to the Library of Reading enabled the family entry into the leading contemporary Russian and non @-@ Russian literature . Gothic tales , such as by Ann Radcliffe , was the first genre Dostoyevsky was introduced to . Other formative influences were the works by the poets Alexander Pushkin and Vasily Zhukovsky , heroic epics usually by Homer and chivalric novels by Cervantes and Walter Scott .
Dostoyevsky initially attended the best private school in Moscow , the Chermak boarding school . Founded by a Czech immigrant , who moved to Russia after the Napoleonic Wars , it put strong emphasis on literature . As the school required 800 rubles per year , his father had to do additional work and ask his aristocratic relatives , the Kumanins , for money . Although Dostoyevsky settled in well , he had to leave after his mother 's death on 27 September 1837 led to financial problems for his family . He was sent to the Military Engineering @-@ Technical University , he had problems adjusting to life there , but nevertheless managed to graduate on 12 August 1843 as a military engineer . After his graduation , he lived a quite liberal lifestyle , attending many plays and the ballets of composers Ole Bull and Franz Liszt , and renting an expensive apartment , the Prianishnikov House , for 1 @,@ 200 rubles , even though he was only earning 5 @,@ 000 rubles per year . These events and his introduction to casinos were responsible for his deteriorating financial situation . He worked as a translator , but the translations he completed in 1843 , such as Balzac 's Eugénie Grandet and Sand 's La dernière Aldini , were not very successful . His gambling and betting on billiard games were a huge drain on his funds because of his frequent losses . As a consequence , Dostoyevsky was often forced to ask his relatives for money , but he felt uncomfortable doing so and decided to write a novel to raise money . " It 's simply a case " Dostoyevsky wrote to his brother Mikhail , " of my novel covering all . If I fail in this , I 'll hang myself . "
Dostoyevsky began working on Poor Folk in early 1844 . He first mentioned the upcoming work in a letter to Mikhail on 30 September 1844 : " I am finishing up a novel of the size of Eugénie Grandet . It 's a rather original work . " Dostoyevsky later wrote to his brother on 23 March 1845 , " I finished the novel in November , then rewrote it in December , and again in February – March . I am seriously satisfied with my novel . It is a serious and elegant work ... " Sometime around April 1845 , his friend Dmitry Grigorovich , with whom he had shared an apartment since the autumn of 1844 , proposed giving the manuscript to poet Nikolay Nekrasov , who was planning to issue an anthology in 1846 . Dostoyevsky took the manuscript to Nekrasov and returned home . Shortly afterwards the doorbell of his house rang , and he opened the door to the excited Nekrasov and Grigorovich , both of whom congratulated him on his debut novel , of which they had only read 10 pages . They finished the full 112 @-@ page work during the night at Dostoyevsky 's apartment . The next morning , the three men went to the critic Vissarion Belinsky ; Nekrasov proclaimed Dostoyevsky " the New Gogol " though Belinsky replied sceptically " You find Gogol 's springing up like mushrooms " . Dostoyevsky himself did not believe his book would receive a positive review from Belinsky , but when Nekrasov visited Belinsky in the evening , the latter wanted to meet Dostoyevsky to congratulate him on his debut . Dostoyevsky proposed to issue Poor Folk in the Fatherland Notes , but it was instead published in the almanac St. Petersburg Collection on January 15 , 1846 .
= = Themes and style = =
Poor Folk explores poverty and the relationship between the poor and the rich , common themes of literary naturalism . Largely influenced by Nikolai Gogol 's " The Overcoat " , Alexander Pushkin 's " The Stationmaster " and Letters of Abelard and Heloise by Peter Abelard and Héloïse d ’ Argenteuil , it is an epistolary novel composed of letters written by Varvara and her close friend Makar Devushkin . The name of the book and the main female character were adapted from Karamzin 's Poor Liza . Additional elements include the backgrounds of the two protagonists and the tragic ending , both typical characteristics of a middle @-@ class novel .
Belinsky and others saw " The Overcoat " as the inspiration for the novel . Later critics stated that the sentimental @-@ humanitarian Poor Folk contained a great deal of parody and satire of Gogol books ; however , there are some dissenters . Karin Jeanette Harmon guesses in " Double Parody Equals Anti @-@ Parody " that Dostoyevsky mixes the parody of the sentimental epistolary novel with the parody of the naturalistic sketch of the clerk . Robert Payne rejects the idea of any satiric content ; he notes that satire began in The Double . A similar view was held by Belinsky , who also stated that " Dostoyevsky 's talent is ... not descriptive , but to the highest degree creative . " Victor Terras thought that Dostoyevsky did not use satire except in a few cases , but instead employed a " humor derived from the eternal conflict between the simple soul of a good man and the complex apparatus of the soulless , institutionalized society run by ' clever ' people . " Joseph Frank , who suggested that the whole work is a " serious parody " , recalled that Poor Folk burlesques the " high @-@ society adventure novel , the Gogolian humorous local color @-@ tale " and " the debunking physiological sketch " . Victor Terras dubbed it a " travesty of the sentimental epistolary love story . " The Contemporary stated " In this work comedy is somehow explored and includes an appreciable tone , colour and even the language of Gogol and Kvitka " . " Through his tale " , wrote The Northern Bee , " Dostoyevsky wanted to utilize Gogol 's humour with naive simplicity of the undisturbed Osnovyanenko . "
According to critic Rebecca Epstein Matveyev , Pushkin 's " The Stationmaster " serves as a " thematic subtext , as a basis for Devushkin 's literary experiments , and as a resource for his epistolary relationship . " Both , " The Stationmaster " and " The Overcoat " , are mentioned in the letters between Dobroselova and Devushkin . Dostoyevsky may have chosen the epistolary genre to include his personal critical observations , similar to real @-@ life letters between writer and addressee . According to Yakubovich , Dostoyevsky uses Poor Folk as his diary . However , as an external narrator is missing the only source for the character 's motivation and personality is available in the letters and Dobroselova 's diary . The numerous different voices , that is Devushkin 's quotations from stories , his commentaries about these books and his own works , is an example of polyphony . These effects confuse the reader and hide the narrator .
= = Reception = =
Poor Folk received nationwide critical acclaim . Dostoyevsky observed that " the whole of Russia is talking about my Poor Folk " . As soon as he read the manuscript for Poor Folk , Belinsky named it Russia 's first " social novel " . Alexander Herzen praised the book in his essay " About the Progress of Revolutionary Ideas in Russia " , noting the book 's " socialistic tendencies and animations . " The work was classified by critic Pavel Annenkov as a work of the so @-@ called " natural school " . The newspaper The Northern Bee recorded :
News about a new genius , Mr. Dostoevsky , is circulating across St. Petersburg . We do not know whether it is his real name or a pen @-@ name . The reading audience is praising his new novel , Poor People . I have read this novel and said : ' Poor Russian readers ! ' However , Mr. Dostoevsky is a man of some talent and , if he finds his way in literature , he will be able to write something decent . "
Nikolay Dobrolyubov in the 1861 essay " Dowtrodden People " , that Dostoyevsky studies poor reality and expresses humanistic ideas . He also praised him for illustrating human nature and taking out " souls in the centre of the depth which are caged after protesting for indentity against the exterior , violent pressure , and presents it to our verdict . "
Apollon Grigoriev wrote in The Finnish Herald : " Dostoevsky starts to play in our literature the same role Hoffmann played in German literature ... He became so deeply immersed in the life of civil servants that the dull and uninteresting everyday life became for him a nightmare close to madness . " Count Vladimir Sollogub also liked the novel , stating that " it was written with force and simplicity by a great talent . " Valerian Maykov noted after a number of publications by Dostoyevsky : " Gogol was usually the leading social poet , while Dostoyevsky usually the leading psychological poet . The former is known as the representative of the contemporary society or contemporary circle , for the latter the society itself becomes interesting through its influence on other people . "
= = Translations = =
The following is a list of English versions ( publication date in parentheses ) :
( 1894 ) Poor Folk , by Lana Milman
( 1900 ) Poor Folk , by Thomas Seltzer
( 1915 ) Poor Folk and the Gambler , by C.J. Hogarth
( 1956 ) Poor Folk , by Lev Navrozov
( 1968 ) Poor People , and A Little Hero , by David Magarshack
( 1982 ) Poor Folk , by Robert Dessaix
( 2002 ) Poor Folk , by Hugh A Aplin
( 2007 ) Poor Folk , by Constance Garnett
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= Between the Times and the Tides =
Between the Times and the Tides is the ninth studio album by the American alternative rock musician Lee Ranaldo , released on March 20 , 2012 on Matador Records . His first release on Matador Records and since Sonic Youth 's indefinite hiatus , the album features a more straightforward songwriting approach to his prior material and includes guest musicians such as Nels Cline , John Medeski and Leah Singer . The album was originally intended to be a minimalist acoustic album but its sound was developed by Ranaldo during its recording at Echo Canyon West in Hoboken , New Jersey during a seven @-@ month period in early 2011 .
Between the Times and the Tide 's sound was influenced by Joni Mitchell , Neil Young and Leonard Cohen , as well as contemporary artists such as Cat Power . The title of the album comes from a lyric in the song " Xtina as I Knew Her " . Upon its release , Between the Times and the Times received positive critical acclaim and charted in four countries , including Belgium , France , Germany and the United States . Its two singles — " Off the Wall " and " Shouts " — were moderate critical successes but failed to chart . The album 's release was followed by two tours of North America and Oceania from April to October 2012 , which included appearances at various music festivals , including All Tomorrow 's Parties I 'll Be Your Mirror and the Melbourne International Arts Festival .
= = Background = =
During his time as the lead guitarist of Sonic Youth , Lee Ranaldo had considered recording a " simple , acoustic album " of original songs " with just an acoustic guitar and a microphone . " After the release of Maelstrom from Drift — a collection of group improvisations , live recordings and home studio sessions — in 2008 , Ranaldo 's plans developed further . Following Sonic Youth 's indefinite hiatus , he began arranging the material with contributors such as Nels Cline , John Medeski and Bob Bert . All three musicians , except Bert , had recorded renditions of Bob Dylan songs for the soundtrack to his 2007 biopic , I 'm Not There , as The Million Dollar Bashers . Most of the material he began arranging had been written between June and August 2010 when the songs " just kept flowing out behind that one [ " Lost " ] . "
= = Recording = =
Ranaldo originally recorded acoustic demos for Between the Times and the Tides on his iPhone . He later rerecorded them in @-@ studio with Steve Shelley , the drummer of Sonic Youth . According to Ranaldo , the subsequent demo recording led to the development of the songs , which then became " guitar @-@ and @-@ bass @-@ and @-@ drums demos . " He referred to the recording process of the album as " gradual but really organic . " When he began recording the album in January 2011 at Echo Canyon West in Hoboken , New Jersey , Ranaldo " started laying them down in a little bit more hi – fi fashion " , using studio equipment and effects pedals .
Ranaldo used his signature Fender Jazzmaster guitar during the recording sessions of Between the Times and the Times and a custom @-@ built electric guitar by Jarrell Guitars . Several Martin and Gibson acoustic guitars were used , including a Martin D @-@ 35 , Martin 00018 , Gibson J @-@ 50 and Gibson J @-@ 45 . Various equipment — such as Fender Prosonic and Fender Super Reverb amplifiers , Ibanez Analog Delay , Voodoo Lab Sparkle Drive , BJF Electronics ' Honey Bee and DOD Two Second Digital Delay effects pedals — was used during the recording sessions to contribute to the album 's sound .
= = Composition = =
Between the Times and the Tides features material composed solely by Ranaldo . The album features a more " song @-@ led approach " to his previous material , which is largely considered noise rock . According to Ranaldo , he did not " deliberately " suppress noise composition but with earlier acoustic versions of the songs he would " often kind of ' Sonic ' them up . " The album 's overall sound has been described as " a set of catchy , poppy tunes that establish a new aspect in [ Ranaldo 's ] career . " Ranaldo further explained that " it wasn 't a conscious choice to write pop songs , they just sprung out of the guitars . "
Certain musicians influenced Ranaldo 's songwriting including Joni Mitchell , Neil Young , Leonard Cohen and Cat Power , which he referred to as " a kind of older generation of songwriting . " He also mentioned Bob Dylan 's Blonde on Blonde ( 1966 ) as a particular influence . Ranaldo stated that " these songs were allowed to breathe because they weren 't sent through the fan machine . When Sonic Youth writes music , we write everything in a very communal way . It doesn 't matter who brought something in initially , it all gets transformed by the band . In this case , I was making decisions , and I wanted them to have a certain kind of simplicity . They ended up more personal for that reason . "
All of the songs on Between the Times and the Tides are composed in alternate guitar tunings , except " Fire Island " which is composed in standard tuning . Speaking of the use of tunings on the album , Ranaldo said " they 're all brand @-@ new tunings on this album , none of them are from the Sonic Youth period . They 're things that started happening , and you just sort of roll with it . " He further explained that " Fire Island " was the first song he composed in standard tuning since Sonic Youth 's debut EP , released in 1982 . " Waiting on a Dream " , the album 's opening track , contains a guitar riff that , according to Damian Fanelli , resembles The Rolling Stones ' 1966 song " Paint It , Black " and " Tomorrow Never Comes " , the album 's closing track , references The Beatles ' 1966 song " Tomorrow Never Knows . "
= = Packaging = =
Ranaldo and Matt De Jong designed Between the Times and the Tides ' artwork , which included photographs by Kelly Jeffrey and Ranaldo 's son , Cody . The front cover art features Ranaldo walking past " Walking Men 99 " — an art project in Lower Manhattan , New York , created by artist Maya Barkai . Ranaldo became interested in the project as he passed it daily and contacted Barkai who was " humbled to be approached by Lee . "
Speaking of the album cover , Ranaldo said : " in some ways the whole album started with the cover photo , and I kind of built it up from there . A young Canadian photographer took that photo of me in September 2010 during an interview session about legendary Canadian group The Nihilist Spasm Band . When I saw the photo I thought it looked so much like a cool album cover . At that point I only had three or four acoustic demos going , and it remained in the back of my mind that if I ever made enough songs for an album , I ’ d use that pic as the cover . So that helped push me to develop the songs . "
= = Release = =
On November 10 , 2011 , Between the Times and the Tides was announced for release through an online blog post by Matador Records . The title of the album comes from a lyric in the song " Xtina as I Knew Her " . The album was released worldwide on March 20 , 2012 on Matador . It was released in a number of formats , including CD , LP , FLAC and MP3 . Demo versions of " Stranded " , " Shouts " and " Waiting on a Dream " were included as bonus tracks on the iTunes version of the release . Two singles were released from the album : " Off the Wall " and " Shouts " . " Off the Wall " was released as a 7 " record and digital download package on January 14 and " Shouts " , which featured alternate mixes not found on the album , was released on May 8 .
Ranaldo promoted Between the Times and the Tides ' release with a 28 @-@ date tour throughout the United States and Europe , with Wilco , Disappears and M. Ward supporting . The tour began on April 10 , 2010 at The Satellite in Los Angeles , California and concluded on August 3 at the Highland Bowl in Rochester , New York . In October , Ranaldo performed three shows in Australia at the Oxford Art Factory in Sydney on October 20 , The Zoo in Brisbane on October 21 and at The Hi @-@ Fi on October 24 , as part of the Melbourne Festival . Local Australian bands Pony Face and We All Want To supported Ranaldo 's performances in Sydney and Brisbane .
Between the Times and the Tides charted in four countries upon its release . It reached number 79 on the Belgian Albums Chart in Flanders , number 149 on the French Albums Chart and number 92 on the German Albums Chart . In the U.S , the album peaked at number 13 on Billboard 's Heatseeker Albums chart and number 24 on the Tastemaker Albums chart .
= = Reception = =
Between the Times and the Tides received generally positive reviews from critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications , it received an average score of 74 , based on 24 reviews . Writing for MSN Music , Robert Christgau said Ranaldo 's beautifully played guitar work and monophonic compositions complement his good @-@ natured , cogent lyrics , which are " always palpable whether the songs reach out or recalibrate his options " . AllMusic reviewer Heather Phares wrote that he " expands on those qualities in his music and reveals new ones " , " displays a strong and surprising classic rock streak " and " gets downright hippie @-@ ish , in a good way . " In a review for The A.V. Club , Elliott Sharp said " Ranaldo 's songs mostly adhere to a guitar @-@ driven melancholic @-@ pop mold , with songs like ' Off The Wall , ' ' Angles , ' and ' Lost ' recalling Sonic Youth ’ s 2006 effort Rather Ripped as well as early R.E.M. " . Spencer Grady from BBC Music compared the music to The Byrds , Neil Young and R.E.M. , and added that " flaws which initially seem awkward begin to make perfect sense after a few listens " . Drowned in Sound 's J.R. Moores said it was " advertised as his first ' rock album ' " and impresses sonically . Filter critic Loren Auda Poin wrote " at times sounding like Hendrix operating a theremin , and elsewhere resembling the mournful cries of lonesome satellites " , Ranaldo 's songs " are accomplished and take surprising turns , shot through with a mellow fury that 's endlessly appealing . "
In a less enthusiastic review for The Guardian , Killian Fox said Between the Times and the Tides was " more interesting sonically in the tension between questing guitars and straightforward song structures than it is in terms of lyrics , which aim to be down to earth but end up middle of the road . " NME writer John Doran wrote , " sure enough here are a wealth of rock gems that shine with a warm @-@ hearted , Neil Young @-@ like intensity . Those wanting clangour and dissonance will be disappointed , but everyone else will be pleasantly surprised . " Writing for Pitchfork Media , Grayson Currin deemed it a " motley assortment of Sonic Youth nods , acoustic entreaties , and cloying pop @-@ rockers " but that " Ranaldo 's opportunity to step out of the Sonic Youth shadows and into his own proper spotlight is mostly a miss made of mediocrity . " Ben Graham from The Quietus summarised the album as : " while it may be traditional in structure , Between the Times and the Tides is innovative and inimitable in actual performance . The playing may draw on jazz , country , rock and Ranaldo 's own avant @-@ garde catalogue . " In Rolling Stone , Will Hermes found it " great to hear the third voice in Sonic Youth stretching out . But it 's also a reminder of their irreplaceable magic . "
= = Track listing = =
All songs written and composed by Lee Ranaldo .
= = Personnel = =
All personnel credits adapted from Between the Times and the Tides ' liner notes .
Performer
Lee Ranaldo – vocals , guitar , production , recording , design
Other musicians
Alan Licht – guitar , marimba
Nels Cline – guitar , lap steel guitar
Irwin Menken – bass
Steve Shelley – drums
John Medeski – piano , organ
Kathy Leisen – backing vocals ( 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 )
Bob Bert – congas ( 5 , 8 )
Leah Singer – backing vocals ( 8 )
Technical personnel
John Agnello – production , engineering , mixing
Aaron Mullan – assistant mixing , recording
Ted Young – assistant mixing
Bentley Anderson – recording
Tim Glasgow – recording
Greg Calbi – mastering
Art personnel
Matt De Jong – design , layout
Kelly Jeffrey – photography
Cody Ranaldo – photography , digital editing
= = Chart positions = =
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= Banksia oblongifolia =
Banksia oblongifolia , commonly known as the fern @-@ leaved , dwarf banksia or rusty banksia , is a species in the plant genus Banksia . Found along the eastern coast of Australia from Wollongong , New South Wales in the south to Rockhampton , Queensland in the north , it generally grows in sandy soils in heath , open forest or swamp margins and wet areas . A many @-@ stemmed shrub up to 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) high , it has leathery serrated leaves and rusty @-@ coloured new growth . The yellow flower spikes , known as inflorescences , most commonly appear in autumn and early winter . Up to 80 follicles , or seed pods , develop on the spikes after flowering . Banksia oblongifolia resprouts from its woody lignotuber after bushfires , and the seed pods open and release seed when burnt , the seed germinating and growing on burnt ground . Some plants grow between fires from seed shed spontaneously .
Spanish botanist Antonio José Cavanilles described B. oblongifolia in 1800 , though it was known as Banksia asplenifolia in New South Wales for many years . However , the latter name , originally coined by Richard Anthony Salisbury , proved invalid , and Banksia oblongifolia has been universally adopted as the correct scientific name since 1981 . Two varieties were recognised in 1987 , but these have not been generally accepted . A wide array of mammals , birds , and invertebrates visit the inflorescences . Though easily grown as a garden plant , it is not commonly seen in horticulture .
= = Description = =
Banksia oblongifolia is a shrub that can reach 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) high , though is generally less than 2 m ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) high , with several stems growing out of a woody base known as a lignotuber . The smooth bark is marked with horizontal lenticels , and is reddish @-@ brown fading to greyish @-@ brown with age . New leaves and branchlets are covered with a rusty fur . The leaves lose their fur and become smooth with maturity , and are alternately arranged along the stem . Measuring 5 – 11 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 – 4 @.@ 3 in ) in length and 1 @.@ 5 – 2 cm ( 0 @.@ 59 – 0 @.@ 79 in ) in width , the leathery green leaves are oblong to obovate ( egg @-@ shaped ) or truncate with a recessed midvein and mildly recurved margins , which are entire at the base and serrate towards the ends of the leaves . The sinuses ( spaces between the teeth ) are U @-@ shaped and teeth are 1 – 2 mm long . The leaf underside is whitish with a reticulated vein pattern and a raised central midrib . The leaves sit on 2 – 5 mm long petioles .
Flowering has been recorded between January and October , with a peak in autumn and early winter ( April to June ) . The inflorescences , or flower spikes , arise from the end of 1 to 5 year old branchlets , and often have a whorl of branchlets arising from the node or base . Measuring 5 – 15 cm ( 2 @.@ 0 – 5 @.@ 9 in ) high and 4 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) wide , the yellow spikes often have blue @-@ grey tinged limbs in bud , though occasionally pinkish , mauve or mauve @-@ blue limbs are seen . Opening to a pale yellow after anthesis , the spikes lose their flowers with age and swell to up to 17 @.@ 5 cm ( 6 @.@ 9 in ) high and 4 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) wide , with up to 80 follicles . Covered with fine fur but becoming smooth with age , the oval @-@ shaped follicles measure 1 – 1 @.@ 8 cm ( 0 @.@ 39 – 0 @.@ 71 in ) long by 0 @.@ 2 – 0 @.@ 7 cm high ( 0 @.@ 1 – 0 @.@ 3 in ) and 0 @.@ 3 – 0 @.@ 7 cm ( 0 @.@ 12 – 0 @.@ 28 in ) wide . The bare swollen spike , now known as an infructescence , is patterned with short spiky persistent bracts on its surface where follicles have not developed . Each follicle contains one or two obovate dark grey @-@ brown to black seeds sandwiching a woody separator . Measuring 1 @.@ 2 – 1 @.@ 8 cm ( 0 @.@ 47 – 0 @.@ 71 in ) long , they are made up of an oblong to semi @-@ elliptic smooth or slightly ridged seed body , 0 @.@ 7 – 1 @.@ 1 cm ( 0 @.@ 28 – 0 @.@ 43 in ) long by 0 @.@ 3 – 0 @.@ 7 cm ( 0 @.@ 12 – 0 @.@ 28 in ) wide . The woody separator is the same shape as the seed , with an impression where the seed body lies next to it . Seedlings have bright obovate green cotyledons 1 @.@ 2 – 1 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 47 – 0 @.@ 59 in ) long and 0 @.@ 5 – 0 @.@ 7 cm wide ( 0 @.@ 2 in ) , which sit on a stalk , or 1 mm diameter finely hairy seedling stem , known as the hypocotyl , which is less than 1 cm high . The first seedling leaves to emerge are paired ( oppositely arranged ) and lanceolate with fine @-@ toothed margins , measuring 2 @.@ 5 – 3 cm long and 0 @.@ 4 – 0 @.@ 5 cm wide . Subsequent leaves are more oblanceolate , elliptic ( oval @-@ shaped ) or linear . Young plants develop a lignotuber in their first year .
Banksia oblongifolia can be distinguished from B. robur , which it often co @-@ occurs with , by its smaller leaves and bare fruiting spikes . B. robur has more metallic green flower spikes , and often grows in wetter areas within the same region . B. plagiocarpa has longer leaves with more coarsely serrated margins , and its flower spikes are blue @-@ grey in bud , and later bear wedge @-@ shaped follicles . In the Sydney Basin , B. paludosa also bears a superficial resemblance to B. oblongifolia , but its leaves are more prominently spathulate ( spoon @-@ shaped ) and tend to point up rather than down . The leaf undersides are white and lack the prominent midrib of B. oblongifolia , the new growth is bare and lacks the rusty fur , and the aged flower parts remain on the old spikes .
= = Taxonomy = =
First collected by Luis Née between March and April 1793 , the fern @-@ leaved banksia was described by Antonio José Cavanilles in 1800 as two separate species from two collections , first as Banksia oblongifolia from the vicinity of Port Jackson ( Sydney ) , and then as Banksia salicifolia from around Botany Bay . Derived from the Latin words oblongus " oblong " , and folium " leaf " , the species name refers to the shape of the leaves . Richard Anthony Salisbury had published the name Banksia aspleniifolia in 1796 based on leaves of cultivated material .
Robert Brown recorded 31 species of Banksia in his 1810 work Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen , and used the epithet oblongifolia in his taxonomic arrangement , placing the taxon in the subgenus Banksia verae , the " True Banksias " , because the inflorescence is a typical Banksia flower spike . He recognised B. salicifolia as the same species at this point , but was unsure whether Salisbury 's B. aspleniifolia belonged under the same name . By the time Carl Meissner published his 1856 arrangement of the genus , there were 58 described Banksia species . Meissner divided Brown 's Banksia verae , which had been renamed Eubanksia by Stephan Endlicher in 1847 , into four series based on leaf properties . He followed Brown in using the name B. oblongifolia , and placed it in the series Salicinae .
In 1870 , George Bentham published a thorough revision of Banksia in his landmark publication Flora Australiensis . In Bentham 's arrangement , the number of recognised Banksia species was reduced from 60 to 46 . He declared B. oblongifolia referrable to , and a synonym of , B. integrifolia . Bentham defined four sections based on leaf , style and pollen @-@ presenter characters . B. integrifolia was placed in section Eubanksia .
Botanists in the 20th century recognised B. oblongifolia as a species in its own right , but disagreed on the name . Those in Queensland felt Salisbury 's name was invalid and used Banksia oblongifolia , while New South Wales authorities used Banksia aspleniifolia as it was the oldest published name for the species . Botanist and banksia authority Alex George ruled that oblongifolia was the correct name in his 1981 revision of the genus . After reviewing Salisbury 's original species description , which is of the leaves alone , he concluded that it does not diagnose the species to the exclusion of others and is hence not a validly published name — the description could have applied to juvenile leaves of B. paludosa , B. integrifolia or even B. marginata .
= = = Placement within Banksia = = =
The current taxonomic arrangement of the Banksia genus is based on botanist Alex George 's 1999 monograph for the Flora of Australia book series . In this arrangement , B. oblongifolia is placed in Banksia subgenus Banksia , because its inflorescences take the form of Banksia 's characteristic flower spikes , section Banksia because of its straight styles , and series Salicinae because its inflorescences are cylindrical . In a morphological cladistic analysis published in 1994 , Kevin Thiele placed it in the newly described subseries Acclives along with B. plagiocarpa , B. robur and B. dentata within the series Salicinae . However , this subgrouping of the Salicinae was not supported by George . B. oblongifolia 's placement within Banksia may be summarised as follows :
Genus Banksia
Subgenus Isostylis
Subgenus Banksia
Section Oncostylis
Section Coccinea
Section Banksia
Series Grandes
Series Banksia
Series Crocinae
Series Prostratae
Series Cyrtostylis
Series Tetragonae
Series Bauerinae
Series Quercinae
Series Salicinae
B. dentata – B. aquilonia – B. integrifolia – B. plagiocarpa – B. oblongifolia – B. robur – B. conferta – B. paludosa – B. marginata – B. canei – B. saxicola
Since 1998 , American botanist Austin Mast and co @-@ authors have been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae , which then comprised genera Banksia and Dryandra . Their analyses suggest a phylogeny that differs greatly from George 's taxonomic arrangement . Banksia oblongifolia resolves as the closest relative , or " sister " , to B. robur , with B. plagiocarpa as next closest relative . In 2007 , Mast and Thiele rearranged the genus Banksia by merging Dryandra into it , and published B. subg . Spathulatae for the taxa having spoon @-@ shaped cotyledons ; thus B. subg . Banksia was redefined as encompassing taxa lacking spoon @-@ shaped cotyledons . They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra was complete ; in the meantime , if Mast and Thiele 's nomenclatural changes are taken as an interim arrangement , B. oblongifolia is placed in B. subg . Spathulatae .
= = = Variation = = =
George noted that Banksia oblongifolia showed considerable variation in habit , and in 1987 Conran and Clifford separated the taxon into two subspecies . In examining populations in southern Queensland , they reported that the two forms were distinct in growth habit and habitat , and that they did not find any intermediate forms . New South Wales botanists Joseph Maiden and Julius Henry Camfield had collected this taller form of B. oblongifolia in Kogarah in 1898 , and given it the name Banksia latifolia variety minor — B. latifolia being a published name by which B. robur was known — before Maiden and Ernst Betche renamed it Banksia robur variety minor . This name ( confusingly ) thus became the name for the taller variety . They defined variety oblongifolia as a multistemmed shrub 0 @.@ 5 – 1 @.@ 3 m ( 20 – 51 in ) high , with leaves 3 – 11 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 – 4 @.@ 3 in ) long and 1 – 2 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 39 – 0 @.@ 98 in ) wide , and flower spikes 4 – 10 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 3 @.@ 9 in ) high . The habitat is swamps and swamp borders , or rarely sandstone ridges . Variety minor is a taller shrub 1 – 3 @.@ 5 m ( 3 @.@ 3 – 11 @.@ 5 ft ) high with leaves up to 16 cm ( 6 @.@ 3 in ) long and spikes 6 to 14 cm ( 2 @.@ 4 to 5 @.@ 5 in ) high . It is an understory plant in sclerophyll forests , associated with Eucalyptus signata and Banksia spinulosa var. collina . Both subspecies occur throughout the range . However , George rejected the varieties , stating the variability was continuous .
= = = Hybridization = = =
Banksia robur and B. oblongifolia hybrids have been recorded at several locations along the eastern coastline . Field workers for The Banksia Atlas recorded 20 populations between Wollongong and Pialba in central Queensland . Locales include Calga north of Sydney , Ku @-@ ring @-@ gai Chase National Park , and Cordeaux Dam near Wollongong . A study of an area of extensive hybridization between the two near Darkes Forest on the Woronora Plateau south of Sydney revealed extensive hybridisation in mixed species stands but almost none in pure stands of either species there . Genetic analysis showed generations of crossing and complex ancestry . Morphology generally correlated with genetic profile , but occasionally plants that resembled one parent had some degree of genetic hybridisation . Furthermore , there were a few plants with morphology suggestive of a third species , B. paludosa , in their parentage , and requiring further investigation . A possible hybrid between B. oblongifolia and B. integrifolia was recorded near Caloundra by Banksia Atlas volunteers .
= = Distribution and habitat = =
Banksia oblongifolia occurs along the eastern coast of Australia from Wollongong , New South Wales in the south to Rockhampton , Queensland in the north . There are isolated populations offshore on Fraser Island , and inland at Blackdown Tableland National Park and Crows Nest in Queensland , and also inland incursions at the base of the Glasshouse Mountains in southern Queensland , at Grafton in northern New South Wales , and Bilpin and Lawson in the Blue Mountains west of Sydney.B. oblongifolia grows in a range of habitats — in damp areas with poor drainage , along the edges of swamps and flats , as well as wallum shrubland , or coastal plateaux . It is also found in open forest or woodland , where it grows on ridges or slopes , or heath . Soils are predominantly sandy or sandstone @-@ based , though granite @-@ based and clay @-@ loams are sometimes present .
Associated species in the Sydney region include heathland species such as heath banksia ( Banksia ericifolia ) , coral heath ( Epacris microphylla ) and mountain devil ( Lambertia formosa ) , and tick bush ( Kunzea ambigua ) and prickly @-@ leaved paperbark ( Melaleuca nodosa ) in taller scrub , and under trees such as scribbly gum ( Eucalyptus sclerophylla ) and narrow @-@ leaved apple ( Angophora bakeri ) in woodland . The Agnes Banks Woodland in western Sydney has been recognised by the New South Wales Government as an Endangered Ecological Community . Here B. oblongifolia is an understory plant in low open woodland , with scribbly gum , narrow @-@ leaved apple and old man banksia ( B. serrata ) as canopy trees , and wallum banksia ( B. aemula ) , variable smoke @-@ bush ( Conospermum taxifolium ) , wedding bush ( Ricinocarpos pinifolius ) , showy parrot @-@ pea ( Dillwynia sericea ) and nodding geebung ( Persoonia nutans ) as other understory species .
= = Ecology = =
Banksia oblongifolia plants can live for more than 60 years . They respond to bushfire by resprouting from buds located on the large woody lignotuber . Larger lignotubers have the greatest number of buds , although buds are more densely spaced on smaller lignotubers . A 1988 field study in Ku @-@ ring @-@ gai Chase National Park found that shoots grow longer after fire , particularly one within the previous four years , and that new buds grow within six months after a fire . These shoots are able to grow , flower and set seed two to three years after a fire . The woody infructescences also release seeds as their follicles are opened with heat , although a proportion do open spontaneously at other times . One field study in Ku @-@ ring @-@ gai Chase National Park found 10 % opened in the absence of bushfire , and that seeds germinated , and young plants do grow . Older plants are serotinous , that is , they store large numbers of seed in an aerial seed bank in their canopy that are released after fire . Being relatively heavy , the seeds do not disperse far from the parent plant .
Bird species that have been observed foraging and feeding at the flowers include the red wattlebird ( Anthochaera carunculata ) , Lewin 's honeyeater ( Meliphaga lewinii ) , brown honeyeater ( Lichmera indistincta ) , tawny @-@ crowned honeyeater ( Gliciphila melanops ) , yellow @-@ faced honeyeater ( Lichenostomus chrysops ) , white @-@ plumed honeyeater ( L. penicillatus ) , white @-@ cheeked honeyeater ( Phylidonyris niger ) , New Holland honeyeater ( P. novaehollandiae ) , noisy friarbird ( Philemon corniculatus ) , noisy miner ( Manorina melanocephala ) and eastern spinebill ( Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris ) . Insects recorded visiting flower spikes include the European honey bee and ants . The swamp wallaby ( Wallabia bicolor ) eats new shoots that grow from lignotubers after bushfire .
One field study found 30 % of seeds were eaten by insects between bushfires . Insects recovered from inflorescences include the banksia boring moth ( Arotrophora arcuatalis ) , younger instars of which eat flower and bract parts before tunneling into the woody axis of the spike as they get older and boring into follicles and eating seeds . Other seed predators include unidentified species of moth of the genera Cryptophasa and Xylorycta , as well as Scieropepla rimata , Chalarotona intabescens and Chalarotona melipnoa and an unidentified weevil species . The fungal species Asterina systema @-@ solare , Episphaerella banksiae and Lincostromea banksiae have been recorded on the leaves .
Like most other proteaceae , B. oblongifolia has proteoid roots — roots with dense clusters of short lateral rootlets that form a mat in the soil just below the leaf litter . These enhance solubilisation of nutrients , allowing nutrient uptake in low @-@ nutrient soils such as the phosphorus @-@ deficient native soils of Australia . A study of coastal heaths on Pleistocene sand dunes around the Myall Lakes found B. oblongifolia on slopes ( wet heath ) and B. aemula grew on ridges ( dry heath ) , and the two species did not overlap . Manipulation of seedlings in the same study area showed that B. oblongifolia can grow longer roots seeking water than other wet heath species and that seedlings can establish in dry heath , but it is as yet unclear why the species does not grow in dry heath as well as wet heath . Unlike similar situations with Banksia species in Western Australia , the two species did not appear to impact negatively on each other .
= = Cultivation = =
Conrad Loddiges and his sons wrote of Banksia oblongifolia in volume 3 of their work The Botanical Cabinet in 1818 , reporting it had been brought into cultivation in 1792 , though had been initially and incorrectly called Banksia dentata . It flowered in November in the United Kingdom , and was grown in a greenhouse over winter .
Not commonly cultivated , it adapts readily to garden conditions and tolerates most soils in part @-@ shade or full sun . The colours of the inflorescences in bud , and timing of flowers into winter give it horticultural value , as does its reddish new growth . Larger plants have taller flower spikes . It is propagated readily from seed , with young plants taking five to seven years to flower from seed . Pruning can improve the shrub 's appearance , and it is a potential bonsai subject .
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= Red Dwarf =
Red Dwarf is a British comedy franchise which primarily comprises ten series ( the ninth being a mini @-@ series ) of a television science fiction sitcom that aired on BBC Two between 1988 and 1993 and from 1997 to 1999 , and on Dave in 2009 and 2012 , gaining a cult following . In May 2015 , it was announced that Series XI and XII will film back @-@ to @-@ back later in 2015 and will air exclusively on the Dave channel in 2016 and 2017 .
The series was created by Rob Grant and Doug Naylor . In addition to the television episodes , there are four novels , two pilot episodes for an American version of the show , a radio version produced for BBC Radio 7 , tie @-@ in books , magazines and other merchandise .
Despite the pastiche of science fiction used as a backdrop , Red Dwarf is primarily a character @-@ driven comedy , with off @-@ the @-@ wall science fiction elements used as complementary plot devices . In the early episodes , a recurring source of comedy was the Odd Couple @-@ style relationship between the two central characters of the show , who have an intense dislike for each other yet are trapped together deep in space . The main characters are Dave Lister , the last known human alive , and Arnold Rimmer , a hologram of Lister 's dead bunkmate . The other regular characters are Cat , a lifeform which evolved from the descendants of Lister 's pregnant pet cat Frankenstein ; Holly , Red Dwarf 's computer ; Kryten , a service mechanoid ; and , as of Series VII to Back to Earth , Kristine Kochanski , an alternative @-@ reality version of Lister 's long @-@ lost love .
One of the series ' highest accolades came in 1994 , when an episode from the sixth series , " Gunmen of the Apocalypse " , won an International Emmy Award in the Popular Arts category , and in the same year the series was also awarded " Best BBC Comedy Series " at the British Comedy Awards . The series attracted its highest ratings , of more than eight million viewers , during the eighth series in 1999 . The series was revived after a ten @-@ year break , when digital channel Dave screened a three @-@ episode production , titled Red Dwarf : Back to Earth , in April 2009 during the Easter weekend . This was followed by Series X , consisting of six episodes , which was first broadcast on Dave in October / November 2012 . The show has been critically acclaimed , and has a Metacritic score of 84 / 100 .
= = Radio origins = =
The show was based on Dave Hollins : Space Cadet , a series of five sketches that aired in the BBC Radio 4 series Son of Cliché , produced by Rob Grant and Doug Naylor in 1984 .
The sketches recounted the adventures of Dave Hollins ( voiced by Nick Wilton ) , a hapless space traveller that is marooned in space far from earth . His only steady companion is the computer Hab ( voiced by Chris Barrie ) .
Grant and Naylor chose to use the Dave Hollins : Space Cadet sketches as a base for a television show after watching the 1974 film Dark Star . They changed some elements from the sketches :
The 7 trillion year figure was first changed to 7 billion years and then to 3 million and the characters of Arnold Rimmer and the Cat were created . The name Dave Hollins was changed to Dave Lister when a football player called Dave Hollins became well @-@ known , and Hab was replaced by Holly . One of the voice actors from Son of Cliché , Chris Barrie went on to portray Arnold Rimmer in the Red Dwarf TV series .
Episodes of Dave Hollins can be found on the 2 @-@ disc Red Dwarf DVD sets starting with series 5 and ending with series 8 .
= = Setting and plot = =
The main setting of the series is the eponymous mining spaceship Red Dwarf , which is 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) long , 4 miles ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) tall , and 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) wide and is operated by the Jupiter Mining Corporation . In the first episode set sometime in the late 22nd century , an on @-@ board radiation leak of cadmium II kills everyone except for lowest @-@ ranking technician Dave Lister , who is in suspended animation at the time , and his pregnant cat , Frankenstein , who is safely sealed in the cargo hold . Following the accident , the ship 's computer Holly keeps Lister in stasis until the background radiation dies down – a process that takes three million years . Lister therefore emerges as the last human being in the universe – but not alone on @-@ board the ship . His former bunkmate and immediate superior Arnold Judas Rimmer is resurrected by Holly as a hologram to keep Lister sane . At the same time , a creature known only as Cat is the last member on board of Felis sapiens , a race of humanoid felines that evolved in the ship 's hold from Lister 's cat , Frankenstein , and her kittens during the 3 million years that Lister was in stasis .
The main dramatic thrust of the early series is Lister 's desire to return home to Earth , although the crew 's ownership of an unlimited time @-@ space travel drive in series seven was to later negate this intention . As their journey begins , the not @-@ so @-@ intrepid crew encounters such phenomena as time distortions , faster @-@ than @-@ light travel , mutant diseases and strange lifeforms that had developed in the intervening millions of years . During the second series , the group encounter the service mechanoid Kryten , rescuing him from a long @-@ since crashed vessel . Initially , Kryten only appeared in one episode of series two , but by the beginning of series three he had become a regular character . At the end of series five , Red Dwarf itself is stolen by persons unknown , forcing the crew to travel in the smaller Starbug craft for two series , with the side @-@ effect that they lose contact with Holly . In series seven , Rimmer departs the crew to take up the role of his alter ego from a parallel universe , Ace Rimmer , whose name has become a long @-@ standing legend and a legacy passed down from dimension to dimension . Shortly afterwards , the crew encounters a parallel version of themselves from a universe in which Kristine Kochanski , Lister 's long @-@ term love interest , had been put into stasis at the time of the leak and so became the last remaining human . A complicated series of events leaves Kochanski stranded in the series ' main universe , where she is forced to join the crew . At the end of series seven , we learn that Kryten 's service nanobots , which had abandoned him years earlier , were behind the theft of the Red Dwarf at the end of series five .
At the beginning of the eighth series , Kryten 's nanobots reconstruct the Red Dwarf , which they had broken down into its constituent atoms . In the process , the entire crew of the ship – including a pre @-@ accident Rimmer – are resurrected , but the Starbug crew find themselves sentenced to two years in the ship 's brig ( at first , for crashing a Starbug and bringing onboard Kryten and Cat as stowaways , but later for using information from the confidential files ) . The series ends with a metal @-@ eating virus loose on Red Dwarf . The entire resurrected crew evacuates save the original dwarfers . In the cliffhanger ending , Rimmer is left stranded alone to face Death ( and promptly knees him in the groin and flees ) .
Nine years later , the four are once more the only beings on the ship . Rimmer is again a hologram , Holly is offline , and Lister is mourning Kochanski , lost to him out of an airlock some time previously . A chance to get back to Earth through a dimension warp presents itself ; although it is not quite what it appears to be , it gives Lister new hope when he learns that Kochanski is still alive after all .
The tenth series sees Lister still travelling with Rimmer , Kryten and Cat in Red Dwarf , in hopes of eventually locating Kochanski or returning to Earth , whichever comes first .
= = Characters and actors = =
Dave Lister , played by Craig Charles , is a genial Liverpudlian and self @-@ described bum . He was the lowest @-@ ranking of the 169 crew members on the ship before the accident . He has a long @-@ standing desire to return to Earth and start a farm and / or diner on Fiji ( which is under three feet of water following a volcanic eruption ) , but is left impossibly far away by the accident , which renders him the last ( known ) surviving member of the human race . He deeply enjoys Indian food , especially chicken vindaloo , which is a recurring theme in the series .
Arnold Judas Rimmer Bsc Ssc ( " Bronze swimming certificate " and " Silver swimming certificate " ) , played by Chris Barrie , was the second @-@ lowest ranking member of the crew while they were all alive . He is a fussy , bureaucratic , neurotic coward who , by failing to replace a drive plate properly , is responsible for the Red Dwarf cadmium II accident that kills the entire crew ( including himself ) . Nevertheless , Holly chose him to be the ship 's one available hologram because he considered him the person most likely to keep Lister sane . From the Series III episode " Timeslides " onwards , the timeline of the crew is adjusted and Rimmer 's death is newly attributed to a moment in which he hits a cardboard box filled with explosives . During Series VII , Rimmer leaves the dimension shared by his crewmates to become the new Ace Rimmer . Along with the Red Dwarf ship and its crew , Rimmer is resurrected at the start of Series VIII by nanobots . He comes face to face with Death at the end of the series , whom he kicks in the groin . From the Back to Earth specials onwards , he is once again a hologram .
The Cat , played by Danny John @-@ Jules , is a humanoid creature who evolved from the offspring of Lister 's smuggled pet cat Frankenstein . Cat is concerned with little other than sleeping , eating and fawning over his appearance , and tends not to socialise with other members of the crew . He becomes more influenced by his human companions over time , and begins to resemble a stylish , self @-@ centred human . It is later revealed that , unlike his human companions , he has a " cool " sounding pulse , six nipples and colour @-@ coordinated internal organs .
Kryten , full name Kryten 2X4B @-@ 523P ( played by Robert Llewellyn from series III onwards , and as a one @-@ off appearance in series II by David Ross ) , was rescued by the crew from the crashed spaceship Nova 5 in series II , upon which he had continued to serve the ship 's crew despite their having been dead for thousands or even millions of years . Kryten is a Service Mechanoid and when first encountered by the crew , he was bound by his " behavioural protocols " , but Lister gradually encouraged him to break his programming and think for himself . His change in appearance between the two actors is explained away by an accident involving Lister 's spacebike and Lister having to repair him .
Holly , the ship 's computer , ( played by Norman Lovett during series I , II , VII and VIII and Hattie Hayridge in series III to V ) . Holly has a functional IQ of 6000 , although this is severely depleted by the three million years of runtime and lack of repairs . Holly is left alone after the radiation accident that kills Rimmer and the rest of the crew except for Lister and the Cat . The computer had developed " computer senility " before the radiation accident , rendering it functionally inert . The change in appearance for series III is explained by Holly having changed his face to resemble that of a computer from a parallel universe " with whom he 'd once fallen madly in love " .
Kristine Kochanski ( originally portrayed by Clare Grogan before Chloë Annett took on the role from series VII ) was initially a Red Dwarf navigation officer whom Lister had a crush on ( later retroactively altered to be his ex @-@ girlfriend ) and whose memory he had cherished ever since . In one episode , the crew happens upon an alternative dimension where Kochanski survived the Red Dwarf cadmium II accident . She joins Lister and the crew after the link to her own dimension collapses . By the first episode of the Red Dwarf : Back to Earth specials , Lister believes her dead , but it is later revealed that Kryten ( the sole witness to her " death " ) had lied to Lister . Kochanski had instead fled the ship in a Blue Midget when it became clear Lister 's complete lack of self @-@ respect and indulgence on excesses was slowly killing him , which greatly depressed her . Lister is advised by fans of the television series to find her in " the next series " and to make amends . ( The character does not , however , ultimately appear in the 10th series . )
= = Production = =
The first series aired on BBC2 in 1988 . Ten further series have so far been produced , and a film has been in development almost continually since before series VIII in 1999 .
= = = Concept and commission = = =
The concept for the show was originally developed from the sketch @-@ series Dave Hollins : Space Cadet on the BBC Radio 4 show Son of Cliché in the mid @-@ 1980s , written by Rob Grant and Doug Naylor . Their influences came from films and television programmes such as Silent Running ( 1972 ) , Alien ( 1979 ) , Dark Star ( 1974 ) and The Hitchhiker 's Guide to the Galaxy ( 1981 ) , but also had a large element of British @-@ style comedy and satire thrown into the mix , ultimately moulded into the form of a sitcom . Many visual and character elements bear similarities to the Trident nuclear submarine BBC documentary " Defence of the Realm " . Having first written the pilot script in 1983 , the former Spitting Image writers had hawked their unusual and original script around but it was rejected by everyone at the BBC , as it was believed a science fiction sitcom would not be popular .
It was finally accepted by BBC North in 1986 , a result of a spare budget being assigned for a second series of Happy Families that would never arise , and producer Paul Jackson 's insistence that Red Dwarf should be filmed instead . The show was lucky to be remounted after an electricians ' strike partway through rehearsals in early 1987 shut the entire production down ( the title sequence was filmed in January 1987 ) . The filming was rescheduled for September , and the pilot episode finally made it onto television screens on 15 February 1988 .
= = = Casting = = =
Alan Rickman and Alfred Molina auditioned for roles in the series , with Molina being cast as Rimmer . However , after Molina had difficulties with the concept of the series , and of his role in particular , the role was recast and filled by Chris Barrie , a professional voice @-@ actor and impressionist who had previously worked with both the writers on Spitting Image , and with the producers on Happy Families and Jasper Carrott productions . Craig Charles , a Liverpudlian " punk poet " , was given the role of Dave Lister . He was approached by the production team for his opinion about the " Cat " character , as they were concerned it may be considered by people as racist . Charles described " Cat " as ' pretty cool ' and after reading the script he decided he wanted to audition for the part of Dave Lister . Laconic stand up comedian Norman Lovett , who had originally tried out for the role of Rimmer , was kept in the show as Holly , the senile computer of the titular ship . A professional dancer and singer , Danny John @-@ Jules , arriving half an hour late for his appointment , stood out as the Cat immediately . This was partly due to his " cool " exterior , dedicated research ( reading Desmond Morris ' book Catwatching ) , and his showing up in character , wearing his father 's 1950s @-@ style zoot suit .
= = = Writing , producing , and directing = = =
Grant and Naylor wrote the first six series together ( using the pseudonym Grant Naylor on the first two novels and later as the name of their production company , although never on the episodes themselves ) . Grant left in 1995 , to pursue other projects , leaving Naylor to write series VII and VIII with a group of new writers , including Paul Alexander and actor Robert Llewellyn who portrayed the character Kryten .
For the most part , Ed Bye produced and directed the series . He left before series V due to a scheduling clash ( he ended up directing a show starring his wife , Ruby Wax ) so Juliet May took over as director . May parted ways with the show halfway through the series for personal and professional reasons and Grant and Naylor took over direction of the series , in addition to writing and producing . Series VI was directed by Andy de Emmony , and Ed Bye returned to direct series VII and VIII . Series I , II and III were made by Paul Jackson Productions , with subsequent series produced by the writers ' own company Grant Naylor Productions for BBC North . All eight series were broadcast on BBC Two . At the beginning of series IV , production moved from the BBC North 's New Broadcasting House in Manchester to Shepperton .
= = = Theme song and music = = =
The theme tune and incidental music were written and performed by Howard Goodall , with the distinctive vocals on the closing theme tune by Jenna Russell . The first two series used a relatively sombre instrumental version of the closing theme for the opening titles ; from series III onwards this switched to a more upbeat version . Goodall also wrote music for the show 's various songs , including " Tongue Tied " , with lyrics written by Grant and Naylor . Danny John @-@ Jules ( credited as ' The Cat ' ) re @-@ orchestrated and released " Tongue Tied " in October 1993 ; it reached number 17 on the UK charts . Goodall himself sang " The Rimmer Song " heard during the series VII episode " Blue " , to which Chris Barrie mimed .
= = = Remastered = = =
In 1998 , on the tenth anniversary of the show 's first airing ( and between the broadcast of series VII and VIII ) , the first three series of Red Dwarf were remastered and released on VHS . The remastering included replacing model shots with computer graphics , cutting certain dialogue and scenes , re @-@ filming Norman Lovett 's Holly footage , creating a consistent set of opening titles , replacing music and creating ambient sound effects with a digital master . The remastered series were released in a 4 @-@ disc DVD boxset " The Bodysnatcher Collection " in 2007 .
= = = Hiatus = = =
Three years elapsed between series VI and VII , partly due to the dissolving of the Grant and Naylor partnership , but also due to cast and crew working on other projects . When the series eventually returned , it was filmised and no longer shot in front of a live audience , allowing for greater use of four @-@ walled sets , location shooting and single @-@ camera techniques . When the show returned for its eighth series two years later , it had dropped use of the filmising process and returned to using a live audience .
The show received a setback when the BBC rejected proposals for a series IX . Doug Naylor confirmed that the BBC decided not to renew the series as they preferred to work on other projects . A short animated Christmas special was , however , made available to mobile phone subscribers . Ultimately , however , fans had to wait a decade before the series returned to television .
= = = Revival = = =
= = = = Red Dwarf : Back to Earth = = = =
In 2008 , a three @-@ episode production was commissioned by the digital channel Dave . Red Dwarf : Back to Earth was broadcast over the Easter weekend of 2009 , along with a " making of " documentary . The episode was set nine years after the events of " Only the Good ... " ( with the cliffhanger ending of that episode left unresolved , a situation that would continue with Series X ) . The storyline involves the characters arriving back on Earth , circa 2009 , only to find that they are characters in a TV show called " Red Dwarf " . Kochanski is supposedly dead and Holly is offline due to water damage caused by Lister leaving a tap running . Actress Sophie Winkleman played a character called Katerina , a resurrected hologram of a Red Dwarf science officer intent on replacing Rimmer .
To achieve a more cinematic atmosphere , Back to Earth was not filmed in front of a studio audience . Some previous Red Dwarf episodes had been shot in that way ( " Bodyswap " and all of the seventh series ) , but Back to Earth represented the first time that a laughter track was not added before broadcast . It was also the first episode of Red Dwarf to be filmed in high definition .
The specials were televised over three nights starting on Friday , 10 April 2009 . The broadcasts received record ratings for Freeview channel Dave ; the first of the three episodes represented the UK 's highest ever viewing figures for a commissioned programme on a digital network . Back to Earth was released on DVD on 15 June 2009 , and on Blu @-@ ray on 31 August 2009 . Back to Earth was subsequently described on the series ' official website as " for all intents and purposes , the ' ninth series ' of Red Dwarf " . Its placement as Series IX was confirmed when Series X was commissioned and branded as the tenth series .
= = = = Red Dwarf X = = = =
On 10 April 2011 Dave announced it had commissioned a six @-@ episode Red Dwarf " Series X " to be broadcast on Dave in autumn 2012 . Filming dates for the new series Red Dwarf X were announced on 11 November 2011 , along with confirmation that the series would be shot at Shepperton Studios in front of an audience . Principal filming began on 16 December 2011 and ended on 27 January 2012 , and the cast and crew subsequently returned for six days filming pick ups . Discounting guest stars , only the core cast of Charles , Barrie , Llewellyn and John @-@ Jules returned for Series X , with Annett and Lovett absent , though the scripts include references to Kochanski and Holly .
On 20 July 2012 , a 55 @-@ second trailer for series X was released on Facebook , followed by a new teaser every Friday . The new series debuted on Thursday 4 October 2012 .
Since series X aired , which produced high ratings , Dave , Doug Naylor and the cast have shown a strong interest in doing another series with Naylor already starting on scripts , but this is dependent on UKTV commissioning the series . During the Dimension Jump fan convention in May 2013 , Doug Naylor stated that discussions were happening with all involved parties but arrangements had not been finalized , but he hoped shooting could begin in February 2014 . In October 2013 , Doug Naylor played down reports of a new series being commissioned ; but in January 2014 Danny John @-@ Jules stated that the eleventh series of Red Dwarf was currently being written .
= = = = Red Dwarf XI and XII = = = =
In October 2013 , Robert Llewellyn posted on his blog , stating that " an eleventh series would happen " and that it would be " sometime in 2014 " . Llewellyn removed the post from his blog and Doug Naylor issued a statement on Twitter , saying : " Getting tweets claiming Red Dwarf XI is commissioned . Not true . Not yet . "
At the April 2014 Sci @-@ Fi Scarborough Festival , during the Red Dwarf cast panel , Danny John @-@ Jules stated that filming of the eleventh series would commence in October 2014 , with an expected release of Autumn 2015 on Dave .
On 2 May 2015 , at the Dimension Jump XVIII convention , Naylor announced that an eleventh and a twelfth series had been commissioned . The two series will be shot back @-@ to @-@ back towards the end of 2015 for broadcast on Dave in 2016 and 2017 respectively . The new series will be co @-@ produced by Baby Cow Productions , with company CEO , Henry Normal , executive producing the new episodes .
In the 2015 Christmas message , the official Red Dwarf website confirmed that six episodes ( Red Dwarf XI ) had been filmed and the remaining six ( Red Dwarf XII ) would be filmed between January and March 2016 . The message also said that no broadcast date had been set , although the corresponding Facebook post stated that Red Dwarf XI would be shown sometime in 2016 . On 24 June 2016 , along with a brief synopsis of the upcoming season , it was confirmed that Series XI would air in September 2016 .
= = Themes = =
Red Dwarf was founded on the standard sitcom focus of a disparate and frequently dysfunctional group of individuals living together in a restricted setting . With the main characters routinely displaying their cowardice , incompetence and laziness , while exchanging insulting and sarcastic dialogue , the series provided a humorous antidote to the fearless and morally upright space explorers typically found in science @-@ fiction series , with its main characters acting bravely only when there was no other possible alternative . The increasing science @-@ fiction elements of the series were treated seriously by creators Rob Grant and Doug Naylor . Satire , parody and drama were alternately woven into the episodes , referencing other television series , films and books . These have included references to the likes of 2001 : A Space Odyssey ( 1968 ) , Top Gun ( 1986 ) , RoboCop ( 1987 ) , Star Wars ( 1977 ) , Citizen Kane ( 1942 ) , The Wild One ( 1953 ) , High Noon ( 1952 ) , Rebel Without a Cause ( 1955 ) , Easy Rider ( 1969 ) , The Terminator ( 1984 ) and Pride and Prejudice ( 1813 ) .
The writers based the whole theme of some episodes on the plots of feature films . The series III episode " Polymorph " references and parodies key moments from Alien ( 1979 ) ; from series IV , " Camille " echoes key scenes from Casablanca ( 1942 ) , while " Meltdown " borrows the main plot from Westworld ( 1973 ) . For series IX , " Back to Earth " was partially inspired by Blade Runner ( 1982 ) . The series ' themes are not limited to films or television , having also incorporated historical events and figures . Religion also plays a part in the series , as a significant factor in the ultimate fate of the Cat race , and the perception of Lister as their ' God ' , both within the episode " Waiting for God " ( whose title makes a literary reference to the Samuel Beckett play Waiting for Godot ) , as well as the crew meeting a man they believe to be Jesus Christ in series X episode " Lemons " . The series VII episode titled " Ouroboros " derives its name and theme from the ancient mythological snake by the same name .
The series explores many science @-@ fiction staples such as time @-@ travel paradoxes ( including the grandfather paradox ) , the question of determinism and free will ( on several episodes ) , the pursuit of happiness in virtual reality and , crucially to the show 's premise of Lister being the last human , the near @-@ certainty of the human species ' extinction some time in the far future .
Aliens do not feature in the series , as Grant and Naylor decided very early in the process that they did not want aliens involved . This is usually addressed with Rimmer 's belief in extraterrestrial life being shot down , such as a vessel he believes to be an alien ship turning out to be a garbage pod . However , there are non @-@ human life forms such as evolutions of Earth species ( e.g. the Cat race ) , robotic or holo @-@ life forms created by humans , and a kind of ' Genetically Engineered Life Form ' ( GELF ) , an artificially @-@ created creature . Simulants and GELFs frequently serve as antagonists among the later series of the show .
= = Hallmarks = =
The series developed its own distinct vocabulary . Words and phrases such as hologramatic [ sic ] , Dollarpound , Felis sapiens , Simulants , GELF , space weevil and Zero Gee Football appear throughout the series , highlighting a development in language , political climate , technology , evolution and culture in the future . The creators also employed a vocabulary of fictional expletives in order to avoid using potentially offensive words in the show , and to give nuance to futuristic colloquial language ; in particular " smeg " ( and variants such as " smegging " , " smegger " , and " smeg @-@ head " ) features prominently , alongside the terms " gimboid " and " goit " .
= = Ratings = =
= = = Red Dwarf VIII = = =
= = = Red Dwarf IX : Back to Earth = = =
= = = Red Dwarf X = = =
= = Reception and achievements = =
= = = Critical reactions = = =
The changes that were made to the series ' cast , setting , creative teams and even production values from series to series have meant that opinions differ greatly between fans and critics alike as to the quality of certain series . In the " Great Red Dwarf Debate " , published in volume 2 issue 3 of the Red Dwarf Smegazine , science @-@ fiction writers Steve Lyons and Joe Nazzaro both argued on the pros and cons of the early series against the later series . Lyons stated that what the show " once had was a unique balance of sci @-@ fi comedy , which worked magnificently . " Nazarro agreed that " the first two series are very original and very funny " , but went on to say that " it wasn 't until series III that the show hit its stride . " Series VI is regarded as a continuation of the " Monster of the week " philosophy of series V , which was nevertheless considered to be visually impressive . Discussions revolve around the quality of series VI , seen by viewers as just as good as the earlier series ' , but has been criticised as a descent into formulaic comedy with an unwelcome change of setting .
The changes seen in series VII were seen by some as a disappointment ; while much slicker and higher @-@ budget in appearance , the shift away from outright sitcom and into something approaching comedy drama was seen as a move in the wrong direction . Furthermore , the attempt to shift back into traditional sitcom format for series VIII was greeted with a response that was similarly lukewarm . There was criticism aimed at the decision to resurrect the entire crew of Red Dwarf , as it was felt this detracted from the series ' central premise of Lister being the last human being alive . There are other critics who feel that series VII and VIII are no weaker than the earlier series , however , and the topic is the subject of constant fervent debate among the show 's fanbase .
= = = Achievements = = =
Although the pilot episode of the show gathered over four million viewers , viewing figures dipped in successive episodes and the first series had generally poor ratings . Through to series VI the ratings had steadily increased and peaked at over six million viewers , achieved with the episode " Gunmen of the Apocalypse " . When the series returned in 1999 it gained the highest audience figures yet – over eight million viewers tuned in for series VIII 's opening episode " Back in the Red : Part I " . In its eight @-@ series history , the series has won numerous awards including the Royal Television Society Award for special effects , the British Science Fiction award for Best Dramatic Presentation , as well as an International Emmy Award for series VI episode " Gunmen of the Apocalypse " , which tied with an Absolutely Fabulous episode , " Hospital " , in the Popular Arts category . The show had also been nominated for the International Emmy Award in 1987 , 1989 , and 1992 . Series VI won a British Comedy Award for ' Best BBC Comedy Series ' . The video sales have won eight Gold Awards from the British Video Association , and the series still holds the record for being BBC Two 's longest @-@ running , highest @-@ rated sitcom . In 2007 the series was voted ' Best Sci @-@ Fi Show Of All Time ' by the readers of Radio Times magazine . Editor Gill Hudson stated that this result had surprised them as ' the series had not given any new episodes this century ' .
= = Spin @-@ offs and merchandise = =
The show 's logo and characters have appeared on a wide range of merchandise . Red Dwarf has also been spun off in a variety of different media formats . For instance , the song " Tongue Tied " , featured in the " Parallel Universe " episode of the show , was released in 1993 as a single and became a top 20 UK hit for Danny John Jules ( under the name ' The Cat ' ) . Stage plays of the show have been produced through Blak Yak , a theatre group in Perth , Western Australia , who were given permission by Grant Naylor Productions to mount stage versions of certain episodes in 2002 , 2004 and 2006 . In October 2006 an Interactive Quiz DVD entitled Red Dwarf : Beat The Geek was released , hosted by Norman Lovett and Hattie Hayridge , both reprising their roles as Holly .
= = = Novels = = =
Working together under the name " Grant Naylor " , the creators of the series collaboratively wrote two novels . The first , Infinity Welcomes Careful Drivers , was published in November 1989 , and incorporates plot lines from several episodes of the show 's first two series . The second novel , Better Than Life , followed in October 1990 , and is largely based on the second @-@ series episode of the same name . Together , the two novels provide expanded backstory and development of the series ' principal characters and themes .
The authors began work on a sequel to Better than Life , called The Last Human , but Rob Grant was drawn away from Red Dwarf by an interest in other projects . Still owing Penguin Publishing two more Red Dwarf novels , Grant and Naylor decided to each write an alternative sequel to Better than Life . Two completely different sequels were made as a result , each presenting a possible version of the story 's continuation . Last Human , by Doug Naylor , adds Kochanski to the crew and places more emphasis on the science @-@ fiction and plot elements , while Rob Grant 's novel Backwards , is more in keeping with the previous two novels , and borrows more extensively from established television stories .
An omnibus edition of the first two novels was released in 1992 , including edits to the original text and extra material such as the original pilot script of the TV series . All four novels have been released in audiobook format , the first two read by Chris Barrie , Last Human read by Craig Charles , and Backwards read by author Rob Grant .
In December 2009 , Infinity Welcomes Careful Drivers was released in Germany with the title Roter Zwerg ( Red Dwarf in German ) .
= = = = List of Red Dwarf Novels = = = =
= = = Home video releases = = =
For the initial release of the VHS editions , episodes of Red Dwarf were separated and two volumes released for each series ( except series VII , which was released on three separate tapes ) , labelled ' Byte One ' and ' Byte Two ' ( plus ' Byte Three ' for series VII ) . These videos were named after the first episode of the three presented on the tape , as was typical with other BBC video releases at the time . However , on occasions the BBC decided to ignore the original running order and use the most popular episodes from the series to maximise sales of the videos : for series III ( the first ever release ) , " Bodyswap " and " Timeslides " were swapped round , so that the latter could receive top billing on the second VHS volume ; for the second VHS volume of series I , " Confidence and Paranoia " was given top billing , even though the original broadcast order was retained ; this was due to the leading episode being " Waiting for God " which shared its name with the title of another comedy series ( set in a retirement home ) ; and for series V , " Back to Reality " and " Quarantine " were given top billing on their respective video release , which completely re @-@ organised the order of episodes from that in which they were originally broadcast . Future releases would increasingly observe authenticity with the ' original broadcast ' context . All eight series were made available on VHS , and three episodes of series VII were also released as special " Xtended " [ sic ] versions with extra scenes ( including an original , unbroadcast ending for the episode " Tikka To Ride " ) and no laugh track ; the remastered versions of series I – III were also released individually and in a complete box @-@ set . Finally , two outtake videos were released , Smeg Ups in 1994 , and its sequel Smeg Outs in 1995 .
The first eight series have since been released on DVD in Region 1 , 2 and 4 , each with a bonus disc of extra material and each release from series III onwards being accompanied by an original documentary about the making of each respective series . Regions 2 and 4 have also seen the release of two Just The Shows , digipack boxsets containing the episodes from series I – IV ( Volume 1 ) and V @-@ VIII ( Volume 2 ) with static menus and no extras . Red Dwarf : The Bodysnatcher Collection , containing the 1997 remastered episodes , as well as new documentaries for series I and II , was released in 2007 . This release showcased a storyboard construction of " Bodysnatcher " , an unfinished script from 1987 , which was finally completed in 2007 by Rob Grant and Doug Naylor who were working together for the first time since 1993 . In December 2008 an anniversary DVD set entitled Red Dwarf : All The Shows was released , reworking the vanilla disc content of the two Just The Shows sets within A4 packaging resembling a ' photo album ' , which carefully omitted information that no extras were included . This box @-@ set was re @-@ released in a smaller slip @-@ case sized box , reverting to the Just the Shows title , in November 2009 . The series is also available for download on iTunes .
= = = = DVD releases = = = =
= = = = Blu @-@ ray releases = = = =
= = = Magazine = = =
The Red Dwarf Magazine – the magazine part of the title changed to " Smegazine " from issue 3 – was launched in 1992 by Fleetway Editions . It comprised a mix of news , reviews , interviews , comic strips and competitions . The comic strips featured episode adaptations and original material , including further stories of popular characters like Mr. Flibble , the Polymorph and Ace Rimmer .
Notably , the comic strip stories ' holographic characters , predominately Rimmer , were drawn in greyscale . This was at the request of Grant and Naylor , who had wanted to use the technique for the television series , but the process was deemed too expensive to produce . Despite achieving circulation figures of over 40 @,@ 000 per month , the magazine 's publisher decided to close the title down to concentrate on their other publications . A farewell issue was published , cover dated January 1994 , and featured the remaining interviews , features and comic strips that were to feature in the following issues .
Another Red Dwarf magazine was started called Red Dwarf : Better Than Life which is only available through the Red Dwarf Official Fan Club . It features cast interviews and the latest news . Each person gets four issues each year .
= = = U.S. version = = =
Despite the original version having been broadcast on PBS , A pilot episode for an American version ( known as Red Dwarf USA ) was produced through Universal Studios with the intention of broadcasting on NBC in 1992 . The show essentially followed the same story as the first episode of the original series , using American actors for most of the main roles : Craig Bierko as Lister , Chris Eigeman as Rimmer , and Hinton Battle as Cat . Exceptions to this were Llewellyn , who reprised his role as Kryten , and the British actress Jane Leeves , who played Holly . It was written by Linwood Boomer and directed by Jeffrey Melman , with Grant and Naylor onboard as creators and executive producers . Llewellyn , Grant and Naylor travelled to America for the filming of the American pilot after production of the fifth series of the UK series . According to Llewellyn and Naylor , the cast were not satisfied with Linwood Boomer 's script . Grant and Naylor rewrote the script , but although the cast preferred the re @-@ write , the script as filmed was closer to Boomer 's version . The pilot episode includes footage from the UK series in its title sequence , although it did not retain the logo or the theme music of the UK series . During filming of the pilot , the audience reaction was good and it was felt that the story had been well received .
The studio executives were not entirely happy with the pilot , especially the casting , but decided to give the project another chance with Grant and Naylor in charge . The intention was to shoot a " promo video " for the show in a small studio described by the writers as " a garage " . New cast members were hired for the roles of Cat and Rimmer , Terry Farrell and Anthony Fuscle respectively . This meant that , unlike the original British series , the cast was all Caucasian . Chris Barrie was asked to play Rimmer in the second pilot , but he declined . With a small budget and deadline , new scenes were quickly shot and mixed in with existing footage of the pilot and UK series V episodes , to give an idea of the basic plot and character dynamics , alongside proposed future episodes , remakes of episodes from the original show . Llewellyn did not participate in the re @-@ shoot , though clips from the British version were used to show the character . Despite the re @-@ shoots and re @-@ casting , the option on the pilot was not picked up . Farrell was cast almost immediately afterwards for Star Trek : Deep Space Nine , in which she was cast as Jadzia Dax . Similarly , one year later Jane Leeves was cast in Frasier as Daphne Moon .
The cast of both the British and American versions criticised the casting of Red Dwarf USA , particularly the part of Lister who is portrayed in the British version as a likable slob but in the US version as somewhat clean cut . In the 2004 documentary Dwarfing USA , Danny John @-@ Jules said the only actor who could have successfully portrayed an American Lister was John Belushi . In a 2009 interview on Kevin Pollak 's Chat Show , Bierko said that casting him as Lister was a " huge mistake " and also said a " John Belushi type " would have been better suited to the role .
The American pilot has been heavily bootlegged , but it has never been broadcast on TV in any country . Excerpts from the first pilot are included in Dwarfing USA , a featurette on the making of the pilots included on the DVD release of Red Dwarf 's fifth series . Because of rights clearance issues , no footage from the second pilot is included in the featurette .
= = = Red Dwarf : The Movie = = =
Since the end of the eighth series in 1999 , Doug Naylor has been attempting to make a feature @-@ length version of the show . A final draft of the script was written , by Naylor , and flyers began circulating around certain websites . The flyer was genuine and had been distributed by Winchester Films to market the film overseas . Plot details were included as part of the teaser . It was set in the distant future where Homo sapienoids - a race of cyborgs — had taken over the solar system and were wiping out the human race . Spaceships that tried to escape Earth were hunted down until only one remained ... Red Dwarf .
Naylor had scouted Australia to get an idea of locations and finance costs , with pre @-@ production beginning in 2004 and filming planned for 2005 . However , finding sufficient funding has been difficult . Naylor explained at a Red Dwarf Dimension Jump convention that the film had been rejected by the BBC and the British Film Council . Reasons given for the rejections were that while the script was considered to be funny , it was not ready .
Contents from early drafts of the film were eventually used in the Series X finale " The Beginning " .
= = = Roleplaying game = = =
Deep7 Press ( formerly Deep7 LLC ) released Red Dwarf - The Roleplaying Game in February 2003 ( although the printed copyright is 2002 ) . Based on the series , the game allows its players to portray original characters within the Red Dwarf universe . Player characters can be human survivors , holograms , evolved house pets ( cats , dogs , iguanas , rabbits , rats and mice ) , various types of mechanoid ( Series 4000 , Hudzen 10 and Waxdroids in the corebook , Series 3000 in the Extra Bits Book ) or GELFs ( Kinatawowi and Pleasure GELF in the corebook , " Vindaloovians " in the Extra Bits Book ) .
A total of three products were released for the game : the core 176 @-@ page rulebook , the AI Screen ( analogous to the Game Master 's Screen used in other roleplaying games , also featuring the " Extra Bits Book " booklet ) , and the Series Sourcebook . The Series Sourcebook contains plot summaries of each episode from series I @-@ VIII as well as game rules for all major and minor characters from each series .
The game has been praised for staying true to the comedic nature of the series , for its entertaining writing , and for the detail to which the background material is explained . However , some reviewers found the game mechanics to be simplistic and uninspiring compared to other science fiction roleplaying games on the market .
= = = Red Dwarf Night = = =
On 14 February 1998 , the night before the tenth anniversary of the show 's pilot episode broadcast , BBC Two devoted an evening of programmes to the series , under the banner of Red Dwarf Night . The evening consisted of a mixture of new and existing material , and was introduced and linked by actor and fan Patrick Stewart . In addition , a series of special take @-@ offs on BBC Two 's idents , featuring the " 2 " logo falling in love with a skutter , were used . The night began with Can 't Smeg , Won 't Smeg , a spoof of the cookery programme Can 't Cook , Won 't Cook , presented by that show 's host Ainsley Harriott who had himself appeared as a GELF in the series VI episode " Emohawk : Polymorph II " . Taking place outside the continuity of the series , two teams ( Kryten and Lister versus Rimmer and Cat , although Cat quickly departs to be replaced by alter ego Duane Dibbley ) were challenged to make the best chicken vindaloo .
After a compilation bloopers show , featuring out @-@ takes , the next programme was Universe Challenge , a spoof of University Challenge . Hosted by original University Challenge presenter Bamber Gascoigne , the show had a team of knowledgeable Dwarf fans compete against a team consisting of Chris Barrie , Craig Charles , Robert Llewellyn , Chloë Annett and Danny John Jules . This was followed by The Red Dwarf A – Z , a half @-@ hour documentary that chose a different aspect of the show to focus on for each letter of the alphabet . Talking heads on the episode included Stephen Hawking , Terry Pratchett , original producer Paul Jackson , Mr. Blobby , Patrick Stewart , and a dalek . Finally , the night ended with a showing of the episode " Gunmen of the Apocalypse " .
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= Avatar ( The X @-@ Files ) =
" Avatar " is the twenty @-@ first episode of the third season of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network in the United States on April 26 , 1996 . The story for the episode was developed by David Duchovny and Howard Gordon , the teleplay was written by Gordon , and it was directed by James Charleston . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . " Avatar " earned a Nielsen household rating of 9 @.@ 3 , being watched by 14 @.@ 62 million viewers in its initial broadcast . The episode received mixed reviews from television critics .
The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , when Assistant Director Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) is accused of murdering a prostitute , Mulder and Scully investigate to determine the truth behind what happened .
" Avatar " was developed after Duchovny initially suggested having a Skinner @-@ centric episode as a way to give himself a break . Skinner 's popularity amongst fans had risen with his increased role in the episodes " The Blessing Way " and " Paper Clip " and these episodes helped re @-@ establish the ground rules regarding where Skinner stood in regards to the X @-@ Files . The episode title means the incarnation of a deity in Sanskrit .
= = Plot = =
FBI assistant director Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) is given divorce papers from his wife , Sharon , after seventeen years of marriage . At a bar , he meets an attractive woman named Carina Sayles ( Amanda Tapping ) ; the two engage in a one night stand . However , after the tryst , Skinner has a nightmare of an old woman in bed with him . He awakens to find Sayles dead , her head twisted completely around .
As the murder investigation unfolds , Skinner tells agent Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) not to get involved . He refuses to take a polygraph test and is viewed as a suspect . Agent Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) examines Sayles ' corpse , finding a phosphorescent glow around her lips . Mulder finds out that Sayles was a prostitute and interviews her madam , who claims that Skinner 's credit card number was collected the previous night .
Skinner sees the old woman looking at him on a city street . However , when he pursues the old woman , he instead finds Sharon . The agents talk to Sharon , who says that the marriage failed because of Skinner 's emotional distance . Scully learns that Skinner had been receiving treatment for a sleep disorder , in which he apparently had dreams about being suffocated in bed by an old woman . She fears that Skinner may have unwittingly killed Sayles in his sleep . However , Mulder believes that Skinner may be having visions of a succubus , a female demon , with the mention of similar symptoms of people 's bad dreams they 've experienced .
Sharon visits Skinner at his home . After she leaves he falls asleep , seeing the old woman again . He awakens as detectives enter the house , telling him Sharon has been run off the road and severely injured . Skinner admits to Mulder that he saw the woman during his experience in Vietnam , but passed it off as being due to drugs . It is revealed that The Smoking Man is observing their conversation through the one @-@ way mirror of the interrogation room .
Mulder investigates the airbag on Skinner 's car , which was the one used to hit Sharon . Scully defends Skinner to the Office of Professional Responsibility , but it does no good and he is fired . Mulder believes this was done to weaken the X @-@ Files . Mulder , with the help of Agent Pendrell finds a face imprint in the airbag which is not Skinner 's . He goes to see the prostitute 's boss again but discovers that she has been murdered . The agents hope to use Judy , an employee who saw the man who actually hired the prostitute and use her to set up another meeting with him . They agree to meet at the Ambassador Hotel in an hour . Skinner goes to see his wife , telling her why he could not sign the divorce papers , and witnesses the old woman again as she awakens from the coma .
Mulder waits in the hotel bar while Scully guards Judy in a hotel room . The assassin enters the room to attack them but is quickly killed by Skinner , who was also there . The dead man 's identity is unknown . Skinner returns to work , declining to say to Mulder how he knew to be at the hotel . After Mulder leaves , he reaches into his drawer and puts his wedding ring back on .
= = Production = =
David Duchovny initially suggested having a Walter Skinner @-@ centric episode as a way to give himself a break , although ultimately he still ended up having a large part in the episode . Duchovny felt that Skinner was a good character who was not utilized to his full extent on the show . Duchovny 's idea , which was written in collaboration with writer Howard Gordon , also surrounded the conceit that what Mulder and Skinner do comes with a tremendous price . Skinner 's popularity amongst fans had risen with his increased role in the episodes " The Blessing Way " and " Paper Clip " and these episodes helped re @-@ establish the ground rules regarding where Skinner stood in regards to the X @-@ Files . Writer Vince Gilligan noted that Skinner was originally intended to be a bad guy , but because Mitch Pileggi was such a good actor the writers decided to not take his character in that direction .
A scene between Skinner and The Smoking Man was removed from the final cut due to time considerations , reducing his role in the episode to a very short dialogue @-@ less appearance . Another scene where Mulder questions Skinner 's allegiance was also removed when it was viewed as too combative . The episode title means the incarnation of a deity in Sanskrit .
= = Broadcast and reception = =
" Avatar " premiered on the Fox network in the United States on April 26 , 1996 . The episode earned a Nielsen rating of 9 @.@ 3 , with a 16 share , meaning that roughly 9 @.@ 3 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 16 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . The episode was watched by a total of 14 @.@ 62 million viewers . The episode later aired in the United Kingdom on January 30 , 1997 on BBC One .
The episode received mostly mixed reviews from critics . Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club gave the episode a B + . He praised the storytelling , positively commenting on how it revolved around Skinner and his past life . In addition he wrote that the episode possessed some " good scares " . However , he felt that the " central paranormal mystery of the episode is handled in a fashion that feels a bit muddled " . John Keegan from Critical Myth gave the episode a moderately negative review and awarded it a 4 out of 10 . He wrote , " Overall , this episode fails to capitalize on the idea of delving into the world of Walter Skinner . The conspiracy elements seem a bit redundant , and the paranormal side of the episode is a forced and inconsistent mess . Instead of developing something unique about Skinner , the episode dwells on what is already known or suggested , leaving the character in the same emotional place at the end as in the beginning . " Entertainment Weekly gave " Avatar " a D + , describing it as " ridiculous " and saying , " The clench @-@ toothed Skinner deserves more air time , but not this USA Network reject " .
Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode three stars out of five . The two were critical of the storyline , noting that it " doesn 't really work as either a Don 't Look Now ghost story or as a conspiracy piece " , but praised the acting of Pileggi and the dialogue written by Gordon ; the two called the former " great " and the latter " so terse and so real " . Paula Vitaris of Cinefantastique gave the episode a mixed review and awarded it two stars out of four . She referred to the scenes between Skinner and Sharon as " contrived " and derided Skinner 's bedside confession as " simply poor writing " . Vitaris was positive of Duchovny and Hetrick 's acting , and wrote that Pileggi gave " his best " despite the fact that there was little chemistry between the characters to make it effective . David Duchovny , on the other hand , was very pleased with the episode and Mitch Pileggi 's performance ; he later noted , " It was nice for Mitch , and I think he deserved an episode after two years . He did a great job " .
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= The X @-@ Files Mythology , Volume 4 – Super Soldiers =
The X @-@ Files Mythology – Volume 4 collection is the fourth DVD release containing selected episodes from the eighth to the ninth seasons of the American science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . The episodes collected in the release form the end of the series ' mythology , and are centered on those that involve the alien " Super Soldiers " and Dana Scully 's ( Gillian Anderson ) son , William .
The collection contains seven episodes from the eighth season and seven from the ninth . The episodes follow the investigations of paranormal @-@ related cases , or X @-@ Files , by Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) special agents Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) and John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) , following Scully 's former partner Fox Mulder 's ( David Duchovny ) abduction by aliens . The two are assisted by Assistant Director Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) and Agent Monica Reyes ( Annabeth Gish ) . Events covered in the episodes include : the return , death , and resurrection of Mulder ; the birth of Scully 's child , William ; the discovery of the " Super Soldier " conspiracy ; the discovery of the remains of a space ship in Canada ; Scully 's choice to give William up for adoption ; and Mulder 's trial , conviction , escape , and discovery of the truth .
The collection contains the final episodes in the series ' mythology , or fictional overarching story . The release features the closure of most of the series ' long @-@ running arcs . Production for the episodes was drastically affected after co @-@ star Duchovny left the show . Released on November 22 , 2005 , the collection received mixed to negative reviews from critics . Adam Baldwin , Chris Owens , Nicholas Lea , Laurie Holden , and William B. Davis all play supporting roles in the collection .
= = Plot summary = =
When Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) learns that several women have reportedly been abducted and impregnated with alien babies , she begins to question her own pregnancy . John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) introduces Scully to Monica Reyes ( Annabeth Gish ) , an FBI specialist in ritualistic crime , shortly before Fox Mulder 's ( David Duchovny ) deceased body suddenly appears in a forest at night . Following Mulder 's funeral , Assistant Director Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) is threatened by Alex Krycek ( Nicholas Lea ) that he must kill Scully 's baby before it is born . Billy Miles , a multiple abductee who disappeared on the same night as Mulder , is returned deceased but his dead body is resurrected and restored to full health . Mulder also returns from death , with Scully supervising his recovery . Fully rejuvenated , Mulder investigates several X @-@ Files , against orders to do so , but soon gets fired , leaving Doggett in charge of the cases . Mulder continues to provide input in an unofficial capacity .
Reluctantly accepting Krycek 's assistance , Mulder , Doggett and Skinner learn that an alien virus recently created in secret by members of the United States government have replaced several humans , including Miles and several high @-@ ranking FBI personnel , with so @-@ called alien " Super Soldiers " . Krycek claims that the soldiers are virtually unstoppable aliens who want to make sure that humans will not survive the colonization of Earth . They have learned that Scully 's baby is a miraculously special child and are afraid that it may be greater than them . When Miles arrives at the FBI Headquarters , Mulder , Doggett , Skinner and Krycek help Scully to escape along with Reyes who drives her to a remote farm . Shortly after Skinner kills Krycek , Scully delivers an apparently normal baby while the alien " Super Soldiers " surround her . Without explanation , the aliens leave the area as Mulder arrives . While Doggett and Reyes report to the FBI Headquarters , Mulder takes Scully and their newborn son , William , back to her apartment .
Mulder goes into hiding , Scully is again reassigned to the FBI Academy , and Reyes becomes Doggett 's new FBI partner at the X @-@ Files office . Doggett , Scully , and Reyes discover a conspiracy to place Chloramine in the nation 's water , causing mutations and creating " Super Soldiers " . This leads them to a clandestine laboratory where a secret experiment is taking place on board , with connections to Scully 's child , William . The X @-@ Files office 's investigation is hampered by Deputy Director Alvin Kersh ( James Pickens , Jr . ) and Assistant Director Brad Follmer ( Cary Elwes ) . Hopeful about reuniting with Mulder , a complete stranger , " Shadow Man " ( Terry O 'Quinn ) , offers his service to drive Mulder out of hiding . Scully takes the offer , but near gets herself and Mulder killed when it is revealed the man is a Super Soldier . Later on , Scully , Doggett and Reyes find evidence of a dangerous UFO cult which has found a spacecraft similar to one Scully studied in Africa two years ago . The cult kidnaps William , but is destroyed when the baby 's crying activates the ship , killing everyone in the cult , sans William .
Doggett finds a strange disfigured man in the X @-@ Files office . Initially , Doggett believes the man is Mulder , but he is revealed to Jeffrey Spender ( Chris Owens ) , Mulder 's half @-@ brother . Spender sticks a needle into William , which the other agents believe to be a virus of some kind , but is later revealed to be a cure for William 's powers . Mulder returns from hiding to only be discovered looking for classified information at an army base and , after allegedly killing an apparently indestructible " Super Soldier " Knowle Rohrer ( Adam Baldwin ) , he is placed on trial to defend the X @-@ Files and himself . But with the help of Kersh , Scully , Reyes , Doggett , Spender , Marita Covarrubias ( Laurie Holden ) and Gibson Praise ( Jeff Gulka ) , Mulder breaks out . Mulder and Scully travel to New Mexico to find an old " wise man " , who is later revealed to be The Smoking Man ( William B. Davis ) , who tells them that the aliens will arrive in 2012 . Doggett and Reyes aid Mulder and Scully in escaping the FBI , and the two are last seen together in a motel room facing an uncertain future .
= = Production = =
After settling his contract dispute with Fox , Duchovny quit full @-@ time participation in the show after the seventh season . In order to explain Mulder 's absence , Duchovny 's character was abducted by aliens in the seventh season finale , " Requiem . " After several rounds of contractual discussions , Duchovny agreed to return for a total of 11 eighth season episodes . Thus , " Per Manum " marked the return of Duchovny as Mulder , although he had appeared briefly in flashback appearances and small cameos . Series creator Chris Carter later argued that Mulder 's absences from the series did not affect the characterization , noting that " there are characters who can be powerful as absent centers , as Mulder was through the eight and ninth seasons . "
After the end of the eighth season , Duchovny announced that he would leave the show for good . In addition , lead actress Anderson 's contract also expired at the end of the eighth season . Anderson had expressed her growing disinterest in the series ever since the beginning of the eighth season , saying " For a lot of people , if you don 't like your job , you can quit your job , I don 't necessarily have that option . " Anderson cited the fact that " eight years is a long time " as a contributing factor to her indifference . However , Carter soon changed his position and announced he would remain on the show and continue only if Anderson agreed to do another season . Eventually , Fox offered Anderson a " generous " incentive to stay , resulting in the retention of Carter and Anderson and a final season of the show . With the departure of Duchovny and limited use of Anderson , the show garnered much criticism by fans and critics alike , saying the bond between Mulder and Scully was what actually kept the show together for the first seven seasons of the show .
Going into the ninth season , the producers decided to drastically change the show . The style of the opening credits in " Nothing Important Happened Today " were changed from the original credits , which , more or less , had been the same for the previous eight seasons . The credits included new graphics as well as new cards for Gish and Pileggi . The finale episode of the series , " The Truth " , was written by series creator Carter ; he later noted , " It 's the end — you don 't get another chance . So you 'd better put everything you 've ever wanted to put in into the episode . There were things to distract us from what was really going on . The band was breaking up . " He expounded on the idea , saying , " Frank [ Spotnitz ] and I [ decided ] it was probably time to go [ … ] it was strange to be writing these things knowing it was the last time we 'd see Scully doing certain things or hear Mulder saying certain things . " Spotnitz explained , " What was kind of nice that Chris made the announcement in January is that we had times to wrap our minds around the end and plan for it and give all of the characters their due . " Gish later said , " I have a great respect for the elegant in which they 're closing the curtain " . Bruce Harwood called the finale the " passing of a generation " .
= = Reception = =
The collection , as well as the episodes themselves , received mixed to negative reviews from critics . Monica Kuebler of Exclaim ! gave the collection a rather negative review and noted that it closed on a " lacklustre note " . Furthermore , she wrote that the main issue with the release was that " the hardcore fans [ of the series ] had come to see The X @-@ Files as Mulder and Scully and understandably weren 't quick to swallow a couple of new characters running the department . " Ultimately , she concluded that the poor episodes and the lack of bonus features included with the collection were proof that " Fox seems eager to wash their hands of the disappointing demise of the show " .
Sabadino Parker from PopMatters wrote negatively about the mythology of the last two seasons , noting that " story itself became even more convoluted " and that " the past two seasons should never have happened . " Entertainment Weekly reviewer Ken Tucker speculated that Chris Carter was the only one who seemed to understand the show 's complex mytharc . Joyce Millman from The New York Times called the storyline involving Scully 's child — which left her " haunted and irritable " — " a sad misuse of the radiant Anderson " . The A.V. Club was highly critical of the final season and its mythology story , calling them a " clumsy mish @-@ mash of stuff that had once worked and new serialized storylines about so @-@ called ' super soldiers ' " .
= = Episodes = =
= = Special features = =
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= Wandering Son =
Wandering Son ( 放浪息子 , Hōrō Musuko ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Takako Shimura . It was originally serialized in Comic Beam from the December 2002 to August 2013 issue , and published in 15 tankōbon volumes by Enterbrain from July 2003 to August 2013 . The series is licensed in English by Fantagraphics Books , which released the first volume in North America in July 2011 . A 12 @-@ episode anime adaptation produced by AIC Classic and directed by Ei Aoki aired in Japan between January and March 2011 . Eleven episodes aired on television , with episodes 10 and 11 edited into a single episode , and were released individually on their respective BD / DVD volumes .
The story depicts a young student named Shuichi Nitori , described by the author as a boy who wants to be a girl , and Shuichi 's friend Yoshino Takatsuki , described as a girl who wants to be a boy . The series deals with issues such as transsexualism , gender identity , and the beginning of puberty . Shimura was originally going to write the story about a girl in high school who wants to be a boy , but she realized that a boy who wants to become a girl before entering into puberty would have a lot of worries related to growing up , and changed the story to fit this model . Wandering Son was selected as a recommended work by the awards jury of the tenth Japan Media Arts Festival in 2006 . The series has been lauded for its use of gender reversal as the core of the story , though the emotional realism of the young characters has been called into question .
= = Plot = =
At the start of Wandering Son , Shuichi Nitori is a young , feminine child assigned male at birth ( AMAB ) in the fifth grade who transfers into a new school . Shuichi quickly becomes friends with another student , tall , boyish Yoshino Takatsuki . Yoshino soon learns of Shuichi 's desire to be a girl . In a show of friendship , Yoshino confesses a similar desire to be a boy . Shuichi also becomes friends with Saori Chiba and Kanako Sasa , two other girls in the class . Saori instantly takes a liking to Shuichi and continuously encourages Shuichi to wear feminine clothes . After Shuichi , Yoshino , and their friends enter sixth grade , Shuichi meets Makoto Ariga , another AMAB student their age from another class who also secretly wants to be a girl . Shuichi and Yoshino become friends with an adult transsexual woman named Yuki who is living with a man named Shiina . Shuichi 's older sister Maho becomes a model and eventually becomes friends with Maiko , a teen model whom she idolizes , and two other teen models : Tamaki Satō and Anna Suehiro . Maho gets a boyfriend , Riku Seya , and Shuichi confesses a crush on Yoshino , but Yoshino cannot reciprocate Shuichi 's feelings . After Saori learns of this , she confesses she likes Shuichi , but Shuichi too cannot return her feelings . This results in a falling @-@ out between Shuichi 's friends as they prepare to enter junior high school .
In junior high school , they meet a tall , eccentric girl who befriends everyone named Chizuru Sarashina and her prickly friend Momoko Shirai , who does not get along well with the others — especially Saori . Eventually , Saori and Yoshino rejoin Shuichi 's group of friends , though Saori says she still hates Yoshino and Momoko . Shuichi and Anna start dating , much to the surprise of their friends and Shuichi 's sister . Yoshino and Saori manage to halfway repair their friendship , though Saori is still standoffish to others . Shuichi 's friends are split up into several classes upon entering their second year in junior high school . Shuichi becomes friends with Shinpei Doi , who previously teased Shuichi about wanting to be a girl . Yoshino attends school in a boy 's uniform for a short time , and Shuichi tries to go to school dressed as a girl one day , but is laughed at , and becomes discouraged . Shuichi 's friends worry as Shuichi begins skipping school . Although Shuichi eventually starts attending school regularly again , Anna breaks off their relationship . By the time Shuichi , Yoshino , and their friends enter their third year in junior high school , Shuichi 's voice is changing . The group of friends start thinking about their future high school plans , and Shuichi and Anna start dating again .
Shuichi begins attending the same all @-@ boy high school as Makoto and Doi , while Yoshino and Saori begin attending a high school where uniforms are not required . Saori starts dating Fumiya Ninomiya . Yoshino starts working at Anna 's modeling agency and Shuichi begins working at a cafe , but later quits . Shuichi starts writing a semi @-@ autobiographical novel . Yoshino later tells Shuichi that Yoshino does not think about wanting to be a boy anymore , and also confesses a romantic attraction to Shuichi . Shuichi still identifies as a girl , and even after informing Anna of this , she stays with Shuichi . After graduating from high school , Shuichi moves out and goes to the same college as Doi . Shuichi continues to write the novel , which is given the title The Boy Who 's a Girl ( ぼくは 、 おんなのこ , Boku wa , Onna no Ko ) .
= = Characters = =
= = = Protagonists = = =
Shuichi Nitori ( 二鳥 修一 , Nitori Shūichi )
Voiced by : Kōsuke Hatakeyama
Shuichi , one of two protagonists , is a young , effeminate child who at the beginning of Wandering Son is in the fifth grade of elementary school . Otherwise known by the nicknames Shu ( シュウ , Shū ) and Nitorin ( にとりん ) , Shuichi was assigned male at birth , but wants to be a girl and often cross @-@ dresses to assume the role of the female gender . Shuichi is described as cute by many of the other characters and is able to appear as a girl when cross @-@ dressing , because of a feminine @-@ looking face and physical build . Shuichi enjoys wearing cute clothes ; although initially not a cross @-@ dresser , Shuichi 's friends Yoshino Takatsuki and Saori Chiba encourage Shuichi to dress and act femininely . As Shuichi grows up , puberty becomes a topic of increasing concern , such as the growth of body hair , a deepening voice , and the onset of pimples . Shuichi exhibits signs of gender dysphoria and displays an outward attraction to two girls in the series — Yoshino and Anna Suehiro . Shuichi and Anna date for a time in junior high , until she breaks off their relationship . However , the two soon resume their relationship with each other .
Shuichi is interested in doing indoor activities , and does not partake in activities favored by boys of the same age , such as playing sports . Shuichi enjoys and is skillful in baking sweet foods , though is never shown cooking other , more conventional foods . After starting an exchange diary with Yoshino , Shuichi becomes interested in writing stories , and even joins the drama club as a writer with Saori in junior high school after they co @-@ write a rendition of Romeo and Juliet performed by members of their class . Shuichi has an honest personality , and easily gets along with others . As a child , Shuichi has an obedient , dutiful attitude . However , upon entering puberty , Shuichi sometimes experiences outbursts of intense emotion . Shuichi can be overly sensitive at times and is often shown crying in front of others . Due to these personality quirks , it is easier for Shuichi to associate with girls of the same age . Accordingly , Shuichi has few male friends .
Yoshino Takatsuki ( 高槻 よしの , Takatsuki Yoshino )
Voiced by : Asami Seto
Yoshino , the other protagonist , is a tall , masculine child who at the beginning of Wandering Son is a fifth grader in Shuichi 's class . Otherwise known as Takatsuki @-@ kun ( 高槻くん ) by their classmates , with an honorific used mainly with boys , Yoshino was assigned female at birth , but wants to be a boy . Yoshino usually refrains from dressing in traditionally feminine clothes , such as skirts or dresses . Despite this , Yoshino 's mother insists on buying such clothes for Yoshino . Shortly after becoming friends with Shuichi , Yoshino gets a haircut in a boyish style , taking on the appearance of a boy their age , especially when Yoshino is dressed in a male school uniform . Like Shuichi , Yoshino becomes increasingly concerned and resentful about undergoing puberty , such as at the beginning of menstruation or the growth of breasts . Yoshino goes to buy a chest @-@ flattening garment to escape the necessity of wearing a bra . Also like Shuichi , Yoshino shows signs indicating gender dysphoria , though later stops thinking that way due to personal exposure to modeling .
Yoshino prefers to dress and act like a boy , but usually abstains from anything which would draw attention , such as going to school in a male uniform after entering junior high . However , Yoshino does on occasion dress in a male school uniform and go to neighboring cities while dressed as a boy ; during one such time , Yoshino enjoys being hit on by an older woman . Yoshino wants to look " cool " and wears clothes which are not girlish . When teased by others , Yoshino is prone to getting emotional and is known to get violent on occasion . Yoshino takes up an interest in basketball after entering junior high school and joins the female basketball team with Chizuru Sarashina . In junior high , Yoshino decides not to get a haircut after a comment by Saori , but later cuts it back to a short , boyish style . Yoshino 's family consists of a father , mother , older brother , and older sister .
= = = Classmates = = =
Saori Chiba ( 千葉 さおり , Chiba Saori )
Voiced by : Yuuka Nanri
Saori , nicknamed Saorin ( さおりん ) , is a girl who is a fifth grader in Shuichi 's class at the beginning of Wandering Son . She takes an interest in encouraging Shuichi to cross @-@ dress , even going so far as to buy Shuichi an expensive dress for Shuichi 's birthday , which Shuichi later returns , much to her displeasure . Saori finds it difficult to associate with others ; she has few friends , though becomes close to Shuichi . She tends to convey what is on her mind and disregards how others may take what she says . As Saori grows up , she gradually becomes more standoffish and stoic ; she even has bad relations with her teachers . Despite her self @-@ centered attitude , she remains popular among her male classmates due to her physical attractiveness . She is a sensitive girl whose temper sometimes gets the better of her when reprimanding bullies that tease Shuichi , because of Shuichi 's femininity and cross @-@ dressing . Saori is often emotionally affected by circumstances involving Shuichi , because of her feelings for Shuichi . Saori converts to Christianity partly because of this influence to seek forgiveness for her previous actions , though she only attends mass when feeling guilty about her behavior .
Kanako Sasa ( 佐々 かなこ , Sasa Kanako )
Voiced by : Yoshino Nanjō
Kanako Sasa , usually referred to by her surname , is a girl who is a fifth grader in Shuichi 's class at the beginning of Wandering Son . She is sometimes called Kanabun ( カナブン , lit. drone beetle ) by her younger brother and Chizuru . She makes her first appearance in chapter two of the manga , but is not named until volume two . She is a short , energetic girl who thinks of herself as everyone 's friend and becomes distressed when her friends fight among themselves . Sasa acts as a mediator between her friends in such times and tries not to leave anyone alone . She has been friends with Yoshino since pre @-@ school , and later becomes close with Chizuru . Sasa is an innocent , childish girl who does not have many worries aside from her friends ' quarrels . She tends to be a handful for her mother , who picks out her clothes for her and even helps her get ready for school in the morning . She mentions that if she thinks too hard about something , her brain becomes itchy .
Makoto Ariga ( 有賀 誠 , Ariga Makoto )
Voiced by : Yūichi Iguchi
Makoto first appears when the cast is in sixth grade , though is in a different class . Known as Mako for short , though mostly only to Shuichi , Makoto was also assigned male at birth , but wishes to be a girl and shares Shuichi 's interest in cross @-@ dressing ; it is this that spurs Makoto to become Shuichi 's closest friend . Due to facial freckles and round glasses , Makoto is not able to appear as cute as Shuichi when wearing feminine clothes . Makoto 's primary reason for wanting to be a girl may be due to an attraction to men , something Shuichi cannot relate to ; Makoto is a romantic who wants to be in a relationship with a cool , adult man . Makoto is unusually mature and is able to think calmly and objectively while providing advice to friends . Makoto also gets along well with boys and girls of the same age , because of good listening skills ; Makoto often becomes an onlooker to what is going on in other characters ' lives . Makoto is an only child whose parents run a bakery .
Chizuru Sarashina ( 更科 千鶴 , Sarashina Chizuru )
Voiced by : Saeko Chiba
Chizuru , nicknamed Chii @-@ chan , is a tall girl who first appears as a classmate of Shuichi when they both enter junior high school . She is Momoko 's childhood friend , and has a stylish demeanor , highlighted by her stature and long hair , which captivates both Shuichi and Yoshino when they first meet her . Chizuru is described as a free spirit , someone who enjoys doing unconventional , often outrageous things which surprise those around her ; she frequently acts without thinking , and as a result projects a childish personality . Her impulsive behavior sometimes gets her in trouble with other characters , but she quickly becomes ashamed when she realizes the consequences . She tries to be everyone 's friend , though Saori strongly dislikes her impulsiveness . Chizuru joins the girl 's basketball team in junior high . Her family runs a soba restaurant .
Momoko Shirai ( 白井 桃子 , Shirai Momoko )
Voiced by : Aki Toyosaki
Momoko is a childhood friend and classmate in junior high school of Chizuru ; she is nicknamed Momo . She constantly hangs around Chizuru and is visibly annoyed when Chizuru socializes with others , or even if someone simply sits too close to her . Momoko inevitably starts fighting Saori , who does not particularly respect Chizuru , when they talk .
= = = Others = = =
Maho Nitori ( 二鳥 真穂 , Nitori Maho )
Voiced by : Nana Mizuki
Maho is Shuichi 's sister . She is one year older than Shuichi is , and at the beginning of Wandering Son , she is in the sixth grade of elementary school . Maho shows a strong interest in clothes , and spends much of her money on new apparel . She is a big fan of a teen fashion model named Maiko , and to meet her , Maho auditions for the same modeling agency as Maiko . After she is hired and becomes recognized as a model , Maho enjoys being asked her autograph by complete strangers . While her modeling career initially starts out slowly , Maho soon gains confidence in her abilities , and becomes friends with Maiko and two other models , Anna Suehiro and Tamaki Satō . In contrast to her younger sibling , Maho is very out @-@ spoken and tends to be rough with Shuichi , even hitting or slapping Shuichi on occasion , and she often forces things on Shuichi with little consideration of Shuichi 's opinion . She does not like Shuichi 's cross @-@ dressing and gets angry and disturbed when she finds Shuichi dressed as a girl . In junior high school , Maho becomes attracted to her classmate Riku Seya , and eventually starts dating him .
Riku Seya ( 瀬谷 理久 , Seya Riku )
Voiced by : Yoshitsugu Matsuoka
Riku Seya , usually referred to by his surname , is a classmate of Maho 's who meets her when they enter junior high school . He is generally a soft @-@ spoken boy who initially takes an interest in Shuichi , whom he believes to be a girl , when they first meet . When he learns that Shuichi is assigned male , Seya becomes angry at Maho for hiding this and stringing him along , but he soon reconciles with her and eventually starts dating her . Seya remains polite with Shuichi , though due to their initial meeting , there is always some awkwardness between the two .
Anna Suehiro ( 末広 安那 , Suehiro Anna )
Voiced by : Yui Horie
Anna is a teen model who is a good friend of Maiko and goes to the same all @-@ girl school as her ; she is similarly well @-@ known and experienced in modeling . She is considered outspoken and sharp @-@ tongued by other models . Anna at first disapproves of Shuichi dressing as a girl , and even calls Shuichi a freak soon after meeting Shuichi . Anna initially tells Maho she has no interest in her " weak " sibling because of Shuichi 's femininity , though later dates Shuichi for a time after Shuichi asks her out , until she breaks up with Shuichi . However , the two soon resume their relationship with each other . Furthermore , Anna 's opinion of Shuichi presenting as female also changes , she saying that it actually suits Shuichi , and the two even go out together on a date with Shuichi dressed as a girl . She feels Shuichi is an interesting person , and once says Shuichi is like a cute little sister . Anna spends a lot of money on clothes , and enjoys modifying them .
Hiroyuki Yoshida ( 吉田 紘之 , Yoshida Hiroyuki ) / Yuki ( ユキ )
Voiced by : Takako Honda
Hiroyuki , usually referred to as Yuki , is a tall and attractive trans woman living with her boyfriend Shiina . Yuki takes an early interest in Yoshino when she believes Yoshino to be a boy , though remains on good terms with Yoshino even after learning of Yoshino 's assigned sex , and gives Shuichi and Yoshino helpful advice when they are troubled . Despite the differences between their situations , Yuki sees a lot of herself in Shuichi : when they were growing up , Shiina was the only friend who stood by the young Hiroyuki , as she was called then , while girls teased her and the boys bullied her to change . Yuki always keeps up a positive attitude , and runs a gay bar . Since her transition , she has not been on good terms with her parents , who run a uniform store .
Yuki is the main character of Takako Shimura 's short story " Hana " ( 花 ) , in the collection Boku wa , Onna no Ko ( ぼくは 、 おんなのこ ) , in which her family — which consists of her father , mother , brother , and sister @-@ in @-@ law — also appears ; Yuki is revealed to be a fan of Keiji Sada , a Shōwa period actor .
Shiina ( 椎名 )
Voiced by : Keiji Fujiwara
Shiina , given name unknown , otherwise referred to by his nickname Shii ( しー ) , is another adult friend of Shuichi and Yoshino . He was Yuki 's classmate in elementary school , and he eventually became her boyfriend after her transition . Unlike Yuki , Shiina had many friends in school . He generally just watches over Shuichi and Yoshino with Yuki , but he sometimes does bold and unexpected things , such as grabbing Yoshino 's crotch when he first meets Yoshino because he feared that , because Yoshino was dressed as a boy at the time , Yuki might be having an illicit affair with Yoshino .
Fumiya Ninomiya ( 二宮 文弥 , Ninomiya Fumiya )
Voiced by : Kaoru Mizuhara
Fumiya is a talkative boy one year older than Saori whom she meets when she starts going to church . Saori is easily annoyed by him , especially when he brings her flowers from his parents ' flower shop . He takes an early interest in Saori and tries to become her boyfriend . After meeting Shuichi , Fumiya becomes jealous of Saori 's interest in Shuichi , and finds Shuichi 's cross @-@ dressing gross . While initially lying to Saori and Shuichi about having an interest in cross @-@ dressing , he is later seen dressed as a girl while out with Shuichi , and again at the cultural festival at Shuichi 's school . Fumiya enjoys the added attention that comes from cross @-@ dressing and admits that he likes being called cute .
= = Production = =
In an interview in August 2003 , Takako Shimura stated that the theme of Wandering Son is similar to the second half of her previous manga series Shikii no Jūnin . Shimura took the junior high school teacher Kentarō Kaneda from Shikii no Jūnin and inserted him into Wandering Son , where he teaches at Shuichi 's junior high school , because she really liked his character . Shimura originally planned to use a female high school student who wants to become a boy as the main character . However , she realized that a boy who wants to become a girl before entering into puberty would have many worries related to growing up , and changed the story accordingly . Shimura used her realization that the boy would go through significant changes as he grew up to deepen the development of the story and characters . The Japanese title , Hōrō Musuko , is a pun on hōtō musuko ( 放蕩息子 ) , meaning " prodigal son " .
Shimura mainly found her characters ' names by looking through name dictionaries , although she also took the names of acquaintances and slightly changed them , and even used train station names for side characters appearing only once . Out of all the characters , Shimura is most pleased with Kanako Sasa . For the designs of clothes for the female characters , Shimura consulted various fashion magazines for girls in their early teens , especially Nicola . Shimura commented self @-@ deprecatingly in the afterword of volume one that , like her other series , her characters do not look very different from each other , her panels are too white , and there is much pathos .
= = Media = =
= = = Manga = = =
The manga Wandering Son is written and illustrated by Takako Shimura . It was serialized in the monthly seinen ( aimed at younger adult men ) manga magazine Comic Beam from the December 2002 to August 2013 issue . The individual chapters were collected and published in 15 tankōbon volumes by Enterbrain from July 25 , 2003 to August 28 , 2013 . Wandering Son was one of several manga titles included with the launch in December 2009 of the manga distribution service of the PlayStation Store for the Japanese PlayStation Portable handheld game console .
The series is licensed in English by Fantagraphics Books , which began releasing the series in North America in hardcover format starting with the first volume on July 5 , 2011 . Gary Groth of Fantagraphics Books said in an interview he licensed Wandering Son because " it 's not a typical choice for a manga title published in the U.S. and it 's not typical subject matter for comics in general , " saying that the subject is " perfectly legitimate ... for literature — or comics . " The series is also licensed by Ever Glory Publishing in Taiwan and by Haksan Culture Company in Korea .
= = = Anime = = =
A 12 @-@ episode anime TV series adaptation produced by AIC Classic and Aniplex aired in Japan between January 13 and March 31 , 2011 on Fuji TV 's Noitamina programming block . Crunchyroll simulcasted the anime on their streaming website . Aniplex released the anime on six Blu @-@ ray and DVD compilation volumes in Japan between April 27 and September 21 , 2011 . Of the 11 episodes to be aired on TV , episodes 10 and 11 were edited into a single episode , and were released individually on their respective BD / DVD volumes . The anime adapts the story from the point where the characters enter junior high school . Following the arrest of Ai Takabe , the voice actress who played Maiko , for drug possession in October 2015 , Bandai Channel removed the series from its streaming catalog .
The anime is directed by Ei Aoki and the screenplay was written by Mari Okada . Chief animator Ryūichi Makino based the character design used in the anime on Takako Shimura 's original concept and the main animator is Michio Satō . The music was produced by Satoru Kosaki and Keiichi Okabe , both from Monaca , and the sound director is Jin Aketagawa . The anime 's opening theme song is " Itsudatte . " ( いつだって 。 ) by Daisuke and the single was released on March 2 , 2011 . The ending theme is " For You " by Rie fu and the single was released on February 16 , 2011 . The original soundtrack was released on August 24 , 2011 .
= = Reception = =
It was reported in June 2013 that approximately 1 @.@ 05 million copies of the manga are in print in Japan . Wandering Son was selected as a recommended work by the awards jury of the tenth Japan Media Arts Festival in 2006 . The Young Adult Library Services Association nominated Wandering Son for its 2012 Great Graphic Novels for Teens list . The anime was awarded the honorable mention prize for technical achievement in broadcast animation at the 65th Motion Picture and Television Engineering Society of Japan Awards in 2012 .
In a review of the first volume by Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network ( ANN ) , she praised the slow pace of the storytelling , which " gives it a more realistic feel . " Silverman praises Takako Shimura for making Shuichi into a " human protagonist " , but notes that " most of the children act much older than they are . " The second volume was featured in ANN 's Right Turn Only column in March 2007 as the Import of the Month , where Carlo Santos lauded the series for using gender reversal as the " actual heart of the story " in contrast to " every other series " involving cross @-@ dressing , which use " gender reversal as a goofy plot device . " The art was praised as " simple [ with ] few lines , but incredibly expressive " which Santos claimed is a " style that 's the most difficult and beautiful of all . " Santos criticized the " emotional realism " of the work for having the young characters ' " unrealistically mature attitude " towards " issues above their grade level . "
Matt Thorn , the English translator of the manga , wrote that fans of Anne of Green Gables or The Rose of Versailles would also enjoy Wandering Son , and Silverman compared Wandering Son to Mizuiro Jidai . Thorn described the art as " clean and lovely " and went on to cite Wandering Son as " sweet , thought @-@ provoking , funny , and moving , and I think it will resonate with readers regardless of their gender identity or sexual orientation . " The first manga volume as translated by Fantagraphics Books had an early debut at the May 2011 Toronto Comic Arts Festival and sold out within the first two hours of the event .
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= Edward Scissorhands ( dance ) =
Edward Scissorhands is a contemporary dance adaptation of the 1990 American romance fantasy film Edward Scissorhands , created by Matthew Bourne , with music by Terry Davies . The screenwriter and composer of the film version , Caroline Thompson and Danny Elfman , helped to develop the dance version , which is set in the 1950s ( the film is set in the late 1980s ) . The story is told entirely through music and dance with no discourse although the plot is similar to the movie .
The piece debuted in London in 2005 and , despite mixed reviews , has subsequently toured in Britain , Asia , the U.S. ( earning a 2007 Drama Desk Award for Unique Theatrical Experience ) , Australia and Europe . The productions have been put on by Bourne 's New Adventures dance company .
= = Composition and development = =
Bourne 's all @-@ male 1995 version of Swan Lake has become the longest @-@ running ballet production and earned him the distinction as the only British director to become a winner of both the Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical and the Tony Award for Best Choreography at the 53rd Tony Awards in 1999 . In 2002 , 2003 and 2005 , he earned the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Theatre Choreographer for My Fair Lady , Play Without Words and Mary Poppins , respectively . Eventually ( in 2008 ) , Time would begin an article on Bourne with the following summary : " Matthew Bourne is the world 's most popular living dance maker . "
Bourne was asked by composer friends to brainstorm about films that could be adapted into stage productions in his dance style . Thompson met Bourne in 1997 through Alan Cumming after already having seen Swan Lake . Bourne asked Thompson 's consent to adapt the Scissorhands film the following year , but it took another seven years to obtain the necessary funding and get the film 's director Tim Burton and composer Elfman to go along . The work , which Bourne choreographed , was developed as dance theatre instead of as a traditional musical and has no singing or speaking . The musical score is by Terry Davies , but it includes significant portions of Elfman 's film score .
Thompson claims Scissorhands is based on a pet dog of hers . She described her dog as follows : " he was the most soulful , yearning creature I ever met . She wanted to participate in everything . She didn ’ t need language to communicate . She communicated with her eyes . " She described the character as similar to Frankenstein 's monster and Pinocchio in the sense that he is " an outsider who wants to be an insider " .
= = Plot = =
The work " tells the gothic story of a boy , created by an eccentric inventor , trying to adapt to suburban life with only scissors for hands . " The dance version is set in the 1950s , unlike the 1990 film , which was set in the late 1980s .
An inventor 's son was electrocuted in a dungeon @-@ like room while holding scissors . In his grief , the inventor creates another " son " with flashing scissors for hands . The creation is orphaned when unsavory characters frighten his father to death with some Halloween activities . He then ventures from his gothic origins into a suburban town where his loneliness is reinforced until he is taken in by Peg Boggs and adopted by both her family and the town .
In the promotional video for the American debut , Bourne highlights the juxtaposition of the gothic horror setting and the suburban settings of the adaptation . He also notes that San Francisco was a good place for the United States debut of the work in part because as a city it exhibits a tolerance similar to that of the suburbanites in the work . The piece has no spoken words . Like in the film , Edward is equipped with only scissors for hands because his inventor died in the middle of outfitting him . He is discovered in his castle by an Avon lady who brings him into her home . He then wanders into a town where a family takes him in . The theatrical adaptation has a more robust prologue than the film , but the additional backstory does not add content to the character .
= = Productions = =
The British New Adventures dance company raised $ 2 million that was augmented by $ 780 @,@ 000 from the Arts Council England to stage the original production at London 's Sadler 's Wells Theatre , which opened in November 2005 and closed on February 5 , 2006 . Eventually , the show was staged in Asia , the United States , Australia and Europe with New Adventures . The dance adaptation featured 30 members of the company . Marc Platt was the lead producer .
Sam Archer and Richard Winsor alternated in the main role , wearing a heavily elasticized costume with fiberglass blades and a thick leather forearm brace . They also starred in the following tour , with Archer staying on through the U.S. tour . Regular Bourne collaborators Scott Ambler and Etta Murfitt were associate directors and co @-@ stars . Set and costume design were both by Lez Brotherston in a style described as a sort of Desperate Housewives suburbia of mild @-@ mannered characters . His 1950 's suburbia sets were inspired by Peggy Sue Got Married and Back to the Future . Howard Harrison designed lights and Paul Groothuis was sound designer .
Following its 11 @-@ week London run , it had a United Kingdom tour that lasted for 14 weeks and that was followed by performances in Japan , Korea and the United States , where it ran until Spring 2007 . In November and December 2006 , it played in San Francisco at the Orpheum Theatre , where it made its American debut with previews on November 11 and 12 and a November 14 opening . In February 2007 , it played at the Kennedy Center in Washington , D.C. It spent part of April and May at the 5th Avenue Theatre in Seattle . The New York run was held at the Brooklyn Academy of Music . Other venues on the United States tour included Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles , Belk Theatre in Charlotte , North Carolina , Benedum Center in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , Kimmel Center in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania and Fox Theatre in St. Louis , Missouri . By the time it played in Brooklyn , it had visited a dozen North American cities .
In May 2008 , an Australian national tour was launched at the Sydney Opera House . The piece returned to Europe for a 2008 – 09 tour that included performances in Britain for the 2008 Christmas season . Venues on the Europe tour included Théâtre du Châtelet in Paris , Hippodrome Theatre in Birmingham , New Wimbledon Theatre and Sadler 's Wells Theatre in London as well as stops in Salford , Athens and Antwerp . Among the cities that it sold out are New York , Los Angeles , San Francisco , Sydney , Melbourne and Paris .
= = Reception = =
The dance adaptation received mixed reviews . The earliest review of the London production by The New York Times in November 2005 said that like the film version , " doomed love story remains bittersweet " . Matt Wolf of The New York Times panned the original run with statements such as " a potential dance sensation seems peculiarly short on actual dance " and " But a dream ballet late in the first act and various set pieces later seem , in terms of actual choreography , oddly pro forma for Bourne . . . " He felt that overcoming the obstacle of choreographing dances around a lead with blades for fingers was too much to overcome . A fellow critic from The New York Times described it as " visually alluring " two weeks later . On its Christmas 2008 return to England , The Times gave the show a positive review : " Matthew Bourne 's adaptation of Tim Burton 's 1990 film is one of the biggest and brightest of this season 's glut of cultural ornaments . Indeed , so much skill has been lavished on this dance @-@ theatre show for Bourne 's company , New Adventures , that it almost feels churlish to withhold my affections . " The Independent 's reviewer was critical , saying " Edward is more kids ' cartoon than satire , with two @-@ dimensional characters that stand a hair 's breadth from cliché " . Another critic from The Independent opened her review as follows : " The best part of Matthew Bourne 's Edward Scissorhands is the curtain call . " However , contemporaneous reviews by The Guardian were a bit more positive saying that " Bourne is a natural storyteller , who never leaves his audience behind " .
The work 's American debut in San Francisco drew mixed reviews . Robert Hurwitt of the San Francisco Chronicle described it as a high point in his " Theatre Year in Review top 10 " , saying it was " invigoratingly choreographed and beguilingly designed " . However , when analyzing the year from the entire Arts and culture perspective the Steven Winn ( also with the San Francisco Chronicle ) described the work as lacking , noting that its November run " fell well short of this show 's [ Swan Lake ] ' s inspired high mark " from March in the arts and culture year end top 10 . Hurwitt stated at the beginning of the San Francisco run that " Where Bourne triumphs , with considerable help from Davies , Thompson and Brotherston , is in replicating Burton 's delicately bittersweet whimsy in a manner uniquely his own . "
Johnny Depp attended the December 30 , 2006 show danced by Archer and signed a souvenir program for Bourne with the following partial inscription : " Trembled on the verge of tears , mate . " At the time of its off @-@ Broadway debut , The New York Times described it as not " so much a dance enhanced by a famous story as a drama condensed by the removal of words . " It was further panned in a more detailed review the following week by The New York Times Jennifer Dunning , who said " Mr. Bourne 's " Edward Scissorhands " is mostly a candy @-@ coated bore . " In Time , he was praised for the uniqueness of his dancing hedges .
= = = Awards and nominations = = =
The work received a nomination for the 2007 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Choreography ( for Bourne ) and won the 2007 Drama Desk Award for Unique Theatrical Experience . Bourne was also nominated for Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Choreography that year for Mary Poppins .
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= Russian battleship Dvenadsat Apostolov =
Dvenadsat Apostolov ( Russian : Двенадцать Апостолов — " Twelve Apostles " ) was a pre @-@ dreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Russian Navy , the sole ship of her class . She served in the Black Sea Fleet and was built by Nikolayev Admiralty Dockyard . Laid down in February 1888 , and launched in September 1890 , she was commissioned in December 1892 . She became an immobile submarine depot ship in 1912 after she was decommissioned and disarmed the previous year . She was captured by the Germans in 1918 in Sevastopol and was handed over to the Allies in December 1918 . Lying immobile in Sevastopol , she was captured by both sides in the Russian Civil War before permanently falling into the hands of the Soviets when the White Russians evacuated the Crimea . She was used as a stand @-@ in for the title ship during the filming of The Battleship Potemkin and was finally scrapped in 1931 .
= = Design = =
Dvenadsat Apostolov was originally ordered as one of a pair of battleships for the Black Sea Fleet , but the second ship was awarded to a firm on the verge of bankruptcy and they made no significant progress . Her initial armament was planned to be eight 9 @-@ inch ( 230 mm ) guns , four in two twin @-@ gun turrets and four in the central casemate . However , the final form of the turrets and machinery layout was not decided upon , even after construction of the hull began in early 1888 . The following September the Naval Technical Committee decided to increase the thickness of the waterline armour belt from 13 inches ( 330 mm ) to 14 inches ( 356 mm ) at the cost of 75 long tons ( 76 t ) . It also decided to move the forward turret back 7 feet 8 inches ( 2 @.@ 3 m ) because it thought that the ship might be bow @-@ heavy . They also decided against the original armament and fixed on four 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) guns in twin @-@ gun barbettes at each end of the ship with four 6 @-@ inch ( 150 mm ) guns in a shortened central battery , although it added over 100 long tons ( 100 t ) of additional weight to the ship .
= = = General characteristics = = =
She was 335 feet 6 inches ( 102 @.@ 3 m ) long at the waterline and 342 feet ( 104 @.@ 2 m ) long overall . She had a beam of 60 feet ( 18 @.@ 3 m ) and a draft of 27 feet 6 inches ( 8 @.@ 4 m ) . Her exact displacement was never measured , but has been estimated at 8 @,@ 710 long tons ( 8 @,@ 850 t ) , over 600 long tons ( 610 t ) more than her designed displacement of 8 @,@ 076 long tons ( 8 @,@ 206 t ) .
Her hull was generally similar to that of the Imperator Aleksandr II class although her ram was 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) longer . It was subdivided by eleven transverse and one centreline longitudinal watertight bulkheads and she had a complete double bottom 35 @.@ 4 inches ( 900 mm ) deep . She had a metacentric height of 2 @.@ 62 feet ( 0 @.@ 80 m ) . She demonstrated better seagoing qualities than the older Ekaterina II class during a storm in October 1894 , although she rolled badly and leaked through her ports and hatches . She was assessed as a considerably better fighting ship that the Imperator Aleksandr II class .
= = = Propulsion = = =
Dvenadsat Apostolov had two 3 @-@ cylinder vertical triple expansion steam engines built by Baltic Works and had a total designed output of 8 @,@ 500 indicated horsepower ( 6 @,@ 338 kW ) . Eight cylindrical boilers , four single @-@ ended and four double @-@ ended , provided steam to the engines , which drove two 5 @.@ 26 @-@ metre ( 17 ft ) screw propellers . On trials , the powerplant produced 8 @,@ 758 ihp ( 6 @,@ 531 kW ) and a top speed of 15 @.@ 15 knots ( 28 @.@ 06 km / h ; 17 @.@ 43 mph ) . After her initial engine trials her funnels were raised by 12 ft 6 in ( 3 @.@ 81 m ) to improve their draft and to keep the superstructure clear of funnel gases . She carried 710 long tons ( 720 t ) of coal at full load that provided a range of 1 @,@ 900 nautical miles ( 3 @,@ 500 km ; 2 @,@ 200 mi ) at a speed of 10 knots ( 19 km / h ; 12 mph ) . She had six Siemens dynamos with a total output of 540 kW .
= = = Armament = = =
The main armament of Dvenadsat Apostolov were two pairs of 12 @-@ inch ( 305 mm ) Obukhov Model 1877 30 @-@ caliber guns mounted in twin barbette mounts forward and aft . They had a maximum elevation of 15 ° and could depress to − 5 ° and could traverse 270 ° . 66 rounds per gun were carried . They fired a 731 @.@ 3 @-@ pound ( 331 @.@ 7 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 870 ft / s ( 570 m / s ) to a range of 5 @,@ 570 yards ( 5 @,@ 090 m ) at an elevation of 6 ° . The rate of fire was one round every five minutes , but the loading machinery would not work if the ship was heeled more than 5 ° .
The four 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) Model 1877 35 @-@ caliber guns were mounted on pivot mounts in the central casemate . The sides of the hull were recessed to give them axial fire . They could traverse a total of 100 ° . Each gun had an arc of fire of 130 ° . The ship carried 130 rounds for each gun . The guns could elevate to a maximum of 8 @.@ 5 ° and depress to − 8 ° . They fired a ' heavy ' shell that weighed 119 – 123 @.@ 5 lb ( 54 @.@ 0 – 56 @.@ 0 kg ) at a velocity of 1 @,@ 896 ft / s ( 578 m / s ) or a ' light ' shell that weighed 91 @.@ 5 lb ( 41 @.@ 5 kg ) with a muzzle velocity of 2 @,@ 329 ft / s ( 710 m / s ) . A ' light ' shell had a maximum range of 8 @,@ 170 yards ( 7 @,@ 470 m ) when fired at an elevation of 12 ° , although the casemate only permitted a maximum elevation of 8 @.@ 5 ° . The guns could fire one round per minute .
Her ten 47 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) Hotchkiss guns were mounted in embrasures in the hull or superstructure . They fired a 3 @.@ 3 @-@ pound ( 1 @.@ 5 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 476 ft / s ( 450 m / s ) at a rate of 20 rounds per minute to a range of 2 @,@ 020 yards ( 1 @,@ 850 m ) . Two 37 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) Hotchkiss revolving cannon were mounted at the forward end of the superstructure and two on the platform just abaft the second funnel . They fired a 1 @.@ 1 @-@ pound ( 0 @.@ 50 kg ) shell at a muzzle velocity of 1 @,@ 450 ft / s ( 440 m / s ) at a rate of 32 rounds per minute to a range of 3 @,@ 038 yards ( 2 @,@ 778 m ) . Six single @-@ barrelled versions , with a rate of fire of only twenty rounds per minute , were carried in the fighting top on the foremast and two were in small embrasures at the after end of the superstructure . The location of the other two guns is unknown .
Dvenadsat Apostolov carried six above @-@ water 15 in ( 381 mm ) torpedo tubes . One tube was in the bow , two tubes on each broadside and a tube in the stern .
= = = Protection = = =
Compound armour was supplied by Charles Cammell of Sheffield , England and comprised the bulk of the armour used in Dvenadsat Apostolov . The main waterline belt had a maximum thickness of 14 inches ( 356 mm ) abreast the machinery spaces , but thinned to 12 inches abreast the magazine and was only 7 – 8 inches ( 178 – 203 mm ) thick at its lower edge . It was 228 feet 8 inches ( 70 m ) long and 5 ft 6 in ( 1 @.@ 68 m ) high , most of which ( 4 ft 3 in ( 1 @.@ 30 m ) ) was below the waterline as actually completed because she was overweight . The belt tapered to eight inches at the lower edge . Bulkheads nine to twelve inches thick provided transverse protection for the ship 's vitals . The lower casemate armour was 214 feet ( 65 m ) long and twelve inches thick . Above it was the casemate armour for the six @-@ inch guns that consisted of 5 inches ( 127 mm ) of steel armour . The barbette armour was 10 – 12 inches ( 254 – 305 mm ) thick . Initially the barbette was open @-@ topped , but a 2 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 64 mm ) thick protective hood was added later , possibly in 1893 . The conning tower had eight @-@ inch sides of steel armour .
= = History = =
Dvenadsat Apostolov was built by the Nikolayev Admiralty Dockyard at Nikolayev . She was laid down on 21 August 1889 , launched on 13 September 1890 , and sailed to Sevastopol for fitting out on 11 May 1892 . She joined the fleet on 17 June 1893 , but she was not fully ready for service until 1894 . In 1895 she was used to test a new system of laying mines by rails that had been invented by Lieutenant A. P. Ygrumov and also to evaluate the proper dimensions for anti @-@ torpedo nets and their booms . For this last test torpedoes were fired at the ship with the anti @-@ torpedo nets deployed . One gun , of an unknown calibre , burst in 1903 , killing one man and wounding two others .
Dvenadsat Apostolov participated in the failed attempt to recapture the mutinous battleship Potemkin on 30 June 1905 . She attempted to ram Potemkin but sailors sympathetic to the mutiny reversed the engines and then prevented an attempt by Captain Kolands to blow his own ship by severing the detonating wires .
The Naval Technical Committee proposed to reboiler her in 1907 with new Belleville water @-@ tube boilers , but this was forestalled by a plan to reuse those of the Chesma . Simultaneously a proposal to rearm her with four ten @-@ inch guns in two turrets and several 6 @-@ inch guns in a new casemate was made by the Naval General Staff . This was estimated to cost 1 @,@ 275 @,@ 000 roubles and would only add 15 long tons ( 15 t ) to her displacement , but both proposals were rejected by the Naval Technical Committee which believed it was a waste of money given her obsolete layout . The General Staff made another proposal in 1909 to rearm her as with smaller guns as a guardship intended to defend Sevastopol from attacks by enemy light forces . This was initially approved by the Navy Minister , Admiral Ivan Grigorovich in June 1909 , but this was later reversed .
Dvenadsat Apostolov was transferred to the Sevastopol Port Authority on 1 April 1911 , stricken from the Navy List and disarmed on 15 April . She became a depot ship for submarines in 1912 . Renamed as Blokshiv ( hulk ) No. 8 on 4 September 1914 , she was used on various harbour duties . Immobile , she was captured by the Germans in Sevastopol in May 1918 and handed over to the Allies in December 1918 . She was captured by both sides during the Russian Civil War , but was abandoned by the White Russians when they evacuated the Crimea . Her machinery was removed in 1921 . She was used as a stand @-@ in for the Potemkin during the filming of The Battleship Potemkin , while reportedly serving as a mine storage hulk , before she was sold for scrap on 28 January 1931 .
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= Sinthgunt =
Sinthgunt is a figure in Germanic mythology , attested solely in the Old High German 9th- or 10th @-@ century " horse cure " Merseburg Incantation . In the incantation , Sinthgunt is referred to as the sister of the personified sun , Sunna ( whose name is alliterative to Sinthgunt ) , and the two sisters are cited as both producing charms to heal Phol 's horse , a figure also otherwise unattested . The two are then followed by Friia and Uolla , also alliterative and stated as sisters .
As Sinthgunt is otherwise unattested , her significance is otherwise unknown , but some scholarly theories exist about her role in Germanic mythology based on proposed etymologies , and the potential significance of her placement within the incantation .
= = Etymology = =
The etymology of Sinthgunt is unclear . Within the original manuscript , Sinthgunt is spelled " Sinhtgunt " ( emphasis added ) . Sticking directly to this reading has yielded interpretations such as " the night @-@ walking one " . As a result of the paring with Sunna , the personified sun , this etymology has been interpreted as a reference to the moon . However , this reading has yielded problems ; the moon in Germanic mythology is considered masculine , exemplified in the personification of the moon in Norse mythology , Máni , a male figure . Interpretations from the amended " Sinthgunt " have resulted in readings such as " the one moving into battle " or " heavenly body , star " .
= = Placement = =
The figures Fulla ( Uolla ) and Frigg ( Friia ) are attested together in later Old Norse sources ( though not as sisters ) , and theories have been proposed that the Fulla may at one time have been an aspect of Frigg . As a result , this notion has resulted in theory that a similar situation may have existed between the figures of Sinthgunt and Sól , in that the two may have been understood as aspects of one another rather than entirely separate figures .
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= Benjamin Franklin Tilley =
Benjamin Franklin Tilley ( March 29 , 1848 – March 18 , 1907 ) , often known as B. F. Tilley , was a career officer in the United States Navy who served from the end of the American Civil War through the Spanish – American War . He is best remembered as the first Acting @-@ Governor of American Samoa , as well as the territory 's first Naval governor .
Tilley entered the United States Naval Academy during the height of the Civil War . Graduating after the conflict , he gradually rose through the ranks . As a lieutenant , he participated in the United States military 's crackdown against workers in the wake of the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 . During the 1891 Chilean Civil War , Tilley and a small contingent of sailors and marines defended the American consulate in Santiago , Chile . As a commander during the Spanish – American War , Tilley and his gunship , USS Newport , successfully captured two Spanish Navy ships . After the war , Tilley was made the first acting @-@ Governor of Tutuila and Manua ( later called American Samoa ) and set legal and administrative precedents for the new territory . Near the conclusion of his 41 years of service , he was promoted to rear admiral , but died shortly afterwards from pneumonia .
= = Early life and Naval career = =
Benjamin Franklin Tilley was born March 29 , 1848 , the sixth of nine children , in Bristol , Rhode Island . During the American Civil War , Tilley enrolled in the United States Naval Academy on September 22 , 1863 , at the age of 15 . The war forced the school to relocate from Annapolis , Maryland ( then threatened by the Confederacy ) to Newport , Rhode Island . In 1866 he graduated first in his class , going on to serve as a midshipman first on board USS Franklin , and then USS Frolic . Tilley spent three years serving on board Frolic , eventually being promoted to ensign . His next assignment was on board USS Lancaster , where he was promoted twice : first to master in 1870 and then to lieutenant in 1871 . From 1872 to 1875 , Tilley served on board USS Pensacola in the South Pacific . After Pensacola , he served briefly on board USS New Hampshire and then spent two years serving on USS Hartford .
= = = Railroad strike of 1877 = = =
In July 1877 , a violent railroad strike began in Martinsburg , West Virginia , sparking riots in other American cities such as Pittsburgh and Philadelphia . In response , President Rutherford B. Hayes authorized the use of the military to put down the rioting . During the crisis , Tilley was temporarily transferred to USS Plymouth , sailing up the Potomac River to Washington , D.C. Military leaders feared rioters from Baltimore could travel to Washington to seize or damage vulnerable government targets . The troops defending Washington , including army , navy , and marines , were organized into a battalion of seven companies ( Naval Brigade ) , under the command of Captain Edward Barrett ; Tilley was placed in command of Company C. The precautions proved to be unnecessary , as the expected wave of rioters never materialized following the military 's suppression of the strikers in Baltimore . Within a short time , the riots in other cities were also quashed .
After the strike , Tilley was transferred to the flagship USS Powhatan , before requesting to take a six @-@ month leave so that he could marry . On June 6 , 1878 , Tilley married Emily Edelin Williamson , the daughter of a Navy surgeon and left with her on an extended honeymoon in Europe . On his return to duty , Tilley served in the United States Naval Academy and remained there , either in a classroom or on a training ship , until 1882 . For the next three years , Tilley served on board USS Tennessee . In 1885 , Tilley was promoted to lieutenant commander and returned to teach at the academy . During his tenure there , he was appointed head of two departments : first the Department of Astronomy , Navigation , and Surveying and then transferred to the Department of Mechanical Drawing . In September 1889 , he moved to the Washington Navy Yard to teach ordnance .
= = = Chilean Civil War = = =
In 1890 , Tilley was transferred to San Francisco , to help test the newly @-@ built USS San Francisco and to become her executive officer . During the 1891 Chilean Civil War , San Francisco transported troops to the port of Valparaíso , from where they could move on to protect the American consulate in the capital , Santiago . When insurgents captured the city , Tilley and a force of 100 men remained to defend the consulate . After the war , Tilley returned to the naval academy as head of the astronomy and navigation department . In 1896 , he took command of USS Bancroft and sailed on an inspection tour of naval yards along the east coast of the United States . That October , he was promoted to commander . The following year , Tilley was given command of USS Newport to sail to Nicaragua to evaluate the progress of the isthmus canal commission .
= = = Spanish – American War = = =
On April 23 , 1898 , Spain declared war on the United States in response to American efforts to support Cuban independence . Tilley , still in command of Newport , was in the Caribbean and in the heart of the conflict area . Two days after the United States responded with its own declaration of war against Spain , on April 27 , Tilley captured the Spanish Navy 's sloop Paquete and schooner Pireno . Tilley participated in the naval blockade of Santiago de Cuba , but missed the subsequent Battle of Santiago de Cuba as Newport was refueling at Guantánamo Bay when fighting broke out . Toward the end of the war , Tilley was responsible for shelling the Cuban port of Manzanillo . Over the months of fighting , Tilley and Newport assisted in the capture of nine Spanish vessels . At the conclusion of the war , he was transferred to the Newport Naval Yard , before being given the command of USS Vicksburg in October .
= = Commandant of U.S. Naval Station Tutuila = =
The United States first expressed interest in building a naval station at Pago Pago , Samoa , in 1872 at the behest of Henry A. Peirce , the United States Minister to Hawaii . A treaty to that effect was written and submitted , but it was not approved by the United States Senate . Six years later , on February 13 , 1878 , a separate treaty was ratified by the Senate that granted the Samoan government diplomatic recognition and reaffirmed permission to build a naval station in the country . Although there were no further political obstacles , funding for the station was not allocated and only a small coaling station was built on the island . Construction of the naval station did not begin until twenty years later , in 1898 , led by civilian contractors . In early 1899 , Tilley was assigned the task of overseeing the station construction and becoming its first commandant . He was also put in command of a collier , USS Abarenda , which would transport steel and coal to the construction site and to serve as the first station ship . After a long voyage , Tilley took on his new post on August 13 , 1899 .
Even before Tilley arrived in Samoa , the political situation there was shifting . The Second Samoan Civil War had recently ended , leaving the nation without a functioning central government . The United States , the United Kingdom , and Germany had competing strategic or economic interests in the region . On June 10 , 1899 , the Western powers signed the Treaty of Berlin , which partitioned Samoa in two . The eastern part , with Tutuila as its largest island , was placed under the control of the United States . The larger and historically dominant western part was given to Germany . Under this treaty , the British government relinquished its claims over the region in exchange for certain concessions from Germany . News of this arrangement did not reach Tilley and the islands until December 6 , 1899 .
After learning of the agreement , Tilley notified the local chiefs and asserted nominal United States control , but a formal decision on how the United States government would manage the territory had not yet been made . The construction of the naval base remained Tilley 's primary responsibility , and he was dispatched to pick up additional supplies and coal at Auckland , New Zealand . Less than a month after returning , on February 19 , 1900 , President William McKinley placed the territory under the control of the United States Navy . Assistant Secretary of the Navy Charles H. Allen named Tilley commandant of United States Naval Station Tutuila with a charter to " cultivate friendly relations with the natives " .
= = Acting Governor of Tutuila = =
Tilley 's first task in his new role was to negotiate a deed of cession with the local powers to ensure a formal and peaceful transfer of control to the United States . With the partitioning of Samoa , two regional governments remained on Tutuila , which had been subordinated to a government on the western ( and now German @-@ controlled ) island of Upolu . Both of these governments were favorable toward the cession . The inhabitants of the island of Taʻu and the volcanic doublet of Ofu @-@ Olosega — together known as Manu 'a — 70 miles ( 110 km ) to the east , were politically separate from Tutuila . On March 12 , 1900 , Tilley traveled to Taʻu to meet with the local king , Tui Manuʻa Elisala . Ultimately , the king agreed to cede some sovereignty to the United States , but refused to consider full cession . The deed of cession , signed on April 17 , 1900 , listed Manu 'a as part of the United States ' new territory , but without the signature of its representative . In it , Tilley was named Acting Governor ; the territory would not have an official governor until the title was given to Governor Edmund Beardsley Underwood in 1905 . Manu 'a would not agree to sign the deed until 1904 , after negotiating concessions from the United States .
As Acting Governor , Tilley 's first acts were to impose a duty on imports to the territory , ban the sale of alcohol to the local population ( but not Americans ) , and forbid the sale of Samoan lands to non @-@ Samoans . On May 1 , 1900 , he proclaimed that the laws of the United States were in force in the territory , but that Samoan laws that did not conflict with U.S. law would remain in effect . He partitioned the territory into three districts , along the historical divisions implicitly acknowledged in the deed of cession : the two governments on Tutuila and the third comprising the islands of Manu 'a , which still did not regard themselves as part of the territory . Over the next year , Tilley regulated firearms , enforced mandatory registrations of births , deaths , and marriages , levied taxes , and made the sabbath a public holiday . For defense and police , Tilley created a small militia of native Samoans , called the Fita Fita Guard . The native volunteers in this force were trained at the naval station by a sergeant of the United States Marine Corps .
During Tilley 's administration problems arose because of conflicting Samoan and American laws . In one case , a native had caught and eaten a skipjack , a sacred fish which , under Samoan law , could only be eaten with the permission of a local chief . Traditional punishment decreed that the offender 's house should be burned down , his crops uprooted , and he should be exiled from the territory . The native challenged his punishment under the American legal system however , resulting in the arrest of the chief responsible for ordering the destruction of his property . In a criminal proceeding on which Tilley sat as judge , the chief was sentenced to a year of house arrest and ordered to pay compensation for the destroyed property . There were similar issues with Samoan customs not blending well with the newly introduced American political divisions in the territory . For example , although the territory 's three district governors had equal authority , they were of differing Samoan social status . This disparity made decision @-@ making more difficult and caused social tensions . Despite these problems , Tilley was well @-@ considered by the locals . On December 18 , 1900 , the local chiefs sent a letter of congratulations on the re @-@ election of President McKinley . In this letter , they said of Tilley " ... you gave us a leader , a Governor , a High Chief , whom we have learned to love and respect " .
Tilley took leave in June 1901 to return to Washington , leaving E. J. Dorn in command . Dorn subsequently had medical issues and was replaced by J. L. Jayne in October . That month an anonymous complaint was made to Assistant Secretary of the Navy Frank W. Hackett against Commandant Tilley alleging immorality and drunkenness . Almost simultaneously , Tilley was promoted to captain by President Theodore Roosevelt . Tilley returned to Samoa on November 7 , 1901 with his wife , and two days later was given a court martial . The trial lasted four days and only one witness was called for the prosecution . Ultimately , Tilley was acquitted . Despite this , Captain Uriel Sebree was appointed as commandant on November 27 , 1901 . Tilley and his wife returned to the United States the following month .
Sebree later remarked of his predecessor that he had " great ability , kindness , tact and sound common sense " . Unlike Sebree , who was concerned that he did not have a legal mandate to govern , Tilley was not shy about enacting legislation and being the de facto leader of the territory . Although the deed of cession recognized his authority and gave him the title of Acting Governor , as far as the United States government was concerned , he was officially responsible only for the naval station . As the first naval governor , Tilley laid the groundwork for much of the future governance of the territory , which did not yet even have a formal name . The American Samoa government includes Tilley and the other pre @-@ 1905 station commandants in its list of territorial governors .
= = Later Career and Death = =
Tilley 's next assignment , in March 1902 , was as a captain of the Mare Island Naval Shipyard in Vallejo , California . He remained in this post for three years before being assigned to USS Iowa on January 11 , 1905 . Two years later , on February 23 , 1907 , Tilley was made commandant of League Island Naval Yard in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . He was promoted to rear admiral the following day . Less than a month later , on March 18 , 1907 , Tilley died of pneumonia . At the end of the year , Tilley was one of 322 men and women listed by The Washington Post as " foremost in their various callings " that had died in 1907 . Tilley was survived by one son and two daughters . His son , Benjamin Franklin Tilley , Jr . , also entered the Navy and retired with the rank of lieutenant commander .
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= Japanese aircraft carrier Shinano =
Shinano ( 信濃 ) , was an aircraft carrier built by the Imperial Japanese Navy ( IJN ) during World War II , the largest such built up to that time . Laid down in May 1940 as the third of the Yamato @-@ class battleships , Shinano 's partially complete hull was ordered to be converted to a carrier following Japan 's disastrous loss of four fleet carriers at the Battle of Midway in mid @-@ 1942 . Her conversion was still not finished in November 1944 when she was ordered to sail from the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal to Kure Naval Base to complete fitting out and transfer a load of 50 Yokosuka MXY7 Ohka rocket @-@ propelled kamikaze flying bombs . Hastily dispatched , she had an inexperienced crew and serious design and construction flaws , lacked adequate pumps and fire @-@ control systems , and did not even carry a single carrier aircraft . She was sunk en route , 10 days after commissioning , on 29 November 1944 , by four torpedoes from the U.S. Navy submarine Archerfish . Over a thousand sailors and civilians were rescued and 1 @,@ 435 were lost , including her captain . She remains the largest warship ever sunk by a submarine .
= = Design and description = =
One of two additional Yamato @-@ class battleships ordered as part of the 4th Naval Armaments Supplement Program of 1939 , Shinano was named after the old province of Shinano , following the Japanese ship @-@ naming conventions for battleships . She was laid down on 4 May 1940 at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal to a modified Yamato @-@ class design : her armor would be 10 – 20 millimeters ( 0 @.@ 39 – 0 @.@ 79 in ) thinner than that of the earlier ships , as it had proved to be thicker than it needed to be for the desired level of protection , and her heavy anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) guns would be the new 65 @-@ caliber 10 cm Type 98 dual @-@ purpose gun , as it had superior ballistic characteristics and a higher rate of fire than the 40 @-@ caliber 12 @.@ 7 cm Type 89 guns used by her half @-@ sisters .
= = = Construction and conversion = = =
As with Shinano 's half @-@ sisters Yamato and Musashi , the new ship 's existence was kept a closely guarded secret . A tall fence was erected on three sides of the graving dock , and those working on the conversion were confined to the yard compound . Serious punishment — up to and including death — awaited any worker who mentioned the new ship . As a result , Shinano was the only major warship built in the 20th century to have avoided being officially photographed during its construction . The ship is only known to have been photographed twice : on 1 November 1944 , by a Boeing B @-@ 29 Superfortress reconnaissance aircraft from an altitude of 9 @,@ 800 meters ( 32 @,@ 000 ft ) , and ten days later , by a civilian photographer aboard a harbor tug during Shinano 's initial sea trials in Tokyo Bay .
In December 1941 , construction on Shinano 's hull was temporarily suspended to allow the IJN time to decide what to do with the ship . She was not expected to be completed until 1945 , and the sinking of the British capital ships Prince of Wales and Repulse by IJN bombers had called into question the viability of battleships in the war . The navy also wanted to make the large drydock in which the ship was being built available , which required either scrapping the portion already completed or finishing it enough to launch it and clear the drydock . The IJN decided on the latter , albeit with a reduced work force which was expected to be able to launch the ship in one year .
In the month following the disastrous loss of four fleet carriers at the June 1942 Battle of Midway , the IJN ordered the ship 's unfinished hull converted into an aircraft carrier . Her hull was only 45 percent complete by that time , with structural work complete up to the lower deck and most of her machinery installed . The main deck , lower side armor , and upper side armor around the ship 's magazines had been completely installed , and the forward barbettes for the main guns were also nearly finished . The navy decided that Shinano would become a heavily armored support carrier — carrying reserve aircraft , fuel and ordnance in support of other carriers — rather than a fleet carrier .
As completed , Shinano had a length of 265 @.@ 8 meters ( 872 ft 1 in ) overall , a beam of 36 @.@ 3 meters ( 119 ft 1 in ) and a draft of 10 @.@ 3 meters ( 33 ft 10 in ) . She displaced 65 @,@ 800 metric tons ( 64 @,@ 800 long tons ) at standard load , 69 @,@ 151 metric tons ( 68 @,@ 059 long tons ) at normal load and 73 @,@ 000 metric tons ( 72 @,@ 000 long tons ) at full load . Shinano was the largest aircraft carrier yet built , a record she held until the 81 @,@ 000 @-@ metric @-@ ton ( 80 @,@ 000 @-@ long @-@ ton ) USS Forrestal was launched in 1954 . She was designed for a crew of 2 @,@ 400 officers and enlisted men .
= = = Machinery = = =
Shinano 's machinery was identical to that of her half @-@ sisters . The ships were fitted with four geared steam turbine sets with a total of 150 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 110 @,@ 000 kW ) , each driving one propeller shaft , using steam provided by 12 Kampon water @-@ tube boilers . The ships had a designed speed of 27 knots ( 50 km / h ; 31 mph ) , but Shinano never conducted full @-@ speed sea trials so her actual performance is unknown . She carried 9 @,@ 047 metric tons ( 8 @,@ 904 long tons ) of fuel oil which gave her an estimated range of 10 @,@ 000 nautical miles ( 19 @,@ 000 km ; 12 @,@ 000 mi ) at 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) .
= = = Flight deck and hangar = = =
Shinano was designed to load and fuel her aircraft on deck where it was safer for the ship ; experiences in the Battles of Midway and the Coral Sea had demonstrated that the existing doctrine of fueling and arming their aircraft below decks was a real danger to the carriers if they were attacked while doing so . Much of Shinano 's hangar was left open for better ventilation , although steel shutters could close off most of the hangar sides if necessary . This also allowed ordnance or burning aircraft to be jettisoned into the sea , something that the earlier carriers could not do with their enclosed hangars .
The carrier 's 256 @-@ meter ( 839 ft 11 in ) flight deck was 40 @.@ 0 meters ( 131 ft 3 in ) wide and overhung her hull at both ends , supported by pairs of pillars . A large island , modeled on that fitted on Taihō , was sponsoned off the starboard side and integrated with the ship 's funnel . Much like the earlier Taihō design , Shinano 's armored flight deck ( they were the only Japanese carriers with armored flight decks ) functioned as the ship 's strength deck and copied British practice as seen in their Illustrious @-@ class carriers . Designed to resist penetration by 500 @-@ kilogram ( 1 @,@ 100 lb ) bombs dropped by a dive bomber , the flight deck consisted of 75 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) of armor plate laid over 20 millimeters ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) of ordinary steel . It was equipped with 15 transverse arrestor wires and three crash barriers that could stop a 7 @,@ 500 @-@ kilogram ( 16 @,@ 500 lb ) aircraft ; five of these wires were positioned further forward to allow the ship to land aircraft over the bow in case the aft portion of the flight deck was unusable .
Unlike the British carriers , Taihō and Shinano had unarmored sides to their hangars . For stability reasons , the latter only had a single hangar that was 163 @.@ 4 by 33 @.@ 8 meters ( 536 by 111 ft ) , with a minimum width of 19 @.@ 8 meters ( 65 ft ) aft , and had a height of 5 @.@ 0 meters ( 16 ft 6 in ) . The forward area of the hangar was dedicated to maintenance and storage facilities . Aircraft were transported between the hangar and the flight deck by two elevators , one at each end of the hangar on the centerline of the flight deck . The larger of the two measured 15 @.@ 0 by 14 @.@ 0 meters ( 49 @.@ 25 by 45 @.@ 9 ft ) . They were capable of lifting aircraft weighing up to 7 @,@ 500 kilograms ( 16 @,@ 500 lb ) . The ship had an aviation gasoline ( avgas ) capacity of 720 @,@ 000 liters ( 160 @,@ 000 imp gal ; 190 @,@ 000 U.S. gal ) . Large ventilation fans were installed on the hangar deck to expel fumes in case of damage to the gasoline system ; Taihō had been sunk by an explosion of gasoline fumes . Canvas wind scoops could also be rigged over the elevator opening to force more air inside .
The ship 's organic air group was intended to consist of 18 Mitsubishi A7M Reppū ( Allied reporting name " Sam " ) fighters ( plus two in storage ) , 18 Aichi B7A Ryusei ( " Grace " ) torpedo @-@ dive bombers ( plus two in storage ) , and 6 Nakajima C6N Saiun ( " Myrt " ) reconnaissance aircraft ( plus one in storage ) . The remainder of the hangar space would have held up to 120 replacement aircraft for other carriers and land bases .
= = = Armament = = =
Shinano 's primary armament consisted of sixteen 40 @-@ caliber 12 @.@ 7 @-@ centimeter ( 5 @.@ 0 in ) Type 89 dual @-@ purpose guns in eight twin mounts , two at each corner of the hull . When firing at surface targets , the guns had a range of 14 @,@ 700 meters ( 16 @,@ 100 yd ) ; they had a maximum ceiling of 9 @,@ 440 meters ( 30 @,@ 970 ft ) at their maximum elevation of 90 degrees . Their maximum rate of fire was 14 rounds a minute ; their sustained rate of fire was around eight rounds per minute .
The ship also carried 105 Type 96 25 mm light AA guns in 35 triple @-@ gun mounts . These 25 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) guns had an effective range of 1 @,@ 500 – 3 @,@ 000 meters ( 1 @,@ 600 – 3 @,@ 300 yd ) , and an effective ceiling of 5 @,@ 500 meters ( 18 @,@ 000 ft ) at an elevation of + 85 degrees . The maximum effective rate of fire was only between 110 and 120 rounds per minute because of the frequent need to change the fifteen @-@ round magazines . This was the standard Japanese light AA gun during World War II , but it suffered from severe design shortcomings that rendered it largely ineffective . According to historian Mark Stille , the weapon had many faults including an inability to " handle high @-@ speed targets because it could not be trained or elevated fast enough by either hand or power , its sights were inadequate for high @-@ speed targets , it possessed excessive vibration and muzzle blast " .... These guns were supplemented by a dozen 28 @-@ round AA rocket launchers . Each 12 @-@ centimeter ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) rocket weighed 22 @.@ 5 kilograms ( 50 lb ) and had a maximum velocity of 200 m / s ( 660 ft / s ) . Their maximum range was 4 @,@ 800 meters ( 5 @,@ 200 yd ) .
Four Type 94 high @-@ angle fire @-@ control directors were fitted to control the Type 89 guns . The two controlling the port @-@ side guns were adjacent to their guns while the starboard directors were mounted fore and aft on the island . They could control all of the forward and rear guns respectively as necessary . Type 22 and Type 13 air search radars may have been fitted .
= = = Armor = = =
The ship 's original waterline armor belt thickness of 400 millimeters ( 15 @.@ 7 in ) was only retained where it had already been installed abreast the magazines , and reduced to 160 millimeters ( 6 @.@ 3 in ) elsewhere . Below it was a strake of armor that tapered in thickness from 200 millimeters ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) to 75 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 0 in ) at its bottom edge . The flat portion of the armor deck over the machinery and magazine spaces , ranging from 100 to 190 millimeters ( 3 @.@ 9 to 7 @.@ 5 in ) , was retained , and the sloped portion that angled downward towards the bottom of the main armor belt was 230 millimeters ( 9 @.@ 1 in ) thick . Large external anti @-@ torpedo bulges below the waterline provided the main defense against torpedoes , backed up by an armored bulkhead extending down from the belt armor ; the bulkhead was intended to prevent splinters from piercing the main hull and , though not watertight , was backed by a second one which was . The joint between the upper and lower armor belts was weak and proved to be a serious problem when struck by torpedoes .
Even though Shinano 's avgas tanks were protected by armor that could resist a 155 @-@ millimeter ( 6 @.@ 1 in ) shell , the IJN attempted to isolate the tanks from the rest of the ship with a cofferdam . However the investigation into the loss of Taihō had revealed that her avgas tanks had sprung leaks after she was torpedoed . The resulting fumes then penetrated the cofferdam and exploded . Therefore , the IJN thought it prudent to fill the empty spaces between the tanks and the cofferdam with 2 @,@ 400 metric tons ( 2 @,@ 362 long tons ) of concrete to prevent any fumes from escaping .
= = = Launching = = =
The ship was originally scheduled for completion in April 1945 , but construction was expedited after the defeat at the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June 1944 as the IJN anticipated that the United States would now be able to bomb Japan with long @-@ range aircraft from bases in the Mariana Islands . The builder was unable to increase the number of workers on Shinano and could not meet the new deadline of October . Even so , the pressure to finish as quickly as possible led to poor workmanship by the workforce .
Shinano 's launch on 8 October 1944 , with Captain Toshio Abe in command , was marred by what some considered an ill @-@ omened accident . During the floating @-@ out procedure , one of the caissons at the end of the dock unexpectedly lifted as the water rose to the level of the harbor ( no one had checked to ensure that all the caissons were properly ballasted with seawater ) . The sudden inrush of water into the graving dock pushed the carrier into the forward end , damaging the bow structure below the waterline and requiring repairs in drydock . These were completed by 26 October .
= = Commissioning and sinking = =
= = = Departure from Yokosuka = = =
On 19 November 1944 , Shinano was formally commissioned at Yokosuka , having spent the previous two weeks fitting out and performing sea trials . Worried about her safety after a U.S. reconnaissance bomber fly @-@ over , the Navy General Staff ordered Shinano to depart for Kure by no later than 28 November , where the remainder of her fitting @-@ out would take place . Abe asked for a delay in the sailing date as the majority of her watertight doors had yet to be installed , the compartment air tests had not been conducted , and many holes in the compartment bulkheads for electrical cables , ventilation ducts and pipes had not been sealed . Importantly , fire mains and bailing systems lacked pumps and were inoperable ; even though most of the crew had sea @-@ going experience , they lacked training in the portable pumps on board . The escorting destroyers , Isokaze , Yukikaze and Hamakaze , had just returned from the Battle of Leyte Gulf and required more than three days to conduct repairs and to allow their crews to recuperate .
Abe 's request was denied , and Shinano departed as scheduled with the escorting destroyers at 18 : 00 on 28 November . Abe commanded a crew of 2 @,@ 175 officers and men . Also on board were 300 shipyard workers and 40 civilian employees . Watertight doors and hatches were left open for ease of access to machinery spaces , as were some manholes in the double and triple @-@ bottomed hull . Abe preferred a daylight passage , since it would have allowed him extra time to train his crew and given the destroyer crews time to rest . However , he was forced to make a nighttime run when he learned the Navy General Staff could not provide air support . Shinano carried six Shinyo suicide boats , and 50 Ohka suicide flying bombs ; her other aircraft were not planned to come aboard until later . Her orders were to go to Kure , where she would complete fitting out and then deliver the kamikaze craft to the Philippines and Okinawa . Traveling at an average speed of 20 knots ( 37 km / h ; 23 mph ) , she needed sixteen hours to cover the 300 miles ( 480 km ) to Kure . As a measure of how important Shinano was to the naval command , Abe was slated for promotion to rear admiral once its fitting out was complete .
= = = Attacked = = =
At 20 : 48 , the American submarine Archerfish , commanded by Commander Joseph F. Enright , picked up Shinano and her escorts on her radar and pursued them on a parallel course . Over an hour and a half earlier , Shinano had detected the submarine 's radar . Normally , Shinano would have been able to outrun Archerfish , but the zig @-@ zagging movement of the carrier and her escorts — intended to avoid submarine attack — inadvertently turned the task group back into the sub 's path on several occasions . At 22 : 45 , the carrier 's lookouts spotted Archerfish on the surface and Isokaze broke formation , against orders , to investigate . Abe ordered the destroyer to return to the formation without attacking because he believed that the submarine was part of an American wolfpack and that Archerfish was being used as a decoy to lure away one of the escorts to allow the rest of the pack a clear shot at Shinano . He ordered his ships to turn away from the submarine with the expectation of outrunning it , counting on his 2 @-@ knot ( 3 @.@ 7 km / h ; 2 @.@ 3 mph ) margin of speed over the submarine . Around 23 : 22 , the carrier was forced to reduce speed to 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) , the same speed as Archerfish , to prevent damage to the propeller shaft when a bearing overheated . At 02 : 56 on 29 November , Shinano turned to the southwest and headed straight for Archerfish . Eight minutes later , Archerfish turned east and submerged in preparation to attack . Enright ordered his torpedoes set for a depth of 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) in case they ran deeper than set ; he also intended to increase the chances of capsizing the ship by punching holes higher up in the hull . A few minutes later , she turned south , exposing her entire side to Archerfish--a nearly ideal firing situation for a submarine . The escorting destroyer on that side passed right over Archerfish without detecting her . At 03 : 15 Archerfish fired six torpedoes before diving to 400 feet ( 121 @.@ 9 m ) to escape a depth charge attack from the escorts .
Four struck the Shinano , at an average depth of 4 @.@ 27 meters ( 14 ft 0 in ) . The first hit towards the stern , flooding refrigerated storage compartments and one of the empty aviation gasoline storage tanks , and killing many of the sleeping engineering personnel in the compartments above . The second hit the compartment where the starboard outboard propeller shaft entered the hull and flooded the outboard engine room . The third hit further forward , flooding the No. 3 boiler room and killing every man on watch . Structural failures caused the two adjacent boiler rooms to flood as well . The fourth flooded the starboard air compressor room , adjacent anti @-@ aircraft gun magazines , and the No. 2 damage @-@ control station , and ruptured the adjacent oil tank .
= = = Sinking = = =
Though severe , the damage to Shinano was at first judged to be manageable . The crew were confident in the ship 's armor and strength , which translated into lax initial efforts to save the ship . This overconfidence extended to Abe . He doubted the sub 's torpedoes could inflict serious damage , since he was well aware that American torpedoes were inferior to Japanese torpedoes in both potency and accuracy . He ordered the carrier to maintain its maximum speed even after the last torpedo hit . The resultant extensive flooding caused the carrier to list 10 degrees to starboard within a few minutes . Despite the crew pumping 3 @,@ 000 long tons ( 3 @,@ 000 t ) of water into the port bilges , the list increased to 13 degrees . When it became apparent the damage was more severe than first thought , Abe ordered a change of course towards Shiono Point . Progressively increasing flooding increased the list to 15 degrees by 03 : 30 . Fifty minutes later , Abe ordered the empty port outboard tanks to be counter @-@ flooded , reducing the list to 12 degrees for a brief time . After 05 : 00 he ordered the civilian workers to be transferred to the escorts as they were impeding the crew in their duties .
A half @-@ hour later , Shinano was making 10 knots with a 13 degree list . At 06 : 00 her list had increased to 20 degrees after the starboard boiler room flooded , at which point the valves of the port trimming tanks rose above the waterline and became ineffective . The engines shut down for lack of steam around 07 : 00 , and Abe ordered all of the propulsion compartments evacuated an hour later . He then ordered the three outboard port boiler rooms flooded in a futile attempt to reduce the carrier 's list . He also ordered Hamakaze and Isokaze to take her in tow . However , the two destroyers only displaced 5 @,@ 000 metric tons ( 4 @,@ 900 long tons ) between them , about one @-@ fourteenth of Shinano 's displacement and not nearly enough to overcome her deadweight . The first tow cables snapped under the strain and the second attempt was aborted for fear of injury to the crews if they snapped again . The ship lost all power around 09 : 00 and was now listing over 20 degrees . At 10 : 18 , Abe gave the order to abandon ship ; by this time Shinano had a list of 30 degrees . As she heeled , her flight deck touched the water , which flowed into the open elevator well , sucking many swimming sailors back into the ship as she sank . A large exhaust vent below the flight deck also sucked many other sailors into the ship as it submerged .
At 10 : 57 Shinano finally capsized and sank stern @-@ first at coordinates ( 32 ° 07 ′ N 137 ° 04 ′ E ) , 65 miles ( 105 km ) from the nearest land , in approximately 4 @,@ 000 meters ( 13 @,@ 000 ft ) of water , taking 1 @,@ 435 officers , men and civilians to their deaths . The dead included Abe and both of his navigators , who chose to go down with the ship . Rescued were 55 officers and 993 petty officers and enlisted men , plus 32 civilians for a total of 1 @,@ 080 survivors . After their rescue , the survivors were isolated on the island of Mitsuko @-@ jima until January 1945 to suppress the news of the carrier 's loss . The carrier was formally struck from the Naval Register on 31 August .
US Naval Intelligence did not initially believe Enright 's claim to have sunk a carrier . Shinano 's construction had not been detected through decoded radio messages or other means , and the American analysts believed that they had located all of Japan 's surviving carriers . Enright was eventually credited with sinking a 28 @,@ 000 @-@ long @-@ ton ( 28 @,@ 000 t ) Hayatake ( Hiyō @-@ class ) carrier by the acting commander of the Pacific Fleet 's submarine force on the basis of a drawing Enright submitted depicting the ship he had attacked . The Americans only learned about the existence of Shinano after the war ; following this discovery Enright was credited with her sinking and awarded the Navy Cross .
= = Post @-@ war analysis of the sinking = =
Post @-@ war analysis by the U.S. Naval Technical Mission to Japan noted that Shinano had serious design flaws . Specifically , the joint between the waterline armor belt on the upper hull and the anti @-@ torpedo bulge on the underwater portion was poorly designed ; Archerfish 's torpedoes all exploded along this joint . The force of the torpedo explosions also dislodged an I @-@ beam in one of the boiler rooms which punched a hole into another boiler room . In addition , the failure to test for water @-@ tightness in each compartment played a role as potential leaks could not be found and patched before Shinano put to sea . The executive officer blamed the large amount of water that entered the ship on the failure to air @-@ test the compartments for leaks . He reported hearing air rushing through gaps in the water @-@ tight doors just minutes after the last torpedo hit — a sign that seawater was rapidly entering the ship , proving the doors were unseaworthy .
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= 2003 Sri Lanka cyclone =
In May 2003 , a tropical cyclone officially called Very Severe Cyclonic Storm BOB 01 produced the worst flooding in Sri Lanka in 56 years . The first storm of the 2003 North Indian Ocean cyclone season , it developed over the Bay of Bengal on May 10 . Favorable environmental conditions allowed the system to intensify steadily while moving northwestward . The storm reached peak maximum sustained winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) on May 13 , making it a very severe cyclonic storm according to the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) , which is the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the basin . The cyclone drifted north over the central Bay of Bengal , gradually weakening due to heightened wind shear . Turning eastward , the storm deteriorated to a deep depression on May 16 before it curved northeastward and re @-@ intensified into a cyclonic storm . It came ashore in western Myanmar and dissipated over land the following day .
In the wake of prolonged precipitation during the first half of May , the cyclone produced torrential rains across southwest Sri Lanka while stationary in the central Bay of Bengal . The storm drew extensive moisture that coalesced in the mountainous portion of the island . A station at Ratnapura recorded 366 @.@ 1 millimetres ( 14 @.@ 41 in ) of rainfall in 18 hours on May 17 , including 99 @.@ 8 mm ( 3 @.@ 93 in ) in one hour . In southwestern Sri Lanka , the rainfall caused flooding and landslides that destroyed 24 @,@ 750 homes and damaged 32 @,@ 426 others , displacing about 800 @,@ 000 people . Overall damage totaled about $ 135 million ( 2003 USD ) , and there were 260 deaths . The cyclone also produced some rainfall in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India and along the country 's eastern coast . The storm funneled moisture away from the mainland , which possibly contributed to a heat wave that killed 1 @,@ 900 people , and dropped heavy rainfall in Myanmar .
= = Meteorological history = =
Around May 6 , the monsoon trough extended across the southern Bay of Bengal , producing a vast field of thunderstorm activity . A broad low @-@ pressure area formed by the next day and remained nearly stationary . Over the next few days , the convection varied in intensity until becoming more organized around the nascent surface low on May 10 . At 03 : 00 UTC on May 10 , the India Meteorological Department ( IMD ) reported the formation of a depression about 535 km ( 330 mi ) west of Banda Aceh , Indonesia . Within nine hours , the depression further intensified into a deep depression . Around the same time , the system was classified as Tropical Cyclone 01B by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center .
With warm sea surface temperatures , a formidable anticyclone aloft , and low wind shear , the system continued to mature as it tracked northwestward . Early on May 11 , the deep depression strengthened into a cyclonic storm – marked by maximum sustained winds of at least 65 km / h ( 40 mph ) – and later in the day into a severe cyclonic storm . Simultaneously , the system was driven toward the north by a ridge of high pressure to the northeast . At the time , the cyclone was located about 700 km ( 430 mi ) east of Sri Lanka . The storm continued to intensify , becoming a very severe cyclonic storm on May 12 . That day , the JTWC upgraded Tropical Cyclone 01B to the equivalence of a minimal hurricane with winds of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) . In post @-@ season analysis , however , the agency revised the storm 's maximum winds to 110 km / h ( 70 mph ) . At 06 : 00 UTC on May 13 , the IMD estimated that the storm attained peak winds of 140 km / h ( 85 mph ) . The intensity estimate was based on a satellite @-@ derived Dvorak number of 4 @.@ 5 , limited chiefly by the lack of an eye feature .
After peaking in intensity , the storm began weakening due to increasing easterly wind shear from the ridge to the north , displacing the center of circulation from the deepest convection . Early on May 14 , the IMD downgraded the storm to a severe cyclonic storm . Around this time , steering currents slackened , and the cyclone meandered northward over the central Bay of Bengal . By late on May 14 , convection had largely dissipated , with the exception of a small area near the center , and the system weakened to minimal cyclonic storm status . Thunderstorm activity continued to wax and wane as the storm turned to the southeastward , though persistent hostile conditions caused the storm to weaken further to a deep depression on May 16 . As the nearby ridge translated eastward , the depression was able to move more steadily to the east and later to the northeast , passing northwest of the Andaman Islands on May 18 . On the next day , the deep depression re @-@ intensified into a cyclonic storm , reaching a secondary peak with winds of 85 km / h ( 50 mph ) . At about 10 : 00 UTC on May 19 , the storm made landfall close to Kyaukpyu , Ramree Island , in western Myanmar . The storm rapidly weakened into a depression and later degenerated into a low pressure area on May 20 , and was no longer discernible on satellite imagery by the next day .
= = Preparations and impact = =
= = = Sri Lanka = = =
Due to the significant distance between Sri Lanka and the Bay of Bengal storm , no cyclone warnings were posted . The India @-@ based National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting anticipated the flood event three days in advance . However , the Sri Lankan government did not issue the first flood warnings until May 17 , the same day that the flooding began . Many residents learned about the impending floods through loudspeakers and word of mouth , although some were alerted by television or radio . About 8 @,@ 000 people evacuated on May 18 , utilizing schools and public buildings as emergency shelters . The precipitation occurred in the wake of an already rainy period ; a station near the Kalu River reported over 600 mm ( 24 in ) of rainfall in the first 15 days of May .
While the storm was nearly stationary in the central Bay of Bengal , the southwesterly flow drew abundant moisture over Sri Lanka to produce severe flooding . In the island 's mountainous southwestern portion , the winds across the island produced heavy rainfall rates through a process known as orographic lift , mostly occurring on May 17 – 18 . Throughout May 2003 , the highest rainfall in the country was 899 mm ( 35 @.@ 4 in ) at Gonapenigala Iranganie Estate . A station at Ratnapura recorded 718 mm ( 28 @.@ 3 in ) of precipitation in the month , of which 366 @.@ 1 mm ( 14 @.@ 41 in ) fell over an 18 ‑ hour period on May 17 ; at the same station , there was a peak hourly rainfall total of 99 @.@ 8 mm ( 3 @.@ 93 in ) . These were the heaviest rains on the island since 1947 . Rainfall was primarily concentrated in southwestern Sri Lanka , with a rain shadow farther inland that resulted in minimal precipitation in and Matale . After the Kalu River overflowed , floodwaters reached 3 m ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) deep in Ratnapura City , submerging the first floors of most homes and persisting for about three days . Landslides created a temporary natural dam on the river that washed away a bridge when it broke . Along the Gin River , flood waters inundated the surrounding terrain up to 2 m ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) deep , covered roadways , and complicated evacuations . In Hambantota District , the inundation occurred after an ongoing drought , which amplified flood @-@ related damage . Although the flooding was severe in the southwestern portion of Sri Lanka , effects were minimal in the central and north @-@ central regions , and there was no severe flooding in the capital city of Colombo .
Since the previously wet conditions had saturated soils , the rains related to the cyclone caused severe flooding and landslides , mostly in Ratnapura and Nuwara Eliya districts . A landslide in Batugoda killed 81 people , and at least 125 people died in Ratnapura . The floods increased river levels in Hambantota , Matara , Galle , and Kalutara districts , persisting until May 30 in Matara . Many roads were damaged , including the one that links Ratnapura to Colombo . About 100 schools were destroyed and another 200 were damaged , and some health facilities lost their equipment . Flooding from the cyclone destroyed 53 @,@ 300 hectares ( 132 @,@ 000 acres ) of tea crops , representing an estimated 20 – 30 % loss for the year in the low country . Farmers in the affected areas also lost some of their rice paddies to the high waters , although only about 3 % of the rice crop in the region was damaged , so no impact on the rice harvest was expected . Many areas lost electricity and telephone service , and there were disruptions to food and water supplies .
Throughout Sri Lanka , the floods destroyed at least 24 @,@ 750 homes and damaged 32 @,@ 426 others , displacing about 800 @,@ 000 people , many of whom lost everything they owned . Total damage was estimated at $ 135 million ( 2003 USD ) , primarily to homes and roads . Across the island , floods related to the cyclone killed 260 people . Most of the deaths were along the nation 's southern coast where the floods occurred , primarily along the Kalu River , and were mainly farmers . Levees helped drain floodwaters where systems were already in place .
= = = Elsewhere = = =
In its formative stages , the storm produced moderate rainfall in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands , totaling 70 mm ( 2 @.@ 8 in ) at Mayabunder . Later , as the storm was approaching Myanmar , it dropped 89 mm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) of rainfall on Hut Bay . Several stations in Tamil Nadu reported light precipitation , including a total of 98 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) at Adirampattinam . Along the coast of Odisha , the fringes of the cyclonic storm dropped light rainfall , reaching 53 mm ( 2 @.@ 1 in ) at Swampatna . As the storm made landfall in Myanmar , it produced heavy rainfall in Rakhine State , signalling an early start to the monsoon season .
The slow movement of the storm altered the atmospheric flow over southeastern India . According to the IMD , the cyclone " might have caused the severe heat wave conditions prevailing over the coastal Andhra Pradesh " from May into early June , killing up to 1 @,@ 400 people , and increasing air temperatures to 50 ° C ( 122 ° F ) .
= = Aftermath = =
In the immediate aftermath of the flooding in Sri Lanka , the country 's air force , army , and navy , as well as police forces , operated search and rescue missions . The navy and air force collected residents stranded in trees and on roofs , and were later assisted by the Indian military . However , the lack of electricity and the damaged infrastructure hampered relief work . In the hardest hit area of Ratnapura , there was a shortage of doctors , prompting officials to request help from adjacent towns . There were increased reports of diarrhea , viral flu , and typhoid in the aftermath of the floods . Mobile health crews treated over 44 @,@ 000 residents , which helped reduce the spread of disease . Residents in one village went without food for three days , and in the storm 's aftermath , many were also without access to clean water . By May 19 , flooding had begun to recede in the worst affected areas , allowing workers to repair roads . The government released RS6 million ( LKR , $ 62 @,@ 500 USD ) for immediate relief , and also provided RS15,000 ( LKR , $ 156 USD ) toward funeral expenses for each death . From May 22 – 25 , the country 's legislature had reduced sessions so members could return to their districts . By the end of May 2003 , the government had allocated RS17.29 million ( LKR , $ 180 @,@ 000 USD ) for relief measures , including RS27,000 ( LKR $ 280 USD ) for each family to rebuild houses . The Sri Lankan government also set up a four @-@ person task force to manage flood relief . The local Red Cross chapter utilized emergency supplies to distribute 10 @,@ 000 food packages while also deploying trained volunteers to assist in the disaster areas . The Red Cross ultimately distributed about 26 @,@ 000 loaves of bread , 862 kg ( 1 @,@ 900 lb ) of sugar , and 1 @,@ 775 kg ( 3 @,@ 913 lb ) of rice , among other supplies . By May 20 , the Sri Lankan air force had distributed 35 tons of food , using eight helicopters to airdrop parcels . Red Cross workers cleaned hundreds of contaminated wells in the region , thereby restoring clean water access ; this task was finished by August . By May 16 , or nine days after the floods began , power was restored to about 95 % of areas , and roads were gradually rebuilt . Road access to most villages was restored by May 26 , with the exception of Matara . There , the ongoing floods prompted officials to close schools to reduce the spread of disease . After the floods largely subsided , the World Socialist Web Site criticized the Sri Lankan government for not having better disaster management in place , as well as noting that deforestation and gem mining contributed to the landslides . A Red Cross report in August 2003 noted the swift work to bring relief to the affected citizens , while also commenting that the floods displayed the country 's problems with disaster mitigation .
On May 19 , the Red Cross launched an appeal to the international community for assistance . A day prior , the Red Cross allocated CHF50,000 to buy relief supplies , while the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs provided a $ 50 @,@ 000 grant . In the days after the floods , the government of India sent a ship with inflatable dinghies and medical supplies . A total of 18 countries or local Red Crosses sent Fr.2.3 million CHF worth of cash to Sri Lanka . Sweden sent kr800,000 ( 2003 SEK ) toward relief transport and distribution . The government of Japan sent ¥ 19 @.@ 8 million yen worth of tents , sheets , and other supplies to the country , The Iranian Red Cross sent $ 65 @,@ 625 ( USD ) worth of blankets and tents to Sri Lanka , which helped about 240 families . Australia 's government sent about $ 400 @,@ 000 ( AUD ) to UNICEF to help rebuild the damaged schools and other social services . The European Community Humanitarian Aid Office donated about € 800 @,@ 000 ( $ 944 @,@ 000 USD ) to the country . The World Food Programme distributed meals to about 10 @,@ 000 families , while the World Health Organization provided water purification tablets , typhoid vaccines , and health kits to about 100 @,@ 000 people . During a peace agreement amid the ongoing civil war , the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka sent trucks with clothing and food to the affected areas . In July 2004 , the Asian Development Bank provided $ 12 @.@ 5 million of the $ 17 @.@ 5 million needed to repair the damaged infrastructure , while the Sri Lankan government provided the remaining $ 5 million .
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= The Legend of Zelda : Oracle of Seasons and Oracle of Ages =
The Legend of Zelda : Oracle of Seasons and The Legend of Zelda : Oracle of Ages are two action @-@ adventure games in the Legend of Zelda series , developed by Flagship ( a subsidiary of Capcom ) . They were released on February 27 , 2001 in Japan , May 14 , 2001 in North America , and October 5 , 2001 in Europe for Nintendo 's Game Boy Color handheld console . Both games were re @-@ released on the Virtual Console for the Nintendo 3DS in Japan on February 27 , 2013 and in North America and Europe on May 30 , 2013 . The games feature a brighter color palette when played on a Nintendo Game Boy Advance in order to make up for the darkness of the screen , and a special shop is also made available . After experimenting with porting the original The Legend of Zelda to the Game Boy Color , the Flagship team , supervised by Yoshiki Okamoto , began developing three interconnected Zelda games that could be played in any order . The complexity of this system led the team to cancel one game .
The player controls Link from an overhead perspective , with the same control scheme from The Legend of Zelda : Link 's Awakening for the Game Boy . In Seasons , the Triforce transports Link to the land of Holodrum , where he sees Onox kidnap Din , the Oracle of Seasons . In Ages , the Triforce transports Link to Labrynna , where Veran possesses Nayru . The main plot is revealed once the player finishes both games . Link is armed with a sword and shield as well as a variety of secondary weapons and items for battling enemies and solving puzzles . The central items are the Rod of Seasons , which controls the seasons in Holodrum , and the Harp of Ages , which lets Link travel through time in Labrynna . Before he can infiltrate Onox 's castle and Veran 's tower , Link must collect the eight Essences of Nature and the eight Essences of Time , which are hidden in dungeons and guarded by bosses .
Taking roughly three years to develop , the game was a critical and commercial success , with the two games together selling eight million units . Critics complimented the gameplay , colorful designs and graphic quality , but criticized the inconsistent sound quality .
= = Plot = =
= = = Oracle of Seasons = = =
Seasons begins as the Triforce calls out to Link from within Hyrule Castle . Link approaches it , and is transported to a dark forest where he encounters a traveling group led by a dancer named Din . After Din welcomes Link to Holodrum , the sky becomes covered in black clouds . A voice from the clouds calls Din the Oracle of Seasons and refers to himself as Onox , General of Darkness . A funnel cloud drops from the sky , taking Din into its dark heights . As the tornado dissipates , the seasons of Holodrum fall into disarray and change rapidly .
Din 's attendant , Impa , tells Link that they were headed for Hyrule ; she instructs him to see the Maku Tree in Horon Village , the capital of Holodrum . Link finds a sword in a cave and makes his way to the tree . The Maku Tree tells Link he will need the eight Essences of Nature and gives him the Gnarled Key , which unlocks the dungeon holding the first Essence . Link retrieves the eight Essences , hidden in eight dungeons throughout Holodrum and Subrosia , and brings them to the Maku Tree . The Maku Tree uses them to create a Huge Maku Seed , a sacred seed that cleanses evil , which allows Link to enter Onox 's castle . Link enters the castle , defeats Onox , and rescues Din , who tells him that he is now a true hero and must face a new trial soon . Twinrova , watching the scene remotely , states that the Flame of Destruction has been powered by the havoc Onox has wrought .
= = = Oracle of Ages = = =
As with Seasons , the Triforce calls out to Link . Link is transported to a forest in the land of Labrynna , where he hears screaming . In a clearing , Link finds a woman encircled by monsters . When the monsters see Link , they scatter in all directions . The woman is Princess Zelda 's nurse , Impa , who asks Link to help her find a singer in the forest . Continuing through the forest , the two find Nayru , a young woman with blue hair singing on a tree stump , surrounded by forest creatures . A shadow emerges from Impa and reveals itself as Veran , Sorceress of Shadows . Veran soars into Nayru 's body and possesses her . Nayru was the Oracle of Ages ; her abduction causes a disruption in the time flow of Labrynna .
Link receives a sword from Impa and makes his way to the Maku Tree in Lynna City , the capital of Labrynna . The Maku Tree is killed in the past on Veran 's orders ; Link uses a time portal to travel to the past to prevent this . The Maku Tree tells Link he will need the eight Essences of Time to defeat Veran . Link sets out to retrieve the eight Essences , hidden in eight dungeons throughout Labrynna 's past and present . After getting the sixth Essence , Link is told he has the opportunity to save Nayru . He invades Queen Ambi 's castle and removes Veran 's spirit from Nayru , but Veran then possesses Queen Ambi . Link gathers the remaining Essences and brings them to the Maku Tree , who uses them to create a Huge Maku Seed that allows Link to enter Veran 's Black Tower . Link ascends the tower and defeats Veran . He rescues Queen Ambi , and Nayru tells him that all has returned to normal . Twinrova , watching the scene remotely , states that Veran has lit the Flame of Sorrow .
= = = Linked ending = = =
If one game is played as a sequel to the other by a linked password , Twinrova captures Princess Zelda , lighting the Flame of Despair . Link enters a warp point by the Maku Tree and faces Twinrova , who is attempting to use the three Flames to revive Ganon , the primary antagonist in the Zelda series . Link defeats both Twinrova and a mindless , poorly resurrected Ganon . He frees Zelda , whose sacrifice would have been the full resurrection of Ganon ; together , they exit the crumbling castle . After the credits , Link is seen waving to a crowd from a sailboat off the shore of a land with a castle in the background .
= = Gameplay = =
The gameplay of Oracle of Seasons and Ages is similar to that of The Legend of Zelda : Link 's Awakening , copying basic controls , graphics , and sounds from the Game Boy title . Like most The Legend of Zelda titles , exploration and combat take place from an overhead perspective . Link uses a sword for his primary attack , complemented by secondary weapons and items . Basic items , such as bombs and a boomerang , are common to both games . Some new items are exclusive to one game , usually with a counterpart in the other , with similar uses ( e.g. the slingshot in Seasons and the seed shooter in Ages both shoot seeds , while the magnetic gloves in Seasons and the switch hook in Ages are used to access otherwise unreachable areas via special targets ) . Unlike most Zelda titles , a sword and shield is not always equipped when the player possesses them ; they can be assigned like any other item into either of two available slots . Most of each of the games is spent finding the eight Essences ( Essences of Nature in Seasons and Essences of Time in Ages ) , each hidden in a dungeon — a large , usually underground , area containing enemies and puzzles . Each dungeon culminates with a boss that guards the Essence .
When not in a dungeon , Link explores the overworld . In Seasons , the overworld consists of Holodrum and the subterranean world of Subrosia . The two worlds are linked by several portals . In Ages , Link travels between present @-@ day Labrynna and the past , connected by Time Holes . In either game , some areas of one world are accessible only from portals from the other and vice versa . Holodrum , Subrosia , and Labrynna contain optional side quests and upgrades for Link and his equipment . One such side quest is ring collection ; rings provide Link with various bonuses and abilities , such as improved defense . Some rings do not have any practical uses , e.g. rings that weaken Link 's attack or defense , or transform Link into an enemy creature , or are awarded when certain criteria are met but do not have any effect . Another side quest is the optional trading game , in which Link receives and delivers special items to certain people throughout the land . Once completed , Link receives an upgraded sword .
In both games , there are many circumstances when a previous item can be upgraded into a more useful form . The latter three dungeons in both games will hold a more powerful version of an item received earlier in the game . Both the sword 's offensive power and the shield 's defensive abilities can be upgraded twice , once through passwords and again through side quests . If Link swings an enhanced sword at full health , a sword @-@ shaped beam will escape from the sword as a ranged attack . The number of bombs and Mystical Seeds that can be held can also be increased through the same ways as the shield and sword . Roc 's Feather and the Power Bracelet are special cases , as , while the two are in both games , the former can only be upgraded in Oracle of Seasons while the latter only in Oracle of Ages .
The central item of Oracle of Seasons is the Rod of Seasons . By standing on a stump and swinging the rod , Link can change the season and affect his surroundings . For example , to cross a body of water , Link can change the season to winter and walk on the ice . Changing the season to summer causes vines to flourish , which Link can use to scale cliffs . When Link obtains the rod , he initially cannot use it . In the course of the game , Link visits four towers that house the four spirits of the seasons ; each tower Link visits allows him to switch to an additional season .
In Oracle of Ages , the central item is the Harp of Ages , which Link uses to manipulate time and travel between the past and the present . In the course of the game , Link learns three tunes to play on the harp . The Tune of Echoes activates Time Portals at fixed locations ; the Tune of Currents enables Link to travel from the past to the present without a Time Portal ; the Tune of Ages allows Link to switch between the two time periods at almost any location on the map .
= = = Interaction = = =
Although the two are built on the same game engine , Oracle of Ages concentrates on puzzles , while Oracle of Seasons focuses on action . Each is a complete game capable of interacting with the other , via passwords or a Game Link Cable .
Upon completing either game , players receive a password that can be used to play an alternative version of the other . In this version , some characters mention passwords that can be given to characters in the first game in exchange for an item or upgrade . Then , by taking a new password back into the linked game , the item or upgrade can be transferred . Rings can be traded by this password system or randomly created by connecting two games with a Game Link Cable .
In the alternative version , plot points are changed or expanded upon to allow the game to serve as a sequel . It also features an extended ending in which Twinrova kidnaps Zelda , and lights the third Flame of Despair to revive Ganon . The player can then enter Twinrova 's lair and battle Twinrova and Ganon . Upon completing the alternative game , another password is shown that gives the player the Victory Ring , which commemorates the defeat of Ganon .
= = Development = =
In early 1999 , Yoshiki Okamoto , then head of Capcom 's screenwriter subsidiary Flagship , proposed his idea of remaking the original The Legend of Zelda for the Game Boy Color to Shigeru Miyamoto , the game designer at Nintendo who created the series . Okamoto was eventually asked to develop six Zelda games for the Game Boy Color : two based on earlier installments and four original entries into the series . Okamoto wanted to release them in quick succession of four to five months , and held on to his concept of bringing the first game to the handheld console to make young children experience the merits of the original Zelda , but also as a test for the development team to move on to a more ambitious sequel if it turned out to be successful .
Contrary to Miyamoto 's design mentality of creating the gameplay system first , development started out with the scenario writing , which Flagship was in charge of . Some of the staff members , the team led by director and designer Hidemaro Fujibayashi that was responsible for tasks other than the storyline , wanted to skip the remake and create an original Zelda title right away . As the first installment in the series was deemed too difficult for the new generation of players , more and more changes were applied to the point where it had an entirely different world map . As a result , the team ran into problems because the scenario and the maps had to be reworked constantly to make all the modifications match . The Game Boy Color 's screen presented an additional hurdle when attempting to rework the earlier Zelda title as it is narrower than that of a television ; players could not view an entire room without scrolling which made it easy to overlook stairways or clues on walls .
Dismayed by the rate at which the team had been spending money for a year without results , Okamoto asked Miyamoto for help , who then came up with the idea of a whole trilogy of games , each with a different focus on gameplay elements . This trilogy was referred to as the " Triforce Series " , named after a fictional holy relic known as the Triforce that plays a major role in many Zelda titles . The Triforce is composed of three parts : the Triforces of Power , Wisdom , and Courage ; each game in the trilogy was to be associated with a piece of the Triforce , one of the titles being the conversion of the original The Legend of Zelda . The first game of the three was demonstrated at Nintendo 's SpaceWorld trade show in 1999 , under the working title Zelda no Densetsu : Fushigi no Kinomi – Chikara no Shō ( ゼルダの伝説 ふしぎの木の実 ～ 力の章 ～ ) . This action @-@ oriented game concerned Ganon 's theft of Princess Zelda and the " Rod of the Seasons " , which threw the seasons of Hyrule into chaos — a precursor to the plot of Oracle of Seasons . In the playable demonstration , Link solved puzzles by using the Rod of the Seasons to manipulate the environment and change the current season . Chie no Shō , which focused on color @-@ based puzzles , and Yūki no Shō , which used the times of day to solve puzzles in a mechanic similar to the use of seasons , were not shown . In the US , the games became The Legend of Zelda : Mystical Seed of Power , Mystical Seed of Wisdom , and Mystical Seed of Courage .
The games interacted with each other : players could begin with any of the three titles and have the actions of the first game affect the story of the other two , a concept conceived by Okamoto . More than ten of Flagship 's scenarists , among them Resident Evil writer Junichi Miyashita , worked simultaneously on the three stories . The developers considered using a cell phone adapter to transfer data , but later decided on a password system . The limitations of this system and the difficulty of coordinating three games proved too complicated , so the team scaled back to two titles at Miyamoto 's suggestion . Condensing the games into a single cartridge was never considered , as the prospect of multiple endings and the added replay value afforded by the ability to play the titles in either order was very attractive . Oracle of Seasons was adapted from Mystical Seed of Power , Oracle of Ages was adapted from Mystical Seed of Wisdom , and Mystical Seed of Courage was canceled .
These sweeping design changes pushed the release dates closer to the upcoming release of the Game Boy Advance ( GBA ) , the next system in the Game Boy line that is backward compatible with Game Boy Color games . The team considered adding special functionality to the game triggered only when played on a GBA , but was afraid that the additional development time required for the addition would cause the games to be released after the GBA . When the release date of the GBA was postponed , the team was able to incorporate GBA functionality and still release the games approximately a month before the GBA was released . Staggered releases were abandoned in favor of releasing the two games simultaneously . This made it easier for the team to test the interaction between the games and keep the style consistent . Each title was shipped on an 8 @-@ megabit ( 16 @-@ megabit in Europe ) cartridge . The music for the games was composed by two employees of the Japanese music and sound effect production company Pure Sound , credited under the pseudonyms " M @-@ Adachi " and " Kyopi " . Nintendo artist and series regular Yusuke Nakano designed the characters for the two titles , and incorporated previous creations from Ocarina of Time into Oracle of Seasons and characters from Majora 's Mask into Oracle of Ages .
= = Reception = =
Oracle of Seasons and Ages were critical and commercial successes , selling nearly 4 million copies each . Reviews were strongly positive : Chris Carle of IGN said that Seasons and Ages were " the best games ever made for the Game Boy Color " , and Craig Majaski of Gaming Age called them " the two best games ever to grace a handheld system " . It was rated the 34th ( Seasons ) and 39th ( Ages ) best games made on a Nintendo System in Nintendo Power 's Top 200 Games list . In August 2008 , Nintendo Power listed Oracle of Seasons and Ages as the fourth and fifth best Game Boy / Game Boy Color video games respectively . The games placed joint 57th in Official Nintendo Magazine 's 100 greatest Nintendo games of all time . Game Informer 's Ben Reeves called them the 10th best Game Boy games collectively . The interconnection was seen as one of the highlight features of the titles . The ability to play the games in reverse order after completion increases the replay value , as does trading passwords between the two . GamesRadar listed The Legend of Zelda : Oracle of Seasons / Ages as one of the titles they want in the 3DS Virtual Console , both Oracle of Ages and Oracle of Seasons were later released on the platform May 30 , 2013 .
Critics enjoyed the graphics ; GamePro called Seasons " bright and colorful " with " surprisingly expressive and well @-@ designed " animations , and Gaming Target said Ages is " beautiful and creative " , with " meticulous attention to detail " . Gaming Age called both games " the pinnacle of good graphics on the Game Boy Color system " . Although the two share graphics to a large extent , Seasons is distinguished by swapping the color palette to reflect the current season . IGN felt that the expressive colors used for the changing seasons made Seasons the more graphically impressive of the two .
Reviews of the audio were mixed . Reviewers noted that the sound was hampered by the poor quality of the Game Boy Color 's speakers , although it fared favorably compared with other games for the system . The selection of songs was praised for complementing familiar Zelda songs and sounds with new music . The Zelda theme and the traditional sound effect played upon solving a puzzle were considered welcome additions , but other sound effects were criticized as simplistic " beeps " .
= = Gamebooks = =
Two game books were released based on the games as part of the Nintendo You Decide on the Adventure series by Scholastic . Both were written by Craig Wessel and based on the events in the games with few minor differences . The first one , based on Oracle of Seasons , was published in October 2001 . The second , based on Oracle of Ages , was published in January 2002 .
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= Babakotia =
Babakotia is an extinct genus of medium @-@ sized lemur , or strepsirrhine primate , from Madagascar that contains a single species , Babakotia radofilai . Together with Palaeopropithecus , Archaeoindris , and Mesopropithecus , it forms the family Palaeopropithecidae , commonly known as the sloth lemurs . The name Babakotia comes from the Malagasy name for the indri , babakoto , to which it and all other sloth lemurs are closely related . Due to its mix of morphological traits that show intermediate stages between the slow @-@ moving smaller sloth lemurs and the suspensory large sloth lemurs , it has helped determine the relationship between both groups and the closely related and extinct monkey lemurs .
Babakotia radofilai and all other sloth lemurs share many traits with living sloths , demonstrating convergent evolution . It had long forearms , curved digits , and highly mobile hip and ankle joints . Its skull was more heavily built than that of indriids , but not as much as in the larger sloth lemurs . Its dentition is similar to that of all other indriids and sloth lemurs . It lived in the northern part of Madagascar and shared its range with at least two other sloth lemur species , Palaeopropithecus ingens and Mesopropithecus dolichobrachion . Babakotia radofilai was primarily a leaf @-@ eater ( folivore ) , though it also ate fruit and hard seeds . It is known only from subfossil remains and may have died out shortly after the arrival of humans on the island , but not enough radiocarbon dating has been done with this species to know for certain .
= = Etymology = =
The name of the genus Babakotia derives from the Malagasy common name for the Indri , babakoto , a close relative of Babakotia . The species name , radofilai , was chosen in honor of French mathematician and expatriate Jean Radofilao , an avid spelunker who mapped the caves where remains of Babakotia radofilai were first found .
= = Classification and phylogeny = =
Babakotia radofilai is the sole member of the genus Babakotia and belongs to the family Palaeopropithecidae , which includes three other genera of sloth lemurs : Palaeopropithecus , Archaeoindris , and Mesopropithecus . This family in turn belongs to the infraorder Lemuriformes , which includes all the Malagasy lemurs .
The first subfossil remains of Babakotia radofilai were discovered as part of a series of expeditions following upon discoveries of Jean Radofilao and two Anglo @-@ Malagasy reconnaissance expeditions in 1981 and 1986 – 7 . The second wave of research was launched in the 1980s by biological anthropologist Elwyn L. Simons who unearthed in 1988 at a cave known as Antsiroandoha in the Ankarana Massif , northern Madagascar a nearly complete skeleton and skull in addition to the remains of roughly a dozen other individuals . Identified immediately as a sloth lemur ( palaeopropithecid ) upon its discovery , Babakotia along with Mesopropithecus helped to settle a debate about the relationship between the sloth lemurs , the monkey lemurs ( family Archaeolemuridae ) and the living indriids . The monkey lemurs had skulls that more closely resembled the indriids , but their teeth were very specialized and unlike those of the indriids . The larger sloth lemurs , on the other hand , retained a dentition similar to living indriids , yet differed by having more robust and specialized skulls . Babakotia and Mesopropithecus not only shared the indriid dentition , but also the indriid @-@ like skulls , providing evidence that sloth lemurs were most closely related to living indriids , with monkey lemurs as a sister group to both . Furthermore , the discovery of Babakotia helped to demonstrate that the ancestral indriids were not " ricochetal leapers " ( bouncing rapidly from tree to tree ) like living indriids , but vertical climbers and hanging feeders , and possibly occasional leapers .
= = Anatomy and physiology = =
Weighing between 16 and 20 kg ( 35 and 44 lb ) , Babakotia radofilai was a medium @-@ sized lemur and noticeably smaller than the large sloth lemurs ( Archaeoindris and Palaeopropithecus ) , but larger than the small sloth lemurs ( Mesopropithecus ) . In many ways , it had an intermediate level of adaptations for suspensory behavior between the large sloth lemurs and the small sloth lemurs . This includes its highly mobile hip and ankle joints , as well as other specializations in the vertebral column , pelvis , and limbs . Its forelimbs were 20 % longer than its hind limbs , giving it a higher intermembral index ( ~ 119 ) than Mesopropithecus ( ~ 97 to 113 ) , suggesting that it was convergently similar to arboreal sloths . It had a reduced tarsus and curved , elongated digits , adapted for grasping and suggesting suspensory behavior . Its hind feet were reduced , making it well @-@ adapted for climbing and hanging ( like in other palaeopropithecids ) , but not leaping ( like in indriids ) . Wrist bones found in 1999 further demonstrated that this species was a vertical climber . Additionally , analysis of its semicircular canals , lumbar vertebrae and its spinous processes indicate slow movement and climbing ( antipronograde ) adaptations , but not necessarily sloth @-@ like hanging , vertical clinging , or leaping . Therefore , it was likely a slow climber like a loris and also exhibited some suspensory behavior like a sloth .
All sloth lemurs have relatively robust skulls compared to the indriids , yet despite shared cranial features with the larger sloth lemurs , its skull still resembles that of an indri . The cranial traits shared with the other sloth lemurs include relatively small orbits , robust zygomatic arches , and a mostly rectangular hard palate . The small orbits taken into consideration with the relative size of the optic canal suggest that Babakotia had low visual acuity , which is typical for lemurs . The skull length averages 144 mm ( 5 @.@ 7 in ) .
The dental formula of Babakotia radofilai was the same as the other sloth lemurs and indriids : either 2 @.@ 1 @.@ 2 @.@ 31 @.@ 1 @.@ 2 @.@ 3 or 2 @.@ 1 @.@ 2 @.@ 32 @.@ 0 @.@ 2 @.@ 3 × 2 = 30 . It is unclear whether one of the teeth in the permanent dentition is an incisor or canine , resulting in these two conflicting dental formulae . Regardless , the lack of either a lower canine or incisor results in a four @-@ tooth toothcomb instead of the more typical six @-@ tooth strepsirrhine toothcomb . Babakotia radofilai differed slightly from indriids in having somewhat elongated premolars . Its cheek teeth had broad shearing crests and crenulated enamel .
= = Distribution and ecology = =
Like all other lemurs , Babakotia radofilai was endemic to Madagascar . Its remains have only been found in limestone caves at the Ankarana Massif within the Ankarana Reserve and at Anjohibe , indicating a range across the extreme north and northwest of the island . The restricted range of this arboreal primate , particularly during a time when much of the island was blanketed in forest , might have been due to habitat specificity , competitive exclusion , or some other unknown factor . It was sympatric ( occurred together ) with Palaeopropithecus maximus and Mesopropithecus dolichobrachion .
Based on its size , the morphology of its molars , and microwear analysis on its teeth , Babakotia radofilai was likely a folivore , while supplementing its diet with fruit and hard seeds . In all sloth lemurs , including Babakotia radofilai , the permanent teeth erupted early , a trait seen in indriids that improves survivability of juveniles during the first dry season following weaning .
= = Extinction = =
Because it died out relatively recently and is only known from subfossil remains , it is considered to be a modern form of Malagasy lemur . Babakotia radofilai lived during the Holocene epoch and is thought to have disappeared shortly after the arrival of humans to the island , possibly within the last 1000 years . However , the only radiocarbon date that has been reported for it dates back to about 3100 – 2800 BCE .
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= Howard Sims =
Howard " Sandman " Sims ( January 24 , 1917 – May 20 , 2003 ) was an African @-@ American tap dancer who began his career in vaudeville . He was skilled in a style of dancing that he performed in a wooden sandbox of his own construction , and acquired his nickname from the sand he sprinkled to alter and amplify the sound of his dance steps . " They called the board my Stradivarius , " Sims said of his sandbox .
From the 1950s to the year 2000 , Sims was a regular attraction — a " fixture " — at Harlem 's noted Apollo Theater , comedically ushering failed acts offstage with a hook , broom or other prop . He was also involved in New York City 's Hoofers Club , a venue primarily for Black tap dancers .
As part of the resurgence of interest in tap dancing in the 1980s , Sandman Sims served as a cultural ambassador , representing the United States with dance performances around the world . He was featured in the 1989 dance film Tap , along with Sammy Davis Jr . , Gregory Hines and Savion Glover , demonstrating classic challenge dancing . Sims also appeared in a 1990 episode of The Cosby Show as Rudy 's tap dancing teacher , facing off against Cliff ( Bill Cosby ) in a good @-@ natured tap challenge .
In her review of the play based on his life , New York Times critic Anna Kisselgoff wrote , " Sims is a virtuoso among virtuosos — in a class by himself . To say Mr. Sims dances on sand is like saying Philippe Petit is a tightrope walker . "
= = Early life = =
Born in Fort Smith , Arkansas on January 24 , 1917 , Sims was one of 12 children . The family soon relocated to Los Angeles , California , where he was raised . Describing his childhood , Sims said , " It was just a whole big dancing family . " He learned to dance from his father , and said he was dancing as soon as he could walk . He began tap @-@ dancing at the age of 3 . He attributed some of his early love for tap dancing in particular to his mother , exasperated that he kept wearing out the toes of his shoes , putting steel taps on the shoes . Along with his brothers , Sims was dancing on the sidewalks of Los Angeles from a young age . At the age of 14 , peeping in the windows of a dance school got Sims arrested for loitering , but he was able to dance his way to freedom , convincing a judge that his reason for being on that street was legitimate .
As a young man , despite his dance talent , Sims aspired to be not a professional dancer , but a professional boxer . After twice breaking his hand , he decided he needed a different means of making a living . Sims had noticed that boxing audiences reacted positively to the way he would dance in the rosin box before getting into the ring , and especially to the distinctive sound his dancing made moving the rosin granules around the wooden box . He began to consider dancing as a career alternative . Sims experimented with several different methods of reproducing the rosin box effect , gluing sandpaper to either his shoes or his dancing mat , but the sandpaper created too much wear on the other surface . Finally he found the solution : loose sand in a low @-@ lipped box . " People went for the scraping sound ... So I made a sound board by sprinkling sand on a flat platform . That was in 1935 . " His sandbox remained his trademark throughout his career , with some venues even telling Sims , " If you don 't bring your sandbox , don 't come at all . "
During this period , it was common for dancers to carry tap shoes with them and , when they encountered another dancer on the street , throw down their shoes by way of challenge . The culture of street dancing in the 1920s has been compared to the rise of break dancing six decades later . As the journal Jump Cut described it , " ' challenge dancing , ' in which each performer tries to outdo the other , is part of tap dancing 's heritage , something like the jazz solos in which musicians try to outshine one another . " Sims later described how the atmosphere of these dance challenges was at least as much collegial as combative , and how dancers learned from one another in what became essentially " open air dance schools " . Despite performing at various vaudeville venues , Sims found neither fame nor success as a dancer in Los Angeles . In 1947 , he tagged along on one of his professional @-@ boxer friend Archie Moore 's cross @-@ country drives , and settled in New York City .
= = Harlem = =
After arriving in Harlem , Sims began performing on the street as he had done in California , but faced stiff competition from other innovative dancers : " I knew people who danced on dinner plates ... There was a man who could dance on newspapers without tearing them . And another who constructed a gigantic xylophone to tap on . " He performed on corners in between working whatever jobs he could find , and then discovered the " Amateur Night " stage on Wednesdays at the Apollo Theater , where he soon gained local notoriety . He eventually won the Amateur Night competition a record @-@ breaking 25 times , after which a rule was instituted that performers could no longer compete once they had earned four first prizes .
When big name dancers played The Apollo , there was nothing in the audience but dancers with their shoes , " said Sandman Sims . " Up in the balcony dancers , and the first six rows , you saw nothing but tap @-@ dancers , want @-@ to @-@ be tap @-@ dancers , gonna @-@ be tap @-@ dancers , tried @-@ to @-@ be tap @-@ dancers . That 's the reason a guy would want to dance at The Apollo .
By the mid @-@ 1950s , he had been hired as the Apollo 's stage manager , and soon began his role as the Apollo 's famed " executioner " , chasing Amateur Night contestants the crowd disapproved of off the stage with a shepherd 's crook ( known since vaudeville times as " the hook " ) a broom , or other props , while dressed in a variety of wacky costumes , whether long underwear , a clown suit , or even a diaper . Backstage , however , he would console defeated contestants with the story of his having been booed off ten times before he finally got to finish his own act . Sims would play " executioner " until shortly after Time Warner took over the Apollo in 1999 .
Having found work dancing did not stop him from dancing on the street , however . " If I saw a dancer , I 'd challenge him . I didn 't care who it was . The way to get known in New York was to be the best . That 's what I strived to be . " Part of the culture of street challenges , as in Los Angeles , was that competing dancers would also learn from one another .
A significant change to Sims 's dancing style came about as a result of his interaction with Harlem 's hoofers , practitioners of a variation on the tap he had learned on the west coast . Sims would later define the main difference between tap and hoofing as being that tap focuses on the heel and toe whereas hoofers " use the whole foot " . As a result of the synergy between hoofing technique and his unique use of a sandbox , his routines were described as being " as rich in sounds and textures as they were in steps . " Sims himself put it , " The feet are a set of drums . "
Constance Valis Hill , in her 2009 survey Tap Dancing America : A Cultural History , described the hoofers ' mecca thusly :
At the Hoofers Club , rookie and veteran , mostly [ B ] lack male tap dancers assembled to share with , steal from , and challenge each other ; there , new standards were set for competition . These were nothing like the formalized buck @-@ dancing competitions of Tammany Hall , where judges sat beside , before , and beneath the stage to evaluate the [ dancers ' ] clarity , speed , and presentation . The Hoofers Club comprised a more informal panel of peers , whose judgments could be cruel and mocking and were driven by an insistence on innovation . " Survive or die " was the credo . In an eccentric fusion of imitation and innovation , young dancers were forced to find their style and rhythmic voice . It was said that on the wall of the Hoofers Club was written : " Thou shalt not copy each other 's steps — Exactly . "
Though he frequently took opportunities to explain the difference between tap and hoofing to the press in later years , and tended to refer to himself as a hoofer rather than a tap dancer , Sims did practice both forms of dance . In 1949 , motivated by the death of Bill " Bojangles " Robinson , Sims became a founding member of the Original Copasetics , another fellowship of tap dancers that became a source of mentor @-@ student relationships and would help bring about the revival of tap in the 1970s and 1980s .
= = Decline and revival of tap = =
Tap dancing lost popularity with audiences beginning in the late 1940s . A number of causes factored into this decline , among them the going out of style of vaudeville @-@ style variety shows ; a new tax that forced many ballrooms to close and thus closed venues to the big bands with whom tap dancers had used to perform ; trends in music that favored smaller , more intimate groups of performers ; and concomitant increases in interest among audiences in watching formal modern dance and ballet performances . Sims was quoted as having said of the period that " [ t ] ap didn 't die ... It was just neglected . "
With paying gigs harder to find and paying less , Sims turned to other sources of income . Despite not having had any formal instruction himself , he taught dance , including to such later stars as Gregory Hines and Ben Vereen . He also taught footwork to boxing greats Sugar Ray Robinson and Muhammad Ali . Less glamorously , he ran a café , and even worked as a carpenter and a mechanic . Despite the lean times for hoofers , Sims was always able to put food on the table for his family , having married in 1959 .
The late 1960s brought the beginning of a wave of nostalgia for tap , and Sims found his dance skills in demand again . In 1969 , he was part of the all @-@ star cast of Tap Happening , a revue that played Off @-@ Broadway . Tap Happening was popular enough to run for several years .
The crescendo of interest in tap dancing continued , and in 1972 , Sims danced in the production Best of the Hoofers at the Orpheum Theatre . " Hoofing is not a dying art form , " he asserted in 1977 , and subsequent events would prove him right .
1979 saw the release of No Maps on My Taps , which featured Sims facing off against fellow tap stars Chuck Green — who had served as Sims 's mentor during his early years in New York — and Bunny Briggs , in a three @-@ way dance challenge . The documentary also reunited him with bandleader Lionel Hampton , whom he had toured with in years past .
In 1980 , a far cry from the tiny venues he had been lucky to play just a few years earlier , Sims performed before a crowd of 2 @,@ 600 fans at the Lincoln Center during the Newport Jazz Festival . Later that year , Sims was one of the instructor @-@ performers of the By Word of Foot " teach @-@ in " series , spending a week demonstrating his hoofing techniques for a new generation of tap enthusiasts .
As part of New York 's leg of the 1981 Newport Jazz Festival ( which spanned both NYC and its home city of Newport , Rhode Island , that year ) , he performed with former Cotton Club bandleader Cab Calloway in a production called Stompin ' at the Savoy . A few weeks later , Sims was on stage at the American Dance Festival , dancing both with and without his sandbox .
By 1982 , Sims was part of a promotional tour reviving interest in No Maps on My Taps with co @-@ stars Bunny Briggs and Chuck Green , their pre @-@ screening performances backed by Cab Calloway . Even as booked performances were coming more regularly , Sims never stopped participating in street @-@ corner challenges , encouraging younger generations of dancers and inviting them to learn his moves .
The National Endowment for the Arts granted Sims a $ 5 @,@ 000 National Heritage Fellowship in 1984 . " I thought I was making noise all these years , " Sims said of the award . " Now they 're calling it culture . " He used the funds to teach dance to children in Harlem , using a parking lot in lieu of a formal dance studio , drawing on his own youth learning dance on the street . Sims would later explain , " most people wait [ to study dance ] until after they 've grown up — and then it 's too late . " That same year , clogger Ira Bernstein received an NEA Folk Arts Apprenticeship grant " [ t ] o study traditional [ B ] lack tap dance with master dancer Howard ' Sandman ' Sims . " Sims loved to teach ; his son recounted how Sandman would " stop every kid he saw and show them a step and get them to copy a step . He enjoyed that more than performing in front of an audience . "
= = = The Apollo reopens = = =
Meanwhile , Harlem 's Apollo Theater , where Sims had served for years as Amateur Night 's " executioner " , had been closed for most of a decade . Then , following an extensive renovation , the venue reopened in 1985 , bringing increased attention to both the Apollo and his role there . " I 'm their protector , not the executioner , " he explained to The Washington Post . " Because that audience can get really hostile . " Sims described seeing displeased audiences throw bottles and even horseshoes at performers who he did not hustle off stage fast enough . When The New York Times interviewed him about his " executioner " role , he said of the acts that got booed off , " I tell them to work on their act and come back , " encouraging them to try again .
In 1986 , Sims starred in The Tap Tradition at Symphony Space New York ( which also hosted a showing of No Maps on My Taps ) , earning a rave review from The New York Times . He also made a brief appearance in a play based on his life , The Sand Dancer , which was written by poet Sandra Hochman and starred LeLand Gantt , and which received another rave review : " Sims is a virtuoso among virtuosos — in a class by himself . To say Mr. Sims dances on sand is like saying Philippe Petit is a tightrope walker . " And he traveled to Los Angeles to perform in a production called Essence of Rhythm with fellow tap stars including Charles " Honi " Coles and Jimmy Slyde .
Sandman Sims was the guest star of Late Night with David Letterman on May 14 , 1987 . It 's Showtime at the Apollo , a TV broadcast of the Apollo Theater 's Amateur Night performances , began broadcasting in September 1987 on NBC stations , bringing awareness of Sims 's " executioner " role to a wider audience .
A particularly busy year , 1988 saw Sims tour the world as a cultural ambassador on behalf of the U.S. State Department , traveling to over 50 countries in a span of 11 months .
By 1989 , Sims 's popularity was at an all @-@ time high , and he told the Associated Press , " I can 't fulfill all the work they give me . [ … ] I can 't walk out on the street without somebody showing me a time step . " Tap dancing 's popularity was nearing a new peak as well , with three major American cities ( Houston , Texas ; Portland , Oregon ; Washington , D.C. ) hosting tap @-@ dance festivals . In movie theaters , the dance drama Tap was introducing Sims 's footwork ( and that of his former student Gregory Hines ) to audiences who had never had the opportunity to see him perform before .
Playing a thinly @-@ fictionalized version of himself named " Mr. Sims " , Sims made a 1990 appearance on The Cosby Show , then one of the most popular programs on television . " Mr. Sims " was the dance instructor the Huxtables signed their young daughter Rudy up with in order to help her prepare for a class assignment about the Harlem Renaissance . During the episode , Cliff Huxtable ( Bill Cosby ) challenged " Mr. Sims " to a dance @-@ off , part tribute to and part parody of Sims 's real @-@ life tap challenges , which Sims won handily . Later that same year , the Apollo Theater played host to Rat @-@ a @-@ Tat @-@ Tap , another tap @-@ dance festival , and the Sandman , " always a deserved audience favorite at tap festivals , " was a featured performer there alongside his Tap co @-@ stars Savion Glover and Gregory Hines .
Sims was a featured performer at the third annual celebration of National Tap Dance Day on May 30 , 1993 .
In 1998 , the New York Committee to Celebrate National Tap Dance Day and the Young People 's Tap Conference honored Sandman Sims for his contributions to the art of hoofing .
= = In popular culture = =
Sandman Sims , particularly in his role as Apollo Theater executioner , has been referenced frequently in African @-@ American culture .
On April 5 , 2000 , he was invoked by Huey Freeman in the long @-@ running comic strip The Boondocks , who responded to an ineptly @-@ told joke by saying , " Where is Sandman Sims when you need him ... "
Performance artist Holly Bass , along with other dancers , put on another play about Sims 's life at the Smithsonian Institution 's American History Museum ( which was then hosting an exhibit on the Apollo Theater ) on July 10 , 2010 .
President Barack Obama , referring to his own performance singing on the Apollo Theater stage ( albeit not on Amateur Night ) the evening before his 2012 State of the Union address , said , " Sandman did not come out ! "
= = Personal life = =
While Sims had a first marriage which produced his first child Diane Sims , he later married his second wife , Solange . They would have 1 son together , Howard Sims Jr . , as well as 5 grandchildren and 1 great @-@ grandchild .
Particularly in later years , Sims sometimes claimed not to be certain of his birth year , at times saying it was " a matter of opinion . " Asked by a fan how old he was , Sims once replied , " Any number can play . "
= = Death = =
Sims died on May 20 , 2003 in New York City . He had suffered from Alzheimer 's disease .
A memorial service for Sims was held May 28 , 2003 at the Apollo Theater .
= = Filmography = =
No Maps on My Taps ( 1979 ) — Himself
Uptown : A Tribute to the Apollo Theatre ( 1980 ) — Himself
The Cotton Club ( 1984 ) — Hoofer
Motown Returns to the Apollo ( 1985 ) — Himself
The Kennedy Center Honors : A Celebration of the Performing Arts ( 1987 ) — Himself
It 's Showtime at the Apollo ( 1987 – 2000 ) — Himself / the " executioner "
Harlem Nights ( 1989 ) — Crapshooter
Tap ( 1989 ) — Sandman
Tap Dance in America ( 1989 ) — Himself
The Cosby Show ( 1990 ) — season 6 , episode 19 , " Mr. Sandman " — Mr. Sims
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= Hoochie Coochie Man =
" Hoochie Coochie Man " ( originally titled " I 'm Your Hoochie Cooche Man " ) is a blues standard written by Willie Dixon and first recorded by Muddy Waters in 1954 . The song references hoodoo folk magic elements and makes novel use of a stop @-@ time musical arrangement . It became one of Waters ' most popular and identifiable songs and helped secure Dixon 's role as Chess Records ' chief songwriter .
The song is a classic of Chicago blues and one of Waters ' first recordings with a full backing band . Dixon 's lyrics build on Waters ' earlier use of braggadocio and themes of fortune and sex appeal . The stop @-@ time riff was " soon absorbed into the lingua franca of blues , R & B , jazz , and rock and roll " , according to musicologist Robert Palmer , and is used in several popular songs . When Bo Diddley adapted it for " I 'm a Man " , it became one of the most recognizable musical phrases in blues .
After the song 's initial success in 1954 , Waters recorded several live and new studio versions . The original appears on the 1958 The Best of Muddy Waters album and many compilations . Numerous musicians have recorded " Hoochie Coochie Man " in a variety of styles , making it one of the most interpreted Waters and Dixon songs . The Blues Foundation and the Grammy Hall of Fame recognize the song for its influence in popular music and the US Library of Congress ' National Recording Registry selected it for preservation in 2004 .
= = Background = =
Between 1947 and 1954 , Muddy Waters charted a number of hits recording for Chess Records and its Artistocrat predecessor . One of his first singles was " Gypsy Woman " , recorded in 1947 . The song shows Delta blues guitar @-@ style roots , but the lyrics place " emphasis on supernatural elements — gypsies , fortune telling , [ and ] luck " , according to musicologist Robert Palmer .
Waters expanded the theme in " Louisiana Blues " , which was recorded in 1950 with Little Walter accompanying on harmonica . He sings of traveling to New Orleans , Louisiana , to acquire a mojo hand , a hoodoo amulet or talisman ; with its magical powers , he hopes " to show all you good lookin ' women just how to treat your man " . Similar lyrics appeared in " Hoodoo Hoodoo " , a 1946 recording by John Lee " Sonny Boy " Williamson : " Well now I 'm goin ' down to Louisiana , and buy me another mojo hand " . Although Waters was ambivalent about hoodoo , he saw the music as having its own power :
When you 're writin ' them songs that are coming from down that way [ Mississippi Delta ] , you can 't leave out somethin ' about that mojo thing . Because this is what black people really believed in at that time ... even today [ circa 1980 ] , when you play the old blues like me , you can 't get from around that .
From 1946 to 1951 , Willie Dixon sang and played bass with the Big Three Trio . After the group disbanded , he worked for Chess Records as a recording session arranger and bassist . Dixon wrote several songs , but label co @-@ owner Leonard Chess failed to show any interest at first . Finally , in 1953 , Chess used two of Dixon 's songs : " Too Late " , recorded by Little Walter , and " Third Degree " , recorded by Eddie Boyd . " Third Degree " became Dixon 's first composition to enter the record charts . In September , Waters recorded his " Mad Love ( I Want You to Love Me ) " , which Dixon biographer Mitsutoshi Inaba calls " a test piece for the forthcoming ' Hoochie Coochie Man ' " because of its shared lyrical and musical elements . The song became Waters ' first record chart success in nearly two years .
The term " hoochie coochie " , with variations in the spelling , is used in different contexts . Appearing in the late 19th century , the hoochie coochie was a sexually provocative dance . Don Wilmeth identifies it as " a precursor of the striptease ... from the belly dance but punctuated with bumps and grinds and a combination of exposure , erotic movements , and teasing . " By one account , it first appeared at the Philadelphia Centennial Exhibition in 1876 and was a popular attraction at the 1893 Chicago World 's Fair . The dance is associated with entertainers Little Egypt and Sophie Tucker , but by the 1910s it declined in popularity . " Hoochie coochie " is also used to refer to a sexually attractive person or a practitioner of hoodoo . In his autobiography , I Am the Blues , Dixon included " hoochie coochie man " in his examples of a seer or a clairvoyant with a connection to folklore of the American South : " This guy is a hoodoo man , this lady is a witch , this other guy 's a hoochie coochie man , she 's some kind of voodoo person " .
= = Composition and recording = =
Not long after the success of " Mad Love " in November 1953 , Dixon approached Leonard Chess with " Hoochie Coochie Man " , a new song he felt was right for Waters . Chess responded , " if Muddy likes it , give it to him " . At the time , Waters was performing at the Club Zanzibar in Chicago . During an intermission , Dixon showed him the song . According to Dixon , Waters took to the tune immediately because it had so many familiar elements and he was able to learn enough to perform it that night . Jimmy Rogers , who was Waters ' second guitarist , remembered that it took a little longer :
Dixon came to the club and he would hum it to Muddy and write the lyrics out . Muddy would work them around for a while until he got it down where he could understand it and fool around with it . He would be onstage and try it out , do a few licks of it . We were building the arrangement , that 's what we were really doing .
On January 7 , 1954 , Waters entered the recording studio with his band to record the song . Considered the classic Chicago blues band , music critic Bill Janovitz described Waters ' group as " a who 's who of bluesmen " . Waters sings and plays electric guitar along with Rogers , blues harmonica virtuoso Little Walter , and drummer Elgin Evans , all of whom had been performing with Waters since 1951 . ( Fred Below , who replaced Evans during 1954 , is sometimes listed as the drummer . ) Pianist Otis Spann , who joined in 1953 , and Dixon , in his debut on double bass for Waters ' recording session , round out the group . Two takes of the song were recorded . Although there are some moments in the alternate take when a player 's timing rushes or drags perceptibly , because the band is so tight , the difference with the master is only six seconds ( for a nearly three @-@ minute song ) .
" Hoochie Coochie Man " follows a sixteen @-@ bar blues progression , which is an expansion of the well @-@ known twelve @-@ bar blues pattern . The first four bars are doubled in length so the harmony remains on the tonic for eight bars or one @-@ half of the sixteen bar progression . Dixon explained that expanding twelve @-@ bar blues was in response to amplification , which gave instruments more sustain . The extra bars also increase the contrasting effect of the repeating stop @-@ time musical figure or riff . For the second eight bars , the song reverts to the last eight of the twelve @-@ bar progression , which functions as a refrain or hook . The different textures provides the tune with a strong contrast , which helps underscore the lyrics . The song is performed at a moderate blues tempo ( 72 beats per minute ) in the key of A. It is notated in 128 time and contains three sixteen @-@ bar sections .
A key feature of the song is the use of stop time , or pauses in the music , during the first half of the progression . This musical device is commonly heard in New Orleans jazz , when the instrumentation briefly stops , allowing for a short instrumental solo before resuming . However , Waters ' and Dixon 's use of stop time serves to heighten the tension through repetition , followed by a vocal rather than an instrument fill . The accompanying riff , which Dixon described as a five @-@ note figure , is similar to that of " Mad Love " . He attributed it to the band and using such a phrase for eight bars was a new approach . Although Palmer comments that the entire group phrases the riff in unison , Boone describes it as a " heavy , unhurried counterpoint by all the instruments together " . Campbell identifies the opening as actually having " two competing riffs " or contrapuntal motion , with one played by Little Walter on an amplified harmonica and another by Waters on electric guitar .
For the second eight @-@ bars of the progression , the song follows the standard I – IV – V7 structure , which maintains its connection to traditional blues . The whole band plays it as a shuffle with a triplet rhythm , which Campbell describes as a " free @-@ for @-@ all [ with ] harmonica trills , guitar riffs , piano chords , thumping bass , [ and ] shuffle pattern on the drums " . He adds that this type of heavy sound was rarely heard in small music combos before rock . However , unlike the polyphony of New Orleans jazz , the instrumentation parallels Waters ' aggressive vocal approach and reinforces the lyrics . The players use of amplification , pushed to the point of distortion , is a key feature of Chicago blues and another rock precedent . In particular , Little Walters ' overdriven saxophone @-@ like harmonica playing weaves in and out of the vocal lines , which heightens the drama .
= = Lyrics and interpretation = =
" Hoochie Coochie Man " is characterized as a " self @-@ mythologizing testament " by Janovitz . The narrator boasts of his good fortune and his effect on women as aided by hoodoo . Waters explored similar themes in earlier songs , but his approach was more subtle . According to Palmer , Dixon upped the ante with more " flamboyance , macho posturing , and extra @-@ generous helping of hoodoo sensationalism " . Dixon claimed that the idea of a seer was inspired by history and the Bible . The verses in the song 's three sixteen @-@ bar sections proceed chronologically . The opening verse starts before the narrator is born and references Waters ' 1947 song " Gypsy Woman " :
As a boy in the South , Dixon recalled gypsies in covered wagons plying their trade from town to town . The fortune tellers would emphasize auspicious circumstances to enhance their earnings , especially when doing readings for pregnant women . In the second section , the narrative is in the present and several references are made to charms used by hoodoo conjurers . These include a black cat bone , a John the conqueror root , and a mojo , the last of which figured in " Louisiana Blues " . Their magical powers assure that the gypsy 's prophecy will be borne out : women and the rest of world will take notice . The song concludes with a final section which projects the good fortune into the future . The number seven is prominent : on the seventh hour , on the seventh day , etc . The stringing together of sevens is another good omen and is analogous to the seventh son of a seventh son of folklore . Dixon later expanded the theme in his 1955 song " The Seventh Son " .
Each section is linked by a refrain or recurring chorus . It functions as a hook and it differs from the usual " free @-@ associative aspect " of traditional blues . Writer Benjamin Filene sees this and Dixon 's desire to tell complete stories , with the verses building on each other , as sharing elements of pop music . The chorus , " But you know I 'm here , everybody knows I 'm here , Well you know I 'm the hoochie coochie man , everybody knows I 'm here " , confirms the narrator 's identity as both the subject of the gypsy 's prophecy as well as an omnipotent seer himself . Dixon felt that the lyrics expressed part of the audience 's unfulfilled desire to brag , while Waters later admitted that they were supposed to have a comic effect . Music historian Ted Gioia points to the underlying theme of sexuality and virility as sociologically significant . He sees it as challenge to the fear of miscegenation in the dying days of racial segregation in the United States . Record producer Marshall Chess took a simpler view : " It was sex . If you have ever seen Muddy then , the effect he had on women [ was clear ] . Because the blues , you know , has always been a women 's market " .
= = Releases and charts = =
In early 1954 , Chess Records issued " I 'm Your Hoochie Cooche Man " backed with " She 's So Pretty " on both the standard ten @-@ inch 78 rpm and the newer seven @-@ inch 45 rpm record single formats . It soon became the biggest hit of Waters ' career . The single entered Billboard magazine 's Rhythm & Blues Records charts on March 13 , 1954 , and reached number three on the Juke Box chart and number eight on the Best Seller chart . It remained on the charts for 13 weeks , making it Waters ' longest charting record up to that time ( two more Waters @-@ Dixon songs , " Just Make Love to Me ( I Just Want to Make Love to You " ) and " Close to You " , both later also lasted 13 weeks ) .
Chess included the song on Waters ' first album , the 1958 compilation The Best of Muddy Waters , but retitled it " Hoochie Coochie " . Numerous later Waters ' official compilations contain it , such as Sail On ; McKinley Morganfield a.k.a. Muddy Waters ; The Chess Box ; His Best : 1947 to 1955 ; The Best of Muddy Waters – The Millennium Collection ; The Anthology ( 1947 – 1972 ) ; Hoochie Coochie Man : The Complete Chess Masters , Vol . 2 : 1952 – 1958 ; and The Definitive Collection . Marshall Chess arranged for Waters to remake the song using psychedelic rock @-@ style instrumentation for the 1968 album Electric Mud , which was an attempt to reach a new audience . In 1972 , Waters recorded an " unplugged " rendition of the song , with Louis Myers on acoustic guitar and George " Mojo " Buford on unamplified harmonica . Chess released it in 1994 on the Waters rarieties collection One More Mile . He revisited the song with original guitarist Jimmy Rogers in 1977 . They re @-@ recorded it for I 'm Ready , the Grammy Award @-@ winning album produced by Johnny Winter .
Waters featured the song in his performances and several live recordings have been issued . His acclaimed At Newport 1960 , one of the first live blues albums , includes a rendition by his later band with Spann , Pat Hare , James Cotton , and Francis Clay . Other live albums have versions that span his career with different backup bands . These include Live in 1958 ( recorded in England in 1958 with Spann and Chris Barber 's trad jazz band , released in 1993 and re @-@ released as Collaboration in 1995 ) ; Authorized Bootleg : Live at the Fillmore Auditorium – San Francisco Nov 04 – 06 1966 ( released 2009 ) ; The Lost Tapes ( recorded 1971 , released 1999 ) ; Muddy " Mississippi " Waters – Live ( recorded 1977 , released 1979 ) ; and Live at the Checkerboard Lounge , Chicago 1981 with members of the Rolling Stones ( released 2012 ) .
= = Influence and recognition = =
" Hoochie Coochie Man " represents Waters ' recording transition from an electrified , but more traditional Delta @-@ based blues of the late 1940s – early 1950s to a newer Chicago blues ensemble sound . The song was important to Dixon 's career and signaled a change as well – Chess became convinced of Dixon 's value as a songwriter and secured his relationship as such with the label . Waters soon followed up with several variations on the sixteen @-@ bar stop @-@ time arrangement written by Dixon . These include " I Just Want to Make Love to You " , " I 'm Ready " , and " I 'm a Natural Born Lover " . All of these songs follow a similar lyrical theme and " helped shape Muddy Waters ' image as the testosterone king of the blues " , according to Gioia .
Bo Diddley modified the song 's signature riff for his March 1955 song " I 'm a Man " . He reworked it as a four @-@ note figure , which is repeated for the entire song without a progression to other chords . Music critic and writer Cub Koda calls it " the most recognizable blues lick in the world " . Waters , not to be outdone , responded two months later with an answer song to " I 'm a Man " , titled " Mannish Boy " . " Bo Diddley , he was tracking me down with my beat when he made ' I 'm a Man ' . That 's from ' Hoochie Coochie Man . ' Then I got on it with ' Mannish Boy ' and just drove him out of my way " , Waters recalled . Emphasizing the origin of Bo Diddley 's song , Waters sticks to the original first eight @-@ bar phrase from " Hoochie Coochie Man " and includes some of the hoodoo references .
According to Palmer , songwriters adapted the phrase for other artists and it was " soon absorbed into the lingua franca of blues , jazz , and rock and roll " . In 1955 , songwriters Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller used the riff for " Riot in Cell Block Number 9 " ( later reworked by the Beach Boys as " Student Demonstration Time " ) and " Framed " for the R & B group the Robins . " Trouble " , another Leiber and Stoller composition that uses the riff , was sung by Elvis Presley in the 1958 musical drama film King Creole . American composer Elmer Bernstein quoted the figure in another film , The Man with the Golden Arm , which received a nomination for an Academy Award for Best Original Score in 1955 . Dixon remarked , " we felt like this was a great achievement for one of these blues phrases to be used in a movie " .
As numerous artists recorded it in a variety of styles , " Hoochie Coochie Man " became a blues standard . Janovitz describes the song as " a vital piece of Chicago @-@ style electric blues that links the Delta to rock & roll " . Rock musicians are among the many who have interpreted it . In 1984 , Waters ' original " I 'm Your Hoochie Coochie Man " was inducted into the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame . The Foundation noted that " In addition to countless versions by Chicago blues artists , the song has been recorded by performers as diverse as Jimi Hendrix , Chuck Berry , and jazz organist Jimmy Smith " to which Grove adds B.B. King , Buddy Guy , John P. Hammond , the Allman Brothers Band , and Eric Clapton . A Grammy Hall of Fame Award followed in 1998 , which " honor [ s ] recordings of lasting qualitative or historical significance " . The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's list of the " 500 Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll " recognizes the song 's influence on rock . Representatives of the music industry and press voted it number 226 for Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the " 500 Greatest Songs of All Time " . In 2004 , the National Recording Preservation Board , advisors to the US Library of Congress , selected it for preservation in the National Recording Registry and noted the contributions of the band members .
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= Soulmates ( Parks and Recreation ) =
" Soulmates " is the tenth episode of the American comedy television series Parks and Recreation 's third season , and the 40th overall episode of the series . In the episode , Leslie is disappointed when Ben rejects her romantic advances , and is surprised when she is matched with Tom in an online dating service . Meanwhile , Ron and Chris have a cook @-@ off to determine which is better : red or lean meat . The episode was written by Alan Yang and directed by Ken Whittingham .
After it aired , NBC launched a website for HoosierMate.com , the fictional online dating site featured in " Soulmates " . The episode featured a guest appearance by stand @-@ up comedian Kirk Fox as sewage department employee Joe , who previously appeared in the second season . Josh Pence , who appeared with Parks co @-@ star Rashida Jones in the 2010 film The Social Network , also appeared in " Soulmates " as a man wearing cowboy clothes who dates Ann .
According to Nielsen Media Research , the episode was seen by 4 @.@ 89 million household viewers , a slight decrease from the previous original episode , " Andy and April 's Fancy Party " . It received generally positive reviews , with several commentators particularly praising the performance of Aziz Ansari as Tom Haverford .
= = Plot = =
Chris ( Rob Lowe ) enacts a government @-@ wide health initiative in Pawnee , starting by banning red meat from the city hall commissary , much to the displeasure of Ron ( Nick Offerman ) . He challenges Chris to a burger cook @-@ off to prove red meat is superior to Chris ' preferred lean meat , with red meat staying on the menu if Ron wins . Meanwhile , Leslie ( Amy Poehler ) invites Ben ( Adam Scott ) out to dinner , but he turns her down , leaving Leslie confused because she was sure Ben was attracted to her . Ann ( Rashida Jones ) , who is now dating multiple men after taking Donna 's ( Retta ) advice to be more adventurous , tells Leslie to join an online dating website called HoosierMate.com and helps set up her profile ( after Leslie 's original description of herself was " yellow haired female ; likes waffles and news " ) .
Leslie finds a match that is 98 percent compatible with her – a " soulmate " rating – but is horrified to discover that it is Tom ( Aziz Ansari ) . Additionally , the crude sewage department employee Joe ( Kirk Fox ) makes a romantic advance toward Leslie , prompting her to launch a " douche @-@ vestigation " to find out why she attracts the wrong type of man . Meanwhile , Chris takes Andy ( Chris Pratt ) , April ( Aubrey Plaza ) , and Ron to a health food market called Grain ' n Simple , where he gathers numerous ingredients for the perfect turkey burger , but Ron is unfazed , simply buying a pound of red meat from his favorite food market , Food and Stuff .
In her investigation , Leslie quickly learns Joe merely hits on any woman as long as she is not elderly . She takes Tom out to lunch to learn more about him . He responds to all of Leslie 's questions with his usual chauvinistic answers , annoying her to the point that she admits she took him out because they matched on HoosierMate . A delighted Tom teases Leslie the rest of the day by pretending they are a couple , but she finally silences him by kissing him . Chris notices the kiss and warns Leslie that he has a strict policy against workplace dating .
At the cook @-@ off , Chris prepares his meticulous turkey burgers for the judges : Tom , Donna , Jerry ( Jim O 'Heir ) , and Kyle ( Andy Forrest ) . They all love it , but give much higher praise to Ron 's simple hamburger on a bun . Initially surprised , even Chris comes to admit the burger is superior after trying it , so he agrees to reinstate red meat on the commissary menu . Chris later tells Leslie his dating policy has affected others , explaining that he earlier warned Ben not to ask out a co @-@ worker . Leslie realizes that is why Ben rejected her and is glad when Ben asks her to eat in front of her favorite city hall mural . Leslie deletes her profile on HoosierMate , and is relieved to learn that Tom has 26 different profiles on the site to match himself with any type of woman , although the one Leslie matched with was his " nerd " profile .
= = Production = =
" Soulmates " was written by Alan Yang and directed by Ken Whittingham . The idea of Chris ' no @-@ dating policy stemmed from real life policies in small town governments . Parks and Recreation co @-@ creator Michael Schur said although romantic obstacles between two characters are difficult to make effective and genuine , he believed the policy was realistic and fitting with the type of show . Schur said : " The ' no dating ' thing is a very big deal in government – these people are handling taxpayer money , so relationships are even more frowned upon than they are in the private sector . "
The episode features a fictional online dating service called HoosierMate.com , inspired by the nickname Hoosier for residents of Indiana , where Parks and Recreation is set . After the episode aired , NBC started a fake website on an actual HoosierMate.com domain , which included fake accounts for Leslie and Tom similar to those featured in " Soulmates " . Stand @-@ up comedian Kirk Fox made a guest appearance in " Soulmates " as Pawnee sewer department employee Joe , who he previously played in the second season episodes " The Camel " and " Telethon " . Josh Pence , who appeared with Parks co @-@ star Rashida Jones in the 2010 film The Social Network , also appeared in " Soulmates " as a man wearing cowboy clothes who dates Ann .
During one scene in " Soulmates " , Ron misunderstood a turkey burger to be " a fried turkey leg inside a grilled hamburger " . After the episode aired , the cooking website Eater.com created and posted a recipe for that exact food .
= = Cultural references = =
When Leslie asks Tom what he would ask for if given three wishes , one of them is to star in a remake of the 1991 action film Point Break playing the roles of both main characters , who are played by Keanu Reeves and Patrick Swayze . During one scene , while on hold during a telephone call , Tom sings badly out of tune to the hold music of " Forever Young " , by the German synthpop group Alphaville . At one point , Tom describes the nicknames he has for various foods , and describes sandwiches as " sammies , sandoozles or Adam Sandlers " , the latter of which refers to the comedian and actor Adam Sandler . Andy tells Chris his favorite food is Skittles sandwiched between two Starburst , which he calls " Andy 's Mouth Surprise " . When Leslie describes her ideal date as a dark and mysterious man who can play the organ , Ann says she believes Leslie is describing the title character from The Phantom of the Opera , a story about a deformed man who haunts an opera hall .
= = Reception = =
= = = Ratings = = =
In its original American broadcast , " Soulmates " was seen by an estimated 4 @.@ 89 million household viewers , according to Nielsen Media Research , with a 2 @.@ 9 rating / 5 share among all viewers and a 2 @.@ 4 rating / 6 share among viewers between ages 18 and 49 . A rating point represents one percent of the total number of television sets in American households , and a share means the percentage of television sets in use tuned to the program . The " Soulmates " rating constituted a slight decrease from the previous episode , " Andy and April 's Fancy Party " , which was seen by 5 @.@ 16 million households .
In its 9 : 30 p.m. timeslot , " Soulmates " was outperformed by the Fox crime drama series Bones , which was seen by 10 @.@ 96 million household viewers , and the CBS forensic crime series CSI : Crime Scene Investigation , which was seen by 8 @.@ 47 million households . It outperformed a repeat of the ABC medical drama series Grey 's Anatomy , which was seen by 3 @.@ 86 million household viewers , and an original episode of the CW Television Network drama series Nikita , which was seen by 2 @.@ 013 million households .
= = = Reviews = = =
" Soulmates " received generally positive reviews , with several commentators particularly praising the performance of Aziz Ansari . The Atlantic writer Scott Meslow said Ansari " has somehow found a way to make Tom petulant , sexist , and materialistic without ever being unlikable " . Meslow also complimented the " slight but charming " subplot about the burger cook @-@ off , and said Rob Lowe stood his own against the show 's reliable comedic stars Nick Offerman and Chris Pratt . Zap2it writer Rick Porter called " Soulmates " one of the " out @-@ and @-@ out funniest episodes of the season " and provided Ansari with the " best sustained bit of comedy he 's had in a long time " . Porter also said he appreciated how the script " wisely didn 't make much " over Ann 's dating many men , claiming the subtlety of the joke was effective . Andy Daglas of ChicagoNow also said Ansari " stole the show " and that " Soulmates " was an excellent showcase for his character , who had largely remained on the sidelines throughout the season . Daglas said the scenes with Tom mocking Leslie were effective not only due to Ansari 's performance , but also because of the genuine loyalty and admiration that had been built between the two characters .
The A.V. Club writer Steve Heisler called " Soulmates " one of the best Parks and Recreation episodes , and praised it for advancing its character relationships and finding " tons of natural , free @-@ flowing comedy in something incredibly mundane " , such as a conflict over burgers . Matt Fowler of IGN said he enjoyed seeing Offerman and Lowe pitted against each other , which he described as an " epic " pairing . Fowler also said he enjoyed that the script introduced " mini @-@ mysteries " that took some time to reveal , like why Ben seemed uncomfortable around Leslie , and why Leslie and Tom were a match on the dating website . Nick McHatton of TV Fanatic said he is enjoying the slow and deliberate pace at which the Leslie and Ben relationship is progressing . He also said Ansari " delivered just the right amount to creep out Leslie ( and ) keep me in fits of laughter " , and said Tom 's slang nicknames for food were " some of the funniest Tom @-@ isms he 's doled out yet " . New York magazine writer Steve Kandell said the episode demonstrates how , even several months after the addition of Lowe and Adam Scott to the cast , their presence allows for excellent new story opportunities , like the Ron and Chris cook @-@ off and Ben 's infatuation with Leslie .
Eric Sundermann of Hollywood.com said " Soulmates " demonstrates how Parks and Recreation is superior to other comedy shows because it " invests in its characters and really allows the audience time to get to know them " rather than depending solely on gags . Alan Sepinwall said he " laughed louder and more frequently at it than any episode so far this season " except for " Flu Season " and called the Ron and Chris subplot as " predictable as hell but perfectly @-@ executed " . Sepinwall objected to the introduction of a no @-@ dating policy simply to slow the budding romance between Leslie and Ben , and said " so much of this season has been so perfect that the rare imperfections stand out even more than they would on a weaker overall comedy " . Joel Keller of TV Squad said the no @-@ dating policy felt like a plot contrivance meant strictly to keep Ben and Leslie apart , which he felt was not good for the story . However , he complimented Leslie and Tom 's scenes together , and said the subplot was even funnier , which he called a " Ron Swanson classic " . Entertainment Weekly writer Hillary Busis said the episode was " a little too disjointed for me " , particularly because the two plots were barely associated with each other . However , she said the show included funny individual jokes , and enjoyed the moment when Leslie kissed Tom .
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= M @-@ 87 ( Michigan highway ) =
M @-@ 87 is the designation of a former state trunkline highway in the Lower Peninsula of the US state of Michigan , which prior to 1960 ran east – west between the towns of Fenton and Holly . The highway served as a connector between US Highway 23 ( US 23 ) and the former routing of US 10 , which ran along what is now the Interstate 75 ( I @-@ 75 ) corridor . The highway connected the downtown areas of each community as well as running through then @-@ rural areas of Genesee and Oakland counties . The trunkline was decommissioned in late 1960 , removing it from the system .
= = Route description = =
Immediately before decommissioning , M @-@ 87 began at a junction with Business US 23 ( Bus . US 23 , Leroy Street ) east of the Shiawassee River in the town of Fenton . From there the road traveled to the east along Main Street , where it crossed a branch rail line of the present @-@ day CSX Transportation. and headed east out of town in Genesee County . After about one mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) , the highway crossed into Oakland County and followed Grange Hall Road south of Seven Lakes State Park . The road then turned south in the town of Holly along Saginaw Street . Near Bevins Lake , the street curved to the east around the end of the lake . The highway turned east on Maple Street and ran south of Simonson Lake as it continued eastward out of Holly . The road crossed a branch line of the present day Canadian National Railway in Springfield Township . The trunkline continued to the east and southeast through rural areas before terminating at US 10 ( Dixie Highway ) .
= = History = =
M @-@ 87 was assumed into the state trunkline system by July 1 , 1919 , when the system was first signed . At the time , the highway connected M @-@ 65 in Fenton with M @-@ 10 east of Holly . Later when the United States Numbered Highway System was created on November 11 , 1926 , those two highways were renumbered US 23 and US 10 respectively . The highway was fully paved in 1937 . In 1958 , Fenton was bypassed by the Fenton – Clio Expressway to the west of downtown. and the former route through downtown was redesignated Bus . US 23 . M @-@ 87 was removed from the state trunkline system and turned back to local control in late 1960 .
= = Major intersections = =
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= SMS Von der Tann =
SMS Von der Tann was the first battlecruiser built for the German Kaiserliche Marine , as well as Germany 's first major turbine @-@ powered warship . At the time of her construction , Von der Tann was the fastest dreadnought @-@ type warship afloat , capable of reaching speeds in excess of 27 knots ( 50 km / h ; 31 mph ) . She was designed in response to the British Invincible class . While the German design had slightly lighter guns — 28 cm ( 11 in ) , compared to the 30 @.@ 5 cm ( 12 in ) Mark X mounted on the British ships — Von der Tann was faster and significantly better @-@ armored . She set the precedent of German battlecruisers carrying much heavier armor than their British equivalents , albeit at the cost of smaller guns .
Von der Tann participated in a number of fleet actions during the First World War , including several bombardments of the English coast . She was present at the Battle of Jutland , where she destroyed the British battlecruiser HMS Indefatigable in the opening minutes of the engagement . Von der Tann was hit several times by large @-@ caliber shells during the battle , and at one point in the engagement , the ship had all of her main battery guns out of action either due to damage or malfunction . Nevertheless , the damage was quickly repaired and the ship returned to the fleet in two months .
Following the end of the war in November 1918 , Von der Tann , along with most of the High Seas Fleet , was interned at Scapa Flow pending a decision by the Allies as to the fate of the fleet . The ship met her end in 1919 when German caretaker crews scuttled their ships to prevent their division among Allied navies . The wreck was raised in 1930 , and scrapped at Rosyth from 1931 to 1934 .
= = Development = =
The preceding German large cruiser design , Blücher , was an incremental increase over previous armored cruisers . Blücher was armed with twelve 21 cm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) guns , and designed to counter what the Germans knew about the British Invincible class , which were assumed to be larger iterations of the basic armored cruiser type . Once sufficient information about the new British cruisers became available , it was obvious that they were not simply an enlargement on previous designs but a whole new type of warship — the battlecruiser — to which Blücher was quite inferior . However , there were insufficient funds to alter Blücher 's layout , so the cruiser assigned for 1907 would have to be an entirely new design .
Design of Von der Tann began in August 1906 , under the name " Cruiser F " , amid disagreements over the intended role of the new ship . Admiral Tirpitz advocated a ship similar to the new British battlecruisers of the Invincible class : heavier guns , lighter armor , and higher speed with the intention of using the ship as a fleet scout and to destroy the opposing fleet 's cruisers . Tirpitz had no intention of using the ship in the main battle line . Kaiser Wilhelm II however , along with most of the Reichsmarineamt ( Imperial Navy Office ) , was in favor of incorporating the ship into the battle line after initial contact was made , which necessitated much heavier armor . This insistence upon the capability to fight in the battle line was a result of the numerical inferiority of the German High Seas fleet compared to the British Royal Navy .
Several design proposals were submitted , all calling for heavy main guns , between 30 @.@ 5 cm ( 12 in ) and 34 @.@ 3 cm ( 13 @.@ 5 in ) calibers . However , financial limitations dictated that smaller , less expensive weaponry would be used instead . The final design therefore used the same 28 cm ( 11 in ) double turret introduced for the last two Nassau @-@ class battleships — hydraulic elevated Drh LC / 1907 instead of electrical elevated Drh LC / 1906 . In compensation , the design was given a relatively heavy secondary armament .
At a conference in September 1906 , many of the disagreements over the ship 's design were resolved . The Naval Constructor , von Eickstedt , argued that since the explosive trials for the proposed protection systems for the new battlecruiser had not been completed , the construction should be postponed , to allow for any alterations to the design . He also argued that guns of 21 cm ( 8 @.@ 3 in ) or 24 cm ( 9 @.@ 4 in ) caliber would be sufficient to penetrate the armor of the new British battlecruisers . However , Admiral August von Heeringen , of the General Navy Department , stated that for the ship to be able to engage battleships , the 28 cm ( 11 in ) caliber guns were necessary .
Admiral Capelle , the deputy director of the Reichsmarineamt , stated that by mid November 1906 , the testing for the underwater protection designs would be complete . He suggested that if the torpedo bulkhead needed to be strengthened , the ship might be too heavy for the 28 cm ( 11 in ) guns , if the displacement of around 19 @,@ 000 t ( 21 @,@ 000 short tons ) was to be retained . Tirpitz refused to consider using smaller guns , even if it meant increasing the displacement of the ship . Von Eickstedt proposed employing a secondary battery of 17 cm ( 6 @.@ 7 in ) guns instead of the 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) the design called for , but the increased weight would have made it impossible to mount eight main battery guns .
On 22 June 1907 , the Kaiser authorized construction of Cruiser F , to be named Von der Tann , after Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann @-@ Rathsamhausen , a Bavarian general who fought in the Franco @-@ Prussian War of 1870 . The contract was awarded to the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg , on 26 September 1907 . The keel was laid on 21 March 1908 , and the ship was launched nearly a year later , on 20 March 1909 . The source of the ship 's name was the subject of much gratitude from the Bavarian aristocracy . Newspapers at the time reported that Luitpold , the prince regent and de facto ruler of Bavaria , telegraphed a message of thanks to the German emperor , and the launch ceremony was overseen by one of Von der Tann 's descendants , also a general . He spoke to the assembled crowd , stating his hope that Von der Tann would , in his words , " go out to protect Germany 's might world @-@ trade , or , at the command of his Majesty the Emperor , to ward off an enemy who attacked the vital interests or the honour of the Empire . Might the ship acquit herself upon the ocean as the General whose name she bore had acquitted himself upon the blood @-@ drenched battlefield and bring her flag victorious out of the fight for the greatness and the honour of Germany . " The ship cost 36 @.@ 523 million Marks .
= = Design = =
= = = Armament = = =
Von der Tann carried eight 28 cm ( 11 @.@ 02 in ) SK L / 45 guns , mounted in four twin turrets : one fore , one aft , and two staggered wing turrets . The guns were emplaced in the Drh.L C / 1907 turntable mount , which was traversed electrically , while the guns themselves used hydraulics to change elevation . The guns could be elevated up to 20 degrees , which enabled a maximum range of 18 @,@ 900 m ( 20 @,@ 700 yd ) . A refit in 1915 increased this to 20 @,@ 400 m ( 22 @,@ 300 yd ) . The main guns fired a 302 kg ( 670 lb ) armored @-@ piercing shell that had a muzzle velocity of 875 m / s ; the main propellant charges were encased in a brass cartridge . A total of 660 projectiles were stored in four shell rooms , each containing 165 shells . The wing turrets were staggered in such a way that all eight guns were able to fire on broadside on a very wide arc .
Unlike her British contemporaries , Von der Tann also carried a heavy secondary battery , consisting of ten 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 91 in ) SK L / 45 guns , casemated in MPL C / 06 pivot mounts , each with 150 high explosive and armor @-@ piercing shells . At construction , these guns could fire their 45 @.@ 3 kg ( 100 lb ) shells at targets up to 13 @,@ 500 m ( 14 @,@ 800 yd ) away ; after the 1915 refit , their maximum range was extended to 16 @,@ 800 m ( 18 @,@ 400 yd ) . She was also armed with sixteen 8 @.@ 8 cm SK L / 45 naval gun 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 46 in ) SK L / 45 guns , to defend against torpedo boats and destroyers . These were also emplaced in pivot mounts , of the MPL C / 01 @-@ 06 type , with a total of 3 @,@ 200 shells for these guns . These guns fired a 9 kg ( 20 lb ) shell at the high rate of 15 rounds per minute , up to a range of 10 @,@ 694 m ( 11 @,@ 695 yd ) , which was quite long for a smaller caliber weapon . In late 1916 , following repair work after the damage sustained during the Battle of Jutland , Von der Tann had her 8 @.@ 8 cm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) guns removed and the firing ports welded shut . Two 8 @.@ 8 cm flak guns were installed on the aft superstructure .
As was customary for capital ships of the time , Von der Tann was equipped with four 45 cm ( 17 @.@ 72 in ) torpedo tubes , with a total of 11 torpedoes . These were located in the bow , the stern , and two on the broadside . The torpedoes carried a 110 kg ( 240 lb ) warhead , and had an effective range of 2 km ( 1 @.@ 04 nmi ) when set for a speed of 32 kn ( 59 km / h ) , and 1 @.@ 5 km ( 0 @.@ 81 nmi ) at 36 kn ( 67 km / h ) .
= = = Armor = = =
Because the Von der Tann was designed to fight in the battle line , her armor was much thicker than that of the British battlecruisers . Von der Tann weighed over 2 @,@ 000 tonnes more than the Indefatigable class , and used 10 % more of her weight for armor than the battlecruisers she faced at the Battle of Jutland .
Von der Tann 's armor consisted of Krupp cemented and nickel steel . The main belt armor was 80 – 120 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 – 4 @.@ 7 in ) thick forward , 250 mm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) thick over the ship 's citadel , and was 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick aft . The forward conning tower was protected by 250 mm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) , while the aft conning tower by 200 mm ( 7 @.@ 9 in ) . The four turrets had 230 mm ( 9 @.@ 1 in ) faces , 180 mm ( 7 @.@ 1 in ) sides , and 90 mm ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) on the roofs . The horizontal armor measured 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) thick , and the sloping deck armor was 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick . Like the armored cruiser Blücher before her , she was protected by a torpedo bulkhead , 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) thick . It was set back a distance of 4 meters ( 13 ft ) from the outer hull skin , the space in between being used to store coal .
= = = Machinery = = =
Von der Tann was powered by 18 naval coal @-@ fueled double boilers , separated into five boiler rooms . The boilers produced steam at a pressure of 235 psi ( 16 atmospheres ) . Von der Tann was the first large German warship to use turbine propulsion . The ship used two sets of turbines : high pressure turbines , which ran the outer two shafts , and low pressure turbines , which powered the inner two shafts . Each shaft had a propeller 3 @.@ 6 m ( 12 ft ) in diameter . The ship was designed to have a power output of 41 @,@ 426 shaft horsepower ( 30 @,@ 891 kW ) at a speed of 300 rpm , which enabled a rated top speed of 24 @.@ 8 kn ( 45 @.@ 9 km / h ) . However , as was the case with all later German battlecruisers , the ship could be run dramatically higher . During sea trials , the turbines provided 77 @,@ 928 shp ( 58 @,@ 111 kW ) at 339 rpm for a top speed of 27 @.@ 757 kn ( 51 @.@ 39 km / h ) . In one instance during a cruise from Tenerife to Germany , the ship averaged 27 kn ( 50 km / h ) , and reached a maximum speed of 28 kn ( 52 km / h ) . At the time of her launch , she was the fastest dreadnought afloat . The ship had two parallel rudders , which were controlled by steam @-@ powered engines . Von der Tann 's electrical plant consisted of six steam turbo generators that had a total output of 1 @,@ 200 @-@ kW ( 1 @,@ 600 @-@ hp ) .
Like many German capital ships , Von der Tann had chronic problems with the often low @-@ quality coal available for the ship 's boilers . Following the end of the raid on Scarborough , Von der Tann 's commander , Captain Max von Hahn , remarked that " the inadequacy of our coal and its burning properties results in heavy smoke clouds and signals our presence . " During the battle of Jutland , the ship was unable to maintain fires in all of her boilers after 16 : 00 , due to the poor quality coal . Many other German ships suffered the same difficulties during the battle , including Derfflinger and Seydlitz . After 1916 , the coal firing in the boilers was supplemented by spraying tar @-@ oil on the coal , which made the coal burn better .
= = = Other characteristics = = =
Frahm anti @-@ roll tanks were fitted during construction , but these proved to be ineffective ; the tanks only reduced rolling by 33 % . Bilge keels were later added to improve stability , and the space previously used for the anti @-@ roll tanks was instead used as extra fuel storage . The ship was able to carry an additional 180 t ( 200 short tons ) of coal in the anti @-@ roll tanks . Von der Tann 's hull consisted of 15 watertight compartments , and a double bottom extended for 75 % of the ship 's length . The ship was known to have good maneuvering characteristics , with a speed loss of 60 % and a heel of 8 degrees at full rudder .
The ship 's crew compartments were arranged such that the officers were accommodated in the forecastle . This arrangement was found to be unsatisfactory , and not repeated in later classes . Von der Tann was designed to be fitted with a lattice mast , but the ship received standard masts instead . In 1914 , spotting posts were attached to the masts in order to observe the fall of artillery fire . In 1915 , seaplane trials were conducted on Von der Tann , and a crane was attached on the aft deck to lift the seaplane aboard the ship . Von der Tann had originally been equipped with anti @-@ torpedo nets , but these were removed towards the end of 1916 .
= = Service history = =
In May 1910 , Von der Tann sailed from the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg to receive her final fitting @-@ out in the Imperial Dockyard at Kiel . The German Navy was chronically short of crews at the time , so dockyard workers had to bring the ship to Kiel . On 1 September 1910 , the ship was commissioned into the German Navy , with a crew composed largely of crewmembers from the dreadnought Rheinland . During trials , an average speed of 27 kn ( 50 km / h ) was attained over a six @-@ hour period , with a top speed of 28 @.@ 124 kn ( 52 @.@ 086 km / h ) with the engines at maximum output .
Von der Tann made several long @-@ distance voyages after completion . She visited Rio de Janeiro , Puerto Militar , and Bahía Blanca in South America in early 1911 , and returned to Kiel on 6 May 1911 . The primary purpose of the cruise was to obtain armament contracts from South American countries by impressing them with what was " widely advertised as the fastest and most powerful warship then afloat . " On 8 May 1911 , Von der Tann joined the Unit of Reconnaissance Ships . In June 1911 Von der Tann attended the Fleet Review at Spithead , for the coronation of King George V.
= = = First World War = = =
At the outbreak of the First World War , Von der Tann was serving as the flagship of the 3rd Admiral of Reconnaissance Forces , Konteradmiral Tapken . The ship was assigned to the I Scouting Group of the High Seas Fleet , under the command of Rear Admiral Franz Hipper . Von der Tann 's first major sortie during the war occurred when the ship took part in the unsuccessful search for British battlecruisers , after the Battle of Heligoland Bight , in August 1914 . During the Battle of Heligoland Bight , Von der Tann had been stationed in Wilhelmshaven Roads , and had been ordered to raise steam as early as 08 : 20 , to assist the German cruisers under attack in the Heligoland Bight . At 08 : 50 , Rear Admiral Hipper requested permission from Admiral von Ingenohl , the commander in chief of the High Seas Fleet , to send Von der Tann and Moltke to relieve the beleaguered German cruisers .
Von der Tann was ready to sail by 10 : 15 , more than an hour before the British battlecruisers arrived on the scene . However , the ship was held up by low tide , which prevented the battlecruisers from crossing the bar at the mouth of the Jade Estuary . At 14 : 10 , Von der Tann and Moltke were able to cross the Jade bar , and Hipper ordered the German light cruisers to fall back on the two heavy ships , while Hipper himself was about an hour behind in the battlecruiser Seydlitz . At 14 : 25 , the remaining light cruisers , Strassburg , Stettin , Frauenlob , Stralsund , and Ariadne , rendezvoused with the battlecruisers . Seydlitz arrived on the scene by 15 : 10 ; Ariadne succumbed to battle damage and sank . Hipper ventured forth cautiously to search for the two missing light cruisers , Mainz and Cöln . By 16 : 00 , the German flotilla began returning to the Jade Estuary , arriving at approximately 20 : 23 .
= = = = Bombardments of the English coast = = = =
Later that year Von der Tann was present at the Raid on Yarmouth , on 2 – 3 November . At 16 : 30 on the 2nd , Von der Tann , along with Seydlitz ( Hipper 's flagship ) , Moltke , the armored cruiser Blücher , and the four light cruisers Strassburg , Graudenz , Kolberg , and Stralsund , departed the Jade Estuary , bound for the English coast with the intent to lay minefields in British sea lanes . At 18 : 00 , two dreadnought battle squadrons of the High Seas Fleet departed to provide support . Hipper 's force veered north in an arc to avoid Heligoland and the British submarines stationed there , and then increased speed to 18 knots . At approximately 06 : 30 the following morning , Hipper 's battlecruisers spotted the British minesweeper Halcyon and opened fire , which drew the attention of the destroyer Lively . Hipper realized that he was wasting time , and that further pursuit would run his ships into a known minefield , so he ordered his ships back to sea . As the flotilla was turning away , the battlecruisers fired several salvos at Great Yarmouth , to little effect . By the time the British Admiralty was fully aware of the situation , the German force had retreated back to home waters .
Von der Tann also participated in the raid on Scarborough , Hartlepool and Whitby , on 15 – 16 December . The raid was another attempt to lure out a portion of the Grand Fleet and destroy it , with the whole of the High Seas Fleet standing by in support . Von der Tann delayed the raid itself by several days , because Admiral Ingenohl was unwilling to send forth the I Scouting Group at anything less than full strength , and Von der Tann was undergoing routine repairs in early December . The I Scouting Group , along with the II Scouting Group , composed of the four light cruisers Kolberg , Strassburg , Stralsund , and Graudenz , and two torpedo boat flotillas , left the Jade at 03 : 20 . Hipper 's ships sailed north , through the channels in the minefields , past Heligoland to the Horns Reef light vessel , at which point the ships turned westward , towards the English coast . The main battle squadrons of the High Seas Fleet left in the late afternoon of the 15th . During the night of 15 December , the main body of the High Seas Fleet encountered British destroyers , and fearing the prospect of a night @-@ time torpedo attack , Admiral Ingenohl ordered the ships to retreat .
Upon nearing the British coast , Hipper 's battlecruisers split into two groups . Seydlitz , Moltke , and Blücher went north to shell Hartlepool , while Von der Tann and Derfflinger went south to shell Scarborough and Whitby . The two ships destroyed the coast guard stations in both towns , along with the signalling station in Whitby . By 09 : 45 on the 16th , the two groups had reassembled , and began to retreat eastward . Hipper was unaware of Ingenohl 's withdrawal , and following the bombardment of the target cities , turned back to rendezvous with the German fleet . By this time , David Beatty 's battlecruisers were in position to block Hipper 's chosen egress route , while other forces were en route to complete the encirclement . At 12 : 25 , the light cruisers of the II Scouting Group began to pass the British forces searching for Hipper . One of the cruisers in the 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron spotted Stralsund , and signaled a report to Beatty . At 12 : 30 , Beatty turned his battlecruisers towards the German ships . Beatty presumed that the German cruisers were the advance screen for Hipper 's ships , however , those were some 50 km ( 31 mi ) ahead . The 2nd Light Cruiser Squadron , which had been screening for Beatty 's ships , detached to pursue the German cruisers , but a misinterpreted signal from the British battlecruisers sent them back to their screening positions . This confusion allowed the German light cruisers to escape , and alerted Hipper to the location of the British battlecruisers . The German battlecruisers wheeled to the northeast of the British forces and made good their escape .
Von der Tann was being refitted at the time of the Battle of Dogger Bank , and so she missed this action . She was replaced by the armored cruiser Blücher , which was sunk during the battle . A detachment of men from Von der Tann had been sent to Blücher and went down with the ship . In 1915 the ship took part in operations in the North and Baltic Seas . On 10 August 1915 , Von der Tann shelled the island fortress at Utö , in the eastern Baltic , during which she took part in an artillery duel with the Russian armored cruiser Admiral Makarov . Von der Tann also engaged the Russian armored cruiser Bayan and five destroyers , during which Von der Tann was struck by a shell through the funnel , which caused no casualties . On 3 – 4 February 1916 , Von der Tann participated in the fleet advance to welcome home the commerce raider Möwe . The ship was also present during the fleet sorties of 5 – 7 March , 17 April , 21 – 22 April , and 5 May .
Von der Tann also took part in the bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft on 24 – 25 April . Hipper was away on sick leave , so the German ships were under the command of Konteradmiral Friedrich Boedicker . The German battlecruisers Derfflinger , Lützow , Moltke , Seydlitz and Von der Tann left the Jade Estuary at 10 : 55 on 24 April , and were supported by a screening force of 6 light cruisers and two torpedo boat flotillas . The heavy units of the High Seas Fleet sailed at 13 : 40 , with the objective to provide distant support for Boedicker 's ships . The British Admiralty was made aware of the German sortie through the interception of German wireless signals , and deployed the Grand Fleet at 15 : 50 .
By 14 : 00 , Boedicker 's ships had reached a position off Norderney , at which point he turned his ships northward to avoid the Dutch observers on the island of Terschelling . At 15 : 38 , Seydlitz struck a mine , which tore a 50 @-@ ft ( 15 @-@ m ) hole in her hull , just abaft of the starboard broadside torpedo tube , which allowed 1 @,@ 400 @-@ t ( 1 @,@ 500 @-@ short tons ) of water to enter the ship . Seydlitz turned back , with the screen of light cruisers , at a speed of 15 knots . The four remaining battlecruisers turned south immediately in the direction of Norderney to avoid further mine damage . By 16 : 00 , Seydlitz was clear of imminent danger , so the ship stopped to allow Boedicker to disembark . The torpedo boat V28 brought Boedicker to Lützow .
At 04 : 50 on 25 April , the German battlecruisers were approaching Lowestoft when the light cruisers Rostock and Elbing , which had been covering the southern flank , spotted the light cruisers and destroyers of Admiral Tyrwhitt 's Harwich Force . Boedicker refused to be distracted by the British ships , and instead trained his ships ' guns on Lowestoft . The two 6 in ( 15 cm ) shore batteries were destroyed , along with other damage to the town . KzS Zenker , Von der Tann 's commanding officer , later wrote :
Mist over the sea and the smoke from the ships ahead made it difficult for us to make out our targets as we steered for Lowestoft . But after we turned [ to the north ] , the Empire Hotel offered us an ample landmark for effective bombardment . At 05 : 11 we opened fire with our heavy and medium calibers on the harbor works and swing bridges . After a few " shorts " the shooting was good . From the after @-@ bridge a fire in the town , and from another vantage point a great explosion at the entry [ to the harbor ] were reported .
At 05 : 20 , the German raiders turned north , towards Yarmouth , which they reached by 05 : 42 . The visibility was so poor that the German ships fired one salvo each , with the exception of Derfflinger , which fired fourteen rounds from her main battery . The German ships turned back south , and at 05 : 47 , encountered for the second time the Harwich Force , which had by then been engaged by the six light cruisers of the screening force . Boedicker 's ships opened fire from a range of 13 @,@ 000 yd ( 12 @,@ 000 m ) . Tyrwhitt immediately turned his ships around and fled south , but not before the cruiser Conquest sustained severe damage . Due to reports of British submarines and torpedo attacks , Boedicker broke off the chase , and turned back east towards the High Seas Fleet . At this point , Scheer , who had been warned of the Grand Fleet 's sortie from Scapa Flow , turned back towards Germany .
= = = = Battle of Jutland = = = =
Von der Tann participated in the Battle of Jutland , as part of Hipper 's First Scouting Group . Von der Tann was the rearmost of five battlecruisers in Hipper 's line . Shortly before 16 : 00 CET , Hipper 's force encountered Vice Admiral Beatty 's battlecruiser squadron . The German ships were the first to open fire , at a range of approximately 15 @,@ 000 yd ( 14 @,@ 000 m ) . At 16 : 49 , Von der Tann fired her first shot at Indefatigable . Fourteen minutes of firing later , Von der Tann had scored five hits on Indefatigable out of 52 heavy shells fired , one of which caused Indefatigable to explode and sink . An observer on the battlecruiser New Zealand , which was directly ahead of Indefatigable , later remarked that he saw " the Indefatigable hit by two shells from the Von der Tann , one on the fore turret . Both appeared to explode on impact . After an interval of thirty seconds , the ship blew up . Sheets of flame were followed by dense smoke which obscured her from view . "
Following the destruction of Indefatigable , Beatty turned his force away , while the British 5th Battle Squadron closed in on the German battlecruisers , opening fire from approximately 19 @,@ 000 yd ( 17 @,@ 000 m ) . Von der Tann and Moltke , the two rearmost of Hipper 's squadron , came under fire from the three lead British battleships of the 5th BS : Barham , Valiant , and Malaya . The German battlecruisers began zig @-@ zagging to avoid the gunfire from the British ships . At 17 : 09 , six minutes after sinking Indefatigable , Von der Tann was hit by one 15 in ( 38 cm ) shell from Barham , which struck beneath the waterline and dislodged a section of the belt armor , causing Von der Tann to take in 600 tons of water . This hit temporarily damaged the ship 's steering gear , and combined with Von der Tann 's zig @-@ zagging cause her to fall out of line to port . The German Official History commented that " the greatest calamity of a complete breakdown of the steering gear was averted , otherwise , Von der Tann would have been delivered into the hands of the oncoming battleships as in the case of Blücher during the Dogger Bank action . "
At 17 : 20 , a 13 @.@ 5 in ( 34 cm ) shell from the battlecruiser Tiger struck the barbette of Von der Tann 's A turret . A chunk of armor plate was dislodged from inside the turret , and struck the turret training gear , which jammed the turret at 120 degrees . This put the turret out of action for the duration of the engagement . At 17 : 23 , the ship was hit again by a 13 @.@ 5 in ( 34 cm ) shell from Tiger , which struck near the C turret and killed 6 men . The shell holed the deck and created enough wreckage that the turret was unable to traverse , and the starboard rudder engine room was damaged . The C turret was out of action until the wreckage could be cut away . Smoke from a fire caused by burning practice targets that had been stowed below the turret obscured the ship . Sections of the torpedo nets were knocked loose and trailed behind the ship . However , they were cut loose before they could catch in the propellers . New Zealand , which had been engaging Von der Tann following Indefatigable 's destruction , lost sight of her target and shifted fire to Moltke . At 17 : 18 , the range to Von der Tann from Barham had closed to 17 @,@ 500 yd ( 16 @,@ 000 m ) , at which point Von der Tann opened fire on the British battleship . Shortly thereafter , at 17 : 23 , Von der Tann registered a hit on Barham . However , after firing only 24 shells , Von der Tann had to return to her earlier target , New Zealand , because her fore and aft turrets had since been disabled , and her amidships turrets were no longer able to target Barham .
At 18 : 15 , the guns of the last active turret jammed in their mountings , leaving Von der Tann without any working main armament . Regardless , she remained in the battle line to distract the British gunners . Because she was no longer firing her main guns , Von der Tann was able to maneuver in an erratic manner , such that she could avoid British gunfire . By 18 : 53 , the ship 's speed fell from 26 kn ( 48 km / h ) to 23 kn ( 43 km / h ) . Over an hour and a half after having failed due to mechanical difficulties , D turret was repaired and again ready for action . Von der Tann sustained her fourth and final heavy shell hit at 20 : 19 , when one 15 in ( 38 cm ) shell from Revenge struck the aft conning tower . Shell splinters penetrated the conning tower , killing the Third Gunnery Officer and both rangefinder operators and wounding every other crewman in the tower . Shell fragments and other debris fell through the ventilating shaft and onto the condenser , which put out all the lights in the ship . Eleven minutes later , at 20 : 30 , B turret was again clear for action , and by 21 : 00 , C turret was also in working order . However , both of the amidships turrets suffered further mechanical difficulties that put them out of action later during the battle .
At approximately 22 : 15 , Hipper , with his flag now in Moltke , ordered his battlecruisers to increase speed to 20 knots , and to fall into the rear of the main German line . Neither Derfflinger , due to battle damage , nor Von der Tann , due to the dirtiness of her boiler fires , could steam at more than 18 knots . Derfflinger and Von der Tann took up positions astern of the II Squadron , and were later joined by the old pre @-@ dreadnoughts Schlesien and Schleswig @-@ Holstein at 00 : 05 . At 03 : 37 , the British destroyer Moresby fired a torpedo at the rear of the German line ; this passed closely across Von der Tann 's bow , and forced the ship to turn sharply to starboard to avoid being hit . Close to the end of the battle , at 03 : 55 , Hipper transmitted a report to Admiral Scheer , informing him of the tremendous damage his ships had suffered . By that time , Derfflinger and Von der Tann each had only two guns in operation , Moltke was flooded with 1 @,@ 000 tons of water , and Seydlitz was severely damaged . Hipper reported : " I Scouting Group was therefore no longer of any value for a serious engagement , and was consequently directed to return to harbor by the Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief , while he himself determined to await developments off Horns Reef with the battlefleet . "
During the course of the battle , two of Von der Tann 's main turrets were knocked out by British gunfire , while her other two turrets suffered mechanical failures . The ship was firing so fast that several of the main guns in the amidships turrets became overheated and jammed in their recoil slides , and could not be returned to working order . Von der Tann was without her main battery for 11 hours , although three turrets were restored to working order before the end of the battle ; D turret only after much cutting away of bent metal with oxyacetylene torches — afterwards the guns could be worked only by hand . Her casualties amounted to 11 dead and 35 wounded . During the battle Von der Tann fired 170 heavy shells and 98 secondary caliber shells .
= = = = Later actions = = = =
After Jutland , she underwent repairs from 2 June until 29 July . After returning to the fleet , Von der Tann took part in several unsuccessful raids into the North Sea in 1916 , including the advances on 18 – 19 August , 25 – 26 September , 18 – 19 October , 23 – 24 October , as well as the advance on 23 – 24 March 1917 .
During the fleet advance on 18 – 19 August , Von der Tann was one of two remaining German battlecruisers still in fighting condition ( along with Moltke ) , so three dreadnoughts were assigned to the I Scouting Group for the operation : Markgraf , Grosser Kurfürst , and Bayern . The I Scouting Group was to bombard the coastal town of Sunderland , in an attempt to draw out and destroy Beatty 's battlecruisers . Admiral Scheer and the rest of the High Seas Fleet , with 15 dreadnoughts of its own , would trail behind , providing cover . The British were aware of the German plans , and sortied the Grand Fleet to meet them . By 14 : 35 , Scheer had been warned of the Grand Fleet 's approach and , unwilling to engage the whole of the Grand Fleet just 11 weeks after the decidedly close call at Jutland , turned his forces around and retreated to German ports .
Von der Tann served as the flagship of Rear Admiral von Reuter during the fleet advance to Norway on 23 – 25 April 1918 , as well as in the sortie on 8 – 9 July .
= = = Fate = = =
Von der Tann was to have taken part in a final fleet action at the end of October 1918 , days before the Armistice was to take effect . The bulk of the High Seas Fleet was to have sortied from their base in Wilhelmshaven to engage the British Grand Fleet ; Scheer — by now the Grand Admiral ( Grossadmiral ) of the fleet — intended to inflict as much damage as possible on the British navy , in order to retain a better bargaining position for Germany , despite the expected casualties . However , many of the war @-@ weary sailors felt the operation would disrupt the peace process and prolong the war . While the High Seas Fleet was consolidating in Wilhelmshaven , sailors began deserting en masse . As Von der Tann and Derfflinger passed through the locks that separated Wilhelmshaven 's inner harbor and roadstead , some 300 men from both ships climbed over the side and disappeared ashore . On the morning of 29 October 1918 , the order was given to sail from Wilhelmshaven the following day . Starting on the night of 29 October , sailors on Thüringen and then on several other battleships mutinied . The unrest ultimately forced Hipper and Scheer to cancel the operation . Informed of the situation , the Kaiser stated " I no longer have a navy . "
Following the capitulation of Germany in November 1918 , most of the High Seas Fleet , under the command of Rear Admiral Ludwig von Reuter , were interned in the British naval base in Scapa Flow . Prior to the departure of the German fleet , Admiral Adolf von Trotha made clear to von Reuter that he could not allow the Allies to seize the ships , under any conditions . The fleet rendezvoused with the British light cruiser Cardiff , which led the ships to the Allied fleet that was to escort the Germans to Scapa Flow . The massive flotilla consisted of some 370 British , American , and French warships . Once the ships were interned , their guns were disabled through the removal of their breech blocks , and their crews were reduced to 200 officers and enlisted men . Von der Tann was interned at Scapa Flow under the command of Kapitän @-@ Leutnant Wollante . While in Scapa Flow , a soldiers ' council was formed aboard the ship ; the council took complete , dictatorial control of the vessel for the duration of the interment .
The fleet remained in captivity during the negotiations that ultimately produced the Treaty of Versailles . Von Reuter believed that the British intended to seize the German ships on 21 June 1919 , which was the deadline for Germany to have signed the peace treaty . Unaware that the deadline had been extended to the 23rd , Reuter ordered the ships to be sunk at the next opportunity . On the morning of 21 June , the British fleet left Scapa Flow to conduct training maneuvers , and at 11 : 20 Reuter transmitted the order to his ships . The ship sank in two hours and fifteen minutes . The task of raising Von der Tann was secured by Ernest Cox 's salvage company . During preparation work , three workers were nearly killed when their oxy @-@ acetylene cutters set off a major explosion . The blast tore holes in the still submerged vessel and allowed water into the compartment that had been emptied with compressed air ; by the time the men were rescued , the compartment had refilled almost completely and the men were up to their necks . Nevertheless , the ship was successfully brought up on 7 December 1930 , and scrapped at Rosyth by the Alloa Shipbreaking Company between 1931 and 1934 .
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