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= Yotsuba & ! = Yotsuba & ! ( よつばと ! , Yotsuba to ! ) is an ongoing Japanese comedy manga series by Kiyohiko Azuma , the creator of Azumanga Daioh . It is published in Japan by ASCII Media Works , formerly MediaWorks , in the monthly magazine Dengeki Daioh and collected in thirteen tankōbon volumes . It depicts the everyday adventures of a young girl named Yotsuba as she learns about the world around her , guided by her father , the neighbors , and their friends . Several characters in Yotsuba & ! were previously featured in a one @-@ shot manga called " Try ! Try ! Try ! " The phrase Yotsuba to means " Yotsuba and , " a fact reflected in the chapter titles , most of which take the form " Yotsuba and [ something ] . " The manga was licensed for English @-@ language distribution by ADV Manga , which released five volumes between 2005 and 2007 . Volume six was supposed to have been released in February 2008 , but was delayed indefinitely in order to focus on ADV 's core business of anime . At New York Comic Con 2009 , Yen Press announced that it had acquired the North American license for the series ; it reprinted the first five volumes with new translations along with volume six in September 2009 , and is continuing with later volumes . = = Story = = Yotsuba & ! is centered on Yotsuba Koiwai , a five @-@ year @-@ old adopted girl who is energetic , cheerful , curious , odd , and quirky — so odd and quirky that even her own father calls her strange . She is also initially ignorant about many things a child her age would be expected to know , among them doorbells , escalators , air conditioners , and even playground swings . This naïveté is the premise of humorous stories where she learns about , and frequently misunderstands , everyday things . At the start of the series , Yotsuba and her adoptive father , Koiwai , relocate to a new city with the help of Koiwai 's best friend , an impressively tall man nicknamed Jumbo . Yotsuba makes a strong impression on the three daughters of the neighboring Ayase family , Asagi , Fuuka , and Ena . Most of her daily activities and misadventures often originate from interactions with these characters . The series has no continuing plot — the focus of the stories is Yotsuba 's daily voyage of discovery . Many chapters take place on successive days ( for details , see List of Yotsuba & ! chapters ) , so that the series follows , almost literally , the characters ' daily lives . The tone can be summarized by the motto , used on chapter title pages and advertising , " Today is always the most enjoyable day " , or in the original translation , " Enjoy Everything " ( いつでも今日が、いちばん楽しい日 , Itsudemo kyō ga , ichiban tanoshii hi ) . = = Main characters = = = = = Koiwai household = = = Yotsuba Koiwai ( 小岩井よつば , Koiwai Yotsuba ) / " Yotsuba " ( よつば , Yotsuba ) Yotsuba is depicted as an energetic five @-@ year @-@ old girl with a child 's wonder towards the world . She is infectiously enthusiastic about nearly everything . Before moving to their present house , she and Koiwai used to live with his mother , and before that on an island that is , according to Yotsuba , " to the left " . Almost nothing is known about her biological parentage other than that she was orphaned somewhere outside Japan and then adopted by Koiwai . Hence , people often think she is a foreigner . She is an excellent swimmer and enjoys drawing , although others only praise her art to avoid hurting her feelings . The name " Yotsuba " ( よつば ) can be translated as " four leaved clover , " and is part of the phrase yotsuba no kurōbā ( 四葉のクローバー ? , " four @-@ leaf clover " ) . Her green hair is always styled into four pigtails ( even at bedtime ) , similarly to her namesake . Yousuke Koiwai ( 小岩井葉介 , Koiwai Yousuke ) / " Daddy " ( とーちゃん , tō @-@ chan ) Yousuke Koiwai is Yotsuba 's adoptive father . The manga avoids the subject of her adoption or even her birth parents . When his neighbor Fuuka asks , he tells her that he found Yotsuba while visiting a foreign country and decided to adopt her and bring her back to Japan , with no further details . Although he often casually tells people that Yotsuba is a weirdo , he can be very offbeat and silly himself . He is depicted as a youthful dad with the carefree lifestyle of a slacker . He usually wears an undershirt and boxer shorts while at home , and apologizes when people see him in his " irresponsible " clothes . He works at home as a freelance translator , although the materials he translates are not described . When he does leave the house , usually shopping or with friends , he often brings Yotsuba . Despite his laid @-@ back personality and playful behavior , Koiwai does aim to be a good father and proper role model to Yotsuba and punishes her if he feels she has done something warranting it . = = = Ayase household = = = The Ayase family lives next @-@ door to the Koiwais . Asagi Ayase ( 綾瀬あさぎ , Ayase Asagi ) 20 @-@ something years old and the oldest of the three Ayase sisters , Asagi lives at home while attending a nearby university . She is depicted as a very attractive young woman who enjoys creating mischief and teasing people , especially her parents ; her friend Torako once called her a horrible person for manipulating Ena . She often teases Yotsuba for entertainment , although not maliciously . Her mother claims Asagi was very much like Yotsuba when she was young . Mrs. Ayase is puzzled how such a cute child could turn out to be a delinquent , much to Asagi 's annoyance . Asagi 's irreverence may have come from her mother 's teasing when she was a child . For example , in the past when Asagi presented Mrs. Ayase with a four @-@ leaf clover , her mother asked for a five @-@ leaf clover instead . Unable to locate one , young Asagi was reduced to tears . Yotsuba often refers to her as the " Pretty one " . Fuuka Ayase ( 綾瀬風香 , Ayase Fūka ) The middle Ayase sister , Fuuka ( also romanized as Fuka ) is 16 years old and in her second year of high school . She appears to be the most dependable and responsible of the sisters . Fuuka usually buys the groceries and is active in the community . During Yotsuba 's eventful first visit to her school , one student calls her " vice @-@ president . " Fuuka often finds herself going out of her way to help out the Koiwais , even though she does not really intend to do so . Besides Jumbo , she has observed the Koiwais ' eccentricities and oddball tendencies more than anyone else . Other characters often lightly ridicule her for making ban puns and wearing t @-@ shirts with strange pictures on them ( such as Chiyo 's " father " from Azumanga Daioh , who also appears as a plushie in her room and as a keychain on her bag ) . Yotsuba has referred to her as " the one who is not pretty " , much to Fuuka 's dismay . Ena Ayase ( 綾瀬恵那 , Ayase Ena ) The youngest Ayase sister , Ena is about 10 years old and goes to a nearby elementary school . As the one closest to Yotsuba 's age , she and her best friend Miura play with Yotsuba most frequently . Ena is generally well @-@ liked and is arguably the most earnestly kind character of the series . She tries to be eco @-@ friendly by telling people about the negative effects of global warming , limiting her use of air conditioning , and teaching Yotsuba the benefits of recycling . Appreciative , level @-@ headed and smart , she serves as a big sister figure to Yotsuba . However , her attempts to spare the five @-@ year @-@ old 's fragile feelings sometimes lead her to say little white lies , like praising Yotsuba 's unspectacular drawings or letting Yotsuba believe that her friend Miura ( concealed in a cardboard costume ) is a real robot named Cardbo ( in ADV 's translation ) or Danbo ( in Yen 's translation ) ( ダンボー , Danbō ) , often landing herself and Miura in trouble as a result . During her free time , Ena often sketches ( she has very good drawing skills ) or plays with her finely @-@ dressed teddy bears . Eager and willing to try out new experiences , Ena is not squeamish and even enthusiastic about activities like holding large frogs and cleaning out live fish . Yotsuba once referred to her as the " small one " . Mrs. Ayase ( 綾瀬家の母 , Ayase @-@ ke no Haha ) / " Mommy " ( かーちゃん , kā @-@ chan ) The mother of the Ayase sisters . She frequently has Yotsuba over as a guest and even tells her to visit them every day . Yotsuba 's habit of calling her " Mom " is due to her generosity ( she is fond of giving Yotsuba treats because she likes to watch her eat ) and tolerant nature ( she doesn 't mind Yotsuba soaking her with a water pistol then acting dead to play the part ) . Nostalgia might why she dotes on Yotsuba so much , since during Yotsuba 's visits she often reminisces about Asagi 's younger years ( cuter and better days according to her ) . Asagi exasperates her constantly , although her husband comments that the two have very similar personalities , which both deny . She likes ice creams , cakes , and other sugary desserts . Yotsuba likes to come over to have them , since they 're always in the fridge - much to Mr. Koiwai 's embarrassment and disapproval . Mr. Ayase ( 綾瀬家の父 , Ayase @-@ ke no Chichi ) The father of the three sisters . Mr. Ayase is almost never seen at home , particularly during the regular workweek . While his profession is not yet revealed , it seems to be some sort of salaryman . Asagi teases him about his constant absences , even sometimes referring to him in the past tense as if he is dead . Still , Mr. Ayase is on very good terms with his family ; he dotes on Ena and tries to protect Fuuka . Fuuka and Ena seem to take after his personality : laid @-@ back , congenial , optimistic , and sentimental . Yotsuba seems to treat him with extra respect , although he , like the other Ayases , treat her as family . = = = Friends = = = Takashi Takeda ( 竹田隆 , Takeda Takashi ) / " Jumbo " ( ジャンボ , Janbo ) A friend of Koiwai and Yotsuba who has known Koiwai since they were children . He dwarfs the other characters at 210 centimeters ( 6 ft 11 in ) , especially Yotsuba . He is always referred to as " Jumbo " and works as a florist at his father 's flower shop , which Yotsuba and Fuuka only discover through chance . Jumbo helps the Koiwais move in and frequently visits their house ( usually with gifts for Yotsuba such as ice cream ) , and Yotsuba more or less sees him as family . He tends to make deadpan jokes that go over the heads of the younger children , like Yotsuba and Ena , but he means well . At the same time , he is rather impulsive , and often goes all @-@ out in organizing impromptu activities for the younger children such as catching cicadas , fishing and star @-@ gazing . He also develops a deep infatuation with Asagi at first meeting , but is too shy and awkward around beautiful women to directly act upon it . As a result , he often takes advantage of Yotsuba 's relationship with Asagi , but due to Yotsuba 's naïveté , these schemes are never effective . Miura Hayasaka ( 早坂みうら , Hayasaka Miura ) Ena 's close friend and classmate who lives in a nearby high @-@ rise condo . Miura is tomboyish and brusque , in both her appearance and speech ( this is very noticeable in the Japanese version ; see gender differences in spoken Japanese ) . She wears short hair and boyish clothes , such as sports jerseys . She has an active nature - for instance , she can ride a unicycle and likes to wear roller shoes . Most of the time , she is frank and tends to reply in a tsukkomi @-@ like manner when she feels wronged or ridiculed . Miura also sometimes teases Yotsuba , even up to the point where Yotsuba is on the verge of tears , though Ena is always on hand to smooth things over . In the end , she is good at heart and the three are good friends . Miura is very squeamish . Unlike Ena , she hated the sight of gutting the fish and was scared by a large frog that Yotsuba caught . Torako ( 虎子 ) A close friend of Asagi who also attends the same university as her . The two frequently plan trips and hang out together . Focused on being ' cool ' , Torako smokes cigarettes constantly and is very skinny . Her name means " tiger " ( 虎 , tora ) " girl " ( 子 , ko ) and Yotsuba enjoys calling her just Tora ( " tiger " ) . She is fond of taking photos on her old SLR camera . Jumbo has yet to meet Torako and was quite apprehensive , assuming that she was male and Asagi 's boyfriend . Generally humorless and no @-@ nonsense , Torako was annoyed by Yotsuba at first , but she ended up liking her and now considers being around her " fun . " Yanda ( ヤンダ ) , actual surname Yasuda ( 安田 ) Yanda is a friend of Koiwai and Jumbo . Though he is mentioned in the first and fourth chapters , when Jumbo calls Yanda " no good " for making lame excuses for not helping the Koiwais move , he does not appear until chapter 30 . He is childish , as shown by the petty pranks he plays on Yotsuba , including bribing her with candy then taking it back when it does not work and prank @-@ calling her . He enjoys teasing Yotsuba and acting as her " nemesis " . Koiwai refers to Yanda as his kōhai , junior , but in what context he is Koiwai 's junior is unknown . He lives from paycheck to paycheck and eats instant ramen because he does not get paid until the end of the month , and only eats frozen meals the rest of the time . Hiwatari ( 日渡 ) / " Miss Stake " ( しまうー , Shimaū ) A friend of Fuuka 's , given name unknown , who is in the same homeroom . Her first official appearance is in chapter 45 , when she visits Fuuka 's home and recognizes Yotsuba from her trip to their high school in chapter 40 . Hiwatari is a bit eccentric . Her nickname Miss Stake ( しまうー , Shimaū ) comes from a " mistake " she made when she first introduced herself to her class ( in Japanese , shimau used as an auxiliary verb can mean to do something by accident , hence the pun ) . = = Development = = In 1998 , Azuma published a one @-@ shot manga and two webcomics called " Try ! Try ! Try ! " , in which Yotsuba , her father ( who is unnamed ) , Ena , Fuka , and Asagi first appeared . Although some of these characters , including Yotsuba herself , are largely the same as in Yotsuba & ! , Fuka has a different character design , a more mischievous personality , and a different spelling of her given name ( in " Try ! Try ! Try ! " , it is written with the kanji 風夏 , meaning " wind @-@ summer " ; in Yotsuba & ! , it is 風香 , meaning " wind @-@ scent " ) . = = Media = = = = = Anime = = = An anime " spin @-@ off " based on cat versions of Azuma 's character Danbo has been announced and is due to air in October 2016 as part of a " mini @-@ anime " program . This project will not adapt any of Yotsuba & ! . Despite its popularity and the success of Azumanga Daioh , no plans have been announced for an anime adaptation of Yotsuba & ! . In an entry posted on his website on 15 May 2005 , Azuma said there were no plans for it to be animated ; he reiterated this on the 5 December 2008 , claiming that the stories and style of Yotsuba & ! are not well @-@ suited for animation . = = = Manga = = = The manga is written and illustrated by Kiyohiko Azuma , and published by ASCII Media Works in the monthly shōnen ( aimed at teenage boys ) manga magazine Dengeki Daioh since the March 2003 issue , with serialization on @-@ going . Chapters have been collected in thirteen tankōbon volumes . In English , Yotsuba & ! was originally licensed by ADV Manga , who published five volumes between 2005 and 2007 before dropping the license . The North American license was picked up by Yen Press , which republished the first five volumes along with the sixth in September 2009 . All thirteen volumes have since been released . In addition , the series is licensed in France by Kurokawa , in Spain by Norma Editorial , in Germany by Tokyopop Germany , in Italy by Dynit , in Finland by Punainen jättiläinen , in Korea by Daiwon C.I. , in Taiwan by Kadokawa Media , in Vietnam by TVM Comics , and in Thailand by NED Comics . Each chapter of Yotsuba & ! takes place on a specific , nearly sequential day of a common year starting on Wednesday . The year was initially believed to be 2003 , coinciding with the date of the manga 's serialization , but Azuma has stated that the manga always takes place in the present day . This allows the appearance of products created after 2003 , such as the Nintendo DS Mr. Ayase plays in chapter forty @-@ two . = = = Calendars = = = Both monthly and daily Yotsuba & ! calendars have been released every year since 2005 , although a monthly calendar for 2009 was not released due to constraints on Azuma 's schedule . The 2005 edition of the monthly calendar featured pictures of Yotsuba playing with animals such as lions , zebras , and kangaroos . The 2006 , 2007 , 2008 , and 2010 editions feature photographs altered to include Yotsuba doing such things as playing with other children or reaching for a balloon . The photographs were by Miho Kakuta , with drawings by Kiyohiko Azuma . The daily calendars have a mix of original and manga artwork , with occasional captions , as well as other fun items – for example , the 2006 calendar had a game of shiritori ongoing through the year . The daily calendars run from April to March , following the Japanese school year instead of the calendar year . The 2010 monthly calendar was released in November 2009 . = = = Music = = = Two Yotsuba & ! music CDs have been released , both purely instrumental , called " image albums " . The music is designed to elicit mental images of events described by the titles . Both albums are composed by Masaki Kurihara and performed by the Kuricorder Pops Orchestra , who also worked together on the Azumanga Daioh soundtrack . The first album , Yotsuba & ♪ , released in April 2005 , follows Yotsuba throughout the course of a typical day . The second album , Yotsuba & ♪ Music Suite ( General Winter ) , released in November 2006 , depicts the season of winter , including Christmas and New Year 's celebrations . " General Winter " ( 冬将軍 , Fuyu Shōgun ) is a personification of harsh winters , similar to Jack Frost . = = = Picture books = = = A Yotsuba & ! picture book , Yotsuba & Monochrome Animals , was published on 16 December 2006 ( ISBN 978 @-@ 4 @-@ 8402 @-@ 3714 @-@ 7 ) . The book has pictures of Yotsuba playing with various black @-@ and @-@ white colored animals , such as pandas . The name of each animal is given in Japanese and English , along with the scientific classification of the species . Another book called Find Yotsuba was released in 2013 , which is actually a compilation of all the calendar illustrations released previously . = = Reception = = Yotsuba & ! is drawn not in the vertical four @-@ panel strips of Azuma 's earlier series , Azumanga Daioh , but in a full @-@ page format , giving him more artistic scope . Azuma 's work on Yotsuba & ! has been noted for its clean art , detailed backgrounds , and expressive faces . Azuma is also praised for his joyous tone , slice @-@ of @-@ life storytelling , comedic writing , and eccentric yet realistic characters , especially Yotsuba herself . The Comics Reporter described the series as " read [ ing ] like a love letter to the way kids can be at the age of 2 – 5 , " and a reviewer at Anime News Network compared Azuma 's ability to capture " the wonder of childhood " to Bill Watterson 's in Calvin and Hobbes . Manga : The Complete Guide described it as " a light , feel @-@ good manga , like an endless summer day . " Nicholas Penedo of Animeland said " with Yotsuba , we find ourselves plunged into the wonderful world of childhood , " calling the French edition of volume eight , " A beautiful manga for children and adults . " BD Gest praised Azuma 's skill in making distinct secondary characters , calling them " immediately recognisable " , and saying that they each spice up the story in their own ways . However , Azuma has been criticized for creating characters that are " too clean , too perfectly functional , " for overusing " outrageous expressions and reactions , " and for dragging out jokes too long . Yotsuba & ! has been popular with readers as well as reviewers . For example , on Amazon.co.jp , volume six was the third best @-@ selling comic in Japan for the first half of 2007 and volume eight was the second best @-@ selling comic in Japan for 2008 ; volumes seven and eight both were number two on the Tohan comics chart the week they debuted . Volume eight sold more than 450 @,@ 000 copies in 2008 , making it one of the top 50 bestselling manga volumes on the Oricon chart for the year . The first five volumes of the English translation were each among the top 100 selling graphic novels in the United States in the month of release . Volume six of the English edition reached number 3 on the New York Times best seller list for manga , and it stayed on the list for four weeks . Volume 8 debuted at No. 2 on the manga best seller list . The series had sold a total of 13 million copies worldwide as of December 5 , 2015 , and 2 million of which are published outside of Japan , including the U.S. , France , Germany , Italy , Spain , Russia , Sweden , Finland , Korea , China , Taiwan , Indonesia , Thailand , and Vietnam . = = = Awards and recognitions = = = Yotsuba & ! received an Excellence Award for Manga at the 2006 Japan Media Arts Festival , where the jury citation praised the vivid characters and gentle atmosphere . In 2008 Yotsuba & ! was nominated for the 12th Osamu Tezuka Culture Award and the Eisner Award in the " Best Publication for Kids " category , but did not win either , and was runner @-@ up for the first annual Manga Taishō award . In 2016 , Yotsuba & ! won the Grand Prize at the 20th Osamu Tezuka Culture Awards , sharing it with Kei Ichinoseki 's Hanagami Sharaku . The English translation was listed as one of the best 20 comics of 2005 by Publishers Weekly , one of the best comics of 2006 by the staff of The Comics Journal , and one of the top graphic novels for teens in 2008 by YALSA . Volume one was named Book of the Month in the June 2005 issue of Newtype USA . There was an exhibit of Yotsuba & ! artwork at the Gallery of Fantastic Art in Tokyo from 2 – 17 December 2006 . The lead article of the May 2009 issue of the Japanese design magazine Idea was a study of Yotsuba & ! , focusing on book design , interior layout , and how translated editions were handled .
= Menstrual cycle = The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occurs in the female reproductive system like the uterus and ovaries that make pregnancy possible . The cycle is required for the production of ovocytes , and for the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy . Up to 80 % of women report having some symptoms during the one to two weeks prior to menstruation . Common symptoms include acne , tender breasts , bloating , feeling tired , irritability and mood changes . These symptoms interfere with normal life and therefore qualify as premenstrual syndrome in 20 to 30 % of women . In 3 to 8 % , they are severe . The first period usually begins between twelve and fifteen years of age , a point in time known as menarche . They may occasionally start as early as eight , and this onset may still be normal . The average age of the first period is generally later in the developing world and earlier in developed world . The typical length of time between the first day of one period and the first day of the next is 21 to 45 days in young women and 21 to 35 days in adults ( an average of 28 days ) . Menstruation stops occurring after menopause which usually occurs between 45 and 55 years of age . Bleeding usually lasts around 2 to 7 days . The menstrual cycle is governed by hormonal changes . These changes can be altered by using hormonal birth control to prevent pregnancy . Each cycle can be divided into three phases based on events in the ovary ( ovarian cycle ) or in the uterus ( uterine cycle ) . The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase , ovulation , and luteal phase whereas the uterine cycle is divided into menstruation , proliferative phase , and secretory phase . Stimulated by gradually increasing amounts of estrogen in the follicular phase , discharges of blood ( menses ) flow stop , and the lining of the uterus thickens . Follicles in the ovary begin developing under the influence of a complex interplay of hormones , and after several days one or occasionally two become dominant ( non @-@ dominant follicles shrink and die ) . Approximately mid @-@ cycle , 24 – 36 hours after the luteinizing hormone ( LH ) surges , the dominant follicle releases an ovocyte , in an event called ovulation . After ovulation , the ovocyte only lives for 24 hours or less without fertilization while the remains of the dominant follicle in the ovary become a corpus luteum ; this body has a primary function of producing large amounts of progesterone . Under the influence of progesterone , the uterine lining changes to prepare for potential implantation of an embryo to establish a pregnancy . If implantation does not occur within approximately two weeks , the corpus luteum will involute , causing a sharp drop in levels of both progesterone and estrogen . The hormone drop causes the uterus to shed its lining in a process termed menstruation . Menstruation also occurs in some other animals including shrews , bats , and other primates such as apes and monkeys . = = Onset and frequency = = The average age of menarche is 12 – 15 . They may occasionally start as early as eight , and this onset may still be normal . This first period often occurs later in the developing world than the developed world . The average age of menarche is approximately 12 @.@ 5 years in the United States , 12 @.@ 7 in Canada , 12 @.@ 9 in the UK and 13 @.@ 1 years in Iceland . Factors such as genetics , diet and overall health can affect timing . The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman 's reproductive period is termed menopause . The average age of menopause in women is 52 years , with anywhere between 45 and 55 being common . Menopause before age 45 is considered premature in industrialised countries . Like the age of menarche , the age of menopause is largely a result of cultural and biological factors ; however , illnesses , certain surgeries , or medical treatments may cause menopause to occur earlier than it might have otherwise . The length of a woman 's menstrual cycle typically varies somewhat , with some shorter cycles and some longer cycles . A woman who experiences variations of less than eight days between her longest cycles and shortest cycles is considered to have regular menstrual cycles . It is unusual for a woman to experience cycle length variations of less than four days . Length variation between eight and 20 days is considered as moderately irregular cycles . Variation of 21 days or more between a woman 's shortest and longest cycle lengths is considered very irregular . The average menstrual cycle lasts 28 days . The variability of menstrual cycle lengths is highest for women under 25 years of age and is lowest , that is , most regular , for ages 25 to 39 . Subsequently , the variability increases slightly for women aged 40 to 44 . The luteal phase of the menstrual cycle is about the same length in most individuals ( mean 14 @.@ 13 days , SD 1 @.@ 41 days ) whereas the follicular phase tends to show much more variability ( log @-@ normally distributed with 95 % of individuals having follicular phases between 10 @.@ 3 and 16 @.@ 3 days ) . The follicular phase also seems to get significantly shorter with age ( geometric mean 14 @.@ 2 days in women aged 18 – 24 vs. 10 @.@ 4 days in women aged 40 – 44 ) . = = Health effects = = Some women with neurological conditions experience increased activity of their conditions at about the same time during each menstrual cycle . For example , drops in estrogen levels have been known to trigger migraines , especially when the woman who suffers migraines is also taking the birth control pill . Many women with epilepsy have more seizures in a pattern linked to the menstrual cycle ; this is called " catamenial epilepsy " . Different patterns seem to exist ( such as seizures coinciding with the time of menstruation , or coinciding with the time of ovulation ) , and the frequency with which they occur has not been firmly established . Using one particular definition , one group of scientists found that around one @-@ third of women with intractable partial epilepsy has catamenial epilepsy . An effect of hormones has been proposed , in which progesterone declines and estrogen increases would trigger seizures . Recently , studies have shown that high doses of estrogen can cause or worsen seizures , whereas high doses of progesterone can act like an antiepileptic drug . Studies by medical journals have found that women experiencing menses are 1 @.@ 68 times more likely to commit suicide . Mice have been used as an experimental system to investigate possible mechanisms by which levels of sex steroid hormones might regulate nervous system function . During the part of the mouse estrous cycle when progesterone is highest , the level of nerve @-@ cell GABA receptor subtype delta was high . Since these GABA receptors are inhibitory , nerve cells with more delta receptors are less likely to fire than cells with lower numbers of delta receptors . During the part of the mouse estrous cycle when estrogen levels are higher than progesterone levels , the number of delta receptors decrease , increasing nerve cell activity , in turn increasing anxiety and seizure susceptibility . Estrogen levels may affect thyroid behavior . For example , during the luteal phase ( when estrogen levels are lower ) , the velocity of blood flow in the thyroid is lower than during the follicular phase ( when estrogen levels are higher ) . Among women living closely together , it was once thought that the onsets of menstruation tend to synchronize . This effect was first described in 1971 , and possibly explained by the action of pheromones in 1998 . Subsequent research has called this hypothesis into question . Research indicates that women have a significantly higher likelihood of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in the pre @-@ ovulatory stage , than post @-@ ovulatory stage . = = = Fertility = = = The most fertile period ( the time with the highest likelihood of pregnancy resulting from sexual intercourse ) covers the time from some 5 days before until 1 to 2 days after ovulation . In a 28 ‑ day cycle with a 14 ‑ day luteal phase , this corresponds to the second and the beginning of the third week . A variety of methods have been developed to help individual women estimate the relatively fertile and the relatively infertile days in the cycle ; these systems are called fertility awareness . Fertility awareness methods that rely on cycle length records alone are called calendar @-@ based methods . Methods that require observation of one or more of the three primary fertility signs ( basal body temperature , cervical mucus , and cervical position ) are known as symptoms @-@ based methods . Urine test kits are available that detect the LH surge that occurs 24 to 36 hours before ovulation ; these are known as ovulation predictor kits ( OPKs ) . Computerized devices that interpret basal body temperatures , urinary test results , or changes in saliva are called fertility monitors . A woman 's fertility is also affected by her age . As a woman 's total egg supply is formed in fetal life , to be ovulated decades later , it has been suggested that this long lifetime may make the chromatin of eggs more vulnerable to division problems , breakage , and mutation than the chromatin of sperm , which are produced continuously during a man 's reproductive life . However , despite this hypothesis , a similar paternal age effect has also been observed . As measured on women undergoing in vitro fertilization , a longer menstrual cycle length is associated with higher pregnancy and delivery rates , even after age adjustment . Delivery rates after IVF have been estimated to be almost doubled for women with a menstrual cycle length of more than 34 days compared with women with a menstrual cycle length shorter than 26 days . A longer menstrual cycle length is also significantly associated with better ovarian response to gonadotropin stimulation and embryo quality . = = = Mood and behaviour = = = The different phases of the menstrual cycle correlate with women ’ s moods . In some cases , hormones released during the menstrual cycle can cause behavioral changes in females ; mild to severe mood changes can occur . The menstrual cycle phase and ovarian hormones may contribute to increased empathy in women . The natural shift of hormone levels during the different phases of the menstrual cycle has been studied in conjunction with test scores . When completing empathy exercises , women in the follicular stage of their menstrual cycle performed better than women in their midluteal phase . A significant correlation between progesterone levels and the ability to accurately recognize emotion was found . Performances on emotion recognition tasks were better when women had lower progesterone levels . Women in the follicular stage showed higher emotion recognition accuracy than their midluteal phase counterparts . Women were found to react more to negative stimuli when in midluteal stage over the women in the follicular stage , perhaps indicating more reactivity to social stress during that menstrual cycle phase . Overall , it has been found that women in the follicular phase demonstrated better performance in tasks that contain empathetic traits . Fear response in women during two different points in the menstrual cycle has been examined . When estrogen is highest in the preovulatory stage , women are significantly better at identifying expressions of fear than women who were menstruating , which is when estrogen levels are lowest . The women were equally able to identify happy faces , demonstrating that the fear response was a more powerful response . To summarize , menstrual cycle phase and the estrogen levels correlates with women ’ s fear processing . However , the examination of daily moods in women with measuring ovarian hormones may indicate a less powerful connection . In comparison to levels of stress or physical health , the ovarian hormones had less of an impact on overall mood . This indicates that while changes of ovarian hormones may influence mood , on a day @-@ to @-@ day level it does not influence mood more than other stressors do . = = = = Eating behaviour = = = = Females have been found to experience different eating habits at different stages of their menstrual cycle , with food intake being higher during the luteal phase than the follicular phase . Food intake increases by approximately 10 % during the luteal phase compared to the follicular phase . Various studies have shown that during the luteal phase woman consume more carbohydrates , proteins and fats and that 24 @-@ hour energy expenditure shows increases between 2 @.@ 5 @-@ 11 @.@ 5 % . The increasing intake during the luteal phase may be related to higher preferences for sweet and fatty foods , which occurs naturally and is enhanced during the luteal phases of the menstrual cycle . This is due to the higher metabolic demand during this phase . In particular , women tend to show a cravings for chocolate , with higher cravings during the luteal phase . Females with premenstrual syndrome ( PMS ) report changes in appetite across the menstrual cycle more than non @-@ sufferers of PMS , possibly due to their oversensitivity to changes in hormone levels . In women with PMS , food intake is higher in the luteal phase than follicular . The remaining symptoms of PMS , including mood changes and physical symptoms , also occur during the luteal phase . No difference for preference of food types has been found between PMS sufferers and non @-@ sufferers . The different levels of ovarian hormones at different stages of the cycle have been used to explain eating behaviour changes . Progesterone has been shown to promote fat storage , causing a higher intake of fatty foods during the luteal phase when progesterone levels are higher . Additionally , with a high estrogen level dopamine is ineffective in converting to noradrenaline , a hormone which promotes eating , therefore decreasing appetite . In humans , the level of these ovarian hormones during the menstrual cycle have been found to influence binge eating . It is theorised that the use of birth control pills should affect eating behaviour as they minimise or remove the fluctuations in hormone levels . The neurotransmitter serotonin is also thought to play a role in food intake . Serotonin is responsible for inhibiting eating and controlling meal size , among other things , and is modulated in part by ovarian hormones . A number of factors affect whether dieting will affect these menstrual processes : age , weight loss and the diet itself . First , younger women are likely to experience menstrual irregularities due to their diet . Second , menstrual abnormalities are more likely with more weight loss . For example , anovulatory cycles can occur as a result of adopting a restricted diet , as well as engaging in a high amount of exercise . Finally , the cycle is affected more by a vegetarian diet compared to a non @-@ vegetarian diet . = = = = Substance abuse = = = = Studies investigating effects of the menstrual cycle on alcohol consumption have found mixed evidence . However , some evidence suggests that individuals consume more alcohol during the luteal stage , especially if these individuals are heavy drinkers or have a family history of alcohol abuse . The level of substance abuse increases with PMS , mostly with addictive substances such as nicotine , tobacco and cocaine . One theory behind this suggests this higher level of substance abuse is due to decreased self @-@ control as a result of the higher metabolic demands during the luteal phase . = = = Menstrual disorders = = = Infrequent or irregular ovulation is called oligoovulation . The absence of ovulation is called anovulation . Normal menstrual flow can occur without ovulation preceding it : an anovulatory cycle . In some cycles , follicular development may start but not be completed ; nevertheless , estrogens will be formed and stimulate the uterine lining . Anovulatory flow resulting from a very thick endometrium caused by prolonged , continued high estrogen levels is called estrogen breakthrough bleeding . Anovulatory bleeding triggered by a sudden drop in estrogen levels is called withdrawal bleeding . Anovulatory cycles commonly occur before menopause ( perimenopause ) and in women with polycystic ovary syndrome . Very little flow ( less than 10 ml ) is called hypomenorrhea . Regular cycles with intervals of 21 days or fewer are polymenorrhea ; frequent but irregular menstruation is known as metrorrhagia . Sudden heavy flows or amounts greater than 80 ml are termed menorrhagia . Heavy menstruation that occurs frequently and irregularly is menometrorrhagia . The term for cycles with intervals exceeding 35 days is oligomenorrhea . Amenorrhea refers to more than three to six months without menses ( while not being pregnant ) during a woman 's reproductive years . = = Cycles and phases = = The menstrual cycle can be described by the ovarian or uterine cycle . The ovarian cycle describes changes that occur in the follicles of the ovary whereas the uterine cycle describes changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus . Both cycles can be divided into three phases . The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase , ovulation , and the luteal phase whereas the uterine cycle consists of menstruation , proliferative phase , and secretory phase . = = = Ovarian cycle = = = = = = = Follicular phase = = = = The follicular phase is the first part of the ovarian cycle . During this phase , the ovarian follicles mature and get ready to release an egg . The latter part of this phase overlaps with the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle . Through the influence of a rise in follicle stimulating hormone ( FSH ) during the first days of the cycle , a few ovarian follicles are stimulated . These follicles , which were present at birth and have been developing for the better part of a year in a process known as folliculogenesis , compete with each other for dominance . Under the influence of several hormones , all but one of these follicles will stop growing , while one dominant follicle in the ovary will continue to maturity . The follicle that reaches maturity is called a tertiary , or Graafian , follicle , and it contains the ovum . = = = = Ovulation = = = = Ovulation is the second phase of the ovarian cycle in which a mature egg is released from the ovarian follicles into the oviduct . During the follicular phase , estradiol suppresses production of luteinizing hormone ( LH ) from the anterior pituitary gland . When the egg has nearly matured , levels of estradiol reach a threshold above which this effect is reversed and estrogen stimulates the production of a large amount of LH . This process , known as the LH surge , starts around day 12 of the average cycle and may last 48 hours . The exact mechanism of these opposite responses of LH levels to estradiol is not well understood . In animals , a gonadotropin @-@ releasing hormone ( GnRH ) surge has been shown to precede the LH surge , suggesting that estrogen 's main effect is on the hypothalamus , which controls GnRH secretion . This may be enabled by the presence of two different estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus : estrogen receptor alpha , which is responsible for the negative feedback estradiol @-@ LH loop , and estrogen receptor beta , which is responsible for the positive estradiol @-@ LH relationship . However , in humans it has been shown that high levels of estradiol can provoke abrupt increases in LH , even when GnRH levels and pulse frequencies are held constant , suggesting that estrogen acts directly on the pituitary to provoke the LH surge . The release of LH matures the egg and weakens the wall of the follicle in the ovary , causing the fully developed follicle to release its secondary oocyte . The secondary oocyte promptly matures into an ootid and then becomes a mature ovum . The mature ovum has a diameter of about 0 @.@ 2 mm . Which of the two ovaries — left or right — ovulates appears essentially random ; no known left and right co @-@ ordination exists . Occasionally , both ovaries will release an egg ; if both eggs are fertilized , the result is fraternal twins . After being released from the ovary , the egg is swept into the fallopian tube by the fimbria , which is a fringe of tissue at the end of each fallopian tube . After about a day , an unfertilized egg will disintegrate or dissolve in the fallopian tube . Fertilization by a spermatozoon , when it occurs , usually takes place in the ampulla , the widest section of the fallopian tubes . A fertilized egg immediately begins the process of embryogenesis , or development . The developing embryo takes about three days to reach the uterus and another three days to implant into the endometrium . It has usually reached the blastocyst stage at the time of implantation . In some women , ovulation features a characteristic pain called mittelschmerz ( German term meaning middle pain ) . The sudden change in hormones at the time of ovulation sometimes also causes light mid @-@ cycle blood flow . = = = = Luteal phase = = = = The luteal phase is the final phase of the ovarian cycle and it corresponds to the secretory phase of the uterine cycle . During the luteal phase , the pituitary hormones FSH and LH cause the remaining parts of the dominant follicle to transform into the corpus luteum , which produces progesterone . The increased progesterone in the adrenals starts to induce the production of estrogen . The hormones produced by the corpus luteum also suppress production of the FSH and LH that the corpus luteum needs to maintain itself . Consequently , the level of FSH and LH fall quickly over time , and the corpus luteum subsequently atrophies . Falling levels of progesterone trigger menstruation and the beginning of the next cycle . From the time of ovulation until progesterone withdrawal has caused menstruation to begin , the process typically takes about two weeks , with 14 days considered normal . For an individual woman , the follicular phase often varies in length from cycle to cycle ; by contrast , the length of her luteal phase will be fairly consistent from cycle to cycle . The loss of the corpus luteum is prevented by fertilization of the egg . The syncytiotrophoblast , which is the outer layer of the resulting embryo @-@ containing structure ( the blastocyst ) and later also becomes the outer layer of the placenta , produces human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG ) , which is very similar to LH and which preserves the corpus luteum . The corpus luteum can then continue to secrete progesterone to maintain the new pregnancy . Most pregnancy tests look for the presence of hCG . = = = Uterine cycle = = = The uterine cycle has three phases . = = = = Menstruation = = = = Menstruation ( also called menstrual bleeding , menses , catamenia or a period ) is the first phase of the uterine cycle . The flow of menses normally serves as a sign that a woman has not become pregnant . ( However , this cannot be taken as certainty , as a number of factors can cause bleeding during pregnancy ; some factors are specific to early pregnancy , and some can cause heavy flow . ) Eumenorrhea denotes normal , regular menstruation that lasts for a few days ( usually 3 to 5 days , but anywhere from 2 to 7 days is considered normal ) . The average blood loss during menstruation is 35 milliliters with 10 – 80 ml considered normal . Women who experience Menorrhagia are more susceptible to iron deficiency than the average person . An enzyme called plasmin inhibits clotting in the menstrual fluid . Painful cramping in the abdomen , back , or upper thighs is common during the first few days of menstruation . Severe uterine pain during menstruation is known as dysmenorrhea , and it is most common among adolescents and younger women ( affecting about 67 @.@ 2 % of adolescent females ) . When menstruation begins , symptoms of premenstrual syndrome ( PMS ) such as breast tenderness and irritability generally decrease . Many sanitary products are marketed to women for use during their menstruation . = = = = Proliferative phase = = = = The proliferative phase is the second phase of the uterine cycle when estrogen causes the lining of the uterus to grow , or proliferate , during this time . As they mature , the ovarian follicles secrete increasing amounts of estradiol , and estrogen . The estrogens initiate the formation of a new layer of endometrium in the uterus , histologically identified as the proliferative endometrium . The estrogen also stimulates crypts in the cervix to produce fertile cervical mucus , which may be noticed by women practicing fertility awareness . = = = = Secretory phase = = = = The secretory phase is the final phase of the uterine cycle and it corresponds to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle . During the secretory phase , the corpus luteum produces progesterone , which plays a vital role in making the endometrium receptive to implantation of the blastocyst and supportive of the early pregnancy , by increasing blood flow and uterine secretions and reducing the contractility of the smooth muscle in the uterus ; it also has the side effect of raising the woman 's basal body temperature . = = Ovulation suppression = = = = = Birth control = = = While some forms of birth control do not affect the menstrual cycle , hormonal contraceptives work by disrupting it . Progestogen negative feedback decreases the pulse frequency of gonadotropin @-@ releasing hormone ( GnRH ) release by the hypothalamus , which decreases the release of follicle @-@ stimulating hormone ( FSH ) and luteinizing hormone ( LH ) by the anterior pituitary . Decreased levels of FSH inhibit follicular development , preventing an increase in estradiol levels . Progestogen negative feedback and the lack of estrogen positive feedback on LH release prevent a mid @-@ cycle LH surge . Inhibition of follicular development and the absence of a LH surge prevent ovulation . The degree of ovulation suppression in progestogen @-@ only contraceptives depends on the progestogen activity and dose . Low dose progestogen @-@ only contraceptives — traditional progestogen only pills , subdermal implants Norplant and Jadelle , and intrauterine system Mirena — inhibit ovulation in about 50 % of cycles and rely mainly on other effects , such as thickening of cervical mucus , for their contraceptive effectiveness . Intermediate dose progestogen @-@ only contraceptives — the progestogen @-@ only pill Cerazette and the subdermal implant Nexplanon — allow some follicular development but more consistently inhibit ovulation in 97 – 99 % of cycles . The same cervical mucus changes occur as with very low @-@ dose progestogens . High @-@ dose , progestogen @-@ only contraceptives — the injectables Depo @-@ Provera and Noristerat — completely inhibit follicular development and ovulation . Combined hormonal contraceptives include both an estrogen and a progestogen . Estrogen negative feedback on the anterior pituitary greatly decreases the release of FSH , which makes combined hormonal contraceptives more effective at inhibiting follicular development and preventing ovulation . Estrogen also reduces the incidence of irregular breakthrough bleeding . Several combined hormonal contraceptives — the pill , NuvaRing , and the contraceptive patch — are usually used in a way that causes regular withdrawal bleeding . In a normal cycle , menstruation occurs when estrogen and progesterone levels drop rapidly . Temporarily discontinuing use of combined hormonal contraceptives ( a placebo week , not using patch or ring for a week ) has a similar effect of causing the uterine lining to shed . If withdrawal bleeding is not desired , combined hormonal contraceptives may be taken continuously , although this increases the risk of breakthrough bleeding . = = = Breastfeeding = = = Breastfeeding causes negative feedback to occur on pulse secretion of gonadotropin @-@ releasing hormone ( GnRH ) and luteinizing hormone ( LH ) . Depending on the strength of the negative feedback , breastfeeding women may experience complete suppression of follicular development , but no ovulation , or normal menstrual cycle may resume . Suppression of ovulation is more likely when suckling occurs more frequently . The production of prolactin in response to suckling is important to maintaining lactational amenorrhea . On average , women who are fully breastfeeding whose infants suckle frequently experience a return of menstruation at fourteen and a half months postpartum . There is a wide range of response among individual breastfeeding women , however , with some experiencing return of menstruation at two months and others remaining amenorrheic for up to 42 months postpartum . = = Society and culture = = = = = Etymological = = = The word " menstruation " is etymologically related to " moon " . The terms " menstruation " and " menses " are derived from the Latin mensis ( month ) , which in turn relates to the Greek mene ( moon ) and to the roots of the English words month and moon . = = = The Moon = = = Even though the average length of the human menstrual cycle is similar to that of the lunar cycle , in modern humans there is no relation between the two . The relationship is believed to be a coincidence . Light exposure does not appear to affect the menstrual cycle in humans . A meta @-@ analysis of studies from 1996 showed no correlation between the human menstrual cycle and the lunar cycle . Dogon villagers did not have electric lighting and spent most nights outdoors , talking and sleeping ; so they were apparently an ideal population for detecting a lunar influence ; none was found . Other scholars counter , however , that the Dogon — unlike ancestral African hunter @-@ gatherer populations — are polygamous , meaning that reproductive synchrony would not be expected on theoretical grounds . = = = Work = = = In a number of countries , mainly in Asia , legislation or corporate practice has introduced formal menstrual leave to provide women with either paid or unpaid leave of absence from their employment while they are menstruating . Countries with policies include Japan , Taiwan , Indonesia , and South Korea . The practice is controversial due to it being seen to criticize women 's work efficiency , as well as being seen as possible sexism .
= Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other = " Cowboys Are Frequently , Secretly Fond of Each Other " ( 1981 ) is a song by Latin country musician Ned Sublette , whose music , according to Howard Cohen , features a " lilting West Texas waltz ( 3 / 4 time at about 60 – 90 beats per minute ) feel " . It is , according to Gene Tyranny , " the famous gay cowboy song " . The lyrics satirize the stereotypes associated with cowboys and gay men , such as in the lyrics relating western wear to the leather subculture with the line : " What did you think all them saddles and boots was about ? " Country musician Willie Nelson 's cover ( iTunes single 14 February 2006 ) is the first LGBT @-@ themed mainstream country song by a major artist . The song has been recorded and released by Sublette ( GPS : Life is a Killer 1982 ) , Canadian alternative country band Lost Dakotas ( Cargo : Sun Machine , 1993 ) , and queercore band Pansy Division ( Lookout : Pile Up 1995 ) . = = Original version = = Sublette stated that the song is based on his experiences growing up in Portales , N.M. : " I sat down at the piano and … remembered what it felt like to feel different as a teenager , and the culture at that time , and I started to put those two things together and the song wrote itself " . The song was written during the Urban Cowboy fad while living with his wife in Manhattan next to a gay country bar on Christopher Street called Boots and Saddles . He explains , " Gay life in 1981 was very vibrant in those days . It was part of the culture of the city and cowboy imagery is a part of gay iconography . " He wrote the song with Nelson 's voice in mind : " I was at the beginning of my songwriting career … and used to like writing songs for my favorite voices . I 've been a Willie fan since the ' 60s . " In 2006 , Ann Northrop of Gay USA described the lyrics as " the language of thirty years ago . " David Nahmod , however , stated that he felt the lyrics maintain currency and say " a lot about gender identity and heterosexual elitism " ; " The song aims to show Mr. Nelson 's support for gays , particularly to conservative country @-@ music fans , " and suggests that , in addition to other causes , he supports gay rights . The reception of Sublette 's recording is hard to determine as the song was originally only available through the Dial @-@ A @-@ Poem , through which one could literally dial up a poem and listen on the phone . However , AllMusicGuide gave the album on which the song eventually appeared 4 ½ out of 5 stars . = = Willie Nelson 's version = = Nelson received a tape of the song from Saturday Night Live Band bassist Tony Garnier after performing on the show in the mid to late 1980s . According to Sublette , " Willie took it from there " though Nelson recently found that demo in a drawer among a stack of his own while recording unreleased songs for iTunes at his Spicewood , Texas home studio . Nelson says , " I thought it was the funniest goddamn song I 'd ever heard . I had it on the bus for 20 years , and people would come in and I 'd play it . When Brokeback Mountain come out , it just seemed like a good time to kick it out of the closet " . There were plans to release the song on a future album and filming for the video featuring Broken Lizard Comedy Troupe occurred at Dallas ' gay cowboy bar , the Round Up Saloon ( in Oak Lawn ) , in February 2006 . Nelson 's publicist describes the release of the song , which debuted on Howard Stern 's satellite radio show : " Since everyone is talking about the acclaimed film Brokeback Mountain and its Academy Award nominations , Valentine 's Day seemed like the right time to let [ the song ] be heard . " Nelson appeared on the movie 's soundtrack with the traditional " He Was a Friend of Mine " which made the US charts at number 54 . Nelson himself described the release in a prepared statement to Dallas Morning News : " The song 's been in the closet for 20 years . The timing 's right for it to come out . I 'm just opening the door . " The song 's release was encouraged by the coming out of his friend and tour manager of thirty years , David Anderson , two years ago . Says Anderson : " This song obviously has special meaning to me in more ways than one . I want people to know more than anything — gay , straight , whatever — just how cool Willie is and … his way of thinking , his tolerance , everything about him . " = = = Reception = = = Nelson 's version of the song is his highest charting solo single since his 1984 duet with Julio Iglesias " To All the Girls I 've Loved Before " ( number 5 ) , debuting at number 52 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart , which Nelson last appeared on with the Toby Keith duet " Beer for My Horses " . The song has also been well received by critics . Pitchfork Media 's Stephen M. Deusner rated the song four out of four stars despite calling it , " even more of a stunt than his reggae album " ( 2005 's Countryman ) . Saying that the song sounds written by Nelson , and that his performance raises the piece above the level of a cheap gag , he felt that it adds , " a whole new level of complexity to the outlaw mythology Willie helped to cultivate in the 70s . " Nelson also says that he has received very few negative reactions : " Every now and then somebody might get a little offended . It 's got bad language in it , so I just don 't do it in my shows . Anybody wants to hear it can hear it on iTunes . But you know people are listenin ' to it , likin ' it . Every now and then somebody don 't like it , but that 's okay . Similar to years ago , when the hippie thing come out and I started growin ' my hair and puttin ' the earring in , I got a little flak here and there . " However , some sources speculate about the potential success and reception of the song . Nelson explains that he didn 't think , " it took a lot of balls to put the song out " saying , " first of all , I didn 't think anybody would play it . I didn 't think it would get on the air , but sure enough it did " though not on country stations : " Oh no , they 're not gonna play it " . WXBX , a country station in Johnson City , Tenn . , devoted one morning show to a listener discussion of Nelson 's release , concluding that , " the audience was disappointed in [ Nelson ] " and , as Nelson thought , that they " probably wouldn 't be interested in much airplay " . PlanetOut offered the opinion that Nelson 's fan base is secure and broad enough ( including " hippies , rednecks and outlaws young and old " ) to take risks with LGBT @-@ themed songs and soundtracks , while the WXBX station manager pointed out that Nelson has not been a mainstream country star for a while . Nelson 's broad audience , and part of the appeal of the song , may be that , " Willie speaks his mind about any subject ... That 's one of those things that has made him so endearing to so many generations of fans " . The song has been described variously as " deadpan " , " straight @-@ faced " , and " pointedly poignant " . Sublette , as expected , approves of Nelson 's performance and its potential impact , saying , " It 's supposed to be funny , that 's what gets people 's attention , but to get people to listen to it a second time [ you ] have to have something going on , and Willie beautifully brought out the tenderness there … [ It 's ] nice to have a funny song out there — it is challenging people to laugh . Everybody is so angry now . " Sublette speculated about the song 's reception : " Willie 's smart . We talked about recording it in the ' 90s but we needed some kind of context . It wouldn 't make sense to just put this on some normal Willie album … The movie provided the context . I don 't know if the public is any more or less ready than they were but I think the media is more ready . " The song was featured in a Boondocks comic strip on 27 and 28 February and mentioned until March 2006 . According to Sublette , " the Monday and Tuesday strip consisted of my lyrics and dramatizing listeners ' response to my lyrics . What a compliment ! " The reception of Nelson 's song may be compared to that of Garth Brooks ' 1992 single " We Shall Be Free " . The song 's line , " when we 're free to love anyone we choose " caused some radio stations to refuse to play the song , contributing to its peak at number 12 on Billboard 's country singles chart and marking the end of Brooks ' string of top ten hits . Nelson 's song has been lumped together with contemporaneous LGBT friendly country releases : his and Emmylou Harris 's appearance on the Brokeback Mountain soundtrack and the Dolly Parton 's song " Travelin ' Thru " appearing on the Transamerica soundtrack , for which she received an Oscar nomination . When the song appeared as the penultimate track on Nelson 's 2009 compilation Lost Highway , it was followed by a previously unreleased version of Willie singing Ben Hayslip 's Ain 't Goin ' Down On Brokeback Mountain , which includes the lyric , " ... that shit ain 't right . "
= Pondicherry shark = The Pondicherry shark ( Carcharhinus hemiodon ) is an extremely rare species of requiem shark , in the family Carcharhinidae . A small and stocky gray shark , it grows not much longer than 1 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) , and it has a fairly long , pointed snout . This species can be identified by the shape of its upper teeth , which are strongly serrated near the base and smooth @-@ edged near the tip , and by its first dorsal fin , which is large with a long free rear tip . Furthermore , this shark has prominent black tips on its pectoral fins , second dorsal fin , and caudal fin lower lobe . The Pondicherry shark was once found throughout Indo @-@ Pacific coastal waters from the Gulf of Oman to New Guinea , and is known to enter fresh water . Currently , the only known sightings of this species since the 1980s are in rivers in Sri Lanka . Fewer than 20 specimens are available for study , and most aspects of its natural history are unknown . It probably feeds on bony fishes , cephalopods , and crustaceans , and gives birth to live young with the embryos forming a placental connection to their mother . The International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has listed the Pondicherry shark as Critically Endangered . It is probably threatened by intense and escalating fishing pressure throughout its range . = = Taxonomy = = The first scientific description of the Pondicherry shark was authored by German biologists Johannes Müller and Jakob Henle in their 1839 Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen . Their account was based on a 47 cm ( 19 in ) long immature male from Puducherry ( formerly Pondicherry ) , India and three more paratypes from the same region . Müller and Henle attributed the name for the new species , Carcharias ( Hypoprion ) hemiodon , to French zoologist Achille Valenciennes . The specific epithet hemiodon is derived from the Greek hemi ( " half " ) and odon ( " tooth " ) . In 1862 , Theodore Gill elevated Hypoprion to the rank of full genus and also placed the Pondicherry shark in its own genus , Hypoprionodon , based on the relative positions of the dorsal and pectoral fins . Subsequent authors generally accepted Gill 's first revision but not his second , and thus this species became known as Hypoprion hemiodon . In 1985 , Jack Garrick followed up on earlier taxonomic work by Leonard Compagno and synonymized Hypoprion with Carcharhinus . Another common name for the Pondicherry shark is long nosed shark . = = Phylogeny = = The evolutionary relationships of the Pondicherry shark are uncertain . In a 1988 study based on morphological data , Compagno tentatively grouped it with the smalltail shark ( C. porosus ) , blackspot shark ( C. sealei ) , spottail shark ( C. sorrah ) , creek whaler ( C. fitzroyensis ) , whitecheek shark ( C. dussumieri ) , Borneo shark ( C. borneensis ) , and hardnose shark ( C. macloti ) . = = Description = = The Pondicherry shark has a robust build and a moderately long , pointed snout . The large and circular eyes are equipped with nictitating membranes . Each nostril is broad with a small , narrow nipple @-@ shaped lobe on the anterior rim . The arched mouth lacks conspicuous furrows or enlarged pores at the corners . The upper and lower jaws contain 14 – 15 and 12 – 14 tooth rows on either side respectively ; in addition , there are one or two rows of small teeth at the upper and lower symphyses ( jaw midpoints ) . The upper teeth have a single narrow , smooth @-@ edged central cusp , flanked on both sides by very large serrations . The lower teeth are narrower and more upright than the uppers , and may be smooth to finely serrated . The five pairs of gill slits are fairly long . Originating below the fourth pair of gill slits , the pectoral fins are short , broad , and falcate ( sickle @-@ shaped ) with pointed tips . The first dorsal fin is tall and falcate with a distinctively long free rear tip , and is positioned just behind the pectoral fin bases . The second dorsal fin is large and tall without a notably elongated free rear tip , and is positioned over or slightly behind the anal fin . Usually there is no midline ridge between the dorsal fins , and when present the ridge is slight . The caudal peduncle has a deep crescent @-@ shaped notch at the upper caudal fin origin . The asymmetrical caudal fin has a well @-@ developed lower lobe and a longer upper lobe with a notch in the trailing margin near the tip . The skin is covered by overlapping dermal denticles ; each denticle has three horizontal ridges leading to three ( rarely five ) marginal teeth . This species is gray above and white below , with an obvious pale stripe on the flanks . The pectoral fins , second dorsal fin , and lower caudal fin lobe are prominently tipped in black , while the first dorsal fin and dorsal caudal fin lobe are narrowly edged in black . The maximum size reached by the Pondicherry shark is uncertain due to a lack of large specimens , but is probably not much greater than 1 m ( 3 @.@ 3 ft ) . = = Distribution and habitat = = The Pondicherry shark appears to have been broadly distributed in the Indo @-@ Pacific . It may have once been common , as it was reportedly a regular catch off India and Pakistan , but is now extremely rare . Most of the known specimens were collected from India , with more specimens from the Gulf of Oman , Borneo , and Java . There are also less reliable records from the South China Sea , other parts of Southeast Asia such as Vietnam and the Philippines , New Guinea , and northern Australia . This species inhabits inshore waters . Several older sources reported that it could be found in rivers such as the Hooghli River and the Saigon River . These reports may have confused a river shark ( Glyphis sp . ) for the Pondicherry shark ; if accurate , they would suggest this species to be tolerant of low salinity . As of 2016 , these reports have been confirmed ; the only documented Pondicherry sharks in the 21st century were found in the Sri Lankan Menik River . = = Biology and ecology = = The diet of the Pondicherry shark is thought to consist of small bony fishes , cephalopods , and crustaceans . A parasite documented from this species is the tapeworm Acanthobothrium paramanandai . Like other requiem sharks , it is viviparous with the developing embryos sustained to term via a placental connection to the mother , though specific details are unknown . The smallest known specimen is a female 32 cm ( 13 in ) long , which may be close to the birth size . Sexual maturity is attained at a length of over 60 cm ( 24 in ) . = = Human interactions = = Harmless to humans , the Pondicherry shark was caught and used for meat . Fewer than 20 specimens have been deposited in museum collections , most of which were collected prior to 1900 . This shark 's rarity originally led to fears that it may be possibly extinct . However , in 2016 , the Pondicherry shark was rediscovered in the Sri Lankan Menik and Kumbukkam rivers . Two photographs of this species exist ; one taken from above by a group of nature enthusiasists , as well as one taken from the side by a freshwater fish survey . Given that artisanal and commercial fishing activity across its range is heavy , unregulated , and intensifying , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) has listed the Pondicherry shark as Critically Endangered and placed a high priority on locating any surviving populations .
= Article 12 of the Constitution of Singapore = Article 12 of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore guarantees to all persons equality before the law and equal protection of the law . The Article also identifies four forbidden classifications – religion , race , descent and place of birth – upon which Singapore citizens may not be discriminated for specific reasons . For example , discrimination on those classifications is prohibited in the appointment to any office or employment under a public authority or in the administration of any law relating to the establishing or carrying on of any trade , business , profession , vocation or employment . Persons unable to show that one of the forbidden classifications applies to them may try to argue that they are members of a group defined by a law in a way that violates the general guarantee of equality and equal protection . To succeed , they must establish that the classification used in the law fails the rational nexus test , which is a three @-@ stage test formulated by the courts . The first stage of the test involves an examination as to whether the law differentiates amongst classes of individuals . At the second stage , the court considers if the differentiation is founded on an intelligible differentia or distinguishing feature . Finally , the basis of the differentiation must bear a reasonable relation to the object of the statute . However , the test is not foolproof as a classification may satisfy the test even if the object of the law is itself illegitimate . The rational nexus test , as it is currently applied in Singapore , also tolerates over- and under @-@ inclusive classifications . It remains to be seen if local courts will consider other approaches to the issue , such as the three @-@ tier system of scrutiny applied in the United States , the proportionality analysis applied in the United Kingdom to other areas of human rights law , or the reasonableness approach taken by some judges in India and Malaysia . The rational nexus test does not apply where a statute treats all persons equally , but it is alleged that the authorities have applied the statute in a discriminatory manner . Instead , a modified rational nexus test is used , which requires a court to consider whether there is a reasonable nexus between the state action taken and the object of the law . Such a nexus will be absent if the action amounts to intentional and arbitrary discrimination or intentional systematic discrimination . It is insufficient if any inequality is due to inadvertence or inefficiency , unless this occurs on a very substantial scale . In addition , inequalities arising from a reasonable administrative policy or which are mere errors of judgment are insufficient to constitute a violation of Article 12 ( 1 ) . Article 12 ( 3 ) of the Constitution provides that Article 12 does not invalidate or prohibit any provision regulating personal law ; or any provision or practice restricting office or employment connected with the affairs of any religion , or of an institution managed by a group professing any religion , to persons professing that religion . = = Text of Article 12 = = Article 12 of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore is entitled " Equal protection " and reads as follows : 12 . — ( 1 ) All persons are equal before the law and entitled to the equal protection of the law . ( 2 ) Except as expressly authorised by this Constitution , there shall be no discrimination against citizens of Singapore on the ground only of religion , race , descent or place of birth in any law or in the appointment to any office or employment under a public authority or in the administration of any law relating to the acquisition , holding or disposition of property or the establishing or carrying on of any trade , business , profession , vocation or employment . ( 3 ) This Article does not invalidate or prohibit — ( a ) any provision regulating personal law ; or ( b ) any provision or practice restricting office or employment connected with the affairs of any religion , or of an institution managed by a group professing any religion , to persons professing that religion . In the 1998 decision Public Prosecutor v. Taw Cheng Kong , the Court of Appeal regarded the concept of equality as a component of the wider doctrine of the rule of law , and traced its origin to the 40th article of the Magna Carta of 1215 which states : " To none will we sell , to none will we deny , to none will we delay right or justice . " Article 12 ( 1 ) of the Constitution bears a strong resemblance to the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution which prohibits any state from denying " to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws " , and to Article 14 of the Constitution of India which bars the state from denying " to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India " . Article 12 ( 1 ) is identical to Article 8 ( 1 ) of the Constitution of Malaysia , from which it was adopted following Singapore 's independence from Malaysia in 1965 . In Lim Meng Suang v. Attorney @-@ General ( 2013 ) , the High Court noted that the concept of equality before the law is derived from English common law which requires all classes of persons to be equally subject to the law , while the concept of equal protection of the law stems from the US Constitution 's Fourteenth Amendment and guarantees both procedural and substantive equality . The Court said : It will be seen that equality before the law and equal protection of the law are but different aspects of the same doctrine – equal justice . The first expresses the immutable principle of equal subjection of all classes of persons to the law , and the second is the positive aspect of that principle which reaches out , when invoked , to strike down unequal laws and discriminatory administrative or executive action as unconstitutional and void . = = Discriminatory classification = = = = = Forbidden classifications = = = Article 12 ( 2 ) of the Constitution prohibits discrimination against Singapore citizens ( unlike Article 12 ( 1 ) which applies to " all persons " ) " on the ground only of religion , race , descent or place of birth " in the following situations : In any law . In the appointment to any office or employment under a public authority . In the administration of any law relating to ( 1 ) the acquisition , holding or disposition of property ; or ( 2 ) the establishing or carrying on of any trade , business , profession , vocation or employment . The word only raises the possibility that discrimination may be permissible on the basis of one of the proscribed grounds in combination with some other factor , such as age or state of health . Article 12 ( 2 ) is subject to an express contrary authorization by the Constitution . Article 39A empowers the Legislature to ensure that members of the Malay , Indian and other minority communities are represented in Parliament by enacting a law to create Group Representation Constituencies ( GRCs ) . Each voter in a GRC casts his or her ballot for a team of candidates , at least one of whom must be from a minority community . Article 39A ( 3 ) exempts any provision enacted by Parliament pursuant to Article 39A from being void due to inconsistency with Article 12 . Another provision that is rescued from potential invalidity by Article 12 ( 2 ) is the Government 's constitutional mandate to exercise its functions in such a way as to recognize the special position of the Malays , who are the indigenous people of Singapore . The Government has a responsibility to " protect , safeguard , support , foster and promote their political , educational , religious , economic , social and cultural interests and the Malay language " . The Constitution also requires the Legislature to enact legislation to regulate Muslim religious affairs and to establish a council to advise the President concerning matters relating to Islam . The legislation in question is the Administration of Muslim Law Act . = = = Other discriminatory classifications : the rational nexus test = = = Aggrieved persons who cannot avail themselves of the protection afforded by Article 12 ( 2 ) may try to argue that they are a member of a group defined by a law in a way that violates Article 12 ( 1 ) . The rational nexus test , also known as the doctrine of reasonable classification , is a three @-@ stage test formulated by the courts to determine if the manner in which a law classifies a group of persons is discriminatory . The equality guaranteed by the provision is a relative and not an absolute concept ; it does not require that all persons are treated alike , but rather that all persons in like situations should be treated alike . Consequently , a law that differentiates between classes of persons is valid and constitutional provided that there is some difference in circumstances , and the factor which the legislature adopts as constituting the dissimilarity in circumstances is not purely arbitrary but bears a reasonable relation to the legislative object of the law . If there is no such relationship , the difference is discriminatory and the impugned legislation is unconstitutional and invalid . = = = = History = = = = In 1909 , the Supreme Court of the United States propounded a test to determine the reasonableness of a classification , stating that the classification " must always rest upon some real and substantial distinction bearing a reasonable and just relation to the things in respect to which the classification is made " . Based on this principle , the Supreme Court of India subsequently formulated a two @-@ stage test to determine if a classification made by a law was constitutional . The relevant stages were ( 1 ) whether the classification was founded on an intelligible differentia ; and ( 2 ) whether the differentia had a rational relation to the object sought to be achieved by the law in question . The Federal Court of Malaysia later adapted the rational nexus test by including an additional preceding stage , namely , whether the law was discriminatory . This three @-@ stage inquiry was accepted in Singapore in the case Kok Hoong Tan Dennis v. Public Prosecutor ( 1996 ) . = = = = Stages of the test = = = = The test that is currently followed in Singapore was re @-@ expressed by the Court of Appeal in Taw Cheng Kong ( 1998 ) as comprising three stages : Whether the law differentiates – that is , prescribes different treatment – amongst classes of individuals . Whether the differentiation is founded on an intelligible differentia ( distinguishing feature ) . Whether the basis of differentiation bears a reasonable relation to the object of the statute . The purpose of the test is to ensure that the right to equal protection is upheld by guarding against three forms of arbitrariness . First , individuals in the same class must share common features and should not be classified arbitrarily . Secondly , the treatment of persons falling within the same class must not be arbitrary . Lastly , the basis of classification must not be arbitrary but should bear a reasonable relationship to the object of the executive action . The stages of the rational nexus test directly address these forms of arbitrariness . As such , a law that satisfies all the stages of the test will be found to be valid and constitutional . = = = = = Stage 1 : Whether the law differentiates = = = = = The first stage of the test considers whether the law prescribes different treatment for one group of individuals as against other groups . For example , in the 1998 High Court decision Taw Cheng Kong v. Public Prosecutor , Judge of Appeal M. Karthigesu found that the Prevention of Corruption Act differentiated between classes of people as it renders some , but not all , persons open to criminal prosecution in Singapore for offences committed outside Singapore . While earlier cases expressed this stage of the test as a determination of whether a law is discriminatory , the Court of Appeal has warned against the confusing of the concepts of differentiation and discrimination . A differentiating law is one that draws distinctions between groups of people . A discriminatory law or executive act , on the other hand , is one that contravenes Article 12 ( 1 ) and hence is unconstitutional . Therefore , the mere finding of a differentiating measure in this first stage does not necessarily make the law discriminatory , as the other two stages will still have to be taken into consideration . If the impugned statute does not contain such a differentiating measure , it is a good law and the objection fails . Even if a differentiating measure is found , there is a strong presumption that it is constitutional . The legislature must necessarily have a wide power of classification in making laws that operate differently for different groups of people in order to give effect to its policy . Unless the law is plainly arbitrary , suggesting examples of arbitrariness are not ordinarily helpful in rebutting this presumption of constitutionality . It is presumed that Parliament knows best for its people , and is experienced in making laws directed at societal problems , hence its differentiation is based on adequate grounds . Therefore , to rebut this presumption it is necessary for the person challenging the law to adduce some material or factual evidence to show that it was enacted arbitrarily or had operated arbitrarily . = = = = = Stage 2 : Intelligible differentia = = = = = The second stage of the rational nexus test looks at whether the basis for differentiation is founded on an intelligible differentia which distinguishes those who are grouped together from those left outside the group . To satisfy the second stage , there must be a discernible basis of classification . All persons being discriminated against by a law must share a common identifying mark that is not borne by those not discriminated against . Examples of such features include gender , age , race , religion , seniority of professional qualification and area of residence . Another feature that has been accepted by the courts as constituting an intelligible differentia is Singapore citizenship . Singling out a person or object with characteristics not peculiar to itself , but which may conceivably be found in other persons or objects , does not constitute classification . If there is no consistent means of identifying the persons treated differently , the differentiation is arbitrary and the law is invalid . If there is an intelligible differentia , the differentiation is not arbitrary in this sense and it is necessary to proceed to the third stage . Equality under Article 12 ( 1 ) does not require that all persons are treated alike , but rather that all persons in like situations should be treated alike . Similarly , failing to treat differently persons whose situations are significantly different also amounts to inequality . As such , at the second stage the question to be considered is whether persons falling within the same class are treated equally . Article 12 ( 1 ) prohibits laws which require that some individuals within a single class should be treated more harshly than others . However , the law is not unconstitutional if all persons discriminated against are equally discriminated against , and all persons not discriminated against are equally not discriminated against . The courts have found this stage to be satisfied where under a statute all citizens are equally liable to prosecution , whereas all non @-@ citizens are equally immune from it . The second stage test was also found to have been satisfied where all members of the Singapore Congregation of Jehovah 's Witnesses found to have been in violation of the Societies Act were treated equally . = = = = = Stage 3 : Reasonable relation to statutory objective = = = = = In this stage , it is necessary to inquire into , firstly , the object of the statute , and secondly , whether the basis of differentiation against or for a particular class is a reasonable means of achieving such an object . The essence of the test is whether it is reasonable , taking into consideration the object of the statute , to distinguish between persons on the selected basis of differentiation . As such , it is necessary to ask how the differentiation against or for one particular class furthers the object of the statute . The law is not arbitrary if the basis for discrimination has a rational relation to the object sought to be achieved , and the statute will be declared valid and constitutional . In Taw Cheng Kong , the respondent challenged his conviction for corruption on the ground that section 37 of the Prevention of Corruption Act , which extends the effect of the Act to corrupt acts by Singapore citizens ( but not non @-@ citizens ) occurring outside Singapore , discriminated against citizens and thus violated Article 12 ( 1 ) . The Court of Appeal held that the distinction drawn by the section 37 between citizens and non @-@ citizens who are abroad is valid as it is a reasonable means of achieving the Act 's object , which is to address acts of corruption taking place outside Singapore but affecting events within it . The exclusion of non @-@ citizens from the ambit of section 37 observes international comity and the sovereignty of other nations . = = = = Criticisms of the test = = = = = = = = = Unreasonable legislative objectives = = = = = In equal protection cases , the purpose of the law must be distilled before the reasonableness of a classification can be judged . When the purpose of the law is not explicitly stated , the court may conclude that there is no legitimate public purpose , assume that there is a legitimate public purpose but refuse to look for it , or draw some inferences as to what it is . When the purpose of the law is explicitly stated , the court may either accept it at face value ; or challenge the integrity of the legislative declaration , looking behind the explicit purpose to determine the true purpose . In the latter situation , what is concerned is the discriminatory character of the legislation . The need to identify the legislative purpose has been said to involve the court in the " thornier aspects of judicial review " , because it must either " uncritically and often unrealistically accept a legislative avowal at face value " or " challenge legislative integrity and push beyond the express statement into unconfined realms of inference " . The court must then " make a judgment as to the purity of legislative motive and ... determine the legitimacy of the end " . This step is necessary because the rational nexus test is not foolproof . The test is based on the presumption that the legislative object itself is not in violation of the Constitution . However , if the object of the statute is itself illegitimate , a classification may be invalid even if it satisfies the test . Hence , the test is only applicable if the object of the impugned legislation is a proper one . In India , a solution was proffered by means of a more holistic approach to the constitutional promise of equality . In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India ( 1978 ) , the learned Justice Prafullachandra Natwarlal Bhagwati noted that " an essential element of equality pervades Article 14 " , the equivalent of Singapore 's Article 12 . With that as a starting point , he went on to assert that " the procedure ... must be right and just and fair and not arbitrary " . The judge in Maneka Gandhi therefore spoke for a dynamic approach to equality , one that should not be " subjected to a narrow , pedantic or lexicographic approach " . This more liberal approach , which accords courts the latitude to deal with legislation backed by arbitrary or unreasonable objectives , was cited with approval in Malaysia by the learned Judge of the Court of Appeal Gopal Sri Ram in Tan Tek Seng v. Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Pendidikan ( 1996 ) . It is unclear , though , if this test will be applied in Singapore due to a dearth of case law on the matter . = = = = = Over- and under @-@ inclusiveness = = = = = Another problem encountered when applying the rational nexus test is that of over- and under @-@ inclusiveness . Under @-@ inclusiveness occurs when the legislative classification fails to embrace all persons within the ambit of the objective sought to be achieved by the law . On the other hand , over @-@ inclusiveness occurs when the classification not only embraces persons within the ambit of the legislative objective , but also persons outside it . Both over- and under @-@ inclusiveness are currently tolerated in Singapore under the rational nexus test , as a classification can still bear a rational relation to the legislative objective notwithstanding that it embraces more or less persons than its object requires . It has been argued that this results in the different treatment of persons in like situations , and thus violates Article 12 ( 1 ) . Although a rational connection exists between the classification adopted and the legislative object , the effect of an under @-@ inclusive classification is to accord different treatment to persons similarly placed . However , the courts have often justified under @-@ inclusiveness on the ground that the legislature is free to recognize degrees of harm , to confine its restrictions to cases where the need is felt to be the greatest , and to advance its policies step by step . Despite this , resort to legislative wisdom to justify under @-@ inclusiveness , if used indiscriminately , may result in the watering down of the equal protection guarantee provided by Article 12 ( 1 ) . Similarly , where an over @-@ inclusive classification is concerned , a rational relation still exists between the differentia adopted and the legislative object . Thus , it is tolerated under the rational nexus test in Singapore . While the effect of an over @-@ inclusive classification may be to accord similar treatment to persons differently placed , courts have nonetheless justified it on the ground that the exigencies of the situation require such classification . The US Supreme Court case Hirabayashi v. United States ( 1943 ) is an example of this principle . Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941 , President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued an executive order requiring , among other things , all persons of Japanese ancestry within a designated military area to be " within their place of residence between the hours of 8 p.m. and 6 a.m. " and to report to the authorities to register for removal from the military area . The defendant , Gordon Hirabayashi , was convicted of violating the curfew and the registration requirement . The order was arguably over @-@ inclusive as it did not distinguish between Japanese Americans who were loyal to the US and those in respect of which there was evidence of disloyalty . Although the Court noted that distinctions between citizens solely on the basis of ancestry " are , by their very nature , odious to a free people whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality " , because the US was at war with Japan the race @-@ based classification bore a rational relation to the aim of the order , which was to protect from sabotage war materials and utilities in areas believed to be in danger of Japanese invasion and air attack . The Court said : " We cannot close our eyes to the fact , demonstrated by experience , that , in time of war , residents having ethnic affiliations with an invading enemy may be a greater source of danger than those of a different ancestry . " In Taw Cheng Kong , the High Court was of the view that section 37 ( 1 ) of the Prevention of Corruption Act was both under- and over @-@ inclusive . It did not apply to non @-@ Singapore citizens such as permanent residents and foreigners working for the Government who received bribes for acts which would be done in Singapore . On the other hand , it would catch a Singapore citizen now a foreign permanent resident employed in a foreign country by a foreign government who received a bribe in relation to a transaction that had nothing to do with Singapore . For this reason , Karthigesu J. found section 37 ( 1 ) to be unconstitutional since the nexus between the classification and section 37 ( 1 ) ' s objective was not reasonable enough to justify derogating from Article 12 ( 1 ) . The High Court 's decision was reversed by the Court of Appeal , which held that the under @-@ inclusiveness was not fatal because of the " overriding need to observe international comity " . In any case , " [ t ] he enactment of a provision need not be seamless and perfect to cover every contingency . Such a demand would be legislatively impractical , if not impossible . " The over @-@ inclusiveness of section 37 ( 1 ) was deemed irrelevant to the constitutional issue because the provision applied equally to all Singapore citizens . = = = = Applications of the rational nexus test = = = = The rational nexus test was applied in Mohamed Emran bin Mohamed Ali v. Public Prosecutor ( 2008 ) , in which the High Court was faced with the issue of whether the failure to prosecute drug enforcement authorities in an entrapment case amounted to discrimination against the persons eventually charged with drug trafficking . The Court found that there was a " perfectly rational nexus between entrapment operations and the socially desirable and laudable objective of containing the drug trade " as convicting state agents who carried out covert operations would result in illicit drug suppliers prospering and flourishing while enforcement agencies would " wither and perish " . Further , the exercise of the Attorney @-@ General 's prosecutorial discretion was an executive act which satisfied the rational nexus test and was therefore not in contravention of Article 12 of the Constitution . In Yong Vui Kong v. Public Prosecutor ( 2010 ) , the Court of Appeal had to determine the validity of a differentiating factor prescribed by the legislature for distinguishing between different classes of offenders for sentencing purposes . In that case , the differentiating factor was found in the Misuse of Drugs Act ( " MDA " ) , which stipulated that an accused trafficking in more than 15 grams ( 0 @.@ 53 oz ) of diamorphine ( heroin ) would result in him or her facing a mandatory death penalty upon conviction . Following its previous decision in Nguyen Tuong Van v. Public Prosecutor ( 2005 ) , which had applied Ong Ah Chuan , the Court applied the rational nexus test and found that the 15 @-@ gram differentia bore a reasonable relation to the social object of the MDA . The Court also noted that the " quantity of addictive drugs trafficked is not only broadly proportionate to the quantity of addictive drugs brought onto the illicit market , but also broadly proportionate to the scale of operations of the drug dealer and , hence , broadly proportionate to the harm likely to be posed to society by the offender 's crime . " Although Taw Cheng Kong was not cited in this case , the test applied was substantially similar to that which it enunciated in Taw Cheng Kong . = = = = Alternatives to the rational nexus test = = = = In other jurisdictions , courts have applied standards of judicial review more exacting than the rational nexus test in Singapore when deciding if a law is unconstitutional . It remains to be seen whether any of these approaches will be adopted locally . = = = = = Three @-@ tiered scrutiny = = = = = In footnote 4 of United States v. Carolene Products Co . ( 1938 ) , Justice Harlan F. Stone opined that where legislation was aimed at " discrete and insular minorities " who lack the normal protections of the political process , a more exacting standard of judicial review with no presumption of constitutionality should be applied . At present in the United States there are three different levels of scrutiny . Firstly , if a law categorizes on the basis of race or national origin ( which are regarded as suspect classifications ) , or infringes a fundamental right , strict scrutiny is applied . Accordingly , the law is unconstitutional unless it is narrowly tailored to serve a compelling government interest . In addition , there should not be a less restrictive alternative available to achieve that compelling interest . Secondly , if the law categorizes on the basis of gender , legitimacy or similar quasi @-@ suspect classifications , intermediate scrutiny is applied – the law is unconstitutional unless it is substantially related to an important government interest . Finally , the traditional rational basis review is applied if the law categorizes on some other , non @-@ suspect , basis . In this case , the law is constitutional so long as it is reasonably related to a legitimate government interest . In Malaysian Bar v. Government of Malaysia ( 1987 ) , the Supreme Court of Malaysia referred to the strict scrutiny approach but asserted that in reality it was not very different from the traditional rational nexus standard , which it then proceeded to apply . The Court 's endorsement of strict scrutiny was much less ambiguous in Government of Malaysia v. V.R. Menon ( 1990 ) . It held that the impugned Act was concerned with economic and social welfare and not fundamental rights , and therefore the trial judge had erred in applying a stricter standard of review . As such , the court implicitly endorsed the application of the strict scrutiny test in cases concerning fundamental rights in Malaysia . There are several criticisms of the three @-@ tiered scrutiny analysis , the most compelling reason against its adoption arguably being that it does not control judicial discretion : the identification of classifications as suspect , quasi @-@ suspect or non @-@ suspect involves unconstrained balancing of public and private interests , and political and social interests . = = = = = Test of proportionality = = = = = The test of proportionality in English law , which is applied to determine whether a fundamental right is appropriately restricted by legislation , has three limbs : The legislative objective must be sufficiently important to justify limiting the fundamental right . The measures designed to meet the legislative objective must be rationally connected to it . The means used to impair the right must be no more than is necessary to accomplish the objective . It has been suggested that a proportionality analysis better safeguards equality compared to the American three @-@ tiered scrutiny approach . The third limb of the proportionality test may also serve to strike down over @-@ inclusive classifications which are currently tolerated under the rational nexus test . = = = = = Test of reasonableness = = = = = In Maneka Gandhi , Bhagwati J. appeared to suggest that the rational nexus test should not be applied to Article 14 of the Indian Constitution , which guarantees equality before the law and equal protection of the law , because it led to a narrow and pedantic interpretation of the provision . He held that Article 14 should not be construed too narrowly as it was the pillar on which the foundation of the Indian Democratic Republic rested . In his view , the principle of reasonableness was an essential element of equality or non @-@ arbitrariness , and it pervaded Article 14 " like a brooding omnipresence " . A test of reasonableness was applied to Article 8 ( 1 ) of the Malaysian Constitution in some cases , but it was later rejected by the Federal Court in Danaharta Urus Sdn . Bhd. v. Kekatong Sdn . Bhd . ( 2004 ) . The Court noted that in cases subsequent to Maneka Gandhi the reasonable classification test had been applied , even by Bhagwati J. himself . Furthermore , equality under Article 8 ( 1 ) does not mean absolute equality , but only assures the right to equal treatment with other individuals in similar circumstances . The rational nexus test is needed to determine if a law applies equally to all persons in the same group , and is therefore an " integral part " of Article 8 ( 1 ) . = = Discriminatory application of laws = = The traditional Taw Cheng Kong rational nexus test is inappropriate where the issue is not the existence of discriminatory classification in a statute , but discriminatory application of a neutral statute . This is because the statute would inevitably pass the test as the answer to whether the legislation in question differentiates between different classes of persons ( stage 1 of the Taw Cheng Kong test ) will always be in the negative . In Eng Foong Ho v. Attorney @-@ General ( 2009 ) , Judge of Appeal Andrew Phang , delivering the judgment of the Court of Appeal , applied a modified form of the Taw Cheng Kong test , holding that " [ t ] he question is whether there is a reasonable nexus between the state action and the objective to be achieved by the law " . Phang J.A. relied on the principles set out in the Privy Council cases Howe Yoon Chong v. Chief Assessor ( 1980 ) and Howe Yoon Chong v. Chief Assessor ( 1990 ) , drawing the following salient points from them : An executive act may be unconstitutional if it amounts to intentional and arbitrary discrimination . Thus , an intentional systematic undervaluation of property would breach Article 12 ( 1 ) of the Constitution , though " something less might perhaps suffice " . However , absolute equality is not attainable and inequalities arising from " the application of a reasonable administrative policy " or " mere errors of judgement " are not sufficient to constitute a violation of Article 12 ( 1 ) . Inequalities due to " inadvertence or inefficiency " need to be on " a very substantial scale " to violate the Article . Thio Li @-@ ann has expressed the view that Phang J.A. ' s approach in Eng Foong Ho leaves room for judicial clarification . An important question is whether the " intentional and arbitrary discrimination " test , which implies the lack of any rationality , is the sole test for proving that an executive act violates Article 12 , or only one possible test . If it is the only test , then the need to prove the absence of rationality is excessively onerous for the plaintiff to satisfy , compared to the " reasonable classification " test . She posits that it is preferable for both the " intentional and arbitrary discrimination " test and the " reasonable classification " test to apply to executive acts . = = Restrictions on the right to equality and equal protection = = Article 12 ( 3 ) of the Constitution provides that Article 12 does not invalidate or prohibit any provision regulating personal law ; or any provision or practice restricting office or employment connected with the affairs of any religion , or of an institution managed by a group professing any religion , to persons professing that religion . Personal law is the law governing a person 's family matters . In Shafeeg bin Salim Talib v. Fatimah binte Abud bin Talib ( 2009 ) , the High Court identified a number of personal laws , including the Intestate Succession Act which does not apply to Muslims ; and regulations 103 ( 2 ) and ( 3 ) of the Prisons Regulations , which respectively state that Jewish prisoners can claim an exemption against working on Saturdays and may observe certain festival days as may be allowed by the Government , and that Muslim prisoners may fast during Ramadan and have their work reduced during this period . A number of private Acts establishing religious organizations expressly confine membership of their governing boards to persons professing the respective religions . For instance , a person may only be appointed to the Hindu Endowments Board , which administers Hindu religious and charitable endowments , if he or she is Hindu . Similarly , one may only be a member of the Central Sikh Gurdwara Board , which manages gurdwaras ( Sikh temples ) in Singapore , if one professes the Sikh faith . Article 149 ( 1 ) immunizes the Internal Security Act from invalidity due to inconsistency with five of the fundamental liberty provisions in the Constitution , including Article 12 . The reference to Article 12 in Article 149 ( 1 ) was enacted by Parliament in 1989 to reverse the effect of Chng Suan Tze v. Minister for Home Affairs ( 1988 ) , in which the Court of Appeal expressed the view that sections 8 and 10 of the Act violated Article 12 ( 1 ) . = = Other constitutional provisions = = Article 16 ( 1 ) of the Constitution prohibits discrimination against citizens of Singapore on the ground only of religion , race , descent or place of birth in the administration of public educational institutions ( and , in particular , as regards the admission of students or the payment of fees ) , and in providing financial aid from public funds for the maintenance or education of students in any educational institution . This provision is stated to be " [ w ] ithout prejudice to the generality of Article 12 " . Article 16 ( 2 ) declares that religious groups have the right to establish and maintain institutions for the education of children and to provide them religious instruction in those institutions , but there must not be any discrimination on the ground only of religion in laws relating to such institutions or the administration of such laws . Article 154 states that all persons who are in the same Government service grade must be treated impartially regardless of their race , subject to the terms and conditions of their employment and to other provisions of the Constitution . The Constitution also establishes a procedure for ensuring that statutes do not contain " differentiating measures " , that is , measures which discriminate against any racial or religious community . Most bills that have been passed by Parliament must be scrutinized by a non @-@ elected advisory body called the Presidential Council for Minority Rights ( PCMR ) , which must report to the Speaker of Parliament if it is of the view that any clause in a bill contains a differentiating measure . If the PCMR submits an adverse report , Parliament can either make amendments to the bill and resubmit it to the Council for approval , or decide to present the bill for the President 's assent nonetheless provided that a Parliamentary motion for such action has been passed by at least two @-@ thirds of all Members of Parliament . The PCMR has not rendered any adverse reports since it was set up in 1970 . = = = Cases = = = Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India [ 1978 ] INSC 16 , A.I.R. 1978 S.C. 597 , Supreme Court ( India ) . Ong Ah Chuan v. Public Prosecutor [ 1980 ] UKPC 32 , [ 1981 ] A.C. 648 , [ 1979 – 1980 ] S.L.R. ( R. ) [ Singapore Law Reports ( Reissue ) ] 710 , Privy Council ( on appeal from Singapore ) . Malaysian Bar v. Government of Malaysia [ 1987 ] 2 M.L.J. [ Malayan Law Journal ] 165 at 170 , Supreme Court ( Malaysia ) . Tan Tek Seng v. Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Pendidikan [ 1996 ] 1 M.L.J. 261 , Court of Appeal ( Malaysia ) . Taw Cheng Kong v. Public Prosecutor [ 1998 ] 1 S.L.R. ( R. ) 78 , High Court ( Singapore ) . Public Prosecutor v. Taw Cheng Kong [ 1998 ] SGCA 37 , [ 1998 ] 2 S.L.R. ( R. ) 489 , Court of Appeal ( Singapore ) , archived from the original on 13 April 2009 . Eng Foong Ho v. Attorney @-@ General [ 2009 ] SGCA 1 , [ 2009 ] 2 S.L.R. 542 , C.A. ( Singapore ) . Lim Meng Suang v. Attorney @-@ General [ 2013 ] SGHC 73 , [ 2013 ] 3 S.L.R. 118 , H.C. ( Singapore ) . = = = Other works = = = Constitution of the Republic of Singapore ( 1999 Reprint ) . Baker , Aaron ( 2008 ) , " Proportional , Not Strict , Scrutiny : Against a U.S. ' Suspect Classifications ' Model under Article 14 ECHR in the U.K. " , American Journal of Comparative Law 56 : 847 – 894 , doi : 10 @.@ 5131 / ajcl.2007.0030 . Huang @-@ Thio , S [ u ] M [ ien ] ( 1963 ) , " Equal Protection and Rational Classification " , Public Law : 412 – 440 . Tussman , Joseph ; tenBroek , Jacobus ( 1949 ) , " The Equal Protection of the Laws " , California Law Review 37 ( 3 ) : 341 – 381 , doi : 10 @.@ 2307 / 3477801 , JSTOR 3477801 . = = = Articles = = = Groves , Harry E. ( 1963 ) , " Equal Protection of the Laws in Malaysia and India " , American Journal of Comparative Law 12 ( 3 ) : 385 – 396 , JSTOR 838895 . Lee , Jack Tsen @-@ Ta ( 1996 ) , " Equal Protection and Sexual Orientation " , Singapore Law Review 16 : 228 – 285 . Low , Fatt Kin Kelvin ; Loi , Chit Fai Kelry ; Wee , Ai Yin Serene ( 1998 ) , " Towards a Maintenance of Equality ( Part I ) : A Study of the Constitutionality of Maintenance Provisions that Sexually Discriminate " , Singapore Law Review 19 : 45 – 76 . Low , Fatt Kin Kelvin ; Loi , Chit Fai Kelry ; Wee , Ai Yin Serene ( 1999 ) , " Towards a Maintenance of Equality ( Part II ) : The Effects of Unconstitutionality " , Singapore Law Review 20 : 103 – 133 . G. Moganasundram ( 1962 ) , " Equal Protection in Malaya – A Comparative Study " , Me Judice 5 : 56 . Yap , Po Jen ( 2005 ) , " Four Models of Equality " , Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review 27 : 63 – 100 , archived from the original ( PDF ) on 28 December 2013 . Yap , Po Jen ( September 2013 ) , " Section 377A and Equal Protection in Singapore : Back to 1938 ? " , Singapore Academy of Law Journal 25 : 630 – 640 . = = = Books = = = Huang , S [ u ] M [ ien ] ( 1963 ) , Equality before the Law : Article 8 : Constitution of the Federation of Malaya [ unpublished LL.M. thesis ] , Singapore : Faculty of Law , University of Singapore . Tan , Kevin Y [ ew ] L [ ee ] ( 2011 ) , " Fundamental Liberties II : Slavery & Forced Labour • Equality • Protection against Retrospective Criminal Laws • Double Jeopardy " , An Introduction to Singapore 's Constitution ( rev. ed . ) , Singapore : Talisman Publishing , pp. 166 – 185 at 178 – 185 , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 08 @-@ 6456 @-@ 9 . Tan , Kevin Y [ ew ] L [ ee ] ; Thio , Li @-@ ann ( 2010 ) , " The Right to Equality & Equal Protection " , Constitutional Law in Malaysia and Singapore ( 3rd ed . ) , Singapore : LexisNexis , pp. 871 – 970 , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 236 @-@ 795 @-@ 2 . Thio Li @-@ ann ( 2012 ) , " Equality before the Law " , A Treatise on Singapore Constitutional Law , Singapore : Academy Publishing , pp. 691 – 745 , ISBN 978 @-@ 981 @-@ 07 @-@ 1515 @-@ 1 .
= Better Out Than In = Better Out Than In was a residency undertaken by pseudonymous graffiti artist and political activist Banksy in New York City during October 2013 . Banksy unveiled at least one work of art daily , documenting it on both a dedicated website and an Instagram account . The majority of the works were stencil graffiti and chiefly political , a distinctive characteristic of Banksy . Other pieces and multimedia exhibits toyed with dark humor and satire . The unpredictability of the show and Banksy 's elusive nature stirred excitement amongst fans , while defacement from competing street artists and vandals became an imminent problem . While Banksy 's works were inherently illegal , no official complaints were reported to the police ; most property owners praised the art and some took measures to protect it . The month @-@ long residency drew controversy amongst some locals for its more politically strong pieces , and received mixed reviews from critics . In 2014 , a documentary film called Banksy Does New York came out regarding the whole ' residency ' . = = Background = = On 1 October 2013 , Banksy announced on his website that he would be attempting to host a show in New York City for the entire month . This came after posters promoting an October event started showing up in Los Angeles . The title Better Out Than In is a reference to a quote by impressionist Paul Cézanne , " All pictures painted inside , in the studio , will never be as good as those done outside . " In an interview with The Village Voice , Banksy said " New York calls to graffiti writers like a dirty old lighthouse . We all want to prove ourselves here , " and that he chose it for the high foot traffic and hiding places . = = Works = = The works Banksy has included in Better Out Than In primarily consist of stencil graffiti , much of which are political in nature . His first installment , which he captioned " the street is in play " , depicted a child reaching for a bottle of spray paint on a sign reading " graffiti is a crime " . The sign was stolen and later replaced by Queens @-@ based graffiti group Smart Crew with a new sign that read " street art is a crime " . Like most of his other works , the piece has audio accompaniment that can be heard either on the website or by calling a toll @-@ free 800 number . On 2 October , Banksy stenciled a piece in Chelsea that read " This is my New York accent " in the traditional typography of New York street art and below in a more typical handwriting style read , " ... normally I write like this " . Allowing for the ironic abstraction between traditional graffiti style and regular writing . In south Midtown Manhattan on 3 October , Banksy produced a piece that depicts the symbiotic relationship between a dog and a hydrant . This stencil artwork depicts a dog urinating on a hydrant with a thought bubble saying , " you complete me " . On 4 October Banksy added " the musical " below seemingly already existing graffiti in the Lower East Side , Williamsburg , and Bushwick . Making them read " Occupy ! The Musical " , " Dirty underwear The Musical " and " Playground Mob The Musical " . In the East Village , Banksy 's fifth work was housed in a delivery truck as a " mobile garden , " which included theatrical property showing a rainbow , waterfall and butterflies . The following day Banksy posted a photo of a tracking device he found under the vehicle . Banksy 's installments are located all across the five boroughs , with some being purely multimedia exhibits . On 6 October , as a way to have made an installment in Dumbo , Brooklyn , a primary arts district of the city , Banksy posted a video featuring the Walt Disney character Dumbo being shot down by Syrian rebels , the meaning behind which puzzled many . On 7 October Banksy unveiled a piece in Red Hook that stood out from his typical stencils . The piece was a beautifully shaded red heart balloon patched up with band @-@ aids . An homage to a piece he had done previously in response to the Syrian conflict which depicted a heart shaped balloon floating away from a little girl . On 8 October , Banksy 's piece in Greenpoint was simply a quote , " I have a theory that you can make any sentence seem profound by writing the name of a dead philosopher at the end of it -Plato " . On 9 October , Banksy unveiled one of the more elaborate and politically strong pieces of the series . It featured armed soldiers and horses spray @-@ painted on a car and trailer in an empty lot in the Lower East Side . Instead of commentary about the work , the accompanying audio was that of a classified video from the July 12 , 2007 Baghdad airstrike . After being dismantled , the car was towed away to prevent further defacement . In East New York on 10 October a Banksy piece was found depicting a stenciled beaver who seemingly caused a street sign to fall . Indicative of people 's greed there were soon men charging the people to view and take pictures of the artwork . Day 11 saw an elaborate political display questioning the " casual cruelty " of the meat industry . Entitled Sirens of the Lambs , Banksy drove around a military @-@ style cargo truck filled with squealing , stuffed animatronic livestock . The truck fittingly made its debut in Meatpacking District , Manhattan , but toured the rest of the city in the following weeks . On 12 October the ' Concrete Confessional ' piece was done on 7th Street near the Cooper Union , depicting a religious figure framed by a hole in the concrete wall standing in front of it . On 13 October , Banksy made headlines when it was revealed that the art an older man was selling outside Central Park was actually authentic , signed Banksy canvases , sold for only $ 60 each . Having not announced this beforehand , tourists and park goers were unaware of the value the paintings had , which the BBC estimated could be upwards of $ 32 @,@ 000 each . Banksy posted a video on his website chronicling the surprise sale , which revealed that a total of seven paintings were sold for $ 420 taking . On day 14 Banksy made a piece in Queens depicting a stenciled cleaner wiping a quote from the movie Gladiator " What we do in life echoes in Eternity " . Banksy unveiled one of his most controversial pieces of the series on 15 October , with a depiction of the Lower Manhattan skyline featuring the former Twin Towers , with a burnt @-@ orange chrysanthemum in place where one of the hijacked airplanes struck the North Tower . The silhouette appeared on the side of a building in TriBeCa , with an identical depiction along the Brooklyn Heights Promenade , facing the downtown skyline . The Brooklyn Heights piece was eventually buffed out by the city , requiring chemicals and a high @-@ powered pressure washer . The removal followed a taunt Banksy had directed toward the city on his website . Meanwhile , the sister piece in TriBeCa served as a shrine , people placing flowers next to it and as well as a letter asking no one to touch the painting . Acrylic glass was eventually installed to protect the piece , before someone painted over it . Banksy extended his work beyond the canvas and city street with other political statements , including on 16 October , when he crafted a giant fiberglass sculpture of Ronald McDonald , with a real live Banksy assistant shining its shoes . It was unveiled in the Bronx but was moved outside of a different McDonald 's restaurant across the city around lunch time for several days . The work criticized the " heavy labor required to sustain the polished image of a mega @-@ corporation " , as the narrator of the audio accompaniment put it . On 17 October in East Williamsburg , Banksy 's Japanese Bridge piece was revealed and graffitied over . On 18 October there was a pair of paintings Banksy collaborated on with Os Gemeos depicting a single soldier amongst masked citizens and vice versa . " The audio commentary Banksy provided suggests that this piece functions both as situational criticism of the art world as well as a tribute to the Occupy movement . Yet it also recognizes that the installation may be unsuccessful at actually advancing any agenda " . On 19 October Banksy released another video for his tour of New York potentially to convey the movement in nature that we are blind to but it is truly just a vagina with ants crawling out of it . On 20 October in the Upper West Side , Banksy stencilled a picture of a young boy with a hammer swinging down towards a fire hydrant . This piece was one of the few from the Better Out Than In project that was preserved . The owners of the store on which this piece was placed put a fiberglass pane in order to protect and preserve the piece . Banksy 's second trip to the South Bronx was on 21 October and resulted in a piece depicting a child spray @-@ painting the words " Ghetto 4 Life " on a wall , while a butler waited on him with a platter of spray paints . The work immediately drew a crowd from fans , despite angering many residents , who found the message offensive . The piece may insinuate appreciation of graffiti art by high society . The Sphinx sculpture appeared on a worksite in Willets Point on 22 October and was quickly swarmed by eager Banksy fans . The attention caught the workers interest and onlookers watched as it was loaded into a truck and taken away . The fate of this piece was heavily chronicled by the HBO documentary Banksy Does New York . The piece was taken from its original site , kept in a garage and ultimately sold in an art show for hundreds of thousands if not millions . The 23rd installment was cancelled due to police activity , according to Banksy 's official website , which stirred rumors that he had come under arrest . That same day , an outlined canvas with the caption " Better Out Than In # AnonymousGuestbook " appeared on a building in Red Hook . The idea of an open @-@ canvas collaborative piece was presented to Banksy two weeks prior by a community art director . The story then lead many to believe the " anonymous guestbook " was outlined by Banksy himself , however this was later debunked to have been the work of a group under the name Anonymous Guestbook . " Waiting in Vain " was the show 's 24th installment . Located outside a strip club in Hell 's Kitchen , it illustrated a man in a tuxedo holding flowers , presumably jilted by his date . After some of the club 's entertainers posed in front of the piece , the owner had it carefully cut from the shutter gate before vandals could deface it . It is planned to go on permanent display inside the club . The 25th piece came suitably Halloween @-@ themed . Located on the Bowery , it exhibited a Grim Reaper riding a bumper car in circles to an elaborate light show , fog machine and Blue Öyster Cult 's ( Don 't Fear ) The Reaper . The accompanying audio guide offered a self @-@ mockery interpretation , with Banksy stating that often " the role of art is to remind us of our mortality , " implying that with this mounted art show that goes on " for so long we wish we were dead already . " The site of the exhibit was once that of an antique shop , some remains of which were placed in a coffin that occupied the lot for months . This prompted other interpretations of the installations message , paying homage to the " ghosts of Bowry , " as the antique store owner suggested . On 26 October Banksy 's work appeared in Sunset Park of the back of a truck and read , " The grumpier you are , the more assholes you meet ... " which was ultimately removed and sold in auction . The 27 October piece was a message on a wall in Greenpoint that read " This site contains blocked messages . " It made reference to an unpublished column Banksy had submitted to The New York Times . The controversial essay criticized the city 's decision in approving the One World Trade Center , which he described as " vanilla " and looking like " something they would build in Canada . " In what became his second reference to the September 11 attacks , Banksy argued the building was a betrayal to everyone who lost their lives that day , and that its blandness is a sign the terrorist won . Day 28 came with a simple stencil in Coney Island of a robot spray @-@ painting a barcode onto the wall . On 29 October Banksy 's art was displayed in a shop window , unbeknownst to the owners . Banksy had purchased a very basic painting of a landscape , added his own special touch in the form of a Nazi in full uniform resting on a bench and enjoying the view , and donated it back to the store , drastically increasing their patronage for the day . On day 30 Banksy 's art could be found on Yankee Stadium in the form of a jaguar draped on a line on the wall . This piece was quickly covered up . The final piece of the month @-@ long series was a group of balloons that together read " BANKSY ! " , tied to the wall of a building alongside the Long Island Expressway in Queens . Banksy included the message " Save 5pointz " in the caption for the piece on his website , referring to 5 Pointz , a nearby outdoor art exhibit considered to be a focal point of such culture that had recently been approved by the New York City Department of City Planning to be demolished to make way for condominiums . = = Defacement = = Most of the works that make up the Better Out Than In series were defaced , some just hours after the piece was unveiled . At least one defacement was identified as done by a competing artist , OMAR NYC , who spray @-@ painted over Banksy 's red mylar balloon piece in Red Hook . OMAR NYC also defaced some of Banksy 's work in May 2010 . As a result of the continued defacement , fans rushed to the sites of the installments as soon as they are announced . A group of men took advantage of this and threatened to deface a stencil painting of a beaver in East New York , charging money for people to take photographs . Some took matters into their own hands by guarding the works , others restoring them once defaced . In part because of the defacement , but also because of the great value of the artworks , property owners have also gone to extreme measures to protect the art . Some hired security guards , others covered the art with acrylic glass , and yet others installed metal roll @-@ down gates . = = Response = = The month @-@ long show was widely publicized and covered by the media . Mayor Michael Bloomberg , while supporting the arts , criticized Banksy 's work , calling him a vandal , contending that defacing property was not his definition of art . On 17 October the New York Post wrote under the front @-@ page headline " Get Banksy ! " that police were pursuing Banksy , but noted the hunt is difficult because he has never been positively identified in public . In response Banksy posted an image of the front page on his website with the caption " I don 't read what i believe in the papers . " The NYPD later denied they were actively looking for Banksy as no property owners had filed any formal complaints . = = = Controversy = = = Bronx Borough President Rubén Díaz , Jr. called Banksy a " modern @-@ day Picasso " and praised him for choosing to unveil his 16 October Ronald McDonald replica in the South Bronx . This came before Banksy 's 21 October piece , which brought discontent to the President and other residents . The piece featured a child spray @-@ painting the words " Ghetto 4 Life " on a wall . Díaz stated it reinforced " outdated negative stereotypes , " and defended that Banksy should become aware that graffiti art and culture originated in the Bronx . The owner of the graffitied wall and his partner , however , praised the work and its message , calling it " beautiful " and owning its preservation to the artist 's fame . Banksy 's op @-@ ed article about One World Trade Center , posted on his website on 27 October , came as an insult to many across the city . Former FDNY Deputy Chief Jim Riches wrote that it was a " disgrace to New York City and all the families who lost loved ones on 9 / 11 . " Sally Regenhard , a leading voice for families of 11 September victims , expressed concerns about Banksy 's 15 October depiction of the Twin Towers in TriBeCa , saying the piece was " horrific " and that the placed flower looked more like an explosion . A Century 21 department store near Ground Zero had planned to show Banksy 's work on 29 October , but cancelled due to the controversy . = = = Critical reception = = = Banksy 's Better Out Than In series has received mixed reviews . Many fans raved over his work , flocking to each site everyday of the show . New York magazine art critic Jerry Saltz wrote Banksy 's well @-@ executed work stood out from other graffiti , but that the meaning behind the pieces aren 't as deep as fans like to believe . " No other graffiti artist has a PR machine remotely like Banksy 's , " he writes , arguing Banksy is more of a " promo man " than an artist . Will Ellsworth @-@ Jones , author of Banksy : The Man Behind the Wall writes that Better Out Than In shows Banksy 's range of mediums has grown to incorporate multi @-@ media and performance @-@ based works . He pointed out the " wonderful commentary on money and art " displayed with hiring an anonymous salesman to sell Banksy paintings in Central Park for $ 60 .
= 28th Battalion ( Australia ) = The 28th Battalion was an infantry battalion of the Australian Army . It was raised in early 1915 as part of the First Australian Imperial Force for service during the First World War and formed part of the 7th Brigade , attached to the 2nd Division . It fought during the final stages of the Gallipoli campaign in late 1915 and then on the Western Front between 1916 and 1918 . At the end of the war , the 28th was disbanded in 1919 but was re @-@ raised in 1921 , as a part @-@ time unit based in Western Australia . During the Second World War , the 28th undertook defensive duties in Australia for the majority of the conflict , before seeing action against the Japanese in the New Britain campaign in 1944 – 45 . The battalion was disbanded in March 1946 but was re @-@ formed in 1948 as an amalgamated unit with the 16th Battalion , before being unlinked in 1952 and re @-@ raised as a full battalion following the reintroduction of national service . It remained on the Australian Army 's order of battle until 1960 when it was subsumed into the Royal Western Australia Regiment , but was later re @-@ raised in 1966 as a remote area infantry battalion . In 1977 , the 28th was reduced to an independent rifle company , and in 1987 was amalgamated into the 11th / 28th Battalion , Royal Western Australia Regiment . = = History = = = = = First World War = = = The 28th Battalion came into existence on 16 April 1915 when it was raised at Blackboy Camp , in Western Australia . Formed as part of the Australian Imperial Force ( AIF ) , an all volunteer formation raised for overseas service during the First World War , the 28th Battalion 's first batch of volunteers came from personnel who had originally been allocated to the 24th Battalion . The 24th was being raised at Broadmeadows in Victoria , and it had been intended that the 24th would be raised from all states of Australia with recruits travelling to Victoria to form the unit , but the higher than expected number of volunteers at Broadmeadows at the time meant that the 24th was raised as a Victorian battalion , and the Western Australians , who had been intended to form a sub unit within the 24th , were reallocated to the 28th which was subsequently raised mainly from Western Australian recruits . The 28th Battalion was subsequently allocated to the 7th Brigade , which besides the 28th and several support units , also consisted of the 25th , 26th and 27th Battalions , which were drawn from the states of Queensland , Tasmania and South Australia , and which completed their training separately before joining each other in Egypt . With an authorised strength of 1 @,@ 023 men , the battalion 's first commanding officer was Lieutenant Colonel Herbert Collett . After completing rudimentary training , the 28th embarked on the transport Ascanius on 9 June and sailed from Fremantle to Egypt via the Red Sea . The 28th arrived in Egypt in July and concentrated along with the rest of the 7th Brigade at Abbassia , near Cairo , where they were assigned to the newly formed Australian 2nd Division . Two months of training followed , as the division was readied for action ; this process was put on hold in September when elements of the division were dispatched to Gallipoli to provide reinforcements for the Australian and New Zealand forces that had been fighting around Anzac Cove since April . The campaign was almost over , but the decision to evacuate had not been confirmed and the 7th Brigade was dispatched in early September . Upon arrival the brigade was temporarily attached to the New Zealand and Australian Division as reinforcements , occupying positions north @-@ east of Anzac Cove around " Cheshire Ridge " . They remained on the peninsula for the next few months , manning the trenches , improving defences and defending the beachhead until the evacuation in mid @-@ December , when they were withdrawn back to Lemnos Island . Casualties during the 28th 's brief involvement in the campaign were described by the Australian War Memorial as " light " , and the battalion 's strength on departing the peninsula was 24 officers and 667 other ranks . After spending Christmas on Lemnos , the 28th returned to Egypt in early January 1916 . Further training followed before the 7th Brigade was deployed in defence of the Suez Canal . At this time , the AIF was reorganised and expanded in preparation for future operations . Two new infantry divisions were formed from the experienced troops of the 1st Division who had deployed to Gallipoli at the start of the campaign , while a third division was raised in Australia from scratch . The 2nd Division was largely left untouched , so that it could complete its formation which had been interrupted by its deployment to Gallipoli . The 7th Brigade subsequently returned to the command of the 2nd Division and the 28th Battalion – along with the rest of the 7th Brigade – would remain with that formation for the rest of the war . In mid @-@ March 1916 , the 28th was transferred to France , as part of the first body of Australian troops to deploy to the European battlefield . In early April , the 28th Battalion entered the front line around Armentières , holding the right hand sector of the 7th Brigade 's line . For the next two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half years , they would fight in the trenches of the Western Front in both Belgium and France and take part in numerous battles . The 28th 's first major action came during the Battle of Pozières in late July and early August when they took part in two attacks . During the first attack , the 28th suffered heavily when they were committed to a night @-@ time attack on the heights that got held up in heavy wire entanglements that the preparatory bombardment had failed to destroy ; the battalion 's losses were the heaviest in the 7th Brigade , amounting to 10 officers and 360 other ranks . A follow up attack was undertaken on 4 August , which proved more successful , eventually securing the objective . The following day , the Australians were subjected to heavy shelling before they were withdrawn on 6 August . After this , the 28th was moved to a quieter sector around Ypres before returning to the Somme in the later part of 1916 , and taking part in further fighting around Flers . In early 1917 , the Germans began a surprise withdrawal along the front , which enabled them to hold the line with fewer troops , thus gaining a pool of reserves . When the Allies discovered this , a brief advance followed , before they came up against the strongly prepared defences of the Hindenburg Line . After this , a series of attacks followed with the 28th Battalion being utilised mainly in supporting roles for the remainder of the year . Actions were fought at Bullecourt , Menin Road , Broodseinde and Poelcappelle during this time . The battalion wintered in Belgium , but early in 1918 was transferred to the Somme again in response to the German Spring Offensive . In late March and into April , they defended the line around Villers @-@ Bretonneux as the Allies fought to defend the vital railhead of Amiens , before providing support to the 6th Brigade 's attack on Ville @-@ sur @-@ Ancre in May . A brief lull followed in June and July as the Allies attempted to regain the initiative , during which the 28th was involved in a minor action around Morlancourt . On 8 August , the Allies launched their Hundred Days Offensive during which the 28th Battalion was initially engaged around Villers @-@ Bretonneux . It was there , on the first day of the offensive , that Lieutenant Alfred Gaby , performed the deeds that led to him becoming the 28th Battalion 's first , and only , Victoria Cross recipient . A series of advances followed as the Allies exploited their initial success and sought to break the Hindenburg Line . In late August , the Australian 2nd Division advanced to the Somme River , and on 29 August , as the 7th Brigade attacked around Biaches , the 28th was assigned the task of capturing the Amiens – Peronne railway bridge . The following day , they forced their way across the river around Peronne , and during the subsequent Battle of Mont St Quentin – Peronne , they joined the 7th Brigade 's advance towards Aizecourt @-@ le @-@ Haut . They continued fighting until early October 1918 when they were withdrawn from the line , just after an attack on the Beaureviour Line , around the village of Estrees . The fighting throughout 1918 had heavily depleted the Australian units , which had been unable to make good their losses , and on 5 October , the entire Australian Corps was withdrawn for rest and reorganisation . The battalion remained out of the line until the war ended in November , after which they began to demobilise . The process was slow as personnel were repatriated back to Australia in drafts and consequently the battalion was not disbanded until March 1919 . Throughout the war , casualties amongst the 28th totalled 787 killed and 2 @,@ 241 wounded . The battalion received 17 battle honours for its war service , which were bestowed in 1927 . = = = Inter @-@ war years = = = The demobilisation of the AIF was completed in early 1921 , at which time Australia 's part @-@ time military force , the Citizens Force , was reorganised to reflect the divisional structure and numerical designations of the AIF . As a result , the 28th Battalion was re @-@ raised in Western Australia , as part of the 13th Brigade , within the 5th Military District . Upon formation , the new battalion drew personnel from parts of the 11th , 16th and 28th Infantry Regiments . In 1927 , when territorial designations were approved for all Citizen Forces infantry battalions , the 28th adopted the title of the " Swan Valley Regiment " , although in 1934 this was changed to the " Swan Regiment " . The battalion 's motto – the Latin word Urgens – was approved in 1927 . It was headquartered in Perth , but also had detachments in Northam and Western Australia . At the outset , in 1921 the Citizen Forces units were maintained through a mixture of voluntary and compulsory service , but in late 1929 , the scheme was suspended by the Scullin Labor government , and replaced by an all @-@ volunteer " Militia " scheme . Numbers fell sharply and training opportunities for those that did volunteer were limited throughout the 1930s . Activities during this period were limited with training consisting of just one six @-@ day annual camp , which was augmented by monthly half @-@ day parades , amounting to a further six days of training . Training was also hampered by the austerity measures that were necessitated by the economic hardships of the Great Depression , which meant that the equipment provided during this time was largely obsolete , being mainly First World War vintage , and provided in insufficient numbers . = = = Second World War and beyond = = = Throughout the early part of the Second World War , the 28th Battalion undertook brief periods of continuous service , providing training to recruits who were enlisted following the re @-@ establishment of conscription in January 1940 to improve the nation 's overall readiness . The provisions of the Defence Act precluded the Militia from being sent outside Australian territory to fight , so many of the battalion 's personnel volunteered to serve in the Second Australian Imperial Force ( 2nd AIF ) . After Japan 's entry into the war , the 13th Brigade 's units were mobilised for full @-@ time service and pressed into home defence with III Corps , undertaking garrison duties to defend Western Australia against a possible invasion . When that threat passed , they moved to the Northern Territory , and the 28th Battalion established itself around 49 @-@ Mile Creek . Late in the war , the 13th Brigade was reassigned from the 4th Division to the 5th , and in November 1944 they were committed to the New Britain campaign , landing at Jacquinot Bay the following month and later established themselves around Waitavalo . From then until the end of the war in August 1945 , the 28th took part in a containment campaign against the much larger Japanese force on the island , as the Australians attempted to confine them to the Gazelle Peninsula and Rabaul . The 28th kept up a program of patrolling through the jungle , but made little contact with the Japanese . After the war , the battalion remained on the island processing Japanese prisoners of war until being repatriated back to Australia in January 1946 . They were disbanded two months later as part of the demobilisation process . Throughout the war , the 28th lost six men killed on active service and one wounded . It received one battle honour for its service in 1961 , but was also entrusted with the 16 battle honours awarded to the 2nd AIF 's 2 / 28th Battalion . Once Australia 's wartime military forces had been demobilised , the part @-@ time force was re @-@ established in the guise of the Citizens Military Force ( CMF ) , which was formed in 1948 . Within this , an amalgamated 16th / 28th Battalion was raised . This battalion existed until August 1952 when , following the reintroduction of national service , the 28th Battalion was re @-@ raised in its own right , based in East Perth with sub @-@ units at Albany , Katanning and Geraldton . Heart of Oak was approved as the battalion 's regimental march in 1953 , but it was replaced the following year by Colonel Bogey . In 1960 , following the introduction of the Pentropic organisation and the suspension of national service , this battalion was subsumed into the newly formed Royal Western Australia Regiment , providing three company @-@ sized elements to the regiment 's 1st Battalion ( 1 RWAR ) . The Australian Army ceased using the Pentropic organisation in July 1965 and at this time 1 RWAR was split into two smaller battalions : 1 RWAR and 2 RWAR . In early 1966 , these were renumbered 16 RWAR and 11 RWAR , with the companies that had originally come from the 28th Battalion being allocated to 16 RWAR . In October 1966 , when national service was reintroduced , the 28th Battalion was re @-@ formed as a full battalion known as 28 RWAR , and fulfilling the role of a remote area battalion , catering for the training needs of men eligible for call up who wished to exercise the option to serve in the CMF instead of the Regular Army , but who could not parade regularly due to where they lived or what civilian occupation they held . The national service scheme ended in December 1972 , after which many who had joined the CMF to defer full @-@ time national service took their discharge . Numbers fell significantly and in 1977 the 28th Battalion was reduced to an independent rifle company , along with the 11th Battalion . This continued until October 1987 , when the two companies were amalgamated to form the current 11th / 28th Battalion , Royal Western Australia Regiment . = = Alliances = = The 28th Battalion held the following alliances : United Kingdom – The Gloucestershire Regiment . = = Battle honours = = The 28th Battalion received the following battle honours ( including those inherited from the 2 / 28th Battalion ) : First World War : Somme 1916 – 18 ; Pozières ; Bullecourt ; Ypres 1917 ; Menin Road ; Polygon Wood ; Broodseinde ; Poelcappelle ; Passchendaele ; Amiens ; Albert 1918 ; Mont St. Quentin ; Hindenburg Line ; Beaurevoir ; France and Flanders 1916 – 18 ; Gallipoli 1915 ; Egypt 1915 – 16 . Second World War : North Africa 1941 – 42 ; Defence of Tobruk ; Defence of Alamein Line ; Tel el Makh Khad ; Sanyet el Miteirya ; Qattara Track ; El Alamein ; South West Pacific 1943 – 45 ; Lae @-@ Nadzab ; Busu River ; Finschhafen ; Defence of Scarlet Beach ; Siki Cove ; Gusika ; Borneo ; Labuan ; and Beaufort . = = Commanding officers = = First World War Herbert Bayley Collett George Arthur Read Patrick Currie . Second World War Michael Joseph Anketell James Gerald Brennan Henry Humfrey Marsden Chilton Alfred Joseph Proud .
= Inns of Chancery = The Inns of Chancery or Hospida Cancellarie were a group of buildings and legal institutions in London initially attached to the Inns of Court and used as offices for the clerks of chancery , from which they drew their name . Existing from at least 1344 , the Inns gradually changed their purpose , and became both the offices and accommodation for solicitors ( as the Inns of Court were to barristers ) and a place of initial training for barristers . The practice of training barristers at the Inns of Chancery had died out by 1642 , and the Inns instead became dedicated associations and offices for solicitors . With the founding of the Society of Gentlemen Practisers in 1739 and the Law Society of England and Wales in 1825 , a single unified professional association for solicitors , the purpose of the Inns died out , and after a long period of decline the last one ( Clement 's Inn ) was sold in 1903 and demolished in 1934 . = = History = = It is believed that the Inns of Chancery evolved in tandem with the Inns of Court . During the 12th and 13th century the law was taught in the City of London , primarily by the clergy . During the 13th century two events happened which destroyed this form of legal education - firstly a decree by Henry III of England that no institutes of legal education could exist in the City of London , and second a papal bull that prohibited the clergy from teaching the law . As a result , the system of legal education fell apart , and the lawyers instead settled immediately outside the City of London as close as possible to Westminster Hall , where Magna Carta provided for a permanent court . This was the small village of Holborn , where they inhabited " hostels " or " inns " , which later took their name from the landlord of the Inn in question . The Inns of Chancery sprung up around the Inns of Court , and took their name and original purpose from the chancery clerks , who used the buildings as hostels and offices where they would draft their writs . As with the Inns of Court the precise dates of founding of the Inns of Chancery are unknown , but the one commonly said to be the oldest is Clifford 's Inn , which existed from at least 1344 . Thavie 's Inn , founded in 1349 , is considered to be the next oldest , and several legal historians mistakenly considered it the oldest of them all . For several centuries , education at one of the Inns of Chancery was the first step towards becoming a barrister . A student would first join one of the Inns of Chancery , where he would be taught in the form of moots and rote learning . He would also be taught by Readers sent from the Inn of Court that his Inn of Chancery was attached to , who would preside over the moots and discuss cases with the students . At the end of each legal term , particularly promising students would be transferred to the parent Inn of Court and begin the next stage of their education . By 1461 there were approximately 100 students studying at the Inns of Chancery at any one time . At the same time , the Inns of Chancery was used as accommodation and offices by solicitors , the other branch of the English legal profession . During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the purpose of the Inns changed . After the outbreak of the First English Civil War in 1642 , the practice of teaching barristers in the Inns ceased , and as a result the Inns of Chancery became a dedicated association for solicitors instead , offering offices and accommodation . The foundation of the Society of Gentlemen Practisers and Law Society of England and Wales in 1739 and 1825 respectively as professional bodies for the solicitors profession relegated the Inns of Chancery to little more than eccentric dining clubs , and they were gradually dissolved and sold . In 1897 a popular book reported that nobody could remember the purpose of the buildings and that and an 1850 investigation had failed to uncover their origins . The last Inn to be sold was Clement 's Inn , which was sold in 1903 , and demolished in 1934 . = = Inns = = John Fortescue wrote of ten Inns of Chancery , each one attached to an Inn of Court " like Maids of Honour to a Princess " . Only nine are known of in detail , others were " never acknowledged by anybody " and are not found in records . The nine Inns were : Clement 's Inn , Lyon 's Inn and Clifford 's Inn attached to the Inner Temple , Strand Inn and New Inn attached to the Middle Temple , Furnival 's Inn and Thavie 's Inn attached to Lincoln 's Inn , and Staple Inn and Barnard 's Inn attached to Gray 's Inn . ( A tenth Inn of Chancery , the Outer Temple , was proven to exist by the legal historian John Baker in 2008 . ) Many Inns were originally independent of the Inns of Court , and fell in and out of allegiance with them , with some claiming independence right up to the nineteenth century . Most Inns became directly attached to Inns of Court during the sixteenth century , however , when the Inns of Court began charging higher acceptance fees to students trained in independent Inns of Chancery than they did to students trained in " their " Inns of Chancery . = = = Inner Temple attachments = = = Clement 's Inn was the last to be dissolved , being shut down in 1903 . Located near St Clement Danes , the Inn was also named after Saint Clement and took as its coat of arms his , with a large letter C in sable . The buildings were completely rebuilt in the 19th century in the Queen Anne Style . Noted members included Sir Edmund Saunders , and William Shakespeare made Justice Shallow , a character in Henry IV , Part 2 , a member of the Inn . Members were noted as " a wild lot " known for their drinking and parties . In its later years the Inn was a poor one , and had no library or chapel , with most of the funds being spent on repairs and maintenance for the building . Lyon 's Inn was " a place of considerable antiquity " , with records from 1413 . Originally a hostel , it was purchased by the inhabitants and turned into an Inn of Chancery . Initially a small but respected Inn that educated people as noted as Sir Edward Coke , Lyon 's Inn became a disreputable institution that " perished of public contempt long before it came to the hammer and the pick " . By the time it was dissolved it was inhabited only by the lowest lawyers and those struck off the rolls , and when surveyed it was found that it was run by only two Ancients , neither of whom had any idea what their duties were , and the Inn had not dined for over a century . The Inn was dissolved in 1863 and replaced with the third Globe Theatre . Clifford 's Inn was the oldest of the Inns of Chancery , and was first mentioned in 1344 . Although generally considered a dependent of the Inner Temple , its members always maintained that they were independent . As a note of that " independence " it became custom for the Inner Temple to send them a message once a year , which would be received but deliberately not replied to . Their coat of arms was a modified form of the Clifford family arms , with " cheque or and azure , a fess gules , a bordure , bezantée , of the third . " Noted students include John Selden ; Sir Edward Coke was also said to have studied there , but historical records find no evidence of this , and he was always associated with Lyon 's Inn more than Clifford 's . = = = Middle Temple attachments = = = Strand Inn , also called Chester Inn , was the shortest lived of the Inns of Chancery . Founded in the fifteenth century it was pulled down in the 1540s by Lord Somerset in his role as Lord Protector so that he could build Somerset House . The students instead went to New Inn , and Strand Inn was absorbed into that Inn . Thomas Occleve was said to have studied at Strand Inn . New Inn , originally St. George 's Inn or Our Lady Inn , was founded in the 15th century from our Lady Inn , a hostel . Noted students included Sir Thomas More , who attended New Inn before going to Lincoln 's Inn . The buildings of New Inn were pulled down in 1902 to make way for a road between Holborn and the Strand . After the destruction of Strand Inn , New Inn was the only Inn of Chancery left attached to the Middle Temple . = = = Lincoln 's Inn attachments = = = Furnival 's Inn was founded before or during the reign of Henry IV and named after the Lords Furnival . During the 1820s the Inn was completely rebuilt . Noted tenants include Charles Dickens , who began to write The Pickwick Papers whilst living there . The Inn was demolished in 1897 . Thavie 's Inn was the second oldest Inn of Chancery , and was founded around 1349 . It was sold in 1769 . = = = Gray 's Inn attachments = = = Staple Inn dated from at least 1415 , and was originally an inn where wool merchants stayed and haggled . In reference to this , the Inn coat of arms contained a bale of wool . During the reign of Elizabeth I it was the largest of the Inns of Chancery , with 145 students and 69 as permanent residents . The buildings survived the great fire of London and were rebuilt in the seventeenth century , and again in the nineteenth . The Inn was shut down and the building sold to the Prudential Assurance Company in 1884 , and part of it is now used as the headquarters of the Institute of Actuaries . Barnard 's Inn , originally known as Mackworth 's Inn after its owner , John Mackworth , was established in 1454 as an Inn of Chancery . A large Inn , Barnard 's had 112 students a year during the reign of Elizabeth I with 24 in permanent residence . When it was an institute of legal education , it enforced the odd practice of fining a student when he got something wrong : a halfpenny for a defective word , a farthing for a defective syllable and a penny for an improper word . Barnard 's was under the supervision of Gray 's Inn , who traditionally sent a Reader to the Inn every year , who was treated with great respect . Noted pupils included Sir John Holt , later a distinguished jurist . The Inn was badly damaged in the Gordon Riots after a rioter set fire to the distillery next door . In 1880 it was bought by the Worshipful Company of Mercers and used to house the Mercers ' School .
= The Boat Race 1876 = The 33rd Boat Race between crews from the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge took place on the River Thames on 8 April 1876 . Six of the Oxford crew had Boat Race experience while Cambridge 's crew contained three Blues . Umpired by Joseph William Chitty , Cambridge won the race " easily " in a time of 20 minutes 20 seconds , following confusion as to the positioning of the finish . The victory took the overall record to 17 – 16 in Oxford 's favour . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having defeated Cambridge by ten lengths in the previous year 's race , and led overall with seventeen wins to Cambridge 's fifteen . Cambridge were coached by Constantine William Benson who had rowed for Cambridge in the 1872 , 1873 and 1875 races , and James Brooks Close who had represented the Light Blues in the 1872 , 1873 and 1874 races . There is no record of who coached Oxford . Joseph William Chitty was the umpire for the race . He had rowed for Oxford twice in 1849 ( in March and December ) and the 1852 race . The starter was Edward Searle . = = Crews = = Both crews weight an average of 11 st 13 @.@ 875 lb ( 76 @.@ 0 kg ) . The Cambridge crew contained three former Blues : William Brooks Close , cox George Latham Davies and Herbert Rhodes ( rowing in his fourth Boat Race ) . Oxford saw six Blues return , including H. J. Stayner who was making his third Boat Race appearance . Author and rower G. C. Drinkwater stated that the placement of Tom Cottingham Edwards @-@ Moss , described as " one of the best sevens that ever rowed " , at stroke was a mistake . In contrast , Cambridge were " considered by many to be the finest seen at Putney up to that time . " = = Race = = Oxford won the toss and elected to start from the Middlesex station , handing the Surrey side of the river to Cambridge . Weather conditions were warm but with a " foul wind " in Corney Reach ( about 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) along the course ) , and the race commenced at 2 : 02 p.m. The crews remained almost level for the first four minutes of the race , after which Cambridge began to pull ahead . By Hammersmith Bridge they had a clear water advantage and were three lengths up by Chiswick Eyot . Extending their lead , the Light Blues were five lengths ahead by The Ship pub . When Oxford finally passed the pub , they stopped , " apparently unaware that they had not completed the course " . Author and former Oxford rower Dickie Burnell suggested the course was approximately 60 yards ( 55 m ) too long . Cambridge , having sprinted to the finish , received the finishing gun while eight lengths ahead . As a result of the confusion , the judge declared the winning distance as four lengths . However , official records state that Cambridge won the race " easily " , in a time of 20 minutes 20 seconds . It was their sixth win in seven years and took the overall record to 17 – 16 in Oxford 's favour .
= History of the bikini = The history of the bikini can be traced back to antiquity . Illustrations of Roman women wearing bikini @-@ like garments during competitive athletic events have been found in several locations . The most famous of them is Villa Romana del Casale . French engineer Louis Réard introduced the modern bikini , modeled by Micheline Bernardini , on July 5 , 1946 , borrowing the name for his design from the Bikini Atoll , where post @-@ war testing on the atomic bomb was happening . French women welcomed the design but the Catholic Church , some media , and a majority of the public initially thought the design was risqué or even scandalous . Contestants in the first Miss World beauty pageant wore them in 1951 , but the bikini was then banned from the competition . Actress Bridget Bardot drew attention when she was photographed wearing a bikini on the beach during the Cannes Film Festival in 1953 . Other actresses , including Rita Hayworth and Ava Gardner , also gathered press attention when they wore bikinis . During the early 1960s , the design appeared on the cover of Playboy and Sports Illustrated , giving it additional legitimacy . Ursula Andress made a huge impact when she emerged from the surf wearing what is now an iconic bikini in the James Bond movie Dr. No ( 1962 ) . The deer skin bikini Raquel Welch wore in the film One Million Years B.C. ( 1966 ) turned her into an international sex symbol and was described as a definitive look of the 1960s . The bikini gradually grew to gain wide acceptance in Western society . According to French fashion historian Olivier Saillard , the bikini is perhaps the most popular type of female beachwear around the globe because of " the power of women , and not the power of fashion " . As he explains , " The emancipation of swimwear has always been linked to the emancipation of women . " By the early 2000s , bikinis had become a US $ 811 million business annually , and boosted spin @-@ off services like bikini waxing and the sun tanning . = = In antiquity = = = = = Pre @-@ Roman = = = In the Chalcolithic era around 5600 BC , the mother @-@ goddess of Çatalhöyük , a large ancient settlement in southern Anatolia , was depicted astride two leopards wearing a costume somewhat like a bikini . Two @-@ piece garments worn by women for athletic purposes are depicted on Greek urns and paintings dating back to 1400 BC . Active women of ancient Greece wore a breastband called a mastodeton or an apodesmos , which continued to be used as an undergarment in the Middle Ages . While men in ancient Greece abandoned the perizoma , partly high @-@ cut briefs and partly loincloth , women performers and acrobats continued to wear it . = = = Roman = = = Artwork dating back to the Diocletian period ( 286 @-@ 305 AD ) in Villa Romana del Casale , Sicily , excavated by Gino Vinicio Gentile in 1950 @-@ 60 , depicts women in garments resembling bikinis in mosaics on the floor . The images of ten women , dubbed the " Bikini Girls " , exercising in clothing that would pass as bikinis today , are the most replicated mosaic among the 37 million colored tiles at the site . In the artwork " Coronation of the Winner " done in floor mosaic in the Chamber of the Ten Maidens ( Sala delle Dieci Ragazze in Italian ) the bikini girls are depicted weight @-@ lifting , discus throwing , and running . Some activities depicted have been described as dancing , as their bodies resemble dancers rather than athletes . Coronation in the title of the mosaic comes from a woman in a toga with a crown in her hand and one of the maidens holding a palm frond . Some academics maintain that the nearby image of Eros , the primordial god of lust , love , and intercourse , was added later , demonstrating the owner 's predilections and strengthening the association of the bikini with the erotic . Similar mosaics have been discovered in Tellaro in northern Italy and Patti , another part of Sicily . Prostitution , skimpy clothes and athletic bodies were related in ancient Rome , as images were found of female sex workers exercising with dumbbells / clappers and other equipment wearing costumes similar to the Bikini Girls . Charles Seltman , a fellow of Queens ' College , Cambridge , curator of the Archaeology Museum there and an editor of The Cambridge Ancient History , illustrated a chapter titled " The new woman " in his book Women in Antiquity with a 1950s model wearing an identical bikini against the 4th @-@ century mosaics from Piazza Armerina as part of a sisterhood between the bikini @-@ clad female athletes of ancient Greco @-@ Romans and modern woman . A photograph of the mosaic was used by Sarah Pomeroy , Professor of Classics at Hunter College and the Graduate Center , City University of New York , in the 1994 British edition of her book Goddesses , Whores , Wives , and Slaves to emphasize a similar identification . According to archeologist George M.A. Hanfmann the bikini girls made the learned observers realize " how modern the ancients were " . In ancient Rome , the bikini @-@ style bottom , a wrapped loincloth of cloth or leather , was called a subligar or subligaculum ( " little binding underneath " ) , while a band of cloth or leather to support the breasts was called strophium or mamillare . The exercising bikini girls from Piazza Armenia wear subligaria , scanty briefs made as a dainty version of a man 's perizoma , and a strophium band about the breasts , often referred to in literature as just fascia , which can mean any kind of bandage . Observation of artifacts and experiments shows bands had to be wrapped several times around the breasts , largely to flatten them in a style popular with flappers in the 1920s . These Greco @-@ Roman breastbands may have flattened big breasts and padded small breasts to look bigger . Evidence suggests regular use . The " bikini girls " from Piazza Armenia , some of whom sport the braless look of the late 20th century , do not depict any propensity of such popularity in style . One bottom , made of leather , from Roman Britain was displayed at the Museum of London in 1998 . There has been no evidence that these bikinis were for swimming or sun @-@ bathing . Finds especially in Pompeii show the Roman goddess Venus wearing a bikini . A statue of Venus in a bikini was found in a cupboard in the southwest corner in Casa della Venere , others were found in the front hall . A statue of Venus was recovered from the tablinum of the house of Julia Felix , and another from an atrium in the garden at Via Dell 'Abbondanza . Naples National Archaeological Museum , which opened its limited viewing gallery of more explicit exhibits in 2000 , also exhibits a " Venus in Bikini " . The museum 's exhibits include female statues wearing see @-@ through gold lamé brassiere , basque and knickers . The Kings of Naples discovered these Pompeii artifacts , including the one meter tall , almost unclothed statue of Venus painted in gold leaf with something like a modern bikini . They found them so shocking that for long periods the secret chamber was opened only to " mature persons of secure morals " . Even after the doors were opened , only 20 visitors were to be admitted at a time , and children under 12 were not allowed into the new part of the museum without their parents ' or a teacher 's permission . There are references to bikinis in ancient literature as well . Ovid , the writer ranked alongside Virgil and Horace as one of the three canonical poets of Latin literature , suggests the breastband or long strip of cloth wrapped around the breasts and tucked in the ends , is a good place to hide love @-@ letters . Martial , a Latin poet from Hispania who published between AD 86 and 103 , satirized a female athlete he named Philaenis , who played ball in a bikini @-@ like garb quite bluntly , making her drink , gorge and vomit in abundance and hinting at her lesbianism . In an epigram on Chione , Martial strangely mentions a sex worker who went to the bathhouse in a bikini , while it was more natural to go unclothed . Reportedly Theodora , the 6th century empress of the Byzantine Empire wore a bikini when she appeared as an actress before she captured the heart of emperor Justinian I. There is evidence of ancient Roman women playing expulsim ludere , an early version of handball , wearing a costume that has been identified as bikinis . = = Interval = = Between the classical bikinis and the modern bikini there have been a long interval . Swimming or outdoor bathing were discouraged in the Christian West and there was little need for a bathing or swimming costume till the 18th century . The bathing gown in the 18th century was a loose ankle @-@ length full @-@ sleeve chemise @-@ type gown made of wool or flannel , so that modesty or decency was not threatened . In the first half of 19th century the top became knee @-@ length while an ankle @-@ length drawer was added as a bottom . By the second half of 19th century , in France , the sleeves started to vanish , the bottom became shorter to reach only the knees and the top became hip @-@ length and both became more form fitting . In the 1900s women wore wool dresses on the beach that were made of up to 9 yards ( 8 @.@ 2 m ) of fabric . That standard of swimwear evolved into the modern bikini in the first of half of the 20th century . = = = Breakthrough = = = In 1907 , Australian swimmer and performer Annette Kellerman was arrested on a Boston beach for wearing a form @-@ fitting sleeveless one @-@ piece knitted swimming tights that covered her from neck to toe , a costume she adopted from England , although it became accepted swimsuit attire for women in parts of Europe by 1910 . Even in 1943 , pictures of the Kellerman swimsuit were produced as evidence of indecency in Esquire v. Walker , Postmaster General . But , Harper 's Bazaar wrote in June 1920 ( vol . 55 , no . 6 , p . 138 ) - " Annette Kellerman Bathing Attire is distinguished by an incomparable , daring beauty of fit that always remains refined . " The following year , in June 1921 ( vol . 54 , no . 2504 , p . 101 ) it wrote that these bathing suits were " famous ... for their perfect fit and exquisite , plastic beauty of line . " Female swimming was introduced at the 1912 Summer Olympics . In 1913 , inspired by that breakthrough , the designer Carl Jantzen made the first functional two @-@ piece swimwear , a close @-@ fitting one @-@ piece with shorts on the bottom and short sleeves on top . Silent films such as The Water Nymph ( 1912 ) saw Mabel Normand in revealing attire , and this was followed by the daringly dressed Sennett Bathing Beauties ( 1915 – 1929 ) . The name " swim suit " was coined in 1915 by Jantzen Knitting Mills , a sweater manufacturer who launched a swimwear brand named the Red Diving Girl , . The first annual bathing @-@ suit day at New York 's Madison Square Garden in 1916 was a landmark . The swimsuit apron , a design for early swimwear , disappeared by 1918 , leaving a tunic covering the shorts . During the 1920s and 1930s , people began to shift from " taking in the water " to " taking in the sun , " at bathhouses and spas , and swimsuit designs shifted from functional considerations to incorporate more decorative features . Rayon was used in the 1920s in the manufacture of tight @-@ fitting swimsuits , but its durability , especially when wet , proved problematic , with jersey and silk also sometimes being used . Burlesque and vaudeville performers wore two @-@ piece outfits in the 1920s . The 1929 film " Man with a Movie Camera " shows Russian women wearing early two @-@ piece swimsuits which expose their midriff , and a few who are topless . Films of holidaymakers in Germany in the 1930s show women wearing two @-@ piece suits , = = = Necklines and midriff = = = By the 1930s , necklines plunged at the back , sleeves disappeared and sides were cut away and tightened . With the development of new clothing materials , particularly latex and nylon , through the 1930s swimsuits gradually began hugging the body , with shoulder straps that could be lowered for tanning . Women 's swimwear of the 1930s and 1940s incorporated increasing degrees of midriff exposure . Coco Chanel made suntans fashionable , and in 1932 French designer Madeleine Vionnet offered an exposed midriff in an evening gown . They were seen a year later in Gold Diggers of 1933 . The Busby Berkeley film Footlight Parade of 1932 showcases aquachoreography that featured bikinis . Dorothy Lamour 's The Hurricane ( 1937 ) also showed two @-@ piece bathing suits . The 1934 film , Fashions of 1934 featured chorus girls wearing two @-@ piece outfits which look identical to modern bikinis . In 1934 , a National Recreation Association study on the use of leisure time found that swimming , encouraged by the freedom of movement the new swimwear designs provided , was second only to movies in popularity as free time activity out of a list of 94 activities . In 1935 American designer Claire McCardell cut out the side panels of a maillot @-@ style bathing suit , the bikini 's forerunner . The 1938 invention of the Telescopic Watersuit in shirred elastic cotton ushered into the end the era of wool . Cotton sun @-@ tops , printed with palm trees , and silk or rayon pyjamas , usually with a blouse top , became popular by 1939 . Wartime production during World War II required vast amounts of cotton , silk , nylon , wool , leather , and rubber . In 1942 the United States War Production Board issued Regulation L @-@ 85 , cutting the use of natural fibers in clothing and mandating a 10 % reduction in the amount of fabric in women 's beachwear . To comply with the regulations , swimsuit manufacturers produced two @-@ piece suits with bare midriffs . = = = Postwar = = = Fabric shortage continued for some time after the end of the war . Two @-@ piece swimsuits without the usual skirt panel and other excess material started appearing in the US when the government ordered a 10 % reduction in fabric used in woman 's swimwear in 1943 as wartime rationing . By that time , two @-@ piece swimsuits were frequent on American beaches . The July 9 , 1945 , Life shows women in Paris wearing similar items . Hollywood stars like Ava Gardner , Rita Hayworth and Lana Turner tried similar swimwear or beachwear . Pin ups of Hayworth and Esther Williams in the costume were widely distributed . The most provocative swimsuit was the 1946 Moonlight Buoy , a bottom and a top of material that weighed only eight ounces . What made the Moonlight Buoy distinctive was a large cork buckle attached to the bottoms , which made it possible to tie the top to the cork buckle and splash around au naturel while keeping both parts of the suit afloat . Life magazine had a photo essay on the Moonlight Buoy and wrote , " The name of the suit , of course , suggests the nocturnal conditions under which nude swimming is most agreeable . " American designer Adele Simpson , a Coty American Fashion Critics ' Awards winner ( 1947 ) and a notable alumna of the New York art school Pratt Institute , who believed clothes must be comfortable and practical , designed a large part of her swimwear line with one @-@ piece suits that were considered fashionable even in early 1980s . This was when Cole of California started marketing revealing prohibition suits and Catalina Swimwear introduced almost bare @-@ back designs . Teen magazines of late 1940s and 1950s featured designs of midriff @-@ baring suits and tops . However , midriff fashion was stated as only for beaches and informal events and considered indecent to be worn in public . Hollywood endorsed the new glamour with films such as Neptune 's Daughter ( 1949 ) in which Esther Williams wore provocatively named costumes such as " Double Entendre " and " Honey Child " . Williams , who also was an Amateur Athletic Union champion in the 100 meter freestyle ( 1939 ) and an Olympics swimming finalist ( 1940 ) , also portrayed Kellerman in the 1952 film Million Dollar Mermaid ( titled as The One Piece Bathing Suit in UK ) . Swimwear of the 1940s , 50s and early 60s followed the silhouette mostly from early 1930s . Keeping in line with the ultra @-@ feminine look dominated by Dior , it evolved into a dress with cinched waists and constructed bustlines , accessorized with earrings , bracelets , hats , scarves , sunglasses , hand bags and cover @-@ ups . Many of these pre @-@ bikinis had fancy names like Double Entendre , Honey Child ( to maximize small bosoms ) , Shipshape ( to minimize large bosoms ) , Diamond Lil ( trimmed with rhinestones and lace ) , Swimming In Mink ( trimmed with fur across the bodice ) and Spearfisherman ( heavy poplin with a rope belt for carrying a knife ) , Beau Catcher , Leading Lady , Pretty Foxy , Side Issue , Forecast , and Fabulous Fit . According to Vogue the swimwear had become more of " state of dress , not undress " by mid @-@ 1950s . = = The modern bikini = = French fashion designer Jacques Heim , who owned a beach shop in the French Riviera resort town of Cannes , introduced a minimalist two @-@ piece design in May 1946 which he named the " Atome , " after the smallest known particle of matter . The bottom of his design was just large enough to cover the wearer 's navel . At the same time , Louis Réard , a French automotive and mechanical engineer , was running his mother 's lingerie business near Les Folies Bergères in Paris . He noticed women on St. Tropez beaches rolling up the edges of their swimsuits to get a better tan and was inspired to produce a more minimal design . He trimmed additional fabric off the bottom of the swimsuit , exposing the wearer 's navel for the first time . Réard 's string bikini consisted of four triangles made from 30 square inches ( 194 cm2 ) of fabric printed with a newspaper pattern . When Réard sought a model to wear his design at his press conference , none of the usual models would wear the suit , so he hired 19 year old nude dancer Micheline Bernardini from the Casino de Paris . He introduced his design to the media and public on July 5 , 1946 , in Paris at Piscine Molitor , a public pool in Paris . Réard held the press conference five days after the first test of a nuclear device ( nicknamed Able ) over the Bikini Atoll during Operation Crossroads . His swimsuit design shocked the press and public because it was the first to reveal the wearer 's navel . To promote his new design , Heim hired skywriters to fly above the Mediterranean resort advertising the Atome as " the world 's smallest bathing suit . " Not to be outdone by Heim , Réard hired his own skywriters three weeks later to fly over the French Riviera advertising his design as " smaller than the smallest bathing suit in the world . " Heim 's design was the first to be worn on the beach , but the name given by Réard stuck with the public . Despite significant social resistance , Réard received more than 50 @,@ 000 letters from fans . He also initiated a bold ad campaign that told the public a two @-@ piece swimsuit was not a genuine bikini " unless it could be pulled through a wedding ring . " According to Kevin Jones , curator and fashion historian at the Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising , " Réard was ahead of his time by about 15 to 20 years . Only women in the vanguard , mostly upper @-@ class European women embraced it . " = = = Social resistance = = = Bikini sales did not pick up around the world as women stuck to traditional two @-@ piece swimsuits . Réard went back to designing conventional knickers to sell in his mother 's shop . According to Kevin Jones , curator and fashion historian at the Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising , " Réard was ahead of his time by about 15 to 20 years . Only women in the vanguard , mostly upper @-@ class European women embraced it , just like the upper @-@ class European women who first cast off their corsets after World War I. " It was banned in the French Atlantic coastline , Spain , Belgium and Italy , three countries neighboring France , as well as Portugal and Australia , and it was prohibited in some US states , and discouraged in others . In 1951 , the first Miss World contest ( originally the Festival Bikini Contest ) , was organized by Eric Morley . When the winner , Kiki Håkansson from Sweden , was crowned in a bikini , countries with religious traditions threatened to withdraw delegates . Håkansson remains the first and last Miss World to be crowned in her bikini , a crowning that was condemned by Pope Pius XII who declared the swimsuit to be sinful . Bikinis were banned from beauty pageants around the world after the controversy . In 1949 the Los Angeles Times reported that Miss America Bebe Shopp on her visit to Paris said she did not approve the bikini for American girls , though she did not mind French girls wearing them . Actresses in movies like My Favorite Brunette ( 1947 ) and the model on a 1948 cover of LIFE were shown in traditional two @-@ piece swimwear , not the bikini . In 1950 , Time magazine interviewed American swimsuit mogul Fred Cole , owner of Cole of California , and reported that he had " little but scorn for France 's famed Bikinis , " because they were designed for " diminutive Gallic women " . " French girls have short legs , " he explained , " Swimsuits have to be hiked up at the sides to make their legs look longer . " Réard himself described it as a two @-@ piece bathing suit which " reveals everything about a girl except for her mother 's maiden name . " Even Esther Williams commented , " A bikini is a thoughtless act . " But , popularity of the charms of Pin @-@ up queen and Hollywood star Williams were to vanish along with pre @-@ bikinis with fancy names over the next few decades . Australian designer Paula Straford introduced the bikini to Gold Coast in 1952 . In 1957 , Das moderne Mädchen ( The Modern Girl ) wrote , " It is unthinkable that a decent girl with tact would ever wear such a thing . " Eight years later a Munich student was punished to six days cleaning work at an old home because she had strolled across the central Viktualienmarkt square , Munich in a bikini . = = = The Cannes connection = = = Despite the controversy , some in France admired " naughty girls who decorate our sun @-@ drenched beaches " . Brigitte Bardot , photographed wearing similar garments on beaches during the Cannes Film Festival ( 1953 ) helped popularize the bikini in Europe in the 1950s and created a market in the US . Photographs of Bardot in a bikini , according to The Guardian , turned Saint @-@ Tropez into the bikini capital of the world . Cannes played a crucial role in the career of Brigitte Bardot , who in turn played a crucial role in promoting the Festival , largely by starting the trend of being photographed in a bikini at her first appearance at the festival , with Bardot identified as the original Cannes bathing beauty . In 1952 , she wore a bikini in Manina , the Girl in the Bikini ( 1952 ) ( released in France as Manina , la fille sans voiles ) , a film which drew considerable attention due to her scanty swimsuit . During the 1953 Cannes Film Festival , she worked with her husband and agent Roger Vadim , and garnered a lot of attention when she was photographed wearing a bikini on every beach in the south of France . Like Esther Williams did a decade earlier , Betty Grable , Marilyn Monroe and Brigitte Bardot all used revealing swimwears as career props to enhance their sex appeal , and it became more accepted in parts of Europe when worn by fifties " love goddess " actresses such as Bardot , Anita Ekberg and Sophia Loren . British actress Diana Dors had a mink bikini made for her during the 1955 Venice Film Festival and wore it riding in a gondola down Venice 's Grand Canal past St. Mark 's Square . In Spain , Benidorm played a similar role as Cannes . Shortly after the bikini was banned in Spain , Pedro Zaragoza , the mayor of Benidorm convinced dictator Francisco Franco that his town needed to legalize the bikini to draw tourists . In 1959 , General Franco agreed and the town became a popular tourist destination . Interestingly , in less than four years since Franco 's death in 1979 , Spanish beaches and women had gone topless . = = = Legal and moral resistance = = = The swimsuit was declared sinful by the Vatican and was banned in Spain , Portugal and Italy , three countries neighboring France , as well as Belgium and Australia , and it remained prohibited in many US states . As late as in 1959 , Anne Cole , a US swimsuit designer and daughter of Fred Cole , said about a Bardot bikini , " It 's nothing more than a G @-@ string . It 's at the razor 's edge of decency . " In July that year the New York Post searched for bikinis around New York City and found only a couple . Writer Meredith Hall wrote in her memoir that till 1965 one could get a citation for wearing a bikini in Hampton Beach , New Hampshire . In 1951 , the first Miss World contest , originally the Festival Bikini Contest , was organized by Eric Morley as a mid @-@ century advertisement for swimwear at the Festival of Britain . The press welcomed the spectacle and referred to it as Miss World , and Morley registered the name as a trademark . When , the winner Kiki Håkansson from Sweden , was crowned in a bikini , countries with religious traditions threatened to withdraw delegates . The bikinis were outlawed and evening gowns introduced instead . Håkansson remains the only Miss World crowned in a bikini , a crowning that was condemned by the Pope . Bikini was banned from beauty pageants around the world after the controversy . Catholic @-@ majority countries like Belgium , Italy , Spain and Australia also banned the swimsuit that same year . The National Legion of Decency pressured Hollywood to keep bikinis from being featured in Hollywood movies . The Hays production code for US movies , introduced in 1930 but not strictly enforced till 1934 , allowed two @-@ piece gowns but prohibited navels on screen . But between the introduction and enforcement of the code two Tarzan movies , Tarzan , the Ape Man ( 1932 ) and Tarzan and His Mate ( 1934 ) , were released in which actress Maureen O 'Sullivan wore skimpy bikini @-@ like leather outfits . Film historian Bruce Goldstein described her clothes in the first film as " It 's a loincloth open up the side . You can see loin . " All at sea was allowed in the USA in 1957 after all bikini @-@ type clothes were removed from the film . The girl in the bikini was allowed in Kansas after all the bikini close ups were removed from the film in 1959 . In reaction to the introduction of the bikini in Paris , American swimwear manufacturers compromised cautiously by producing their own similar design that included a halter and a midriff @-@ bottom variation . Though size makes all the difference in a bikini , early bikinis often covered the navel . When the navel showed in pictures , it was airbrushed out by magazines like Seventeen . Navel @-@ less women ensured the early dominance of European bikini makers over their American counterparts . By the end of the decade a vogue for strapless styles developed , wired or bound for firmness and fit , along with a taste for bare @-@ shouldered two @-@ pieces called Little Sinners . But , it was the halterneck bikini that caused the most moral controversy because of its degree of exposure . So much so as bikini designs called " Huba Huba " and " Revealation " were withdrawn from fashion parades in Sydney as immodest . = = Rise to popularity = = In 1962 , Bond Girl Ursula Andress emerged from the sea wearing a white bikini in Dr. No . The scene has been named one of the most memorable of the series . Channel 4 declared it the top bikini moment in film history , Virgin Media puts it ninth in its top ten , and top in the Bond girls . The Herald ( Glasgow ) put the scene as best ever on the basis of a poll . It also helped shape the career of Ursula Andress , and the look of the quintessential Bond movie . Andress said that she owed her career to that white bikini , remarking , " This bikini made me into a success . As a result of starring in Dr. No as the first Bond girl , I was given the freedom to take my pick of future roles and to become financially independent . " In 2001 , the Dr. No bikini worn by Andress in the film sold at auction for US $ 61 @,@ 500 . That white bikini has been described as a " defining moment in the sixties liberalization of screen eroticism " . Because of the shocking effect from how revealing it was at the time , she got referred to by the joke nickname " Ursula Undress " . According to the British Broadcasting Corporation , " So iconic was the look that it was repeated 40 years later by Halle Berry in the Bond movie Die Another Day . " The appearance of bikinis kept increasing both on screen and off . The sex appeal prompted film and television productions , including Dr. Strangelove . They include the surf movies of the early 1960s . In 1960 , Brian Hyland 's song " Itsy Bitsy Teenie Weenie Yellow Polka Dot Bikini " inspired a bikini @-@ buying spree . By 1963 , the movie Beach Party , starring Annette Funicello and Frankie Avalon , followed by Muscle Beach Party ( 1964 ) , Bikini Beach ( 1964 ) , and Beach Blanket Bingo ( 1965 ) that depicted teenage girls wearing bikinis , frolicking in the sand with boys , and having a great time . The beach films led a wave of films that made the bikini pop @-@ culture symbol . In the sexual revolution in 1960s America , bikinis became quickly popular . Hollywood stars like Marilyn Monroe , Jayne Mansfield , Gina Lollobrigida , and Jane Russell helped further the growing popularity of bikinis . Pin @-@ up posters of Monroe , Mansfield , Hayworth , Bardot and Raquel Welch also contributed significantly to its increasing popularity . In 1962 , Playboy featured a bikini on its cover for the first time . Two years later , Sports Illustrated featured Berlin @-@ born fashion model Babette March on the cover wearing a white bikini . The issue was the first Swimsuit Issue . It gave the bikini legitimacy , became an annual publication and an American pop @-@ culture staple , and sells millions of copies each year . In 1965 , a woman told Time it was " almost square " not to wear one . In 1967 the magazine wrote that 65 % of " the young set " were wearing bikinis . When Jayne Mansfield and her husband Miklós Hargitay toured for stage shows , newspapers wrote that Mansfield convinced the rural population that she owned more bikinis than anyone . She showed a fair amount of her 40 @-@ inch ( 1 @,@ 000 mm ) bust , as well as her midriff and legs , in the leopard @-@ spot bikini she wore for her stage shows . Kathryn Wexler of The Miami Herald wrote , " In the beginning as we know it , there was Jayne Mansfield . Here she preens in leopard @-@ print or striped bikinis , sucking in air to showcase her well noted physical assets . " Her leopard @-@ skin bikini remains one of the earlier specimens of the fashion . Raquel Welch wore a deer skin bikini in One Million Years B.C. ( 1966 ) that made her an instant pin @-@ up girl . Welch was featured in the studio 's advertising as " wearing mankind 's first bikini " and the bikini was later described as a " definitive look of the 1960s " . Her role wearing the leather bikini raised Welch to a fashion icon and the photo of her in the bikini became a best @-@ selling pinup poster . One author said , " although she had only three lines in the film , her luscious figure in a fur bikini made her a star and the dream girl of millions of young moviegoers " . In 2011 , Time listed Welch 's B.C. bikini in the " Top Ten Bikinis in Pop Culture " . In the 1983 film Return of the Jedi , Star Wars ' Princess Leia Organa was captured by Jabba the Hutt and forced to wear a metal bikini complete with shackles . The costume was made of brass and was so uncomfortable that actress Carrie Fisher described it as " what supermodels will eventually wear in the seventh ring of hell . " The " slave Leia " look is often imitated by female fans at Star Wars conventions . In 1997 , 51 years after the bikini 's debut , and 77 years after the Miss America Pageant was founded , contestants were allowed wear two @-@ piece swimsuits , not just the swimsuits ( nicknamed " bulletproof vests " ) traditionally issued by the pageant . Two of the 17 swimsuit finalists wore two @-@ piece swimsuits , and Erika Kauffman , representing Hawaii , wore the briefest bikini of all and won the swimsuit competition . In 2010 , the International Federation of Bodybuilders recognized Bikini as a new competitive category . = = = In India = = = Bollywood actress Sharmila Tagore appeared in a bikini in An Evening in Paris ( 1967 ) , a film mostly remembered for the first bikini appearance of an Indian actress . She also posed in a bikini for the glossy Filmfare magazine . The costume shocked the conservative Indian audience , but it also set a trend of bikini @-@ clad actresses carried forward by Parveen Babi ( in Yeh Nazdeekiyan , 1982 ) , Zeenat Aman ( in Heera Panna 1973 ; Qurbani , 1980 ) and Dimple Kapadia ( in Bobby , 1973 ) in the early 1970s . Wearing a bikini put her name in the Indian press as one of Bollywood 's ten hottest actresses of all time , and was a transgression of female identity through a reversal of the state of modesty , which functions as a signifier of femininity in Bombay films . By 2005 , it became usual for actors in Indian films to change outfits a dozen times in a single song — starting with a chiffon sari and ending up wearing a bikini . But , when Tagore was the chairperson of the Central Board of Film Certification in 2005 , she expressed concerns about the rise of the bikini in Indian films . = = Acceptance = = In France , Réard 's company folded in 1988 , four years after his death . By that year the bikini made up nearly 20 % of swimsuit sales , more than any other model in the US . As skin cancer awareness grew and a simpler aesthetic defined fashion in the 1990s , sales of the skimpy bikini decreased dramatically . The new swimwear code was epitomized by surf star Malia Jones , who appeared on the June 1997 cover of Shape Magazine wearing a halter top two @-@ piece for rough water . After the 90s , however , the bikini came back again . US market research company NPD Group reported that sales of two @-@ piece swimsuits nationwide jumped 80 % in two years . On one hand the one @-@ piece made a big comeback in the 1980s and early 1990s , on the other bikinis became briefer with the string bikini in the 1970s and 80s . The " -kini family " ( as dubbed by author William Safire ) , including the " -ini sisters " ( as dubbed by designer Anne Cole ) has grown to include a large number of subsequent variations , often with a hilarious lexicon — string bikini , monokini or numokini ( top part missing ) , seekini ( transparent bikini ) , tankini ( tank top , bikini bottom ) , camikini ( camisole top and bikini bottom ) , hikini , thong , slingshot , minimini , teardrop , and micro . In just one major fashion show in 1985 , there were two @-@ piece suits with cropped tank tops instead of the usual skimpy bandeaux , suits that are bikinis in front and one @-@ piece behind , suspender straps , ruffles , and daring , navel @-@ baring cutouts . To meet the fast changing tastes , some of the manufacturers have made a business out of making made @-@ to @-@ order bikinis in around seven minutes . The world 's most expensive bikini , made up of over 150 carats ( 30 g ) of flawless diamonds and worth a massive £ 20 million , was designed in February 2006 by Susan Rosen . Actresses in action films like Charlie 's Angels : Full Throttle ( 2003 ) and Blue Crush ( 2002 ) have made the two @-@ piece " the millennial equivalent of the power suit " , according to Gina Bellafonte of The New York Times , On September 9 , 1997 , Miss Maryland Jamie Fox was the first contestant in 50 years to compete in a two @-@ piece swimsuit to compete in the Preliminary Swimsuit Competition at the Miss America Pageant . PETA used celebrities like Pamela Anderson , Traci Bingham and Alicia Mayer wearing a bikini made of iceberg @-@ lettuce for an advertisement campaign to promote vegetarianism . A protester from Columbia University used a bikini as a message board against a New York City visit by Iranian president Mahmoud Ahmadinejad . By the end of the century , the bikini went on to become the most popular beachwear around the globe , according to French fashion historian Olivier Saillard due to " the power of women , and not the power of fashion " . As he explains , " The emancipation of swimwear has always been linked to the emancipation of women " , though one survey tells 85 % of all bikinis never touch the water . According to Beth Dincuff Charleston , research associate at the Costume Institute of the Metropolitan Museum of Art , " The bikini represents a social leap involving body consciousness , moral concerns , and sexual attitudes . " By the early 2000s , bikinis had become a US $ 811 million business annually , according to the NPD Group , a consumer and retail information company . The bikini has boosted spin @-@ off services like bikini waxing and the sun tanning industries . = = = Continued controversies = = = The bikini remained a hot topic for the news media . In May 2011 , Barcelona , Spain made it illegal to wear bikinis in public except in areas near the beaches . Violators face fines of between 120 and 300 euros . In 2012 , two students of St. Theresa 's College in Cebu , the Philippines were barred from attending their graduation ceremony for " ample body exposure " because their bikini pictures were posted on Facebook . The students sued the college and won a temporary stay in a regional court . In May 2013 , Cambridge University banned the Wyverns Club of Magdalene College from arranging its annual bikini jelly wrestling . In June 2013 , actress Gwyneth Paltrow , who also is interested in fashion , produced a bikini for her clothing line that is designed to be worn by girls 4 to 8 years old . She was criticized for sexualizing young children by Claude Knight of Kidscape , a British foundation that strives to prevent child abuse . He commented , " We remain very opposed to the sexualisation of children and of childhood ... is a great pity that such trends continue and that they carry celebrity endorsement . " Four women were arrested over the 2013 Memorial Day weekend in Myrtle Beach , South Carolina for indecent exposure when they wore thong bikinis that exposed their buttocks . In June 2013 , the British watchdog agency Advertising Standards Authority banned a commercial that showed men in an office fantasizing about their colleague , played by Pamela Anderson , in a bikini for degrading women .
= HIP 13044 = HIP 13044 is a red horizontal @-@ branch star about 2 @,@ 300 light years ( 700 pc ) from Earth in the constellation Fornax . The star is part of the Helmi stream , a former dwarf galaxy that merged with the Milky Way between six and nine billion years ago . As a result , HIP 13044 circles the galactic center at a highly irregular orbit with respect to the galactic plane . HIP 13044 is slightly less massive than the Sun , but is approximately seven times its size . The star , which is estimated to be at least nine billion years old , has passed the red @-@ giant phase . The relatively fast rotation of the star may be due to having engulfed one or more planets during the red @-@ giant phase . = = Observational history = = A science team from the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy first observed HIP 13044 using Fiber @-@ fed Extended Range Optical Spectrograph ( FEROS ) at the European Southern Observatory 's La Silla Observatory in Chile . The first follow @-@ up led to the collection of 36 radial velocity measurements taken between September 2009 and July 2010 . The team also used photometric data that had been passively collected by and publicly released into the archive of the SuperWASP collaboration , which had been observing the region where the star was located . In this data , HIP 13044 was found to oscillate ; the signal was blocked roughly every sixteen days . Analysis of the SuperWASP and FEROS data led to the supposed discovery of the planet HIP 13044 b , although this claim was later refuted . = = Characteristics = = HIP 13044 is an F @-@ type star located approximately 701 parsecs ( 2 @,@ 286 light years ) away from Earth in the Helmi stream — a group of low @-@ metallicity stars moving with large velocities relative to the Sun . The star follows an eccentric galactic orbit , with a distance from the galactic center ranging from 7 to 16 kiloparsecs . The orbit does not lie in the galactic plane , and can reach distances as high as 13 kpc above it . This indicates that it once was part of a satellite galaxy of the Milky Way that was disrupted 6 – 9 billion years ago . The star itself is estimated to be at least nine billion years old . HIP 13044 is fairly evolved star fusing helium in its core , and has therefore already passed the red @-@ giant phase of its evolution . It lies near the blue end of the red horizontal branch bordering the instability strip . Its surface temperature is about 6025 K and its radius is approximately 6 @.@ 7 solar radii . HIP 13044 's mass is estimated to be 0 @.@ 8 solar masses . Having a rotation period of 5 – 6 days , HIP 13044 is a fast @-@ rotating star for its type . It is possible that this is because it has swallowed planets during its red @-@ giant phase . HIP 13044 has an apparent magnitude of 9 @.@ 94 and cannot be seen with the unaided eye . = = Claims of a planetary system = = In 2010 , it was announced that a giant planet in a 16 @.@ 2 @-@ day orbit had been discovered by the radial velocity measurements . This would have had implications for planet formation in metal @-@ poor systems and survival of planets being engulfed by expanded giant stars . Subsequent analysis of the data revealed problems with the detection : for example an erroneous barycentric correction had been applied ( the same error had also led to claims of planets around HIP 11952 that were subsequently refuted ) . After applying the corrections , there is no evidence for a planet orbiting the star .
= Frederic M. Richards = Frederic Middlebrook Richards ( August 19 , 1925 – January 11 , 2009 ) , commonly referred to as Fred Richards , was an American biochemist and biophysicist known for solving the pioneering crystal structure of the ribonuclease S enzyme in 1967 and for defining the concept of solvent @-@ accessible surface . He contributed many key experimental and theoretical results and developed new methods , garnering over 20 @,@ 000 journal citations in several quite distinct research areas . In addition to the protein crystallography and biochemistry of ribonuclease S , these included solvent accessibility and internal packing of proteins , the first side @-@ chain rotamer library , high @-@ pressure crystallography , new types of chemical tags such as biotin / avidin , the nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) chemical shift index , and structural and biophysical characterization of the effects of mutations . Richards spent his entire academic research career at Yale University , where he became Sterling Professor of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry in the department that he created and chaired , " one of the major centers in the world for the study of biophysics and structural biology " . He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences USA and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , and received many other scientific awards . He served as head of the Jane Coffin Childs Memorial Fund for Medical Research and was elected as president both of the American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology ( ASBMB ) and of the Biophysical Society . = = Personal biography = = Richards was born on August 19 , 1925 in New York City to George H. Richards and Marianna Middlebrook Richards . Both parents were from old New England families who had settled in Fairfield and New London , Connecticut in the 1600s . The family usually spent summers in Connecticut , giving Richards an early affinity for the area which continued through his career at Yale University . He had two older sisters , Marianna and Sarah . Marianna became a biochemist , and was a significant role model for Fred , who delighted in the smells and explosions produced by chemistry sets in that era . He attended high school at Phillips Exeter Academy , and later recalled that " the excellent science department even permitted certain students the unsupervised run of the laboratories outside of class hours . This attitude played a strong role ... in cementing our commitment to scientific careers . " He learned glassblowing and electronics there , and tried to measure the universal gravitational constant using 100 @-@ pound cannonballs . With strong science interests , Richards thwarted his family 's expectations by choosing MIT ( Massachusetts Institute of Technology ) rather than Yale for college in 1943 , majoring in chemistry . His undergraduate time was interrupted by two years in the army , which he described as " uneventful " . He then joined the Biochemistry department at Harvard Medical School and the lab of Barbara Low . She had worked with Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin to solve the x @-@ ray crystal structure of penicillin , and was later active in protein crystallography . The phase problem had not yet been solved to allow determination of protein structure , so his Ph.D. thesis ( completed in 1952 ) studied the density and solvent content in crystals to help determine very accurate molecular weights for proteins . In 1954 he went to the Carlsberg Laboratory in Copenhagen to do postdoctoral research with Kaj Linderstrøm @-@ Lang , where he started his classic work on the ribonuclease enzyme . He also absorbed the scientific and mentorship style of Lang , who Richards called " a delightful individual , full of fun and jokes as well as science " exemplifying " simple , inexpensive , ingenious , and insightful experiments " . In 1955 Richards joined the faculty at Yale University , where he stayed for the rest of his career . Richards was an avid and enthusiastic sailor . In addition to sailing on Long Island Sound , he voyaged north along the Canadian coast , south to Bermuda , and even across the Atlantic several times with a small crew of family and friends . He and his wife had sailboats ( Hekla 1 and 2 ) and an outboard @-@ motor utility boat known as " Sally 's Baage " ( the spelling presumably a comment on her Maine accent ) , which he had built himself . Chris Anfinsen , Richards 's friend and his colleague as editors of Advances in Protein Chemistry and who recommended the Carlsberg Lab to him , was also an avid sailor , and they sometimes joined forces . Wendell Lim wrote that , " a dedicated sailor since childhood , Fred almost always took a month off each summer to captain a major sailing excursion , returning to lab afterwards refreshed and ready to work . His sailing adventures included several transatlantic voyages . He was also an avid ice hockey player . " Richards lived in Guilford , Connecticut , a coastal town about 10 miles east of New Haven , situated between the Metacomet Ridge and Long Island Sound . Fred was married twice , to Heidi Clark Richards , daughter of biochemist Hans Clarke , and in 1959 to Sarah ( Sally ) Wheatland Richards , a marine biologist . He had three children – Sarah , Ruth , and George – and four grandchildren . His daughter Sarah described him as " a lifelong scientist and sailor .... His main loves were his scientific work which he finished at Yale University , sailing , working in his shop , and helping in the community . " Fred and Sally were a major presence in local land conservation efforts , both on committees and in working projects out on the land and water . He donated a 41 @-@ acre shoreline property to the Yale Peabody Museum Natural Areas , which they described as " one of the few natural forest areas left in the state . " The property now has long @-@ term protection for use in biological and geological research . = = Research career = = = = = Two @-@ component ribonuclease S system = = = On December 2 , 1957 , at Yale University , Richards performed a simple experiment on the protein Ribonuclease A ( RNase A ) that helped change the scientific community 's view of the physical nature of protein molecules . Using a particular protease ( Subtilisin ) , RNase A was converted into a split protein ( RNase S ) , which is composed of two parts called S @-@ peptide and S @-@ protein ( Richards & Vithayathil 1959 ) . Richards had developed that cleavage system as a postdoc at the Carlsberg Laboratory in Sweden , using purified ribonuclease protein that had been donated to Christian Anfinsen by the Armour Company and that Anfinsen shared with Richards and other researchers . Richards found that , when separated , S @-@ protein and S @-@ peptide had no RNase activity , but that the RNase enzymatic activity was restored when the parts were recombined in the test tube . In an autobiographical piece , Richards wrote that " this discovery came as a surprise to the scientific community at that time .... In retrospect , this may have been the high point of my career in terms of excitement . " This experiment showed that proteins maintain 3 @-@ dimensional order and tight binding between their interacting parts and that the structural information is inherent in the protein itself , foreshadowing both Anfinsen 's later work showing that sequence determines structure and also the idea that hormones or other small molecules can bind tightly and specifically to proteins , a concept basic to how pharmaceutical companies design drugs today . Two years later , the protein structure of myoglobin confirmed such specific 3D relationships . Later , with Marilyn Doscher and Flo Quiocho , Richards demonstrated that ribonuclease S as well as carboxypeptidase were enzymatically active in the crystals , important evidence to silence doubts that the conformations of proteins in crystals are directly relevant to their biological activity in cells . = = = Ribonuclease crystal structure = = = Along with colleague Harold W. Wyckoff , who had worked on early research toward the myoglobin structure , the effort to solve the RNase S 3 @-@ dimensional structure was spearheaded by Richards . Done in 1966 and published in 1967 , the analyses of RNase S and RNase A jointly made ribonuclease the third distinct protein structure to be determined by X @-@ ray diffraction of crystals , after myoglobin / hemoglobin and hen @-@ egg lysozyme , and the first to be done in the United States . Later , the Yale group collected more diffraction data , and in 1970 published the RNase S structure in full detail at 2 @.@ 0 Å resolution ( Wyckoff et al . , 1970 ) . Coordinates for ribonuclease S were deposited into the international Protein Data Bank in 1973 as PDB : 1RNS , among the first small set of macromolecular structures . The black @-@ and @-@ white ribbon drawing above shows the large , twisted beta sheet ( arrows ) of ribonuclease , flanked by several alpha @-@ helices ( spirals ) . The shorter S @-@ peptide piece is behind , starting at upper left with a helix and ending with the chain break ( between residues 20 @-@ 21 ) at lower right . The active site for RNA cleavage ( in the groove at center front in this drawing ) involves one histidine side chain from the S @-@ peptide fragment and another from the S @-@ protein part . The computer image shows superimposed structures of ribonuclease S and A , with the S @-@ peptide in gold and the active site histidines in hot pink . The close match of the 3D structures shows that the 2 @-@ fragment S system does indeed fold to the active form ( Wyckoff et al . , 1970 ) . = = = " Richards ' box " = = = In 1968 , while on sabbatical with David Phillips at Oxford , Richards developed a large optical comparator device called a " Richards ' box " ( or " Fred 's Folly " ) which enabled crystallographers to build physical models of protein structures by viewing the stacked sheets of electron density through a half @-@ silvered mirror ( see photo ) . Once the Folly had been constructed , he built an all @-@ atom brass model of RNase S quite rapidly . This was the method of choice for building protein crystallographic models into electron density until the late 1970s , when it was superseded by molecular computer graphics programs such as Grip @-@ 75 and then Frodo . Richards showed his sense of humor in a later review of developments in the use and construction of Richards boxes . He provided a " correction to the Original Bibliographic Citations , " complete with diagrams , for a theatrical stage technique that used selective illumination and a sheet of plate glass inclined at 45 ° to give an illusion of the nymph Amphitrite rising from the sea and floating in air , or of an audience volunteer dissolving to a skeleton and back again . Richards ended that section by noting that " had this reference been known to the author in 1968 no further description of the ' folly ' would have been required . " = = = Solvent @-@ accessible surface and molecular packing = = = Richards ' most enduring long @-@ term scientific interest was in protein folding and packing , studied both experimentally and theoretically , and mostly from a geometrical perspective . As summarized by George Rose , " protein folders can be divided into ' minimizers ' and ' packers ' . The former seek to minimize the interaction energy among atoms or groups of atoms , whereas the latter concentrate on probable geometry , guided by both excluded volume limitations and structural motifs seen in proteins of known structure . " Fred was a founding influence for the packers , who built on his observations about packing density , areas , and volumes . In 1971 , with Byungkook Lee , Richards introduced the concept and a quantitative measure for the solvent @-@ accessible surface ( SAS ) of amino acid residues in folded protein structures ( Lee & Richards 1971 ) . The surface is constructed by tracing the center of an imaginary ball , its radius that of a water molecule ( taken as 1 @.@ 4 Å ) , as it rolls over the van der Waals surfaces of the proteins . Thus defined , the surface is continuous and each point on it is unambiguously associated with a specific protein atom ( the nearest ) . The Lee & Richards definition has been widely adopted as the standard measure for solvent accessibility , for instance to evaluate exposure per residue as a percentage of accessible vs total surface area , and as the basis of the buried @-@ surface @-@ area method for estimating the energetics of protein / protein contacts . Richards 1974 introduced the Voronoi polyhedra construction to protein chemistry , a contribution reviewed more recently by Gerstein and Richards . This approach has been adopted by many others and has been put on a firm mathematical footing by the work of Herbert Edelsbrunner . With Jay Ponder in 1987 , as part of an exploration of using internal packing of sidechains to enumerate the possible sequences compatible with a given protein backbone structure ( a foreshadowing of protein engineering and design ) , Richards developed the first side @-@ chain rotamer library . ( Ponder & Richards 1987 ) Increasingly detailed rotamer libraries have been made since then by other research groups , with some used primarily for structure validation and others for homology modeling or protein design . With Craig Kundrot , Richards investigated the effects of high pressure ( 1000 atmospheres ) on protein structure , using hen @-@ egg lysozyme crystals , finding that the structure was robust to such pressures apart from a quite modest compaction in size . In the 1990s , Richards and collaborators used a combination of theory and experiment to investigate how the well @-@ packed interior of proteins can nevertheless accommodate mutations . = = = Other research areas = = = In the 1970s , with a succession of students and postdocs , the lab developed a series of chemical , photochemical , and cross @-@ link labels for determining the position and relationships of proteins in biological membranes ( Peters & Richards 1977 ) , including glutaraldehyde and what was one of the two first general uses of the exceptionally tight interaction of biotin with avidin , anchored to ferritin for use in electron microscopy . The biotin – avidin system quickly became a central method in cell biology , immunology , and protein engineering , as well as electron microscopy . With David Wishart and Brian Sykes , he developed the chemical shift index for NMR assignment of protein secondary structure ( Wishart , Sykes & Richards 1991 & Wishart , Sykes & Richards 1992 ) . This is still considered a standard tool in the NMR field . Separately , around 1990 , Homme Hellinga , with Richards , developed computational tools to design metal @-@ binding sites into proteins , and used them to build a new metal site into thioredoxin . Richards is named as a depositor on 27 crystal structure entries in the Protein Data Bank , including the now @-@ obsoleted ribonuclease S ( PDB : 1RNS ) , hen egg lysozyme ( PDB : 2LYM ) , SH3 domains ( PDB : 1SEM ) , the ion @-@ channel @-@ forming alamethicin ( PDB : 1AMT ) ( Fox & Richards 1982 ) , and mutants of ribonuclease S ( e.g. , PDB : 1RBD ; PDB : 1RBI ) , of Staphylococcal nuclease ( e.g. , PDB : 1NUC ; PDB : 1A2T ) , and of lambda repressor in complex with DNA ( PDB : 1LLI ) . = = Administration , mentoring , and outside activities = = The Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry ( " MB & B " ) that Richards founded and chaired at Yale , which amalgamated the medical school Biochemistry and the university Molecular Biophysics departments , was considered to have " quickly gained pre @-@ eminent stature . " Many of those faculty became members of the National Academy of Sciences , and Tom Steitz shared the Nobel Prize in 2009 for crystal structures of the ribosome . Richards was known as a highly valued mentor and friend to students , faculty , and colleagues , including a very supportive approach to women and African – Americans , according to Jim Staros . His colleague George D. Rose wrote that Richards ' lectures were insightful , delivered with clarity and humor , and often deliberately provocative , and that Richards worked to improve the scientific community in general . For instance , in the late 1980s , he was the primary author , and the first of many signers , of a widely circulated letter that successfully urged a policy of depositing 3D atomic coordinates on scientific journals , on the NIH , and on individual crystallographers . He also lobbied , less successfully , for a let @-@ up in overall publication pressure but an increased emphasis on a few first @-@ class papers , by having promotion committees only consider a list of 12 key papers . = = Summary of career events = = 1954 , NRC Postdoctoral Fellow , Carlsberg Laboratory , Denmark 1955 , joined Yale faculty , in Biochemistry at the Medical School 1963 , Professor and chair of the Department of Molecular Biophysics at Yale University 1965 , Pfizer – Paul @-@ Lewis Award in Enzyme Chemistry 1968 , Member , American Academy of Arts and Sciences 1969 – 73 , founding chair of the Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry at Yale 1971 , Member , National Academy of Sciences 1972 , President of the Biophysical Society 1976 – 91 , Director of the Jane Coffin Childs Fund for Medical Research 1978 , Kaj Linderstrøm @-@ Lang Prize in Protein Chemistry 1979 , President of the ASBMB 1988 , American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology – Merck Award 1988 , Protein Society – Stein and Moore Award 1995 , Connecticut Medal of Science = = Highly cited papers = = Articles with over 500 citations according to Web of Science as of June 18 , 2012 : Lee , B. ; Richards , F.M. ( 1971 ) . " The interpretation of protein structures : Estimation of static accessibility " . Journal of Molecular Biology 55 ( 3 ) : 379 – 400 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1016 / 0022 @-@ 2836 ( 71 ) 90324 @-@ X. PMID 5551392 . Richards , F.M. ( 1977 ) . " Areas , Volumes , Packing , and Protein Structure " . Annual Review of Biophysics and Bioengineering 6 : 151 – 176 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1146 / annurev.bb.06.060177.001055. PMID 326146 . Wishart , D.S. ; Sykes , B.D. ; Richards , F.M. ( 1992 ) . " The chemical shift index : A fast and simple method for the assignment of protein secondary structure through NMR spectroscopy " . Biochemistry 31 ( 6 ) : 1647 – 1651 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1021 / bi00121a010 . PMID 1737021 . Wishart , D.S. ; Sykes , B.D. ; Richards , F.M. ( 1991 ) . " Relationship between nuclear magnetic resonance chemical shift and protein secondary structure " . Journal of Molecular Biology 222 ( 2 ) : 311 – 333 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1016 / 0022 @-@ 2836 ( 91 ) 90214 @-@ Q. PMID 1960729 . Ponder , J.W. ; Richards , F.M. ( 1987 ) . " Tertiary templates for proteins . Use of packing criteria in the enumeration of allowed sequences for different structural classes " . Journal of Molecular Biology 193 ( 4 ) : 775 – 791 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1016 / 0022 @-@ 2836 ( 87 ) 90358 @-@ 5 . PMID 2441069 . Richards , F.M. ( 1974 ) . " The interpretation of protein structures : Total volume , group volume distributions and packing density " . Journal of Molecular Biology 82 ( 1 ) : 1 – 14 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1016 / 0022 @-@ 2836 ( 74 ) 90570 @-@ 1 . PMID 4818482 . Richards , F.M. ; Vithayathil , P.J. ( 1959 ) . " The preparation of subtilisin @-@ modified ribonuclease and the separation of the peptide and protein components " . Journal of Biological Chemistry 234 ( 6 ) : 1459 – 1465 . PMID 13654398 . Fox , R.O. ; Richards , F.M. ( 1982 ) . " A voltage @-@ gated ion channel model inferred from the crystal structure of alamethicin at 1 @.@ 5 @-@ Å resolution " . Nature 300 ( 5890 ) : 325 – 330 . Bibcode : 1982Natur.300 .. 325F. doi : 10 @.@ 1038 / 300325a0 . PMID 6292726 . Peters , K. ; Richards , F. M. ( 1977 ) . " Chemical Cross @-@ Linking : Reagents and Problems in Studies of Membrane Structure " . Annual Review of Biochemistry 46 : 523 – 551 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 1146 / annurev.bi.46.070177.002515. PMID 409338 . Wyckoff , H.W. ; Tsernoglou , D. ; Hanson , A.W. ; Knox , J.R. ; Lee , B. ; Richards , F.M. ( 1970 ) . " The three @-@ dimensional structure of ribonuclease @-@ S. Interpretation of an electron density map at a nominal resolution of 2 Å " . Journal of Biological Chemistry 245 ( 2 ) : 305 – 328 . PMID 5460889 .
= Fantasy ( 1938 magazine ) = Fantasy was a British pulp science fiction magazine which published three issues in 1938 and 1939 . The editor was T. Stanhope Sprigg ; when the war started , he enlisted in the RAF and the magazine was closed down . The publisher , George Newnes Ltd , paid respectable rates , and as a result Sprigg was able to obtain some good quality material , including stories by John Wyndham , Eric Frank Russell , and John Russell Fearn . = = Publication history = = The first U.S. science fiction ( sf ) magazine , Amazing Stories , was imported into the U.K. from its launch in 1926 , and other magazines from the U.S. market were also available in the U.K. from an early date . However , no British sf magazine was launched until 1934 , when Pearson 's launched Scoops , a weekly in tabloid format aimed at the juvenile market . Soon Haydn Dimmock , Scoops ' editor , began to receive more sophisticated stories , targeted at an adult audience ; he tried to change the magazine 's focus to include more mature fiction but within twenty issues falling sales led Pearson 's to kill the magazine . The failure of Scoops gave British publishers the impression that Britain could not support a science fiction publication . Despite this failure , only a year later , Newnes . , the publisher of The Strand magazine , decided to launch a group of four genre pulp magazines , and to include a science fiction title in the group . The plan was the idea of T. Stanhope Sprigg , a young editor who had jouned Newnes in 1934 . Sprigg had help from Walter Gillings , a British science fiction reader who had been active in fan circles since the early 1930s , in searching for good submissions , and was able to obtain stories from Eric Frank Russell and John Russell Fearn , but although the other three titles — Air Stories , War Stories , and Western Stories — were launched in 1935 and 1936 , the science fiction title was much delayed . Sprigg recalled later that Newnes issued a memo specifying the requirements for the stories ; it was " so restricting that it threw would @-@ be contributors into a complete tizzy " . The project was placed on hold after fifteen months . Gillings subsequently persuaded The World 's Work , a subsidiary of William Heinemann , to launch a science fiction pulp magazine titled Tales of Wonder in 1937 . This was successful enough to convince Newnes to go ahead with the original plan , and Fantasy was launched in July 1938 , with an issue dated only with the year . Another issue appeared six months later and a third and final issue in June 1939 , again dated only with the year ; Sprigg enlisted as a pilot when World War II started , and although a fourth issue had been prepared , it was clear that paper rationing was coming , and Newnes decided to close down the magazine . = = Contents and reception = = The lead story for the first issue was " Menace of the Metal Men " , by A. Prestigiacomo ; this was a 1933 reprint from the British edition of Argosy , but the other stories in the issue were all new . Contributors included John Wyndham , Eric Frank Russell , and John Russell Fearn , and a couple of writers who were not known in the science fiction world but who had contributed to Newnes ' other magazines : J.E. Gurdon and Francis H. Sibson . There was an article on interplanetary travel by P.E. Cleator , which continued a series of articles he had published in Scoops . Newnes paid competitive rates for fiction , so they were able to attract good quality submissions , many of which were subsequently reprinted in the U.S. These included Wyndham 's " Beyond the Screen " ( described by sf historian and critic Sam Moskowitz as " an engrossing story " ) ; Halliday Sutherland 's " Valley of Doom " ; and Eric Frank Russell 's " Vampire from the Void " , which was reprinted in Fantastic in 1972 , having been submitted there by Russell 's agent as if it were a new story . When the editor , Ted White , was told that the story was over thirty years old , he initially denied that it was possible , but ultimately accepted that it was a reprint : science fiction historian Mike Ashley comments that this indicated Russell 's fiction " stood well the test of time " . The main artist for Fantasy was Serge Drigin , a Russian @-@ born artist who worked for Pearson 's and had been responsible for all the covers for Scoops ; Drigin did interior artwork and all three covers . Though his work has been described as " crude " and " mediocre " , science fiction art historian Robert Weinberg regards the cover for the second issue , illustrating " Winged Terror " by G.R. Malloch , as " highly effective and easily the best thing he ever did " . = = Bibliographic details = = Fantasy was printed in pulp format , 128 pages , and priced at 1 / - . All three issues were edited by T. Stanhope Sprigg and published by Newnes . There was no volume numeration ; each issue was dated only with the year .
= Common eland = The common eland ( Taurotragus oryx ) , also known as the southern eland or eland antelope , is a savannah and plains antelope found in East and Southern Africa . It is a species of the family Bovidae and genus Taurotragus . It was first described by Peter Simon Pallas in 1766 . An adult male is around 1 @.@ 6 metres ( 5 ' ) tall at the shoulder ( females are 20 centimetres ( 8 " ) shorter ) and can weigh up to 942 kg ( 2077 lbs ) with an average of 500 – 600 kilograms ( 1 @,@ 100 – 1 @,@ 300 lb , 340 – 445 kilograms ( 750 – 980 lb ) for females ) . It is the second largest antelope in the world , being slightly smaller on average than the giant eland . Mainly a herbivore , its diet is primarily grasses and leaves . Common elands form herds of up to 500 animals , but are not territorial . The common eland prefers habitats with a wide variety of flowering plants such as savannah , woodlands , and open and montane grasslands ; it avoids dense forests . It uses loud barks , visual and postural movements and the flehmen response to communicate and warn others of danger . The common eland is used by humans for leather , meat , and rich , nutritious milk , and has been domesticated in many areas . It is native to Botswana , Burundi , the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Ethiopia , Kenya , Lesotho , Malawi , Mozambique , Namibia , Rwanda , South Africa , South Sudan , Swaziland , Tanzania , Uganda , Zambia and Zimbabwe but is no longer present in Burundi and Angola . While the common eland 's population is decreasing , it is classified as " Least Concern " by the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) . = = Etymology = = The scientific name of the common eland is Taurotragus oryx , composed of three words : tauros , tragos and oryx . Tauros is Greek for a bull or bullock , meaning the same as the Latin taurus . Tragos is Greek for a male goat , referring to the tuft of hair that grows in the eland 's ear and its resemblance to a goat 's beard . Oryx is Latin and Greek ( generally orygos ) for pickaxe , referring to the pointed horns of North African antelopes like the common eland and scimitar @-@ horned oryx . The name ' eland ' is Dutch for " elk " or " moose " . It has a Baltic source similar to the Lithuanian élnis , which means " deer " . It was borrowed earlier as ellan ( French ) in the 1610s or Elend ( German ) . When Dutch settlers came to the Cape Province , they named it after the large , herbivorous moose . In Dutch the animal is called " Eland antelope " to distinguish it from the moose , which is found in the northern boreal forests . = = Physical description = = Common elands are spiral @-@ horned antelopes . They are sexually dimorphic , with females being smaller than the males . Females weigh 300 – 600 kg ( 660 – 1 @,@ 320 lb ) , measure 200 – 280 cm ( 79 – 110 in ) from the snout to the base of the tail and stand 125 – 153 cm ( 49 – 60 in ) at the shoulder . Bulls weigh 400 – 942 kg ( 882 – 2 @,@ 077 lb ) , are 240 – 345 cm ( 94 – 136 in ) from the snout to the base of the tail and stand 150 – 183 cm ( 59 – 72 in ) at the shoulder . The tail is 50 – 90 cm ( 20 – 35 in ) long . Male elands can weigh up to 1 @,@ 000 kg ( 2 @,@ 200 lb ) . Their coat differs geographically , with elands in north Africa having distinctive markings ( torso stripes , markings on legs , dark garters and a spinal crest ) that are absent in the south . Apart from a rough mane , the coat is smooth . Females have a tan coat , while the coats of males are darker , with a bluish @-@ grey tinge . Bulls may also have a series of vertical white stripes on their sides ( mainly in parts of the Karoo in South Africa ) . As males age , their coat becomes more grey . Males also have dense fur on their foreheads and a large dewlap on their throats . Both sexes have horns with a steady spiral ridge ( resembling that of the bushbuck ) . The horns are visible as small buds in newborns and grow rapidly during the first seven months . The horns of males are thicker and shorter than those of females ( males ' horns are 43 – 66 centimetres ( 17 – 26 in ) long and females ' are 51 – 69 centimetres ( 20 – 27 in ) long ) , and have a tighter spiral . Males use their horns during rutting season to wrestle and butt heads with rivals , while females use their horns to protect their young from predators . The common eland is the slowest antelope , with a peak speed of 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) per hour that tires them quickly . However , they can maintain a 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) per hour trot indefinitely . Elands are capable of jumping up to 2 @.@ 5 metres ( 8 ft 2 in ) from a standing start when startled ( up to 3 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) for young elands ) . The common eland 's life expectancy is generally between 15 and 20 years ; in captivity some live up to 25 years . Eland herds are accompanied by a loud clicking sound that has been subject to considerable speculation . It is believed that the weight of the animal causes the two halves of its hooves to splay apart , and the clicking is the result of the hoof snapping together when the animal raises its leg . The sound carries some distance from a herd , and may be a form of communication . = = Taxonomy = = The common eland was first described in 1766 by the German zoologist and botanist Peter Simon Pallas . It belongs to the order Artiodactyla , family Bovidae and subfamily Bovinae . Common elands are sometimes considered part of the genus Tragelaphus on the basis of molecular phylogenetics , but are usually categorized as Taurotragus , along with the giant eland ( T. derbianus ) . = = = Subspecies = = = Three subspecies of common eland have been recognized , though their validity has been in dispute . T. o. livingstonii ( Sclater , 1864 ; Livingstone 's eland ) : also called kaufmanni , niediecki , selousi and triangularis . It is found in the Central Zambezian Miombo woodlands . Livingstone 's eland has a brown pelt with up to twelve stripes . T. o. oryx ( Pallas , 1766 ; Cape eland ) : also called alces , barbatus , canna and oreas . It is found in south and southwest Africa . The fur is tawny , and adults lose their stripes . T. o. pattersonianus ( Lydekker , 1906 ; East African eland or Patterson 's eland ) : also called billingae . It is found in east Africa , hence its common name . Its coat can have up to 12 stripes . = = Diseases and parasites = = Common elands are resistant to trypanosomiasis , a protozoan infection that has the tsetse fly as a vector , but not to the Rhipicephalus @-@ transmitted disease theileriosis . The disease @-@ causing bacteria Theileria taurotragi has caused many eland deaths . Clostridium chauvoei , another bacterium , can be harmful as well . Eland are also hosts to several kinds of ticks . In one study an eland was found to be host to the Amblyomma species A. gemma and A. variegatum , and Rhipicephalus species R. decoloratus , R. appendiculatus , R. evertsi , R. pulchellus and R. pravus . Elands produce antibodies for Brucella bacteria , but none for Mycobacterium paratuberculosis or various types of pneumonia like contagious bovine pneumonia and contagious caprine pneumonia , normally infectious in cows or antelopes . = = Genetics and evolution = = Male elands have 31 diploid chromosomes and females have 32 . The male ( Y ) chromosome has been translocated to the short arm of an autosome . Both the X and Y replicate late ; they do not match well and are variable . The chromosomes resemble those of the greater kudu ( Tragelaphus strepsiceros ) . Male elands and female greater kudus can produce a viable male hybrid , though it is not known if it is sterile . An accidental crossing of an east African common eland ( T. o. pattersonianus ' ) with an east African kudu ( T. s. bea ) occurred in the San Diego Zoo Safari Park . This was believed to be due to the absence of male kudus in the herd . The hybrid produced was sterile , which was unexpected before the study . The study conformed the chromosome numbers of both the eland and the kudu and the strangeness of their attached Y chromosomes . Reports state that repeated matings of male elands with domestic ( Bos primigenius ) and zebu cows ( Bos indicus ) have also produced sterile hybrids . Female elands can also act as surrogates for bongos . The Bovidae family ancestors of the common eland evolved approximately 20 million years ago in Africa ; fossils are found throughout Africa and France but the best record appears in sub @-@ Saharan Africa . The first members of the tribe Tragelaphini appear 6 million years in the past during the late Miocene . An extinct ancestor of the common eland ( Taurotragus arkelli ) appears in the Pleistocene in northern Tanzania and the first T. oryx fossil appears in the Holocene in Algeria . In 2010 , a genetic study was made basing on the evolutionary history of common elands . Located in the sub @-@ Saharan savanna biome of east and southern Africa , the study used methods like analysis of mitochondrial DNA control @-@ region fragments from 122 individuals to learn more about various topics , such as the phylogeography , genetic diversity , demographic history of the species . The conclusions strongly supported the presence of a longer @-@ standing population in the south and a mosaic of Pleistocene refugia in the east . It is believed that today their extinction from these parts could be due to colonization . The similarity of dates obtained from more studies indicates a significant event c . 200 ka , which had brought a great change in the genetic history of the species . = = Ecology and behavior = = Common elands are nomadic and crepuscular . They eat in the morning and evening , rest in shade when hot and remain in sunlight when cold . They are commonly found in herds of up to 500 , with individual members remaining in the herd anywhere from several hours to several months . Juveniles and mothers tend to form larger herds , while males may separate into smaller groups or wander individually . During estrus , mainly in the rainy season , groups tend to form more regularly . In southern Africa common elands will often associate with herds of zebras , roan antelopes and oryxes . Common elands communicate via gestures , vocalizations , scent cues and display behaviors . The flehmen response also occurs , primarily in males in response to contact with female urine or genitals . Females will urinate to indicate fertility during the appropriate phase of their estrous cycle , as well as to indicate their lack of fertility when harassed by males . If eland bulls find any of their predators nearby , they will bark and attempt to attract the attention of others by trotting back and forth until the entire herd is conscious of the danger . Some of their main predators include lions , African wild dogs , cheetahs and spotted hyenas . Juvenile elands are more vulnerable than adults to their predators . = = Habitat and distribution = = Common elands live on the open plains of southern Africa and along the foothills of the great southern African plateau . The species extends north into Ethiopia and most arid zones of South Sudan , east into western Angola and Namibia , and south to South Africa . However , there is a low density of elands in Africa due to poaching and human settlement . Elands prefer to live in semi @-@ arid areas that contain many shrub @-@ like bushes , and often inhabit grasslands , woodlands , sub @-@ desert , bush , and mountaintops with altitudes of about 15 @,@ 000 ft ( 4600 m ) . Elands do , however , avoid forests , swamps and deserts . The places inhabited by elands generally contain Acacia , Combretum , Commiphora , Diospyros , Grewia , Rhus and Ziziphus trees and shrubs ; some of these also serve as their food . Eland can be found in many National Parks and reserves today , including Nairobi and Tsavo East National Park , Tsavo West National Park , Masai Mara NR , Kenya ; Serengeti , Ruaha and Tarangire National Park , Ngorongoro Crater , Tanzania ; Kagera National Park , Rwanda ; Nyika National Park , Malawi ; Luangwa Valley and Kafue National Park , Zambia ; Hwange National Park , Matobo National Park , Tuli Safari Area and Chimanimani Eland Sanctuary , Zimbabwe ; Kruger National Park , Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park , Giant 's Castle and Suikerbosrand NR , South Africa . They live on home ranges that can be 200 – 400 km2 for females and juveniles and 50 km2 for males . = = Diet = = Common elands are herbivores that browse during drier winter months but have also adapted to grazing during the rainy season when grasses are more common . They require a high @-@ protein diet of succulent leaves from flowering plants but will consume lower quality plant material if available including forbs , trees , shrubs , grasses , seeds and tubers . The eland can conserve water by increasing its body temperature . Grasses the eland eats include Setaria and Themeda and fruits from Securinega and Strychnos . Large antelope can survive on lower quality food in times of little rain . Elands feed during the night in hot weather and sleep for long periods during the day . Most of their water is obtained from their food , though they will drink water when available . As they quickly adjust to the surroundings due to seasonal changes and other causes , they also change their feeding habits . They also use their horns to break off branches that are hard to reach . = = Sociability and reproduction = = Females are sexually mature at 15 – 36 months and males at 4 – 5 years . Mating may occur anytime after reaching sexual maturity , but is mostly seen in the rainy season . In Zambia , young are born in July and August , while elsewhere it is the mating season . Mating begins when elands gather to feed on lush green plains with plentiful grass , and some males and females start mating with each other in separate pairs . Males chase the females to find out if they are in estrus . They also test the female 's urine . Usually , a female chooses the most dominant and fit male to mate with . Sometimes she runs away from males trying to mate , causing more attraction . This results in fights between males , in which their hard horns are used . It is 2 – 4 hours before a female allows a male to mount . Males usually keep close contact with females in the mating period . The dominant male can mate with more than one female . Females have a gestation period of 9 months , and give birth to only one calf each time . Males , females and juveniles each form separate social groups . The male groups are the smallest ; the members stay together and search for food or water sources . The female group is much larger and covers greater areas . They travel the grassy plains in wet periods and prefer bushy areas in dry periods . Females have a complex linear hierarchy . The nursery and juvenile group is naturally formed when females give birth to calves . After about 24 hours of the delivery , the mother and calf join this group . The calves start befriending each other and stay back in the nursery group while the mother returns to the female group . The calves leave the nursery group when they are at least two years old and join a male or female group . = = Conservation = = Currently , common elands are not endangered . They are conserved by the U.S. Endangered Species Act , and regulated in international trade by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species . Using ground counts and aerial surveys , the International Union for Conservation of Nature ( IUCN ) calculates the population density of the common eland to be between 0 @.@ 05 and 1 per square kilometre with a total population estimate of 136 @,@ 000 . Populations are considered stable or increasing in the countries of Namibia , Botswana , Zimbabwe , South Africa , Malawi and possibly Tanzania . The population is , however , gradually decreasing due to habitat loss , caused by expanding human settlements and poaching for its superior meat . As they are docile and inactive most of the time , they can easily be killed . The species became extinct in Swaziland and Zimbabwe , but has been reintroduced . The IUCN states that about half of the estimated total population lives in protected areas and 30 % on private land . Protected areas that support major populations include Omo ( Ethiopia ) , Serengeti , Katavi , Ruaha and Selous @-@ Kilombero ( Tanzania ) , Kafue and North Luangwa ( Zambia ) , Nyika ( Malawi ) , Etosha ( Namibia ) , Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park ( Botswana / South Africa ) and Ukhahlamba Drakensberg Park ( South Africa ) . Most of these populations appear to be stable . Relatively large numbers of common eland now live on private land , particularly in Namibia , Zimbabwe and South Africa , reflecting its value as a trophy animal . Common elands have also been widely domesticated in Zimbabwe , South Africa and Kenya , as well as in Russia , Ukraine and England . = = Uses = = The common eland is sometimes farmed and hunted for its meat , and in some cases can be better used than cattle because it is more suited to African climates . This has led to some Southern African farmers switching from cattle to eland . Common elands are also pictured as supporters in the coat of arms of Grootfontein , Namibia . = = = Husbandry = = = Common elands have a mild temperament and have been successfully domesticated for meat and milk production in South Africa and Russia . Their need for water is quite low because they produce urine with a high @-@ urea content , but they require a substantial grazing area , along with salt licks and large amounts of supplementary foods like maize , sorghum , melons and beans which can be expensive . A female can produce up to 7 kilograms ( 15 lb ) of milk per day that is richer in milkfat than cow milk . The pleasant @-@ tasting milk has a butterfat content of 11 @-@ 17 % and can be stored for up to eight months if properly prepared , versus several days for cow milk . Housing common elands is difficult due to their ability to jump over fences as high as 3 metres ( 9 @.@ 8 ft ) or simply break through using their substantial mass . Sometimes , wild eland will break through enclosures to mix with domesticated ones . Common elands can reproduce in captivity , but calf survival is low and the young may need to be separated from their mothers to ensure health and adequate feeding . Husbandry requires care because the generally placid animals startle easily and require large amounts of space .
= Myst V : End of Ages = Myst V : End of Ages is a 2005 adventure video game , and the fifth and final installment in the Myst series . The game was developed by Cyan Worlds , published by Ubisoft , and released for Macintosh and Windows PC platforms on September 20 , 2005 . As in previous games in the series , End of Ages 's gameplay consists of navigating worlds known as " Ages " via the use of special books and items which act as portals . On each Age , the player solves puzzles and discovers story clues hidden in the Ages or written down in diaries and journals . The player 's actions in the game decide the fate of the ancient D 'ni civilization . In a departure from previous titles in the Myst series , End of Ages replaces pre @-@ rendered environments with worlds rendered in real @-@ time 3D graphics , allowing players to freely navigate the Ages . The faces of actors were digitally mapped onto three @-@ dimensional character models to preserve realism . Cyan paid attention to making the game more accessible to new players by the addition of multiple methods of navigation and an in @-@ game camera . Myst creator Rand Miller decided to give players the ability to decide the fates of the game 's characters as a gift to Myst fans . End of Ages was positively received upon release . Despite complaints such as lessened interactivity compared to previous games and poorer graphics , publications including Macworld , Computer Gaming World , and The Washington Post judged the game a fitting end to the series . After End of Ages 's release , Cyan abruptly announced the end of software development and the layoff of most of its staff , but was able to rehire much of the development team a few weeks later . Including End of Ages 's sales , the Myst franchise had sold more than 12 million copies by November 2007 . = = Gameplay = = Myst V : End of Ages is an adventure game taking place in the first person . Players travel across several worlds known as " Ages " , solving puzzles and gathering story clues by reading books or observing the environment . End of Ages offers players three navigation modes to explore . The first , " Classic mode " , uses the same controls used in Myst and Riven ; Ages are divided into locations of interest , or nodes , and the player 's view is fixed at every node . Players advance to other nodes by clicking on portions of the screen . The " Classic Plus " mode uses the control scheme of Myst III : Exile and Myst IV : Revelation ; movement is still node @-@ based but players can rotate their view 360 degrees in any direction . The final navigation mode , known as " Free Look " or " Advanced " mode , allows players to navigate and observe the Ages freely like Uru : Ages Beyond Myst . The WASD keyboard keys are used for walking forward , backward , and sideways , while the mouse changes the player 's point of view . A new game mechanic to the series is the use of a slate found on all the Ages . These slates can be carved using the mouse to create shapes and symbols . The use of the slate is necessary to communicate with a shadowy race of creatures known as the Bahro . The Bahro understand certain symbols drawn on the slate and will respond to them ; the creatures also retrieve the slate and return it to its original space if the player drops it . Slate symbols can cause environmental changes such as rain or increased wind , which may be necessary for solving puzzles . The slate cannot be carried everywhere due to its size . For example , the player will have to leave the slate behind if he or she wants to climb a ladder . End of Ages has several features designed to help players complete puzzles . To recall clues or important items , players can use a camera feature to take screenshots , which are then placed in a journal the player can access at any time . Player interactions with other characters are similarly recalled via another journal ; everything a character tells the player is stored and can be viewed at any time . Journal pages are narrated by the voice of the character , and missing pages of the journal appear translucent in menus . = = Plot = = End of Ages takes place in the present day , sometime after the events of Uru : Ages Beyond Myst , and begins as the player responds to a letter from Atrus . Atrus is a writer of special volumes called linking books , which serve as portals or links to worlds known as Ages . A linking book to the Age of Myst , the setting of the original game , lies sealed in the ruins of the ancient D 'ni civilization . The D 'ni had the ability to craft linking books , but their society crumbled from within ; Atrus and his family have been trying to restore the D 'ni people and created an Age for the survivors to live on , known as Releeshahn ( introduced in Exile ) . Atrus by this period is an old man , mourning the deaths of his sons Sirrus and Achenar in Revelation , and the death of his wife Catherine in the period after . In his letter , Atrus expresses concern that his daughter , Yeesha , may be lost as well . The player starts in Atrus ' old study on K 'veer , an island near the ruins of the main D 'ni city ; in the antechamber outside the study , there is a strange tablet locked in place on an altar . Yeesha links in and explains that legends state that in order to fully restore D 'ni , someone known as the Grower must utilize the tablet . The artifact has the ability to fully control a mysterious enslaved race known as the Bahro . As Yeesha made the wrong decision upon unlocking the tablet , she can no longer use it ; Yeesha instead charges the player with uncovering the tablet 's power . After leaving Yeesha , the player meets a man named Esher near " the Great Shaft " , connecting D 'ni to the surface ( as detailed in Myst : The Book of Ti 'ana ) . Esher is a survivor of the fall of D 'ni and tells the player that Yeesha cannot be trusted , warning the player not to give her the Tablet . Throughout the Great Shaft , the player collects twelve fragments of Yeesha 's journal . The writings appear to confirm Esher 's warnings , as the narration seemingly indicates that Yeesha has descended into madness , believing herself to be the Grower . At the urging of both Yeesha and Esher , the player travels across four Ages , collecting four slates that unlock the tablet 's power . Esher occasionally appears in the Ages to offer his counsel , or reveal the histories of his people and the worlds the player explores . Once all four slates are collected , Esher requests that the player bring the tablet to him in the now @-@ unlocked Age of Myst . The player is then returned to K 'veer , where they have four possible choices . Travelling to Myst without the tablet will cause Esher to angrily abandon the player with no way out . If Esher is given the tablet , he will explain he wishes to use the tablet for domination , and will also leave the player trapped . If the player gives the tablet to Yeesha , the tablet simply slips through her hands and disappears into the ground ; she walks away , disappointed , leaving the player trapped in D 'ni . The only good ending involves giving the Bahro the tablet , ending their enslavement . Arriving at Releeshahn , the new home Age of the D 'ni , Yeesha and Atrus thank the player and speak of a new chapter for the D 'ni people ; Esher is handed over to the Bahro to be punished for his crimes . The game ends on a visit to Releeshahn . = = Development = = Robyn and Rand Miller , Myst 's creators , had initially decided against creating sequels to 1997 's Riven . However , the publishing rights to the series later transferred to Ubisoft , who commissioned two sequels : Myst III : Exile and Myst IV : Revelation . Myst V : End of Ages was officially announced at the 2005 MacWorld Expo by Myst and Riven 's developer , Cyan Worlds . In the announcement , Cyan stated that the game would be the final installment in the series . Whereas most previous Myst titles had forgone 3D graphics rendered in real @-@ time in favor of interactive prerendered environments , Rand Miller decided that technology had advanced to the point that End of Ages could use real @-@ time graphics without sacrificing player immersion . " Over the years the Myst games have become increasingly sophisticated , culminating in Myst V , where we offer striking graphics that players can walk smoothly through , " Miller stated in an interview . Miller emphasized that the goal of the game remained for players to become immersed in Myst 's alternate worlds . A focus in development was to make End of Ages more accessible than previous Myst games , which had often stymied uninitiated players with their puzzles . Learning from the control scheme used in another real @-@ time Myst game ( a remake of the original entitled realMyst ) , Cyan decided to develop multiple control methods to allow new players to quickly learn the controls , as well as provide a familiar interface for franchise veterans . Esher 's experiences with the player 's quest allowed a hint system to be built into the story . Miller wanted to make a significant change from previous games in the series , in that the player 's actions decide the fate of the characters . When asked about the ending , Miller explained , " The future of civilization is down to this point , and the choices you make determine where it goes . " Myst games had typically used chroma key to insert footage of actors into digital backgrounds . The models of End of Ages 's characters were instead computer @-@ generated , but Cyan did not want to lose the warmth and feeling provided by using a live actor . Instead Cyan created a contraption mounted to the actor 's faces that captured video of the actor 's faces while they spoke their lines . The video was then manipulated and used as a facial texture which was mapped onto the 3D characters , and the facial movement was also tracked and used to animate the faces of the characters in @-@ game . Motion capture of the body was also used to ensure lifelike movement . Cyan staff were worried that the audio synching for animation would not be finished in time for the E3 unveiling of the game , but were happy with the end results . Critical reaction to game previews and impressions at E3 was highly positive . Miller was relieved , stating that when the mostly shooter game @-@ dominated showcase declared that End of Ages might be the best game in the series , " That feels good " . = = = Audio = = = Composer Tim Larkin , a sound designer and audio director at Cyan who had previously worked on realMyst and Uru : Ages Beyond Myst , was given the task of developing Myst V 's musical score . Larkin stated that whereas earlier Myst games had been constrained by technological limitations , the available technology allowed End of Ages to have a more dynamic environment , with the music changing with various timings of different sound effects . Surround sound provided a more realistic and immersive gameplay experience . A major challenge in writing the music was that the score had to be flexible enough to match the non @-@ linear gameplay events . " Games are totally interactive experiences , " Larkin explained . " You don 't guide a player through , since you can 't count on being at a certain place at a certain time . I can 't write cue music to get the player to do this , this and then this . One player might hear the cue and run the other way ! " Larkin had to step away from what he had learned as a jazz composer and musician writing pieces with a definite beginning and end , instead creating music with " less arc " and structure . Larkin admitted that some Myst fans would have preferred a musical style similar to Robyn Miller 's scores for Myst and Riven , but replied by saying that change happens and players would find something to like in the new music if they kept an open mind . Due to a tight budget , Larkin was unable to hire an orchestra to perform the music ; all the instruments in the soundtrack aside from Larkin 's own trumpet playing are sampled instruments . Larkin used a variety of synthesizers , samplers , and computers to create the score , working at his home studio and Cyan 's offices . Larkin found that the biggest challenge with the score was finishing it on time for the game to ship . The soundtrack was released in CD format on October 25 , 2005 . = = = Release = = = End of Ages was packaged in two different retail versions for release in September 2005 , to coincide with the 12th anniversary of the franchise 's debut . A standard edition , containing only the game , was released for Windows @-@ based PCs in a CD @-@ ROM format . The limited edition contained the original soundtrack , a collector 's lithograph , strategy guide , and a bonus DVD with a " making of " retrospective on the Myst franchise . The video was made by GameTap , a subsidiary of Turner Broadcasting System ; the behind @-@ the @-@ scenes feature was the first game @-@ related documentary developed by Turner . The limited edition was shipped on hybrid Mac OS X / Windows DVDs , with Macintosh conversion provided by Quebec @-@ based developer Beenox ; this was the only commercial option for Macintosh players . Shortly before End of Ages was released , Cyan announced the layoff of most of the staff and that the company would be ceasing software development . The reason for the sudden closure was a failure to gain financial backing for a new project after End of Ages 's development . Part of the blame for the company 's financial troubles were placed on the commercial disappointment of Uru : Ages Beyond Myst . The company was , according to Rand Miller , " able to pull a rabbit out of a hat " and rehire " almost all " the employees a few weeks later after backing for a new project was secured . With the release of End of Ages , Cyan stated that their next game would have nothing to do with the Myst series . While pitching an unnamed online game to publishers , Cyan produced Cosmic Osmo 's : Hex Isle with online content site Fanista . = = Reception = = Overall , End of Ages was well received by critics . The game was judged a fitting end to the series , and in combination with the other games in the series sold more than 12 million copies by November 2007 . As with previous games , the visuals of End of Ages were widely praised . The switch to real @-@ time rendering was generally seen as a positive step . The game 's music was lauded ; GameSpot 's review noted the use of music in End of Ages was sparse , but the little audio present set the proper tone for different Ages . A few reviewers , such as Charles Herold of the New York Times , felt that the graphics fell short of what was possible , especially compared to the prerendered visuals of Myst IV : Revelation . While Greg Kasavin of GameSpot felt that though the visuals were on par with previous games , End of Ages was missing several elements which made Myst IV more immersive ; only important , story @-@ driving items could be interacted with , for example , and the player makes no sounds or footsteps in the game . The characters of Myst , occasionally ridiculed in previous games , were well received in End of Ages . Publications such as GameSpot and IGN praised the voice acting and the switch to character models ; Jaun Castro of IGN stated that though the player could not interact directly with the characters , the rendered characters wound up " feeling more genuine and real " than in previous games , speaking with genuine conviction and animation . Special praise was given to David Ogden Stiers for bringing Esher to life . A dissenting opinion was presented by reviewer Mark Saltzman , who thought that players might become bored by the " overly dramatic " character dialogue . Critics warmly received the addition of the slate and its related puzzles . Oliver Clare of Eurogamer called the slate system a welcome addition to the Myst formula , although he felt that the recognition of symbols was occasionally too precise . Paul Presley of Computer and Video Games felt that the slate concept could have been explored further , while GameSpot enjoyed the environmental effects created by the slates . End of Ages won several awards upon release , including IGN 's " editor 's choice " . Larkin 's music was nominated under the " Best Interactive Score " category at the 2006 Game Audio Network Guild Awards , and won the 2006 Game Industry News award for best soundtrack .
= The Whale ( The Office ) = " The Whale " is the seventh episode of the ninth season of the American comedy television series The Office . The episode originally aired on NBC on November 15 , 2012 . The episode guest stars Jack Coleman as Robert Lipton and marks the return of actress Melora Hardin as Jan Levenson . The series depicts the everyday lives of office employees in the Scranton , Pennsylvania branch of the fictional Dunder Mifflin Paper Company . In this episode , Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) is tasked with selling paper to a woman — who is later revealed to be Jan ( Hardin ) — from the Scranton White Pages , so Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) and the women of the office teach him how to interact with women . Angela Lipton ( Angela Kinsey ) confides in Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) that her husband , Robert ( Jack Coleman ) — who is secretly having a relationship with Oscar — is cheating on her . Oscar helps her spy on her husband at his yoga class . Meanwhile , Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) convinces several of the men in the office to grow mustaches for " Movember " . " The Whale " received mixed reviews from television critics , with many commenting on Hardin 's appearance . The episode was also viewed by 4 @.@ 16 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 1 / 6 percent rating among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 , ranking fourth in its timeslot . The episode , however , ultimately ranked as the highest @-@ rated NBC series of the night . = = Plot = = Andy Bernard ( Ed Helms ) Skypes into the office from his boat . He is severely sunburned , loses his supply of fresh water in the ocean , and is going mad from lack of human contact despite only been on the boat for two days . Dwight Schrute ( Rainn Wilson ) is tasked with winning the Scranton White Pages account . However , the CEO is a woman , and Dwight has trouble selling to women . Pam Halpert ( Jenna Fischer ) and the women of the office teach him how to interact with women . The lesson , which is taught by Nellie Bertram ( Catherine Tate ) , Erin Hannon ( Ellie Kemper ) , and Phyllis Vance ( Phyllis Smith ) , goes nowhere , and they give up . Pam goes with Dwight to the White Pages , only to find out that the buyer is Jan Levenson ( Melora Hardin ) . Jan was expecting to meet with CEO David Wallace , and reprimands her assistant for the confusion . Pam quickly realizes that the meeting was just a ruse to take revenge on David for firing her five years ago . However , Dwight remains determined to make the sale , so he has Pam stall while he gets Clark ( Clark Duke ) , intuiting that Jan has an attraction to underage men due to her rumored affair with her 17 @-@ year @-@ old former assistant Hunter . After he introduces Clark to her , Jan says she will think about it , and tells everyone to leave her office except Clark . As Pam and Dwight leave , Dwight offers a sympathetic comment to Jan 's assistant ( a woman ) . Pam is pleased , seeing that some of the lessons they gave Dwight on women sunk in after all . Angela Lipton ( Angela Kinsey ) confides in Oscar Martinez ( Oscar Nunez ) that she suspects her husband , Robert ( Jack Coleman ) — who is secretly having a relationship with Oscar — of cheating on her . Oscar thinks that Robert may be seeing another man besides him and convinces Angela that they should spy on Robert at his yoga class . They hide outside of the class and watch as Robert spends time with a younger woman who later turns out to have a boyfriend . Oscar then notices Robert spending most of the yoga practice with a young man , which he finds suspicious . After the class , Robert phones Oscar , and his phone goes off . Oscar panics and silences the phone , and Angela immediately realizes why . Jim Halpert ( John Krasinski ) is on a business call with the investors and members of the business venture he is up for . Many distractions from the background make the call difficult . At the end of the day , Jim apologizes , but then hears the person on the phone saying this is not working out . Meanwhile , Toby Flenderson ( Paul Lieberstein ) convinces several of the men in the office to grow mustaches for " Movember " . He says he is doing this to support the cure for prostate cancer but is actually using it for a chance to socialize more with the office , to no avail . Pete ( Jake Lacy ) later shows Erin his mustache , but she finds it repulsive . He shaves it off shortly after that . = = Production = = " The Whale " was written by executive story editor Carrie Kemper , who is the younger sister of cast member Ellie Kemper , making it her third writing credit for the series . It was directed by Rodman Flender , his first directing credit for the series . The episode sees the return of Melora Hardin as Jan Levenson , a former character in the series who left after the early part of the fifth season . Hardin , did however , make two short appearances on the show during the seventh season episodes " Sex Ed " and " Threat Level Midnight " . Ed Helms only appears in the episode 's cold open ; he was written out of several episodes of the season in order to film The Hangover Part III . The official website of The Office included several cut scenes from " The Whale " within a week of the episode 's release . In the first 105 @-@ second clip , Toby admits to the camera his amusement that the men at Dunder Mifflin are partaking in Movember with him . In the second 76 @-@ second clip , the women of Dunder Mifflin inform Dwight that his knowledge about women is severely lacking at that he has a long way to go . In the third and final 85 @-@ second clip . Dwight and Pam , while in the car , prepare for their " biggest sales call ever " . = = Cultural references = = The title of the episode — " The Whale " — is a reference to the popular 1851 novel Moby @-@ Dick by Herman Melville and its main antagonist , the great white whale . The white pages , which is the sale that Dwight is attempting to make , are a listing of telephone subscribers in a geographical area or subscribers to services provided by the organization that publishes the directory . Toby organizes a Movember celebration , which is an annual , month @-@ long event involving the growing of moustaches during the month of November to raise awareness of prostate cancer and other male cancer and associated charities . = = Broadcast and reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " The Whale " was originally scheduled to air on NBC on November 8 , 2012 , but the previous episode was delayed a week when it was replaced with a rerun of The Voice . It eventually aired a week later , on November 15 , 2012 . In its original broadcast , " The Whale " was viewed by an estimated 4 @.@ 16 million viewers and received a 2 @.@ 1 / 6 percent share rating among adults between the ages of 18 and 49 . This means that it was seen by 2 @.@ 1 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , and 6 percent of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds watching television at the time of the broadcast . This marked a decrease in the ratings from the previous episode , " The Boat " , which had received a 2 @.@ 4 rating / 6 percent . The episode ranked fourth in its timeslot , being beaten by the Fox series Glee which received a 2 @.@ 2 / 6 percent rating , an entry of the CBS drama Person of Interest which received a 2 @.@ 9 / 7 percent rating , and an episode of the ABC series Grey 's Anatomy which received a 3 @.@ 1 / 8 percent rating . Despite this , The Office was highest @-@ rated NBC television program of the night . = = = Reviews = = = Mark Trammell of TV Equals was very pleased with the episode and wrote that " Rainn Wilson [ was ] clearly in his element " . Damon Houx of Screencrush felt that the entry was rushed , which resulted in " most characters [ getting ] 2 @-@ 3 minute storylines , or — in most cases — a joke or line or two . " He called it " one of the better episodes of this last season " , but noted that " the show 's going to end with more of a whimper than a bang " . Cindy White of IGN awarded the episode a 7 @.@ 5 out of 10 , denoting a " good " episode . White complimented Dwight and Pam 's situation , as well Angela and Oscar 's development . However , she noted that it " wasn 't hard to imagine Michael in [ Dwight 's ] situation " . Furthermore , she compared the episode to the third season episode " Women 's Appreciation " . Erik Adams of The A.V. Club awarded the episode a " C " and was critical of the episode 's focus on " the series ’ endgame " , noting that the episode heavily set up both Jim and Dwight 's departure . Dan Forcella of TV Fanatic awarded the episode three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of five . While enjoying the story 's main plots — specifically citing Angela and Oscar 's " sneak around " , and Dwight 's endeavor — he was critical of Jim 's subplot , writing that " I couldn 't care less about the issues he was facing with teleconferencing . " Melora Hardin 's return garnered critical attention . Forcella wrote that " Jan was definitely a welcome appearance " . Furthermore , he praised her " all @-@ around meanness " and the " hilarity of her singing " . Houx wrote that " the return of Jan Levinson and the final solution to get her business was pretty good . " Adams , on the other hand , was critical of the return of Hardin , noting that " there ’ s little reason to justify Melora Hardin ’ s presence in ' The Whale ' " other than " an obligation [ for ] The Office ’ s final @-@ season victory lap . " White noted that it " was nice to see Melora Hardin in the role one last time " , but wrote that " it 's a shame that the show is sticking with the crazy version of the character rather than mellowing her out a bit " . Melora Hardin 's performance was later submitted by the producers of The Office for an " Outstanding Guest Actor in Comedy Series " Emmy consideration .
= 2015 World Series = The 2015 World Series was the 111th edition of Major League Baseball 's championship series , a best @-@ of @-@ seven playoff between the National League ( NL ) champions New York Mets and the American League ( AL ) champions Kansas City Royals . The series was played between October 27 and November 1 , with the Royals winning the series 4 games to 1 . It was the first time since the 2010 World Series that the World Series extended into November . The Royals became the first team since the Oakland Athletics in the 1989 World Series to win the World Series after losing in the previous year . It was also the first World series since the 2009 World Series to not feature the St. Louis Cardinals or San Francisco Giants as the NL Champions . The Royals had home field advantage for the first two games of the series because of the AL 's 6 – 3 victory in the 2015 All @-@ Star Game . It was the 13th World Series in which home field advantage was awarded to the league that won the All @-@ Star Game . The series was played in a 2 – 3 – 2 format : the Royals hosted Games 1 and 2 , and the Mets hosted Games 3 , 4 , and 5 ( there was no Game 6 or 7 , which the Royals would have hosted ) . The Royals won Game 1 in extra innings , tying for the longest game in World Series history . The Royals also won Game 2 with a complete game by Johnny Cueto , who allowed only one unearned run and two hits . With the series shifting to New York , the Mets won Game 3 with home runs by David Wright and Curtis Granderson . The Royals came from behind to win Game 4 after an error by Daniel Murphy led to a blown save by Jeurys Familia . Game 5 also went into extra innings , where bench player Christian Colón drove in the go @-@ ahead run for the Royals , who clinched the series . Salvador Pérez was named the World Series Most Valuable Player . = = Background = = = = = New York Mets = = = The Mets made their fifth appearance in the World Series after sweeping the Cubs 4 – 0 in the 2015 National League Championship Series ( NLCS ) . They had split their four previous appearances , winning the 1969 World Series against the Baltimore Orioles and the 1986 World Series against the Boston Red Sox , while losing the 1973 World Series against the Oakland Athletics and the 2000 World Series against the New York Yankees , their cross @-@ town rivals . The Mets qualified for the postseason by winning the National League ( NL ) East , their sixth division title . They faced the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 2015 NL Division Series , winning in five games . In the 2015 NLCS , Daniel Murphy led the team by hitting home runs in each game of the four @-@ game sweep of the Chicago Cubs . By winning the NLCS , the Mets ensured that they have the most World Series appearances by an expansion franchise with five . In addition , the Mets have made World Series appearances in all but one of their six decades of existence , not appearing in any that were played during the 1990s . This was the first World Series appearance for Mets ' manager Terry Collins . = = = Kansas City Royals = = = The Royals made their second consecutive appearance in the World Series , both under Ned Yost , and fourth overall . They won the 1985 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals , and lost their two other appearances , the 1980 World Series against the Philadelphia Phillies and the 2014 World Series against the San Francisco Giants . The Royals qualified for the postseason by winning the American League ( AL ) Central , their seventh division title and their first since winning the AL West in 1985 . They faced the Houston Astros in the 2015 American League Division Series , winning in five games . They followed that up in the 2015 American League Championship Series , beating the Toronto Blue Jays in six games . By winning the ALCS , the Royals became the first team to play in consecutive World Series since the Texas Rangers played in the 2010 World Series and 2011 World Series . = = = Series preview = = = The series began on October 27 . As the AL won the 2015 All @-@ Star Game , the Royals had home field advantage for the series . The Mets and Royals had not played since 2013 . Though the Mets boasted four starting pitchers who could throw over 95 miles per hour ( 153 km / h ) in Matt Harvey , Noah Syndergaard , Jacob deGrom and Steven Matz , the Royals had the best team batting average against pitches over that speed during the 2015 season . While the Mets starting pitchers had the best strikeout @-@ to @-@ walk ratio in the majors , the Royals , consisting of strong contact hitters , led baseball in contact rate . The Royals also had a superior defensive team , finishing second in the majors in Defensive Runs Saved , while the Mets finished 21st . The Royals bullpen , anchored by Wade Davis and Kelvin Herrera , also provided a strength . While the Mets hitters performed better against left @-@ handed pitchers than right @-@ handed pitchers , the Royals four starting pitchers , Johnny Cueto , Edinson Vólquez , Yordano Ventura , and Chris Young , and primary relievers , Davis , Herrera , Ryan Madson , and Luke Hochevar , are right @-@ handed . = = Summary = = Kansas City won the series , 4 – 1 . = = Game summaries = = = = = Game 1 = = = The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by George Brett . Matt Harvey started Game 1 for the Mets , while Edinson Vólquez started for the Royals . Vólquez 's father had died earlier in the day . He was not aware of his father 's death until after he left the game . On the first pitch thrown by Harvey , Alcides Escobar hit an inside @-@ the @-@ park home run , the first in a World Series game since Mule Haas in the 1929 World Series , and the first hit by a leadoff batter since Patsy Dougherty did it for the Boston Americans in the 1903 World Series . In the fourth inning , Murphy recorded the Mets ' first hit , and later scored their first run on a hit by Travis d 'Arnaud . Curtis Granderson hit a home run in the fifth inning to give the Mets a 2 – 1 lead . The Mets took a 3 – 1 lead in the top of the sixth when Michael Conforto drove in Yoenis Céspedes with a sacrifice fly . Mike Moustakas then saved a run with a diving stop and throw out to first to end the top of the sixth . Eric Hosmer reduced the lead to 3 – 2 with a sacrifice fly , and set a new Royals ' postseason run batted in ( RBI ) record in the process . A single by Moustakas tied the game at three , but in the top of the eighth , Wilmer Flores reached on an fielding error by Hosmer , allowing Juan Lagares to score the go @-@ ahead run and give the Mets a 4 – 3 lead . In the bottom of the ninth with the Mets 2 outs away from taking Game 1 , Alex Gordon tied the game for the Royals with a home run to deep center field , as Jeurys Familia blew his first save in six postseason opportunities and his first since July 30 . With the home run , Gordon became the first player since Scott Brosius in the 2001 World Series , and just the fifth player in history , to tie a World Series game on a home run in the ninth inning . In the bottom of the 11th inning , Granderson robbed the speedy Jarrod Dyson of a multi @-@ base hit with a running , leaping catch that prevented what probably would have been a lead @-@ off triple . The Mets went on to get out of the inning . In the bottom of the 14th , Escobar reached first on a throwing error by David Wright , and Bartolo Colón gave up a base hit to Ben Zobrist , allowing Escobar to reach third . Hosmer hit a sacrifice fly to Granderson in right field to drive in the winning run . This was the first time in World Series history that the same player scored both the first run of the game on the first pitch , and the last run of the game on the final pitch . The game ended at 1 : 18 AM EDT , lasting five hours and nine minutes . The game tied the record for the longest game by innings in World Series history , shared with Game 2 in the 1916 World Series and Game 3 in the 2005 World Series . The loss made Colón the oldest player ever to lose a World Series game . = = = Game 2 = = = In Game 2 , Jacob deGrom started for the Mets , and Johnny Cueto started for the Royals . Cueto walked Curtis Granderson to lead off the fourth and Daniel Murphy one out later . Yoenis Cespedes 's hit into a forecourt at second before Lucas Duda 's RBI single put the Mets up 1 @-@ 0 . Duda hit the Mets ' only other hit in the game in the second and Cueto retired them in order through the ninth . In the fifth inning , Degrom allowed a leadoff walk to Alex Gordon and subsequent single to Alex Rios before Alcides Escobar 's RBI single tied the game . Ben Zobrist 's groundout moved the runners up and after Lorenzo Cain lined out to center , Eric Hosmer 's two @-@ run single put the Royals up 3 @-@ 1 . Kendrys Morales 's single moved Hosmer to third and Mike Moustakas 's single made it 4 @-@ 1 Royals . The Royals blew the game open in the eighth off of Jon Niese , who allowed a leadoff single to Moustakas , subsequent single to Salvador Perez , and RBI double to Gordon . Addison Reed relieved Niese and allowed a sacrifice fly to Paulo Orlando and RBI triple to Escobar to make it 7 @-@ 1 Kansas City . Cueto walked Murphy with two outs in the ninth before getting Cespedes to fly out to right to finish the complete game , becoming the first AL pitcher to accomplish this feat in the World Series since Jack Morris in Game 7 of the 1991 World Series , as the Royals defeated the Mets and took a two games to zero lead in the series . Cueto became the first AL pitcher since Jim Lonborg in the 1967 World Series to throw a World Series complete game while allowing two hits or fewer . = = = Game 3 = = = The series shifted to Citi Field , the home stadium of the Mets , for Game 3 . Yordano Ventura started for the Royals and Noah Syndergaard started for the Mets . The ceremonial first pitch was thrown by Mike Piazza to catcher Kevin Plawecki . With no designated hitter ( DH ) in NL parks , the Mets started Michael Conforto , their DH for Game 2 , in the outfield instead of Juan Lagares , and the Royals did not start Kendrys Morales , their regular DH . Zobrist scored the Royals ' first run in the first inning on a force play . In the bottom of the first inning , Wright hit a two @-@ run home run that also scored Granderson . For the Royals , Alex Ríos drove Salvador Pérez home in the second inning , and scored on a passed ball by d 'Arnaud , giving the Royals a 3 – 2 lead . Granderson hit a two @-@ run home run in the third inning , and the Mets took a 4 – 3 lead . The Mets added a run in the fourth inning on an RBI single by Conforto , and four more in the sixth inning . The Royals made a few uncharacteristic mistakes in this game , the first coming in the fourth inning when pitcher Yordano Ventura forgot to cover the base on a ground ball to the first baseman , and the second in the sixth inning when Royals pitcher Franklin Morales triple @-@ clutched Granderson 's ground ball , allowing all runners to be safe , which led to a 2 @-@ run single by Wright . In the fifth inning , Royals player Raúl A. Mondesí made his Major League Baseball debut , pinch hitting for Danny Duffy . Mondesí became the first player ever to make his MLB debut in the World Series . = = = Game 4 = = = The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by country singer Tim McGraw , son of the late Mets relief pitcher Tug McGraw . The starting pitchers for Game 4 were Chris Young of the Royals and Steven Matz of the Mets . Conforto scored the game 's first run with a home run in the third inning , and Flores scored later in the inning on a Granderson sacrifice fly , where right @-@ fielder Ríos didn 't make an immediate throw home thinking that was the third out , even though it was just the second out of the inning . The Royals cut the deficit to 2 – 1 in the top of the fifth when Pérez doubled and was then driven in by Gordon . However , in the bottom of the fifth , Conforto hit another home run , becoming the first rookie to hit two home runs in a World Series game since Andruw Jones in the 1996 World Series . In the sixth inning , Zobrist hit his eighth double of the postseason , tying a postseason record previously set by Albert Pujols and David Freese of the 2011 St. Louis Cardinals . Lorenzo Cain drove in Zobrist in to make it a 3 – 2 game . In the eighth inning , after recording the first out , Tyler Clippard walked two consecutive batters to force Terry Collins to bring in Familia . A key fielding error by Daniel Murphy allowed the tying run to score . The Royals took the lead on an RBI single from Moustakas , and then Pérez added an insurance run with another RBI base hit to give Kansas City the 5 – 3 lead . For Familia , it was his second blown save of the series , and second out of seven opportunities this postseason , though this one could be partly attributed to Murphy 's error . Wade Davis converted a two @-@ inning save for the Royals , his fourth overall this postseason . Davis pitched a perfect eighth , but got into some trouble with one out in the ninth when Murphy hit a hard grounder that Moustakas couldn 't field cleanly , and then Céspedes got a base hit to bring the winning run to the plate in Duda . However , Duda hit a soft line drive that was caught by Moustakas , who then doubled off Céspedes at first base to end the game . Céspedes had started running thinking that the ball would hit the ground . = = = Game 5 = = = Vólquez returned to the Dominican Republic for his father 's funeral the day after Game 1 , but returned to the Royals in time to start Game 5 . Harvey started for the Mets . Tony Bennett performed " America the Beautiful " , and the first pitch was thrown by Cleon Jones , Mookie Wilson , and Darryl Strawberry . Granderson led off the first inning with a home run for the Mets , and scored the Mets ' second run in the sixth inning . The Mets had a chance to break the game open in that sixth inning as they loaded the bases with no outs , but had to settle for one run after Céspedes lined a foul ball off his leg and was injured , leaving the game after popping up for the first out of the inning . Duda hit a sacrifice fly before d 'Arnaud grounded out to end the inning . Harvey pitched eight shutout innings for the Mets , and convinced Collins to keep him in the game for the ninth . He then gave up a leadoff walk to Cain in the ninth inning , and the Royals got a run when Hosmer drove Cain in with a double , prompting Collins to call upon Familia to relieve Harvey . After a groundout by Moustakas advanced Hosmer to third base with one out , Pérez hit a ground ball to third baseman Wright , who after checking Hosmer at third , threw to first base for the second out ; however , Hosmer broke for home as soon as the ball was thrown , and Duda , who fielded the out at first , threw wide at home attempting to throw Hosmer out , and the latter scored the tying run , resulting in Familia blowing his third save of the postseason and the series ; his eight save opportunities tied the postseason record set in 2002 by Robb Nen . In the top of the 12th inning , with Addison Reed pitching for the Mets , Pérez hit a single for the Royals . Pinch running for Pérez , Dyson stole a base and scored on a single by pinch hitter Christian Colón . Colón scored on a hit by Escobar . The Royals loaded the bases , and Cain drove home three more runs with a double off of Bartolo Colón . Davis pitched a shutout inning for the Royals to complete the series and win the championship . He struck out Flores looking to end the game , series , and baseball season . Pérez , who batted 8 @-@ for @-@ 22 ( .364 ) in the series , and caught every inning for the Royals with the exception of the final inning of the series , won the World Series Most Valuable Player Award . He became the first catcher to win the award since Pat Borders won it in the 1992 World Series , and the second Venezuelan player , following Pablo Sandoval , who won it in the 2012 World Series . = = = Composite line score = = = 2015 World Series ( 4 – 1 ) : Kansas City Royals beat New York Mets . = = Broadcasting = = = = = Television = = = Fox broadcast the series in the United States , with play @-@ by @-@ play announcer Joe Buck calling the action along with color analysts Harold Reynolds and Tom Verducci and field reporters Ken Rosenthal and Erin Andrews . The pregame and postgame show featured host Kevin Burkhardt with analysts Frank Thomas , Raul Ibanez , Pete Rose , and Alex Rodriguez . Fox Deportes offered a Spanish telecast of the series in the United States . The MLB International feed featured Matt Vasgersian and John Smoltz with play @-@ by @-@ play and analysis , respectively . Fox suffered an outage during their broadcast of Game 1 , resulting in a loss of coverage for 15 minutes , followed a 5 @-@ minute delay in @-@ game while officials addressed the availability of video review due to the loss of Fox 's feed . The teams agreed to allow the use of footage from MLB International 's world feed of the game for video review , while Fox also temporarily switched to the MLB International feed with Vasgersian and Smoltz , later replaced by Buck , Reynolds , and Verducci before the main Fox Sports production was restored . The World Series started on a Tuesday for the second straight year , instead of a Wednesday as in the past . The practice was to avoid games on Thursday and Monday nights , generally big days of television viewing , where Fox 's telecast would face stiff competition from Thursday Night Football , ESPN College Football Thursday Primetime , various popular primetime entertainment shows , and Monday Night Football . = = = = Ratings = = = = Game 1 of the World Series averaged a 4 @.@ 6 rating on Fox , making it the most watched Game 1 since the 2010 World Series . Game 2 then had a 3 @.@ 9 rating , up 24 percent from last season 's Game 2 . The series also recorded the most watched Game 3 since 2009 . Game 5 went head @-@ to @-@ head with an NBC Sunday Night Football game between the Green Bay Packers and Denver Broncos , both of which were previously unbeaten . Media sources like Sporting News predicted that this heavy competition would result in series @-@ low ratings . While the football game drew the larger audience , the Royals and Mets did average a 10 @.@ 0 rating , the highest for a World Series Game 5 since 2003 . = = = Radio = = = ESPN Radio aired the series , with Dan Shulman on play @-@ by @-@ play , Aaron Boone handling color commentary , and Buster Olney serving as field reporter . Tampa Bay Rays pitcher Chris Archer served as a guest commentator for selected innings in Games 1 , 2 and 5 . Marc Kestecher anchored pre @-@ game and post @-@ game coverage for the network along with Chris Singleton and Peter Pascarelli . Locally , the series was broadcast on the teams ' flagship radio stations with their respective announcing crews . In New York , WOR aired the games in English , with Howie Rose and Josh Lewin announcing , while WEPN @-@ AM aired the games in Spanish , with Juan Alicea and Max Pérez Jiménez announcing . In Kansas City , KCSP broadcast the games , with Denny Matthews , Ryan Lefebvre , Steve Stewart , and Steve Physioc announcing . WEPN @-@ FM and WHB , the ESPN Radio affiliates in New York and Kansas City respectively , aired the network 's coverage of the series in those cities . = = Historical notes = = This was the first World Series in which both teams were expansion teams , which are teams that were formed after the 1960 season ; the Mets began play in 1962 , while the Royals began play in 1969 . Additionally , they have been the most successful expansion teams in the major leagues : the Mets and Royals were the first expansion teams in their respective leagues to not only win a league championship pennant ( 1969 for the Mets and 1980 for the Royals ) but the World Series as well ( the Mets in 1969 and the Royals in 1985 ) ; with five and four pennants respectively , they are the only expansion franchises with more than two league titles . Each team was also seeking to end a long championship drought ; the Royals ' previous championship was in 1985 , with the Mets ' last title coming one year later in 1986 . The Mets and Royals met on Opening Day of the 2016 season , on April 3 , 2016 , for a Sunday night game of the 2016 season in Kansas City . = = = Popular culture = = = In the 1989 film Back to the Future Part II , the Chicago Cubs are depicted as the 2015 World Series champions , defeating a fictional American League team from Miami , whose mascot is an alligator . Screenwriter Bob Gale , who co @-@ wrote the script of Back to the Future Part II , originally intended it as a joke , saying " Being a baseball fan , I thought , ' OK , let 's come up with one of the most unlikely scenarios we can think of ' " , referencing both the Cubs ' long championship drought , and the fact that Florida did not have a baseball team in 1989 . He also explained the October 21 prediction was based on the postseason structure at the time , and thus could have been accurate had MLB not added the Division Series in 1994 ( but not played until 1995 due to the strike ) and the Wild Card Game in 2012 .
= Mycena multiplicata = Mycena multiplicata is a species of mushroom in the Mycenaceae family . First described as a new species in 2007 , the mushroom is known only from Kanagawa , Japan , where it grows on dead fallen twigs in lowland forests dominated by oak . The mushroom has a whitish cap that reaches up to 13 mm ( 0 @.@ 51 in ) in diameter atop a slender stem 15 to 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 59 to 0 @.@ 79 in ) long by 1 to 1 @.@ 3 mm ( 0 @.@ 039 to 0 @.@ 051 in ) thick . On the underside of the cap are whitish , distantly spaced gills that are narrowly attached to the stem . Microscopic characteristics of the mushroom include the amyloid spores ( turning bluish @-@ black to black in the presence of Melzer 's reagent ) , the pear @-@ shaped to broadly club @-@ shaped cheilocystidia ( cystidia found on the gill edge ) covered with a few to numerous , unevenly spaced , cylindrical protuberances , the lack of pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) , and the diverticulate hyphae in the outer layer of the cap and stem . The edibility of the mushroom is unknown . = = Taxonomy , naming , and classification = = The mushroom was first collected by Japanese mycologist Haruki Takahashi in 1999 , and reported as a new species in a 2007 , along with seven other Japanese Mycenas . The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word multiplicata , meaning " multiplicative " . Its Japanese name is Keashi @-@ ochiedatake ( ケアシオチエダタケ ) . Takahashi suggests that the mushroom is best classified in the section Mycena of the genus Mycena , as defined by Dutch Mycena specialist Maas Geesteranus . = = Description = = The cap of M. multiplicata is conical to convex to bell @-@ shaped , reaching 7 to 13 mm ( 0 @.@ 28 to 0 @.@ 51 in ) in diameter . It is often shallowly grooved toward the margin , dry , and somewhat hygrophanous ( changing color when it loses or absorbs water ) . The cap surface is initially pruinose ( appearing as if covered with a fine white powder ) , but soon becomes smooth . The cap color is whitish , sometimes pale brownish at the center . The white flesh is up to 0 @.@ 3 mm thick , and does not have any distinctive taste or odor . The slender stem is 15 to 20 mm ( 0 @.@ 59 to 0 @.@ 79 in ) long by 1 to 1 @.@ 3 mm ( 0 @.@ 039 to 0 @.@ 051 in ) thick , cylindrical , centrally attached to the cap , and hollow . Its surface is dry , pruinose near the top , and covered with fine , soft hairs toward the base . It is whitish to grayish @-@ violet near the top , gradually becoming dark violet below . The stem base is covered with long , fairly coarse , whitish fibrils . The gills are narrowly attached to the stem , distantly spaced ( between 13 and 16 gills reach the stem ) , up to 1 @.@ 7 mm broad , thin , and whitish , with the gill edges the same color as the gill faces . The edibility of the mushroom has not been determined . = = = Microscopic characteristics = = = The spores are ellipsoid , thin @-@ walled , smooth , colorless , amyloid , and measure 8 – 9 @.@ 5 by 4 µm . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are 24 – 31 by 6 @.@ 5 – 7 @.@ 5 µm , club @-@ shaped , four @-@ spored , and have clamps at the basal septa . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) are abundant , pear @-@ shaped to broadly club @-@ shaped , and measure 17 – 28 by 11 – 20 µm . They are covered with a few to numerous excrescences ( outgrowths ) that are 2 – 18 by 1 – 3 µm , colorless , and thin @-@ walled . The excrescences are unevenly spaced , simple to somewhat branched , cylindrical , and straight or curved . There are no pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) in this species . The hymenophoral ( gill @-@ producing ) tissue is made of thin @-@ walled hyphae that are 7 – 20 µm wide , cylindrical ( but often inflated ) , smooth , hyaline ( translucent ) , and dextrinoid ( staining reddish to reddish @-@ brown in Melzer 's reagent ) . The cap cuticle is made of parallel , bent @-@ over hyphae that are 3 – 5 µm wide , cylindrical , and covered with simple to highly branched colorless diverticulae that have thin walls . The layer of hyphae underneath the cap cuticle have a parallel arrangement , and are hyaline and dextrinoid , and made of short and inflated cells that are up to 52 µm wide . The stem cuticle is made of parallel , bent @-@ over hyphae that are 2 – 10 µm wide , cylindrical , diverticulate , colorless or pale violet , dextrinoid , and thin @-@ walled . The caulocystidia ( cystidia on the stem ) are 2 – 6 µm wide , and otherwise similar in appearance to the cheilocystidia . The stem tissue is made of longitudinally arranged , cylindrical hyphae measuring 5 – 13 µm wide that are smooth , hyaline , and dextrinoid . Clamp connections are present in the cap cuticle and flesh , and at the septa at the base of the basidia . = = = Similar species = = = Within the section Mycena , M. multiplicata is similar to the Malaysian species M. obcalyx in having a grayish @-@ white cap , lobed cheilocystidia with finger @-@ like outgrowths , and a lignicolous habitat . M. obcalyx may be distinguished by forming much smaller fruit bodies ( with caps 2 – 4 mm wide ) with subdecurrent gills , a pruinose , hyaline white stem , and broadly ellipsoid spores . = = Habitat and distribution = = Mycena multiplicata is known only from Kanagawa , Japan . It is found growing solitary or scattered , on dead fallen twigs in lowland forests dominated by the oak species Quercus myrsinaefolia and Q. serrata .
= Chetco River = The Chetco River is a 56 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 90 km ) stream located in the southwestern portion of the U.S. state of Oregon . It drains approximately 352 square miles ( 912 km2 ) of Curry County . Flowing through a rugged and isolated coastal region , it descends rapidly from about 3 @,@ 200 feet ( 975 m ) to sea level at the Pacific Ocean . Except for the lowermost 5 miles ( 8 km ) , the river is located entirely within the Rogue River – Siskiyou National Forest . The river rises in the Kalmiopsis Wilderness , northwest of Chetco Peak at the junction of the Oregon Coast Range and the Klamath Mountains . It flows generally north , west , and then southwest , before emptying into the ocean between Brookings and Harbor , approximately 6 miles ( 10 km ) north of the California state line . The Chetco River 's watershed remains largely undeveloped , protected by the Rogue River – Siskiyou National Forest and the Kalmiopsis Wilderness . The upper 45 miles ( 72 km ) of the river have been designated Wild and Scenic since 1988 . Native Americans have lived in the Chetco River 's watershed for the last one to three thousand years . Several explorers , including Sir Francis Drake , George Vancouver , and Jedediah Smith , visited the region between the 16th and 19th centuries , and found the Chetco people inhabiting the area . Non @-@ indigenous settlers arrived soon after gold and other precious metals were discovered in the 1840s and 1850s . The town of Brookings was founded in the early 20th century , and incorporated in 1951 . Fourteen thousand residents of Brookings and Harbor rely on the Chetco for drinking water . Supporting a large population of salmon and trout , the Chetco 's water is of very high quality . The watershed is home to many other species , including several that are endemic to the Siskiyou Mountains area . The northernmost grove of Redwoods — the tallest trees on Earth — grow in the southern region of the Chetco 's drainage basin . In total , the river is home to over 200 species of animals , and 97 percent of the watershed is forested . = = Course = = The Chetco River begins about 4 miles ( 6 km ) east of Chetco Peak , approximately 3 @,@ 201 feet ( 975 @.@ 7 m ) above sea level . It flows north , gathering small tributaries such as the Little Chetco River and Babyfoot Creek . The river turns west near the 5 @,@ 098 @-@ foot @-@ tall ( 1 @,@ 554 m ) Pearsoll Peak , the highest point in the watershed . It receives Box Canyon Creek on the left bank , Tincup Creek on the right bank , and Boulder Creek on the left . It then flows south , gathering the South Fork Chetco River . A few miles farther south , the river passes through a Redwood grove . It flows between Bosley Butte to the north and Mount Emily to the south ; the latter is the impact site of one of only four bombs known to have been dropped in the continental United States by an enemy aircraft . This occurred during the Lookout Air Raids of 1942 . Turning southwest , the river flows through Alfred A. Loeb State Park and collects the North Fork Chetco River on the right at river mile ( RM ) 5 ( or river kilometer ( RK ) 8 ) . The Chetco becomes an estuary about 1 @.@ 7 miles ( 2 @.@ 7 km ) from its mouth . It passes through the communities of Brookings to the north and Harbor to the south , and discharges into the Pacific Ocean . = = = Discharge = = = The United States Geological Survey monitors the flow of the Chetco River at a stream gauge at RM 10 @.@ 7 ( RK 17 @.@ 2 ) , which is 6 @.@ 8 miles ( 11 km ) northeast of Brookings . It opened in 1969 , and continues to operate . The average flow was 2 @,@ 263 cubic feet per second ( 64 @.@ 08 m3 / s ) from a drainage area of 271 square miles ( 702 km2 ) , about 77 percent of the Chetco 's total drainage basin . The maximum recorded flow was 85 @,@ 400 cubic feet per second ( 2 @,@ 420 m3 / s ) on December 22 , 1964 , during the Pacific Northwest flood of 1964 . The minimum flow was 42 cubic feet per second ( 1 @.@ 2 m3 / s ) on October 14 , 1987 . = = Watershed = = The Chetco River drains 352 square miles ( 912 km2 ) of the southern Oregon Coast . About 78 percent is owned by the United States Forest Service , and another 5 percent is owned by the Bureau of Land Management . Sixteen percent is privately owned , while the remaining one percent is managed by the cities of Brookings and Harbor , Curry County , and the state of Oregon . Approximately 97 percent of the land is used for forestry , 2 percent for agriculture and rural areas , and 1 percent is urban . Gravel and minerals are mined from the lower and upper regions of the watershed , respectively . The region is mostly mountainous , characterized by steep river valleys . Elevations in the Chetco River watershed range from sea level to 5 @,@ 098 feet ( 1 @,@ 554 m ) at the summit of Pearsoll Peak . Precipitation averages between 45 and 140 inches ( 1 @,@ 143 and 3 @,@ 556 mm ) per year , with October through June being the wettest months . Seventy percent of surface runoff is collected from rain , and 30 percent from rain on snow . Twenty @-@ five separate wetlands totaling 93 acres ( 38 ha ) have been identified in the watershed . Temperatures average between 32 and 82 ° F ( 0 and 28 ° C ) , although the Brookings effect ( or Chetco effect ; similar to a foehn wind ) often brings localized hot weather to the Brookings area . The increase in temperature is caused by the geography of the region ; cool air funnels down the Chetco River valley from the Siskiyou and Coast ranges , gradually heating up before eventually reaching Brookings as a warm wind . The mountains also shield the area from cool marine layers . Partially as a result of this phenomenon , Brookings recorded its highest temperature ever , 108 ° F ( 42 ° C ) , on July 8 , 2008 . Earthquakes are common , and large @-@ scale ones occur around every 300 years . The Cascadia earthquake of 1700 — estimated at 8 @.@ 7 – 9 @.@ 2 on the moment magnitude scale — caused a tsunami to sweep across California , Oregon , Washington , and British Columbia , reaching Japan the next day . It was produced when the entire Cascadia subduction zone , about 680 miles ( 1 @,@ 100 km ) long , slipped approximately 66 feet ( 20 m ) in a megathrust event . Another major earthquake occurred in 1873 near present @-@ day Brookings . With a magnitude of 7 @.@ 3 , the quake was felt from Seattle to San Francisco . Wind is also a factor in the region ; storms can sometimes reach over 100 miles per hour ( 160 km / h ) . The Columbus Day Storm of 1962 brought devastating winds to nearly all of Oregon ; nearby Port Orford recorded gusts exceeding 190 miles per hour ( 310 km / h ) . The storm killed 38 people across the state and caused over $ 200 million worth of damage . The watershed often experiences wildfires , some of them major . The Biscuit Fire of 2002 burned over 500 @,@ 000 acres ( 200 @,@ 000 ha ) of the Kalmiopsis Wilderness and surrounding regions . As of the 2010 census , the city of Brookings had a population of 6 @,@ 336 , while nearby Harbor had 2 @,@ 391 . In total , over 14 @,@ 000 residents of the Brookings – Harbor area depend on the Chetco River for drinking water . Nearby watersheds include the Winchuck and Smith rivers to the south , the Pistol River to the north , and the Illinois River , a tributary of the Rogue River , to the north and east . = = Flora and fauna = = The Chetco River watershed is covered primarily by temperate coniferous forest , which includes species such as Douglas fir , western hemlock , white fir , Port Orford cedar , California incense cedar , and Sitka spruce . Jeffrey pine , knobcone pine , and golden chinquapin have also been identified . Hardwoods including tanoak , bigleaf maple , red alder , and Pacific madrone are common . Manzanita , hazelnut , vine maple , western skunk cabbage , and multiple species of berries and grasses make up the understory . Kalmiopsis , a flowering evergreen shrub and the namesake of the Kalmiopsis Wilderness , only grows in the Siskiyou Mountains . Several noxious weeds have also been identified , including gorse , Scotch broom , blackberries , and thistles . The most prevalent species of the extreme southern portion of the watershed is the coastal redwood , one of the tallest types of trees on Earth . The world 's northernmost redwood grove is located near the south bank of the Chetco at RM 15 ( RK 24 ) , about 8 miles ( 10 km ) north of the California border . Trees here are around 300 to 800 years old , 5 to 13 feet ( 2 to 4 m ) in diameter , and some exceed 300 feet ( 91 m ) tall . The redwoods were heavily logged in the early 20th century . Prior to logging , the massive trees created their own microclimate by capturing moisture from fog , and also by the immense amount of shade they produced . The redwoods region is less mountainous than the rest of the watershed , and meandering streams are much more common . Over 200 species of animals inhabit the river and its tributaries . Birds such as loons , grebes , ducks , kingfishers , and bald eagles are known to live around streams and other regions of the watershed . Auks , gulls , and terns have been spotted around the river 's mouth , and black @-@ legged kittiwakes nest in the area during the winter . The wildlife in the Kalmiopsis region of the Chetco watershed is more diverse than that of any other region in Oregon . Mammals such as American black bears , black @-@ tailed deer , bobcats , ring @-@ tailed cats , and gray foxes are common inhabitants of this region . The rare Siskiyou chipmunk is endemic to the Klamath Mountains . Steelhead and chinook and coho salmon are the most common anadromous fish that inhabit the Chetco River . Steelhead are abundant and have been spotted in most major and minor streams . Chinook salmon usually travel as far as Boulder Creek , about halfway between the Chetco 's headwaters and its mouth . Coho also generally stay in this area , but some have been found in the Granite and Carter Creek area , about 12 miles ( 19 km ) above Boulder Creek . Coastal cutthroat trout can be found all around the watershed ; some migrate to the ocean , while others live in the river and its tributaries year round . Pacific lamprey , three @-@ spined stickleback , and various sculpins have also been observed . = = Geology = = The Chetco River flows through the ancient Klamath Mountain terrane , which is between 400 and 100 million years old , the oldest rocks in Oregon . The Klamath microcontinent was originally located beneath the ocean near southern California before separating hundreds of millions of years ago . Plate tectonics pushed the microcontinent north , and bits of granite , sea floor sediment , subduction zones , and coral reefs gradually accreted into small islands . Between 212 and 170 million years ago , a massive volcanic arc erupted on the Klamath microcontinent , binding the islands together in a single block . The Klamath microcontinent went through a period of intense tectonic activity known as the Siskiyou orogeny roughly 170 to 165 million years ago . The process was strong enough to force sedimentary rocks deep into the Earth 's crust , melting them into large plutons of granite , which rose slowly to the surface . Shortly after , a large portion of sea floor was thrust over the older Klamath terranes ; much of it is still visible atop Vulcan and Chetco peaks . This region is known as the Josephine Ophiolite , and contains a rare type of rock called peridotite , originating from the Earth 's mantle . The mountainous terrain of the Chetco River watershed was created approximately 130 million years ago when the microcontinent collided with the much larger North American continent . The process uplifted the complex and exotic terranes of the microcontinent to form the Klamath Mountains . Many glaciers carved U @-@ shaped valleys and cirques during the last ice age , and several alpine lakes still exist today . Today , sandstone , shale , granite , and serpentine are the primary rock types in the Chetco region . Various forms of loam comprise its soil . Erosion levels are high due to a combination of high precipitation , steep slopes , and landslides , which can result in earthflows . = = History = = Humans have lived in the Chetco River watershed since approximately 1 @,@ 000 to 3 @,@ 000 years ago . The first inhabitants were perhaps ancestors of the Chetco Indians and other Native American tribes , themselves descendants of the first humans who traveled across the Bering land bridge from Siberia over 10 @,@ 000 years ago . At least nine separate villages were constructed along the Chetco River , including two on either side of its mouth . The Native Americans named the river " chit taa @-@ ghii ~ -li ~ ’ " . The first European American to visit the area may have been Sir Francis Drake on June 5 , 1579 , during his circumnavigation of the world . The Vancouver Expedition also explored the area in 1792 . In June 1828 Jedediah Smith and his company of fur traders camped on the south bank of the river near a Native American village . Between 1853 and 1855 , many Native Americans were killed and their villages destroyed in skirmishes occurring around the same time as the nearby Rogue River Wars . On July 9 , 1856 , the remaining Chetco were marched north to the Siletz Reservation . Oregon — and therefore the Chetco watershed — was jointly occupied by the United Kingdom and the United States after the Treaty of 1818 was signed . The Oregon Treaty was ratified in 1846 , giving the United States ownership of Oregon . Soon after , the Oregon Territory was established , and Oregon became a U.S. state on February 14 , 1859 . The discovery of gold and other precious metals in the watershed brought settlers to the region in the 1840s and 1850s . Nickel , cobalt , and chromium were also mined . The town of Harbor was founded on the south bank of the Chetco River in 1891 , and a ferry service across the river opened in 1904 . It was shut down in 1915 when the Chetco Bridge opened . In 1912 , the Brookings Lumber & Box Company moved north from the San Bernardino Mountains in southern California to the southern Oregon coast region . The company constructed a sawmill in 1914 , and founded the town of Brookings . Brookings was not incorporated until 1951 . The region remained relatively isolated due to its mountainous terrain until 1924 , when Highway 101 was extended from Crescent City , California , to Brookings . In 1932 , the Isaac Lee Patterson Bridge was completed over the Rogue River to the north , connecting the region to the rest of the Oregon coast . In 1917 , a 1 @,@ 200 @-@ foot @-@ long ( 366 m ) wharf was built at the mouth of the river . Jetties were constructed on either side of its mouth by the United States Army Corps of Engineers in 1957 . The Siskiyou National Forest was created on October 5 , 1906 , protecting the entire upper portion of the Chetco watershed . The nearby Rogue River National Forest was combined with it in 2004 , creating the nearly 1 @,@ 800 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 728 @,@ 000 ha ) Rogue River – Siskiyou National Forest . In 1964 , the United States Congress set aside over 80 @,@ 000 acres ( 32 @,@ 000 ha ) of the eastern Chetco River watershed and surrounding regions to create the Kalmiopsis Wilderness . The wilderness was expanded several times in the 1970s , and now encompasses over 180 @,@ 000 acres ( 72 @,@ 800 ha ) . On October 28 , 1988 , a 44 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 71 @.@ 6 km ) stretch of the Chetco River was designated a National Wild and Scenic River , from its headwaters to the boundary of the Rogue River – Siskiyou National Forest . In a court case in 1994 , the Chetco was determined to be navigable . In 2002 , over 500 @,@ 000 acres ( 202 @,@ 000 ha ) of the eastern portion of the watershed and surrounding regions were destroyed in the Biscuit Fire . Originally five separate fires , it was caused by several lightning strikes between July 12 and 15 . By August 17 , all five had burned together , creating one massive fire . It burned for over five months and was not fully extinguished until December 31 . In 2002 , 45 acres ( 18 ha ) of land on the Little Chetco River were sold to Washington real estate developer David Rutan , only several months after the Biscuit Fire tore through the region . He opened a gold mining camp on the site in 2007 , flying in customers by helicopter . Curry County officials soon stated that the camp violated zoning and sanitation laws , but inspections were stymied because of the area 's inaccessibility . Rutan bought several more claims in the Wild and Scenic section of the Chetco River in the following years , beginning 6 miles ( 10 km ) inside the Kalmiopsis Wilderness , and ending 24 miles ( 39 km ) downstream . Despite environmentalists ' concerns , he proposed mining the Chetco riverbed for gold and minerals via commercial suction dredges , permitted by the General Mining Act of 1872 . In 2010 , the Chetco River was identified as the seventh most endangered river in America by advocacy organization American Rivers , facing a threat of " motorized instream mining " . Oregon 's governor , Ted Kulongoski , two senators , Ron Wyden and Jeff Merkley , and congressman Peter DeFazio all asked the United States Department of Agriculture to withdraw the Chetco River from the 1872 Mining Act , thus preventing mineral mining on the river . However , Rutan forfeited his claims by not paying his annual filing fees to the Bureau of Land Management in 2011 . = = Pollution = = The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality ( DEQ ) has monitored the Chetco River for eight different parameters that affect water quality : temperature , oxygen saturation , pH , nutrients , bacteria , chemical contaminants such as pesticides and metals , turbidity , and alkalinity . Streams that exceed the standard level are then placed on the DEQ 303d list in accordance with the Clean Water Act . The Chetco from Box Canyon Creek to its mouth exceeded the standard level for temperature and turbidity . The North Fork , South Fork , and other tributaries were also listed for temperature and turbidity . All tributaries of the Chetco usually exceed the 64 ° F ( 18 ° C ) temperature standard . Water temperatures range from 62 @.@ 6 ° F ( 17 @.@ 0 ° C ) at Bosley Creek to 76 ° F ( 24 ° C ) at Willow Bar . High turbidity levels in the Chetco River watershed are usually caused by landslides , various forms of erosion , and plugged road culverts . On the Oregon Water Quality Index ( OWQI ) used by DEQ , water quality scores can vary from 10 ( worst ) to 100 ( ideal ) . The average for the Chetco River at RM 10 @.@ 8 ( RK 17 @.@ 4 ) between 1998 and 2007 was 95 ( excellent ) in the summer and 90 in the fall , winter , and spring . These scores are comparable to the 1986 to 1995 results of 94 and 93 . Despite the excellent ratings , the Chetco River actually ranks as the second most polluted stream in Curry County , after nearby Floras Creek , a tributary of the New River . = = Recreation = = Fishing , four @-@ wheel driving , swimming , boating , camping , sightseeing , and picnicking are the primary recreational activities in the watershed . Whitewater kayaking is also popular in the winter months when water levels are high . Several trails are maintained throughout the Kalmiopsis Wilderness , as well as other regions in the watershed . Eight boat launches are located on the river between its confluence with the south fork and its mouth . Alfred A. Loeb State Park , located on the banks of the Chetco , has three cabins and 48 camping sites . Several large parks are located in Brookings . The 33 @-@ acre ( 13 ha ) Azalea Park in Brookings features five species of wild azaleas . The park was designated an Oregon State Park in 1939 , but was given to Brookings in 1993 . It hosts the American Music Festival from June until September . The Nature 's Coastal Holiday light show is displayed in Azalea Park every December . Chetco Point Park , located near the wharf , has several fire rings and picnic tables , as well as views of the river , the Pacific Ocean , and the Port of Brookings Harbor . It is home to the rare Wolf 's Evening Primrose .
= Ken Livingstone = Kenneth Robert " Ken " Livingstone ( born 17 June 1945 ) is an English politician who served as the Leader of the Greater London Council ( GLC ) from 1981 until the council was abolished in 1986 , and as Mayor of London from the creation of the office in 2000 until 2008 . He also served as the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Brent East from 1987 to 2001 . A suspended member of the Labour Party , he was on the party 's hard left , ideologically identifying as a democratic socialist . Born in Lambeth , South London , to a working @-@ class family , Livingstone joined Labour in 1968 and was elected to represent Norwood at the GLC in 1973 , Hackney North and Stoke Newington in 1977 , and Paddington in 1981 , when he was elected leader of the GLC by Labour members . Attempting to reduce London Underground fares , his plans were challenged in court and declared unlawful ; more successful were his schemes to benefit women and underprivileged minorities , despite stiff opposition . Livingstone was heavily criticised in the mainstream media for supporting controversial issues like republicanism , LGBT rights , and a United Ireland , and given the moniker " Red Ken " . Livingstone was a vocal opponent of the Conservative Party government of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher , which in 1986 abolished the GLC . Elected as MP for Brent East in 1987 , he became closely associated with anti @-@ racist campaigns . He unsuccessfully stood for Labour Party leader on a leftist platform in 1992 and 1994 , and became a vocal critic of Tony Blair 's New Labour project that pushed the party to the centre . After failing to become Labour 's candidate in the 2000 London mayoral election , Livingstone successfully contested the election as an independent candidate . In his first term as Mayor of London , he introduced the congestion charge , Oyster card , and articulated buses , and unsuccessfully opposed the government 's privatisation of London Underground . Despite his opposition to Blair 's government on issues like the Iraq War , Livingstone was invited to stand for re @-@ election as Labour 's candidate and was re @-@ elected in 2004 , expanding his transport policies , introducing new environmental regulations , and enacting civil rights policies . Initiating and overseeing London 's winning bid to host the 2012 Summer Olympics and ushering in a major redevelopment of the city 's East End , his leadership after the 7 July 2005 London bombings was widely praised . He stood unsuccessfully as Labour candidate in London 's mayoral elections of 2008 and 2012 , losing both to the Conservative candidate Boris Johnson . Characterised as " the only truly successful Left @-@ wing British politician of modern times " , Livingstone is a highly controversial figure in British politics . Supporters lauded his efforts to improve rights for women , LGBT people , and ethnic minorities in London , but critics accused him of cronyism and antisemitism and lambasted his connections to Islamists , Marxists , and Irish republicans . = = Early life = = = = = Childhood and young adulthood : 1945 – 1967 = = = Livingstone was born in his grandmother 's house in Lambeth , south London , on 17 June 1945 . His family was working class ; his mother , Ethel Ada ( née Kennard , 1915 – 1997 ) , had been born in Southwark before training as an acrobatic dancer and working on the music hall circuit prior to the Second World War . Ken 's Scottish father , Robert " Bob " Moffat Livingstone ( 1915 – 1971 ) , had been born in Dunoon before joining the Merchant Navy in 1932 and becoming ship 's master . Having first met in April 1940 at a music hall in Workington , they married within three months . After the war the couple moved in with Ethel 's aggressive mother , Zona Ann ( Williams ) , whom Livingstone considered " tyrannical " . Livingstone 's sister Lin was born 21 ⁄ 2 years later . Robert and Ethel went through various jobs in the post @-@ war years , with the former working on fishing trawlers and English Channel ferries , while the latter worked in a bakers , at Freemans catalogue dispatch and as a cinema usherette . Livingstone 's parents were " working class Tories " , and unlike many Conservative voters at the time did not hold to socially conservative views on race and sexuality , opposing racism and homophobia . The family was nominally Anglican , although Livingstone abandoned Christianity when he was 11 , becoming an atheist . Moving to a Tulse Hill council housing estate , Livingstone attended St. Leonard 's Primary School , and after failing his eleven plus exam , in 1956 began secondary education at Tulse Hill Comprehensive School . In 1957 , his family purchased their own property at 66 Wolfington Road , West Norwood . Rather shy at school , he was bullied , and got into trouble for truancy . One year , his form master was Philip Hobsbaum , who encouraged his pupils to debate current events , first interesting Livingstone in politics . He related that he became " an argumentative cocky little brat " at home , bringing up topics at the dinner table to enrage his father . His interest in politics was furthered by the 1958 Papal election of Pope John XXIII – a man who had " a strong impact " on Livingstone – and the United States presidential election , 1960 . At Tulse Hill Comprehensive he gained his interest in amphibians and reptiles , keeping several as pets ; his mother worried that rather than focusing on school work all he cared about was " his pet lizard and friends " . At school he attained four O @-@ levels in English Literature , English Language , Geography and Art , subjects he later described as " the easy ones " . He started work rather than stay on for the non @-@ compulsory sixth form , which required six O @-@ levels . From 1962 @-@ 70 , he worked as a technician at the Chester Beatty cancer research laboratory in Fulham , looking after animals used in experimentation . Most of the technicians were socialists , and Livingstone helped found a branch of the Association of Scientific , Technical and Managerial Staffs to fight redundancies imposed by company bosses . Livingstone 's leftist views solidified upon the election of Labour Prime Minister Harold Wilson in 1964 . With a friend from Chester Beatty , Livingstone toured West Africa in 1966 , visiting Algeria , Niger , Nigeria , Lagos , Ghana and Togo . Interested in the region 's wildlife , Livingstone rescued an infant ostrich from being eaten , donating it to Lagos children 's zoo . Returning home , he took part in several protest marches as a part of the anti @-@ Vietnam War movement , becoming increasingly interested in politics and briefly subscribing to the publication of a libertarian socialist group , Solidarity . = = = Political activism : 1968 – 1970 = = = Livingstone joined the Labour Party in March 1968 , when he was 23 years old , later describing it as " one of the few recorded instances of a rat climbing aboard a sinking ship " . At the time , many leftists were leaving in disgust at the Labour government 's support for the U.S. in the Vietnam War , cuts to the National Health Service budget , and restrictions on trade unions ; many went on to join far @-@ left parties like the International Socialists and the Socialist Labour League , or single @-@ issue groups like the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament and the Child Poverty Action Group . Suffering mass electoral defeat at the local elections , in London , Labour lost 15 boroughs , including Livingstone 's London Borough of Lambeth , which came under Conservative control . Contrastingly , Livingstone believed that grassroots campaigning – such as the 1968 student protests – were ineffective , joining Labour because he considered it the best chance for implementing progressive political change in the UK . Joining his local Labour branch in Norwood , he involved himself in their operations , within a month becoming chair and secretary of the Norwood Young Socialists , gaining a place on the constituency 's General Management and Executive Committees , and sitting on the Local Government Committee who prepared Labour 's manifesto for the next borough election . Hoping for better qualifications , he attended night school , gaining O @-@ levels in Human Anatomy , Physiology and Hygiene , and an A @-@ level in Zoology . Leaving his job at Chester Beatty , in September 1970 he began a 3 @-@ year course at the Philippa Fawcett Teacher Training College ( PFTTC ) in Streatham ; his attendance was poor , and he considered it " a complete waste " of time . Beginning a romantic relationship with Christine Chapman , president of the PFTTC student 's union , the couple married in 1973 . Realising the Conservative governance of Lambeth Borough council was hard to unseat , Livingstone aided Eddie Lopez in reaching out to members of the local populace disenfranchised from the traditional Labour leadership . Associating with the leftist Schools ' Action Union ( SAU ) founded in the wake of the 1968 student protests , he encouraged members of the Brixton branch of the Black Panther Party to join Labour . His involvement in the SAU led to his dismissal from the PFTCC student 's union , who disagreed with politicising secondary school pupils . = = = Lambeth Housing Committee : 1971 – 1973 = = = In 1971 , Livingstone and his comrades developed a new strategy for obtaining political power in Lambeth borough . Focusing on campaigning for the marginal seats in the south of the borough , the safe Labour seats in the north were left to established party members . Public dissatisfaction with the Conservative government of Prime Minister Edward Heath led to Labour 's best local government results since the 1940s ; Labour leftists gained every marginal seat in Lambeth , and the borough returned to Labour control . In October 1971 , Livingstone 's father died of a heart attack ; his mother soon moved to Lincoln . That year , Labour members voted Livingstone Vice @-@ Chairman of the Housing Committee on the Lambeth London Borough Council , his first job in local government . Reforming the housing system , Livingstone and Committee Chairman Ewan Carr cancelled the proposed rent increase for council housing , temporarily halting the construction of Europe 's largest tower blocks , and founded a Family Squatting Group to ensure that homeless families would be immediately rehoused through squatting in empty houses . He increased the number of compulsory purchase orders for private @-@ rented properties , converting them to council housing . They faced opposition to their reforms , which were cancelled by central government . Livingstone and the leftists became embroiled in factional in @-@ fighting within Labour , vying for powerful positions with centrist members . Although never adopting Marxism , Livingstone became involved with a number of Trotskyist groups active within Labour ; viewing them as potential allies , he became friends with Chris Knight , Graham Bash and Keith Veness , members of the Socialist Charter , a Trotskyist cell affiliated with the Revolutionary Communist League that had infiltrated the Labour party . In his struggle against Labour centrists , Livingstone was influenced by Trotskyist Ted Knight , who convinced him to oppose the use of British troops in Northern Ireland , believing they would simply be used to quash nationalist protests against British rule . Livingstone stood as the leftist candidate for the Chair of the Lambeth Housing Committee in April 1973 , but was defeated by David Stimpson , who undid many of Livingston and Carr 's reforms . = = = Early years on the Greater London Council : 1973 – 1977 = = = In June 1972 , after a campaign orchestrated by Eddie Lopez , Livingstone was selected as the Labour candidate for Norwood in the Greater London Council ( GLC ) . In the 1973 GLC elections , he won the seat with 11 @,@ 622 votes , a firm lead over his Conservative rival . Led by Reg Goodwin , the GLC was dominated by Labour , who controlled 57 seats , compared to 33 controlled by the Conservatives and 2 by the Liberal Party . Of the Labour GLC members , around 16 , including Livingstone , were staunch leftists . Representing Norwood in the GLC , Livingstone continued as a Lambeth councillor and Vice Chairman of the Lambeth Housing Committee , criticising Lambeth council 's dealings with the borough 's homeless . Learning that the council had pursued a racist policy of allocating the best housing to white working @-@ class families , Livingstone went public with the evidence , which was published in the South London Press . In August 1973 , he publicly threatened to resign from the Lambeth Housing Committee if the council failed " to honour longstanding promises " to rehouse 76 homeless families then staying in dilapidated and overcrowded halfway accommodation . Frustrated at the council 's failure to achieve this , he resigned from the Housing Committee in December 1973 . Considered a radical troublemaker by the GLC 's Labour management , Livingstone was allocated the relatively unimportant position of Vice Chairman of the Film Viewing Board , monitoring the release of soft pornography . Like most Board members , Livingstone opposed cinematic censorship , a view he changed with the increasing availability of violent pornography . With growing support from Labour leftists , in March 1974 he was elected onto the executive of the Greater London Labour Party ( GLLP ) , responsible for drawing up the manifesto for the GLC Labour group and the lists of candidates for council and parliamentary seats . Turning his attention once more to housing , he became Vice Chairman of the GLC 's Housing Management Committee , however was sacked in April 1975 for his vocal opposition to the Goodwin administration 's decision to cut £ 50 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 from the GLC 's house @-@ building budget . Coming up to the 1977 GLC elections , Livingstone recognised the difficulty of retaining his Norwood seat , instead being selected for Hackney North and Stoke Newington , a Labour safe seat , following the retirement of David Pitt . Accused of being a " carpetbagger " , it ensured he was one of the few leftist Labour councillors to remain on the GLC , which fell into Conservative hands under Horace Cutler . = = = Hampstead : 1977 – 1980 = = = Turning towards the Houses of Parliament , Livingstone and Christine moved to West Hampstead , north London ; in June 1977 he was selected by local party members as the Labour parliamentary candidate for the Hampstead constituency , beating Vince Cable . He gained notoriety in the Hampstead and Highgate Express for publicly reaffirming his support for the controversial issue of LGBT rights , declaring he supported the reduction of the age of consent for male same @-@ sex activity from 21 to 16 , in line with the different @-@ sex age of consent . Becoming active in the politics of the London Borough of Camden , Livingstone was elected Chair of Camden 's Housing Committee ; putting forward radical reforms , he democratized council housing meetings by welcoming local people , froze rents for a year , reformed the rate collection system , changed rent arrears procedures and implemented further compulsory purchase orders to increase council housing . Criticised by some senior colleagues as incompetent and excessively ambitious , some accused him of encouraging leftists to move into the borough 's council housing to increase his local support base . In 1979 , internal crisis rocked Labour as activist group , the Campaign for Labour Democracy , struggled with the Parliamentary Labour Party for a greater say in party management . Livingstone joined the activists , on 15 July 1978 helping unify small hard left groups as the Socialist Campaign for a Labour Victory ( SCLV ) . Producing a sporadically published paper , Socialist Organiser , as a mouthpiece for Livingstone 's views , it criticised Labour Prime Minister James Callaghan as " anti @-@ working class " . In January 1979 , Britain was hit by a series of public sector worker strikes that came to be known as the " Winter of Discontent . " In Camden Borough , council employees unionised under the National Union of Public Employees ( NUPE ) went on strike , demanding a 35 @-@ hour limit to their working week and a weekly wage increase to £ 60 . Livingstone backed the strikers , urging Camden Council to grant their demands , eventually getting his way . District auditor Ian Pickwell , a government @-@ appointed accountant who monitored council finances , claimed that this move was reckless and illegal , taking Camden Council to court . If found guilty , Livingstone would have been held personally responsible for the measure , forced to pay the massive surcharge , and been disqualified for public office for five years ; ultimately the judge threw out the case . In May 1979 , a general election was held in the United Kingdom . Standing as Labour candidate for Hampstead , Livingstone was defeated by the incumbent Conservative , Geoffrey Finsberg . Weakened by the Winter of Discontent , Callaghan 's government lost to the Conservatives , whose leader , Margaret Thatcher , became Prime Minister . A staunch right winger and free market advocate , she became a bitter opponent of the labour movement and Livingstone . Following the electoral defeat , Livingstone told Socialist Organiser that the blame lay solely with the " Labour government 's policies " and the anti @-@ democratic attitude of Callaghan and the Parliamentary Labour Party , calling for greater party democracy and a turn towards a socialist platform . This was a popular message among many Labour activists amassed under the SCLV . The primary figurehead for this leftist trend was Tony Benn , who narrowly missed being elected deputy leader of Labour in September 1981 , under new party leader Michael Foot . The head of the " Bennite left " , Benn became " an inspiration and a prophet " to Livingstone ; the two became the best known left @-@ wingers in Labour . = = Greater London Council leadership = = = = = Becoming leader of the GLC : 1979 – 1981 = = = Inspired by the Bennites , Livingstone planned a GLC take @-@ over ; on 18 October 1979 , he called a meeting of Labour leftists entitled " Taking over the GLC " , beginning publication of monthly newsletter the London Labour Briefing . Focused on increasing leftist power in the London Labour Party , he urged socialists to stand as candidates in the upcoming GLC election . When the time came to choose who would lead London Labour in that election , Livingstone put his name down , but was challenged by the moderate Andrew McIntosh ; in the April 1980 vote , McIntosh beat Livingstone by 14 votes to 13 . In September 1980 , Livingstone separated from his wife Christine , though they remained amicable . Moving into a small flat at 195 Randolph Avenue , Maida Vale with his pet reptiles and amphibians , he divorced in October 1982 and began a relationship with Kate Allen , chair of Camden Council Women 's Committee . Livingstone turned his attention to achieving a GLC Labour victory , exchanging his safe @-@ seat in Hackney North for the marginal Inner London seat at Paddington ; in May 1981 he won the seat by 2 @,@ 397 votes . Cutler and the Conservatives learned of Livingstone 's plans , proclaiming that a GLC Labour victory would lead to a Marxist takeover of London and then Britain ; the rightist press picked up the story , with the Daily Express using the headline of " Why We Must Stop These Red Wreckers " . Such scaremongering was ineffective , and the GLC election of May 1981 was a Labour victory , with McIntosh installed as Head of the GLC ; within 24 hours he would be deposed by members of his own party , replaced by Livingstone . On 7 May , Livingstone called a caucus of his supporters ; announcing his intent to challenge McIntosh 's leadership , he invited those assembled to stand for other GLC posts . The meeting ended at 4 : 45pm having agreed on a full slate of candidates . At 5 o 'clock , McIntosh held a GLC Labour meeting ; the attendees called an immediate leadership election , in which Livingstone defeated him by 30 votes to 20 . The entire left caucus slate was then elected . The next day , a leftist coup deposed Sir Ashley Bramall on the Inner London Education Authority ( ILEA ) , replacing him with Bryn Davies ; the left group now controlled both the GLC and the ILEA . McIntosh proclaimed the GLC coup illegitimate , asserting that Labour was in danger from a leftist take @-@ over . The mainstream right @-@ wing press criticised the coup ; the Daily Mail called Livingstone a " left wing extremist " , and The Sun nicknamed him " Red Ken " , stating his victory meant " full @-@ steam @-@ ahead red @-@ blooded Socialism for London . " The Financial Times issued a " warning " that leftists could use such tactics to take control of the government , when " the erosion of our democracy will surely begin . " Thatcher joined the rallying call , proclaiming that leftists like Livingstone had " no time for parliamentary democracy " , but were plotting " To impose upon this nation a tyranny which the peoples of Eastern Europe yearn to cast aside . " = = = Leader of the GLC : 1981 – 1983 = = = Entering County Hall as GLC leader on 8 May 1981 , Livingstone initiated changes , converting the building 's Freemasonic temple into a meeting room and removing many of the privileges enjoyed by GLC members and senior officers . He initiated an open @-@ door policy allowing citizens to hold meetings in the committee rooms free of charge , with County Hall gaining the nickname of " the People 's Palace " . Livingstone took great pleasure watching the disgust expressed by some Conservative GLC members when non @-@ members began using the building 's restaurant . In the London Labour Briefing , Livingstone announced " London 's ours ! After the most vicious GLC election of all time , the Labour Party has won a working majority on a radical socialist programme . " He stated that their job was to " sustain a holding operation until such time as the Tory [ Conservative ] government can be brought down and replaced by a left @-@ wing Labour government . " There was a perception among Livingstone 's allies that they constituted the genuine opposition to Thatcher 's government , with Foot 's Labour leadership dismissed as ineffectual ; they hoped Benn would soon replace him . There was a widespread public perception that Livingstone 's GLC leadership was illegitimate , while the mainstream British media remained resolutely hostile to the hard left . Livingstone received the levels of national press attention normally reserved for senior Members of Parliament . A press interview was arranged with Max Hastings for the Evening Standard , in which Livingstone was portrayed as affable but ruthless . The Sun 's editor Kelvin MacKenzie took a particular interest in Livingstone , establishing a reporting team to ' dig up the dirt ' on him ; they were unable to uncover any scandalous information , focusing on his love of amphibians , a personality trait mocked by other media sources . The satirical journal Private Eye referred to him as " Ken Leninspart " after Vladimir Lenin , proceeding to erroneously claim that Livingstone received funding from the Libyan Jamahiriya ; suing them for libel , in November 1983 the journal apologised , awarding Livingstone £ 15 @,@ 000 in damages in an out @-@ of @-@ court settlement . During 1982 , Livingstone made new appointments to the GLC governance , with John McDonnell appointed key chair of finance and Valerie Wise chair of the new Women 's Committee , while Sir Ashley Bramall became GLC chairman and Tony McBrearty was appointed chair of housing . Others stayed in their former positions , including Dave Wetzel as transport chair and Mike Ward as chair of industry ; thus was created what biographer John Carvel described as " the second Livingstone administration " , leading to a " more calm and supportive environment " . Turning his attention once more to Parliament , Livingstone attempted to get selected as the Labour candidate for the constituency of Brent East , a place which he felt an " affinity " for and where several friends lived . At the time , the Brent East Labour Party was in strife as competing factions battled for control , with Livingstone attempting to gain the support of both the hard and soft left . Securing a significant level of support from local party members , he nonetheless failed to apply for candidacy in time , and so the incumbent centrist Reg Freeson was once more selected as Labour candidate for Brent East . A subsequent vote at the council meeting revealed that 52 local Labour members would have voted for Livingstone , with only 2 for Freeson and 3 abstentions . Nevertheless , in the United Kingdom general election , 1983 , Freeson went on to win the Brent East constituency for Labour . In 1983 , Livingstone began co @-@ presenting a late night television chat show with Janet Street @-@ Porter for London Weekend Television . = = = = Fares Fair and transport policy = = = = The Greater London Labour Manifesto for the 1981 elections , although written under McIntosh 's leadership , had been determined by a special conference of the London Labour Party in October 1980 in which Livingstone 's speech had been decisive on transport policy . The manifesto focused on job creation schemes and cutting London Transport fares , and it was to these issues that Livingstone 's administration turned . One primary manifesto focus had been a pledge known as Fares Fair , which focused on reducing London Underground fares and freezing them at that lower rate . Based on a fare freeze implemented by the South Yorkshire Metropolitan County Council in 1975 , it was widely considered to be a moderate and mainstream policy by Labour , which it was hoped would get more Londoners using public transport , thereby reducing congestion . In October 1981 , the GLC implemented their policy , cutting London Transport fares by 32 % ; to fund the move , the GLC planned to increase the London rates . The legality of the Fares Fair policy was challenged by Dennis Barkway , Conservative leader of the London Borough of Bromley council , who complained that his constituents were having to pay for cheaper fares on the London Underground when it did not operate in their borough . Although the Divisional Court initially found in favour of the GLC , Bromley Borough took the issue to a court of appeal , where three judges – Lord Denning , Lord Justice Oliver and Lord Justice Watkins – reversed the previous decision , finding in favour of Bromley Borough on 10 November . They proclaimed that the Fares Fair policy was illegal because the GLC was expressly forbidden from choosing to run London Transport at a deficit , even if this was in the perceived interest of Londoners . The GLC appealed this decision , taking the case to the House of Lords ; on 17 December five Law Lords unanimously ruled in favour of Bromley Borough Council , putting a permanent end to the Fares Fair policy . GLC transport chairman Dave Wetzel labelled the judges " Vandals in Ermine " while Livingstone maintained his belief that the judicial decision was politically motivated . Initially presenting a motion to the GLC Labour groups that they refuse to comply with the judicial decision and continue with the policy regardless , but was out @-@ voted by 32 – 22 ; many commentators claimed that Livingstone had only been bluffing in order to save face among the Labour Left . Instead , Livingstone got on board with a campaign known as " Keep Fares Fair " in order to bring about a change in the law that would make the Fares Fair policy legal ; an alternate movement , " Can 't Pay , Won 't Pay " , accused Livingstone of being a sell @-@ out and insisted that the GLC proceed with its policies regardless of their legality . One aspect of the London Transport reforms was however maintained ; the new system of flat fares within ticket zones , and the inter @-@ modal Travelcard ticket continues as the basis of the ticketing system . The GLC then put together new measures in the hope of reducing London Transport fares by the more modest amount of 25 % , taking them back to roughly the price that they were when Livingstone 's administration took office ; it was ruled legal in January 1983 , and subsequently implemented . = = = = GLEB and nuclear disarmament = = = = Livingstone 's administration founded the Greater London Enterprise Board ( GLEB ) to create employment by investing in the industrial regeneration of London , with the funds provided by the council , its workers ' pension fund and the financial markets . Livingstone later claimed that GLC bureaucrats obstructed much of what GLEB tried to achieve . Other policies implemented by the Labour Left also foundered . Attempts to prevent the sale @-@ off of GLC council housing largely failed , in part due to the strong opposition from the Conservative government . ILEA attempted to carry through with its promise to cut the price of school meals in the capital from 35p to 25p , but was forced to abandon its plans following legal advice that the councillors could be made to pay the surcharge and disqualified from public office . The Livingstone administration took a strong stance on the issue of nuclear disarmament , proclaiming London a " nuclear @-@ free zone " . On 20 May 1981 , the GLC halted its annual spending of £ 1 million on nuclear war defence plans , with Livingstone 's deputy , Illtyd Harrington , proclaiming that " we are challenging ... the absurd cosmetic approach to Armageddon . " They published the names of the 3000 politicians and administrators who had been earmarked for survival in underground bunkers in the event of a nuclear strike on London . Thatcher 's government remained highly critical of these moves , putting out a propaganda campaign explaining their argument for the necessity of Britain 's nuclear deterrent to counter the Soviet Union . = = = = Egalitarian policies = = = = Livingstone 's administration advocated measures to improve the lives of minorities within London , who together made up a sizeable percentage of the city 's population ; what Reg Race called " the Rainbow Coalition " . The GLC allocated a small percentage of its expenditure on funding minority community groups , including the London Gay Teenage Group , English Collective of Prostitutes , Women Against Rape , Lesbian Line , A Woman 's Place , and Rights of Women . Believing these groups could initiate social change , the GLC increased its annual funding of voluntary organisations from £ 6 million in 1980 to £ 50 million in 1984 . They provided loans to such groups , coming under a barrage of press criticism for awarding a loan to the Sheba Feminist Publishers , whose works were widely labelled pornographic . In July 1981 , Livingstone founded the Ethnic Minorities Committee , the Police Committee , and the Gay and Lesbian Working Party , and in June 1982 , a Women 's Committee was also established . Believing the Metropolitan Police to be a racist organisation , he appointed Paul Boateng to head the Police Committee and monitor the force 's activities . Considering the police a highly political organisation , he publicly remarked that " When you canvas police flats at election time , you find that they are either Conservatives who think of Thatcher as a bit of a pinko or they are National Front . " The Conservatives and mainstream rightist press were largely critical of these measures , considering them symptomatic of what they derogatarily termed the " loony left " . Claiming that these only served " fringe " interests , their criticisms often exhibited racist , homophobic and sexist sentiment . A number of journalists fabricated stories designed to discredit Livingstone and the " loony left " , for instance claiming that the GLC made its workers drink only Nicaraguan coffee in solidarity with the country 's socialist government , and that Haringey Council leader Bernie Grant had banned the use of the term " black bin liner " and the rhyme " Baa Baa Black Sheep " because they were perceived as racially insensitive . Writing in 2008 , BBC reporter Andrew Hosken noted that although most of Livingstone 's GLC administration 's policies were ultimately a failure , its role in helping change social attitudes towards women and minorities in London remained its " enduring legacy " . = = = = Republicanism and Ireland = = = = Invited to the Wedding of Charles , Prince of Wales , and Lady Diana Spencer at St Paul 's Cathedral in July 1981 , Livingstone – a republican critical of the monarchy – wished the couple well but turned down the offer . He also permitted Irish republican protesters to hold a vigil on the steps of County Hall throughout the wedding celebrations , both actions that enraged the press . His administration supported the People 's March for Jobs , a demonstration of 500 anti @-@ unemployment protesters who marched to London from Northern England , allowing them to sleep in County Hall and catering for them . Costing £ 19 @,@ 000 , critics argued that Livingstone was illegally using public money for his own political causes . The GLC orchestrated a propaganda campaign against Thatcher 's government , in January 1982 erecting a sign on the top of County Hall – clearly visible from the Houses of Parliament – stating the number of unemployed in London . In September 1981 , Livingstone began production of weekly newspaper , the Labour Herald , co @-@ edited with Ted Knight and Matthew Warburton . It was published by a press owned by the Trotskyist Workers Revolutionary Party ( WRP ) , who had financed it with funding from Libya and Iraq . Livingstone 's commercial relationship with WRP leader Gerry Healy was controversial among British socialists , many of whom disapproved of Healy 's violent nature . The Labour Herald folded in 1985 , when Healy was exposed as a sex offender and ousted from the WRP 's leadership . A supporter of Irish reunification , Livingstone had connections with the left @-@ wing Irish republican party Sinn Féin and in July , met with the mother of an imprisoned Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) militant Thomas McElwee , then taking part in the 1981 Irish hunger strike . That day , Livingstone publicly proclaimed his support for those prisoners on hunger strike , claiming that the British government 's fight against the IRA was not " some sort of campaign against terrorism " but was " the last colonial war . " He was heavily criticised for this meeting and his statements in the mainstream press , while Prime Minister Thatcher claimed that his comments constituted " the most disgraceful statement I have ever heard . " Soon after , he also met with the children of Yvonne Dunlop , an Irish Protestant who had been killed in McElwee 's bomb attack . On 10 October , the IRA bombed London 's Chelsea Barracks , killing 2 and injuring 40 . Denouncing the attack , Livingstone informed members of the Cambridge University Tory Reform Group that it was a misunderstanding to view the IRA as " criminals or lunatics " because of their strong political motives and that " violence will recur again and again as long as we are in Ireland . " Mainstream press criticised him for these comments , with The Sun labeling him " the most odious man in Britain " . In response , Livingstone proclaimed that the press coverage had been " ill @-@ founded , utterly out of context and distorted " , reiterating his opposition both to IRA attacks and British rule in Northern Ireland . Anti @-@ Livingstone pressure mounted and on 15 October he was publicly attacked in the street by members of unionist militia , The Friends of Ulster . In a second incident , Livingstone was attacked by far right skinheads shouting " commie bastard " at the Three Horseshoes Pub in Hampstead . Known as " Green Ken " among Ulster Unionists , Unionist paramilitary Michael Stone of the Ulster Defence Association plotted to kill Livingstone , only abandoning the plan when he became convinced that the security services were onto him . Livingstone agreed to meet Gerry Adams , Sinn Féin President and IRA @-@ supporter , after Adams was invited to London by Labour members of the Troops Out campaign in December 1982 . The same day as the invitation was made , the Irish National Liberation Army ( INLA ) bombed The Droppin Well bar in Ballykelly , County Londonderry , killing 11 soldiers and 6 civilians ; in the aftermath , Livingstone was pressured to cancel the meeting . Expressing his horror at the bombing , Livingstone insisted that the meeting proceed , for Adams had no connection with the INLA , but Conservative Home Secretary Willie Whitelaw banned Adams ' entry to Britain with the 1976 Prevention of Terrorism ( Temporary Provisions ) Act . In February 1983 , Livingstone visited Adams in his constituency of West Belfast , receiving a hero 's welcome from local republicans . In July 1983 , Adams finally came to London on the invite of Livingstone and MP Jeremy Corbyn , allowing him to present his views to a mainstream British audience through televised interviews . In August , Livingstone was interviewed on Irish state radio , proclaiming that Britain 's 800 @-@ year occupation of Ireland was more destructive than the Holocaust ; he was publicly criticised by Labour members and the press . He also controversially expressed solidarity with the Marxist – Leninist government of Fidel Castro in Cuba against the U.S. economic embargo , in turn receiving an annual Christmas gift of Cuban rum from the Cuban embassy . Courting further controversy , in the Falklands War of 1982 , during which the United Kingdom battled Argentina for control of the Falkland Islands , Livingstone stated his belief that the islands rightfully belonged to the Argentinian people , but not the military junta then ruling the country . Upon British victory , he sarcastically remarked that " Britain had finally been able to beat the hell out of a country smaller , weaker and even worse governed than we were . " Challenging the Conservative government 's militarism , the GLC proclaimed 1983 to be " Peace Year " , solidifying ties with the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament ( CND ) in order to advocate international nuclear disarmament , a measure opposed by the Thatcher government . In keeping with this pacifistic outlook , they banned the Territorial Army from marching past County Hall that year . The GLC then proclaimed 1984 to be " Anti @-@ Racism Year " . In July 1985 , the GLC twinned London with the Nicaraguan city of Managua , then under the control of the socialist Sandinista National Liberation Front . The press also continued to criticise the Livingstone administration 's funding of volunteer groups that they perceived represented only " fringe interests " . As Livingstone biographer Andrew Hosken remarked , " by far the most contentious grant " was given in February 1983 to a group called Babies Against the Bomb , founded by a group of mothers who had united to campaign against nuclear weapons . Members of the London Labour groups chastised Livingstone for his controversial statements , believing them detrimental to the party , leading Labour members and supporters to defect to the Social Democratic Party ( SDP ) . Many highlighted Labour 's failure to secure the seat in the Croydon North West by @-@ election , 1981 as a sign of Labour 's prospects under Livingstone . Some called for Livingstone 's removal , but Michael Foot 's Trotskyist assistant Una Cooze defended Livingstone 's position to her boss . Television and radio outlets welcomed Livingstone on for interviews ; described by biographer John Carvel as having " one of the best television styles of any contemporary politician " , Livingstone used this medium to speak to a wider audience , gaining widespread public support , something Carvell attributed to his " directness , self @-@ deprecation , colourful language , complete unflappability under fire and lack of pomposity " , coupled with popular policies like Fares Fair . = = = Abolition of the GLC : 1983 – 1986 = = = The 1983 general election proved disastrous for Labour , as much of their support went to the Social Democrat @-@ Liberal Alliance , and Thatcher entered her second term in office . Foot was replaced by Neil Kinnock , a man Livingstone considered " repellent " . Livingstone publicly attributed Labour 's electoral failure to the leading role that the party 's capitalist wing had played , arguing that the party should promote a socialist program of " national reconstruction " , overseeing the nationalisation of banks and major industry and allowing for the investment in new development . Considering it a waste of rate payer 's money , Thatcher 's government was keen to abolish the GLC and devolve control to the Greater London boroughs , stating its intention to do so in its 1983 electoral manifesto . Secretary of State for Employment Norman Tebbit lambasted the GLC as " Labour @-@ dominated , high @-@ spending and at odds with the government 's view of the world " ; Livingstone commented that there was " a huge gulf between the cultural values of the GLC Labour group and everything that Mrs Thatcher considered right and proper . " The government felt confident that there was sufficient opposition to Livingstone 's administration that they could abolish the GLC : according to a MORI poll in April 1983 , 58 % of Londoners were dissatisfied and 26 % satisfied with Livingstone . Attempting to fight the proposals , the GLC devoted £ 11 million to a campaign led by Reg Race focusing on press campaigning , advertising , and parliamentary lobbying . The campaign sent Livingstone on a party roadshow conference in which he convinced the Liberal and Social Democratic parties to oppose abolition . Using the slogan " say no to no say " , they publicly highlighted that without the GLC , London would be the only capital city in Western Europe without a directly elected body . The campaign was successful , with polls indicating majority support among Londoners for retaining the Council , and in March 1984 , 20 @,@ 000 public servants held a 24 @-@ hour strike in support . The government nevertheless remained committed to abolition , and in June 1984 the House of Commons passed the Local Government Act 1985 with 237 votes in favour and 217 against . Livingstone and three senior GLC members resigned their seats in August 1984 , to force byelections on the issue of abolition , but the Conservatives declined to contest them and all four were comfortably re @-@ elected on a low turnout . The GLC was formally abolished at midnight on 31 March 1986 , with Livingstone marking the occasion by holding a free concert at Festival Hall . In his capacity as former leader of the GLC , Livingstone was invited to visit Australia , Israel , and Zimbabwe in the following months by leftist groups in those countries , before he and Allen undertook a 5 @-@ week Himalayan trek to the base camp of Mount Everest . = = Member of Parliament = = Livingstone defeated Reg Freeson to represent Labour for the north @-@ west London constituency of Brent East in the 1987 general election . When the election came , he narrowly defeated Conservative candidate Harriet Crawley to become Brent East 's MP , while Thatcher retained the Premiership for a third term . Livingstone found the atmosphere of the Houses of Parliament uncomfortable , labeling it " absolutely tribal " , and asserting that " It 's like working in the Natural History Museum , except not all the exhibits are stuffed . " There was much hostility between him and the Parliamentary Labour Party , who allocated him a windowless office with fellow leftist MP Harry Barnes . He took on Maureen Charleson as his personal secretary , who would remain with him for the next 20 years . In his maiden speech to Parliament in July 1987 , Livingstone used parliamentary privilege to raise a number of allegations made by Fred Holroyd , a former Special Intelligence Service operative in Northern Ireland . Despite the convention of maiden speeches being non @-@ controversial , Livingstone alleged that Holroyd had been mistreated when he tried to expose MI5 collusion with Ulster loyalist paramilitaries in the 1970s . Thatcher denounced his claims as " utterly contemptible " . In September 1987 Livingstone was elected to Labour 's National Executive Committee ( NEC ) , although was voted off in October 1989 , to be replaced by John Prescott . As Kinnock tried to pull Labour to the centre , Livingstone worked to strengthen socialist elements in the party . He continued to make his opinions known , refusing to pay the controversial poll tax until it was revoked , and being one of the 55 Labour MPs to oppose British involvement in the Gulf War in January 1991 . Conversely , he supported NATO intervention in the Balkans , and the bombing of Serbia . In the 1992 general election , John Major led the Conservatives to a narrow victory , resulting in Kinnock 's resignation as head of Labour . Livingstone put his name forward as a proposed replacement , with Bernie Grant as his deputy , although they were not selected , with John Smith and Margaret Beckett taking the positions instead . After Smith died in May 1994 , Livingstone again put his name down as a potential leader , although withdrew it due to a lack of support . Instead , Tony Blair was selected , with Livingstone predicting that he would be " the most right @-@ wing leader " in Labour history . Blair and his supporters sought to reform the party by further expunging leftist elements and taking it to the centre ground , thus creating " New Labour " , with Blairite Peter Mandelson asserting that hard left figures like Livingstone represented " the enemy " of reform . Throughout 1995 , Livingstone unsuccessfully fought Blair 's attempts to remove Clause Four ( promoting nationalised industry ) from the Labour constitution , which he saw as a betrayal of the party 's socialist roots . In 1996 , he warned of the growing influence of spin doctors in the party , and called for Blair to sack Alastair Campbell after a High Court judge criticised him in a libel trial . Nevertheless , Blair 's reforms led Labour to a landslide victory in the 1997 general election , resulting in the formation of the first Labour government since 1979 . In December 1997 , Livingstone joined a Labour revolt against Blair 's attempts to cut benefits to single mothers , and in March 1998 publicly criticised Gordon Brown for advocating " an awful lot of Thatcherite nonsense " and attempting to privatise the London Underground through the PPP scheme . However , in 1997 he was re @-@ elected to the NEC , beating Mandelson to the position . Livingstone continued his association with members of Trotskyite group Socialist Action , with the group 's leader John Ross became his most important adviser , teaching him about economics . Investing in an advanced £ 25 @,@ 000 computer , he and Ross used the machine to undertake complex economic analysis , on the basis of which they began publishing the Socialist Economic Bulletin in 1990 . Two other members of the group , Redmond O 'Neill and Simon Fletcher , also became trusted advisers . When Socialist Action founded a campaign group , the Anti @-@ Racist Alliance , Livingstone came to be closely associated with it . They campaigned around the racist murder of Stephen Lawrence and the rise of the far right British National Party , but were disadvantaged by an ongoing rivalry with the Anti @-@ Nazi League . As his political significance waned , Livingstone gained more work in the media , commenting that the press " started to use me only once they thought I was harmless " . To receive these outside earnings , he founded a company known as Localaction Ltd . In 1987 he authored an autobiography for HarperCollins , If Voting Changed Anything They 'd Abolish It , conducted journalism for the London Daily News , stood in for BBC Radio 2 disk @-@ jockey Jimmy Young , and served as a judge for that year 's Whitbread Prize . In 1989 , Unwin Hyman published his second book , Livingstone 's Labour : A Programme for the 90s , in which he expressed his views on a variety of issues , while that same year he was employed to promote Red Leicester cheese in adverts for the National Dairy Council and to appear in adverts for British Coal alongside Edwina Currie . In October 1991 Livingstone began writing a column for Rupert Murdoch 's right @-@ wing tabloid The Sun , a controversial move among British socialists . In his column he often discussed his love of amphibians and campaigned for the protection of the great crested newt , on the basis of which he was appointed vice president of the London Zoological Society in 1996 – 97 . He subsequently began to write a food column for Esquire and then The Evening Standard , also making regular appearances on the BBC quiz show Have I Got News For You ? . In 1995 , Livingstone was invited to appear on the track " Ernold Same " by the band Blur . = = Mayor of London = = = = = Mayoral election : 2000 = = = By 1996 , various prominent public figures were arguing for the implementation of directly @-@ elected mayors for large UK cities like London . The idea of a London mayor of a Greater London Authority had been included in Labour 's 1997 election manifesto , and after their election a referendum was scheduled for May 1998 , in which there was a 72 % yes vote with a 34 % turnout . With the first mayoral election scheduled for May 2000 , in March 1998 Livingstone stated his intention to stand as a potential Labour candidate for the position . Blair did not want Livingstone as London Mayor , claiming the latter was one of those who " almost knocked [ the party ] over the edge of the cliff into extinction " during the 1980s . He and the Labour spin doctors organised a campaign against Livingstone to ensure that he was not selected , with Campbell and Sally Morgan unsuccessfully attempting to get Oona King to denounce Livingstone . They failed to convince Mo Mowlam to stand for the mayorship , and instead encouraged the reluctant Frank Dobson to stand . Recognising that a ' one member , one vote ' election within the London Labour Party would probably see Livingstone selected over Dobson , Blair ensured that a third of the votes would come from the rank @-@ and @-@ file members , a third from the trade unions , and a third from Labour MPs and MEPs , the latter two of which he could pressure into voting for his own preferred candidate , something that Dobson was deeply uncomfortable with . Information on the Blairite campaign against Livingstone became public , costing Dobson much support ; nevertheless , due to the impact of the MPs and MEPs , Dobson won the candidacy with 51 % to Livingstone 's 48 % . Livingstone proclaimed Dobson to be " a tainted candidate " and stated his intention to run for the Mayoralty as an independent candidate . Aware that this would result in his expulsion from Labour , he publicly stated that " I have been forced to choose between the party I love and upholding the democratic rights of Londoners . " The polls indicated clear support for Livingstone among the London electorate , with his campaign being run by his Socialist Action associates . He gained the support of a wide range of celebrities , from musicians like Fatboy Slim , Pink Floyd , the Chemical Brothers , and Blur , artists like Damian Hirst and Tracey Emin , and those from other fields , among them Ken Loach , Jo Brand , and Chris Evans , the latter of whom donated £ 200 @,@ 000 to the campaign ; half of what Livingstone required . In March 2000 , Livingstone agreed to make a public apology to the House of Commons , after he was criticised over his failure to properly register outside interests worth more than £ 150 @,@ 000 . The election took place in May 2000 , at which Livingstone came first with 58 % of first and second @-@ preference votes ; Conservative candidate Steven Norris came second and Dobson third . Livingstone started his acceptance speech with " As I was saying before I was so rudely interrupted 14 years ago ... " = = = First mayoral term : 2000 – 04 = = = Livingstone now had " the largest and most direct mandate of any politician in British history " , receiving an annual salary of £ 87 @,@ 000 . It was the Mayor 's job to oversee a number of subordinate bodies , including the Metropolitan Police , Transport for London ( TfL ) , the London Development Agency , and the London Fire Brigade , and in doing so he was granted a number of executive powers . He would be scrutinised by the elected London Assembly , whose first chairman was Trevor Phillips , a Labour politician who had a reciprocated dislike of Livingstone . Livingstone was permitted twelve principal advisers , many of whom were members of Socialist Action or people whom he had worked with on the GLC . Ross and Fletcher became two of his closest confidants , with Livingstone commenting that " They aren 't just my closest political advisers ... they 're also mostly my best friends . " In 2002 , he promoted six of his senior aides , resulting in allegations of cronyism from Assembly members . The Mayoral office was initially based in temporary headquarters at Romney House in Marsham Street , Westminster , while a purpose @-@ built building was constructed in Southwark ; termed City Hall , it was officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II in July 2002 , with Livingstone commenting that it resembled a " glass testicle . " Much of Livingstone 's first two years were devoted to setting up the Mayoral system and administration . He also devoted much time to battling New Labour 's plans to upgrade the London Underground system through a public – private partnership ( PPP ) program , believing it to be too expensive and tantamount to the privatisation of a state @-@ owned service . He furthermore had strong concerns about safety ; PPP would divide different parts of the Underground among various companies , something that he argued threatened a holistic safety and maintenance program . These concerns were shared by the National Union of Rail , Maritime and Transport Workers ( RMT ) and the Associated Society of Locomotive Engineers and Firemen ( ASLEF ) trade union , who went on strike over the issue , being joined on the picket line by Livingstone . Appointing Bob Kiley as transport commissioner , the duo argued that the upgrade should be carried out in state hands through a public bond issue , as had been done in the case of the New York City Subway . They launched court cases against the government over PPP in 2001 – 02 , but were ultimately unsuccessful , and the project went ahead , with the Underground being privatised in January 2003 . Although he had initially stated that he would not do so , Livingstone 's administration sought to phase out use of the Routemaster buses , the design for which dated to the 1950s . Although iconic , they were deemed hazardous and responsible for a high number of deaths and serious injuries as passengers climbed onto them , also being non @-@ wheelchair accessible and thus not meeting the requirements of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 . The process was gradual , with the last Routemaster being decommissioned in December 2005 . The Routemasters were replaced by a new fleet of 103 articulated buses , known colloquially as " bendy buses " , which were launched in June 2002 . While the Routemasters fitted 80 people on at one time , the articulated buses fitted up to 140 passengers , however they were deemed dangerous for cyclists . Attempting to reduce London 's environmental impact , Livingstone created the London Hydrogen Partnership and the London Energy Partnership in his first term as Mayor of London . The Mayor 's Energy Strategy , " green light to clean power , " committed London to reducing its emissions of carbon dioxide by 20 % , relative to the 1990 level , by 2010 . Livingstone sought to remove the pigeons from Trafalgar Square ; he tried to evict seed sellers and introduced hawks to scare the pigeons off . He pedestrianised the north side of the Square , transforming it into a public space with a cafe , public toilets , and a lift for the disabled . He introduced an annual Saint Patrick 's Day festival to celebrate the contributions of the Irish to London , and revived London 's free anti @-@ racism music festival , now called Rise : London United , later attributing London 's 35 % decrease in racist attacks to this and other anti @-@ racist policies . Continuing his support for LGBT rights , in 2001 he set up Britain 's first register for same @-@ sex couples ; while falling short of legal marriage rights , the register was seen as a step towards the Civil Partnership Act 2004 . Livingstone 's relationship with Kate Allen ended in November 2001 , although they remained friends . He then started a relationship with Emma Beal , together having two children , Thomas ( born December 2002 ) and Mia ( born March 2004 ) . At a May 2002 party in Tufnell Park , Livingstone got into an argument with Beal 's friend Robin Hedges , a reporter for The Evening Standard . Beal subsequently fell off of a wall and bruised his ribs ; the press claimed that Livingstone had pushed him , although he insisted that he did not . Liberal Democrats on the London Assembly referred the matter to the Standards Board for England , who ruled that there was no evidence for any wrongdoing on Livingstone 's behalf . As proposed in their election manifesto , in February 2003 Livingstone 's administration introduced a congestion charge covering 8 square miles in central London , charging motorists £ 5 a day for driving through the area . It was introduced in an attempt to deter traffic and reduce congestion ; Livingstone himself took the London Underground to work , and tried to inspire more Londoners to use public transport rather than cars . The policy was highly controversial , and strongly opposed by businesses , resident groups , the roads lobby , and the Labour government ; many commentators recognised that if opposition resulted in the policy being abandoned then it could lead to the end of Livingstone 's political career . That year , the Political Studies Association named Livingstone ' Politician of the Year ' due to his implementation of the ' bold and imaginative ' scheme . The scheme resulted in a marked reduction on traffic in central London , resulting in improved bus services , and by 2007 , TfL could claim that the charge had reduced congestion by 20 % . To further encourage the use of public transport , in June 2003 , the Oyster card system was introduced , while bus and Underground journeys were made free for people aged 11 to 18 . In 2002 , Livingstone came out in support of a proposal for the 2012 Olympic Games to be held in London . He insisted however that the Games must be held in the East End , and result in an urban regeneration program centred on the Lee Valley . He gained the support of Labour 's culture secretary Tessa Jowell , who convinced the government to back the plans in May 2003 . In May 2004 , the International Olympic Commission put London on the shortlist of potential locations for the Games , alongside Paris , Madrid , Moscow , and New York City ; although Paris was widely expected to be the eventual victor , London would prove successful in its nomination . Another major development project was launched in February 2004 as the London Plan , in which Livingstone 's administration laid out their intentions to deal with the city 's major housing shortage by ensuring the construction of 30 @,@ 000 new homes a year . It stressed that 50 % of these should be deemed " affordable housing " although later critics would highlight that in actuality , the amount of " affordable housing " in these new constructions did not exceed 30 % . Livingstone had no control over government policy regarding immigration , which had resulted in a significant growth in foreign arrivals coming to London during his administration ; from 2000 to 2005 London 's population grew by 200 @,@ 000 to reach 7 @.@ 5 million . He didn 't oppose this , encouraging racial equality and celebrating the city 's multiculturalism . Livingstone condemned the UK 's involvement in the Iraq War and involved himself in the Stop the War campaign . In November 2003 , he made headlines for referring to US President George W. Bush as " the greatest threat to life on this planet , " just before Bush 's official visit to the UK . Livingstone also organised an alternative " Peace Reception " at City Hall " for everybody who is not George Bush , " with anti @-@ war Vietnam veteran Ron Kovic as the guest of honour . Livingstone 's success with the congestion charge and rejuvenation of Trafalgar Square led the Labour leadership to reconsider their position on him , with Blair re @-@ admitting him to the party and asking that he stand as their Mayoral candidate for the 2004 election . Livingstone eagerly agreed , and Labour Mayoral candidate Nicky Gavron volunteered to take a subordinate position as his deputy . In campaigning for the election , Livingstone highlighted his record : the congestion charge , free bus travel for under 11s , 1000 extra buses , and 5000 extra police officers , whereas his main competitor , the Conservative Steve Norris , campaigned primarily on a policy of abolishing the congestion charge . Livingstone continued to court controversy throughout the campaign ; in June 2004 he was quoted on The Guardian 's website as saying : " I just long for the day I wake up and find that the Saudi Royal Family are swinging from lamp @-@ posts and they 've got a proper government that represents the people of Saudi Arabia " , for which he was widely criticised . That same month he came under criticism from sectors of the left for urging RMT members to cross picket lines in a proposed Underground strike because the latest offer had been " extremely generous " , leading RMT general secretary Bob Crow to step down as a TfL board member . In the London mayoral election , 2004 , Livingstone was announced as the winner on 10 June 2004 . He won 36 % of first preference votes to Norris 's 28 % and Liberal Democrat Simon Hughes 's 15 % . When all the candidates except Livingstone and Norris were eliminated and the second preferences of those voters who had picked neither Livingstone or Norris as their first choice were counted , Livingstone won with 55 % to Norris 's 45 % . = = = Second mayoral term : 2004 – 08 = = = Amid the War on Terror and threat from Al Qaeda , Livingstone sought to build closer ties to the London 's Muslim community , controversially agreeing to meet with Islamist groups like the Muslim Association of Britain alongside moderate organisations . In July 2004 , he attended a conference discussing France 's ban on the burka at which he talked alongside Islamist cleric Yusuf al @-@ Qaradawi . Livingstone described al @-@ Qaradawi as " one of the most authoritative Muslim scholars in the world today " and argued that his influence could help stop the radicalisation of young British Muslims . The move was controversial , with Jewish and LGBT organisations criticising Livingstone , citing al @-@ Qaradawi 's record of anti @-@ Semitic and homophobic remarks , with the meeting leading to a publicised argument between Livingstone and his former supporter Peter Tatchell . Livingstone continued to champion the Palestinian cause in the Israel @-@ Palestine conflict , in March 2005 accusing Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon of being a " war criminal " responsible for the 1982 Sabra and Shatila massacre . During his second term , Livingstone continued his support for London 's bid to host the 2012 Olympic Games , playing a crucial role in securing vital Russian support for the bid . On 6 July 2005 , in a ceremony held in Singapore attended by Livingstone , London was announced as the victor , resulting in widespread celebration . The following day , British @-@ born Islamist suicide bombers undertook three attacks on the Underground and another on a bus , killing 52 civilians . Livingstone gave a speech from Singapore denouncing the attackers as terrorists , before immediately returning to London . Informing the BBC that Western foreign policy was largely to blame for the attacks , his response to the situation was widely praised , even by opponents . Fearing an Islamophobic backlash against the city 's Muslim minority , he initiated an advertising campaign to counter this , holding a rally for inter @-@ community unity in Trafalgar Square . A second , failed suicide bombing attack took place on 21 July , and in the aftermath police officers shot dead a Brazilian tourist , Jean Charles de Menezes , whom they mistook for a bomber . Police initially lied about the killing , resulting in widespread condemnation , although Livingstone defended the actions of Metropolitan Police commissioner Ian Blair . After Livingstone left a party in February 2005 , Oliver Finegold , a reporter for the Evening Standard , attempted to ask Livingstone a question in the street . Aware that Finegold was Jewish , Livingstone accused him of acting " just like a concentration camp guard " and asserting that he worked for the " reactionary bigots ... who supported fascism " at the Daily Mail . Although the Evening Standard initially did not deem the comments newsworthy , they were leaked to The Guardian , resulting in accusations of anti @-@ Semitism against Livingstone from the Board of Deputies of British Jews . There were many calls for Livingstone to apologise , including from Tony Blair , the London Assembly , a Holocaust survivors group and his deputy Gavron ( the daughter of a Holocaust survivor ) , but Livingstone refused . The Standards Board for England asked the Adjudication Panel for England to deal with Livingstone on the issue , who in February 2006 found him guilty of bringing his office into disrepute and suspended him from office for a month . The decision was controversial , with Livingstone and many others arguing that an unelected board should not have the power to suspend an elected official . In October 2006 at the High Court of Justice , Justice Collins overturned the decision to suspend Livingstone . Although he had alienated much of London 's Jewish community , Livingstone denied charges of anti @-@ Semitism , holding regular meetings with the city 's Jewish groups and introducing public Hanukkah celebrations in Trafalgar Square in December 2005 . He came under further accusations of anti @-@ semitism in March 2006 for asserting that the businessmen David and Simon Reuben should return to Iran if they did not like Britain ; he claimed he had mistakenly believed them to be Iranian Muslims , whereas in reality they were Indian Jews . He refused to apologise to the Reubens , instead offering " a complete apology to the people of Iran for the suggestion that they may be linked in any way to the Reuben brothers " . In March 2006 , Livingstone publicly criticised foreign embassies in London who refused to pay the congestion charge under the conditions of the 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations . His criticism focused on US diplomat Robert Tuttle , condemning him as a " chiselling little crook " whose embassy was refusing to pay the £ 1 @.@ 5 million he believed it owed . In February 2007 , Livingstone 's administration doubled the congestion charge zone by extending it westwards into Kensington and Chelsea , despite opposition from resident groups . In October 2007 , the government agreed to go ahead with Crossrail , a £ 16 billion project to construct a train line under central London , linking Berkshire to Essex . Meanwhile , Livingstone felt vindicated in his former opposition to public private partnership when one of the companies who now controlled part of the Underground , Metronet , collapsed in July 2007 , with the state having to intervene to protect the service . Livingstone had also welcomed the construction of skyscrapers in London , giving the go ahead for 15 to be constructed during his Mayoralty , including 30 St Mary Axe and The Shard . He considered it necessary to fill the demand for office space , but was criticised by groups and individuals , most notably Charles , Prince of Wales , concerned about the preservation of historic skylines . In May 2006 , Livingstone welcomed Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez to London , hosting an event for him at City Hall . This was condemned by various Conservatives claiming that Chávez 's democratic socialist government had undermined pluralistic democracy . Livingstone proceeded to accept the presidency of the pro @-@ Chávez Venezuelan Information Centre . In November 2006 , Livingstone travelled to Latin America to visit Chávez , during which he and his entourage stayed in Cuba at a cost of £ 29 @,@ 000 ; many British sources condemned the visit as a waste of tax @-@ payer 's money . In August 2007 , it was announced that Livingstone had come to an agreement with oil @-@ rich Venezuela ; Chávez 's government would supply £ 16 million a year worth of free oil to TfL , who would use it to subsidise half priced bus fares for 250 @,@ 000 Londoners on benefits . In return , London would provide expertise in running transport , as well as other services such as CCTV and waste management . Livingstone helped organise the first " Eid in the Square " event at Trafalgar Square in commemoration of the Islamic Eid ul @-@ Fitr festival in October 2006 . In May 2007 , Livingstone travelled to New York City to attend the C40 conference of major world cities to deal with environmentalist issues . One of the leading figures of the conference , he called for other cities to adopt congestion charging as an environmental measure . In August 2007 , he issued a public apology on behalf of London for its role in the transatlantic slave trade . He selected the anniversary of the Haitian Revolution on which to do it , and in his tearful speech asserted that it was the resistance of enslaved persons rather than the philanthropy of wealthy whites that led to the trade 's end . A week later he attended the unveiling of the statue of Nelson Mandela in Parliament Square , where he met with Nelson Mandela . In June 2007 , he criticised the planned £ 200 million Thames Water Desalination Plant at Beckton , which will be the United Kingdom 's first , calling it " misguided and a retrograde step in UK environmental policy " , and that " we should be encouraging people to use less water , not more . " In October 2007 , London Councils stated Livingstone had gone back on his promise to chair the developing London Waste and Recycling Board , and to provide £ 6 million of funding for the project , because " the government had failed to provide him with absolute control of the Board . " Livingstone intended to stand again as Labour candidate in the London Mayoral election , 2008 , this time against Conservative candidate Boris Johnson . At the start of the campaign Livingstone took Johnson more seriously than many others were doing , referring to him as " the most formidable opponent I will face in my political career . " Much of Labour 's campaign revolved around criticising Johnson for perceived racist and homophobic comments that he had made in the past , although Johnson strenuously denied that he was bigoted . Livingstone also proposed that if he were to win a third term he would increase the congestion charge fee to £ 25 for the most polluting vehicles , while removing it for the least , and that he would also introduce a cycling scheme based on the Vélib ' system in Paris . As part of his campaign , Livingstone highlighted that by 2008 , the Metropolitan Police had 35 @,@ 000 officers , 10 @,@ 000 more than it had had in 2000 , also highlighting statistics to indicate falling crime rates across the city during his Mayorship . Nevertheless , there had been a recent rise in gang killing among young people , with 27 teenagers having been killed in gang warfare during 2007 , a statistic used by Johnson 's campaign who emphasised the idea that a Johnson administration would be far tougher on youth crime and anti @-@ social behaviour . Further controversy rocked Livingstone 's campaign in December 2007 when Evening Standard journalist Andrew Gilligan alleged that one of Livingstone 's close advisers , Lee Jasper , had siphoned off at least £ 2 @.@ 5 million from the London Development Agency to fund black community groups with which he was closely associated . Livingstone stood by Jasper and claimed that the Evening Standard campaign was racist , but ultimately agreed to suspend Jasper while a full investigation took place . An independent report into the affair by District auditor Michael Haworth @-@ Maden in July 2009 found no evidence of " misappropriation of funds " but noted " significant " gaps in financial paperwork . The election took place in May 2008 , and witnessed a turnout of approximately 45 % of eligible voters , with Johnson receiving 43 @.@ 2 % and Livingstone 37 % of first @-@ preference votes ; when second @-@ preference votes were added , Johnson proved victorious with 53 @.@ 2 % to Livingstone 's 46 @.@ 8 % . = = Post @-@ mayoral career = = = = = Unsuccessful election : 2008 – 14 = = = Newly elected , Mayor Johnson paid tribute to Livingstone and his " very considerable achievements " , hoping that the new administration could " discover a way in which the mayoralty can continue to benefit from your transparent love of London " . Johnson 's administration nevertheless reversed a number of Livingstone 's policies , for instance overturning the deal for Venezuelan oil . Intent on giving Venezuela the " advice that we promised " , in August 2008 Livingstone announced that he would be advising urban planning in Caracas . Livingstone predicted that in twenty years it could become a " first @-@ world city " , and hoped to help with his " very extensive network of contacts both domestically and internationally " . In January 2009 , Livingstone responded to the Gaza War by calling for the European Union and the UK to bring home their ambassadors to Israel to express disapproval for the " slaughter and systematic murder of innocent Arabs " . From September 2009 to March 2011 , Livingstone presented the book review programme Epilogue for the Iranian state @-@ sponsored international news channel Press TV , for which he came under criticism from Iranian exile groups . In July 2010 , he spoke at the Durham Miners ' Gala , praising working class culture . He also used the speech to attack spending cuts by the new coalition government , claiming they were not necessary . In September 2010 , Livingstone criticised public spending cuts announced by the recently elected Conservative @-@ Liberal Democrat coalition government , which he stated amounted to £ 45 billion a year for London alone , and were " beyond Margaret Thatcher 's wildest dreams " as well as threatening to result in widespread division and poverty across the capital . In May 2011 , Livingstone said he was " appalled " that Osama bin Laden had been shot dead by US Special forces " in his pyjamas " and " in front of his kid , " and that the values of a western democracy would have been best demonstrated if Bin Laden had been put on trial and his words challenged . Livingstone stood for the Labour candidacy as 2012 Mayoral candidate . His campaign attracted criticism when he joked that the election was " a simple choice between good and evil " , and when he was accused of anti @-@ semitism by Jewish Labour supporters for suggesting that being largely wealthy , the Jewish community would not vote for him . He denied making the comments , but nevertheless apologised . Johnson 's campaign emphasised the accusation that Livingstone was guilty of tax evasion , for which Livingstone called Johnson a " bare @-@ faced liar " . The political scientist Andrew Crines believed that Livingstone 's campaign suffered from its focus on criticising Johnson rather than presenting an alternate and progressive vision of London 's future , also suggesting that after decades in the public eye , Livingstone had come to be seen as an over @-@ familiar and politically tired figure by the London electorate . On 4 May 2012 Livingstone was defeated in the London 2012 Mayoral Elections by the incumbent Mayor , Boris Johnson . There was only a difference of 62 @,@ 538 votes between the 2 candidates with Livingstone receiving 992 @,@ 273 votes and Johnson receiving 1 @,@ 054 @,@ 811 votes . Livingstone criticised bias in the media and declared that he would be bowing out of politics . He remained publicly critical of Johnson over the coming years ; in April 2014 , he admitted that while he had once feared Johnson as " the most hardline right @-@ wing ideologue since Thatcher " , over the course of Johnson 's mayoralty , he had instead concluded that he was " a fairly lazy tosser who just wants to be there " but who does very little work . = = = Under Corbyn 's leadership : 2015 – = = = In May 2015 , Livingstone endorsed Sadiq Khan to be the Labour candidate for the 2016 London mayoral election , and in July then endorsed Jeremy Corbyn in the 2015 Labour Party leadership election . After Corbyn was elected Labour leader , Livingstone was one of his most prominent allies ; in November 2015 Corbyn appointed Livingstone to co @-@ convene Labour 's defence review alongside Maria Eagle . This appointment was criticised by shadow defence minister Kevan Jones , who expressed the view that Livingstone knew little about defence and that it would damage the party 's reputation . Livingstone responded by claiming that Jones – who has spoken about his own clinical depression – needed " psychiatric help " . Jones took offense , and while Livingstone initially refused to apologise , he subsequently did so at Corbyn 's urging . Livingstone faced further criticism following a television appearance in which he stated that the perpetrators of the 2005 London bombings carried out their actions as retribution for UK involvement in the Iraq War . In March 2016 , Livingstone again courted controversy by comparing a hedge fund 's donation to Labour MP Dan Jarvis to " Jimmy Savile funding a children 's group " ; it subsequently emerged that Livingstone himself had received £ 8 @,@ 000 from a hedge fund , leading to accusations of hypocrisy . = = = = Suspension from the Labour Party = = = = In April 2016 , Livingstone commented publicly on the suspension of Labour MP Naz Shah ; she had been removed from the party after it was revealed that she had made comments on Facebook suggesting that Israeli Jews should be relocated to the United States . Livingstone stated that Shah 's postings , which were made before she became an MP at the 2015 general election , were " completely over the top " and " rude " , although he did not deem them antisemitic . He asserted that there is a " well @-@ orchestrated campaign by the Israel lobby to smear anybody who criticises Israeli policy as antisemitic " , and also stated that Adolf Hitler " was supporting Zionism before he went mad and ended up killing six million Jews " . He defended his claims by reference to Lenni Brenner 's Zionism in the Age of the Dictators , and many commentators suggested that Livingstone was referring to the Haavara Agreement between Nazi Germany and the Zionist Federation of Germany . Livingstone 's statements were criticised by historians , among them Roger Moorhouse , who said that they were historically inaccurate . He also became involved in a public argument on the subject with the Labour MP John Mann . Livingstone was subsequently suspended from Labour Party membership " for bringing the party into disrepute " . Over 20 Labour MPs called for Livingstone 's suspension , while Jon Lansman , founder of the pro @-@ Corbyn Momentum group , called for Livingstone to leave politics altogether , and Khan called for his expulsion from the party . In a subsequent interview , Livingstone expressed regret both for mentioning Hitler and for offending Jews but added that " I 'm not going to apologise for telling the truth . " Corbyn announced that the decision to expel Livingstone would be made by a National Executive Committee internal inquiry , whilst Livingstone insisted that he would be exonerated on the basis of Brenner 's book , saying " how can the truth be an offence ? " Following this controversy , Livingstone has questioned whether or not he has Jewish ancestry on his mother 's side stating that Greville Janner used to speculate whether or not he was Jewish because " my grandmother ’ s name was Zona . " Livingstone was sacked in Spring 2016 by LBC . He was quoted by The Daily Telegraph as saying this was because of his comments about Hitler . With the former Conservative minister David Mellor , Livingstone had co @-@ hosted a Saturday morning current affairs programme on LBC for 8 years . = = Political views = = Within the Labour Party , Livingstone was aligned with the hard left . Historian Alwyn W. Turner noted that Livingstone 's entire approach to politics revolved not simply around providing public services , but in trying to change society itself ; in his words , he wanted to get away from the concept of " old white men coming along to general management committees and talking about rubbish collection . " Biographer John Carvel , a journalist from The Guardian , remarked that Livingstone 's political motivation was a " fundamental desire ... for a more participative , cooperative society " , leading him to oppose " concentrations of power and ... exploitation in all its forms – economic , racial and sexual . " However , Livingstone has also described his approach to fiscal policy as " monetarist " : " I was a monetarist right from the beginning when I was leader of the GLC . We paid down debt every year . We had an absolutely firm rule . " Livingstone describes himself as a socialist . In 1987 , he stated that " politics is my religion . It 's my moral framework . I believe a socialist society is inherently the best thing , and that 's like an act of faith . " In 2007 , he stated that " I still believe one day that the idea that the main means of production are owned by private individuals ... will be considered as anti @-@ democratic as the idea serfs could be tied to the land . But I will not be alive when that day comes . " Livingstone had always worked towards a unified socialist front on the British left , and disliked the tendency towards splintering and forming rival factions , usually over issues of political theory , among the socialist community . Although rejecting Marxism , throughout his political career he has worked alongside Marxist far @-@ left groups and has become involved with the " politics of the street " . He has not worked with those Marxist groups , such as the Socialist Workers Party and the Revolutionary Communist Party , who advocate the destruction of the Labour Party as the way forward for socialism , seeing their beliefs as incompatible with his own . Livingstone has consistently opposed the actions of the Israeli government . In a 2005 interview he said that he was not against the existence of Israel , but rather Ariel Sharon 's government ; he recalled that on his 1986 visit to the country he got on well with its left @-@ wing politicians . Livingstone has consistently rejected being defined under any particular ideological current of socialism . Recognising this , in 2000 , the former Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock asserted that Livingstone could only be defined as a " Kennist " . Livingstone 's understanding of politics arises from his studies of animal behaviour and anthropology ; rejecting the idea that the human species is naturally progressing ( a view advocated by socialists like the Fabian Society ) , Livingstone instead took the view that human society is still coming to terms with the massive socio @-@ economic changes that it experienced upon the development of agriculture during the Neolithic . Highlighting that a hunter @-@ gatherer mode of subsistence is more natural to the human species , he believes that modern society has to adopt many hunter @-@ gatherer values – namely mutual co @-@ operation and emphasis on human relationships rather than consumerism – in order to survive . = = Personal life = = Historian Alwyn W. Turner noted that Livingstone was a " gifted communicator and self @-@ publicist " who was able to stump his opponents using his " mischievous sense of humour " . Biographer John Carvel echoed these comments , highlighting that Livingstone had a " talent for public speaking " . Biographer Andrew Hosken noted that many of those who had worked with Livingstone had commented on him being an excellent boss , who was " a good delegator , decisive and supportive " as well as being " a friendly and modest colleague . " Jenny McCartney , a reporter from The Spectator , expressed the view that " in person he is hard to dislike . There 's a notable absence of pomposity in his manner , a propensity to laughter , and his love of an ideological scrap is allied to a calm , sometimes wry style of delivery : it looks fiercer on paper . " In The Guardian , the journalist Hugh Muir described Livingstone as a man who is " happiest in the limelight , discomforted by the periphery " and who also " hates to apologise ... especially when called upon [ to do so ] ... by media or political opponents for whom he has no respect " . On the issue of nationality , Livingstone has expressed the view that he identifies as English rather than British , although his father was Scottish and he supports the continued existence of the United Kingdom . Although raised into a nominally Christian family , Livingstone renounced religious belief when he was eleven , becoming an atheist . In a 2005 interview he commented that in doing so he had rejected " mumbo @-@ jumbo in favour of rational science . " He is known for his enthusiasm for gardening and keeping and breeding newts . He was the first person to breed the Western Dwarf Clawed Frog Hymenochirus curtipes in captivity . Livingstone is a big fan of The Godfather film franchise , stating that the actions of the criminal organisations within the movies are very much akin to the world of politics . = = = Family = = = Livingstone repeatedly attempted to keep his family life private , commenting that " I expect that my private life is not in the public domain and I 'm rude to any journalist who turns up ... at home " . It is known that he has five children . Livingstone married Christine Pamela Chapman in 1973 ; the marriage ended in divorce in 1982 . Around that time he became involved with Kate Allen , now director of Amnesty International in the UK ; the couple separated in November 2001 . He then entered a relationship with his office manager , Emma Beal ; they have a son and a daughter together . Livingstone and Beal married on 26 September 2009 in the Mappin Pavilion of London Zoo . They live in North London . Livingstone had also fathered three children prior to 2000 ; a boy by one mother and two girls by another . The children were born to two different women while Livingstone was involved with Kate Allen , according to an article by Decca Aitkenhead : In his memoir , he describes how one was an old friend who was keen to have children but feared she was running out of time . " We had never been involved romantically but I knew her well enough to know she would be a wonderful mother and so I said I would like to be the father of her children . " A daughter was born in 1990 , and another in 1992 . Then another friend said she 'd like to have children : " And we agreed to have a baby . " Their son was born within weeks of his daughter in 1992 . = = Legacy and influence = = Throughout his career , Livingstone has polarised public opinion , and was widely recognised as a risk @-@ taker . Supporters described him as the " People 's Ken " and an " anti @-@ politician politician " , opining that he had the common touch with working @-@ class Londoners that most British politicians lacked . He was widely recognised for having improved the status of minority groups in London . He was also deemed a " formidable operator " at City Hall , with an " intimate knowledge " of London . He was also criticised during his career . During his Mayorship , he faced repeated accusations of cronyism for favouring his chosen aides over other staff . One of his supporters , Atma Singh , commented that under Livingstone 's leadership , a culture of bullying pervaded at City Hall , although this was denied by many other staff there . He was also widely criticised and denounced during his career . During his Mayorship , he faced repeated accusations of cronyism for favouring his chosen aides over other staff . One of his supporters , Atma Singh , commented that under Livingstone 's leadership , a culture of bullying pervaded at City Hall , although this was denied by many other staff there . During the 1980s , Spitting Image featured a fictionalised version of Livingstone voiced by Harry Enfield . In 1990 , BBC show The Comic Strip produced an episode entitled " GLC : The Carnage Continues ... " in which Robbie Coltrane played a fictionalised portrayal of Charles Bronson playing Livingstone in a Hollywood movie . Kate Bush wrote the song " Ken " for the episode , which was then released as a B @-@ side to her single " Love and Anger " .
= U.S. Route 13 Business ( Wilmington , Delaware ) = U.S. Route 13 Business ( US 13 Bus . ) is an 8 @.@ 19 @-@ mile ( 13 @.@ 18 km ) business route of US 13 that runs through the heart of Wilmington in New Castle County , Delaware , where US 13 bypasses downtown Wilmington to the east , running near Interstate 495 ( I @-@ 495 ) and the Delaware River . US 13 Bus. begins at US 13 at the southern border of Wilmington and heads north toward the downtown area , where it splits into a one @-@ way pair . Past downtown , the business route heads through the northeastern part of the city on North Market Street before continuing through suburban Brandywine Hundred on Philadelphia Pike . US 13 Bus. reaches its northern terminus at US 13 in Claymont . US 13 Bus. is a four @-@ lane road for much of its length . The Philadelphia Pike was built in the 1820s and improved to a state highway by 1920 . US 13 was designated to run through downtown Wilmington and along Philadelphia Pike in 1926 . During the 1930s , US 13 was shifted from Market Street to a one @-@ way pair on Market and French streets before both directions were moved onto French Street through downtown Wilmington . In the 1950s , the route was shifted to Walnut and French streets in the downtown area . The Walnut Street extension south of downtown , which included a new bridge over the Christina River , opened in 1957 . US 13 Bus. was designated in 1970 when US 13 was routed to bypass Wilmington along the former US 13 Alternate ( US 13 Alt . ) The business route was moved to its current one @-@ way pairing on Walnut and King street in the 1970s . = = Route description = = US 13 Bus. branches off of US 13 at the southern edge of Wilmington , just north of I @-@ 495 . From here , the business route heads north on four @-@ lane divided South Walnut Street . Immediately after beginning , the route has a southbound ramp to southbound I @-@ 495 and intersects Rogers Road . US 13 Bus. heads through commercial areas , becoming undivided as it comes to a bridge over Norfolk Southern 's Shellpot Branch railroad line . The route splits into a one @-@ way pair , with the northbound direction following South Walnut Street and the southbound direction following South Market Street , with three northbound lanes and four southbound lanes . The road passes businesses and a few homes and a high @-@ rise apartment complex before the business route crosses the Christina River on the Walnut Street Bridge northbound and the South Market Street Bridge southbound , both of which are drawbridges . US 13 Bus. heads into downtown Wilmington and crosses under Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor railroad line at the Wilmington Station that serves Amtrak and SEPTA 's Wilmington / Newark Line . Immediately after , the business route intersects the eastern terminus of DE 48 , which follows Front Street eastbound and 2nd Street westbound . At this point , US 13 Bus. continues north to follow North Walnut Street northbound and North King Street southbound , with four northbound lanes and three southbound lanes . The road passes downtown businesses and intersects DE 9 ( 4th Street ) near the New Castle County Court House . Continuing through the downtown , the business route carries three lanes in each direction and continues near high @-@ rise buildings , with the southbound direction passing to the east of the Delaware College of Art and Design north of 6th Street . Further north , the route comes to a junction with the southern terminus of DE 52 , which follows 11th Street eastbound and 12th Street westbound , near Rodney Square . At the north end of downtown , northbound US 13 Bus. turns west on 16th Street to rejoin the southbound direction . From here , US 13 Bus. heads north of four @-@ lane undivided North Market Street and crosses the Brandywine Creek . After the bridge , the road curves northeast and becomes a three @-@ lane road with one northbound lane and two southbound lanes , passing urban residential and commercial development as it comes to an intersection with the southern terminus of DE 202 ( Concord Avenue ) . The route becomes a two @-@ lane road and passes more urban areas along with a couple cemeteries . US 13 Bus. widens to four lanes again as it heads out of Wilmington and heads into suburban Brandywine Hundred , with the name of the road changing to Philadelphia Pike . Here , the business route intersects DE 3 near Bellefonte and forms a concurrency with that route . The two routes pass suburban homes and businesses , crossing Marsh Road before DE 3 splits from US 13 Bus. by heading to the northwest . US 13 Bus. passes to the southeast of Bellevue State Park and continues northeast through residential neighborhoods with scattered businesses , heading through Holly Oak before it reaches Claymont . At Harvey Road , the road narrows to two travel lanes and a center turn lane until the business route intersects US 13 and reaches its northern terminus , with Philadelphia Pike continuing northeast as part of US 13 . The portion of the route between A Street and DE 9 ( 4th Street ) in Wilmington is part of the Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Byway , a Delaware Byway . US 13 Bus. has an annual average daily traffic count ranging from a high of 30 @,@ 948 vehicles at A Street in Wilmington to a low of 8 @,@ 384 vehicles at the DE 3 intersection near Bellefonte . US 13 Bus. is a part of the National Highway System between the southern terminus and DE 202 in Wilmington . = = History = = In 1813 , the Wilmington and Philadelphia Turnpike Company was chartered to build a turnpike running from the Brandywine Bridge in Wilmington northeast to the Pennsylvania border , where the roadway would continue to Philadelphia . A 3 @.@ 75 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 04 km ) long portion of the road near Wilmington was finished in 1816 with the remainder completed in 1823 . With the Federal Aid Road Act of 1916 , the Philadelphia Pike was to be improved by the state . The Philadelphia Pike was upgraded to a state highway by 1920 . In 1925 , recommendations were made to improve the South Market Street Causeway over the Christina River in Wilmington , which included a new bridge over the river . Construction on the drawbridge began in May 1926 . In 1927 , the new drawbridge , the four @-@ lane South Market Street Bridge , opened over the Christina River on South Market Street in Wilmington , replacing a previous drawbridge that was only two lanes wide . With the creation of the U.S. Highway System in 1926 , US 13 was routed to head through Wilmington along Market Street and to the northeast of Wilmington along Philadelphia Pike . In 1926 , the Delaware State Highway Department suggested the Philadelphia Pike be widened . US 13 was widened along the Philadelphia Pike between Shellpot Park and Bellevue Quarry in 1927 . In 1928 , the widening of Philadelphia Pike was completed . By 1932 , US 13 was split into the one @-@ way pair of French Street northbound and Market Street southbound in the downtown area . Both directions of the route was shifted to use French Street by 1936 . On July 18 , 1938 , the grade crossing with the Reading Railroad ( now abandoned ) and the Pennsylvania Railroad ( now Norfolk Southern 's Shellpot Branch ) on South Market Street in Wilmington was eliminated with the opening of a bridge over the railroad tracks . In 1952 , a new bridge over the Christina River , the Walnut Street Bridge , was proposed to link Walnut Street in the downtown area with the Dupont Parkway section of US 13 south of the city . Under this plan , the Walnut Street Bridge would be used for northbound traffic while the South Market Street Bridge would be used for southbound traffic . By this time , US 13 was routed on a one @-@ way pair in the downtown area , using Walnut Street northbound and French Street southbound . A year later , the Walnut Street Bridge project was under contract . Construction on the project began in 1955 . Construction of the Walnut Street Extension , which included the drawbridge , approach roads , and a new bridge under the Pennsylvania Railroad ( now Amtrak 's Northeast Corridor ) , was completed in 1957 . As a result , US 13 was split into the one @-@ way pair of South Walnut Street northbound and South Market Street southbound between the south end of the city and downtown . Plans were made to widen the Philadelphia Pike to a four @-@ lane road between Bellevue Road and Claymont in 1954 . The widening project was completed in 1956 . US 13 Bus. was established in 1970 , replacing the former alignment of US 13 through Wilmington that was shifted to bypass the city along the former US 13 Alt . By 1976 , southbound US 13 Bus. was shifted to use King Street instead of French Street through downtown Wilmington . = = Major intersections = = The entire route is in New Castle County .
= Most Wanted ( Hilary Duff album ) = Most Wanted is the first compilation album of American singer Hilary Duff . It was released on August 10 , 2005 , by Hollywood Records . The album comprises ten previously released tracks ( three of which are in a remixed form ) , and three new recordings : " Wake Up " , " Beat of My Heart " , and " Break My Heart " . A deluxe edition of the album , subtitled The Collector 's Signature Edition , was also released , containing additional remixes and another new recording " Supergirl " . At first , Duff was concerned about the reaction of fans to the new songs , since they carry a " totally different sound " and are more dance @-@ oriented than her previous music . Following its release , Most Wanted received mostly negative reviews from critics , who deemed the release as premature , stating that Duff did not have enough material to warrant a compilation . However , the Dead Executives @-@ produced tracks received favorable comments ; critics wrote that they stood out from the rest of the album . In the United States , the album debuted atop the Billboard 200 chart , becoming Duff 's second number one album there . It was later certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) . Elsewhere , it debuted at number one in Canada , and reached the top ten in Australia , Ireland , Italy , Japan and New Zealand . Four singles were released from the album . The lead single , " Wake Up " , was released in August 2005 , and peaked within the top ten in countries including Italy , Norway and the United Kingdom . In the United States , the song reached number 29 and was certified Gold by the RIAA . The accompanying music video features Duff portraying styles from cities over the world like London and Tokyo . The second single , " Beat of My Heart " , peaked in the top 20 in countries such as Australia , Italy and Spain . " Supergirl " was released in February 2006 exclusively to the iTunes Store as the album 's third single and " Fly " , originally released as the lead single from Hilary Duff , was released throughout Europe as the fourth and final single from Most Wanted . Duff embarked on the worldwide Still Most Wanted Tour in support of the album ; the tour ran from July 2005 through September 2006 . = = Background and development = = Following Hollywood 's reported disappointment in the lack of sales longevity of the Hilary Duff album and the chart performance of " Fly " , all further single releases from Hilary Duff in the United States were cancelled and the Most Wanted project was quickly conceived . On May 20 , 2005 , MTV News reported that Duff would be releasing a new album in August , comprising previously released tracks and four new recordings . It was also announced that preceding the album 's release , Duff would begin a 32 @-@ date summer concert tour in support of the album . Four days later , on May 24 , the album 's title was revealed to be Most Wanted , and the album 's release date was announced to be August 16 , 2005 . The following month , in an interview with MTV News , Duff said that she had been working with brothers Joel and Benji Madden , of the American rock band Good Charlotte , and Jason Epperson ( together known under the production name the Dead Executives ) to write and produce new songs for the compilation . She said that " ... they 're three of my favorite songs I 've ever done . ... It was really fun being in the studio with them . " Described by Duff as the first time when " all the responsibility was on [ her ] " , she went into the recording studio without the guidance of her record label or management . According to Duff , she did not tell anyone at her record label that she was working with the Dead Executives . Joel , whom Duff had been dating at the time , was aware that she needed new material for a compilation album , and knew that she wanted a " totally different sound " . Together , the Dead Executives went into the recording studio and worked on new music for Duff , before bringing her into the studio to collectively work on them . Duff described working with them as pleasant , and the music as a new milestone in her career , stating that working with " people you 're close with makes a world of difference when you 're recording and being creative . " At the same time , Duff was also nervous about how her fans would react to the new music . Duff recorded four tracks for the album , three of which appear on the standard edition of the album — " Wake Up " , " Beat of My Heart " and " Break My Heart " — while the fourth appears only on the deluxe edition : " Supergirl " . The song was penned by Duff alongside Kara DioGuardi and Greg Wells . The track listing for Most Wanted was revealed on July 12 , 2005 , and the album was released on August 16 , 2005 in the United States and Canada . The Japanese standard edition of the album features the same track listing as The Collector 's Signature Edition , with additional remixes of " Wake Up " by DJ Kaya , and was released on August 10 , 2005 . Another version with a bonus DVD including music videos to selected songs and " making of " clips was also released in the same region . In the US , the iTunes digital version includes an interview with Duff . A deluxe edition of the album , subtitled The Collector 's Signature Edition , was also released , containing an acoustic version of " Who 's That Girl ? " , an alternate version of " Jericho " and a remix of " Party Up " along with " Supergirl " . The pressing features a different album art and was packed with four autographed photo cards and a wristband . Most Wanted also contains 10 previously released tracks from Metamorphosis ( 2003 ) and Hilary Duff ( 2004 ) , as well as songs from soundtracks of Duff 's films : The Lizzie McGuire Movie ( 2003 ) and A Cinderella Story ( 2004 ) , three of which — " Come Clean " , " Rock This World " and " Why Not " — are in a remixed form . = = New material = = " Wake Up " , the opening track , is a mid @-@ tempo number backed by dance , pop and electronic beats , and has " a more mature pop @-@ techno sound " than Duff 's previous work . Its instrumentation includes a guitar , bass and drums . Kelefa Anneth of The New York Times noted that the song contains musical influences of The Go @-@ Go 's . The lyrics of the song speak about having fun . Duff initially sings about the consequences of her fame and how people think they know " everything about [ me ] " ( " There 's people talking / They talk about me / They know my name / They think they know everything / But they don 't know anything about me " ) . As the chorus draws near , the song takes on a " party anthem " approach , where Duff discusses the " struggle " for joy and self @-@ confidence : " I know I make mistakes / I 'm living life day to day / It 's never really easy but it 's OK ... " According to Duff , the song " makes you want to forget about all the pressure of dealing with your boss , or your teacher , or your mom , or [ whoever ] , " and lyrically discusses " getting out and not forgetting to have some fun . " Duff has also said the song also " talks about being in all [ my ] favorite places in the world , which is Tokyo and Paris and London and New York . " " Beat of My Heart " , the third track on the album , is inspired by the new wave genre . The song also draws influences from the bubblegum pop and dance genres . It carries a " soft electronic pop " sound and has the heart beat sound as its base . According to Chuck Taylor of Billboard magazine , the word ' beat of my heart ' is repeated forty @-@ four times in the song . The next new track and the ninth track on the album , " Break My Heart " is another dance @-@ inspired number incorporating pop punk elements , and was described as a " highly produced four @-@ on @-@ the @-@ floor rocker . " The song interpolates " slick and clean ' punk ' guitars and a chugging rhythm " . " Break My Heart " leans more towards the rock genre and was compared to the works of Good Charlotte . The lyrics describe the feelings faced by the protagonist , following her heartbreak . Bill Lamb of About.com observed that " Beat of My Heart " and " Break My Heart " were " cookie cutter copies " of Avril Lavigne 's " Sk8er Boi " ( 2002 ) . " Come Clean " , " Why Not " and " Rock This World " are featured as club remixes in Most Wanted . According to Spence D. of IGN , " Come Clean " , remixed by Chris Cox exhibits elements of house music , while " Rock This World " displays " Kid Rock @-@ meets @-@ Aerosmith rock blitz " . He classified the remix of " Why Not " as a " hyperkinetic pop " sped @-@ up to a " level of sugar high bounce " . Another remix , of the Diane Warren @-@ penned " I Am " , is included as a hidden track , with added synths to give it a ' 80s indie feel . The version of " Girl Can Rock " featured on the album , according to Anthony Miccio of Baltimore City Paper has a chord progression similar to the song " Cherry Pie " by American band Warrant . The song displays elements of country music and the lyrics are a " statement of purpose " . Duff sings the chorus , backed by a guitar : " It ain 't no shock / The girl can rock " . = = Critical response = = Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic gave a mixed review of Most Wanted , stating that " hardcore fans will be hard @-@ pressed for a reason to add this to their collection " and that the new songs — " Wake Up " , " Beat of My Heart " and " Break My Heart " — " sound a bit like leftovers " . Although he wrote that Most Wanted " isn 't a terrible album by any means , it 's not particularly a good one , since Duff 's two pop albums [ Metamorphosis ( 2003 ) and Hilary Duff ( 2004 ) ] have distinctive personalities that don 't necessarily mesh together [ ... ] , and are both more fun than this . " Bill Lamb of About.com noted that the three new songs " seem to be marking time instead of finding a new direction " but said that " [ the ] remaining bulk of this collection is strong . " Anthony Miccio , from the Baltimore City Paper , wrote that the album " doesn 't signify the closure of a brief career " but is " meant to satisfy an audience that won 't be offended by the opportunity to buy their favorite songs again and again . " He noted that Duff 's voice was not strong enough and stated that the " rock tracks are surprisingly sluggish . " Talia Kraines of BBC Music commented that " ... there isn 't enough here to warrant a purchase if you 're already the owner of her back catalogue . But if you 're after your first taste of Duff @-@ flavoured pop to listen to in the background as you do your homework , then this album can do no harm . " Spence D. of IGN stated that " the only draw for this album are the three new tracks and the three remixes . " He further commented that Most Wanted is a " filler album " and that " [ T ] he new songs that are served up still show Duff chasing trends rather than setting them and actively searching for her own voice and image . " Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine was critical of the album writing he " literally laughed out loud when I heard the Duffster was releasing a best @-@ of album titled Most Wanted . " He praised the Dead Executives produced tracks and concluded the review by writing that " apparently there aren 't even enough bearable moments in Duff 's recording career to fill one CD " . Gabriel Leong of MTV Southeast Asia started the review by writing " A greatest hits album seems a tad flagrant when you 've only had two albums so far . So let 's call this one a compilation album instead . " Leong noted that the title fitted the album perfectly and that it proves " its innocuous appeal of infectious bubblegum pop . " David Hiltbrand of The Philadelphia Inquirer commented that it was " a little early in the career " to release a greatest hits album and that it showcased that " Duff is more product than talent . " Aidin Vaziri of San Francisco Chronicle also commented that it was premature as it was too early in Duff 's career to release a greatest hits compilation . He commended the new tracks produced by the Dead Executives writing that they " help alleviate the feeling that this is a total cash grab . " In 2006 , Rolling Stone included the album in their Lamest Greatest Hits Albums Ever list . = = Commercial performance = = In the United States , Most Wanted debuted at number one , with sales of over 208 @,@ 000 units . It became her first album to debut at the top , and her second album to top the chart after Metamorphosis ( 2003 ) . It stayed at the same position in its second week of release , after a 40 % drop in sales . In September 2005 , the album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIIA ) for shipments of over one million copies . By January 13 , 2007 , the album had sold over 1 @,@ 400 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . In Canada , the album became Duff 's third consecutive album to debut at number one , selling 45 @,@ 000 units in its initial week . In December 2005 , it was certified two times platinum by the Canadian Recording Industry Association ( CRIA ) for shipments of over 200 @,@ 000 copies . In Australia , the album debuted at number three and was certified platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) for shipments of over 70 @,@ 000 copies . In New Zealand , it debuted at number 17 and two weeks later , peaked at number 10 becoming Duff 's first and only top 10 entry in New Zealand , to date . As of July 27 , 2014 , the album had sold 1 @,@ 489 @,@ 000 million copies in the United States . Overseas , in the United Kingdom , Most Wanted debuted at number 31 , with first @-@ week sales of 10 @,@ 661 copies , and stayed on the chart for a total of five weeks . It was certified gold by the British Phonographic Industry ( BPI ) for shipments of 100 @,@ 000 copies in January 2006 . The album peaked at number eight on the Irish Albums Chart and stayed on the charts for eighteen weeks , with its final appearance on the chart at number sixty @-@ nine . It was certified gold by the Irish Recorded Music Association ( IRMA ) denoting sales / shipments of 7 @,@ 500 copies . In Japan , the album debuted at number three on the Oricon charts , with sales of 38892 units . It stayed on the chart for fourteen weeks and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) . Most Wanted also peaked within the top 10 in Italy and Ireland , and the top fifty in Mexico and Spain . Due to its appearance on many European charts , it peaked at number 59 on the European Albums Chart , as compiled by Billboard 's Music & Media . = = Promotion = = = = = Singles = = = " Wake Up " was released as the lead single from Most Wanted . It was serviced to US mainstream radio on July 12 , 2005 , and was physically released on August 26 , 2005 . The song was met with generally mixed reviews from critics ; a few noted that the Madden @-@ produced track was a standout on the album . Chuck Taylor of Billboard called the song " an easy ace " and deemed it " a summer beach staple " . He also commended Duff 's vocal style in the song and remarked that it would " put her singing career on par with her hyperactive acting endeavors . " Stephen Thomas Erlwine of Allmusic commented that it sounded like " leftovers " Commercially , " Wake Up " peaked within the top 10 in Italy , Ireland , Norway , Spain and the United Kingdom . In the United States , the song reached number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming Duff 's highest peak at the time . The accompanying music video for the song , directed by Marc Webb , portrays Duff in several different looks , representing styles from Tokyo , London , Paris and New York City . " Beat of My Heart " was released as the second single from Most Wanted on December 12 , 2005 . The song received generally negative reviews from critics , who labelled it repetitive . Chuck Taylor of Billboard wrote : " Pop music is always appreciated , but this is a kiddie anthem , plain and simple , so repetitive and childlike [ ... ] that is hardly a contender for contemporary radio . " The song failed to chart in the US , but was a moderate success elsewhere , peaking within the top 10 in Italy , and the top @-@ twenty in Australia and Spain . The song 's accompanying music video , directed by Phil Harder , was influenced by the opening title sequences of James Bond films , and Duff sports different looks inspired by the different eras of the Bond films . In a few European countries , " Fly " was released as the second single from Most Wanted on March 13 , 2006 . It charted and peaked at number 20 on the UK Singles Chart and number 13 on the Italian Singles Chart . A third single from the album was planned to be released , but due to Duff 's busy schedule and exhaustion from touring , it did not materialize . Instead , " Supergirl " was released as a download @-@ only single on February 28 , 2006 . " Wake Up " and " Supergirl " were also used in an advertisement campaign to promote Candie 's ' clothing line for young women in 2005 – 06 . = = = Tour = = = To promote the album , Duff embarked on a worldwide arena tour . Entitled the Still Most Wanted Tour , the tour — an extension of the Most Wanted Tour ( 2004 – 05 ) — began on July 12 , 2005 in Los Angeles , California at the Greek Theatre , with a United States leg . Following the end of the US leg in September , it visited Australia in December . Duff then made her Canadian touring debut in January 2006 , before heading off to Europe in April . She then visited Latin America , before closing the tour up with various dates in North America from June to September 2006 . The set list contained songs from Metamorphosis and Hilary Duff . Duff also premiered " Wake Up " , " Beat of My Heart " and " Break My Heart " on the tour . = = Track listings = = = = = North American editions = = = = = = International editions = = = Notes ^ a signifies a remixer European editions of the album included " I Am " from Hilary Duff as a hidden track at the end of the Why Not Remix . In North America it is also included at the end of the Do You Want Me Sessions @ AOL at Target stores . = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = = = Personnel = = Credits for Most Wanted adapted from Allmusic . = = Release history = =
= STRAT @-@ X = STRAT @-@ X , or Strategic @-@ Experimental , was a U.S. government @-@ sponsored study conducted during 1966 and 1967 that comprehensively analyzed the potential future of the U.S. nuclear deterrent force . At the time , the Soviet Union was making significant strides in nuclear weapons delivery , and also constructing anti @-@ ballistic missile defenses to protect strategic facilities . To address a potential technological gap between the two superpowers , U.S. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara entrusted the classified STRAT @-@ X study to the Institute for Defense Analyses , which compiled a twenty @-@ volume report in nine months . The report looked into more than one hundred different weapons systems , ultimately resulting in the MGM @-@ 134 Midgetman and LGM @-@ 118 Peacekeeper intercontinental ballistic missiles , the Ohio @-@ class submarines , and the Trident submarine @-@ launched ballistic missiles , among others . Journalists have regarded STRAT @-@ X as a major influence on the course of U.S. nuclear policy . = = Background = = In the mid @-@ 1960s , reports received by U.S. intelligence agencies indicated that the Soviets were planning to deploy large numbers of highly accurate and powerful intercontinental ballistic missiles ( ICBMs ) . Later , the R @-@ 36 ICBM entered service . Possessing the greatest throw weight of any ICBM ever at 8 @.@ 8 tonnes ( 19 @,@ 000 lb ) , the R @-@ 36 was larger than the most modern ICBMs in the U.S. arsenal at the time . Due to its size , it was able to carry high @-@ yield warheads capable of destroying Minuteman hardened silos ( see Counterforce ) . This was considered a significant risk to American ICBMs and , as a result , to the United States ' nuclear defense strategy by reducing the United States ' ability to retaliate with nuclear weapons if attacked . At the same time , the Soviets were designing and constructing increasingly sophisticated anti @-@ ballistic missile defense systems to protect strategically important facilities around Moscow , reducing the threat posed by American ICBMs . These developments compelled the U.S. Secretary of Defense , Robert McNamara , to commission a study to look into ways of improving the survivability of the U.S. nuclear arsenal . According to Graham Spinardi in his book From Polaris to Trident ( 1994 ) , STRAT @-@ X was a response by the U.S. Department of Defense 's Deputy Director of Defense Research and Engineering , Lloyd Wilson , to the U.S. Air Force ; the service was demanding a large ICBM called the WS @-@ 120A . Spinardi suggests that STRAT @-@ X was allowed to proceed so it could terminate the study for such a missile . Funding for the WS @-@ 120A would not be released by Secretary McNamara , and plans for such a missile were canceled in 1967 . = = Study = = The study was named " STRAT @-@ X " in order not to reveal its intentions , and also to eliminate partiality towards sea- , air- or land @-@ based systems . It was conducted by the Research and Engineering Support Division of the independent and non @-@ profit Institute for Defense Analyses ( IDA ) , which had conducted a study in early 1966 titled " Pen @-@ X " , upon which STRAT @-@ X was based . STRAT @-@ X was chaired by President of the IDA , General Maxwell D. Taylor , while the institution 's Fred Payne presided over STRAT @-@ X 's " working " panel . The panel also included executives from major independent corporations and defense contractors such as Boeing , Booz Allen Hamilton , Thiokol and TRW . The Advisory Committee members were mostly military officers , including U.S. Navy Rear Admirals George H. Miller and Levering Smith . On 1 November 1966 , McNamara signed an order authorizing STRAT @-@ X , officially initiating the study . During STRAT @-@ X , the working panel was " encouraged to examine system concepts unrestrained by considerations of potential management problems or political influences . " The Secretary wanted new ideas about " path @-@ breaking " weapons systems that were either offensive or defensive in nature , unhindered by defense bureaucracy , which had the potential to stifle innovation . Sea- , land- and air @-@ based missile systems were investigated , but manned bombers and orbital systems were not . The group was also asked to consider the cost effectiveness of all systems , as well to predict possible Soviet responses . To meet this requirement , a series of documents were written from the perspective of the Soviet Minister of Defense General Andrei Grechko , complete with anti @-@ capitalistic statements and a prediction of the eventual triumph of socialism . In the end , a twenty @-@ volume report covered no fewer than 125 different ideas for missile systems , nine of which were reviewed in great detail . = = = Findings and consequences = = = Of the nine prospective weapons systems , five were land @-@ based . These were : " Rock Silo " — a system where missiles would be stored in hardened silos of granite bedrock in the Western and Northern United States ; " Soft Silo " — a similar system but with easily and cheaply constructed silos ; " Rock Tunnel " — a system where missiles would be transported around in deep underground networks before emerging at launch points ; " Soft Tunnel " — a similar tunnel but built more cheaply and easily ; and " Land Mobile " — a truck @-@ based system where road @-@ transporters traveled at speeds up to 35 miles per hour ( 56 km / h ) constantly around a dedicated and winding road system in 65 @,@ 000 square miles ( 170 @,@ 000 km2 ) of public land . Of the remaining four , three were sea @-@ based . These were : " Canal @-@ Based " — a systems where missiles would be sailed in canals to confuse Soviet military planners ; " Ship @-@ Based " — a system where ships carrying missile canisters would travel around the world , hiding among other traffic ; and " Submarine @-@ Based " — a system where ballistic missile submarines would roam the oceans while carrying missile canisters outside their pressure hulls . The single air @-@ based based consideration was the " Air Launched ICBM " , which required large aircraft carrying standoff ballistic missiles to launch their payloads at the Soviet Union . Despite the numerous options investigated during the study , none were fully implemented . Although the STRAT @-@ X " Land Mobile " option resulted in the MGM @-@ 134 Midgetman and LGM @-@ 118 Peacekeeper missiles , the fall of communism throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s resulted in the Midgetman being canceled while still a prototype , while only 50 out of the original 100 Peacekeeper missiles were ever fielded . Nevertheless , the study did inspire a number of developments in nuclear weapons delivery systems . In October 1974 , the U.S. Air Force successfully conducted an air launch of a Minuteman missile from a C @-@ 5 Galaxy , demonstrating the credibility of the " Air Launched ICBM " option of STRAT @-@ X. Although the U.S. Navy then had several classes of ballistic missile submarines and submarine @-@ launched ballistic missile ( SLBM ) in service , the study placed a significant emphasis on the survivability of SLBMs . This resulted in the enormous Ohio @-@ class submarine and the Trident SLBMs which the Ohio class carried . The study originally called for dedicated slow @-@ moving missile @-@ carrying submarines ( instead of converted attack submarines ) to embark missiles outside their hulls and rely primarily on stealth for survivability . However , Admiral Hyman Rickover , director of the Naval Reactors office , wanted a boat capable of a burst of high speed in order to affect a safe " getaway " after launching the boat 's payload . As a result , the Ohio class was designed to accommodate enormous nuclear reactors to produce the required speed . Ohio @-@ class submarines carry their missiles inside of their hulls , despite STRAT @-@ X 's recommendation . Ohio @-@ class submarines and Trident missiles are still in service as of 2016 . Weapons systems inspired by STRAT @-@ X = = Legacy = = STRAT @-@ X had far @-@ reaching effects on the development and deployment of U.S. nuclear forces . It was the first time that the strategic requirements of the U.S. Armed Forces were addressed in a detailed and analytical manner . In a 2002 report by the RAND Corporation , STRAT @-@ X was described as " one of the most influential analyses ever conducted " for the U.S. Department of Defense . Journalist Peter Grier , in his Air Force magazine article " STRAT @-@ X " , described the study as " a wide @-@ ranging look at the future of U.S. weapons that shaped the nuclear triad for decades , and remains a model for such efforts today " . In 2006 , the Defense Science Board ( DFS ) noted STRAT @-@ X 's introduction of ideas and concepts that resulted in the Ohio @-@ class submarines and small and mobile ICBMs . The DFS also attributed the use of air @-@ launched cruise missiles , particularly those carried by the B @-@ 52 Stratofortress , to STRAT @-@ X despite their lack of references in the study .
= Ron Saggers = Ronald Arthur Saggers ( 15 May 1917 – 17 March 1987 ) was an Australian cricketer who played for New South Wales . He played briefly for the Australian team , playing six Tests between 1948 and 1950 . In his Test cricket career he made 24 dismissals ( 16 catches and 8 stumpings ) and scored 30 runs at an average of 10 @.@ 00 . As a wicket @-@ keeper , Saggers was " tidy and unobtrusive " , and the understudy to Don Tallon on the 1948 Australian tour of England . The touring party , led by Donald Bradman in his last season , was nicknamed The Invincibles and was widely regarded as one of the strongest ever . Saggers played in the Test match at Headingley , where he took three catches , and his only other experience of Test cricket was on the tour to South Africa in 1949 – 50 , in which Tallon did not take part . Saggers played in all five Tests and took 21 dismissals , but Tallon replaced him for the home Ashes series against England the following season . In domestic cricket , Saggers twice captained New South Wales in 1948 when the regular captain , Arthur Morris , was playing for Australia , and overall played domestic cricket from 1939 until 1951 . = = Domestic career = = Saggers was born in the Sydney suburb of Marrickville in 1917 . He married Margaret Heather ( née Rankin ) in Annandale in 1941 . Outside cricket , Saggers worked in the insurance industry . = = = Early career = = = Saggers played twice for the New South Wales Colts team against Queensland Colts in 1937 , before making his first @-@ class debut against South Australia at the Sydney Cricket Ground half way through the season in January 1940 . Selected as a specialist batsman — future Services player Stan Sismey kept wicket — Saggers made 45 and 57 batting at number six in his debut match , and went on to make two more first @-@ class appearances before the end of the season , ending with 208 runs at an average of 34 @.@ 66 and three catches behind the stumps . His first full season from 1940 – 1941 saw him play in eight matches , scoring 413 runs with the bat at 29 @.@ 50 and passing fifty runs in an innings twice . His first match was away against Queensland where he scored 22 and 45 , making three stumpings , taking one catch and performing one run out , followed by scores of one and 33 in the home match , together with two stumpings . He scored 35 and four at home against Victoria , and then 45 in the second innings of the away match . On 22 November 1940 , barely a year into Saggers ' career , New South Wales faced a combined Queensland @-@ Victoria team at Brisbane . Saggers scored 58 as his team reached 429 in response to the oppositions 202 all out . In the Queensland @-@ Victoria team 's second innings , where they reached 416 , Saggers equalled the world record for most dismissals in an innings , taking seven catches . Saggers then went on to score 47 against South Australia , and 68 against Queensland on 1 January 1941 . In his final match before the outbreak of World War II , Saggers scored 63 runs against South Australia . He ended the season with 18 catches with the gloves and 13 stumpings . = = = World War II = = = Between 1941 and 1942 , Saggers ' career was interrupted when he enlisted in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) on 6 December 1941 at Sydney . He served at the Elementary Flight School as Leading Aircraftman RA Saggers 421043 , until his discharge on 29 July 1942 , Saggers did not return to domestic cricket in Australia until 1945 , however . In the 1945 – 1946 season , he played in seven matches , scoring 168 runs at 21 @.@ 00 and taking 12 catches and five stumpings . He then suffered a drop in form with the bat ; in 1946 – 1947 he scored only 176 runs at 17 @.@ 60 from eight matches . However , he remained effective as a wicket @-@ keeper with 16 catches and seven stumpings . His batting form returned in 1947 – 1948 , scoring 298 runs from 10 matches at 27 @.@ 09 , reaching the 90s for the first time . He also enjoyed a very successful season with the gloves , a career high of 21 catches and four stumpings . = = = Return = = = Saggers was in stronger form following his tour to England . On 10 December 1948 , Saggers , included in AL Hassett 's XI for Test trial matches and benefits , as well as continuing his career at New South Wales , scored 38 for the latter against Queensland . At the same time , he aided Jack Moroney in his own comeback to cricket at New South Wales by suggesting he subtract three years from his age when he submitted his registration form . Overall in the 1948 – 1949 season he scored 300 runs from nine matches , his highest season total , at 25 @.@ 00 , and taking 21 catches and six stumpings . Following the South Africa tour of 1949 – 1950 he returned to Australia again for one final season from 1950 – 1951 , however played only one match , scoring five runs and taking two catches . Through his entire first @-@ class career of 77 appearances from 1939 until 1951 , he was to make one century in a tour match against Essex and eight half @-@ centuries for New South Wales , ending with 1 @,@ 888 runs at an average of 23 @.@ 89 , together with 146 catches and 75 stumpings . = = International career = = = = = The Invincibles = = = Saggers accompanied the 1948 Ashes tour to England as the reserve wicket @-@ keeper behind the first choice , Tallon . In the first County match against Leicestershire he scored six and took two catches , and against Cambridge University he made two stumpings and took one catch . He then played in the match against Essex where Australia reached 721 runs . Saggers made his highest first @-@ class score , 104 not out — the only first @-@ class century of his career — in a partnership of 166 runs in 65 minutes with Sam Loxton . Loxton , along with Bill Brown and Donald Bradman , also scored centuries . He then faced Oxford University , scoring six runs and taking one catch , followed by 22 and a stumping at Lancashire , 17 and another stumping at Hampshire , 22 against Yorkshire , 12 and four stumpings against Surrey , and three more stumpings against Gloucestershire . Saggers ' Test debut took place at Headingley on 22 July 1948 during the Fourth Test of the Invincibles Ashes tour of England . England made 496 runs in their first innings , with Saggers taking catches to remove Denis Compton for 23 and Jim Laker for four . Australia replied with 458 , however Saggers was stumped by England 's wicket @-@ keeper Godfrey Evans off the bowling of Laker for only five runs . England 's second innings reached 365 with Saggers taking one catch to secure the wicket of Ken Cranston . However , an innings of 182 runs from Arthur Morris and 173 not out from Bradman meant that Saggers was not required to bat again in the second innings ; Australia defeating England by seven wickets . Saggers did not play in the remaining international matches of the 1948 Ashes series , and he ended the tour with 209 runs at an average of 23 @.@ 22 , including a career high score of 104 not out against Essex , 23 catches and 20 stumpings , also career records . In his book , Farewell to cricket , Bradman said of Saggers following the tour , " [ he ] had not quite the speed or agility of Tallon but could always be relied on for a solid performance . A most polished and unostentatious player . " = = = South Africa = = = Saggers ' next Test came in the 1949 tour of South Africa , where he was Australia 's first choice wicket @-@ keeper for all five Test matches . In light of the successful 1948 tour of England , Saggers commented " give me South Africa now , but I wouldn 't care to insure her future at double the rate I 'd insure Australia 's . " In the first warm up match against Natal Saggers scored 17 and took four catches , and in the second against North Eastern Transvaal he took one catch and made two stumpings , but was not needed to bat in either innings . He made 32 runs with three stumpings and three catches against the South African XI , made two stumpings but did not bat against the Orange Free State , and then scored one and nought not out against the Transvaal . The first Test match of the tour , on 24 December 1949 at Johannesburg , saw him score 14 runs in the first innings before falling leg before wicket ( LBW ) to Cuan McCarthy , and taking three catches as South Africa were forced to follow on , Australia winning by an innings and 85 runs . In the Second Test at Cape Town , Saggers did get a chance to bat , with Australia declaring for 526 before he had the opportunity in the first innings . South Africa were forced to follow @-@ on ( bat twice in a row ) and were defeated by eight wickets . He did , however , complete three stumpings in South Africa 's first innings off the bowling of Colin McCool , along with four catches in the match . He also took two catches and completed one stumping in the Third Test , and made two runs in the first innings , though he did not bat in the second as Australia won by five wickets . The Fourth Test , again in Johannesburg , saw Saggers score five not out in the first innings and , though not being required to bat in the second innings as the match ended in a draw , taking two catches . The Fifth Test was played at the Crusaders Ground at St. George 's Park in Port Elizabeth on 3 March to 6 March 1950 . Scoring four not out in the first innings , Saggers took two catches and completed four stumpings as South Africa were bowled out for 158 and 132 chasing Australia 's first innings 549 . With this innings and 259 run victory , Australia won the test series 4 – 0 , however Saggers would not play for his national team again upon the return of Tallon . Saggers was caught once , stumped once and out leg before wicket once but was never bowled in his international career . He ended his final year as an international player with 111 runs in first @-@ class cricket overall at 13 @.@ 87 , taking 30 catches and 20 stumpings , both of which were the highest he attained in one calendar year . He was replaced again by Tallon , however his form in turn declined and he was replaced by Gil Langley for the 1952 series against the West Indies . He retired from first class cricket in 1951 , and died in Harbord , New South Wales in 1987 . = = Test match performance = =
= Mir = Mir ( Russian : Мир , IPA : [ ˈmʲir ] ; lit. peace or world ) was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001 , run by the Soviet Union and later by Russia . Mir was the first modular space station and was assembled in orbit from 1986 to 1996 . It had a greater mass than any previous spacecraft . At the time it was the largest artificial satellite in orbit , succeeded by the International Space Station after Mir 's orbit decayed . The station served as a microgravity research laboratory in which crews conducted experiments in biology , human biology , physics , astronomy , meteorology and spacecraft systems with a goal of developing technologies required for permanent occupation of space . Mir was the first continuously inhabited long @-@ term research station in orbit and held the record for the longest continuous human presence in space at 3 @,@ 644 days until 23 October 2010 when it was surpassed by the ISS . It holds the record for the longest single human spaceflight , with Valeri Polyakov spending 437 days and 18 hours on the station between 1994 and 1995 . Mir was occupied for a total of twelve and a half years out of its fifteen @-@ year lifespan , having the capacity to support a resident crew of three , or larger crews for short visits . Following the success of the Salyut programme , Mir represented the next stage in the Soviet Union 's space station programme . The first module of the station , known as the core module or base block , was launched in 1986 and followed by six further modules . Proton rockets were used to launch all of its components except for the docking module , which was installed by space shuttle mission STS @-@ 74 in 1995 . When complete , the station consisted of seven pressurised modules and several unpressurised components . Power was provided by several photovoltaic arrays attached directly to the modules . The station was maintained at an orbit between 296 km ( 184 mi ) and 421 km ( 262 mi ) altitude and traveled at an average speed of 27 @,@ 700 km / h ( 17 @,@ 200 mph ) , completing 15 @.@ 7 orbits per day . The station was launched as part of the Soviet Union 's manned spaceflight programme effort to maintain a long @-@ term research outpost in space , and following the collapse of the USSR , was operated by the new Russian Federal Space Agency ( RKA ) . As a result , most of the station ' occupants were Soviet ; however , through international collaborations such as the Intercosmos , Euromir and Shuttle @-@ Mir programmes , the station was made accessible to space travelers from several Asian , European and North American nations . Mir was deorbited in March 2001 after funding was cut off . The cost of the Mir programme was estimated by former RKA General Director Yuri Koptev in 2001 as $ 4 @.@ 2 billion over its lifetime ( including development , assembly and orbital operation ) . = = Origins = = Mir was authorized on a 17 February 1976 decree , to design an improved model of the Salyut DOS @-@ 17K space stations . Four Salyut space stations had been launched since 1971 , with three more being launched during Mir 's development . It was planned that the station 's core module ( DOS @-@ 7 and the backup DOS @-@ 8 ) would be equipped with a total of four docking ports ; two at either end of the station as with the Salyut stations , and an additional two ports on either side of a docking sphere at the front of the station to enable further modules to expand the station 's capabilities . By August 1978 , this had evolved to the final configuration of one aft port and five ports in a spherical compartment at the forward end of the station . It was originally planned that the ports would connect to 7 @.@ 5 @-@ tonne ( 8 @.@ 3 @-@ short @-@ ton ) modules derived from the Soyuz spacecraft . These modules would have used a Soyuz propulsion module , as in Soyuz and Progress , and the descent and orbital modules would have been replaced with a long laboratory module . However , following a February 1979 governmental resolution , the programme was consolidated with Vladimir Chelomei 's manned Almaz military space station programme . The docking ports were reinforced to accommodate 20 @-@ tonne ( 22 @-@ short @-@ ton ) space station modules based on the TKS spacecraft . NPO Energia was responsible for the overall space station , with work subcontracted to KB Salyut , due to ongoing work on the Energia rocket and Salyut 7 , Soyuz @-@ T , and Progress spacecraft . KB Salyut began work in 1979 , and drawings were released in 1982 and 1983 . New systems incorporated into the station included the Salyut 5B digital flight control computer and gyrodyne flywheels ( taken from Almaz ) , Kurs automatic rendezvous system , Luch satellite communications system , Elektron oxygen generators , and Vozdukh carbon dioxide scrubbers . By early 1984 , work on Mir had halted while all resources were being put into the Buran programme in order to prepare the Buran spacecraft for flight testing . Funding resumed in early 1984 when Valentin Glushko was ordered by the Central Committee 's Secretary for Space and Defence to orbit Mir by early 1986 , in time for the 27th Communist Party Congress . It was clear that the planned processing flow could not be followed and still meet the 1986 launch date . It was decided on Cosmonaut 's Day ( 12 April ) 1985 to ship the flight model of the base block to the Baikonur cosmodrome and conduct the systems testing and integration there . The module arrived at the launch site on 6 May , with 1100 of 2500 cables requiring rework based on the results of tests to the ground test model at Khrunichev . In October , the base block was rolled outside its cleanroom to carry out communications tests . The first launch attempt on 16 February 1986 was scrubbed when the spacecraft communications failed , but the second launch attempt , on 19 February 1986 at 21 : 28 : 23 UTC , was successful , meeting the political deadline . = = Station structure = = = = = Assembly = = = The orbital assembly of Mir began on February 19 , 1986 with the launch of the Proton @-@ K rocket . Four of the six modules which were later added ( Kvant @-@ 2 in 1989 , Kristall in 1990 , Spektr in 1995 and Priroda in 1996 ) followed the same sequence to be added to the main Mir complex . Firstly , the module would be launched independently on its own Proton @-@ K and chase the station automatically . It would then dock to the forward docking port on the core module 's docking node , then extend its Lyappa arm to mate with a fixture on the node 's exterior . The arm would then lift the module away from the forward docking port and rotate it on to the radial port where it was to mate , before lowering it to dock . The node was equipped with only two Konus drogues , however , which were required for dockings . This meant that , prior to the arrival of each new module , the node would have to be depressurised to allow spacewalking cosmonauts to manually relocate the drogue to the next port to be occupied . The other two expansion modules , Kvant @-@ 1 in 1987 and the docking module in 1995 , followed different procedures . Kvant @-@ 1 , having , unlike the four modules mentioned above , no engines of its own , was launched attached to a tug based on the TKS spacecraft which delivered the module to the aft end of the core module instead of the docking node . Once hard docking had been achieved , the tug undocked and deorbited itself . The docking module , meanwhile , was launched aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis during STS @-@ 74 and mated to the orbiter 's Orbiter Docking System . Atlantis then docked , via the module , to Kristall , then left the module behind when it undocked later in the mission . Various other external components , including three truss structures , several experiments and other unpressurised elements were also mounted to the exterior of the station by cosmonauts conducting a total of eighty spacewalks over the course of the station 's history . The station 's assembly marked the beginning of the third generation of space station design , being the first to consist of more than one primary spacecraft ( thus opening a new era in space architecture ) . First generation stations such as Salyut 1 and Skylab had monolithic designs , consisting of one module with no resupply capability , whilst the second generation stations Salyut 6 and Salyut 7 comprised a monolithic station with two ports to allow consumables to be replenished by cargo spacecraft such as Progress . The capability of Mir to be expanded with add @-@ on modules meant that each could be designed with a specific purpose in mind ( for instance , the core module functioned largely as living quarters ) , thus eliminating the need to install all the station 's equipment in one module . = = = Pressurised modules = = = In its completed configuration , the space station consisted of seven different modules , each launched into orbit separately over a period of ten years by either Proton @-@ K rockets or Space Shuttle Atlantis . = = = Unpressurised elements = = = In addition to the pressurised modules , Mir featured several external components . The largest component was the Sofora girder , a large scaffolding @-@ like structure consisting of 20 segments which , when assembled , projected 14 metres from its mount on Kvant @-@ 1 . A self @-@ contained thruster block , the VDU , was mounted on the end of Sofora and was used to augment the roll @-@ control thrusters on the core module . The VDU 's increased distance from Mir 's axis allowed an 85 % decrease in fuel consumption , reducing the amount of propellant required to orient the station . A second girder , Rapana , was mounted aft of Sofora on Kvant @-@ 1 . This girder , a small prototype of a structure intended to be used on Mir @-@ 2 to hold large parabolic dishes away from the main station structure , was 5 metres long and used as a mounting point for externally mounted exposure experiments . To assist in moving objects around the exterior of the station during EVAs , Mir featured two Strela cargo cranes mounted to the sides of the core module , used for moving spacewalking cosmonauts and parts . The cranes consisted of telescopic poles assembled in sections which measured around 1 @.@ 8 metres ( 6 ft ) when collapsed , but when extended using a hand crank were 14 metres ( 46 ft ) long , meaning that all of the station 's modules could easily be accessed during spacewalks . Each module was fitted with a number of external components specific to the experiments that were carried out within that module , the most obvious being the Travers antenna mounted to Priroda . This synthetic aperture radar consisted of a large dish @-@ like framework mounted outside the module , with associated equipment within , used for Earth observations experiments , as was most of the other equipment on Priroda , including various radiometers and scan platforms . Kvant @-@ 2 also featured a number of scan platforms and was fitted with a mounting bracket to which the cosmonaut manoeuvring unit , or Ikar , was mated . This backpack was designed to assist cosmonauts in moving around the station and the planned Buran in a manner similar to the U.S. Manned Maneuvering Unit , but it was only used once , during EO @-@ 5 . In addition to module @-@ specific equipment , Kvant @-@ 2 , Kristall , Spektr and Priroda were each equipped with one Lyappa arm , a robotic arm which , after the module had docked to the core module 's forward port , grappled one of two fixtures positioned on the core module 's docking node . The arriving module 's docking probe was then retracted , and the arm raised the module so that it could be pivoted 90 ° for docking to one of the four radial docking ports . = = = Power supply = = = Photovoltaic ( PV ) arrays powered Mir . The station used a 28 volt DC supply which provided 5- , 10- , 20- and 50 @-@ amp taps . When the station was illuminated by sunlight , several solar arrays mounted on the pressurised modules provided power to Mir 's systems and charged the nickel @-@ cadmium storage batteries installed throughout the station . The arrays rotated in only one degree of freedom over a 180 ° arc , and tracked the sun using sun sensors and motors installed in the array mounts . The station itself also had to be oriented to ensure optimum illumination of the arrays . When the station 's all @-@ sky sensor detected that Mir had entered Earth 's shadow , the arrays were rotated to the optimum angle predicted for reacquiring the sun once the station passed out of the shadow . The batteries , each of 60 Ah capacity , were then used to power the station until the arrays recovered their maximum output on the day side of Earth . The solar arrays themselves were launched and installed over a period of eleven years , more slowly than originally planned , with the station continually suffering from a shortage of power as a result . The first two arrays , each 38 m2 ( 409 ft2 ) in area , were launched on the core module , and together provided a total of 9 kW of power . A third , dorsal panel was launched on Kvant @-@ 1 and mounted on the core module in 1987 , providing a further 2 kW from a 22 m2 ( 237 ft2 ) area . Kvant @-@ 2 , launched in 1989 , provided two 10 m ( 32 @.@ 8 ft ) long panels which supplied 3 @.@ 5 kW each , whilst Kristall was launched with two collapsible , 15 m ( 49 @.@ 2 ft ) long arrays ( providing 4 kW each ) which were intended to be moved to Kvant @-@ 1 and installed on mounts which were attached during a spacewalk by the EO @-@ 8 crew in 1991 . This relocation was not begun , however , until 1995 , when the panels were retracted and the left panel installed on Kvant @-@ 1 . By this time all the arrays had degraded and were supplying much less power . To rectify this , Spektr ( launched in 1995 ) , which had initially been designed to carry two arrays , was modified to hold four , providing a total of 126 m2 ( 1360 ft2 ) of array with a 16 kW supply . Two further arrays were flown to the station on board the Space Shuttle Atlantis during STS @-@ 74 , carried on the docking module . The first of these , the Mir cooperative solar array , consisted of American photovoltaic cells mounted on a Russian frame . It was installed on the unoccupied mount on Kvant @-@ 1 in May 1996 and was connected to the socket that had previously been occupied by the core module 's dorsal panel , which was by this point barely supplying 1 kW . The other panel , originally intended to be launched on Priroda , replaced the Kristall panel on Kvant @-@ 1 in November 1997 , completing the station 's electrical system . Total power supply by solar arrays , had the older ones not been degraded , would have been 42 kW by 1997 . = = = Orbit control = = = Mir was maintained in a near circular orbit with an average perigee of 354 km ( 220 mi ) and an average apogee of 374 km ( 232 mi ) , travelling at an average speed of 27 @,@ 700 km / h ( 17 @,@ 200 mph ) and completing 15 @.@ 7 orbits per day . As the station constantly lost altitude because of a slight atmospheric drag , it needed to be boosted to a higher altitude several times each year . This boost was generally performed by Progress resupply vessels , although during the Shuttle @-@ Mir programme the task was performed by U.S. Space Shuttles , and , prior to the arrival of Kvant @-@ 1 , the engines on the core module could also accomplish the task . The attitude ( orientation ) of the station was independently determined by a set of externally mounted sun , star and horizon sensors . Attitude information was conveyed between updates by rate sensors . Attitude control was maintained by a combination of two mechanisms ; in order to hold a set attitude , a system of twelve control moment gyroscopes ( CMGs , or " gyrodynes " ) rotating at 10 @,@ 000 rpm kept the station oriented , six CMGs being located in each of the Kvant @-@ 1 and Kvant @-@ 2 modules . When the attitude of the station needed to be changed , the gyrodynes were disengaged , thrusters ( including those mounted directly to the modules , and the VDU thruster used for roll control mounted to the Sofora girder ) were used to attain the new attitude and the CMGs were reengaged . This was done fairly regularly depending on experimental needs ; for instance , Earth or astronomical observations required that the instrument recording images be continuously aimed at the target , and so the station was oriented to make this possible . Conversely , materials processing experiments required the minimisation of movement on board the station , and so Mir would be oriented in a gravity gradient attitude for stability . Prior to the arrival of the modules containing these gyrodynes , the station 's attitude was controlled using thrusters located on the core module alone , and , in an emergency , the thrusters on docked Soyuz spacecraft could be used to maintain the station 's orientation . = = = Communications = = = Radio communications provided telemetry and scientific data links between Mir and the RKA Mission Control Centre ( TsUP ) . Radio links were also used during rendezvous and docking procedures and for audio and video communication between crew members , flight controllers and family members . As a result , Mir was equipped with a number of communication systems used for different purposes . The station communicated directly with the ground via the Lira antenna mounted to the core module . The Lira antenna also had the capability to use the Luch data relay satellite system ( which fell into disrepair in the 1990s ) and the network of Soviet tracking ships deployed in various locations around the world ( which also became unavailable in the 1990s ) . UHF radio was used by cosmonauts conducting EVAs . UHF was also employed by other spacecraft that docked to or undocked from the station , such as Soyuz , Progress , and the Space Shuttle , in order to receive commands from the TsUP and Mir crew members via the TORU system . = = = Microgravity = = = At Mir 's orbital altitude , the force of Earth 's gravity was 88 % of sea level gravity . While the constant free fall of the station offered a perceived sensation of weightlessness , the onboard environment was not one of weightlessness or zero gravity . The environment was , however , often described as microgravity . This state of perceived weightlessness was not perfect , however , being disturbed by five separate effects : The drag resulting from the residual atmosphere ; Vibratory acceleration caused by mechanical systems and the crew on the station ; Orbital corrections by the on @-@ board gyroscopes ( which spun at 10 @,@ 000 rpm , producing vibrations of 166 @.@ 67 Hz ) or thrusters ; Tidal forces . Any parts of Mir not at exactly the same distance from Earth tended to follow separate orbits . However , as each point was physically part of the station , this was impossible , and so each component was subject to small accelerations from tidal forces ; The differences in orbital plane between different locations on the station . = = = Life support = = = Mir 's Environmental Control and Life Support System ( ECLSS ) provided or controlled atmospheric pressure , fire detection , oxygen levels , waste management and water supply . The highest priority for the ECLSS was the station 's atmosphere , but the system also collected , processed , and stored waste and water produced and used by the crew — a process that recycles fluid from the sink , toilet , and condensation from the air . The Elektron system generated oxygen . Bottled oxygen and Solid Fuel Oxygen Generation ( SFOG ) canisters , a system known as Vika , provided backup . Carbon dioxide was removed from the air by the Vozdukh system . Other byproducts of human metabolism , such as methane from the intestines and ammonia from sweat , were removed by activated charcoal filters . Similar systems are presently used on the International Space Station . The atmosphere on Mir was similar to Earth 's . Normal air pressure on the station was 101 @.@ 3 kPa ( 14 @.@ 7 psi ) ; the same as at sea level on Earth . An Earth @-@ like atmosphere offers benefits for crew comfort , and is much safer than the alternative , a pure oxygen atmosphere , because of increased fire risk such as occurred with Apollo 1 . = = International cooperation = = = = = Intercosmos = = = Intercosmos ( " ИнтерКосмос " Interkosmos ) was a Soviet Union space exploration programme which allowed members from the military forces of allied Warsaw Pact countries to participate in manned and unmanned space exploration missions . Participation was also made available to governments of countries , such as France and India . Only the last three of the programme 's fourteen missions consisted of an expedition to Mir but none resulted in an extended stay in the station : Muhammed Faris - EP @-@ 1 ( 1987 ) Syria Aleksandr Panayatov Aleksandrov - EP @-@ 2 ( 1988 ) Bulgaria Abdul Ahad Mohmand - EP @-@ 3 ( 1988 ) Afghanistan = = = European involvement = = = Various European astronauts visited Mir as part of several cooperative programmes : Jean @-@ Loup Chrétien - Aragatz ( 1988 ) France Helen Sharman - Project Juno ( 1991 ) UK Franz Viehböck - Austromir ' 91 ( 1991 ) Austria Klaus @-@ Dietrich Flade - Mir ' 92 ( 1992 ) Germany Michel Tognini - Antarès ( 1992 ) France Jean @-@ Pierre Haigneré - Altair ( 1993 ) France Ulf Merbold - Euromir ' 94 ( 1994 ) Germany Thomas Reiter - Euromir ' 95 ( 1995 ) Germany Claudie Haigneré - Cassiopée ( 1996 ) France Reinhold Ewald - Mir ' 97 ( 1997 ) Germany Léopold Eyharts - Pégase ( 1998 ) France Ivan Bella - Stefanik ( 1999 ) Slovakia = = = Shuttle – Mir programme = = = In the early 1980s , NASA planned to launch a modular space station called Freedom as a counterpart to Mir , while the Soviets were planning to construct Mir @-@ 2 in the 1990s as a replacement for the station . Because of budget and design constraints , Freedom never progressed past mock @-@ ups and minor component tests and , with the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Space Race , the project was nearly cancelled entirely by the United States House of Representatives . The post @-@ Soviet economic chaos in Russia also led to the cancellation of Mir @-@ 2 , though only after its base block , DOS @-@ 8 , had been constructed . Similar budgetary difficulties were faced by other nations with space station projects , which prompted the U.S. government to negotiate with European states , Russia , Japan , and Canada in the early 1990s to begin a collaborative project . In June 1992 , American president George H. W. Bush and Russian president Boris Yeltsin agreed to cooperate on space exploration . The resulting Agreement between the United States of America and the Russian Federation Concerning Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for Peaceful Purposes called for a short joint space programme with one American astronaut deployed to the Russian space station Mir and two Russian cosmonauts deployed to a Space Shuttle . In September 1993 , U.S. Vice President Al Gore , Jr . , and Russian Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin announced plans for a new space station , which eventually became the International Space Station . They also agreed , in preparation of this new project , that the United States would be heavily involved in the Mir programme as part of an international project known as the Shuttle – Mir Programme . The project , sometimes called " Phase One " , was intended to allow the United States to learn from Russian experience in long @-@ duration spaceflight and to foster a spirit of cooperation between the two nations and their space agencies , the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA ) and the Russian Federal Space Agency ( Roskosmos ) . The project prepared the way for further cooperative space ventures , specifically , " Phase Two " of the joint project , the construction of the International Space Station ( ISS ) . The programme was announced in 1993 ; the first mission started in 1994 , and the project continued until its scheduled completion in 1998 . Eleven Space Shuttle missions , a joint Soyuz flight , and almost 1000 cumulative days in space for U.S. astronauts occurred over the course of seven long @-@ duration expeditions . = = = Other visitors = = = Toyohiro Akiyama - Kosmoreporter ( 1990 ) Japan A British con artist , Peter Rodney Llewellyn , almost visited Mir in 1999 on a private contract after promising US $ 100 million for the privilege . = = Life on board = = Inside , the 130 @-@ tonne ( 140 @-@ short @-@ ton ) Mir resembled a cramped labyrinth , crowded with hoses , cables and scientific instruments — as well as articles of everyday life , such as photos , children 's drawings , books and a guitar . It commonly housed three crew members , but was capable of supporting as many as six for up to a month . The station was designed to remain in orbit for around five years , but ended up remaining in orbit for fifteen . As a result , NASA astronaut John Blaha reported that , with the exception of Priroda and Spektr , which were added later into the station 's life , Mir did look used , which is to be expected given it had been lived in for ten to eleven years without being brought home and cleaned . = = = Crew schedule = = = The time zone used on board Mir was Moscow Time ( UTC + 03 ) . The windows were covered during night hours to give the impression of darkness because the station experienced 16 sunrises and sunsets a day . A typical day for the crew began with a wake @-@ up at 08 : 00 , followed by two hours of personal hygiene and breakfast . Work was conducted from 10 : 00 until 13 : 00 , followed by an hour of exercise and an hour 's lunch break . Three more hours of work and another hour of exercise followed lunch , and the crews began preparing for their evening meal at about 19 : 00 . The cosmonauts were free to do as they wished in the evening , and largely worked to their own pace during the day . In their spare time , crews were able to catch up with work , observe the Earth below , respond to letters , drawings and other items brought from Earth ( and give them an official stamp to show they had been aboard Mir ) , or make use of the station 's ham radio . Two amateur radio call signs , U1MIR and U2MIR , were assigned to Mir in the late 1980s , allowing amateur radio operators on Earth to communicate with the cosmonauts . The station was also equipped with a supply of books and films for the crew to read and watch . NASA astronaut Jerry Linenger related how life on board Mir was structured and lived according to the detailed itineraries provided by ground control . Every second on board was accounted for and all activities were timetabled . After working some time on Mir , Linenger came to feel that the order in which his activities were allocated did not represent the most logical or efficient order possible for these activities . He decided to perform his tasks in an order that he felt enabled him to work more efficiently , be less fatigued , and suffer less from stress . Linenger noted that his comrades on Mir did not " improvise " in this way , and as a medical doctor he observed the effects of stress on his comrades that he believed was the outcome of following an itinerary without making modifications to it . Despite this , however , he commented that his comrades performed all their tasks in a supremely professional manner . Astronaut Shannon Lucid , who set the record for longest stay in space by a woman while aboard Mir ( surpassed by Sunita Williams 11 years later on the ISS ) , also commented about working aboard Mir saying " I think going to work on a daily basis on Mir is very similar to going to work on a daily basis on an outstation in Antarctica . The big difference with going to work here is the isolation , because you really are isolated . You don 't have a lot of support from the ground . You really are on your own . " = = = Exercise = = = The most significant adverse effects of long @-@ term weightlessness are muscle atrophy and deterioration of the skeleton , or spaceflight osteopenia . Other significant effects include fluid redistribution , a slowing of the cardiovascular system , decreased production of red blood cells , balance disorders , and a weakening of the immune system . Lesser symptoms include loss of body mass , nasal congestion , sleep disturbance , excess flatulence , and puffiness of the face . These effects begin to reverse quickly upon return to the Earth . To prevent some of these effects , the station was equipped with two treadmills ( in the core module and Kvant @-@ 2 ) and a stationary bicycle ( in the core module ) ; each cosmonaut was to cycle the equivalent of 10 kilometres ( 6 @.@ 2 mi ) and run the equivalent of 5 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 1 mi ) per day . Cosmonauts used bungee cords to strap themselves to the treadmill . Researchers believe that exercise is a good countermeasure for the bone and muscle density loss that occurs in low @-@ gravity situations . = = = Hygiene = = = There were two space toilets ( ASUs ) on Mir , located in the core module and Kvant @-@ 2 . They used a fan @-@ driven suction system similar to the Space Shuttle Waste Collection System . The user is first fastened to the toilet seat , which was equipped with spring @-@ loaded restraining bars to ensure a good seal . A lever operated a powerful fan and a suction hole slid open : the air stream carried the waste away . Solid waste was collected in individual bags which were stored in an aluminium container . Full containers were transferred to Progress spacecraft for disposal . Liquid waste was evacuated by a hose connected to the front of the toilet , with anatomically appropriate " urine funnel adapters " attached to the tube so both men and women could use the same toilet . Waste was collected and transferred to the Water Recovery System , where it was recycled back into drinking water , although this was usually used to produce oxygen via the Elektron system . Mir featured a shower , the Bania , located in Kvant @-@ 2 . It was an improvement on the units installed in previous Salyut stations , but proved difficult to use due to the time required to set up , use , and stow . The shower , which featured a plastic curtain and fan to collect water via an airflow , was later converted into a steam room , eventually having its plumbing removed and the space was reused . When the shower was unavailable , crew members washed using wet wipes , with soap dispensed from a toothpaste tube @-@ like container , or using a washbasin equipped with a plastic hood , located in the core module . Crews were also provided with rinse @-@ less shampoo and edible toothpaste to save water . On a 1998 visit to Mir , bacteria and larger organisms were found to have proliferated in water globules formed from moisture that had condensed behind service panels . = = = Sleeping in space = = = The station provided two permanent crew quarters , the Kayutkas , phonebox @-@ sized booths set towards the rear of the core module , each featuring a tethered sleeping bag , a fold @-@ out desk , a porthole , and storage for personal effects . Visiting crews had no allocated sleep module , instead attaching a sleeping bag to an available space on a wall ; U.S. astronauts installed themselves within Spektr until a collision with a Progress spacecraft caused the depressurization of that module . It was important that crew accommodations be well ventilated ; otherwise , astronauts could wake up oxygen @-@ deprived and gasping for air , because a bubble of their own exhaled carbon dioxide had formed around their heads . = = = Food and drink = = = Most of the food eaten by station crews was frozen , refrigerated or canned . Menus were prepared by the cosmonauts , with the help of a dietitian , before their flight to the station . The diet was designed to provide around 100 g of protein , 130 g of fat and 330 g of carbohydrates per day , in addition to appropriate mineral and vitamin supplements . Meals were spaced out through the day to aid assimilation . Canned food such as jellied beef tongue was placed into a niche in the core module 's table , where it could be warmed in 5 – 10 minutes . Usually , crews drank tea , coffee and fruit juices , but , unlike the ISS , the station also had a supply of cognac and vodka for special occasions . = = = Microbiological environmental hazards = = = In the 1990s samples of extremophile molds were taken from Mir . Ninety species of micro @-@ organisms were found in 1990 , four years after the station 's launch . By the time of its decommission in 2001 , the number of known different micro @-@ organisms had grown to 140 . As space stations get older , the problems with contamination get worse . Molds that develop aboard space stations can produce acids that degrade metal , glass and rubber . The molds in Mir were found growing behind panels and inside air @-@ conditioning equipment . The molds also caused bad smell , which was often cited as visitors ' strongest impressions . Some biologists were concerned about the mutant fungi being a major microbiological hazard for humans , and reaching Earth in the splashdown , after having been in an isolated environment for 15 years . = = Station operations = = = = = Expeditions = = = Mir was visited by a total of 28 long @-@ duration or " principal " crews , each of which was given a sequential expedition number formatted as EO @-@ X. Expeditions varied in length ( from the 72 @-@ day flight of the crew of EO @-@ 28 to the 437 @-@ day flight of Valeri Polyakov ) , but generally lasted around six months . Principal expedition crews consisted of two or three crew members , who often launched as part of one expedition but returned with another ( Polyakov launched with EO @-@ 14 and landed with EO @-@ 17 ) . The principal expeditions were often supplemented with visiting crews who remained on the station during the week @-@ long handover period between one crew and the next before returning with the departing crew , the station 's life support system being able to support a crew of up to six for short periods . The station was occupied for a total of four distinct periods ; 12 March – 16 July 1986 ( EO @-@ 1 ) , 5 February 1987 – 27 April 1989 ( EO @-@ 2 – EO @-@ 4 ) , the record @-@ breaking run from 5 September 1989 – 28 August 1999 ( EO @-@ 5 – EO @-@ 27 ) , and 4 April – 16 June 2000 ( EO @-@ 28 ) . By the end , it had been visited by 104 different people from twelve different nations , making it the most visited spacecraft in history ( a record later surpassed by the International Space Station ) . = = = = Early existence = = = = Due to the pressure to launch the station on schedule , mission planners were left without Soyuz spacecraft or modules to launch to the station at first . It was decided to launch Soyuz T @-@ 15 on a dual mission to both Mir and Salyut 7 . Leonid Kizim and Vladimir Solovyov first docked with Mir on 15 March 1986 . During their nearly 51 @-@ day stay on Mir , they brought the station online and checked its systems . They unloaded two Progress spacecraft launched after their arrival , Progress 25 and Progress 26 . On 5 May 1986 , they undocked from Mir for a day @-@ long journey to Salyut 7 . They spent 51 days there and gathered 400 kg of scientific material from Salyut 7 for return to Mir . While Soyuz T @-@ 15 was at Salyut 7 , the unmanned Soyuz TM @-@ 1 arrived at the unoccupied Mir and remained for 9 days , testing the new Soyuz TM model . Soyuz T @-@ 15 redocked with Mir on 26 June and delivered the experiments and 20 instruments , including a multichannel spectrometer . The EO @-@ 1 crew spent their last 20 days on Mir conducting Earth observations before returning to Earth on 16 July 1986 , leaving the new station unoccupied . The second expedition to Mir , EO @-@ 2 , launched on Soyuz TM @-@ 2 on 5 February 1987 . During their stay , the Kvant @-@ 1 module , launched on 30 March 1987 , arrived . It was the first experimental version of a planned series of ' 37K ' modules scheduled to be launched to Mir on Buran . Kvant @-@ 1 was originally planned to dock with Salyut 7 ; however , due to technical problems during its development , it was reassigned to Mir . The module carried the first set of six gyroscopes for attitude control . The module also carried instruments for X @-@ ray and ultraviolet astrophysical observations . The initial rendezvous of the Kvant @-@ 1 module with Mir on 5 April 1987 was troubled by the failure of the onboard control system . After the failure of the second attempt to dock , the resident cosmonauts , Yuri Romanenko and Aleksandr Laveykin , conducted an EVA to fix the problem . They found a trash bag which had been left in orbit after the departure of one of the previous cargo ships and was now located between the module and the station , which prevented the docking . After removing the bag , docking was completed on 12 April . The Soyuz TM @-@ 2 launch was the beginning of a string of 6 Soyuz launches and three long @-@ duration crews between 5 February 1987 and 27 April 1989 . This period also saw the first international visitors , Muhammed Faris ( Syria ) , Abdul Ahad Mohmand ( Afghanistan ) and Jean @-@ Loup Chrétien ( France ) . With the departure of EO @-@ 4 on Soyuz TM @-@ 7 on 27 April 1989 the station was again left unoccupied . = = = = Third start = = = = The launch of Soyuz TM @-@ 8 on 5 September 1989 marked the beginning of the longest human presence in space , until 23 October 2010 , when this record was surpassed by the ISS . It also marked the beginning of Mir 's second expansion . The Kvant @-@ 2 and Kristall modules were now ready for launch . Alexander Viktorenko and Aleksandr Serebrov docked with Mir and brought the station out of its five @-@ month hibernation . On 29 September the cosmonauts installed equipment in the docking system in preparation for the arrival of Kvant @-@ 2 , the first of the 20 tonne add @-@ on modules based on the TKS spacecraft from the Almaz programme . After a 40 @-@ day delay caused by faulty computer chips , Kvant @-@ 2 was launched on 26 November 1989 . After problems deploying the craft 's solar array and with the automated docking systems on both Kvant @-@ 2 and Mir , the new module was docked manually on 6 December . Kvant @-@ 2 added a second set of gyrodines to Mir , and brought the new life support systems for recycling water and generating oxygen , reducing dependence on ground resupply . The module featured a large airlock with a one @-@ metre hatch . A special backpack unit ( known as Ikar ) , an equivalent of the U.S. Manned Maneuvering Unit , was located inside Kvant @-@ 2 's airlock . Soyuz TM @-@ 9 launched EO @-@ 6 crew members Anatoly Solovyev and Aleksandr Balandin on 11 February 1990 . While docking , the EO @-@ 5 crew noted that three thermal blankets on the ferry were loose , potentially creating problems on reentry , but it was decided that they would be manageable . Their stay on board Mir saw the addition of the Kristall module , launched 31 May 1990 . The first docking attempt on 6 June was aborted due to an attitude control thruster failure . Kristall arrived at the front port on 10 June and was relocated to the lateral port opposite Kvant @-@ 2 the next day , restoring the equilibrium of the complex . Due to the delay in the docking of Kristall , EO @-@ 6 was extended by 10 days to permit the activation of the module ’ s systems and to accommodate an EVA to repair the loose thermal blankets on Soyuz TM @-@ 9 . Kristall contained furnaces for use in producing crystals under microgravity conditions ( hence the choice of name for the module ) . The module was also equipped with biotechnology research equipment , including a small greenhouse for plant cultivation experiments which was equipped with a source of light and a feeding system , in addition to equipment for astronomical observations . The most obvious features of the module , however , were the two Androgynous Peripheral Attach System ( APAS @-@ 89 ) docking ports designed to be compatible with the Buran spacecraft . Although they were never used in a Buran docking , they were useful later during the Shuttle @-@ Mir programme , providing a berthing location for U.S Space Shuttles . The EO @-@ 7 relief crew arrived aboard Soyuz TM @-@ 10 on 3 August 1990 . The new crew arrived at Mir with quail for Kvant @-@ 2 's cages , one of which laid an egg en route to the station . It was returned to Earth , along with 130 kg of experiment results and industrial products , in Soyuz TM @-@ 9 . Two more expeditions , EO @-@ 8 and EO @-@ 9 , continued the work of their predecessors whilst tensions grew back on Earth . = = = = Post @-@ Soviet period = = = = The EO @-@ 10 crew , launched aboard Soyuz TM @-@ 13 on 2 October 1991 , was the last crew to launch from the USSR and continued the occupation of Mir through the fall of the Soviet Union . The crew is notable for having launched as Soviet citizens and returning to earth as Russians . The newly formed Russian Federal Space Agency ( Roskosmos ) was unable to finance the unlaunched Spektr and Priroda modules , instead putting them into storage and ending Mir 's second expansion . The first manned mission flown from an independent Kazakhstan was Soyuz TM @-@ 14 , launched on 17 March 1992 , which carried the EO @-@ 11 crew to Mir , docking on 19 March before the departure of Soyuz TM @-@ 13 . On 17 June , Russian President Boris Yeltsin and U.S. President George H. W. Bush announced what would later become the Shuttle @-@ Mir programme , a cooperative venture which proved useful to the cash @-@ strapped Roskosmos ( and led to the eventual completion and launch of Spektr and Priroda ) . EO @-@ 12 followed in July , alongside a brief visit by French astronaut Michel Tognini . The following crew , EO @-@ 13 , began preparations for the Shuttle @-@ Mir programme by flying to the station in a modified spacecraft , Soyuz TM @-@ 16 ( launched on 26 January 1993 ) , which was equipped with an APAS @-@ 89 docking system rather than the usual probe @-@ and @-@ drogue , enabling it to dock to Kristall and test the port which would later be used by U.S. space shuttles . The spacecraft also enabled controllers to obtain data on the dynamics of docking a spacecraft to a space station off the station 's longitudinal axis , in addition to data on the structural integrity of this configuration via a test called Rezonans conducted on 28 January . Soyuz TM @-@ 15 , meanwhile , departed with the EO @-@ 12 crew on 1 February . Throughout the period following the collapse of the USSR , crews on Mir experienced occasional reminders of the economic chaos occurring in Russia . The initial cancellation of Spektr and Priroda was the first such sign , followed by the reduction in communications as a result of the fleet of tracking ships being withdrawn from service by Ukraine . The new Ukrainian government also vastly raised the price of the Kurs docking systems , manufactured in Kiev – the Russians ' attempts to reduce their dependence on Kurs would later lead to accidents during TORU tests in 1997 . Various Progress spacecraft had parts of their cargoes missing , either because the consumable in question had been unavailable , or because the ground crews at Baikonur had , in desperation , looted them . The problems became particularly obvious during the launch of the EO @-@ 14 crew aboard Soyuz TM @-@ 17 in July ; shortly before launch there was a black @-@ out at the pad , and the entire power supply to the nearby city of Leninsk failed an hour after launch . Nevertheless , the spacecraft launched on time and arrived at the station two days later . All of Mir 's ports , however , were occupied , and so Soyuz TM @-@ 17 had to station @-@ keep 200 metres away from the station for half an hour before docking whilst Progress M @-@ 18 vacated the core module 's front port and departed . The EO @-@ 13 crew departed on 22 July , and soon after Mir passed through the annual Perseid meteor shower , during which the station was hit by several particles . A spacewalk was conducted on 28 September to inspect the station 's hull , but no serious damage was reported . Soyuz TM @-@ 18 arrived on 10 January 1994 carrying the EO @-@ 15 crew ( including Valeri Polyakov , who was to remain on Mir for 14 months ) , and Soyuz TM @-@ 17 left on 14 January . The undocking was unusual , however , in that the spacecraft was to pass along Kristall in order to obtain photographs of the APAS to assist in the training of space shuttle pilots . Due to an error in setting up the control system , the spacecraft struck the station a glancing blow during the manoeuvre , scratching the exterior of Kristall . On 3 February 1994 , Mir veteran Sergei Krikalev became the first Russian cosmonaut to launch on a U.S. spacecraft , flying on Space Shuttle Discovery during STS @-@ 60 . The launch of Soyuz TM @-@ 19 , carrying the EO @-@ 16 crew , was delayed due to the unavailability of a payload fairing for the booster that was to carry it , but the spacecraft eventually left Earth on 1 July 1994 and docked two days later . They stayed only four months to allow the Soyuz schedule to line up with the planned space shuttle manifest , and so Polyakov greeted a second resident crew in October , prior to the undocking of Soyuz TM @-@ 19 , when the EO @-@ 17 crew arrived in Soyuz TM @-@ 20 . = = = = Shuttle – Mir = = = = The 3 February launch of Space Shuttle Discovery , flying STS @-@ 63 , opened operations on Mir for 1995 . Referred to as the " near @-@ Mir " mission , the mission saw the first rendezvous of a space shuttle with Mir as the orbiter approached within 37 feet ( 11 m ) of the station as a dress rehearsal for later docking missions and for equipment testing . Five weeks after Discovery 's departure , the EO @-@ 18 crew , including the first U.S. cosmonaut Norman Thagard , arrived in Soyuz TM @-@ 21 . The EO @-@ 17 crew left a few days later , with Polyakov completing his record @-@ breaking 437 @-@ day spaceflight . During EO @-@ 18 , the Spektr science module ( which served as living and working space for American astronauts ) was launched aboard a Proton rocket and docked to the station , carrying research equipment from America and other nations . The expedition 's crew returned to Earth aboard Space Shuttle Atlantis following the first Shuttle – Mir docking mission , STS @-@ 71 . Atlantis , launched on 27 June 1995 , successfully docked with Mir on 29 June becoming the first U.S. spacecraft to dock with a Russian spacecraft since the ASTP in 1975 . The orbiter delivered the EO @-@ 19 crew and returned the EO @-@ 18 crew to Earth . The EO @-@ 20 crew were launched on 3 September , followed in November by the arrival of the docking module during STS @-@ 74 . The two @-@ man EO @-@ 21 crew was launched on 21 February 1996 aboard Soyuz TM @-@ 23 and were soon joined by U.S. crew member Shannon Lucid , who was brought to the station by Atlantis during STS @-@ 76 . This mission saw the first joint U.S. spacewalk on Mir take place deploying the Mir Environmental Effects Payload package on the docking module . Lucid became the first American to carry out a long @-@ duration mission aboard Mir with her 188 @-@ day mission , which set the U.S. single spaceflight record . During Lucid 's time aboard Mir , Priroda , the station 's final module , arrived as did French visitor Claudie Haigneré flying the Cassiopée mission . The flight aboard Soyuz TM @-@ 24 also delivered the EO @-@ 22 crew of Valery Korzun and Aleksandr Kaleri . Lucid 's stay aboard Mir ended with the flight of Atlantis on STS @-@ 79 , which launched on 16 September . This , the fourth docking , saw John Blaha transferring onto Mir to take his place as resident U.S. astronaut . His stay on the station improved operations in several areas , including transfer procedures for a docked space shuttle , " hand @-@ over " procedures for long @-@ duration American crew members and " ham " amateur radio communications , and also saw two spacewalks to reconfigure the station 's power grid . Blaha spent four months with the EO @-@ 22 crew before returning to Earth aboard Atlantis on STS @-@ 81 in January 1997 , at which point he was replaced by physician Jerry Linenger . During his flight , Linenger became the first American to conduct a spacewalk from a foreign space station and the first to test the Russian @-@ built Orlan @-@ M spacesuit alongside Russian cosmonaut Vasili Tsibliyev , flying EO @-@ 23 . All three crew members of EO @-@ 23 performed a " fly @-@ around " in Soyuz TM @-@ 25 spacecraft . Linenger and his Russian crewmates Vasili Tsibliyev and Aleksandr Lazutkin faced several difficulties during the mission , including the most severe fire aboard an orbiting spacecraft ( caused by a malfunctioning Vika ) , failures of various systems , a near collision with Progress M @-@ 33 during a long @-@ distance TORU test and a total loss of station electrical power . The power failure also caused a loss of attitude control , which led to an uncontrolled " tumble " through space . Linenger was succeeded by Anglo @-@ American astronaut Michael Foale , carried up by Atlantis on STS @-@ 84 , alongside Russian mission specialist Elena Kondakova . Foale 's increment proceeded fairly normally until 25 June when during the second test of the Progress manual docking system , TORU , Progress M @-@ 34 collided with solar arrays on the Spektr module and crashed into the module 's outer shell , puncturing the module and causing depressurisation on the station . Only quick actions on the part of the crew , cutting cables leading to the module and closing Spektr 's hatch , prevented the crews having to abandon the station in Soyuz TM @-@ 25 . Their efforts stabilised the station 's air pressure , whilst the pressure in Spektr , containing many of Foale 's experiments and personal effects , dropped to a vacuum . In an effort to restore some of the power and systems lost following the isolation of Spektr and to attempt to locate the leak , EO @-@ 24 commander Anatoly Solovyev and flight engineer Pavel Vinogradov carried out a risky salvage operation later in the flight , entering the empty module during a so @-@ called " intra @-@ vehicular activity " or " IVA " spacewalk and inspecting the condition of hardware and running cables through a special hatch from Spektr 's systems to the rest of the station . Following these first investigations , Foale and Solovyev conducted a 6 @-@ hour EVA outside Spektr to inspect the damage . After these incidents , the U.S. Congress and NASA considered whether to abandon the programme out of concern for the astronauts ' safety , but NASA administrator Daniel Goldin decided to continue . The next flight to Mir , STS @-@ 86 , carried David Wolf aboard Atlantis . During the orbiter 's stay , Titov and Parazynski conducted a spacewalk to affix a cap to the docking module for a future attempt by crew members to seal the leak in Spektr 's hull . Wolf spent 119 days aboard Mir with the EO @-@ 24 crew and was replaced during STS @-@ 89 with Andy Thomas , who carried out the last U.S. expedition on Mir . The EO @-@ 25 crew arrived in Soyuz TM @-@ 27 in January 1998 before Thomas returned to Earth on the final Shuttle – Mir mission , STS @-@ 91 . = = = = Final days and deorbit = = = = Following the 8 June 1998 departure of Discovery , the EO @-@ 25 crew of Budarin and Musabayev remained on Mir , completing materials experiments and compiling a station inventory . On 2 July , Roskosmos director Yuri Koptev announced that , due to a lack of funding to keep Mir active , the station would be deorbited in June 1999 . The EO @-@ 26 crew of Gennady Padalka and Sergei Avdeyev arrived on 15 August in Soyuz TM @-@ 28 , alongside physicist Yuri Baturin , who departed with the EO @-@ 25 crew on 25 August in Soyuz TM @-@ 27 . The crew carried out two spacewalks , one inside Spektr to reseat some power cables and another outside to set up experiments delivered by Progress M @-@ 40 , which also carried a large amount of propellant to begin alterations to Mir 's orbit ready for the station 's decommissioning . 20 November 1998 saw the launch of Zarya , the first module of the International Space Station , but delays to the new station 's service module Zvezda had led to calls for Mir to be kept in orbit past 1999 . Roskosmos , however , confirmed that it would not fund Mir past the set deorbit date . The crew of EO @-@ 27 , Viktor Afanasyev and Jean @-@ Pierre Haigneré , arrived in Soyuz TM @-@ 29 on 22 February 1999 alongside Ivan Bella , who returned to Earth with Padalka in Soyuz TM @-@ 28 . The crew carried out three EVAs to retrieve experiments and deploy a prototype communications antenna on Sofora . On 1 June it was announced that the deorbit of the station would be delayed by six months to allow time to seek alternative funding to keep the station operating . The rest of the expedition was spent preparing the station for its deorbit ; a special analog computer was installed and each of the modules , starting with the docking module , was mothballed in turn and sealed off . The crew loaded their results into Soyuz TM @-@ 29 and departed Mir on 28 August 1999 , ending a run of continuous occupation , which had lasted for eight days short of ten years . The station 's gyrodines and main computer were shut down on 7 September , leaving Progress M @-@ 42 to control Mir and refine the station 's orbital decay rate . Near the end of its life , there were plans for private interests to purchase Mir , possibly for use as the first orbital television / movie studio . The privately funded Soyuz TM @-@ 30 mission by MirCorp , launched on 4 April 2000 , carried two crew members , Sergei Zalyotin and Aleksandr Kaleri , to the station for two months to do repair work with the hope of proving that the station could be made safe . This was , however , to be the last manned mission to Mir — while Russia was optimistic about Mir 's future , its commitments to the International Space Station project left no funding to support the aging station . Mir 's deorbit was carried out in three stages . The first stage involved waiting for atmospheric drag to reduce the station 's orbit to an average of 220 kilometres ( 140 mi ) . This began with the docking of Progress M1 @-@ 5 , a modified version of the Progress @-@ M carrying 2 @.@ 5 times more fuel in place of supplies . The second stage was the transfer of the station into a 165 × 220 km ( 103 × 137 mi ) orbit . This was achieved with two burns of Progress M1 @-@ 5 's control engines at 00 : 32 UTC and 02 : 01 UTC on 23 March 2001 . After a two @-@ orbit pause , the third and final stage of the deorbit began with the burn of Progress M1 @-@ 5 's control engines and main engine at 05 : 08 UTC , lasting 22 + minutes . Atmospheric reentry ( arbitrarily defined beginning at 100 km / 60 mi AMSL ) occurred at 05 : 44 UTC near Nadi , Fiji . Major destruction of the station began around 05 : 52 UTC and most of the unburned fragments fell into the South Pacific Ocean around 06 : 00 UTC . = = = Visiting spacecraft = = = Mir was primarily supported by the Russian Soyuz and Progress spacecraft and had two ports available for docking them . Initially , the fore and aft ports of the core module could be used for dockings , but following the permanent berthing of Kvant @-@ 1 to the aft port in 1987 , the rear port of the new module took on this role from the core module 's aft port . Each port was equipped with the plumbing required for Progress cargo ferries to replace the station 's fluids and also the guidance systems needed to guide the spacecraft for docking . Two such systems were used on Mir ; the rear ports of both the core module and Kvant @-@ 1 were equipped with both the Igla and Kurs systems , whilst the core module 's forward port featured only the newer Kurs . Soyuz spacecraft provided manned access to and from the station allowing for crew rotations and cargo return , and also functioned as a lifeboat for the station , allowing for a relatively quick return to Earth in the event of an emergency . Two models of Soyuz flew to Mir ; Soyuz T @-@ 15 was the only Igla @-@ equipped Soyuz @-@ T to visit the station , whilst all other flights used the newer , Kurs @-@ equipped Soyuz @-@ TM . A total of 31 ( 30 manned , 1 unmanned ) Soyuz spacecraft flew to the station over a fourteen @-@ year period . The unmanned Progress cargo vehicles were only used to resupply the station , carrying a variety of cargoes including water , fuel , food and experimental equipment . The spacecraft were not equipped with reentry shielding and so , unlike their Soyuz counterparts , were incapable of surviving reentry . As a result , when its cargo had been unloaded , each Progress was refilled with rubbish , spent equipment and other waste which was destroyed , along with the Progress itself , on reentry . However , in order to facilitate cargo return , ten Progress flights carried Raduga capsules , which could return around 150 kg of experimental results to Earth automatically . Mir was visited by three separate models of Progress ; the original 7K @-@ TG variant equipped with Igla ( 18 flights ) , the Progress @-@ M model equipped with Kurs ( 43 flights ) , and the modified Progress @-@ M1 version ( 3 flights ) , which together flew a total of 64 resupply missions . Whilst the Progress spacecraft usually docked automatically without incident , the station was equipped with a remote manual docking system , TORU , in case problems were encountered during the automatic approaches . With TORU cosmonauts could guide the spacecraft safely in to dock ( with the exception of the catastrophic docking of Progress M @-@ 34 , when the long @-@ range use of the system resulted in the spacecraft 's striking the station , damaging Spektr and causing decompression ) . In addition to the routine Soyuz and Progress flights , it was anticipated that Mir would also be the destination for flights by the Soviet Buran space shuttle , which was intended to deliver extra modules ( based on the same " 37K " bus as Kvant @-@ 1 ) and provide a much improved cargo return service to the station . Kristall carried two Androgynous Peripheral Attach System ( APAS @-@ 89 ) docking ports designed to be compatible with the shuttle . One port was to be used for Buran ; the other for the planned Pulsar X @-@ 2 telescope , also to be delivered by Buran . The cancellation of the Buran programme , however , meant these capabilities were not realised until the 1990s when the ports were used instead by U.S. Space Shuttles as part of the Shuttle @-@ Mir programme ( after testing by the specially modified Soyuz TM @-@ 16 in 1993 ) . Initially , visiting Space Shuttle orbiters docked directly to Kristall , but this required the relocation of the module to ensure sufficient distance between the shuttle and Mir 's solar arrays . To eliminate the need to move the module and retract solar arrays for clearance issues , a Mir Docking Module was later added to the end of Kristall . The shuttles provided crew rotation of the American astronauts on station and carried cargo to and from the station , performing some of the largest transfers of cargo of the time . With a space shuttle docked to Mir , the temporary enlargements of living and working areas amounted to a complex that was the largest spacecraft in history at that time , with a combined mass of 250 tonnes ( 280 short tons ) . = = = Mission control centre = = = Mir and its resupply missions were controlled from the Russian Mission control center ( Russian : Центр управления полётами ) in Korolyov , near the RKK Energia plant . Referred to by its acronym ЦУП ( " TsUP " ) , or simply as ' Moscow ' , the facility could process data from up to ten spacecraft in three separate control rooms , although each control room was dedicated to a single programme ; one to Mir ; one to Soyuz ; and one to the Soviet space shuttle Buran ( which was later converted for use with the ISS ) . The facility is now used to control the Russian Orbital Segment of the ISS . The flight control team were assigned roles similar to the system used by NASA at their mission control centre in Houston , including : The Flight Director , who provided policy guidance and communicated with the mission management team ; The Flight Shift Director , who was responsible for real @-@ time decisions within a set of flight rules ; The Mission Deputy Shift Manager ( MDSM ) for the MCC was responsible for the control room 's consoles , computers and peripherals ; The MDSM for Ground Control was responsible for communications ; The MDSM for Crew Training was similar to NASA 's ' capcom , ' or capsule communicator ; usually someone who had served as the Mir crew 's lead trainer . = = = Unused equipment = = = Three command and control modules were constructed for the Mir program . One was used in space ; one remained in a Moscow warehouse as a source of repair parts if needed , and the third eventually was sold to an educational / entertainment complex in the U.S. In 1997 , " Tommy Bartlett 's World & Exploratory " purchased the unit and had it shipped to Wisconsin Dells , Wisconsin , where it became the centerpiece of the complex 's Space Exploration wing . = = = Safety aspects = = = = = = = Aging systems and atmosphere = = = = In the later years of the programme , particularly during the Shuttle @-@ Mir programme , Mir suffered from various systems failures . It had been designed for five years of use , but eventually flew for fifteen , and in the 1990s was showing its age , with constant computer crashes , loss of power , uncontrolled tumbles through space and leaking pipes . NASA astronaut John Blaha 's account of the air quality on Mir — " very healthy , it 's not dry , it 's not humid . Nothing smells . " — contradicts sharply the concerns about air quality on the space station that Jerry Linenger relates in his book about his time on the facility . Linenger says that due to the age of the space station , the cooling system had developed tiny leaks too small and numerous to be repaired , that permitted the constant release of coolant , making it unpleasant to breathe the air . He says that it was especially noticeable after he had made a spacewalk and become used to the bottled air in his spacesuit . When he returned to the station and again began breathing the air inside Mir , he was deeply shocked by the intensity of the chemical smell and very worried about the possible negative health effects of breathing such heavily contaminated air . Various breakdowns of the Elektron oxygen @-@ generating system were a concern ; they led crews to become increasingly reliant on the backup Vika solid @-@ fuel oxygen generator ( SFOG ) systems , which led to a fire during the handover between EO @-@ 22 and EO @-@ 23 . ( see also ISS ECLSS ) = = = = Accidents = = = = Several accidents occurred which threatened the station 's safety , such as the glancing collision between Kristall and Soyuz TM @-@ 17 during proximity operations in January 1994 . The three most alarming incidents , however , occurred during EO @-@ 23 . The first was on 23 February 1997 during the handover period from EO @-@ 22 to EO @-@ 23 , when a malfunction occurred in the backup Vika system , a chemical oxygen generator later known as solid @-@ fuel oxygen generator ( SFOG ) . The Vika malfunction led to a fire which burned for around 90 seconds ( according to official sources at the TsUP ; astronaut Jerry Linenger , however , insists the fire burned for around 14 minutes ) , and produced large amounts of toxic smoke that filled the station for around 45 minutes . This forced the crew to don respirators , but some of the respirator masks initially worn were broken . Some of the fire extinguishers mounted on the walls of the newer modules were immovable . The other two accidents concerned testing of the station 's TORU manual docking system to manually dock Progress M @-@ 33 and Progress M @-@ 34 . The tests were to gauge the performance of long @-@ distance docking and the feasibility of removal of the expensive Kurs automatic docking system from Progress spacecraft . However , due to malfunctioning equipment , both tests failed , with Progress M @-@ 33 narrowly missing the station and Progress M @-@ 34 striking Spektr and puncturing the module , causing the station to depressurise and leading to Spektr being permanently sealed off . This in turn led to a power crisis aboard Mir as the module 's solar arrays produced a large proportion of the station 's electrical supply , causing the station to power down and begin to drift , requiring weeks of work to rectify before work could continue as normal . = = = = Radiation and orbital debris = = = = Without the protection of the Earth 's atmosphere , cosmonauts were exposed to higher levels of radiation from a steady flux of cosmic rays and trapped protons from the South Atlantic Anomaly . The station 's crews were exposed to an absorbed dose of about 5 @.@ 2 cGy over the course of a 115 @-@ day expedition , producing an equivalent dose of 14 @.@ 75 cSv , or 1133 µSv per day . This daily dose is approximately that received from natural background radiation on Earth in two years . The radiation environment of the station was not uniform , however ; closer proximity to the station 's hull led to an increased radiation dose , and the strength of radiation shielding varied between modules ; Kvant @-@ 2 's being better than the core module , for instance . The increased radiation levels pose a higher risk of crews developing cancer , and can cause damage to the chromosomes of lymphocytes . These cells are central to the immune system and so any damage to them could contribute to the lowered immunity experienced by cosmonauts . Over time , lowered immunity results in the spread of infection between crew members , especially in such confined areas . Radiation has also been linked to a higher incidence of cataracts in cosmonauts . Protective shielding and protective drugs may lower the risks to an acceptable level , but data is scarce and longer @-@ term exposure will result in greater risks . At the low altitudes at which Mir orbited there is a variety of space debris , consisting of everything from entire spent rocket stages and defunct satellites , to explosion fragments , paint flakes , slag from solid rocket motors , coolant released by RORSAT nuclear powered satellites , small needles , and many other objects . These objects , in addition to natural micrometeoroids , posed a threat to the station as they could puncture pressurised modules and cause damage to other parts of the station , such as the solar arrays . Micrometeoroids also posed a risk to spacewalking cosmonauts , as such objects could puncture their spacesuits , causing them to depressurise . Meteor showers in particular posed a risk , and , during such storms , the crews slept in their Soyuz ferries to facilitate an emergency evacuation should Mir be damaged .
= Chew Valley = The Chew Valley is an area in North Somerset , England , named after the River Chew , which rises at Chewton Mendip , and joins the River Avon at Keynsham . Technically , the area of the valley is bounded by the water catchment area of the Chew and its tributaries ; however , the name Chew Valley is often used less formally to cover other nearby areas , for example , Blagdon Lake and its environs , which by a stricter definition are part of the Yeo Valley . The valley is an area of rich arable and dairy farmland , interspersed with a number of villages . The landscape consists of the valley of the River Chew and is generally low @-@ lying and undulating . It is bounded by higher ground ranging from Dundry Down to the north , the Lulsgate Plateau to the west , the Mendip Hills to the south and the Hinton Blewett , Marksbury and Newton St Loe plateau areas to the east . The valley 's boundary generally follows the top of scarp slopes except at the southwestern and southeastern boundaries where flat upper areas of the Chew Valley grade gently into the Yeo Valley and eastern Mendip Hills respectively . The River Chew was dammed in the 1950s to create Chew Valley Lake , which provides drinking water for the nearby city of Bristol and surrounding areas . The lake is a prominent landscape feature of the valley , a focus for recreation , and is internationally recognised for its nature conservation interest , because of the bird species , plants and insects . The area falls into the domains of councils including Bath and North East Somerset , North Somerset and Mendip . Part of the area falls within the Mendip Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty . Most of the undeveloped area is within the Bristol / Bath Green Belt . Many of the villages date back to the time of the Domesday Book and there is evidence of human occupation since the Stone Age . There are hundreds of listed buildings with the churches being Grade I listed . The main commercial centre is Chew Magna . = = Etymology = = There is no clear origin for the name " Chew " , found scarcely anywhere else ; however , there have been differing explanations of the etymology , including " winding water " , the ' ew ' being a variant of the French eau , meaning water . The word chewer is a western dialect for a narrow passage , and chare is Old English for turning . One explanation is that the name Chew began in Normandy as Cheux , and came to England with the Norman Conquest during the eleventh century . However , others agree with Ekwall 's interpretation that it is derived from the Welsh cyw meaning " the young of an animal , or chicken " , so that afon Cyw would have been " the river of the chickens " . Other possible explanations suggest it comes from the Old English word ceo , ' fish gill ' . = = Government and politics = = The villages in the valley have their own parish councils which have responsibility for local issues . They also elect councillors to district councils e.g. Mendip and Somerset County Council or unitary authorities e.g. Bath and North East Somerset or North Somerset , which have wider responsibilities for services such as education , refuse and tourism . Each of the villages is also part of a constituency , either North East Somerset or North Somerset . The area is also within the South West England constituency of the European Parliament . Avon and Somerset Constabulary provides police services to the area . = = History = = = = = Geology = = = The western end of the area ( around Nempnett Thrubwell ) consists of the Harptree Beds which incorporate silicified clay , shale and Lias Limestone . Clifton Down Limestone , which includes Calcite and Dolomitic mudstones of the Carboniferous period , is found in the adjoining central band and Dolomitic Conglomerate of the Triassic period . There are two main soil types , both generally well @-@ drained . The mudstones around the lakes give rise to fertile silty clay soils that are a dull dusky red colour because of their high iron content . The clay content means that where unimproved they easily become waterlogged when wet , and hard with cracks and fissures during dry periods . The main geological outcrops around the lake are Mudstone , largely consisting of red Siltstone resulting in the underlying characteristic of the gently rolling valley landscape . Bands of Sandstone of the Triassic period contribute to the undulating character of the area . There are also more recent alluvial deposits beside the course of the River Chew . The transition between the gently sloping landscape of the Upper Chew and Yeo Valleys and the open landscape of the Mendip Hills plateau is a scarp slope of 75 to 235 metres ( 250 – 770 ft ) . The predominant formation is Dolomitic Conglomerate of the Triassic period . It formed as a result of desert erosion and weathering of the scarp slopes . It takes the form of rock fragments mainly derived from older Carboniferous Limestone cemented together by lime and sand which hardened to give the appearance of concrete . The northern boundary is formed by the sides of the Dundry Plateau where the most significant geological formation is the Inferior Oolite of the Jurassic period found on the higher ground around Maes Knoll . This overlays the Lower Lias Clay found on the adjoining slopes . The clays make a poor foundation and landslips are characteristic on the slopes . This area was once connected to the Cotswolds . The intervening land has subsequently been eroded leaving this outlier with the characteristics of the Cotswold Plateau . The unusual geological features have been recognised as Sites of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) for their geological interest including Barns Batch Spinney , Hartcliff Rocks Quarry and Dundry Main Road South Quarry . The oldest geological formation in the valley is the Supra @-@ Pennant Measures of the Carboniferous period . It is a significant feature towards the north @-@ eastern part of the area and is represented by the Pensford Syncline coal basin , which formed part of the Somerset coalfield . It is a complex formation containing coal seams and is made up of clay and shales . The landscape is typically undulating and includes outcrops of sandstone . Most of the area around Stanton Drew have neutral to acid red loamy soils with slowly permeable subsoils . Soils to the eastern part of the area are slowly permeable clayey and fine silty soils . They are found on Carboniferous clay and shales typical of the Supra @-@ Pennant Measures . They are frequently waterlogged where the topography dictates . They tend towards being acid and are brown to grey brown in colour . In the south and south east of the area there are coal measures which are sufficiently near the surface for coal mining to have taken place around Clutton and High Littleton . In the eastern area of the valley as the River Chew flows through Publow , Woollard and Compton Dando before joining the River Avon at Keynsham there are alluvial deposits of clay soils . = = = Natural history = = = The valley has several areas designated as Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) for biological interest , including Blagdon Lake , Burledge Hill , Chew Valley Lake , Compton Martin Ochre Mine , Harptree Combe and two sites at Folly Farm . = = = = Flora = = = = The small and medium @-@ sized fields of the valley are generally bounded by hedges and occasionally by tree belts and woodland , some of which date back to the most evident period of enclosure of earlier open fields which took place in the late medieval period . Hedgerows support the nationally rare bithynian vetch ( Vicia bithynica ) . Mature oak ( Quercus ) and ash ( Fraxinus excelsior ) trees are characteristic of the area with occasional groups of scots pine ( Pinus sylvestris ) and chestnuts ( Castanea sativa ) . Elm ( Ulmus ) trees have been lost in this area , and dead / dying elms are also evident in the surrounding landscape . = = = = Fauna = = = = Wildlife abounds in the valley , particularly the water birds around the rivers and lakes , with Chew Valley Lake considered the third most important site in Britain for wintering wildfowl . In addition to the water birds including ducks , shoveller ( Anas clypeata ) , gadwall ( Anas strepera ) and great crested grebes ( Podiceps cristatus ) , a wide variety of other bird species can be seen . These range from small birds such as tits ( Paridae ) and wrens ( Troglodytidae ) to mistle thrush ( Turdidae ) . Larger birds include woodpeckers ( Picidae ) and common buzzard ( Buteo buteo ) . The valley also has a wide variety of small mammals with larger species including Eurasian badger ( Meles meles ) and deer ( Cervidae ) . The valley is home to fifteen of the sixteen bats found in England including a roost , at Compton Martin Ochre Mine , for greater horseshoe bats ( Rhinolophus ferrumequinum ) . A rare and endangered species , the greater horseshoe bat is protected under the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 and is listed in Annex II of the 1992 European Community Habitats Directive . = = = Human habitation = = = Archaeological excavations carried out before the flooding of Chew Valley Lake found evidence of people belonging to the consecutive periods known as Upper Palaeolithic , Mesolithic and Neolithic ( Old , Middle and New Stone Age ) , Bronze Age and Iron Age , comprising implements such as stone knives , flint blades and the head of a mace , along with buildings and graves . Other evidence of occupation from prehistoric times is provided by the henge monument at Stanton Drew , long barrow at Chewton Mendip , and Fairy Toot tumulus at Nempnett Thrubwell . Maes Knoll fort , on Dundry Down in the northern reaches of the valley , is a Scheduled Ancient Monument that dates from the Iron Age ; it later served as a terminus for the early medieval Wansdyke earthworks . There is evidence of Roman remains in particular a villa and burial pits . Artefacts from the valley were sent to the British Museum . Other Roman artefacts from the lake are on display at the Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery . There are historic parks and mansion houses , including Stanton Drew , Hunstrete , Stowey House , Chew Court , Chew Magna Manor House and Sutton Court . Almost all of the villages have churches dating back to the fifteenth or sixteenth century . The area around Pensford was an important coal mining area during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when it formed part of the Somerset Coalfield , although there are no working coal mines today . The line of the now disused Bristol and North Somerset Railway runs south from Bristol crossing over the River Chew on the surviving distinctive Pensford Viaduct and on to Midsomer Norton . The area suffered serious flooding during the storm of 10 July 1968 , prompting localised evacuation of populated valley areas in the lower parts of the valley , around Pensford and Keynsham . = = = = Field patterns = = = = The small fields in the western part of the area are particularly characteristic of the Chew Valley and date back to the most evident period of enclosure of earlier open fields which took place in the late medieval period . Fields of this category are generally small in size , regular in outline and often the boundaries preserve the outlines of the earlier strip field system . Regional variations in field size and pattern do occur . For example , there is evidence of medieval clearance of woodland on the slopes around Nempnett Thrubwell , south of Bishop Sutton and west and south of Chelwood . = = Climate = = Along with the rest of South West England , the Chew Valley has a temperate climate which is generally wetter and milder than the rest of the country . The annual mean temperature is approximately 10 ° C ( 50 @.@ 0 ° F ) . Seasonal temperature variation is less extreme than most of the United Kingdom because of the adjacent sea temperatures . The summer months of July and August are the warmest with mean daily maxima of approximately 21 ° C ( 69 @.@ 8 ° F ) . In winter mean minimum temperatures of 1 ° C ( 33 @.@ 8 ° F ) or 2 ° C ( 35 @.@ 6 ° F ) are common . In the summer the Azores high pressure affects the south @-@ west of England , however convective cloud sometimes forms inland , reducing the number of hours of sunshine . Annual sunshine rates are slightly less than the regional average of 1 @,@ 600 hours . In December 1998 there were 20 days without sun recorded at Yeovilton . Most of the rainfall in the south @-@ west is caused by Atlantic depressions or by convection . Most of the rainfall in autumn and winter is caused by the Atlantic depressions , which is when they are most active . In summer , a large proportion of the rainfall is caused by sun heating the ground leading to convection and to showers and thunderstorms . Average rainfall is around 700 mm ( 28 in ) . About 8 – 15 days of snowfall is typical . November to March have the highest mean wind speeds , and June to August have the lightest winds . The predominant wind direction is from the south @-@ west . = = Population and demographics = = Many of the large houses in the valley were built or bought by wealthy merchants from Bristol and Bath who employed local people in their households . Bess of Hardwick ( 1527 – 1606 ) is known to have lived in Sutton Court , Stowey , for a few years in the sixteenth century when , after the death of her first husband Sir William Cavendish , she married Sir William St. Loe , who was Chief Butler of England and captain of the guard to Queen Elizabeth , and owned several manors within the valley and surrounding areas . Around this period a close neighbour was Sir John Popham ( 1533 – 1607 ) who was a judge and the Speaker of Parliament . In the seventeenth century the eminent philosopher John Locke ( 1632 – 1704 ) lived in Belluton ; his house is still known as John Locke 's cottage . In the eighteenth century the poet John Langhorne ( 1735 – 1779 ) became the curate at Blagdon around the time that Augustus Montague Toplady ( 1740 – 1778 ) was the priest . Geologist William Smith ( 1769 – 1839 ) moved to the valley in 1791 to make a valuation survey of the Sutton Court estate and later worked for the Somersetshire Coal Canal Company . John Sanger , the circus proprietor , was born in Chew Magna in 1816 . William Rees @-@ Mogg , former editor of The Times , took the title Baron Rees @-@ Mogg of Hinton Blewett in 1988 . Jazz clarinettist Acker Bilk lived in Pensford . Dr Phil Hammond and wildlife television producer Richard Brock also live in the valley . Actress Maisie Williams is a native of Clutton . In the past part of the population worked in coal mining , although there are no working mines in the area now . There is still a fairly large agricultural workforce and in light industry or service industries , although many people commute to surrounding cities for work . According to the 2011 Census the valley has a population of approximately 5 @,@ 000 , largely living in one of the dozen or so villages and in isolated farms and hamlets . The average age of the population is 42 years , with unemployment rates of 1 – 4 % of all economically active people aged 16 – 74 , however these figures are approximations because the ward areas covered and described in the census statistics do not relate exactly to the area of the valley . In the Indices of deprivation 2010 all of the areas within the valley were considered to be in the most affluent third in England . = = Buildings and settlements = = The villages tend to have been built at the points where it was possible to cross the rivers and streams . Chew Magna is the business centre with a range of shops , banks etc . Other villages have local shops , often combined with post offices . Most villages have pubs and village halls which provide the majority of the social activity . The traditional building material is white Lias Limestone , sometimes incorporating red sandstone or conglomerate , with red clay tiled roofs . Buildings , particularly the churches , date back hundreds of years , for example those at Marksbury and Compton Martin , the latter incorporating a columbarium . = = = Listed buildings = = = There are hundreds of listed buildings in the valley . Listing refers to a building or other structure officially designated as being of special architectural , historical or cultural significance . The authority for listing is granted by the Planning ( Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas ) Act 1990 and is administered by English Heritage , an agency of the Department for Culture , Media & Sport . Grade I covers buildings of exceptional interest , Grade II * particularly important buildings of special interest and Grade II buildings of special interest . Listed buildings in the valley include five churches dating back to the fourteenth century or even earlier , with grade I status : Church of St Andrew , Chew Magna , Church of St Bartholomew , Ubley , Church of St James , Cameley , Church of St Margaret , Hinton Blewett and the Church of St Michael the Archangel , Compton Martin . = = Railway Connections = = Trains serve Keynsham railway station on the Great Western Main Line and Wessex Main Line with services provided by First Great Western and South West Trains . Buses also connect with Bristol Temple Meads . = = Transport = = At the western end of the valley is the A38 and Bristol Airport , which means parts of the valley are on the flight path . The valley is also crossed by the A37 and they are joined by the A368 . Most of the roads in the valley are small single track lanes with little traffic although a bottleneck often occurs within Chew Magna . The " Chew Valley Explorer " bus route 672 / 674 provides access to the villages in the valley . Cyclists can gain access via part of the Padstow to Bristol West Country Way , National Cycle Network Route 3 . The Monarch 's Way long distance footpath crosses the valley . = = Schools = = Chew Valley School is the main secondary school ( 11 – 18 years ) for the valley . It is situated between Chew Magna and Chew Stoke . The latest ( 2011 ) Ofsted Inspection Report describes this specialist Performing Arts College as a mixed comprehensive school with 1 @,@ 201 pupils on roll . The school is popular and oversubscribed with 226 students in the sixth form . The school has been successful in gaining a number of national and regional awards . There are state primary schools ( 4 – 11 years ) in most of the local villages . = = Sport and leisure facilities = = The local villages have football pitches and children 's play areas . Gymnasium facilities , squash courts , badminton etc . , and outdoor all @-@ weather pitches are available at the Chew Valley Leisure Centre between Chew Magna and Chew Stoke . There are a range of clubs and societies for young and old , including Scout groups , gardening society , and the Women 's institute . There are areas in the valley which the Countryside Agency has designated as access land : Burledge Hill ( south of Bishop Sutton ) ( grid reference ST589590 ) , Castle Earthworks ( between Stowey and Bishop Sutton ) ( grid reference ST597592 ) , Knowle Hill ( Newtown south of Chew Magna ) ( grid reference ST583613 ) , Round Hill ( Folly Farm ) ( grid reference ST605608 ) and Shortwood Common ( Litton ) ( grid reference ST595553 ) . A Bowls club is in Chew Stoke , cricket pitches and teams in Chew Magna and Blagdon . There are football teams in the valley including Chew Valley Football Club and Bishop Sutton F.C .. The rugby club is based next to the leisure centre . The Bishop Sutton Tennis club is the largest in the valley , and there is also a tennis club at East Harptree . Both Chew Valley Lake and Blagdon Lake provide extensive fishing under permit from Bristol Water . The River Chew and most of its tributaries also have fishing but this is generally under licences to local angling clubs . Chew Valley Sailing Club is situated on Chew Valley Lake and provides dinghy sailing at all levels and hosts national and international competitions . Swimming is not allowed in the lakes and there are no swimming pools in the valley ; however these are available locally in Bristol , Bath , Cheddar and Midsomer Norton . Each October the Chew Valley Arts trail takes place in venues around the valley during which over 50 local artists display their works in such media as painting , printmaking , sculpture , decorative glass , pottery , photography , jewellery and sugar craft . The valley and lakes have been an inspiration to artists and there is a small art gallery at Chew Valley Lake . Live music and comedy events take place in local pubs and village halls , with the village of Pensford holding a music festival every year .
= Sonderbehandlung = Sonderbehandlung ( abbr . S.B. ) is a German noun meaning special treatment in English , also existing as a verb : sonderbehandeln ( to treat specially ) . While it can refer to any sort of preferential treatment , it is known primarily as a euphemism used by Nazi functionaries and the SS for mass murder . It first came to prominence during Action T4 , where SS doctors killed mentally ill and disabled patients between 1939 and 1941 , and was one of a number of nonspecific words the Nazis used to document mass murder and genocide . Another notable example was Sonderbehandlung 14f13 . This term was also used to imprecisely refer to the equipment used to perpetrate their crimes , such as gas chambers and Zyklon B. The true meaning of Sonderbehandlung was widely known in the SS , and in April 1943 , Reichsführer @-@ SS Heinrich Himmler was so concerned about the security of it that he had it redacted in a secret report . Berel Lang states that disguised language was used " ... not only in communications issued to the Jewish public when the intention of those issuing the communications was to deceive the Jews in order to minimize the likelihood of resistance , but also in addresses to the outside world and , perhaps more significantly , in internal communications as well , among officials who unquestionably knew ( who were themselves sometimes responsible for ) the linguistic substitutions stipulated by the language rules . " = = Background = = By the summer of 1941 , Action T4 became widespread public knowledge in Germany ( and also in neutral countries and to Germany 's enemies ) , and on August 24 , 1941 , Hitler ordered the joint chief of the operation Dr. Karl Brandt to halt it due to public protest ( however it still continued , not only out of the public eye but in greater intensity ) . Hitler did not want to run the risk of an order publicly embarrassing him again and , as a result , the explicit order to carry out the Holocaust was given by him orally . Even if there had been any written instances of this order , they would have almost certainly been destroyed by the Nazis when they realised their defeat was inevitable . Where the Nazis had to document murder , Sonderbehandlung was one of a number of euphemisms used . The Action T4 doctors used " desinfiziert " ( decontaminated ) to document the gassing of mentally ill and handicapped individuals . The actual plan to exterminate the Jews of Europe was called " Die Endlösung der Judenfrage " ( Final Solution to the Jewish Question ) . Other words to describe extermination operations included : " Evakuierung " ( evacuation ) " Aussiedlung " ( expulsion ) " Umsiedlung " ( resettlement ) " Auflockerung " ( thinning out – as in the removal of inhabitants from a ghetto ) " Befriedungsaktion " ( pacification ) " Ausserordentliche Befriedungsaktion " or " A.B. Aktion " ( special pacification ) " Abwanderung " ( having @-@ been @-@ migrated ) " Säuberung " ( cleansing ) " Sicherheitspolizeilich durchgearbeitet " ( directed or worked through in a manner in accordance with the Sicherheitsdienst ) The Posen speeches made by Heinrich Himmler in October 1943 are the first known documents in which a high @-@ ranking member of the Nazi government spoke explicitly about the perpetration of the Holocaust during the war . Himmler mentions the " Judenevakuierung " or " evacuation of the Jews " , which he uses synonymously with their extermination . At one point in the speech , Himmler says : " elimination of the Jews , extermination , we 're doing it " , briefly pausing in the middle of " elimination " ( Ausschaltung ) before going on to say " extermination " ( Ausrottung ) . His hesitation in the middle of saying " elimination " can be considered as a quick mental check to see whether or not it is acceptable to use such words in front of his given audience . The answer is yes : it is the seniority of the SS in private . This has been compared to another incident of self @-@ verification in the opposite way , where Josef Goebbels , in his Total War speech on February 18 , 1943 , begins to say " Ausrottung des Judentums " ( " extermination of Jewry " ) but switches to saying " Ausschaltung " , bearing in mind that he is speaking very publicly . His resulting phrasing is " Ausrott ... schaltung des Judentums " , which can be likened to " exterm ... elimination " in English . = = Usage = = The term first appeared on September 20 , 1939 in a decree by the Gestapo and Sicherheitsdienst chief SS @-@ Obergruppenführer Reinhard Heydrich to all state police departments : " To avoid any misunderstandings , please take note of the following : ... a distinction must be made between those who may be dealt with in the usual way and those who must be given special treatment . The latter case covers subjects who , due to their most objectionable nature , their dangerousness , or their ability to serve as tools of propaganda for the enemy , are suitable for elimination , without respect for persons , by merciless treatment ( namely , by execution ) . However , the usage is directed against Germans rather than Jews ( it relates to " the principles of internal state security in the war " ) . Nevertheless , the law allowed for the killing of any person the regime wished . A memo dated six days later from a meeting at the SS @-@ Reichssicherheitshauptamt defines Sonderbehandlung with " execution " following it in brackets . A report from the Eastern Front dated October 25 , 1941 , reads that " due to the grave danger of epidemic , the complete liquidation of Jews from the ghetto in Vitebsk was begun on October 8 , 1941 . The number of Jews to whom special treatment is to be applied is around 3 @,@ 000 . " An excerpt of a decree dated February 20 , 1942 , from the RSHA and written by Himmler regarding the treatment of " foreign civilian workers " advises that in particularly difficult cases , application should be made to the RSHA for special treatment , adding that " special treatment takes place by hanging . " In a letter to the RSHA , SS @-@ Hauptsturmführer Heinz Trühe requests additional gas vans for " ... a transport of Jews , which has to be treated in a special way ... " The gas vans were vehicles containing an airtight compartment in which the victims were locked and the exhaust gas was pumped into , killing the victims with the combined effects of carbon monoxide poisoning and suffocation . = = Equipment = = In German , " Sonder- " , meaning " special " , can be used to form compound nouns . As well as in reference to actions , the Nazis used euphemisms to refer to the actual equipment used to carry out killing . In his letter , Trühe refers to the vans as " S @-@ wagen " ( S @-@ vans ) ; " Sonderwagen " ( special vans ) in full . Other documented references include " Sonderfahrzeug " ( special vehicle ) , " Spezialwagen " ( special van ) , and " Hilfsmittel " ( auxiliary equipment ) . Several instances of this unspecific language in reference to equipment can be found in documents concerning Auschwitz concentration camp . A letter dated August 21 , 1942 referred to Bunker 1 and Bunker 2 ( farmhouses west of Birkenau converted into gas chambers ) as " Badeanstalten für Sonderaktionen " ( bathing installations for special actions ) . In the letter , this is given in quotes , further suggesting the euphemistic nature of what is meant . On blueprints , the basement gas chambers of Crematoria II and III were simply marked as " Leichenkeller 1 " ( basement morgue 1 ) , and the basement undressing rooms were marked as " Leichenkeller 2 " . However , a letter dated November 27 , 1942 to chief Auschwitz architect SS @-@ Sturmbannführer Karl Bischoff referred to morgue 1 of Crematorium II as the " Sonderkeller " ( special cellar ) . A letter from SS @-@ Sturmbannführer Rudolf Jährling concerning Crematoria II and III to oven builders J.A. Topf and Sons dated March 6 , 1943 , refers to morgue 2 as an " Auskleideraum " ( undressing room ) . The units of prisoners forced to empty gas chambers and load bodies into ovens were known as the Sonderkommando ( special squads ) . A document dated August 26 , 1942 granted the camp authorities to send a truck " ... to Dessau to pick up material for special treatment ... " - Dessau was one of two places where Zyklon B was manufactured . Standard usage of the term for killing at Auschwitz applied . A letter dated October 13 , 1942 , signed by Bischoff , states that construction of new crematoria facilities " ... was necessary to start immediately in July 1942 because of the situation caused by the special actions . " On September 8 , 1943 , 5 @,@ 006 Jews were transferred from Theresienstadt to Auschwitz under the designation " SB six months . " Six months later on March 9 , 1944 , those still alive were gassed . In his diary , SS @-@ Obersturmführer and doctor Johann Kremer describes seeing a mass gassing for the first time : September 2 , 1942 : For the first time , at 3 : 00 A.M. outside , attended a special action . Dante 's Inferno seems to me almost a comedy compared to this . They don 't call Auschwitz the camp of annihilation for nothing ! Three days later , Kremer described the mass gassing of emaciated prisoners , nicknamed Muslims : September 5 , 1942 : In the morning attended a special action from the women 's concentration camp ( Muslims ) ; the most dreadful of horrors . Master @-@ Sergeant Thilo ( troop doctor ) was right when he said to me that this is the anus mundi . In the evening towards 8 : 00 attended another special action from Holland [ sic ] . Because of the special rations they get a fifth of a liter of schnapps , 5 cigarettes , 100 g salami and bread , the men all clamor to take part in such actions . Today and tomorrow ( Sunday ) work . In a letter dated January 29 , 1943 by SS @-@ Sturmbannführer Bischoff to SS @-@ Oberführer Hans Kammler , Bischoff refers to basement morgue 1 of Crematorium II at Auschwitz as a " Vergasungskeller " , literally " gassing cellar " . In the letter , the word is underlined , and at the top of the document is written : " SS @-@ Untersturmführer Kirschnek ! " There was a very clear policy in the architecture office that words such as " gas chamber " should not be used ; Second Lieutenant Kirschnek should be informed of this slip . Citing this unique letter , Robert Jan van Pelt states that in using " special action " or " special treatment " in place of extermination and killing , the first Holocaust deniers were the Nazis themselves , in that they attempted to deny to themselves what they were doing . = = Sensitivity = = Heinrich Himmler became increasingly concerned about the security of documenting the destruction of the Jews . On April 9 , 1943 , he wrote a secret letter to Heydrich 's successor as chief of the Gestapo and SD , SS @-@ Obergruppenführer Ernst Kaltenbrunner , concerning the Korherr Report . Himmler considered the report " well executed for purposes of camouflage and potentially useful for later times . " The next day , SS @-@ Obersturmbannführer Rudolf Brandt passed a message to the author of the report , Richard Korherr , stating : The Reichsführer @-@ SS has received your report on " The Final Solution of the European Jewish Question " . He wishes that " special treatment of the Jews " not be mentioned anywhere . On page 9 , it must be formulated as follows : " They were guided : through the camps in the General Government through the camps in the Warthegau " No other formulation is to be employed . Himmler was so sure that almost everyone knew what " special treatment " meant , and ordered for it to be replaced with the even more vague " durchgeschleust " ( guided through ) , even though the document in question was top secret . The camps in question in the General Government were Treblinka , Sobibor and Belzec extermination camps , and Majdanek concentration camp . The only camp in the Warthegau was Chełmno extermination camp . = = Nazi perspectives = = In the course of investigations and criminal proceedings for Nazi war crimes , it was shown that among those involved , there was no doubt what was meant by this term . At his trial , SS @-@ Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann stated that " everybody knew " special treatment meant killing . According to SS @-@ Gruppenführer and senior SS and Polizeiführer Emil Mazuw : " During the war , the SS gave no meaning to Sonderbehandlung other than killing . I am certain that high @-@ ranking officers knew it . I don 't know whether the ordinary SS man did or not . According to the terminology used at the time , I understand ' special treatment ' to mean only killing and nothing else . "
= Valene Ewing = Valene " Val " Ewing ( maiden name Clements , formerly Gibson , Waleska ) , portrayed by Joan Van Ark , is a fictional character in the CBS primetime soap opera Knots Landing , a spin @-@ off from the long @-@ running series Dallas , in which she also appeared . The character originated in 1978 on Dallas as the mother of Lucy Ewing and ex @-@ wife of Gary Ewing ( the second son of oil baron Jock and Miss Ellie Ewing ) . Van Ark made several guest appearances on Dallas before becoming one of the main stars of the spin @-@ off Knots Landing in December 1979 , though she continued to make small appearances in Dallas for the next couple of years . Van Ark played Valene in Knots Landing for thirteen of its fourteen seasons , which made her one of the show 's longest running stars . The character made her last television appearance in 1997 , when she appeared in the reunion miniseries Knots Landing : Back to the Cul @-@ de @-@ Sac . In 2013 , Van Ark reprised her character for the new , updated version of Dallas . Valene 's storyline in her first two episodes on Dallas focuses on the rebuilding of her relationship with estranged ex @-@ husband Gary Ewing . When Valene arrives in Texas to find her daughter , Lucy Ewing , she is brought back into the drama of the Ewing family . Upon arrival , she is reunited with Gary with whom she slowly falls back in love . Once Dallas became a hit , series creator David Jacobs proceeded to launch a spin @-@ off series titled Knots Landing , which would feature Valene and Gary prominently . The actress had strong input on how they would create her character outline . She recalled , " I remember going to wardrobe and getting a peachy pink waitress uniform , and the shoes . And then I was trying to get that Texas sound , her all important accent . And so we created her layer by layer . " Van Ark received positive reviews for her portrayal of Valene , and received two Soap Opera Digest award nominations in the category " Outstanding Actress in a Leading Role on a Prime Time Serial " . Greg Hernandez said , " Her character of Valene was a best @-@ selling author , but her personal life was always a mess . She had her husband , Gary , stolen by another woman , then got pregnant by him , her twin babies were kidnapped by a crooked doctor , she was given a drug overdose at gunpoint by her ex @-@ husband 's fiancee , and she racked up enough marriages to give Elizabeth Taylor a run for her money . But she and Gary Ewing ( Ted Shackelford ) made for one of television 's most beloved couples and the audience never stopped rooting for them to get back together . " = = Development = = = = = Casting and creation = = = From the outset , Dallas was centered around the lives of the wealthy Ewing family who lived in Dallas , Texas . Once the show became a success after the initial run as a five @-@ episode miniseries , the producers decided to expand the roles of certain characters . They introduced the parents of Lucy Ewing ( Charlene Tilton ) , who had not been shown on @-@ screen until that point . Actress Joan Van Ark was contacted by series creator David Jacobs about joining the show . Her husband , John Marshall , convinced her to take the opportunity . In an interview for an episode of Celebrity Weddings , Van Ark said : " At the time Dallas came up , I was doing two different jobs . They offered me to join Dallas , which would be shot in Dallas , Texas at Southfork . I read the script and it was buzzed about already ... they were saying this was the hot new show . I said to myself , ' How can I be in Los Angeles doing this , down in Dallas , and then back in New York doing two days worth of Estée Lauder commercials ? ' He ( my husband ) read it and said , ' You 've got to . It 's a wonderful part . So , my husband talked me into a role that would become a fifteen @-@ year chapter in my life . " When asked about the casting process , Van Ark explained : " It all happened so fast . They sent me a script for a [ Dallas ] two @-@ part guest shot , but I was supposed to be in New York recording commercials . My husband - much like Larry Hagman 's wife , Maj , talked him into playing J.R. - basically talked me into playing Val . " She later added , " I thought the script was wonderful , and [ Valene ] was a great character . But we created her within those two episodes . I remember going to wardrobe and getting a peachy pink waitress uniform , and the shoes . And then I was trying to get that Texas sound , her all important accent . And so we created her layer by layer . " During the second season of Dallas , David Jacobs decided to create a spin @-@ off for the quickly growing franchise . He wanted to create a television show based on " family issues and examining relationships at the middle class level " . The production company , CBS , turned down this idea , as they wanted something more " glitzy " to put on the air , with wealthier characters , which would become Dallas . After the success of Dallas , Jacobs ' presented his initial idea again and created Knots Landing , with some alterations of his original script . In an interview , Jacobs explained : " Well , that 's pretty good , but you know @-@ and then he pulled out the pages that we 'd left for them a few years ago on Knots Landing , or a year before on Knots , and he said , ' Is there any way we can make this a spin @-@ off ? ' I just took one of the couples and made it , you know , Val and Gary who had already been created on the parent series and putting them into the mix , but when you have four couples and you change one , you sort of have to change the dynamic all the way around . However , once I wrote the script , remarkably little changed from the script and the pilot as you would see it . " Gary Ewing was originally played by actor David Ackroyd , but Ackroyd was unable to sign on for the spin @-@ off , and Ted Shackelford assumed the role . Initially , it was presumed that Charlene Tilton would be joining Knots Landing as Gary and Val 's daughter , but the network decided to keep her on Dallas in order to keep the two shows separate . She did , however , make a guest appearance in the first season . Van Ark appeared in Knots Landing for thirteen seasons of its fourteen season run before she left to pursue other interests . According to co @-@ star Michele Lee , Van Ark was apparently offered a role on an NBC sitcom after she left the show . The actress reprised her role for the series finale of Knots Landing , where Val is revealed to have been alive the whole time . When asked about her departure in an interview with the Los Angeles Times , she said : " I could stay forever on the show and be safe . But three years ago I did Night of the Iguana in Williamstown [ Massachusetts ] , and I had a quote from Tennessee Williams taped on my mirror , taken from an essay he 'd written on success . It said , and I 'm paraphrasing here : ' Security is in the shape of a kidney @-@ shaped pool in Los Angeles , where you sit waiting for your residual checks . ' I was in a comfortable spot on Knots , and an artist should not be comfortable . I 'd forgotten that there was a character I 'd loved for 13 years . She was the seed of the show . I am the sole person to spin off from Dallas ( because actor David Ackroyd originated the role of Gary on that show ) . Valene gave Knots a note of spirituality . There was a heart that was Valene . I hope they treat her with respect , that she is seen out with a resolution she deserves . " = = = Characterization and relationships = = = Throughout the course of the show , Val was often played up as the good girl character . When asked about whether Val was a weak character , Van Ark said : " God , no . No she wasn ’ t . For the very reason that she went through so much and landed on both feet . She was strong in a realistic kind of way . I do remember that TV Guide did a quote that the three of us can be compared to Earth , Wind and Fire . Michele was the Earth , I was the Wind and Donna was the Fire . I think that really captured it . " Van Ark was later asked about who she saw Val as today . She said , " Of course the dysfunctional elements would come out . Why even bother otherwise ? But of course they would persevere and still be together after all . I think Valene was headed to , and my sister ’ s like this , after years of doing everything for her husband and her children , Valene was going to further her achievements in the professional world . I think if you saw Valene today she ’ d be much more accomplished as a writer and would be very successful overall . " The actress also said : Since Valene , I ’ ve tried to do anything and everything but play a goody @-@ two @-@ shoes . I love Val , I adore her . But I spent a total of 15 years — if you count the first year I played her on Dallas . That was quite an investment for me as an actress . If you were playing a goody @-@ two @-@ shoes today , the tabloid media would be dying to catch you on a bad day . Look at what they ’ ve done to Tiger Woods . Look at what they ’ ve done to that man . My feeling is his father — or the absence of his father in his life — is ( the root of ) what ’ s going on with Tiger and that marriage . But the media won ’ t leave him alone . No matter who you are , ( the celebrity coverage ) is obsessive and constant . It ’ s hurtful . For me , if they show my face in a bad photo , they latch into me hook , line and sinker . Even Entertainment Tonight now has blood on their hands . It 's brutal . I wonder what they ’ ll do with Alec Baldwin now . He was my brother on Knots . They really threw him under a bus ( when endlessly publicizing his infamous voice @-@ mail rant against daughter Ireland , then 11 , in 2007 ) . He loves that child so much . " Valene 's relationship with Gary is important to the understanding of her overall character . The Gary / Abby / Valene love triangle , which involved Gary cheating on Valene with Abby Cunningham – the show 's main villain – was a monumental storyline for all three characters . Van Ark described the storyline : " There wasn ’ t really anything I could think of , but I will mention that Ted and I went in way early , whenever Donna Mills came on the show , and told David Jacobs that it made total sense that Gary would fall for Abby . I can ’ t believe I did that but it really provided me with some great stories . Because they were celebrating Donna Mills and she became the center but Gary and Val were supposed to be this enduring couple . Ted and I were saying Gary and Val should break up and Gary should go with Abby . It was a pretty big deal to break up the couple that the show began with . So ( the producers ) were going toward this , then they pulled away but eventually returned to it . David Jacobs was against it but we convinced him . And it was the longest running story on the show . It took a long time for them to get back together . Eight years . " Ted Shackelford , who plays Gary , described the love story , " I can 't complain . I mean , Gary spent six or seven years being led down the primrose path by one stupid broad after another . So with Val ... You 'd think after 13 years , at the age they are [ Val is 44 , Gary is 46 ] and the amount of bullshit they 've been through , they would have learned something ! They 'd probably have a very comfortable life by now . But it makes for a dead story line . " When asked about working with Van Ark , he said : " I don 't know how it could get any better . She 's remarkable , and I 'm not blowing smoke up your ass . I 'd tell you if I thought she was a pain in the ass , although sometimes she is a pain in the ass . But my best work is done with Joan . " Van Ark also discussed Valene 's relationship with her daughter , Lucy Ewing . She said , " The spine or the beginning of the series was Gary and Val , coming over from Dallas , so maybe there should have been more Lucy . I do know that CBS and the producers of both shows wanted to keep the two shows separate but in the beginning you had Larry Hagman and others going over to Knots . " = = Return = = With the 2012 continuation of Dallas , there was talk of some Knots Landing characters returning to air . Rumors began surfacing that both Van Ark and Shackelford would reprise their roles as Valene and Gary . Ted Shackelford passed on the small role the producers offered him to reprise his role as Gary Ewing on the new series . Van Ark refuted the claims , saying : " Well , rumor has it … I ’ m having lunch with Ted tomorrow . They asked him to come down and be part of it . It was several months ago , and he ’ s deeply into filming The Young and the Restless , the daytime soap for CBS . But if they asked Gary , maybe they ’ ll ask [ for Val ] . " She would , however , love to be involved if the producers asked her , especially to torment fellow cast @-@ member Larry Hagman . " There is no doubt about it . This man I loved so much , Larry Hagman … I was just at his birthday party several months ago … I would kill , that if Val came back , if it was trouble for J.R .. Because they were always at odds . " However , Gary and Valene 's daughter , Lucy Ewing , along with Ray Krebbs have made appearances in the new series . Although both Shackleford and Van Ark appeared in the 1991 series finale of Dallas playing " alternative " versions of Gary and Valene ( the episode depicted a fantasy world in which J.R. had never been born ) , there have been no real crossovers of story or characters from Knots Landing to Dallas or vice versa since the 1985 @-@ 86 season of each show ( which , on Dallas , turned out to be a dream had by Pamela Ewing ) . On October 17 , 2012 , TV Guide reported that Joan Van Ark and Ted Shackelford are set to return to Dallas , reprising their characters Valene and Gary Ewing for three episodes in the show 's second season , which is set to air in 2013 . According to Joan Van Ark , she will appear as Valene in one episode only . = = Character Arc = = = = = Dallas = = = Valene Ewing first appears in Dallas in 1978 , as the mother of Lucy Ewing ( Charlene Tilton ) and the ex @-@ wife of Gary Ewing ( David Ackroyd , later played by Ted Shackelford ) , the middle son and the black sheep of the Ewing family . Valene and Gary Ewing were first married in their adolescence in 1961 , when Gary was 17 years old and Valene was 15 . When a pregnant Valene persuades Gary to take her to the Southfork Ranch in order to introduce her to his family , they settle down at Southfork , and Miss Ellie gave Gary a job as ranch foreman . However , Gary and Valene were soon pressured and manipulated by Gary 's older brother , J.R. Ewing ( Larry Hagman ) , who constantly tried to undermine and destroy their marriage . Meanwhile , Gary 's father , Jock Ewing , put pressure on Gary to stand up and face his responsibilities for becoming a teenage husband and father @-@ to @-@ be . When Valene gives birth to their daughter Lucy , J.R. makes it clear that the child is a Ewing and will be raised by the Ewings themselves . J.R. ' s constant interference causes Gary and Val 's marriage to collapse . Under the pressure , Gary fell victim to alcoholism , became violent in the process and walked out on Val and Lucy . With Gary gone , Valene is then driven off Southfork by J.R. , but she soon returns to get baby Lucy and flees to Virginia , and later to Tennessee , where she tries to get help from her mother , Lilimae Clements ( Julie Harris ) , to take them in , but they are turned away . At this point , Valene and Lucy had already been tracked down by heavies that were hired by J.R. and the heavies rip Lucy right out of Valene 's arms , and take Lucy back to Southfork to be raised by her paternal grandparents . When Valene later tried to take legal action to get Lucy back , J.R. warned Valene that he 'd kill her if she came back to the state of Texas . Valene is prevented from seeing her daughter again for many years as a result of this . Valene 's bitterness over her mother 's indifference , and the subsequent loss of Lucy , is not resolved until 1979 when she and Gary move to Knots Landing . Much of this early backstory is told through flashbacks in episodes of Knots Landing , and is only briefly referenced in Dallas . While working in a diner in 1978 , Valene decided to wait for Lucy outside her school and they got to know each other . They stayed in contact with each other in secret for several months afterwards . In the fall of 1978 , Lucy arranges a reunion for her parents . Gary and Valene move back to Southfork for a short time , but their reunion is again undermined by J.R. , who arranged for Gary to take charge of a failing company , hoping that the pressure would drive Gary away . Gary realised that he would fall off the wagon unless he left Southfork , so he departed . J.R. then turned on Valene , trying to bribe her , before ordering her to leave . In December 1979 , Valene and Gary are reunited once more in Dallas , and get married for the second time . Gary 's parents , Jock Ewing ( Jim Davis ) and Miss Ellie Ewing ( Barbara Bel Geddes ) , as well as Gary 's brother , Bobby ( Patrick Duffy ) , and sister @-@ in @-@ law Pamela Barnes Ewing ( Victoria Principal ) , attend the wedding . Shortly afterwards , they move to California to live in a home that Miss Ellie had bought for them as a wedding gift . Valene also appears in the final episode of Dallas during J.R. ' s dream in which she meets Gary for the first time , highlighting the idea that they were destined to meet one way or another . = = = Knots Landing = = = After their remarriage , Valene and Gary Ewing move to Knots Landing , a coastal suburb of Los Angeles , California . Valene is initially skeptical of the move , and describes Knots Landing as " no place to start over " . She is struck by her neighbors , the Fairgates , and particularly by Sid 's daughter , Annie , from Sid 's first marriage , who reminds Val of her own daughter , Lucy . Gary is determined to stay , and convinces Val to give Knots Landing a chance . Val becomes involved in Jimmy Carter 's 1980 re @-@ election effort , joining the local chapter of the Carter @-@ Mondale ' 80 campaign . She also signs up neighbor Karen Fairgate ( Michele Lee ) and the pair eventually become best friends , a relationship struck when Annie , on the run , turns to Val for help , and Val convinces her to return to her father and stepmother . Val remained a central character on the show from 1979 to 1992 . Gary and Val 's daughter , Lucy , visits her parents in Knots Landing , and appears in one episode in the show 's first season . Though largely uneducated , Valene discovers she has a talent for writing and writes a thinly @-@ veiled expose of the Ewings of Dallas called " Capricorn Crude " . Gary is extremely critical of the book , which affects their marriage . However , the book is published and Val becomes a best @-@ selling novelist and financially independent . Val leaves Gary after Gary 's affair with his neighbor and business partner , Abby Cunningham ( Donna Mills ) ; and Val keeps the house in Seaview Circle . Gary and Val 's second marriage ended in divorce nearly a year later . Val is subsequently married to Ben Gibson ( Doug Sheehan ) ( 1985 @-@ 1987 ) , and later briefly to Danny Waleska ( Sam Behrens ) ( 1990 ) . One of Val 's most memorable storylines occurs during the 1984 @-@ 85 season when she is told that her infant twins are stillborn . Val senses that this could not be true as she clearly remembers hearing the babies cry . She suffers a nervous breakdown and disappears from Knots Landing for several months , and is later reunited with her babies , thanks largely to the investigations secretly undertaken by her neighbors Mack and Karen MacKenzie . In 1991 , over 8 years after their second divorce , Gary and Val got married for the third time ( Valene 's fifth marriage , and Gary 's fourth ) . While working on an assignment to write a biography about Greg Sumner ( William Devane ) in 1992 , Valene crosses paths with some mafioso type characters who are targeting Sumner . Fearing that she could expose them , they kidnap Val and she is later believed to have died in a car accident . Joan Van Ark had decided to leave the series in 1992 , at the end of Season 13 , which turned out to be the show 's penultimate season . However , Van Ark came back in the 2 @-@ part finale to the show 's final season in 1993 , when it was discovered that Val was never in the car . Having escaped her kidnappers , she later returns to the cul @-@ de @-@ sac . Valene is seen once again in the 1997 reunion mini @-@ series Knots Landing : Back to the Cul @-@ de @-@ Sac where she begins a new career as a screenwriter , and adapts her best @-@ selling novel " Hostage " , which tells the story of her kidnapping five years earlier , into a film . = = = Dallas ( 2012 TV series ) = = = In 2013 , It transpires Gary and Valene have separated again due to Gary falling off the wagon . Sue Ellen Ewing calls Val on behalf of Gary , to tell her that Gary misses her . Val shows up at Southfork with her daughter Lucy , where Gary coldly refuses to return home with her . Val realizes she has returned to Dallas under false pretenses and confronts Sue Ellen , who tells her to resume her relationship with Gary while she still has the chance . = = Reception = = For her portrayal of Valene , Van Ark received two Soap Opera Digest awards in the category " Outstanding Actress in a Leading Role on a Prime Time Serial " . Greg Hernandez said , " Before I go on , I have to confess that I was a die @-@ hard fan of Knots Landing , the series on which Joan played sweet Valene Ewing for 14 years . Her character of Valene was a best @-@ selling author but her personal life was always a mess . She had her husband , Gary , stolen by another woman then got pregnant by him , her twin babies were kidnapped by a crooked doctor , she was given a drug overdose at gunpoint by her ex @-@ husband 's fiancee , and she racked up enough marriages to give Elizabeth Taylor a run for her money . But she and Gary Ewing ( Ted Shackleford ) made for one of television 's most beloved couples and the audience never stopped rooting for them to get back together . Joan keeps in touch with Ted ( pictured with Joan , above at a " Knots " reunion a few years back ) , Michelle Lee - who played her best friend Karen - and the great stage star Julie Harris who played her mother . " Knots Landing itself has experienced a tremendous fan following and dedication . Van Ark said of this , " It ’ s amazing . It ’ s like having friends everywhere in the United States . I heard that a group a fans from London were coming in just to see us at this ( autograph convention ) . We get a lot of fan mail from Europe – France , Germany , Russia . Knots has a huge following , and I think fans of the show are loving and loyal . Not many shows last 14 years on prime @-@ time . That ’ s a milestone , and I ’ m very proud of it . " The Chicago Sun @-@ Times said , " Valene Ewing Gibson would be the first to admit that the past seven years have been no day at the beach . She lost her first husband to a sultry siren who applies eyeliner with a trowel . She opened her heart and her home to a nagging mother who could drive Mother Teresa to slit her wrists . She discovered a long @-@ lost brother who just happened to be a psychotic TV evangelist . She even had a nervous breakdown that left her convinced her name was Verna , and was an ' I do ' away from tying the knot with a scheming sleazeball who was well aware of her family ties to the Ewings of Dallas even if she had forgotten . "
= Gateway Protection Programme = The Gateway Protection Programme is a scheme operated by the British government in partnership with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees ( UNHCR ) and co @-@ funded by the European Union ( EU ) , offering a legal route for a quota of UNHCR @-@ identified refugees to be resettled in the United Kingdom . Following a proposal by the British Home Secretary , David Blunkett , in October 2001 , the legal basis was established by the Nationality , Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 and the programme itself launched in March 2004 . Since its inception , the programme has enjoyed broad support from the UK 's main political parties . The Gateway Protection Programme initially had a quota of 500 refugees per year , which was later increased to 750 , but the actual number of refugees resettled in most years has been fewer than the quota permitted . Liberian , Congolese , Sudanese , Burmese , Ethiopian , Mauritanian , Iraqi , Bhutanese , Eritrean , Palestinian , Sierra Leonean and Somali refugees have been resettled under the programme . Refugees have been resettled to a number of locations in England and Scotland . Of the 18 local authorities participating as resettlement locations by 2012 , eight are in the North West region of England and three in Yorkshire and Humberside . Evaluations of the programme have praised it as having a positive impact on the reception of refugees by local communities , but have also noted the difficulties these refugees have faced in securing employment . = = Programme details = = The programme is the UK 's " quota refugee " resettlement scheme . Refugees designated as particularly vulnerable by the UNHCR are assessed by the Home Office for eligibility under the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees . If they meet the eligibility criteria they are then brought to the UK and granted indefinite leave to remain . The International Organization for Migration ( IOM ) helps facilitate pre @-@ departure medical screening , counselling , dossier preparation , transport and immediate arrival assistance . Once in the UK , refugees are entered into a 12 @-@ month support programme intended to aid their integration . The programme has involved local authorities and NGOs including the British Red Cross , the International Rescue Committee , Migrant Helpline , Refugee Action , the Refugee Arrivals Project , the Refugee Council , Scottish Refugee Council and Refugee Support . These organisations formed the Resettlement Inter @-@ Agency Partnership at the planning stage of the programme , in order to pool their resources and form a partnership for the delivery of services to the resettled refugees . The programme is distinct from and in addition to ordinary provisions for claiming asylum in the United Kingdom . Since 2008 , it has been co @-@ funded by the European Union , first through the European Refugee Fund and then through its successor , the Asylum , Migration and Integration Fund ( AMIF ) . Over the period 2009 – 14 , the Home Office provided £ 29 @.@ 97 million in funding and the EU £ 18 @.@ 67 million . Anna Musgrave of the Refugee Council argues that the programme " is rarely talked about and the Home Office , in the main , stay fairly quiet about it . " = = History = = The Gateway Protection Programme is not the first British refugee resettlement programme . Other , informal resettlement programmes include the Mandate Refugee Scheme , and the UK has also participated in the Ten or More Plan . The former is for so @-@ called " mandate " refugees who have been granted refugee status by UNHCR in third countries . To qualify for the scheme , refugees must have close ties to the UK and it must also be demonstrated that the UK is the most appropriate country for their resettlement . The Ten or More Plan , established by UNHCR in 1973 and administered in the UK by the British Red Cross , is for refugees requiring medical attention not available in their current location . During the 1990s , 2 @,@ 620 refugees were settled in the UK through these two programmes . In 2003 , the UK 's Ten or More Plan had a resettlement goal of 10 people and the Mandate Refugee Scheme 300 . Refugees have also been resettled through specific programmes following emergencies . For example , 42 @,@ 000 Ugandan Asians expelled from Uganda during 1972 – 74 , 22 @,@ 500 Vietnamese during 1979 – 92 , over 2 @,@ 500 Bosnians in the 1990s , and over 4 @,@ 000 Kosovars in 1999 . A new resettlement programme was proposed by the British Home Secretary , David Blunkett in October 2001 , having been hinted at by the previous Home Secretary , Jack Straw , in a speech to the European Conference on Asylum in Lisbon in June 2000 . The legal basis for the programme 's funding was established by Section 59 of the Nationality , Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 . This act was passed by the House of Commons by 362 votes to 74 in June 2002 and by the House of Lords – at the ninth attempt , following concern about the introduction of measures allowing for the detention of asylum seekers in rural areas ) – in November 2002 . The Gateway Protection Programme was subsequently established in March 2004 , with the first refugees arriving in the UK on 19 March . Initially , the programme quota was set at 500 per year . The British government has faced criticism from academics and practitioners over the small number of refugees it has resettled in comparison with other developed states . For example , in 2001 the countries with the largest quota schemes were the United States ( 80 @,@ 000 refugees ) , Canada ( 11 @,@ 000 ) and Australia ( 10 @,@ 000 ) . Initially , David Blunkett had intended to raise the quota to 1 @,@ 000 in the second year of the programme 's operation , but local councils ' reluctance to participate in the scheme meant that it was slow to take off . It has been argued that their reluctance showed that hostile attitudes towards asylum seekers had carried over to affect the most genuinely needy refugees . The quota remained at 500 per year until the 2008 / 09 financial year , when it was increased to 750 refugees per year . The number of refugees resettled under the scheme is small in comparison to the number of asylum seekers offered protection in the UK . For example , in 2013 , 17 @,@ 647 initial decisions on asylum claims were made by the Home Office , of which 5 @,@ 734 ( 32 @.@ 5 per cent ) determined the applicant to be a refugee and granted them asylum , 53 ( 0 @.@ 3 per cent ) granted humanitarian protection and 540 ( 3 @.@ 1 per cent ) granted discretionary leave . 11 @,@ 105 applications ( 62 @.@ 9 per cent ) were refused . Worldwide , there were 51 @.@ 2 million forcibly displaced people at the end of 2013 , 16 @.@ 7 million of whom were refugees . The programme has been supported by the main British political parties at the national level since its inception , and there has also been support from councillors from each of the main parties at the local authority level . On the occasion of the tenth anniversary of the scheme in 2014 , refugee groups and others praised it as a successful programme and called for it to be expanded , particularly in light of the Syrian refugee crisis . In early 2014 , Amnesty International and the Refugee Council campaigned for the government to offer resettlement or humanitarian protection to Syrian refugees above and beyond the Gateway quota of 750 per year , " to ensure that resettlement opportunities continue to be available to refugees from the rest of the world " . The anniversary of the programme was also the occasion of further criticism of the 750 quota , with some commentators arguing that this is mean @-@ spirited and continues to compare unfavourably with the refugee resettlement programmes of states including the United States , Canada and Australia . Others , such as academic Jonathan Darling , have been more skeptical about expanding the scheme , for fear that any such move will be accompanied by greater restrictions on the ability of people to claim asylum in the UK . He argues that " we must be critical of any attempts to expand such a quota @-@ based scheme at the expense of a more progressive asylum system " . Furthermore , he argues that the " hospitality " of the scheme is highly conditional and can be viewed as a form of " compassionate repression " , with the UNHCR , the Home Office and local authorities all involved in " sorting , decision , and consideration over which individuals are the ' exceptional cases ' " , to the exclusion of others . In September 2015 , in the context of the European migrant crisis , Labour Party leadership candidate Yvette Cooper called for an increase in the number of refugees resettled in the UK to 10 @,@ 000 . The prime minister , David Cameron , subsequently announced that the UK would resettle 20 @,@ 000 refugees from camps in countries bordering Syria over the period to 2020 under the Vulnerable Persons Relocation Scheme , which was established in early 2014 and is distinct from , but modelled on , the Gateway Protection Programme . = = Refugees resettled = = The number of refugees resettled under the programme has been below the quota in every year except for 2009 , 2012 and 2013 . Refugees resettled have included Liberians from Guinea and Sierra Leone , Congolese ( DRC ) from Uganda and Zambia , Sudanese from Uganda , Burmese ( including Karen , Mon , Pa 'O and Rohingya people ) from Thailand , Ethiopians from Kenya , and Mauritanians from Senegal . Provision was made for 1 @,@ 000 Iraqi refugees to be resettled in the UK between 1 April 2008 and the end of March 2010 . In 2008 , 236 Iraqis were resettled and as of 18 May , a further 212 had been resettled in 2009 . However , in May 2009 the programme was shut down for those Iraqis resettling due to having worked in support of British occupying forces and therefore at risk for reprisals . This decision was criticised as premature and " mean @-@ spirited " by some members of Parliament . Nonetheless , other Iraqis continue to be resettled under the Gateway Protection Programme and between 2004 and 2014 , a total of 1 @,@ 344 Iraqis were resettled as part of the programme . Other nationalities of refugees resettled under the scheme include Bhutanese , Eritreans , Palestinians , Sierra Leoneans and Somalis . = = Resettlement locations = = In March 2009 , out of the 434 local authorities in the UK , 15 were participating in the programme . By 2012 , a total of 18 local authorities had participated . In a review of the scheme , academics Duncan Sim and Kait Laughlin note that " it is clear that , as with asylum seekers dispersed by the UK Borders Agency under Home Office dispersal policy , most refugees have been resettled away from London and south east England , a policy which may lead to separation of extended families " . Of the 18 local authorities , eight are in North West England and three in Yorkshire and Humberside . The first refugees resettled under the programme were housed in Sheffield , which was the first city to join the scheme and which had branded itself the UK 's first ' City of Sanctuary ' . Others have been housed in cities and towns including Bradford , Brighton and Hove , Bromley , Colchester , Hull , Middlesbrough , Motherwell , Norwich , and the Manchester area including Bolton , Bury , Oldham , Rochdale , Salford , Stockport and Tameside . Sheffield , Bolton and Hull have received the largest numbers , accounting for just under half of all refugees resettled under the programme between 2004 and 2012 . The large proportion of refugees who have been resettled in North West England has been attributed partly to strong leadership on migration issues in Greater Manchester . In 2007 , North Lanarkshire Council won the " Creating Integrated Communities " category in the UK Housing Awards for its involvement in the Gateway Protection Programme . Research with Congolese refugees settled with North Lanarkshire Council in Motherwell has found that the majority want to stay in the town and that they view it positively both as a location in its own right , and in comparison with other resettlement locations . In April 2007 , Bolton Museum held an exhibition of photos of Sudanese refugees resettled in the town under the programme . A film , titled Moving to Mars was made about two ethnic Karen families resettled from Burma to Sheffield under the Gateway Protection Programme . The film opened the Sheffield International Documentary Festival in November 2009 and was aired on the television channel More4 on 2 February 2010 . One ethnic Karen refugee resettled with his family in Sheffield in 2006 , Kler Heh , signed a professional contract to play football for Sheffield United F.C. in March 2015 . On 17 July 2009 , three Congolese men resettled in Norwich under the programme were killed in a car crash on the A1 road . The Home Office released a promotional video in October 2009 that highlighted the success of the programme in resettling the first 15 Congolese families in Norwich in 2006 . In 2011 , the Home Office stopped using Norwich as a resettlement location in favour of locations in Yorkshire and Lancashire , reportedly to the disappointment of the local council . = = Evaluations = = Resettlement has been presented as a means of the UK fulfilling its obligations towards displaced people in the context of hostile public attitudes towards asylum seekers . Research has shown that members of the British public are generally well disposed to providing protection to genuine refugees , but are sceptical about the validity of asylum seekers ' claims . A report published in 2005 states that " some participating agencies have been reluctant to pursue a proactive media strategy due to local political considerations and issues relating to the dispersal of asylum seekers " . However , in February 2006 , the Parliamentary Under @-@ Secretary of State for the Home Department Andy Burnham , when asked about how the programme fitted in with community cohesion strategies , stated in the House of Commons that : " The early evidence from areas in which authorities have participated in the programme shows that it has been successful in challenging some of the attacks on the notion of political asylum that we have heard in recent years . In Bolton and Sheffield in particular , the towns have rallied around the individuals who have come to them . The programme has been a positive experience for the receiving community and , of course , for the vulnerable individuals who have benefited from the protection that those towns have offered " . A report into the experience of refugees resettled in Brighton and Hove under the scheme between October 2006 and October 2007 was published by the Sussex Centre for Migration Research at the University of Sussex in December 2007 . The report found that the refugees had struggled to gain employment and English language skills . Another evaluation report undertaken for the Home Office and published in 2011 also found that only small numbers of resettled refugees were in paid employment , noting that many were still more concerned about meeting their basic needs . In February 2009 , the Home Office published a report evaluating the effectiveness of the Gateway Protection Programme . The research it was based upon focused on refugees ' integration into British society in the 18 months following their resettlement . The research found that refugees showed signs of integration , including the formation of social bonds through community groups and places of worship . The report noted that low employment rates and slow progress with acquiring English language skills were particular concerns . Younger refugees and children had made the most progress . No specific language lessons are provided under the Gateway Protection Programme . Instead , Gateway refugees who require help with their English language skills are provided with access to mainstream English for Speakers of Other Languages ( ESOL ) courses , which are run by a range of state , voluntary and community @-@ based organisations . However , the International Catholic Migration Commission ( ICMC ) Europe reports that in Sheffield , it can be difficult for resettled refugees to gain access to ESOL classes because demand has generally exceeded supply – a situation also noted by an evaluation of the scheme 's operation in Motherwell undertaken in 2013 . The Motherwell evaluation found that most of the male refugees were in employment , but that many of them were not in jobs that allowed them to use their skills . The majority of women were not in work , reflecting a lack of job opportunities but also a lack of childcare provision . A number of programme evaluations have found that many resettled refugees have been the victims of verbal or physical attacks in the UK . The Home Office 's 2009 evaluation notes that between one @-@ quarter and half of each of four groups of Liberian and Congolese refugees resettled under the programme had suffered verbal or physical harassment . An evaluation undertaken by academics at Sheffield Hallam University for the Home Office in 2011 found that one @-@ fifth of the refugees surveyed for the evaluation ( who had been in the UK for a year ) had been the victims of verbal or physical attacks in their first six months in the UK , and just over a fifth had been attacked in the second six months of their resettlement . Many of the victims of this abuse had not reported it to the authorities , and the authors of the evaluation suggest that this is a reason why there was a gap between the perceptions of refugee and service providers , who generally suggested that community relations were good . Verbal and physical attacks against refugees were also noted in the 2013 Motherwell evaluation .
= Third Anglo @-@ Maratha War = The Third Anglo @-@ Maratha War ( 1817 – 1818 ) was the final and decisive conflict between the British East India Company ( EIC ) and the Maratha Empire in India . The war left the Company in control of most of India . It began with an invasion of the Maratha territory by British East India Company troops , the largest such British controlled force massed in India . The troops were led by the Governor General Hastings ( no relation to Warren Hastings , the first Governor @-@ General of Bengal ) supported by a force under General Thomas Hislop . Operations began against the Pindaris , a band of Muslims and Marathas from central India . Peshwa Baji Rao II 's forces , supported by those of Mudhoji II Bhonsle of Nagpur and Malharrao Holkar III of Indore , rose against the EIC . Pressure and diplomacy convinced the fourth major Maratha leader , Daulatrao Shinde of Gwalior , to remain neutral even though he lost control of Rajasthan . British victories were swift , resulting in the breakup of the Maratha Empire and the loss of Maratha independence . The Peshwa was defeated in the battles of Khadki and Koregaon . Several minor battles were fought by the Peshwa 's forces to prevent his capture . The Peshwa was eventually captured and placed on a small estate at Bithur , near Kanpur . Most of his territory was annexed and became part of the Bombay Presidency . The Maharaja of Satara was restored as the ruler of his territory as a princely state . In 1848 this territory was also annexed by the Bombay Presidency under the doctrine of lapse policy of Lord Dalhousie . Bhonsle was defeated in the battle of Sitabuldi and Holkar in the battle of Mahidpur . The northern portion of Bhonsle 's dominions in and around Nagpur , together with the Peshwa 's territories in Bundelkhand , were annexed by British India as the Saugor and Nerbudda Territories . The defeat of the Bhonsle and Holkar also resulted in the acquisition of the Maratha kingdoms of Nagpur and Indore by the British . Along with Gwalior from Shinde and Jhansi from the Peshwa , all of these territories became princely states acknowledging British control . The British proficiency in Indian war @-@ making was demonstrated through their rapid victories in Khadki , Sitabuldi , Mahidpur , Koregaon , and Satara . = = The Marathas and the British = = The Maratha Empire was founded in 1645 by Shivaji of the Bhosle dynasty . Common elements among the citizens of Shivaji 's Maratha Empire were the Marathi language , the Hindu religion , a strong sense of belonging , and a national feeling . Shivaji led resistance efforts to free the Hindus from the Muslim Sultanate of Bijapur and once again established rule of the native Indian Hindus . This kingdom was known as the Hindavi Swarajya ( " Hindu self @-@ rule " ) in the Marathi language . Shivaji 's capital was located at Raigad . Shivaji successfully defended his kingdom from attacks by the Mughal Empire and his Maratha Empire went on to defeat and overtake it as the premier power in India . A key component of the Maratha administration was the council of eight ministers , called the Ashta Pradhan ( council of eight ) . The senior @-@ most member of the Ashta Pradhan was called the Peshwa or the Mukhya Pradhan ( prime minister ) . The Peshwa was the right @-@ hand man of Shivaji . Shivaji and most of the Maratha warriors belonged to the Maratha caste of the four @-@ tier Hindu caste system , whereas all of the Peshwas belonged to the Brahmin caste . After Shivaji 's death , the Peshwas gradually became the effective rulers of the state . = = = Growing British power = = = While the Marathas were fighting the Mughals in the early 18th century , the British held small trading posts in Bombay , Madras and Calcutta . The British fortified the naval base of Bombay after they saw the Marathas defeat the Portuguese at neighbouring Vasai in May 1739 . In an effort to keep the Marathas out of Bombay , the British sent envoys to negotiate a treaty . The envoys were successful , and a treaty was signed on 12 July 1739 that gave the British East India Company rights to free trade in Maratha territory . In the south , the Nizam of Hyderabad had enlisted the support of the French for his war against the Marathas . In reaction to this , the Peshwa requested support from the British , but was refused . Unable to see the rising power of the British , the Peshwa set a precedent by seeking their help to solve internal Maratha conflicts . Despite the lack of support , the Marathas managed to defeat the Nizam over a period of five years . During the period 1750 – 1761 , British defeated the French East India company in India , and by 1793 they were firmly established in Bengal in the east and Madras in the south . They were unable to expand to the west as the Marathas were dominant there , but they entered Surat on the west coast via the sea . The Marathas marched beyond the Indus as their empire grew . The responsibility for managing the sprawling Maratha empire in the north was entrusted to two Maratha leaders , Shinde and Holkar , as the Peshwa was busy in the south . The two leaders did not act in concert , and their polices were influenced by personal interests and financial demands . They alienated other Hindu rulers such as the Rajputs , the Jats , and the Rohillas , and they failed to diplomatically win over other Muslim leaders . A large blow to the Marathas came in their defeat on 14 January 1761 at Panipat against the Afghan Ahmad Shah Abdali . An entire generation of Maratha leaders lay dead on the battlefield as a result of that conflict . Between 1761 and 1773 , the Marathas regained the lost ground in the north . = = = Anglo @-@ Maratha relations = = = The Maratha gains in the north were undone because of the contradictory policies of Holkar and Shinde and the internal disputes in the family of the Peshwa , which culminated in the murder of Narayanrao Peshwa in 1773 . Due to this , the Marathas virtually disappeared from north India . Raghunathrao was ousted from the seat of Peshwa due to continuing internal Maratha rivalries . He sought help from the British , and they signed the Treaty of Surat with him in March 1775 . This treaty gave him military assistance in exchange for control of Salsette Island and Bassein Fort . The treaty set off discussions amongst the British in India as well as in Europe because of the serious implications of a confrontation with the powerful Marathas . Another cause for concern was that the Bombay Council had exceeded its constitutional authority by signing such a treaty . The treaty was the cause of the start of the First Anglo @-@ Maratha War . This war was virtually a stalemate , with no side being able to defeat the other . The war concluded with the treaty of Salabai in May 1782 , mediated by Mahadji Shinde . The foresight of Warren Hastings was the main reason for the success of the British in the war . He had destroyed the anti @-@ British coalition and created a division between the Shinde , the Bhonsle , and the Peshwa . The Marathas were still in a very strong position when the new Governor General of British controlled territories Cornwallis arrived in India in 1786 . After the treaty of Salabai , the British followed a policy of coexistence in the north . The British and the Marathas enjoyed more than two decades of peace , thanks to the diplomacy of Nana Phadnavis , the Brahmin minister in the court of the 11 @-@ year @-@ old Peshwa Sawai Madhavrao . The situation changed soon after Nana 's death in 1800 . The power struggle between Holkar and Shinde caused Holkar to attack the Peshwa in Pune in 1801 , since the Peshwa sided with Shinde . The Peshwa Baji Rao II fled Pune to safety on a British warship . Baji Rao feared loss of his own powers and signed the treaty of Bassein . This made the Peshwa in effect a subsidiary ally of the British . In response to the treaty , the Bhonsle and Shinde attacked the British , refusing to accept the betrayal of their sovereignty to the British by the Peshwa . This was the start of the Second Anglo @-@ Maratha War in 1803 . Both were defeated by the British , and all Maratha leaders lost large parts of their territory to the British . = = = The British East India Company = = = The British had travelled thousands of miles to arrive in India . They studied Indian geography and mastered local languages to deal with the Indians . They were technologically advanced , with superior equipment to that available locally . Chhabra hypothesizes that even if the British technical superiority were discounted , they would have won the war because of the discipline and organization in their ranks . After the First Anglo @-@ Maratha war , Warren Hastings declared in 1783 that the peace established with the Marathas was on such a firm ground that it was not going to be shaken for years to come . The British believed that a new permanent approach was needed to establish and maintain continuous contact with the Peshwa 's court in Pune . The British appointed Charles Malet , a senior merchant from Bombay , to be a permanent Resident at Pune because of his knowledge of the languages and customs of the region . = = Prelude = = The Maratha Empire had failed to upgrade its guerrilla warfare tactics as their Empire grew . Efforts to modernize the armies were half @-@ hearted and undisciplined : newer techniques were not absorbed by the soldiers while the older methods and experience were lost . The Maratha Empire lacked an efficient spy system , and they were poor students of diplomacy . Maratha artillery was outdated , and they did not manufacture their own guns . Weapons were imported and the supply often failed . Foreign officers were responsible for the handling of the imported guns ; the Marathas never trained their own men in any considerable numbers for the purpose . Military movements were made without knowledge of local geography ; when moving troops or retreating , they would suddenly come across a river and be trapped when they were unable to locate boats or a crossing . The enemy would take advantage of this to gain the best position , and the Marathas would lose the battle or would be overtaken and slaughtered while fleeing . At the time of the war , the power of the British East India Company was on the rise , whereas the Maratha Empire was on the decline . The British had been victorious in the previous Anglo @-@ Maratha war . The Peshwa of the Maratha Empire at this time was Baji Rao II . Several Maratha leaders who had formerly sided with the Peshwa were now under British control or protection . The British had an arrangement with the Gaekwad dynasty of the Maratha province of Baroda to prevent the Peshwa from collecting revenue in that province . Gaekwad sent an envoy to the Peshwa in Pune to negotiate a dispute regarding revenue collection . The envoy , Gangadhar Shastri , was under British protection . He was murdered , and the Peshwa 's minister Trimbak Dengle was suspected of the crime . The British seized the opportunity to force Baji Rao into a treaty . The treaty ( The Treaty of Pune ) was signed on 13 June 1817 . Key terms imposed on the Peshwa included the admission of Dengle 's guilt , renouncing claims on Gaekwad , and surrender of significant swaths of territory to the British . These included his most important strongholds in the Deccan , the seaboard of Konkan , and all places north of the Narmada and south of the Tungabhadra rivers . The Peshwa was also not to communicate with any other powers in India . The British Resident Mountstuart Elphinstone also asked the Peshwa to disband his cavalry . = = = Maratha planning = = = The Peshwa disbanded his cavalry , but secretly asked them to stand by , and offered them seven months ' advance pay . Baji Rao entrusted Bapu Gokhale with preparations for war . In August 1817 , the forts at Sinhagad , Raigad , and Purandar were fortified by the Peshwa . Gokhale secretly recruited troops for the impending war . Many Bhils and Ramoshis were hired . Efforts were made to unify Bhonsle , Shinde , and Holkar ; even the mercenary Pindaris were approached . The Peshwa identified unhappy Indians in the service of the British Resident Elphinstone and secretly recruited them . One such person was Jaswant Rao Ghorpade . Efforts were made to secretly recruit Europeans as well . Some Indians , such as Balaji Pant Natu , stood steadfastly with the British . Several of the Indian sepoys rejected the Peshwa 's offers , and others reported the matter to their superior officers . On 19 October 1817 , Baji Rao II celebrated the Dassera festival in Pune , where troops were assembled in large numbers . During the celebrations , a large flank of the Maratha cavalry pretended they were charging towards the British sepoys but wheeled off at the last minute . This display was intended as a slight towards Elphinstone and as a scare tactic to prompt the defection and recruitment of British sepoys to the Peshwa 's side . The Peshwa made plans to kill Elphinstone , despite opposition from Gokhale . Elphinstone was fully aware of these developments thanks to the espionage work of Balaji Pant Natu and Ghorpade . Burton provides an estimate of the strength of various Maratha powers in or around 1817 : He estimated the various Maratha powers totals to 81 @,@ 000 infantry , 106 @,@ 000 horse or cavalry and 589 guns . Of these the Peshwa had the highest number of cavalry at 28 @,@ 000 , along with 14 @,@ 000 infantry and 37 guns . The Peshwa headquarters was in Pune , which was the southernmost location amongst the other Maratha powers . Holkar had the second largest cavalry , amounting to 20 @,@ 000 , and an infantry force of 8 @,@ 000 . His guns totaled to 107 guns . Shinde and Bhonsle had similar numbers of cavalry and infantry , with each having 15 @,@ 000 and 16 @,@ 000 cavalry , respectively . Shinde had 16 @,@ 000 infantry and Bhonsle , 18 @,@ 000 . Shinde had the larger share of guns amounting to 140 whereas Bhonsle had 85 . Holkar , Shinde and Bhonsle were headquartered in Indore , Gwalior and Nagpur respectively . The Afghan leader Amir Khan was located in Tonk in Rajputana and his strength was 12 @,@ 000 cavalry , 10 @,@ 000 infantry and 200 guns . The Pindaris were located north of the Narmada valley in Chambal and Malwa region of central India . Three Pindari leaders sided with Shinde , these were Setu , Karim Khan and Dost Mohammad . They were mostly horsemen with strengths of 10 @,@ 000 , 6 @,@ 000 and 4 @,@ 000 . The rest of the Pindari chiefs , Tulsi , Imam Baksh , Sahib Khan , Kadir Baksh , Nathu and Bapu were allied with Holkar . Tulsi and Imam Baksh each had 2 @,@ 000 horsemen , Kadir Baksh , 21 @,@ 500 . Sahib Khan , Nathu and Bapu had 1 @,@ 000 , 750 and 150 horsemen . = = Commencement = = The Peshwa 's territory was in an area called the Desha , now part of the modern state of Maharashtra . The region consists of the valleys of the Krishna and Godavari rivers and the plateaus of the Sahyadri Mountains . Shinde 's territory around Gwalior and Bundelkhand was a region of rolling hills and fertile valleys that slopes down toward the Indo @-@ Gangetic Plain to the north . The Pindari territory was the valleys and forests of the Chambal , the north western region of the modern state of Madhya Pradesh . It was a mountainous region with a harsh climate . The Pindaris also operated from Malwa , a plateau region in the north west of the state of Madhya Pradesh , north of the Vindhya Range . Holkar was based in the upper Narmada River valley . The war was mostly a mopping @-@ up operation intended to complete the expansion of the earlier Anglo @-@ Maratha war , which was stopped due to economic concerns of the British . The war began as a campaign against the Pindaris . Seeing that the British were in conflict with the Pindaris , the Peshwa 's forces attacked the British at 16 : 00 on 5 November 1817 with the Maratha left attacking the British right . The Maratha forces comprised 20 @,@ 000 cavalry , 8 @,@ 000 infantry , and 20 guns whereas the British had 2 @,@ 000 cavalry , 1 @,@ 000 infantry , and eight guns . On the Maratha side , an additional 5 @,@ 000 horse and 1 @,@ 000 infantry were guarding the Peshwa at Parvati Hill . The British numbers include Captain Ford 's unit , which was en route from Dapodi to Khadki . The British had also asked General Smith to come to Khadki for the battle but they did not anticipate he would arrive in time . Three hills in the region were the Parvati Hill , the Chaturshringi Hill , and the Khadki hill . The Peshwa watched the battle from the Parvati Hill whereas the British East India Company troops were based on the Khadki hill . The two hills are separated by a distance of four kilometres . The river Mula is shallow and narrow and could be crossed at several locations . A few canals ( nallas in Marathi ) joined the river and though these were not obstacles , some of them were obscured due to the vegetation in the area . The Maratha army was a mix of Rohillas , Rajputs , and Marathas . It also included a small force of the Portuguese under their officer , de Pinto . The left flank of the Maratha army , commanded by Moropant Dixit and Raste , was stationed on the flat ground on which the University of Pune stands today . The centre was commanded by Bapu Gokhale and the right was under Vinchurkar . British troop movements began on 1 November 1817 when Colonel Burr moved his forces towards what is now Bund Garden via the Holkar Bridge . The Maratha were successful initially in creating and exploiting a gap in the British left and centre . These successes were nullified by the Maratha horses being thrown into disarray by a hidden canal and the temporary loss of command by Gokhale , whose horse was shot . The Marathas were rendered leaderless when Moropant Dixit on the right was shot dead . The British infantry advanced steadily , firing volley after volley , causing the Maratha cavalry to retreat in a matter of four hours . The British soon claimed victory . The British lost 86 men and the Maratha about 500 . = = = The Pindaris = = = After the second Anglo @-@ Maratha war , Shinde and Holkar had lost many of their territories to the British . They encouraged the Pindaris to raid the British territories . The Pindaris , who were mostly cavalry , came to be known as the Shindeshahi and the Holkarshahi after the patronage they received from the respective defeated Maratha leaders . The Pindari leaders were Setu , Karim Khan , Dost Mohammad , Tulsi , Imam Baksh , Sahib Khan , Kadir Baksh , Nathu , and Bapu . Of these , Setu , Karim Khan , and Dost Mohammad belonged to Shindeshahi and the rest to Holkarshahi . The total strength of the Pindaris in 1814 was estimated at 33 @,@ 000 . The Pindaris frequently raided villages in Central India . The result of the Pindari raids was that Central India was being rapidly reduced to the condition of a desert because the peasants were unable to support themselves on the land . They had no option but to join the robber bands or starve . In 1815 , 25 @,@ 000 Pindaris entered the Madras Presidency and destroyed over 300 villages on the Coromandel coast . Another band swept the Nizam 's kingdom while a third entered Malabar . Other Pindari raids on British territory followed in 1816 and 1817 . Francis Rawdon @-@ Hastings saw that there could not be peace or security in India until the predatory Pindaris were extinguished . = = = British planning = = = To lead an army against the Pindaris in the hope of engaging them in a regular battle was not possible . To effectively crush the Pindaris , they would have to be surrounded so that they could have no means of escape . Francis Rawdon @-@ Hastings obtained authority from the British government to take action against the Pindaris while performing diplomacy with the principal Maratha leaders to act in concert with him . The Pindaris continued to have the sympathy of almost all the Maratha leaders . In 1817 Rawdon @-@ Hastings collected the strongest British army which had yet been seen in India , numbering roughly 120 @,@ 000 men . The army was assembled from two smaller armies , the Grand Army or Bengal army in the north under his personal command , and the Army of the Deccan under General Hislop in the south . The British plan was to normalize relations with the Shinde , Holkar , and Amir Khan . The three were known to be well disposed towards the Pindaris and harboured them in their territories . Shinde was secretly planning with the Peshwa and the Nepal Ministry to form a coalition against the British . His correspondence with Nepal was intercepted and presented to him in Durbar . He was forced to enter into a treaty by which he pledged to assist the British against the Pindaris and to prevent any new gangs being formed in his territory . Diplomacy , pressure , and the treaty of Gwalior kept Shinde out of the war . Amir Khan disbanded his army on condition of being guaranteed the possession of the principality of Tonk in Rajputana . He sold his guns to the British and agreed to prevent predatory gangs from operating from his territory . The army for the war was composed of two armies , the Grand Army or the Bengal Army with a strength of 40 @,@ 000 troops and the Army of the Deccan with a strength of 70 @,@ 400 . The Grand Army was divided into three divisions and a reserve . The left division was led by Major General Marshall and the central division was under Francis Rawdon @-@ Hastings . The reserve was under General Ochterlony . The second army , the Army of the Deccan was composed of five divisions . The divisions were led by General Hislop , Brigadier General Doveton , General Malcolm , Brigadier General Smith , Lieutenant Colonel Adams . The Army of Deccan comprised 70 @,@ 400 troops , bringing the total strength of the entire composite British East India Company army to 110 @,@ 400 . In addition the Madras and Pune residencies each had two battalions and a detail of an artillery unit . The Madras residency had an additional three troops of the 6th Bengal Cavalry . In October and early November , the first division of the Grand Army was sent to Sind , the second to Chambal , the third to Eastern Narmada . The reserve division was used to pressurise Amir Khan . The effect of the dispatching of the first and second divisions was to cut off Shinde from his potential allies . He and Amir Khan were thus pressured into signing a treaty . The first and third division of the army of the Deccan were concentrated at Harda to hold the fords of the Narmada . The second division was used placed at Malkapur to keep a watch on the Berar Ghats . The fourth division marched to Khandesh occupying the region between Pune and Amravati ( Berar ) administrative divisions whereas the fifth division was placed at Hoshangabad and the reserve division was placed between the Bhima and Krishna rivers . = = = Attack on the Pindaris = = = The attack on the Pindaris was carried out as planned . The Pindaris were attacked , and their homes were surrounded and destroyed . General Hislop from the Madras Residency attacked the Pindaris from the south and drove them beyond the Narmada river , where governor general Francis Rawdon @-@ Hastings was waiting with his army . Karim Khan surrendered to the British and was given lands in Gorakhpur . The principal routes from Central India were occupied by British detachments . The Pindari forces were completely broken up , scattered in the course of a single campaign . They made no stand against the regular troops , and even in small bands they were unable to escape the ring of forces drawn around them . The Pindaris rapidly dispersed over the country . The Pindari chiefs were reduced to the condition of hunted outlaws . The desperate Pindaris expected the Marathas to help them , but none dared to give them even a place of shelter for their families . Karim and Setu had still 23 @,@ 000 men between them but such a force was no match for the armies that surrounded them . In whatever direction they turned they were met by British forces . Defeat followed defeat . One gang made their escape to the south , leaving all their baggage behind them . Many fled to the jungles and perished . Others sought refuge in the villages , but were killed without mercy by the villagers who had not forgotten the sufferings they had been inflicted upon by the Pindaris . The Pindari chiefs Karim Khan and Wasil Mohammed had been present with their Durras at the battle of Mahidpur . Since by this time the Maratha powers had been reduced significantly , the pursuit of Setu and the other leaders was resumed with vigor . All the leaders had surrendered before the end of February and the Pindari system and power was brought to a close . They were removed to Gorakhptir where they obtained grants of land for their subsistence . Karim Khan became a farmer on the small estate he received beyond the Ganges in Gorakpur . Wasil Mohammed attempted to escape . He was found and committed suicide by taking poison . Setu , a Jat by caste , was hunted by John Malcolm from place to place until he had no followers left . He vanished into the jungles of Central India in 1819 and was killed by a tiger . = = = Flight of the Peshwa = = = On the orders of Elphinstone , General Smith arrived in Yerwada near Pune on 13 November at the site of the present Deccan College . Smith and his troops crossed the river on 15 November and took up positions at Ghorpadi . On the morning of 16 November , the Marathas were engaged in a battle with the British . While the Maratha generals such as Purandare , Raste , and Bapu Gokhale were ready to advance on to the British forces , they were demoralized after learning that the Peshwa and his brother had fled to Purandar . A force of 5 @,@ 000 additional Marathas was located at the confluence of two rivers — the Mula and the Mutha — under the leadership of Vinchurkar , but they remained idle . Bapu Gokhale retreated to guard the Peshwa in flight . The next morning , General Smith advanced towards the city of Pune and found that the Peshwa had fled towards the city of Satara . During the day Pune surrendered , and great care was taken by General Smith for the protection of the peaceful part of the community . Order was soon re @-@ established . The British forces entered Shanivar Wada on 17 November and the Union flag was hoisted by Balaji Pant Natu . However the saffron flags of the Peshwa were not removed from Kotwali Chavdi until the defeat of Baji Rao at Ashti ; it might seem that the British still believed that the war was not raised by Baji Rao but he was forced to do so under pressure from Bapu Gokhle , Trimabkji Dengle and Moreshwar Dikshit . The Peshwa now fled to the town of Koregaon . The Battle of Koregaon took place on 1 January 1818 on the banks of the river Bhima , north west of Pune . General Stauton arrived near Koregaon along with 500 infantry , two six @-@ pounder guns , and 200 irregular horsemen . Only 24 of the infantry were of European origin ; they were from the Madras Artillery . The rest of the infantry was composed of Indians employed by the British . The village of Koregaon was on the north bank of the river , which was shallow and narrow at this time of year . The village had a fortified enclosure constructed in the standard Maratha fashion . Stauton occupied the village but was unable to take the fortified enclosure , which was occupied by the Marathas . The British were cut off from the river , their only source of water . A fierce battle ensued that lasted the entire day . Streets and guns were captured and recaptured , changing hands several times . Baji Rao 's commander Trimabkji killed Lt. Chishom thereby avenging the death of Govindrao Gokhle , the only son of Bapu Gokhle . The Peshwa watched the battle from atop a nearby hill about two miles away . The Marathas evacuated the village and retreated during the night . This move on the part of the Marathas may seem justifiable because they were employing the tactics of Ganimi Kawa rather than Rangdi Maslat . The British lost 175 men and about a third of the irregular horse , with more than half of the European officers wounded . The Marathas lost 500 to 600 men . When the British found the village evacuated in the morning , Staunton took his battered troops and pretended to march on to Pune , but actually went to Shirur . After the battle the British forces under general Pritzler pursued the Peshwa , who fled southwards towards Karnataka with the Raja of Satara . The Peshwa continued his flight southward throughout the month of January . Not receiving support from the Raja of Mysore , the Peshwa doubled back and passed General Pritzler to head towards Solapur . Until 29 January the pursuit of the Peshwa had not been productive . Whenever Baji Rao was pressed by the British , Gokhale and his light troops hovered around the Peshwa and fired long shots . Some skirmishes took place , and the Marathas were frequently hit by shells from the horse artillery . There was , however , no advantageous result to either party . On 7 February General Smith entered Satara and captured the royal palace of the Marathas . He symbolically raised the British flag . The next day , the Bhagwa Zenda — the flag of Shivaji and the Marathas — was raised in its place . To gain the support of the population , the British declared that they would not interfere with the tenets of any religion . They announced that all Watans , Inams , pensions , and annual allowances would be continued provided that the recipients withdrew from the service of Baji Rao . During this time Baji Rao remained in the vicinity of Solapur . On 19 February , General Smith got word that the Peshwa was headed for Pandharpur . General Smith 's troops attacked the Peshwa at Ashti en route . During this battle , Gokhale died while defending the Peshwa from the British . The Raja of Satara was captured along with his brother and mother . The Maratha king , first imprisoned by Tarabai in the 1750s had lost power much earlier but was reinstated by Madhav rao Peshwa in 1763 after Tarabai 's death . Since then the king had retained a titular position of appointing the Peshwas . The Emperor Alamgir II in his farman to the Peshwa had complimented them for looking after the Chhatrapati family . The Chhatrapati declared in favour of the British and this ended the Peshwa 's legal position as head of the Maratha confederacy , this was done by a jahirnama which stated Peshwas were no longer the head of the Maratha confederacy . However Baji Rao II challenged the jahirnama of removing him from his position as Peshwa by issuing another jahirnama removing Mountstuart Elphinstone as British Resident to his state . The death of Gokhale and the skirmish at Ashti hastened the end of the war . Soon after this Baji Rao was deserted by the Patwardhans . By 10 April 1818 , General Smith 's forces had taken the forts of Sinhagad and Purandar . Mountstuart Elphinstone mentions the capture of Sinhagadh in his diary entry for 13 February 1818 : " The garrison contained no Marathas , but consisted of 100 Arabs , 600 Gosains , and 400 Konkani . The Killadar was a boy of eleven ; the real Governor , Appajee Punt Sewra , a mean @-@ looking Carcoon . The garrison was treated with great liberality ; and , though there was much property and money in the place , the Killadar was allowed to have whatever he claimed as his own . " On 3 June 1818 Baji Rao surrendered to the British and negotiated the sum of ₹ eight lakhs as annual maintenance . Baji Rao obtained promises from the British in favor of the Jagirdars , his family , the Brahmins , and religious institutions . The Peshwa was sent to Bithur near Kanpur . While the downfall and banishment of the Peshwa was mourned all over the Maratha Empire as a national defeat , the Peshwa seemed unaffected . He contracted more marriages and spent his long life engaged in religious performances and excessive drinking . = = = Events in Nagpur = = = Madhoji Bhonsle , also known as Appa Saheb , consolidated his power in Nagpur after the murder of his cousin , the imbecile ruler Parsoji Bhonsle . He entered into a treaty with the British on 27 May 1816 . He ignored the request of the British Resident Jenkins to refrain from contact with Baji Rao II . Jenkins asked Appa Saheb to disband his growing concentration of troops and come to the residency , which he also refused to do . Appa Saheb openly declared support for the Peshwa , who was already fighting the British near Pune . As it was now clear that a battle was in the offing , Jenkins asked for reinforcements from nearby British East India Company troops . He already had about 1 @,@ 500 men under Lieutenant @-@ Colonel Hopentoun Scott . Jenkins sent word for Colonel Adams to march to Nagpur with his troops . Like other Maratha leaders , Appa Shaeb employed Arabs in his army . They were typically involved in holding fortresses . While they were known to be among the bravest of troops , they were not amenable to discipline and order . The total strength of the Marathas was about 18 @,@ 000 . The Residency was to the west of the Sitabardi hill , a 300 @-@ yard ( 270 m ) hillock running north @-@ south . The British East India Company troops occupied the north end of the hillock . The Marathas , fighting with the Arabs , made good initial gains by charging up the hill and forcing the British to retreat to the south . British commanders began arriving with reinforcements : Lieutenant Colonel Rahan on 29 November , Major Pittman on 5 December , and Colonel Doveton on 12 December . The British counterattack was severe and Appa Saheb was forced to surrender . The British lost 300 men , of which 24 were Europeans ; the Marathas lost an equal number . A treaty was signed on 9 January 1818 . Appa Saheb was allowed to rule over nominal territories with several restrictions . Most of his territory , including the forts , was now controlled by the British . They built additional fortifications on Sitabardi hill . A few days later Appa Saheb was arrested . He was being escorted to Allahabad when he escaped to Punjab to seek refuge with the Sikhs . They turned him down and he was captured once again by the British near Jodhpur . Raja Mansingh of Jodhpur stood surety for him and he remained in Jodhpur , where he died on 15 July 1849 at 44 years of age . = = = Subjugation of Holkar = = = Holkar was offered terms similar to those offered to Shinde ; the only difference was that Holkar accepted and respected the independence of Amir Khan . The Court of Holkar was at this time practically nonexistent . When Tantia Jog , an official of the Holkar , urged acceptance of the offer he was suspected of being in collusion with the British . In reality he made the suggestion because he was aware of the power of the British as he had seen their armies in action when he had commanded a battalion in the past . Holkar responded to the Peshwa 's call for insurrection against the British by initiating a battle in Mahidpur . The battle of Mahidpur between Holkar and the British was fought on 21 December 1817 . The charge on the British side was led by Malcolm himself . A deadly battle ensued lasting from midday until 3 : 00 am . Lieutenant General Thomas Hislop was commander in chief of the Madras army . Hislop came in sight of the Holkar army about 9 : 00 am . The British East India Company 's army lost 800 men but Holkar 's force was destroyed . The British East India Company 's losses were 800 killed or wounded but Holkar 's loss was much larger with about 3 @,@ 000 killed or wounded . These losses meant Holkar was deprived of any means of rising in arms against the British , and this broke the power of the Holkar dynasty . The battle of Mahidpur proved disastrous for the Maratha fortunes . Henry Durand wrote , " After the battle of Mahidpur not only the Peshwa 's but the real influence of the Mahratta States of Holkar and Shinde were dissolved and replaced by British supremacy . " Although the power of the Holkar family was broken , the remaining troops remained hostile and a division was retained to disperse them . The ministers made overtures of peace , and on 6 January 1818 the Treaty of Mandeswar was signed ; Holkar accepted the British terms in totality . Holkar came under British authority as an independent prince subject to the advice of a British Resident . = = End of the war and its effects = = At the end of the war , all of the Maratha powers had surrendered to the British . Shinde and the Afghan Amir Khan were subdued by the use of diplomacy and pressure , which resulted in the Treaty of Gwailor on 5 November 1817 . Under this treaty , Shinde surrendered Rajasthan to the British and agreed to help them fight the Pindaris . Amir Khan agreed to sell his guns to the British and received a land grant at Tonk in Rajuptana . Holkar was defeated on 21 December 1817 and signed the Treaty of Mandeswar on 6 January 1818 . Under this treaty the Holkar state became subsidiary to the British . The young Malhar Rao was raised to the throne . Bhonsle was defeated on 26 November 1817 and was captured but he escaped to live out his life in Jodhpur . The Peshwa surrendered on 3 June 1818 and was sent off to Bithur near Kanpur under the terms of the treaty signed on 3 June 1818 . Of the Pindari leaders , Karim Khan surrendered to Malcolm in February 1818 ; Wasim Mohammad surrendered to Shinde and eventually poisoned himself ; and Setu was killed by a tiger . The war left the British , under the auspices of the British East India Company , in control of virtually all of present @-@ day India south of the Sutlej River . The famed Nassak Diamond was acquired by the Company as part of the spoils of the war . The British acquired large chunks of territory from the Maratha Empire and in effect put an end to their most dynamic opposition . The terms of surrender Malcolm offered to the Peshwa were controversial amongst the British for being too liberal : The Peshwa was offered a luxurious life near Kanpur and given a pension of about 80 @,@ 000 pounds . A comparison was drawn with Napoleon , who was confined to a small rock in the south Atlantic and given a small sum for his maintenance . Trimbakji Dengale was captured after the war and was sent to the fortress of Chunar in Bengal where he spent the rest of his life . With all active resistance over , John Malcolm played a prominent part in capturing and pacifying the remaining fugitives . The Peshwa 's territories were absorbed into the Bombay Presidency and the territory seized from the Pindaris became the Central Provinces of British India . The princes of Rajputana became symbolic feudal lords who accepted the British as the paramount power . Thus Francis Rawdon @-@ Hastings redrew the map of India to a state which remained more or less unaltered until the time of Lord Dalhousie . The British brought an obscure descendant of Shivaji , the founder of the Maratha Empire , to be the ceremonial head of the Maratha Confederacy to replace the seat of the Peshwa . An infant from the Holkar family was appointed as the ruler of Nagpur under British guardianship . The Peshwa adopted a son , Nana Sahib , who went on to be one of the leaders of the Rebellion of 1857 . After 1818 , Montstuart Elphinstone reorganized the administrative divisions for revenue collection , thus reducing the importance of the Patil , the Deshmukh , and the Deshpande . The new government felt a need to communicate with the local Marathi @-@ speaking population ; Elphinstone pursued a policy of planned standardization of the Marathi language in the Bombay Presidency starting after 1820 .
= Joe Biden presidential campaign , 2008 = The Joe Biden presidential campaign , 2008 began when Biden , then the senior Senator from Delaware , announced his candidacy for President of the United States on the edition of January 7 , 2007 of Meet the Press . He officially became a candidate on January 31 , 2007 after filing papers with the Federal Elections Commission . Biden had previously run for president in 1988 , but failed to receive the nomination of the Democratic Party . If elected , Biden would have been the first sitting Senator and Roman Catholic to be president since John F. Kennedy , and the first President to be born during World War II . ( b . 1942 ) During the campaign , Biden focused on his plan to achieve political success in the Iraq War through a system of federalization . He touted his record in the Senate as the head of several congressional committees and experience in foreign policy . Despite a few notable endorsements , Biden failed to garner significant support in opinion polls , and was marred by controversial comments made while campaigning . He ultimately dropped out of the race on January 3 , 2008 , after capturing less than 1 % of the vote in the Iowa caucus . Seven months after conclusion of his campaign , Biden was selected to be Democratic presidential nominee Barack Obama 's vice presidential running mate . The pair won in the general election , and were sworn in on January 20 , 2009 . = = Campaign development = = = = = Groundwork for the campaign = = = Biden had run for president once before , but his 1988 presidential campaign had lasted for only three and a half months . He had been forced to withdraw due to controversies arising over reusing other politicians ' speeches without credit , and falsely recollecting parts of his academic record . Biden first mentioned his intentions to run for president for 2008 on the Don Imus radio show on December 8 , 2004 . In the edition of January 23 , 2006 of The News Journal , Delaware 's largest daily newspaper , columnist Harry F. Themal reported that Biden " occupies the sensible center of the Democratic Party . " Themal concludes that this is the position Biden desires , and that in a campaign " he plans to stress the dangers to the security of the average American , not just from the terrorist threat , but from the lack of health assistance , crime , and energy dependence on unstable parts of the world . " = = = First @-@ quarter 2007 = = = Biden declared his candidacy for president on January 31 , 2007 , although he had discussed running for months prior . It had been speculated that Biden would be offered and accept the position of Secretary of State because of his foreign policy experience and credentials . Biden rejected the notion outright , saying " Under no administration will I accept the job of Secretary of State " . He stated that he was focused only on the presidency . At a campaign event , Biden commented , " I know a lot of my opponents out there say I 'd be a great secretary of state . Seriously , every one of them . Do you watch any of the debates ? ' Joe 's right , Joe 's right , Joe 's right . ' " Other candidates commenting that " Joe is right " in the Democratic debates has been converted into a Biden campaign theme and ad . On January 31 , 2007 as Biden entered the presidential race he attacked frontrunner Hillary Clinton 's plan for the War in Iraq . During an interview on Good Morning America , Biden called Clinton 's plan " a disaster " and " counterproductive " . Biden stated that his plan called for a " political solution " unlike Clinton 's " military solution " . Biden praised Hillary Clinton as a presidential candidate , calling her " fully qualified " . He also spoke highly of Illinois Senator Barack Obama referring to him as " the first mainstream African @-@ American who is articulate and bright and clean and a nice @-@ looking guy . " During February campaigning Biden appeared on the edition of February 18 , 2007 of Face the Nation , criticizing the new surge policy of the Bush administration in Iraq . He spoke about a piece of legislation that he put forth before the Senate to stall the surge policy from enactment , which would strip the president of the authorization he was given to go to war in 2002 . After the legislation went up for a vote it failed by four votes in the Senate . Biden stated : While campaigning in March 2007 , Biden stated that he would put a great quantity of focus on the first Southern primary state of South Carolina as a strategy . While speaking to rural audiences Biden noted that the war in Iraq continued to be an important facet of his campaign agenda . He said that he would talk to Independent voters to convince them to propel him to the nomination stating that if " the Democratic nominee cannot attract independents , Democrats cannot win " . Biden would later drop out of the race before the South Carolina primary would take place . = = = Second @-@ quarter 2007 = = = In April 2007 Biden criticized Republican presidential candidate John McCain calling him " fundamentally wrong " for his support of the surge policy in Iraq . Biden wrote an opinion column to the Sacramento Bee , which called the surge a " failed policy " . He conceded that violence was down in Iraq but that the " militia ... simply waiting out the surge " accounted for the downward trend . Biden argued that no political change had occurred as there had been " no trust of the government by the [ Iraqi ] people . " He later described his plan which calls for a system of federalism . As the debate stage of the election began , Biden participated in the first presidential debate of the election on April 26 , 2007 in South Carolina . He was the second to respond to a question originally posed to Senator Hillary Clinton on whether Senator Harry Reid 's assessment that the war in Iraq was " lost " is factual . Biden responded by stating the war is not a " game show " or a " football game " , which can be lost . He went on to argue that the real question that should be asked is , " Are we going to be able to leave Iraq ... and leave behind something other than chaos ? " He elaborated on this statement revealing his belief in the need for a change in the strategy for Iraq , declaring that the United States has to " change the fundamental premise of this engagement , and that is ... to decentralize Iraq ... give the regions control over their own destiny ... " After the South Carolina debate , Biden campaigned in California to begin May 2007 attending events in San Francisco . Later in the month after President George W. Bush enacted economic sanctions against Sudan to pressure the government to end the genocide in Darfur , Biden momentarily shifted focus from Iraq to the crisis in Darfur . He released a statement on the campaign trail that expressed his belief that Bush was right to enact the sanctions . However , Biden argued that it was not enough , calling for a No @-@ Fly Zone over the region and a possible commitment of United States forces to the nation . On June 3 , Biden participated in the second Democratic Debate featured on CNN , and set in the first primary state of New Hampshire . Biden discussed the War in Iraq , his recent vote to continue the funding of the troops and briefly about illegal immigration . On immigration Biden stated that it would cost too much money to send all 14 million illegal immigrants back to their native countries . He stated that those who commit crimes should be sent back and the rest should be given a pathway to citizenship . His statement : " Folks , being commander in chief requires you to occasionally be practical . " drew some laughter from the audience . Later in the debate Biden addressed his opposition to the " Don 't ask , don 't tell " policy of the military and touched on the situation in Darfur . Later in June , Biden participated in another debate , this time featured on PBS and set at Howard University in Washington D.C. At the debate the candidates discussed issues pertinent to African @-@ Americans including education , civil rights and reproductive safety . Biden stated that to prevent the spread of AIDS public servants have to communicate to " black men ... [ that ] it is not unmanly to wear a condom , getting women to understand they can say no , getting people in the position where testing matters . I got tested for AIDS . I know Barack [ Obama ] got tested for AIDS . " = = = Third @-@ quarter 2007 = = = The next month Biden participated in two debates : The July 12 Debate in Detroit , Michigan and most notably the July 23 YouTube debate in Charleston , South Carolina featured on CNN . In this debate when asked what Republican he would pick as a running mate if forced , Biden answered , " I would pick Chuck Hagel , and I 'd consider asking Dick Lugar to be secretary of state . " In regards to Iraq , Biden stated that it was unrealistic to say that all troops would be redeployed . He instructed those who used that rhetoric to " Tell the truth for a change . " When he discussed education Biden declared that he " would scrap " the No Child Left Behind Act . He concluded his participation in the debate after being asked to say something he didn 't like about the candidate to his left , Dennis Kucinich . Biden replied , " I don 't like a damn thing about him ... only kidding . " The next month Biden was not able to participate in two debates , the August 4 debate sponsored by the DailyKos and the August 9 LGBT Debate featured on the gay network Logo . He participated in the August 7 AFL @-@ CIO Debate and the August 19 Iowa debate featured on ABC . On August 20 Biden aired his first campaign advertisement in the first caucus state of Iowa . In the 30 @-@ second ad a voiceover states that Biden has a plan to end the Iraq War , and that " We ( America ) must end this war in a way that doesn 't require us to send their ( soldiers ) grandchild back . " It continues by declaring , " Joe Biden is the only candidate with a plan to get us out of Iraq and keep us out . " As September began , while on the campaign trail in Iowa , Biden confided to the Associated Press that he was " counting on Iowa a lot " . He hoped to come in " first , second or an indistinguishable third " and if not he would leave the campaign trail and return to Washington . His early statements seemed to mirror the future as he would ultimately drop out of the race after finishing lower than third in the Iowa Caucus . The results also presented a refutation of what he stated in September 2007 when he said that the campaign was " gaining some traction [ in Iowa ] . " The September 2007 assessments made by University of Iowa professor Bruce Gronbeck and Drake University professor Dennis Goldford displayed more merit at the end of the race after Gronbeck stated that Biden was not gaining traction in the race and with Goldford adding that " [ Biden ] talks like a senator , not a president " . Democratic strategist Ron Parker argued in September that Biden still had a chance but just had to sell his case to the American people . On September 9 , two days before the Iraq commanding General David Petraeus addressed the Senate , Biden stated that , " I really respect him , and I think he 's dead flat wrong [ about the War in Iraq ] " . He criticized the president , arguing , " This president has no plan – how to win and / or how to leave " . During the September 11 testimony by the General , Biden stated that the question to be asked to determine progress was " Are we any closer to a lasting political settlement in Iraq at the national level today than we were when the surge began eight months ago ? " He answered his own question by stating " In my judgment , I must tell you , based on my experience and my observation here , as well as in @-@ country , the answer to ... [ the ] questions is no . " After the testimony concluded , Biden and other Democrats were criticized for their conduct during the deliberations . In the following weeks Biden would continue with these arguments while campaigning . At the September 26 MSNBC debate , Biden explained how he would allow for Social security to last . He said that in the 1980s he had a meeting with prominent members of Congress and the solution they came up with was the raise the cap level , he stated that now the same solution would apply and that unity between the two parties was also necessary , " It was Joe Biden , Pat Moynihan , Bob Dole ... [ and ] George Mitchell when we made that deal [ to reform social security ] . I 'll never forget Bob Dole turning to Pat Moynihan and saying , ' we all got to jump in this boat at the same time . ' So the bottom line here is , you can 't do it by growing the economy alone . So I would raise the cap . " Later in the debate Biden was one of three participants ( along with Dodd and Richardson ) who said they would ban smoking in public places . = = = Fourth @-@ quarter 2007 = = = On October 23 Biden revealed his health care plan . It called for expanded coverage for children and adults but stops short of mandates for complete universal coverage . It aimed to encourage wellness and modernization of treatment . Biden stated it would cost between $ 80 billion and $ 110 billion per year . He said it could have been paid with a rollback of tax cuts of the richest 1 % bracket , capital gains and dividends and the elimination of tax loopholes for hedge fund managers and private equity partners . The plan would also had increased the SCHIP program to include children 300 % above the poverty level . At the October 30 , 2007 debate in Philadelphia and the November 15 debate in Las Vegas , Biden was noted for some one @-@ liners that drew some laughter from the audience . First , when speaking about Rudy Giuliani at the Philadelphia debate , Biden stated , " There 's only three things he mentions in a sentence : a noun , and a verb and 9 / 11 . " At the Las Vegas debate Biden seemed to attack all his opponents when he stated , " I know there 's more to say , Campbell . I appreciate you asking me the question and I 'm sorry I answered it . I know you 're not supposed to answer questions , based on what I 've heard . " In his final debate before the Iowa Caucus , Biden participated in the December 13 forum sponsored by The Des Moines Register . His most notable part came when asked to respond to allegations that he was " uncomfortable " speaking about race since making remarks earlier in the year when he referred to Barack Obama using the adjectives " clean " and " articulate " . Biden answered the question remarking that anyone who has known him knew of this commitment to civil rights and race relations . Barack Obama came to his defense , saying : " Joe is on the right side of the issues and is fighting every day for a better America . " Following the debate and subsequent assassination of former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto , Biden shifted focus of his campaign to the issue of relations toward the nation of Pakistan . He stated that the country was " the most dangerous nation on the planet " and that he had made that assertion on previous occasions . The event marked an opportunity for a candidate such as Biden with past foreign policy experience to gain momentum in the opinion polls with the looming Iowa Caucus less than a week away . Biden finished off the year 's campaigning trying to improve his standing in the race by speaking of the events surrounding the situation in Pakistan and particularly his solution of protecting the nuclear weapons of the nation . = = = Withdrawal = = = After a finishing fifth place in the Iowa Caucus on January 3 , 2008 , garnering only one percent of the total vote , Biden ended his presidential bid . In a tearful rally with family and friends by his side , Biden declared , " I ain 't going away . I 'll be going back to the Senate as the chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee and I will continue to make the case I 've been making ... " The end of this campaign marked the end of all presidential campaigns for Biden who stated that this run would be his last . = = Financials = = According to the Federal Elections Commission Biden took in $ 4 @,@ 013 @,@ 090 , sixth among Democrats and spent $ 1 @,@ 174 @,@ 174 . Most of his support came from New York and all of his support came from Northeastern States . Biden raised $ 2 @,@ 343 @,@ 639 in the second quarter . He spent $ 2 @,@ 517 @,@ 654 which left $ 2 @,@ 772 @,@ 442 cash on hand . The most support came from the state of New York which donated $ 571 @,@ 800 . Biden raised nearly $ 2 million in the third quarter . This was fourth among Democrats . Biden has qualified for matching funds for his primary campaign but did not decide whether or not to accept them . According to the Center for Responsive Politics , Joe Biden raised $ 8 @,@ 215 @,@ 739 for his presidency campaign . Individual contributors gave $ 6 @,@ 087 @,@ 885 toward his campaign , PACs gave $ 101 @,@ 475 , and $ 2 @,@ 026 @,@ 379 has come from his Senate Re @-@ election Fund . 66 % of the PAC contributions came from business groups , 19 % from labor groups , and the final 16 % from ideological organizations . 19 @.@ 3 % of his finances had been disclosed , while 80 @.@ 7 % had not . When he withdrew , Biden had $ 1 @,@ 886 @,@ 340 on hand , spent $ 6 @,@ 329 @,@ 324 , and had a total of $ 128 @,@ 210 in debts . = = Public perceptions = = = = = Endorsements = = = = = = Polling = = = Perhaps the biggest problem Biden faced was the fact that voters did not know about him and his candidacy . An April 2 – 5 poll conducted by Gallup found that 38 % of the public had never heard of Joe Biden and 17 % had no opinion at all about him . In contrast , 0 % of the public had never heard of Hillary Clinton and only 3 % had no opinion according to a June 1 – 3 poll by Gallup . A September poll conducted by Clemson University found that 36 % of the public had never heard of Joe Biden and only 44 % had a favorable opinion of him . However , this was the highest awareness rating in the Democratic field outside of the frontrunners ( Clinton , Obama , and Edwards ) and non @-@ declared but highly discussed Al Gore . A September 18 poll found that 56 % of respondents had not heard enough about Biden to form an opinion about him . Biden had remained low in the opinion polls when compared to other candidates . A Rasmussen survey taken September 19 – 24 put him in fourth place among his Democratic opponents at 4 % , trailing Hillary Clinton , Barack Obama , John Edwards . In the American Research Group , Biden was fourth at 5 % behind Hillary Clinton , Barack Obama , and John Edwards , for the month of October 2007 . In head @-@ to @-@ head matchups with Republican candidates , Biden trailed Senator John McCain on January 10 , 2007 38 % to 46 % . On July 17 , Biden trailed former New York City Mayor Rudy Giuliani 37 % to 46 % . The closest Biden came to a GOP candidate in a head to head matchup was against former Senator Fred Thompson , trailing him 38 % to 40 % on July 17 , 2007 . = = = Experience vs. change = = = Biden spoke of the fact that he had spent 34 years in the Senate and had been active in many congressional committees including being the chairman of the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations and formerly holding the post as chairman of the Judiciary Committee . On the campaign trail he touted his years of foreign policy experience particularly in regard to the conflict in Bosnia , which he feels he played a role in ending . Biden stated earlier in his campaign that " [ he ] truly believe [ s ] the American public is waiting for leaders to come along who have the experience to say what they will do to restore America 's leadership in the world . " At times during his campaign he believed his experience would help him win the Democratic nomination , but when Barack Obama 's campaign began to surge with the candidate 's emphasis on change , Biden shifted his focus from his experience in politics to his ability for action . He stated during a November 2007 debate , " This [ election ] is not about experience . It 's not about change . It 's about action . Who among us is going to be able to , on Day 1 , step in and end the war ? " = = = Plan for Iraq = = = Earlier in his campaign the most important issue for Biden was the Conflict in Iraq . In November 2006 , Biden and Leslie Gelb , President Emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations , released a comprehensive strategy to end sectarian violence in Iraq . Rather than continuing the present approach or withdrawing , the plan calls for " a third way " : federalizing Iraq and giving Kurds , Shiites , and Sunnis " breathing room " in their own regions . With public approval of the handling of the conflict decreasing considerably since the invasion in 2003 , Biden believed this plan would have helped his campaign among the electorate had he been nominated . The key points included : Giving Iraq 's major groups a measure of autonomy in their own regions . A central government would be left in charge of interests such as defending the borders and distributing oil revenues . Guaranteeing Sunnis – who have no oil rights – a proportionate share of oil revenue and reintegrating those who have not fought against Coalition forces . Increase , not end , reconstruction assistance but insist that Arab States of the Persian Gulf fund it and tie it to the creation of a jobs program and to the protection of minority rights . Initiate a diplomatic offensive to enlist the support of the major powers and neighboring countries for a political settlement in Iraq and create an Oversight Contact Group to enforce regional commitments . Begin the phased redeployment of U.S. forces in 2007 and withdraw most of them by 2008 , leaving a small follow @-@ on force for security and policing actions . The plan named as The Biden @-@ Brownback Resolution passed on the Senate floor 75 – 23 on September 25 , 2007 , including 26 Republican votes . = = = Controversial comments = = = Controversial comments had adversely affected the campaign of Joe Biden . Washington Post columnist Richard Cohen is quoted as saying that Biden 's candidacy might be endangered by his " manic @-@ obsessive running of the mouth . " = = = = Indian @-@ Americans = = = = In July 2006 , while speaking to a group of Indian @-@ Americans in Manchester , New Hampshire , Biden stated in regards to his relationship with the Indian @-@ American community : " I 've had a great relationship . In Delaware , the largest growth in population is Indian Americans — moving from India . You cannot go to a 7 @-@ 11 or a Dunkin ' Donuts unless you have a slight Indian accent . I 'm not joking . " His comment was caught on C @-@ SPAN . When asked to explain further , Biden spokesperson Margaret Aitken stated " The Senator [ Biden ] admires , supports and respects the Indian @-@ American community ... The point Senator Biden was making is that there has been a vibrant Indian @-@ American community in Delaware for decades . It has primarily been made up of engineers , scientists and physicians , but more recently , middle @-@ class families are moving into Delaware and purchasing family @-@ run small businesses ... " The Indian @-@ American activist who was on the receiving end of Biden 's comment later called the media coverage of Biden 's comments " completely unfair , " and stated that he was " 100 percent behind ( Biden ) because he did nothing wrong . " = = = = Barack Obama = = = = On January 31 , 2007 , Biden took his first steps into the presidential campaign , but his comments about other candidates overshadowed his entrance . Biden especially drew criticism in the popular press for his evaluation of Senator Barack Obama ; Biden was quoted in the New York Observer as saying : " I mean , you got the first mainstream African @-@ American who is articulate and bright and clean and a nice @-@ looking guy , ... I mean , that 's a storybook , man . " The audio of the interview , posted on the Observer 's website , reportedly includes a significant pause after " African @-@ American " which would drastically change the meaning of the statement . Biden sought to clear up the controversy by apologizing to Obama on the same day and repeated his regret on The Daily Show that same evening : " Look , the other part of this thing that got me in trouble is using the word clean . I should have said fresh . " Some media observers labeled Biden 's announcement a " launch pad disaster . " Jesse Jackson telephoned Biden and reported afterward " Senator Biden ... assured me that he regrets that his remarks were misinterpreted . He was serious and contrite . To me , this was a gaffe , not a statement about his philosophy or ideology . " The remark did much to undermine the start of Biden 's campaign , and severely damaged his fund @-@ raising ability . = = Political positions = = Biden is considered to be a moderate liberal , clocking a 77 @.@ 5 percent liberal voting record in 2006 and lifetime score of 76 @.@ 8 percent . Biden is Pro @-@ Choice on abortion rated 100 % by NARAL and supports a state 's right to have civil unions . He favors a Balanced Budget Amendment and a rollback of the Bush tax cuts . He supports the PATRIOT Act , the war in Afghanistan and voted in favor of authorization of military force into Iraq . He believes a political solution can be met in Iraq through federalization . Biden would favor American military intervention into Sudan to end the Darfur genocide . He supports Gun control and was given an F by the NRA . He opposes the No Child Left Behind Act although he voted in favor of it in 2002 . Biden opposes capital punishment and supports the continuation of the war on drugs . In 2007 he voted in favor of the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Bill and supports a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants . Biden opposes oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and believes that the government must take action against global warming . = = Aftermath = = While Biden 's presidential campaign did not last beyond the first caucuses , he created a favorable impression during the debates and increased his stature among Washington politicos . In particular , Barack Obama changed his opinion of Biden , liking how he had handled himself at campaign stops and appreciating his appeal to working class voters . On May 30 , 2008 , it was reported by The Washington Times that likely Democratic nominee Obama asked Biden to play a " more prominent " and " deeply involved " role in his campaign , with some speculating that Biden was on Obama 's shortlist of vice presidential candidates . On August 23 , 2008 , the Obama campaign announced that Biden would become Barack Obama 's running mate . = = = Obama – Biden campaign 2008 = = = Following U.S. Democratic presumptive presidential nominee Barack Obama 's selection of Biden , the Senator 's vice @-@ presidential general election campaign began . During the campaign , he used his political experience to complement Obama , and debated Republican Vice Presidential nominee Sarah Palin . Biden was elected Vice President on November 4 , 2008 , and sworn in on January 20 , 2009 . = = = FEC fine = = = On July 16 , 2010 , the Federal Election Commission fined the Biden presidential campaign $ 219 @,@ 000 for campaign finance violations . The commission 's audit revealed the campaign to have accepted contributions above the legal limit , to have failed to properly compensate for a 2007 jet ride , and to have issued checks that were never cashed . A Biden spokesperson said that " Some repayment is commonplace after presidential campaign audits and the repayment ordered here is relatively small . Payment is due to the Treasury 30 days after the FEC issues its formal ruling and ' Biden for President ' will comply with that . "
= Bupropion = Bupropion is a medication primarily used as an antidepressant and smoking cessation aid . It is marketed as Wellbutrin and Zyban among other trade names . It is one of the most frequently prescribed antidepressants in the United States and Canada , although in many countries this is an off @-@ label use . Bupropion is taken in tablet form and is available only by prescription in most countries . Bupropion acts as an norepinephrine @-@ dopamine reuptake inhibitor ( NDRI ) . It is an atypical antidepressant different from most commonly prescribed antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) . It is an effective antidepressant on its own , but is also popular as an add @-@ on medication in cases of incomplete response to first @-@ line SSRI antidepressants . In comparison to many other antidepressants , it does not cause as much weight gain or sexual dysfunction . The most important side effect is an increase in risk for epileptic seizures , which caused the drug to be withdrawn from the market for some time and then caused the recommended dosage to be reduced . Bupropion is known to affect several different biological targets . It often is described as a norepinephrine @-@ dopamine reuptake inhibitor ( NDRI ) , and is also a nicotinic antagonist . But bupropion does not appear to have significant dopaminergic actions in humans under normal clinical circumstances . Chemically , bupropion belongs to the class of aminoketones and is similar in structure to stimulants such as cathinone and amfepramone , and to phenethylamines in general . Bupropion was synthesized by Nariman Mehta and patented by Burroughs Wellcome in 1969 , which later became part of what is now GlaxoSmithKline . It was first approved for clinical use in the United States in 1989 . It was originally called by the generic name amfebutamone , before being renamed in 2000 . It is a substituted cathinone ( β @-@ ketoamphetamine ) , and by extension , a substituted amphetamine . = = Medical uses = = = = = Depression = = = Bupropion is one of the most widely prescribed antidepressants , and the available evidence indicates that it is effective in clinical depression — as effective as several other widely prescribed drugs , including fluoxetine ( Prozac ) and paroxetine ( Paxil ) , although trends favoring the efficacy of escitalopram ( Lexapro ) , sertraline ( Zoloft ) and venlafaxine ( Effexor ) over bupropion have been observed . Mirtazapine ( Remeron ) , on the other hand is significantly more effective than bupropion . Bupropion has several features that distinguish it from other antidepressants : for instance , unlike the majority of antidepressants , it does not usually cause sexual dysfunction . Bupropion treatment also is not associated with the sleepiness or weight gain that may be produced by other antidepressants . In depressed people who experience symptoms of sleepiness and fatigue , bupropion has been found to be more effective than selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ( SSRIs ) in alleviating these symptoms . There appears to be a modest advantage for the SSRIs over bupropion in the treatment of anxious depression . According to surveys , the addition to a prescribed SSRI is a common strategy when people do not respond to the SSRI , even though this is not an officially approved indication . The addition of bupropion to an SSRI ( most commonly fluoxetine or sertraline ) may result in an improvement in some people who have an incomplete response to the first @-@ line antidepressant . Bupropion was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) , in 2006 , for the prevention of seasonal affective disorder . In some countries ( including Australia , New Zealand and the UK ) this is an off @-@ label use . = = = Smoking cessation = = = The next most common use is as an aid for smoking cessation where it reduces the severity of nicotine cravings and withdrawal symptoms . A typical bupropion treatment course lasts for seven to twelve weeks , with the patient halting the use of tobacco about ten days into the course . Bupropion approximately doubles the chance of quitting smoking successfully after three months . One year after treatment , the odds of sustaining smoking cessation are still 1 @.@ 5 times higher in the bupropion group than in the placebo group . The evidence is clear that bupropion is effective at reducing nicotine cravings . Whether it is more effective than other treatments is not as clear , due to a limited number of studies . The evidence that is available suggests that bupropion is comparable to nicotine replacement therapy , but somewhat less effective than varenicline . In Australia and the UK smoking cessation is the only licensed indication of bupropion . = = = Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder = = = Bupropion has been used as a treatment for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) since at least 2004 , with reports of positive results in both minors and adults . In a double @-@ blind study of children , while aggression and hyperactivity as rated by the children 's teachers were significantly improved in comparison to placebo , parents and clinicians could not distinguish between the effects of bupropion and placebo . The 2007 guideline on the ADHD treatment from American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry notes that the evidence for bupropion is " far weaker " than for the FDA @-@ approved treatments . Its effect may also be " considerably less than of the approved agents ... Thus it may be prudent for the clinician to recommend a trial of behavior therapy at this point , before moving to these second @-@ line agents . " Similarly , the Texas Department of State Health Services guideline recommends considering bupropion or a tricyclic antidepressant as a fourth @-@ line treatment after trying two different stimulants and atomoxetine . = = = Sexual dysfunction = = = Bupropion is one of few antidepressants that do not cause sexual dysfunction . A range of studies demonstrate that bupropion not only produces fewer sexual side effects than other antidepressants , but can actually help to alleviate sexual dysfunction . According to a survey of psychiatrists , it is the drug of choice for the treatment of SSRI @-@ induced sexual dysfunction , although this is not an indication approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration . There have also been a few studies suggesting that bupropion can improve sexual function in women who are not depressed , if they have hypoactive sexual desire disorder ( HSDD ) . = = = Obesity = = = Bupropion , when used for treating obesity over a period of 6 to 12 months , may result in weight loss of 2 @.@ 7 kg over placebo . This is not much different from the weight loss produced by several other medications , such as sibutramine , orlistat and amfepramone . It has been studied in combination with naltrexone . Concerns from bupropion include an increase in blood pressure and heart rate . In September 2014 , a combination ( bupropion / naltrexone ) was approved by the US FDA for the treatment of obesity . = = = Other = = = There has been controversy about whether it is useful to add an antidepressant such as bupropion to a mood stabilizer in patients with bipolar depression , but recent reviews have concluded that bupropion in this situation does no significant harm and may sometimes give significant benefit . Bupropion has shown no effectiveness in the treatment of cocaine dependence , but there is weak evidence that it may be useful in treating methamphetamine dependence . Based on studies indicating that bupropion lowers the level of the inflammatory mediator TNF @-@ alpha , there have been suggestions that it might be useful in treating inflammatory bowel disease or other autoimmune conditions , but very little clinical evidence is available . Bupropion — like other antidepressants , with the exception of duloxetine ( Cymbalta ) — is not effective in treating chronic low back pain . It does , however , show some promise in the treatment of neuropathic pain . = = Contraindications = = The drug label advises that bupropion should not be prescribed to individuals with epilepsy or other conditions that lower the seizure threshold , such as anorexia nervosa , bulimia nervosa , active brain tumors , or concurrent alcohol and / or benzodiazepine use and / or withdrawal . It should be avoided in individuals who are also taking monoamine oxidase inhibitors ( MAOIs ) . When switching from MAOIs to bupropion , it is important to include a washout period of about two weeks between the medications . The label recommends that caution should be exercised when treating patients with liver damage , severe kidney disease , and severe hypertension , and in pediatric patients , adolescents and young adults due to the increased risk of suicidal ideation . = = Side effects = = Epileptic seizures are the most important adverse effect of bupropion . A high incidence of seizures was responsible for the temporary withdrawal of the drug from the market between 1986 and 1989 . The risk of seizure is strongly dose @-@ dependent , but also dependent on the preparation . The sustained @-@ release preparation is associated with a seizure incidence of 0 @.@ 1 % at daily dosages of less than 300 mg of bupropion and 0 @.@ 4 % at 300 – 400 mg . The immediate release preparation is associated with a seizure incidence of 0 @.@ 4 % for dosages below 450 mg ; the incidence climbs to 5 % for dosages between 450 – 600 mg per day . For comparison , the incidence of unprovoked seizure in the general population is 0 @.@ 07 to 0 @.@ 09 % , and the risk of seizure for a variety of other antidepressants is generally between 0 and 0 @.@ 6 % at recommended dosage levels . Clinical depression itself has been reported to increase the occurrence of seizures , and a study examining FDA clinical trial data has suggested that in most cases , low to moderate doses of antidepressants may not actually increase seizure risk at all . However , this study also found that bupropion and clomipramine were unique among antidepressants in that they were associated with increased incidence of seizures . The prescribing information notes that hypertension , sometimes severe , was observed in some patients , both with and without pre @-@ existing hypertension . The frequency of this adverse effect was under 1 % and not significantly higher than found with placebo . A review of the available data carried out in 2008 indicated that bupropion is safe to use in patients with a variety of serious cardiac conditions . In the UK , more than 7 @,@ 600 reports of suspected adverse reactions were collected in the first two years after bupropion 's approval by the Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency as part of the Yellow Card Scheme , which monitored side effects . Approximately 540 @,@ 000 people were treated with bupropion for smoking cessation during that period . The MHRA received 60 reports of " suspected [ emphasis MHRA 's ] adverse reactions to Zyban which had a fatal outcome " . The agency concluded that " in the majority of cases the individual 's underlying condition may provide an alternative explanation . " This is consistent with a large , 9 @,@ 300 @-@ patient safety study that showed that the mortality of smokers taking bupropion is not higher than the natural mortality of smokers of the same age . = = = Psychiatric = = = Suicidal thoughts and behaviors are rare in clinical trials , and the FDA requires all antidepressants , including bupropion , to carry a boxed warning stating that antidepressants may increase the risk of suicide in persons younger than 25 . This warning is based on a statistical analysis conducted by the FDA which found a 2 @-@ fold increase in suicidal thought and behavior in children and adolescents , and 1 @.@ 5 @-@ fold increase in the 18 – 24 age group . For this analysis the FDA combined the results of 295 trials of 11 antidepressants in order to obtain statistically significant results . Considered in isolation , bupropion was not statistically different from placebo . Suicidal behavior is less of a concern when bupropion is prescribed for smoking cessation . According to a 2014 Cochrane review , while there is an association with suicide it is unclear if bupropion was the cause . In 2009 the FDA issued a health advisory warning that the prescription of bupropion for smoking cessation has been associated with reports about unusual behavior changes , agitation and hostility . Some patients , according to the advisory , have become depressed or have had their depression worsen , have had thoughts about suicide or dying , or have attempted suicide . This advisory was based on a review of anti @-@ smoking products that identified 75 reports of " suicidal adverse events " for bupropion over ten years . Bupropion @-@ induced psychosis may develop in select patient populations , or worsen a pre @-@ existing psychotic syndrome . Symptoms may include delusions , hallucinations , paranoia , and confusion . In most cases these symptoms can be reduced or eliminated by reducing the dose , ceasing treatment or adding antipsychotic medication . However , adding a benzodiazepine to treat psychosis , instead of an antipsychotic , may become a valid alternative according to the model of amphetamine @-@ induced psychosis . Psychotic symptoms are associated with factors such as higher doses of bupropion , a history of bipolar disorder or psychosis , concomitant medications , for example , lithium or benzodiazepines , old age , or substance abuse . In a large @-@ scale study of programs where bupropion was used for smoking cessation or treatment of depression , no withdrawal symptoms were observed . As of 2002 there were two case reports of people experiencing withdrawal symptoms when discontinuing buproprion taken to aid smoking cessation ; the prescribing information states that dose tapering is not required when discontinuing treatment for smoking cessation . = = Overdose = = Bupropion is considered moderately dangerous in overdose . In the majority of childhood exploratory ingestions involving one or two tablets , children show no apparent symptoms . For significant overdoses , seizures have been reported in about a third of all cases ; other serious effects include hallucinations , loss of consciousness , and arrhythmias when bupropion was one of several kinds of pills taken in an overdose , fever , muscle rigidity , muscle damage , hypertension or hypotension , stupor , coma , and respiratory failure have been reported . While most people recover , some people have died , and before they died suffered multiple uncontrolled seizures and heart attacks . = = Interactions = = Since bupropion is metabolized to hydroxybupropion by the CYP2B6 enzyme , drug interactions with CYP2B6 inhibitors are possible : this includes medications like paroxetine , sertraline , fluoxetine , diazepam , clopidogrel , and orphenadrine . The expected result is the increase of bupropion and decrease of hydroxybupropion blood concentration . The reverse effect ( decrease of bupropion and increase of hydroxybupropion ) can be expected with CYP2B6 inducers , such as carbamazepine , clotrimazole , rifampicin , ritonavir , St John 's wort , phenobarbital , phenytoin and others . Conversely , because bupropion is itself an inhibitor of CYP2D6 ( Ki = 21 μM ) , as is its active metabolite , hydroxybupropion ( Ki = 13 @.@ 3 μM ) , it can slow the clearance of other drugs metabolized by this enzyme . Bupropion lowers the threshold for epileptic seizures , and therefore can potentially interact with other medications that also lower it , such as carbapenems , cholinergic agents , fluoroquinolones , interferons , chloroquine , mefloquine , lindane , theophylline , systemic corticosteroids ( e.g. , prednisone ) , and some tricyclic antidepressants ( e.g. , clomipramine ) . The prescribing information recommends minimizing the use of alcohol , since in rare cases bupropion reduces alcohol tolerance , and because the excessive use of alcohol may lower the seizure threshold . Also , bupropion should not be taken by individuals undergoing abrupt cessation of alcohol or benzodiazepine use . Caution should be observed when combining bupropion with a monoamine oxidase inhibitor ( MAOI ) . = = Pharmacology = = = = = Pharmacodynamics = = = Based on animal and human proteins research , bupropion has been characterized as a weak norepinephrine @-@ dopamine reuptake inhibitor ( NDRI ) . It has also been found to act as a releasing agent of dopamine and norepinephrine ( NDRA ) . However , in actual humans , bupropion is extensively converted in the body into several active metabolites with differing activity and influence on the effects of bupropion during first @-@ pass metabolism . These metabolites are present in significantly higher levels in the body compared to bupropion itself . The most important example of this is bupropion 's most major metabolite , hydroxybupropion , a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor ( and likely releasing agent ) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ( nAChR ) antagonist that lacks significant dopaminergic actions , which , with oral bupropion treatment , can reach area under the curve ( AUC ) plasma concentrations that are as much as 16 – 20 times greater than those of bupropion itself . Hence , its effects cannot be understood without reference to its metabolism . The occupancy of dopamine transporter ( DAT ) sites by bupropion and its metabolites in the human brain as measured by positron emission tomography was 26 % according to GlaxoSmithKline researchers and 14 % in an independent study . Despite this weak DAT occupancy however , a subsequent study looked at the actual extracellular concentrations of dopamine in the human brain after an acute oral treatment of bupropion and failed to observe any increase , concluding that the weak DAT occupancy was not sufficient to increase dopamine levels . In contrast , the same study also looked at dopamine levels in the rat brain after administration of bupropion via intraperitoneal injection and did see an increase , which could have been related to species differences . However , an alternative explanation is that the difference had to do with the different routes of administration employed ( i.e. , oral vs. i.p. ) and the associated differences in pharmacokinetics and metabolism , namely , the bypassing of first @-@ past metabolism with the latter route , that resulted . Although oral bupropion at clinical doses does not appear to have a significant potential for abuse , there are many isolated case reports of bupropion abuse and " cocaine @-@ like " effects in humans who ingested the drug via a non @-@ oral route ( e.g. , injection , insufflation , etc . ) . Notably , awareness of the abuse potential of bupropion via non @-@ conventional routes appears to be especially prominent in correctional facilities . Bupropion is also known to act as a non @-@ competitive antagonist of the α3β2 , α3β4 , α4β2 , and , very weakly , α7 nACh receptors , and these actions appear to be importantly involved in its beneficial properties not only in smoking cessation , but in depression as well . The metabolites of bupropion also act as non @-@ competitive antagonists of these nACh receptors , and hydroxybupropion is even more potent in comparison . Pharmacological data on bupropion and its metabolites are shown in the table . Bupropion is known to weakly inhibit the α1 adrenergic receptor , with a 14 % potency of its dopamine uptake inhibition , and the H1 receptor , with a 9 % potency . = = = Pharmacokinetics = = = Bupropion is metabolized in the liver by the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2B6 . It has several active metabolites : R , R @-@ hydroxybupropion , S , S @-@ hydroxybupropion , threo @-@ hydrobupropion and erythro @-@ hydrobupropion , which are further metabolized to inactive metabolites and eliminated through excretion into the urine . Both bupropion and its primary metabolite hydroxybupropion act in the liver as potent inhibitors of the enzyme CYP2D6 , which metabolizes not only bupropion itself but also a variety of other drugs and biologically active substances . This mechanism creates the potential for a variety of drug interactions . The biological activity of bupropion can be attributed to a significant degree to its active metabolites , in particular to S , S @-@ hydroxybupropion . GlaxoSmithKline developed this metabolite as a separate drug called radafaxine , but discontinued development in 2006 due to " an unfavourable risk / benefit assessment " . Bupropion is metabolized to hydroxybupropion by CYP2B6 , an isozyme of the cytochrome P450 system . Alcohol causes an increase of CYP2B6 in the liver , and persons with a history of alcohol use metabolize bupropion faster . Bupropion is metabolized to threo @-@ hydrobupropion via cortisone reductase . The metabolic pathway responsible for the creation of erythro @-@ hydrobupropion remains elusive . The metabolism of bupropion is highly variable : the effective doses of bupropion received by persons who ingest the same amount of the drug may differ by as much as 5 @.@ 5 times ( with a half @-@ life of 12 – 30 hours ) , while the effective doses of hydroxybupropion may differ by as much as 7 @.@ 5 times ( with a half @-@ life of 15 – 25 hours ) . Based on this , some researchers have advocated monitoring of the blood level of bupropion and hydroxybupropion . The half @-@ lives of erythrohydrobupropion and threohydrobupropion are roughly 23 – 43 hours and 24 – 50 hours respectively . There have been reported cases of false @-@ positive urine amphetamine tests in persons taking bupropion . = = Physical and chemical properties = = = = = Synthesis = = = Bupropion is a substituted cathinone . It is synthesized in two chemical steps starting from 3 ' -chloro @-@ propiophenone . The alpha position adjacent to the ketone is first brominated followed by nucleophilic displacement of the resulting alpha @-@ bromoketone with t @-@ butylamine and treated with hydrochloric acid to give bupropion as the hydrochloride salt in 75 – 85 % overall yield . = = History = = Bupropion was invented by Nariman Mehta of Burroughs Wellcome ( now GlaxoSmithKline ) in 1969 , and the US patent for it was granted in 1974 . It was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) as an antidepressant on 30 December 1985 , and marketed under the name Wellbutrin . However , a significant incidence of epileptic seizures at the originally recommended dosage caused the withdrawal of the drug in 1986 . Subsequently , the risk of seizures was found to be highly dose @-@ dependent , and bupropion was re @-@ introduced to the market in 1989 with a lower maximum recommended daily dose . In 1996 , the FDA approved a sustained @-@ release formulation of bupropion called Wellbutrin SR , intended to be taken twice a day ( as compared with three times a day for immediate @-@ release Wellbutrin ) . In 2003 , the FDA approved another sustained @-@ release formulation called Wellbutrin XL , intended for once @-@ daily dosing . Wellbutrin SR and XL are available in generic form in the United States and Canada . In Canada , generic XR bupropion is distributed by Mylan . In 1997 , bupropion was approved by the FDA for use as a smoking cessation aid under the name Zyban . In 2006 , Wellbutrin XL was similarly approved as a treatment for seasonal affective disorder . In April 2008 , the FDA approved a formulation of bupropion as a hydrobromide salt instead of a hydrochloride salt , to be sold under the name Aplenzin by Sanofi @-@ Aventis . = = = Issue with generic bioequivalence = = = On 11 October 2007 , two providers of consumer information on nutritional products and supplements , ConsumerLab.com and The People 's Pharmacy , released the results of comparative tests of different brands of bupropion . The People 's Pharmacy received multiple reports of increased side effects and decreased efficacy of generic bupropion , which prompted it to ask ConsumerLab.com to test the products in question . The tests showed that " one of a few generic versions of Wellbutrin XL 300 mg , sold as Budeprion XL 300 mg , didn 't perform the same as the brand @-@ name pill in the lab . " The FDA investigated these complaints and concluded that Budeprion XL is equivalent to Wellbutrin XL in regard to bioavailability of bupropion and its main active metabolite hydroxybupropion . The FDA also said that coincidental natural mood variation is the most likely explanation for the apparent worsening of depression after the switch from Wellbutrin XL to Budeprion XL . On 3 October 2012 , however , the FDA reversed this opinion , announcing that " Budeprion XL 300 mg fails to demonstrate therapeutic equivalence to Wellbutrin XL 300 mg . " The FDA did not test the bioequivalence of any of the other generic versions of Wellbutrin XL 300 mg , but requested that the four manufacturers submit data on this question to the FDA by March 2013 . As of October 2013 the FDA has made determinations on the formulations from some manufacturers not being bioequivalent . In 2012 , the U.S. Justice Department announced that GlaxoSmithKline had agreed to plead guilty and pay a $ 3 @-@ billion fine , in part for promoting the unapproved use of Wellbutrin for weight loss and sexual dysfunction . In France , marketing authorization was granted for Zyban on 3 August 2001 , with a maximum daily dose of 300 mg ; only sustained @-@ release bupropion is available , and only as a smoking cessation aid . Bupropion was granted a licence for use in adults with major depression in the Netherlands in early 2007 , with GlaxoSmithKline expecting subsequent approval in other European countries . = = Society and culture = = = = = Names = = = Bupropion is the International Nonproprietary Name ( INN ) and British Approved Name ( BAN ) while bupropion hydrochloride is the United States Adopted Name ( USAN ) . Amfebutamone was the former INN . Bupropion is marketed under many brand names including Aplenzin , Budeprion , Elontril , Wellbutrin , Quomem , Prexaton , Voxra , and Zyban , among others . = = = Recreational use = = = According to the US government classification of psychiatric medications , bupropion is " non @-@ abusable " . However , in animal studies , squirrel monkeys and rats could be induced to self @-@ administer bupropion intravenously , which is often taken as a sign of addiction potential . There have been a number of anecdotal and case @-@ study reports of bupropion abuse , but the bulk of evidence indicates that the subjective effects of bupropion via the oral route are markedly different from those of addictive stimulants such as cocaine or amphetamine . That said , bupropion , via non @-@ conventional routes of administration ( e.g. , injection , insufflation ) , is reported to be abused in the United States and Canada , notably in prisons .
= Wolf @-@ Dietrich Wilcke = Wolf @-@ Dietrich Wilcke ( 11 March 1913 – 23 March 1944 ) was a German Luftwaffe pilot during World War II , a fighter ace credited with 162 enemy aircraft shot down in 732 combat missions . He claimed the majority of his victories over the Eastern Front , and 25 over the Western Front , including four four @-@ engined bombers . Born in Schrimm in the Province of Posen , Wilcke volunteered for military service in the Reichswehr of the Third Reich in 1934 . Initially serving in the Heer ( Army ) , he transferred to the Luftwaffe ( Air Force ) in 1935 . Following flight training , he was posted to Jagdgeschwader " Richthofen " ( Fighter Wing " Richthofen " ) in April 1936 . After an assignment as fighter pilot instructor he volunteered for service with the Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War in early 1939 . After his return from Spain , he was appointed Staffelkapitän ( squadron leader ) of the 7 . Staffel ( 7th squadron ) of Jagdgeschwader 53 ( JG 53 — 53rd Fighter Wing ) . Following the outbreak of World War II , he claimed his first aerial victory on 7 November 1939 . On 18 May 1940 , during the Battle of France , he was shot down and taken prisoner of war . After the armistice with France , he returned from captivity and was appointed Gruppenkommandeur ( group commander ) of the III . Gruppe ( 3rd group ) of JG 53 during the Battle of Britain , claiming 10 victories over England . Wilcke then fought in the aerial battles of Operation Barbarossa , the German invasion of the Soviet Union . There , after 25 aerial victories , he was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross on 6 August 1941 . In September 1941 , he relocated with his group to the Mediterranean Theater , where he was able to claim further victories . At the end of May 1942 , he was transferred to the Stab ( headquarters unit ) of Jagdgeschwader 3 ( JG 3 — 3rd Fighter Wing ) " Udet " , and that August he was appointed as its Geschwaderkommodore ( wing commander ) . Following his 100th aerial victory on 6 September , he received the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . During the Battle of Stalingrad , on 17 December , he claimed his 150th aerial victory . On 23 December 1942 , he was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords , his total now 155 aerial victories . Subsequent to the presentation of the Swords to his Knight 's Cross , he was officially banned from operational flying . Occasionally he still flew combat missions and on 23 March 1944 , flying in defense of the Reich , he claimed his 162nd and last aerial victory and was killed in action by United States Army Air Forces long @-@ range P @-@ 51 Mustang fighters near Schöppenstedt , in Lower Saxony . = = Early life and career = = Wilcke was born on 11 March 1913 at Schrimm in the Province of Posen , part of the Kingdom of Prussia at the time , now Śrem in the Greater Poland Voivodeship , Poland . He was the son of a Hauptmann ( captain ) of Infanterie @-@ Regiment 47 ( 47th Infantry Regiment ) , Hans Wilcke , who died of pneumonia when Wilcke was just four weeks of age . His mother , Hertha von Schuckmann , married again on 14 June 1919 . In 1931 , Wilcke was arrested for attending a then @-@ illegal demonstration of the Nazi Party . Although his loyalty to the Nazi cause is emphasized multiple times in his personal military files , according to biographers Prien and Stemmer , he was a firm opponent of the National Socialist regime ; later in his career , for a time after taking command of III . Gruppe ( 3rd group ) of Jagdgeschwader 53 ( JG 53 — 53rd Fighter Wing ) , he had the Swastikas on his unit 's aircraft painted over . He volunteered for military service in the Reichswehr after receiving his Abitur ( diploma ) . He joined Artillerie @-@ Regiment 6 ( 6th Artillery Regiment ) in Minden as a Fahnenjunker ( officer cadet ) on 1 April 1934 . His legal guardian and stepfather , Friedrich von Scotti , also served in this regiment . As a Fähnrich ( officer candidate ) , Wilcke was posted to the Kriegsschule ( war school ) in Dresden on 1 October 1934 . On 1 November 1935 , he was transferred to the newly emerging Luftwaffe holding the rank of Oberfähnrich ( senior officer candidate ) . On 20 April 1936 , while serving at the flight school in Perleberg , he was promoted to Leutnant ( second lieutenant ) . On 15 October he was transferred to Jagdgeschwader " Richthofen " ( Fighter Wing " Richthofen " ) , also known as Jagdgeschwader 132 ( JG 132 — 132nd Fighter Wing ) , named after the World War I fighter ace Manfred von Richthofen and forerunner of Jagdgeschwader 2 ( JG 2 — 2nd Fighter Wing ) " Richthofen " . There he excelled as a pilot and showed exceptional leadership ability and was sent as fighter pilot instructor to the Jagdfliegerschule ( fighter pilot school ) in Werneuchen in the second half of 1937 . In March 1939 , Wilcke volunteered for service with the Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War . For a few weeks , he flew with 1 . Staffel ( 1st squadron ) of Jagdgruppe 88 ( J / 88 — 88th Fighter Group ) without claiming any aerial victories . He was awarded the Spanish Cross in Bronze with Swords for his service in Spain . In Spain he became friends with Werner Mölders and when Mölders was appointed Gruppenkommandeur ( group commander ) of the newly created III . Gruppe of JG 53 , he selected Wilcke as Staffelkapitän ( squadron leader ) of the 7 . Staffel ( 7th squadron ) of JG 53 . = = World War II = = World War II in Europe began on Friday , 1 September 1939 , when German forces invaded Poland . Wilcke , who at the time was still a member of 3 . Staffel ( 3rd squadron ) of JG 53 , flew missions over Poland . He claimed his first aerial victory on 7 November 1939 over the Western Front when he shot down an Armée de l 'Air ( French Air Force ) Potez 630 , a twin @-@ engined fighter , near Völklingen during the Phoney War . For this achievement he was awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class on 25 November 1939 . From 2 – 16 January 1940 , Wilcke and other pilots from III . Gruppe went on a ski vacation to the Vorarlberg . On 11 March 1940 , he shot down another Potez at an altitude of 7 @,@ 000 meters ( 23 @,@ 000 feet ) near the " three @-@ nations @-@ corner " north of Metz . He claimed his third victory at 2 : 55 pm on 25 March . 7 . Staffel engaged a flight of Morane @-@ Saulnier M.S.406 at 4 @,@ 000 m ( 13 @,@ 000 ft ) . In the resulting aerial battle , Wilcke shot down one of the Moranes over Diedenhofen . = = = Battle of France and Britain = = = The Battle of France , the German invasion of France and the Low Countries , began on 10 May 1940 . On 18 May 1940 , he engaged in aerial combat with eight French Curtiss P @-@ 36 Hawk fighter aircraft and was shot down west of Rethel . His victor may have been sous lieutenant Camille Plubeau . Wilcke bailed out and was taken prisoner of war . Following the armistice with France , he and Mölders , who had also been a prisoner of war , returned to the unit on 30 June 1940 . Wilcke was promoted to Hauptmann the next day and again took command of 7 . Staffel . On 11 July 1940 , he was awarded the Iron Cross 1st Class . On 13 August 1940 , during the Battle of Britain , Wilcke replaced Hauptmann Harro Harder as Gruppenkommandeur of the III . Gruppe . Harder had been last seen at 1 : 35 pm on 12 August and was reported as missing in action following combat east of the Isle of Wight . The day of his appointment , Wilcke almost lost his life as well , when he was forced to bail out after engine failure over the English Channel . He was rescued that night by a Dornier Do 18 flying boat . III . Gruppe flew a bomber escort mission targeting London on 30 August . Wilcke destroyed a barrage balloon on the morning mission and claimed his fourth victory , a Supermarine Spitfire in the vicinity of Dover during his second mission of the day . On 1 September 1940 , on another bomber escort mission that started at 11 : 20 am , Wilcke claimed his fifth victory , a Hawker Hurricane , south of London . He claimed his sixth victory , probably a Fairey Swordfish biplane , on 11 September over the Channel between Dover and Calais . On 15 September 1940 , III . Gruppe engaged 20 to 30 Royal Air Force ( RAF ) fighters south of London . In the resulting combat , Wilcke claimed the destruction of his second Hurricane . Two days later , on a mission that began at 4 : 35 pm , Wilcke achieved his ninth victory , another Hurricane . He claimed his tenth victory , again a Hurricane , on a mission targeting the London area that took off at 11 : 15 am on 20 September . On the last day of September 1940 , he claimed two more victories to bring his total to 12 ; the action took place during his second mission of the day , which began at 1 : 45 pm , escorting Dornier Do 17s to London . In combat with RAF Spitfires , Wilcke claimed his 13th victory at 11 : 45 am on 10 October 1940 , his final of the Battle of Britain . In recognition of these achievements he was awarded the Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe ( Ehrenpokal der Luftwaffe ) on 1 April 1941 . = = = Operation Barbarossa = = = On 8 June 1941 , the bulk of JG 53 's air elements moved via Jever , in northern Germany , to Mannheim @-@ Sandhofen . There the aircraft were given a maintenance overhaul prior to moving east . On 12 June , III . Gruppe was ordered to transfer to a forward airfield at Sobolewo . On 21 June , the Geschwaderkommodore ( wing commander ) of JG 53 and its Gruppenkommandeure were summoned to nearby Suwałki , where Generalfeldmarschall ( field marshal ) Albert Kesselring gave the final instructions for the upcoming attack . Wilcke briefed his pilots that evening . On 22 June , the Geschwader crossed into Soviet airspace in support of Operation Barbarossa , the invasion of the Soviet Union , which opened the Eastern Front . III . Gruppe took off on its first mission at 3 : 20 am with the Gruppenstab ( headquarters unit ) and 7 . Staffel targeting Soviet airfields at Alytus and Oranji . Wilcke shot down three Polikarpov I @-@ 15 biplane fighter aircraft . The second mission of the day by III . Gruppe was a Stuka escort mission to Grodno at 6 : 00 am , during which Wilcke claimed another victory . He led another attack at 4 : 10 pm ; while strafing airfields , he claimed his fifth aerial victory of the day , an " ace @-@ in @-@ a @-@ day " achievement , taking his total to 18 . On 25 June 1941 , JG 53 was relocated with III . Gruppe arriving at Vilnius at 8 : 30 am . The same day , Wilcke was slightly injured when he collided with another aircraft during takeoff . He claimed his 19th victory on the evening of 30 June 1941 , flying a combat air patrol into the Barysaw area . Wilcke was ordered to form " Gefechtsverband Wilcke " ( " Battle Group Wilcke " ) on 1 July 1941 . He commanded his III . Gruppe and II . Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 52 ( JG 52 — 52nd Fighter Wing ) to counter @-@ attack Soviet bombers . On 9 July , Wilcke destroyed a Petlyakov Pe @-@ 2 ground attack aircraft . He claimed a victory on 25 July during fighter escort missions in the Vyazma area . On 29 July 1941 , III . Gruppe provided fighter cover for the German armored spearheads in the Dukhovshchina area . During this mission , Wilcke claimed another victory . The next day , over the spearheads at Yartsevo @-@ Bely , Wilcke shot down a Polikarpov I @-@ 180 fighter . He was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross on 6 August 1941 for 25 victories . Both Wilcke and Leutnant Herbert Schramm were decorated by Kesselring on 9 August 1941 . On 23 August 1941 , the 9th Army began its assault on the Soviet forces in the Velikiye Luki area . Wilcke claimed two aerial victories while supporting these operations . III . Gruppe began returning to Germany in early October 1941 . The air elements left the Soviet Union on 4 October , while the ground units were transported back by train to Mannheim on 13 October . Since 22 June 1941 , III . Gruppe had claimed 769 aerial victories for the loss of 6 pilots killed , 7 missing in action , 2 captured and 12 wounded . = = = North Africa and Malta = = = After its return to Germany , III . Gruppe was deployed to the Mediterranean Theater . The ground elements of III . Gruppe arrived in Catania in Sicily on 28 November 1941 . Wilcke and his adjutant Jürgen Harder arrived on 2 December , with the rest of the Gruppe arriving the next day . On 6 December 1941 , III . Gruppe was ordered to move to Timimi in Libya . Wilcke claimed his 34th aerial victory on 11 December , during a fighter escort mission for Junkers Ju 88 bombers attacking Bir Hakeim . III . Gruppe relocated back to Sicily on 17 December 1941 for operations in the Siege of Malta . The island of Malta had a strategically important position in the Mediterranean Sea . With the opening of a new front in North Africa in mid @-@ 1940 , British air and sea forces based on the island could attack Axis ships transporting vital supplies and reinforcements from Europe to North Africa . To counter this threat , the Luftwaffe and the Regia Aeronautica ( Italian Royal Air Force ) conducted bombing raids to neutralize the RAF defenses and the ports . During the siege , Wilcke claimed four victories over RAF fighters in April – May 1942 . He claimed his first victory during the siege , and 35th overall , over a Spitfire fighter on 2 April 1942 . His 36th aerial victory on 22 April may have been Hurricane ( Z4011 ) " B " of No. 185 Squadron flown by Pilot Officer " Sonny " Ormrod , who was killed in the engagement . On 12 May 1942 , III . Gruppe destroyed nine Spitfires , among them one by Wilcke . = = = Wing commander of JG 3 = = = On 18 May 1942 , Wilcke was transferred to Jagdgeschwader 3 " Udet " ( JG 3 — 3rd Fighter Wing ) , named after the World War I fighter ace Ernst Udet . Operating on the Eastern Front , Wilke became a Geschwaderkommodore of JG 3 " Udet " on 11 August , replacing Oberst ( Colonel ) Günther Lützow , who was posted to the staff of the General der Jagdflieger ( General of Fighters ) as Inspector of the Day Fighters on the Eastern Front . Operating from the Chuguyev Airfield , JG 3 " Udet " saw combat in the Kharkov area , present @-@ day Kharkiv , during the Second Battle of Kharkov . On 26 June 1942 , JG 3 " Udet " was assembled at Schtschigry on the southern sector of the Eastern Front for the upcoming summer offensive , supporting the Wehrmacht 's advance towards Stalingrad . In the following months , JG 3 " Udet " was based at airfields at Gorshechnoye , Olkhovatka , Millerovo , Nowy @-@ Cholan , Frolovo , Tuzov and Pitomnik . On 13 June 1942 , Wilcke claimed his first victory with JG 3 " Udet " , shooting down a Lavochkin @-@ Gorbunov @-@ Gudkov LaGG @-@ 3 fighter for his 39th victory . He followed this with another LaGG @-@ 3 on 22 June , and a LaGG @-@ 3 and a Polikarpov R @-@ 5 reconnaissance bomber on 24 June 1942 . On 3 July 1942 , he claimed three Douglas Boston medium bombers , followed by two LaGG @-@ 3s and another Boston the next day . He became an " ace @-@ in @-@ a @-@ day " again on 6 July , shooting down a Bell P @-@ 39 Airacobra , a LaGG @-@ 3 , an R @-@ 5 and three Hurricanes . Three days later , he shot down two Ilyushin Il @-@ 2 Sturmovik ground @-@ attack aircraft and , on 10 July , four more Bostons . The next day , he claimed another R @-@ 5 and two Mikoyan @-@ Gurevich MiG @-@ 1 fighters . On 12 July , he again claimed an R @-@ 5 and two LaGG @-@ 3s before he shot down another LaGG @-@ 3 on 18 July . On 24 July he was credited with a Polikarpov I @-@ 153 biplane fighter and two days later two Hurricanes and two Pe @-@ 2s . On both 27 and 28 July he claimed victory over a LaGG @-@ 3 , his last victories in July 1942 . Wilcke 's first victories in August 1942 , a Sukhoi Su @-@ 2 light bomber followed by two LaGG @-@ 3s , occurred on 5 and 6 August . On 9 August he filed a victory claim for an unknown aircraft type , bringing his " score " to 79 aerial victories . He took command of JG 3 " Udet " and achieved his first victory as Geschwaderkommodore on 12 August , again over an unknown type of aircraft . He claimed eight further victories of unknown types , two on 13 August , one on 17 August , three on 20 August , and two on 23 August . His first victory on 26 August was identified as a Yakovlev Yak @-@ 7 fighter , the other two that day were again unknown types . Another series of unidentified aircraft shot down followed . He claimed one aircraft destroyed on 28 August , one more on 30 August and four on 31 August , taking his total to 96 aerial victories by the end of August 1942 . Wilcke claimed his next two victories on 3 September and two more on 6 September , all four of unknown types of aircraft . This brought his total to 100 aerial victories . Wilcke was the 20th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark . On 9 September 1942 , he became the 122nd officer or soldier of the Wehrmacht honored with the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves . = = = Battle of Stalingrad = = = From 10 – 19 September 1942 , Wilcke claimed another series of victories over aircraft of unknown type , which included one on 10 September , one on 12 September , four on 18 September and two on 19 September . On 16 September 1942 , the Soviets launched an offensive north of Stalingrad . Wilcke led about 40 serviceable German fighters against the Soviet 8 Vozdyshnaya Armiya ( 8 VA — 8th Air Army ) , 16 Vozdyshnaya Armiya ( 16 VA — 16th Air Army ) , and 102 Istrebitel 'naya Aviatsionnaya Diviziya Protivo @-@ Vozdushnaya Oborona ( 102 IAD PVO — Fighter Aviation Division of the Home Air Defense ) over Stalingrad . At the time , Wilcke often flew with Hauptmann Walther Dahl as his wingman . On 20 September 1942 , Wilcke shot down two LaGG @-@ 3s . Two days later , he shot down six Yakovlev Yak @-@ 1 fighters over Stalingrad , his third " ace @-@ in @-@ day " feat , taking his total to 116 aerial victories . It is possible that one of his opponents was Leytenant ( Second Lieutenant ) Nikolai Karnachyonok of 434 Istrebitel 'nyy Aviatsionyy Polk ( 434 IAP — 434th Fighter Aviation Regiment ) , who was killed in action that day and was posthumously made a Hero of the Soviet Union . The Geschwaderstab ( headquarters unit ) was based at the Pitomnik Airfield from 23 September to 21 November 1942 . There Wilcke directed fighter operations for the Battle of Stalingrad . During the previous offensive towards Stalingrad , the Geschwaderstab of JG 3 " Udet " had claimed 137 victories , of which 97 victories were credited to Wilcke . While based at Pitomnik , Wilcke claimed four victories on 24 September , one on 25 September , three on 28 September , four on 29 September , one on 3 October and two more on 24 October . On 25 and 26 October he claimed one victory on each day and his final two while based at Pitomnik on 1 November 1942 , taking his personal total to 135 victories . For these achievements he received the German Cross in Gold , awarded on 3 November 1942 . In the aftermath of the encirclement of the 6th Army on 23 November 1942 , the Geschwaderstab was moved to Morozovskaya @-@ West , outside the Stalingrad pocket . Wilcke organized fighter escort missions for the transport aircraft delivering supplies for the 6th Army . Pressed by the advancing Soviet armored spearheads , Morozovskaya @-@ West had to be abandoned by the Geschwaderstab on 23 December , and the aircraft were moved to Morozovskaya @-@ South , which was not yet threatened by the Soviet Army . On 3 January 1943 , this airfield had to be abandoned as well and the Geschwaderstab was relocated to Tazinskaya , there it remained until the fighting over the Stalingrad pocket ended . During this period the Geschwaderstab claimed 25 victories , 21 by Wilcke and 4 by Dahl , for the loss in action of two pilots . Wilcke claimed two victories on 24 November 1942 , an Il @-@ 2 Sturmovik and a Yak @-@ 1 , his first victories in support of the Stalingrad pocket . On 30 November he claimed the destruction of three aircraft of unknown type , one more on 2 December , and three more on 8 December . Four victories claimed on 12 December , one Lavochkin La @-@ 5 and three Yak @-@ 1s , took his total to 148 aerial victories . Wilcke became the fourth German fighter pilot to achieve 150 aerial victories in combat . He achieved this mark on 17 December 1942 , claiming victories 149 – 151 . The next day he claimed victory over three more aircraft . Following this 154th victory , he was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords on 23 December 1943 , the 23rd member of the Wehrmacht to be so honored . Along with the Swords came the ban from flying further operational combat missions . Although banned from flying , he was credited with two more victories on the Eastern Front , a Yak @-@ 1 on 28 December and an aircraft of unknown type on 5 January 1943 . In March 1943 , Wilcke led Geschwaderstab and II. and III . Gruppe during operations against the Kuban bridgehead as part of the IV . Fliegerkorps ( 4th Air Corps ) . In early May 1943 , the Geschwaderstab was ordered out of actions and returned to München @-@ Gladbach , present @-@ day Mönchengladbach . Wilcke had only the Geschwaderstab and I. Gruppe under his effective command and no further combat missions were flown until October 1943 . = = = Defense of the Reich and death = = = Wilcke was promoted to Oberst on 1 December 1943 and requested permission to fly operationally and lead his Geschwader from the air . In February 1944 , although still officially banned from flying operations , Wilcke ignored the order and flew several missions leading his Stabsschwarm against the United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) in Defense of the Reich missions . He claimed his 157th victory , over a Lockheed P @-@ 38 Lightning , on 10 February and his 158th , over a Consolidated B @-@ 24 Liberator , on 24 February . He shot down two Boeing B @-@ 17 Flying Fortress bombers on 4 March 1944 , his 159th and 160th aerial victories . On 6 March , his Bf 109G @-@ 6 was crippled in aerial combat and he made an emergency landing at Neuruppin . Combat on 6 March cost both sides heavy losses . The Eighth Air Force lost 75 four @-@ engined bombers and 14 escort fighters , the Luftwaffe lost 65 aircraft ; 36 German pilots were killed and 27 wounded . On 23 March 1944 , Wilcke led JG 3 " Udet " against a USAAF bomber formation near Braunschweig . On this day , the USAAF was attacking aircraft factories at Braunschweig and other targets of opportunity in Münster , Osnabrück and Achmer . In total , the Eighth Air Force had committed 768 B @-@ 17s and B @-@ 24s bombers to this attack , supported by 841 long @-@ range fighters . The Luftwaffe countered this attack with 13 day fighter Gruppen , mustering 259 fighters on this day . Following combat , the Luftwaffe claimed the destruction of 51 enemy aircraft , including 44 four @-@ engined bombers . The Luftwaffe suffered 16 pilots killed and six wounded as well as 33 aircraft lost . The USAAF admitted the loss of 29 bombers and 5 escort fighters while claiming 62 German aircraft shot down and another 2 destroyed on the ground . During this engagement , Wilcke shot down a B @-@ 17 Flying Fortress bomber and a North American P @-@ 51 Mustang fighter , but was then shot down in his Bf 109G @-@ 6 ( Werknummer 160 613 — factory number ) near Schöppenstedt . It is assumed that the victors were Captain Don Gentile and Captain John Trevor Godfrey of the 4th Fighter Group . By this date , Wilcke had claimed 162 enemy aircraft in 732 combat missions . His death was announced in the Wehrmachtbericht , an information bulletin issued by the headquarters of the Wehrmacht , on 30 March . Wilcke had been nicknamed " Fürst " ( prince ) by his comrades on account of his attitude towards his men and paternal sense of responsibility . He had also been very conscious of his style and appearance and wore a very expensive and custom tailored leather coat , a trade which also added to his perception and fostered the nickname . His funeral ceremony was held at the airfield in München @-@ Gladbach . Among others , the funeral ceremony was attended by his stepfather . Wilcke was buried in the honor section of the cemetery in Mönchengladbach @-@ Holt . = = Awards = = Spanish Cross in Bronze with Swords Wound Badge in Black Front Flying Clasp of the Luftwaffe in Gold with Pennant " 700 " Combined Pilots @-@ Observation Badge Iron Cross ( 1939 ) 2nd Class ( 25 November 1939 ) 1st Class ( 11 July 1940 ) Honor Goblet of the Luftwaffe ( 1 April 1941 ) German Cross in Gold on 3 November 1942 as Major in Jagdgeschwader 3 Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords Knight 's Cross on 6 August 1941 as Hauptmann and Gruppenkommandeur of the III . / Jagdgeschwader 53 122nd Oak Leaves on 9 September 1942 as Hauptmann and Geschwaderkommodore of Jagdgeschwader 3 " Udet " 23rd Swords on 23 December 1942 as Major and Geschwaderkommodore of Jagdgeschwader 3 " Udet " Mentioned in the Wehrmachtbericht
= Rocky Balboa ( film ) = Rocky Balboa is a 2006 American sports drama film written , directed by , and starring Sylvester Stallone who reprises his role as the title character . It is the sixth installment in the Rocky franchise with Balboa in retirement , a widower living in Philadelphia , and the owner and operator of a local Italian restaurant called " Adrian 's " , named after his late wife . According to Stallone , he was " negligent " in the production of Rocky V , leaving him and many of the fans disappointed with the presumed end of the series . Stallone also mentioned that the storyline of Rocky Balboa parallels his own struggles and triumphs in recent times . The film also stars Burt Young as Paulie , Rocky 's brother @-@ in @-@ law in his last appearance in the Rocky series and real @-@ life boxer Antonio Tarver as Mason " The Line " Dixon , the current World Heavyweight Champion in the film . Boxing promoter Lou DiBella plays himself and acts as Dixon 's promoter in the film . Milo Ventimiglia plays Rocky 's son Robert , now an adult . A pair of minor characters from the original film return in larger roles : Marie , the young woman that Rocky attempts to steer away from trouble , and Spider Rico , the first opponent Rocky is shown fighting in the 1976 film . There are many references to people and events from previous installments in the series , especially the first . The film was released on December 20 , 2006 , by Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer , Columbia Pictures and Revolution Studios . It exceeded box office expectations and critical reaction was positive . Rocky Balboa was released in several formats for its home media release , and DVD sales have exceeded $ 34 million . The film was followed by a sequel / spin @-@ off , Creed , released November 25 , 2015 . = = Plot = = Former Philadelphia boxer Rocky Balboa has been retired from boxing for 16 years and lives a quiet life as a widower following the death of his wife , Adrian Pennino Balboa , due to cancer four years earlier . He runs a small but successful Italian restaurant named after her , where he regales his patrons with stories of his past . He also battles personal demons involving his grief over Adrian 's death , the changing times , and his eroding relationship with his son Robert , a struggling corporate employee . Paul " Paulie " Pennino , Rocky 's brother @-@ in @-@ law and best friend , continues to keep by his side , but is tired of reliving the past . Late one night , Rocky reunites with a much @-@ older " Little " Marie , a once mischievous neighborhood girl Rocky met when she was a child , now working as a bartender at Rocky 's former neighborhood bar , the Lucky Seven . She is a single parent of a teenaged son born out of wedlock : Stephenson , nicknamed " Steps " . Rocky 's friendship with the two blossoms over the following weeks . Marie becomes a hostess at his restaurant and Steps takes to him as a father figure . Meanwhile , on the professional boxing circuit , Mason " The Line " Dixon reigns as the undisputed yet unpopular world heavyweight champion . ESPN broadcasts a computer simulation of a fight between Rocky ( in his prime ) and Mason — likened to a modern @-@ day version of The Super Fight , a 1970 computer simulation of a 15 @-@ round fight between Rocky Marciano and Muhammad Ali in their prime ( that Marciano " won " by a KO in the 13th round ) — which ends in a controversial KO victory for Balboa , riling the champ . In contrast , the simulation inspires Rocky to take up boxing again — an intention that goes public when he successfully renews his license . Dixon 's promoters pitch the idea of holding a charity exhibition bout at the Mandalay Bay Resort and Casino in Las Vegas to bolster Dixon 's falling popularity . With some hesitation , both men agree to the match , creating a media buzz that stabs at Rocky 's has @-@ been status and Dixon 's credibility ; Dixon having yet to face a challenging opponent . Robert later makes an effort to discourage Rocky from fighting , blaming his own personal failings on his father 's celebrity shadow , but Rocky rebukes him with some advice : that to succeed in life , " it ain 't about how hard you hit ; it 's about how hard you can get hit , and keep moving forward " , and that blaming others won 't help him . The next day , father and son meet over Adrian 's grave and reconcile ; Robert has quit his job to be at Rocky 's side . Rocky sets straight to training with Apollo Creed 's old trainer Duke who quickly surmises that the slow and arthritic Rocky cannot depend on sparring as he did in the past , and can only compete by building his strength and punching power as much as possible , focusing on " blunt force trauma " to pound his opponent . The fight becomes an HBO Pay @-@ per @-@ View event billed as " Will Vs . Skill . " Rocky is given little chance , and a TV commentator jokes that it is being called an " exhibition " because it can 't be called an " execution . " But Rocky enters the ring to the tune of Frank Sinatra 's " High Hopes " and wearing the same gold @-@ trimmed black trunks he wore when he beat Apollo Creed and the large crowd is clearly in his corner . Dixon easily dominates the first round , only to injure his left hand against Rocky 's hip in the second . Rocky makes a dramatic comeback ; he manages to knock Dixon down once and then continues to surprise the audience with his prowess and chin against the younger and faster fighter . Dixon , unprepared for Rocky 's resilience , sends Rocky to one knee in the final round , but the elder fighter pulls himself to his feet for one last assault . The two continue to punish each other until the end . Rocky thanks an appreciative Dixon for the fight and leaves the ring to the adulation of the crowd before the result is even announced . It is a win for Mason Dixon by a narrow split decision , but Rocky clearly does not mind . Back in Philadelphia , Rocky brings roses to Adrian 's grave again , thanking her for helping him . = = Cast = = Sylvester Stallone as Rocky Balboa : Retired boxing legend and former two @-@ time Heavyweight Champion of the World . After a virtual @-@ match created by ESPN determines that if Rocky ( in his prime ) fought the current Heavyweight Champion , Mason Dixon , he would win - publicity and attention from the media , brings Rocky out of retirement to again enter the ring . Burt Young as Paulie Pennino : Rocky 's moody brother @-@ in @-@ law , best friend and Adrian 's brother . Milo Ventimiglia as Robert " Rocky " Balboa , Jr . : Rocky and Adrian 's only son . Geraldine Hughes as Marie : A woman whom Rocky originally met over thirty years ago ( as seen in the first installment of the movie series ) , who becomes a friend , and supporter of Rocky 's return to boxing . James Francis Kelly III as Stephenson " Steps " : Marie 's son , whom Rocky befriends . Tony Burton as Tony " Duke " Evers : Rocky 's trainer who has been his head cornerman since Balboa 's second fight with James " Clubber " Lang in Rocky III . Duke previously trained Apollo Creed , who was Rocky 's opponent in the first two films and later his friend in the third and fourth films . Antonio Tarver as Mason " The Line " Dixon : Reigning Heavyweight Champion of the World , who challenges Rocky to a fight , after the attention of a virtual @-@ match says that Rocky would win . Dixon is shown as the current undisputed heavyweight champion of the world , but a fighter who is not shown the same respect as Rocky was when he was the world champion . Henry G. Sanders as Martin , Dixon 's trainer . Pedro Lovell as Spider Rico : Former local club boxer and opponent of Rocky 's early career . With the two now friends , Spider has become a strong Christian , eats for free , and works as dish @-@ washer at Rocky 's restaurant . Jacob " Stitch " Duran as himself : Dixon 's cut @-@ man . Mike Tyson makes a cameo appearance at ringside during the Rocky vs. Dixon match . Also appearing are ring announcer Michael Buffer , referee Joe Cortez , ESPN 's Woody Paige , Skip Bayless , Jay Crawford , Brian Kenny , and Dana Jacobson , and HBO 's Jim Lampley , Larry Merchant , and Max Kellerman . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = Following the negative reception and poor box office performance of Rocky V , Stallone felt obligated to give his Rocky Balboa character a more proper closure . He began pitching his ideas to MGM studio executives in 1996 but was repeatedly turned down . After Harry E. Sloan became chairman of MGM in 2005 , the new studio executive and his team were willing to listen . Stallone also gained an ally in Revolution Studios president Joe Roth . = = = Budget and timeline = = = Filming began in December 2005 in Las Vegas , Nevada . In 2006 , it moved to Los Angeles , California and Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The production budget on the 38 @-@ day shoot was projected to be $ 24 million . The film was scheduled for release during the President 's Day holiday in 2007 , but was moved up to right before Christmas 2006 . In late March 2006 , the first movie teaser was released on the Internet . The full @-@ length trailer accompanied the theatrical release of Pirates of the Caribbean : Dead Man 's Chest on July 7 in select theaters . = = = Casting = = = The film gives nods to previous installments via the casting . The most obvious is the return of Stallone , Young , and Burton : the only actors to portray the same characters in all six installments . Tarver 's appearance marks the sixth time an active professional boxer has appeared in the series . Previously , Joe Frazier ( Rocky ) , Pedro Lovell ( Rocky ) , Roberto Durán ( Rocky II ) , Tommy Morrison ( Rocky V ) , and Michael Williams ( Rocky V ) have appeared in the series . Stallone initially wanted Roy Jones , Jr. to portray Dixon , but after Jones did not return Stallone 's phone calls , he tapped Tarver to fill the role . The character of Marie appeared in the original Rocky ; she was portrayed by Jodi Letizia . For this film , Marie is portrayed by Geraldine Hughes . ( Letizia did reprise the role for Rocky V , but her scene was deleted . In that version , Marie was homeless on the streets of Philadelphia . ) Another recognizable character who appeared in the previous five films , sportscaster Stu Nahan , provided the commentary for the computer @-@ generated fight between Dixon and Balboa . Nahan was part of the ringside commentary team during all the bouts in the first three films and the Apollo Creed / Ivan Drago fight in Rocky IV ; he was then one of the members of the press , seen asking questions to Rocky upon return from Russia in Rocky V at the start of the movie , and then again towards the end with new champion Tommy Gunn . He was diagnosed with lymphoma during the Rocky Balboa filming , though , and died on December 26 , 2007 . Finally , Pedro Lovell , who portrayed Spider Rico in the original film , returns to the role in Rocky Balboa as a guest and later employee at Rocky 's restaurant . A number of sports personalities portray themselves . Jim Lampley , Larry Merchant , and Max Kellerman comprise the ringside broadcast team ( all three were commentators for HBO Boxing at the time of the film 's release ) . Sportswriters such as Bert Sugar , Bernard Fernandez and Steve Springer also appear . As for actual boxers , Mike Tyson ( who had retired by the film 's release ) makes a cameo appearance , taunting Dixon as the fighter enters the ring . Lou DiBella , a real @-@ life boxing promoter , portrays himself as Dixon 's promoter . Several of ESPN 's personalities also portray themselves . SportsCenter anchor ( and Friday Night Fights host ) Brian Kenny is the host of the fictional Then and Now series , while Cold Pizza and 1st and 10 hosts Jay Crawford , Dana Jacobson , Skip Bayless , and Woody Paige also appear . Ring announcer Michael Buffer appeared as himself , as did referee Joe Cortez . Regarding his decision not to have Talia Shire reprise her role as Adrian , Stallone told USA Today that , " in the original script , she was alive . But it just didn 't have the same dramatic punch . I thought , ' What if she 's gone ? ' That would cut Rocky 's heart out and drop him down to ground zero " . Shire herself said that , in her view , " The film has great regard for the process of mourning . Sly utilizes mourning to empower Rocky , and Adrian is made very mythical . " = = = Music = = = Composed by Academy Award winner Bill Conti , the Rocky Balboa film score is both an updated composition of Rocky music and a tribute to the music that has been featured in previous Rocky films . Conti , who has acted as composer on every Rocky film except Rocky IV ( which was instead helmed by Vince DiCola when Conti had other commitments at the time ) , chose to compose the score almost entirely from musical themes used in the previous movies . Only one original theme was written specifically for Rocky Balboa , which is the theme written to represent the character of Marie . The roughly 40 @-@ minute score was recorded in the summer of 2006 at Capitol Studios in Hollywood , California . Conti chose to pre @-@ record the string , brass , and piano tracks and then have those tracks mixed with the work of a 44 @-@ piece orchestra which he conducted . He also performed all of the piano work himself which is something he has done with each movie for which he has composed the score . Stallone also was involved in every part of the process and attended several of the recording sessions . A soundtrack album entitled Rocky Balboa : The Best of Rocky was released by Capitol Records on December 26 , 2006 to coincide with the release of the film , though most of its tracks originate from previous Rocky installments . In addition to the score , the film features original tracks performed by Natasha Bedingfield , Three 6 Mafia , and Frank Stallone as well as classic tracks such as Frank Sinatra 's " High Hopes " and The Miracles ' " Ooh Baby Baby " . Of the original tracks , the most significant is the Diane Warren song " Still Here " , performed by Bedingfield , which was reported to be the film 's theme in early articles . Though it is still listed in the credits , the song was dropped from the film . = = Inconsistencies = = = = = Continuity = = = A plot element from the fifth film is not addressed in Rocky Balboa 's plot . In the previous film , Rocky was diagnosed with brain damage and advised never to fight again . Stallone clarified this apparent inconsistency in an interview , remarking : " When Rocky was diagnosed with brain damage , it must be noted that many athletes have a form of brain damage including football players , soccer players , and other individuals in contact sports such as rugby , etc . Rocky never went for a second opinion and yielded to his wife 's wishes to stop . So with the advent of new research techniques into brain damage , Rocky was found to be normal among fighters , and he was suffering the results of a severe concussion . By today 's standards Rocky Balboa would be given a clean bill of health for fighters . " = = = Cinematography and fight choreography = = = While the dramatic portions of the movie are shot in an obviously cinematic style , the bout between Balboa and Dixon is shot in a number of different ways . The lead @-@ in to the bout , as well as the first two rounds , are shot in a style similar to a major pay @-@ per @-@ view broadcast . Clips from fights in previous Rocky movies are used during the introductory teaser to introduce Balboa , while stock footage from actual Tarver fights , as well as footage from Dixon 's previous fight ( shown at the beginning of the film ) are used as clips for Dixon 's part of the teaser . The fight itself was shot in high definition to further enhance the TV @-@ style look of the fight . After the first two rounds , the bout is shot in a more " cinematic " style , reminiscent of the way the fights in the other Rocky films were shot . However , unlike the other films in the series , the fight is less choreographed and more improvised than previous installments and is closer to an actual boxing match than a choreographed fight . This is a departure from the previous films , where every punch , feint , and step was carefully scripted and practiced . There were also slight continuity problems during the filming of the final fight . This was said to have been due to the fact that real punches were thrown by both Stallone and Tarver , resulting in some swelling and nosebleeds occurring earlier than scripted . " When you see the outtakes you 'll actually see Antonio [ Tarver ] coming up and hooking me , blasting me , and then he starts laughing in hysterics , " explained Stallone . " Then he said " What are you crazy ? ! " And I said " Look , I just couldn 't get out of the way , I didn 't want to get hit . " Just slow . You see it coming , you go " Move head ... head , move ... move . " = = = Alternate ending = = = While Rocky loses by split decision in the original theatrical screenplay ( mirroring the ending of the original Rocky ) , an alternative ending was filmed in which the third and final judge 's decision goes in favor of Rocky , making him the winner . The speaker starts " and still ... " for which Dixon enthuses while he continues " still ... Philadelphia 's undisputed heavyweight champion Rocky Balboa ! " . Dixon 's crew jeers while the crowd roars , but Dixon himself is still gracious even in defeat . From there , the ending continues the same as in the original . = = Distribution = = Rocky Balboa represents a partnership between Metro @-@ Goldwyn @-@ Mayer , Revolution Studios , and Columbia Pictures ( Columbia 's corporate parent Sony holds a 20 % stake in MGM ) . Since the Rocky series was originally produced and distributed by United Artists ( now MGM 's subsidiary studio ) , the partners jointly decided that the film could and should take advantage of MGM 's newly reinvigorated domestic distribution apparatus . 20th Century Fox handles its theatrical and DVD distributions outside of the United States and Canada , while Sony Pictures Home Entertainment handled its American and Canadian video distributions . Television syndication rights are held by Debmar @-@ Mercury and 20th Television under license from Revolution . In the Philippines and Switzerland , Fox released the film through joint ventures with Warner Bros. Entertainment . In Japan , the film was promoted by Fox as Rocky : The Final . It opened across Japan on April 20 , 2007 . = = = Home release = = = Rocky Balboa is available in three formats : Blu @-@ ray Disc , DVD , and UMD . It was released in Region 1 on March 20 and Region 2 on May 21 , 2007 . The film has made $ 35 @,@ 622 @,@ 998 in DVD sales . Features on the Blu @-@ ray Disc and DVD include : Deleted scenes along with an alternate ending , bloopers , a commentary , and several featurettes . In addition , the Blu @-@ ray version features all of the DVD 's content in 1080p high definition video . = = = Video game = = = On December 13 , 2006 , it was officially announced by Ubisoft and MGM that a new Rocky video game , titled Rocky Balboa , was to be made exclusively for the PlayStation Portable handheld console . It was released on March 20 , 2007 , to coincide with the Blu @-@ ray and DVD release . = = Reception = = = = = Box office = = = The film was an unexpected box office success and exceeded studio expectations , grossing over three times the opening night estimates of ( at best ) $ 2 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 and doing so despite a harsh spell of winter weather . The film not only finished third in its opening weekend , grossing $ 12 @,@ 540 @,@ 000 , but eventually became Stallone 's most successful starring role since 1993 's Cliffhanger and the sixth highest grossing boxing film of all time , topped only by the first four Rocky films and Clint Eastwood 's Million Dollar Baby . Total U.S. box office gross receipts were $ 70 @,@ 269 @,@ 899 while the international gross stands at $ 85 @,@ 449 @,@ 806 , making for a total worldwide gross of $ 155 @,@ 721 @,@ 132 . = = = Critical response = = = On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has a 76 % " Certified Fresh " rating , based on 176 reviews , with an average rating of 6 @.@ 5 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , " Implausible but entertaining and poignant , Rocky Balboa finds the champ in fighting form for the first time in years " . On Metacritic , the film has a score of 63 out of 100 , based on 36 critics , indicating " generally favorable reviews " . On the television show Ebert & Roeper , both Richard Roeper and guest reviewer Aisha Tyler gave the film a " thumbs up " rating . Among other positive reviews were those from Variety , David Edelstien of New York magazine , Ethan Alter of Premiere Magazine , Victoria Alexander of Filmsinreview.com , Jeanne Aufmuth of Palo Alto Weekly , Brett Buckalew of Filmstew.com , The Hollywood Reporter , and Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly . Some criticism came from Christy Lemire , who described the film as self @-@ parody . Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times also criticized the film 's premise as implausible and derivative , and the plot development as cursory . Colm Andrew of the Manx Independent said the film " captures the look and feel of the first Rocky but becomes too much of a sentimental homage " and overall " there is little point in joining Stallone on this ultimately dull nostalgia trip " . Stallone was quoted as having told reporters that he would rather " do something that he enjoyed badly , than feel bad about not doing something he enjoyed . " The film was greeted warmly by the majority of the boxing community , with many experts believing the Rocky character is still a key symbol of the sport and that the boxing scenes were the most realistic of any film . On the DVD , Stallone attributes this to the fact that he used realistic sound effects ( the previous installments had become notorious for their unrealistic and loud sounds of punches landing ) and the fact that both Stallone and Tarver threw real punches at each other .
= Agharta ( album ) = Agharta is a 1975 live double album by American jazz musician Miles Davis . By the time he recorded the album , Davis was 48 years old and had alienated many in the jazz community while attracting younger rock audiences with his radical electric fusion music . After experimenting with different line @-@ ups , he established a stable live band in 1973 and toured constantly for the next two years , despite physical pain from worsening health issues and emotional instability brought on by substance abuse . During a three @-@ week tour of Japan in 1975 , Davis performed two concerts at the Festival Hall in Osaka on February 1 ; the afternoon show produced Agharta and the evening show was released as Pangaea the following year . Davis led a septet at the concert ; saxophonist Sonny Fortune , bassist Michael Henderson , and guitarist Pete Cosey were given space to improvise against a dense backdrop of riffs , electronic effects , cross @-@ beats , and funk grooves from the rhythm section — drummer Al Foster , guitarist Reggie Lucas , and percussionist James Mtume . Davis controlled their rhythmic and musical direction with hand and head gestures , phrases played on his wah @-@ wah processed trumpet , and drones from an accompanying electric organ . The evolving nature of the performance led to the widespread misunderstanding that Agharta 's music had no compositional basis . Agharta was first released in Japan by CBS / Sony in August 1975 just before Davis retired due to increasingly poor health and exhaustion . At the record label 's suggestion , it was titled after the legendary subterranean city . Davis enlisted Japanese artist Tadanori Yokoo to design its artwork , which depicted the cityscape of an advanced civilization with elements inspired by Eastern subterranean myths and Afrofuturism . An alternate cover was produced for the album 's 1976 release in North America by Columbia Records . A highly divisive record , Agharta further challenged Davis ' jazz audience and was widely panned by contemporary critics ; reviewers found the music discordant , and complained of Cosey 's loud guitar sounds and Davis ' sparse trumpet playing . It was reevaluated positively in subsequent years , while a generation of younger musicians was influenced by the band 's abrasive music and cathartic playing , particularly Cosey 's effects @-@ laden free improvisations . Agharta became viewed as an important jazz @-@ rock record , a dramatically dynamic group performance , and the culmination of Davis ' electric period spanning the late 1960s and mid @-@ 1970s . = = Background = = In the early 1970s , Miles Davis continued exploring directions radically different from the jazz music that made him renowned in the 1950s and 1960s . The music from this electric period in his career found him experimenting with rock , funk , African rhythms , emerging electronic music technology , and an ever @-@ changing lineup of musicians who played electric instruments . Davis attracted younger audiences as his fusion music became more radical and abstract while alienating older listeners , musicians , and critics in the jazz scene who accused him of selling out . After his 1972 album On the Corner , he began to focus more on performing live , working in the studio only sporadically and haphazardly ; the 1974 releases Big Fun and Get Up with It compiled recordings he made between 1969 and 1974 . By 1973 , Davis had established most of his band 's line @-@ up , a septet featuring bassist Michael Henderson , guitarists Pete Cosey and Reggie Lucas , drummer Al Foster , percussionist James Mtume , and saxophonist Dave Liebman ; Liebman left the group in 1974 and was replaced by Sonny Fortune . Lucas , Foster , and Mtume functioned as the band 's rhythm section , while Cosey , Henderson , and Fortune were given space to improvise as soloists . Their concerts — played frequently at rock venues and festivals — became opportunities for Davis and his sidemen to test new musical ideas and ways to exploit electronic equipment . Davis toured relentlessly for two years while tolerating intense physical pain and difficulty walking , caused by joint pain from sickle @-@ cell anaemia , badly damaged ankles after a 1972 car wreck , and osteoporosis in his left hip , which had been operated on a decade earlier . He had also developed nodules on his larynx that often left him short of breath , especially when playing the trumpet . To numb the pain , he became increasingly dependent on self @-@ medicating with painkillers , cocaine , and morphine , which combined with his alcohol and recreational drug use led to mood swings ; he would by turns feel vulnerable and hostile . By the end of 1974 , a disappointing showing in Down Beat magazine 's readers poll reinforced to Davis that his reputation had diminished . Unfazed by detractors and personal troubles , he kept his touring schedule intense . " He was like the general looking at the fort and they had a moat and we were going to get in that fort " , Henderson later said . " That was the attitude of the band . We didn 't give a shit what the critics said . People are gonna like what they like , but if you don 't like it , respect it . Respect that I have the right to do what I do . Because with or without you , we 're going to do it anyway . " In 1975 , the 48 @-@ year old Davis embarked on a three @-@ week tour of Japan ; between January 22 and February 8 , he played 14 concerts in large @-@ hall venues to capacity crowds and enthusiastic reviews . Japanese critic Keizo Takada said Davis was leading his " magnificent and energetic " band just as Duke Ellington had his orchestra : " Miles must be the genius of managing men and bringing out their hidden talent . " Throughout the tour , Davis had been sick with pneumonia and a bleeding ulcer that grew worse , while his hip occasionally and unpredictably slipped out of its socket . Unable to work his trumpet 's volume and effects pedals because of the pain in his legs , he would go down on his knees to press them with his hand during performances . To relieve his pain and perform , Davis used codeine and morphine , smoked , and drank large quantities of Heineken beer . On several occasions , he was able to play two concerts in one day , as he did on February 1 at the Festival Hall in Osaka . " The Japanese people were very beautiful " , Henderson recalled from the concerts . " They came in with their suit and ties on and we proceeded to blow the roof off the suckers with a million amplifiers . " The performances were recorded by Japan 's CBS / Sony record label under the supervision of Teo Macero , Davis ' producer of 15 years . They were released as two double albums — Agharta , featuring the afternoon concert , was first released in Japan in August 1975 and later in North America in 1976 ; the evening show was issued in Japan as Pangaea in 1976 . = = Composition and performance = = For the first of the afternoon concert 's two sets , Davis ' septet performed the compositions " Tatu " , " Agharta Prelude " , and " Maiysha " ( from Get Up with It ) , making up Agharta 's first disc of music . The second @-@ set performances of " Right Off " ( from Davis ' 1971 album Jack Johnson ) , " Ife " ( from Big Fun ) , and " Wili ( = For Dave ) " spanned the second disc ; between the " Right Off " and " Ife " segments , the band improvised a passage based on " So What " ( from Davis ' 1959 album Kind of Blue ) for 41 seconds after Henderson started to play its ostinato . The pieces were performed in medleys , which were given generic track titles on the record , such as " Prelude " and " Interlude " . As with his other live releases in the 1970s , Davis refused to have individual compositions specified in the track listing because he felt critics and other listeners often overlooked the music 's intrinsic meaning by indulging in abstract musical analysis . " I 'm not doing anything , it doesn 't need an explanation " , Davis later told Leonard Feather . Music scholars were able to identify the pieces through an examination of what Davis researcher Enrico Merlin called " coded phrases " , which Davis played on trumpet or organ to signify the end of one segment and direct the band toward the next section . He first used such cues and modulations when recording " Flamenco Sketches " in 1959 , Merlin said . The pieces featured on Agharta were part of a typical set list for the group , but their performances of each sometimes changed almost beyond recognition from concert to concert . This , along with the track names , led to the widespread misunderstanding that the music was mostly or entirely improvised and unstructured . Lucas explained that the band started each performance with a " very defined compositional basis " before developing it further in a highly structured yet " very free way " ; the " Right Off " segment was improvised from the original recording 's E @-@ flat riff . Davis had the band play around a single chord in a piece for several minutes with variations as each member performed in a different time signature ; Foster might have been playing in common time and Mtume in compound duple metre or septuple time , while the guitarists would comp in another tempo altogether . " That 's a lot of intricate shit we were working off this one chord " , Davis remarked . From Lucas ' perspective , this kind of " structured improvisation " resulted in significant interplay between the rhythm section and allowed the band to improvise " a lot more than just the notes that were being played in the solos ; we were improvising the entire song as we went along . " Like Pangaea and Dark Magus — the two other albums showcasing the septet — Agharta revealed what Amiri Baraka described as Davis ' affinity for minimalism . He abandoned melodic and harmonic conventions in favor of riffs , cross @-@ rhythms , and funk grooves as a backdrop for soloists to improvise throughout . Davis had preferred understated compositions throughout his career but by the mid 1970s he showed a deeper embrace of rhythm , inspired by Afrocentric politics . When Mtume and Cosey joined the band , his live music lost most of its " European sensibilities " and " settled down into a deep African thing , a deep African @-@ American groove " emphasizing rhythm and drums rather than individual solos , Davis said , although he did not completely reject melody . " We ain 't in Africa , and we don 't play just chants . There 's some theory under what we do . " Simon Reynolds , who categorized Agharta as a jazz @-@ rock record , wrote in The Wire that the music " offered a drastic intensification of rock 's three most radical aspects : space , timbre , and groove " . In Martha Bayles ' opinion , it drew from jazz only in its element of free improvisation and from rock only in its use of electronics and " ear @-@ bleeding volume " . The album also showcased Davis ' avant @-@ garde impulses ; according to Greg Tate , the septet created " a pan @-@ ethnic web of avant @-@ garde music " , while Phil Alexander from Mojo said it was " both ambient yet thrashing , melodic yet coruscating " , and suggestive of Karlheinz Stockhausen 's electronic experiments . During the concert , Davis directed approximately 50 stops or breaks to the band , particularly the rhythm section , by gesturing with his head or hand . These stops served as dramatic turning points in the tension @-@ release structure of the performances , changing their tempo and allowing the band to alternate between quiet passages and intense climaxes . Davis also interjected the performances with drone washes from his Yamaha organ , achieving a " strange , nearly perverse presence " that Mikal Gilmore believed " defined the temper " of the music . Lucas said Davis applied a feel for dynamics he had developed earlier in his career playing jazz but with a greater array of contrasts , including atonal , dissonant chords , and his own bebop trumpet playing set against the group 's funk rhythms . " Extreme textures and extreme volume " , Lucas explained , " were as much part of the palette as the contrasting chord and rhythmic structures . Being equipped like a full rock band , we sometimes literally blew the walls out . " During the " Tatu " and " Agharta Prelude " segments , Davis abruptly stopped and started the septet several times to shift tempos by playing a dissonant , cacophonous organ figure , giving Cosey space to generate eccentric , psychedelic figures and effects . The main theme for " Tatu " had been played at a slower tempo when Cosey first joined Davis ' band , but they played it faster as their rapport grew , especially by the time of the Japanese tour . Cosey credited Davis with having the ability to " transmit thoughts and ideas " to the soloists with his playing . The rhythmic direction of the music was occasionally interrupted by densely layered percussive and electronic effects , including repeated whirring and grinding sounds . Cosey generated these sounds by running his guitar through a ring modulator and an EMS Synthi A. The latter device was an early synthesizer with knobs and buttons but no keyboard , making it useful for producing abstract noises rather than exact pitches and melodies . He used it to suggest a certain soundscape during each performance , " whether we were in space , or underwater or a group of Africans playing — just different soundscapes " . Onstage , he also had a table set up holding a mbira , claves , agogo bells , and several other hand percussion instruments , which he played or struck with a mallet to indicate a different break or stop . " I would hit them just like they do at [ boxing ] fights ! " , Cosey recalled . His synthesizer sometimes interacted with the experimental sounds Mtume was able to generate from his drum machine , such as during the " Ife " segment . Davis gave the instrument to Mtume after receiving it from Yamaha , the Japanese tour 's sponsor , and told him " see what you can do with it . " Rather than use it to create rhythms , Mtume processed the drum machine through several different pedals and phase shifters such as the Mu @-@ Tron Bi @-@ Phase , creating a sound he said was " total tapestry " . Unlike Davis ' previous recordings , the cadenzas throughout Agharta were mostly played by Fortune and Cosey . Fortune alternated between soprano and alto saxophones and the flute , performing with a " substance and structure " Gilmore believed was very much indebted to John Coltrane during his A Love Supreme ( 1965 ) period . He performed his longest alto saxophone solo on " Right Off " , which opened the record 's second disc in a " propulsive " segment Gilmore said " flies by like a train ride in a dream , where scenes flash past the window in a fascinating and illusive dream " . Cosey played a Guild S @-@ 100 electric guitar and heavily employed chromaticism , dissonance , and feedback in his improvisations on Agharta . He alternated between several effects pedals set up underneath his table of percussion instruments , including a fuzzbox for distorting guitar sounds and two different wah @-@ wah pedals he used during solos or when playing more mellow tones . Cosey often arranged his guitar strings in different places on the fretboard and never played in standard tuning , using at least 36 different tuning systems , each of which altered the style and sound of his playing . According to Tzvi Gluckin from Premier Guitar , his experimental guitar playing was rooted in the blues and displayed a sense of phrasing that was aggressive and " blistering " yet " somehow also restrained " , particularly in his control of feedback . Davis had enlisted Cosey to provide his music with sounds from the electric blues and Jimi Hendrix , whose use of distortion and the E @-@ flat tuning was shared by Cosey . According to Charles Shaar Murray , he evoked the guitarist 's echoic , free jazz @-@ inspired solos while Lucas performed in the manner of Hendrix 's more lyrical rhythm and blues songs ; Cosey 's guitar was separated to the left channel and Lucas ' to the right on Agharta . Jazz scholar Stuart Nicholson wrote that Davis utilized his guitarists in a way which realized the " waves of harmonic distortion " Hendrix had explored in his own music . In Murray 's view , the album invoked his influence on Davis more explicitly than any other of his records ; Nicholson considered it to be the " closest approximation " to the music they could have recorded together . Davis veered from succinct and expressive solos to unsentimental wails on his trumpet , which suggested he was still mourning Hendrix 's 1970 death , Murray surmised . That year , Davis had started playing with a wah @-@ wah pedal affixed to his trumpet in order to emulate the register Hendrix achieved on his guitar . By the time of the concert , Davis had developed what Philip Freeman described as " a new tone , the wiggly , shimmering ribbons of sound that are heard on Agharta " , where his wah @-@ wah processed solos often sounded frantic and melancholic , like " twisted streams of raw pain " . Davis played his trumpet sparsely throughout the concert , often sounding obscured by the rhythm section . His presence on Agharta reflected what John Szwed called " the feel and shape of a musician 's late work , an egoless music that precedes its creator 's death " . Drawing on Theodor W. Adorno 's commentary of Ludwig van Beethoven 's late works , Szwed said " the disappearance of the musician into the work is a bow to mortality . It was as if Miles were testifying to all that he had been witness to for the past thirty years , both terrifying and joyful . " After Lucas ' first and only solo of the show climaxed the " Ife " segment , Davis introduced " Wili ( = For Dave ) " with a few organ chords , culminating in Cosey 's final solo and a trumpet passage by Davis , which Paul Tingen characterized as plaintive and introspective . According to him , live music shows typically developed toward reaching a final climax , but Davis ' concerts " often dissolved into entropy " . On Agharta , Tingen said , a " deep sadness " hung over the music as the energy of the " Wili ( = For Dave ) " piece " slowly drained away " to the record 's fade out . The Japanese CD edition ended with nine more minutes of atmospheric feedback , percussion , and synthesizer sounds . = = Title and packaging = = Agharta 's title was proposed by CBS / Sony as a reference to the subterranean utopian city . The city 's legend was one of several Eastern versions of the Hollow Earth theory proposing that an ancient high culture originally lived on the Earth 's surface but was forced to flee below because of some political or geological crisis . The myth depicted the city as a divine source of power , claiming that its inhabitants were highly spiritual , advanced beings who would save the Earth from materialism and destructive technology after a cataclysmic event . It was first conceived by 19th @-@ century French thinker Louis Jacolliot as a land ruled by an Ethiopian ruler ; Alexandre Saint @-@ Yves d 'Alveydre later described it as " drowning in celestial radiances all visible distinctions of race in a single chromatic of light and sound , singularly removed from the usual notions of perspective and acoustics . " The album 's artwork was designed by Japanese artist Tadanori Yokoo , who had been creating silkscreen prints on themes of Agharta and the mythical kingdom of Shambhala the year before the Festival Hall concert ; his artwork for Carlos Santana 's 1974 album Lotus featured such themes . In the early 1970s , Yokoo had found his growing popularity in Japan distracting and moved to the United States , where he was able to get more of his work published . After returning to Japan , he received a phone call from Davis , who had seen his work and wanted him to create a cover for the Agharta record . Before designing the cover , Yokoo listened to a preliminary tape of the concert , meditated , and reflected on his reading of Raymond W. Bernard 's 1969 book The Hollow Earth . Bernard had written that the city existed in a large cavern in the center of the Earth , while Yokoo said he believed " Agharta could be down there under the sea like Atlantis or even hidden in the jungle like the lost city of El Dorado . " He also drew on elements from other Eastern subterranean myths and Afrofuturism in his design . Critics who eventually saw the album 's packaging thought he had been inspired instead by the psychedelic drugs popular at the time . The front cover depicted an advanced civilization with a vast landscape of skyscrapers and red , sunburst @-@ like flames rising out of the cityscape as representations of Agharta 's power . Yokoo used a combination of collage , airbrushing , and painting techniques as he had with his previous work , along with postcards collected from his trips to Tahiti and New York City ; the cityscape on the front cover was taken from one of his postcards . The back cover showed the city submerged in water , embedded in coral reefs , and hovered over by a diver , fish , and a squid ascending from the city . According to graphic designers Storm Thorgerson and Aubrey Powell , Yokoo depicted groups of jellyfish , coral reefs , and brightly colored fish to suggest an association between Agharta and Atlantis . The foreground of the back cover 's illustration featured a reptilian creature . Cultural studies researcher Dagmar Buchwald interpreted this image as an allusion to similar ideas about Lemuria , a mythological continent during Earth 's prehistory that was inhabited by an advanced civilization later forced under the Earth 's surface after its homeland was destroyed by a great flood . A UFO was also depicted on the back cover , either ascending or descending in a spotlight over Agharta . The album 's inside packaging featured images of winged superhuman beings known as the Agharta supermen , who guarded the city 's entrances and secret tunnels . An inscription in the original LP 's gatefold sleeve explained the connection between the UFO and the Agharta supermen : " During various periods in history the supermen of Agharta came to the surface of Earth to teach the human race how to live together in peace and save us from wars , catastrophe , and destruction . The apparent sighting of several flying saucers soon after the bombing of Hiroshima may represent one visitation . " The album 's 1976 North American release had different artwork designed by John Berg , the art director from Davis ' U.S. label Columbia Records . In its liner notes , an inscription said the record should be listened to at the highest possible volume , and Davis was credited for the arrangements . After it was released , Macero received a complaint from Columbia 's accounting department about Davis being compensated $ 2 @,@ 500 per arrangement , arguing that none of the music sounded as if it had been arranged . = = Reception and legacy = = Agharta was originally panned by critics , becoming the most widely criticized of Davis ' double albums in the 1970s . According to The Stranger 's Dave Segal , it was one of the most divisive records ever , challenging both critics and the artist 's core audience much in the same way Lou Reed 's Metal Machine Music album had in 1975 . In The New York Times , Robert Palmer wrote that Agharta was marred by long stretches of " sloppy , one @-@ chord jams " , disjointed sounds , and a banal quality clearly rendered by the impeccable Japanese engineering . He complained that Davis ' use of the wah @-@ wah pedal inhibited his ability to phrase notes and that the septet sounded poor " by rock standards " , particularly Cosey , whose overamplified guitar " whined and rumbled like a noisy machine shop " , relegating Lucas to background riffs . Jazz Forum critic Andrzej Trzaskowski said Fortune seemed to be the only jazz musician on the record , finding his solos often flawless while disparaging the performances of Davis , Lucas , and Cosey , whose guitar and synthesizer effects he found pointlessly brutal . In Trzaskowski 's opinion , the individual segments did not cohere as a whole and were further hampered by the clichéd " rock phraseology " of the guitarists , whom he said lacked wit , harmony , and taste . Ian Carr , a biographer of Davis , felt his trumpet sounded fatigued , dejected , and out of place with the band 's intense rhythms and monotonously noisy guitars ; in general , he found the music " too non @-@ Western in the sense of too much rhythm and not enough structure " . In The Village Voice , Gary Giddins penned an angrily dismissive review of Agharta , in which he charged Davis with failing to assert his musical presence on the terribly " sad " record . A few days after it was published , he was sent a package full of large cotton swabs , industrial @-@ strength scouring pads , and a card that read , " The next time you review Miles Davis clean out your head . " Although Giddins dismissed the message , Agharta grew to become one of his favorite albums from Davis ' electric period , as he reevaluated its elements of drama , relentless tension , and what he considered the best performances of Fortune and Cosey 's careers . " There really is not a moment when the music fails to reflect the ministrations of the sorcerer himself " , Giddins wrote . Nathan Cobb from The Boston Globe reviewed the record favorably in 1976 , calling it " a kind of firestorm for the ' 70s " with a " positively cosmic " rhythmic foundation and Davis " the one who leads the others through the unknown waters of electronic jazz rock " . In Down Beat , Gilmore said the band performed best on the side one and three 's breakneck segments , where Cosey 's ferocious playing " achieved a staggering emotional dimension " lacking on the slower passages , which were redeemed by Davis ' elegiac trumpet . The concert itself was received enthusiastically by the Osaka audience . " I had no idea what [ they ] were going to do " , Henderson recalled . " They gave us a standing ovation that was almost as long as the concert . " After returning from Japan , Davis fell ill again and was hospitalized for three months . He held a few more concerts and studio sessions with the band , but his health worsened ; their last show on September 5 , 1975 , in Central Park ended abruptly when Davis left the stage and began to cry in pain . He retired soon after — citing physical , spiritual , and creative exhaustion — and lived as a recluse for the next several years , often struggling with bouts of depression and further medical treatment . Agharta was reassessed positively by critics during this period , and in 1980 Davis returned to recording music . He abandoned the direction he had pursued in the 1970s , instead playing a style of fusion far more melodic and accessible to audiences , until his death in 1991 . The day after he died , Prague 's Wenceslas Square saw the opening of the AghaRTA Jazz Centrum , a small jazz club named after the album , hosting nightly performances and an annual jazz festival played by local and international acts . In January of that year , the album was reissued in the U.S. by Columbia on CD , featuring a remaster Tingen said was inferior to the original LP in sound and mix quality . Sony later remastered the album again as part of their Miles Davis reissue campaign and Master Sound series in Japan , which improved its sound using Super Bit Mapping . This remaster was made available in the U.S. for the first time in 2009 , when Agharta was one of 52 albums re @-@ issued in mini @-@ LP replica sleeves as a part of Miles Davis : The Complete Columbia Album Collection , a box set released by Sony Legacy . Of the albums documenting Davis ' 1973 – 75 band , Agharta was considered by many critics to be the best . For Tingen , it represented the " high plateau " of Davis ' electric explorations ; because he had given the band leeway for constant interplay , the music exhibited an " organic and fluid quality " , with a greater variety of textures , rhythms , timbres , and moods than Dark Magus . Davis biographer Jack Chambers believed it proved far better than most of his other electric albums ; the " Maiysha " and " Jack Johnson " segments , Chambers wrote , " magically brought into focus the musical forces over which many thought Davis had lost control " . Reflecting on his 1970s concert recordings , J. D. Considine contended that Agharta 's " alternately audacious , poetic , hypnotic , and abrasive " music had endured the passage of time best . Although Davis ' use of wah @-@ wah was frequently dismissed in the past as a failed experiment , Richard Cook and Brian Morton wrote in The Penguin Guide to Jazz ( 2006 ) that the effects pedal in fact helped him achieve remarkably adventurous playing on the album , " creating surges and ebbs in a harmonically static line , allowing Miles to build huge melismatic variations on a single note " . Cook named it among Davis ' best works and the culmination of the music he had begun to explore on Bitches Brew ( 1970 ) ; as well as possessing an " epic " sound and scope , Agharta was " a great band record " , in his opinion . " Even though Davis contributed only telling details , he still cued exceptional performances from his men . " Robert Christgau saw it as his finest music since Jack Johnson , an " angry , dissociated , funky " record built on the septet 's virtuosic performance , particularly Foster 's " guileless show of shops " and Fortune 's woodwind playing , which he deemed the best on a Davis album from this decade . Henry Kaiser called Agharta the best ensemble performance of jazz 's electric era , and Steve Holtje , writing in MusicHound Jazz ( 1998 ) , credited Davis with conducting the album 's " heroes " to sculpt " moments of shattering beauty and soul @-@ rending vehemence " . Despite being one of Davis ' lesser @-@ known records , Agharta belonged to a period in his career that influenced artists in British jazz , new wave , and punk rock , including guitarists Robert Quine and Tom Verlaine . It inspired a generation of musicians to focus on cathartic playing rather than precise instrumentation and composition . Quine was particularly fascinated by Cosey 's electric guitar sounds ; Lester Bangs , who attended his performance with the Voidoids in 1977 , claimed " he steals from Agharta ! And makes it work ! " Other writers later lauded the quality and originality of Cosey 's playing on the album , viewing it as a standard for guitar mastery and compositional contrast . Down Beat critic Bill Milkowski credited his excursive style for " spawning an entire school of ' sick ' guitar playing " and said the combination of Fortune 's acerbic sax lines atop Foster , Henderson , and Lucas ' syncopated grooves were 10 years ahead of Steve Coleman and Greg Osby 's M @-@ Base experiments . Tingen found Cosey 's solos amazingly revealing and still ahead of their time when heard decades later : " Sometimes growling , scurrying around all corners like a caged tiger , sometimes soaring like a bird , sometimes deliriously abstract , sometimes elegantly melodic and tender , his electric guitar concept is one of the most original to have been devised on the instrument . " In Christgau 's opinion , " the noises he produced for the second half of side one comprise some of the greatest free improvisations ever heard in a ' jazz ' - ' rock ' context . " According to Nicholson , Agharta and other jazz @-@ rock recordings such as Emergency ! ( 1970 ) by the Tony Williams Lifetime suggested the genre was progressing toward " a whole new musical language ... a wholly independent genre quite apart from the sound and conventions of anything that had gone before " . This development dwindled with the commercialism of jazz in the 1980s , he said , although Agharta remained a pivotal and influential record through the 1990s , especially on artists in the experimental rock genre . Along with On the Corner , it was also a major influence on the Beastie Boys ' 1994 hip hop album Ill Communication . In 1998 , composer and bandleader David Sanford completed his dissertation on Agharta as a doctoral student in composition at Princeton University . In it , he argued that the album demonstrated how jazz has utilized a variety of external influences " to evolve or modernize itself " . In an interview several years later , Sanford said it was an important work that had gone to the " fringes of jazz " and a place most other music has not explored since . In the All Music Guide to Jazz ( 2002 ) , Thom Jurek considered it to be inarguably the " greatest electric funk @-@ rock jazz record ever " and declared " there is simply nothing like Agharta in the canon of recorded music . " = = Track listing = = = = = 1975 double LP = = = Side one " Prelude ( Part 1 ) " – 22 : 34 Side two " Prelude ( Part 2 ) " / 3 . " Maiysha " – 23 : 01 Side three " Interlude " – 26 : 17 Side four " Theme from Jack Johnson " – 25 : 59 = = = Track notes = = = All tracks were credited to Miles Davis as the composer . According to Paul Tingen , track one of the Master Sound edition contains the following compositions performed at the noted times : " Tatu " ( 0 : 00 ) and " Agharta Prelude " ( 22 : 01 ) ; track three contains " Right Off " ( 0 : 00 ) , " So What " ( 16 : 42 ) , " Ife " ( 17 : 23 ) , and " Wili ( = For Dave ) " ( 43 : 11 ) . According to Brian Priestley 's discography , appended to Ian Carr 's Miles Davis : A Biography ( 1982 ) , the track titles " Interlude " and " Theme from Jack Johnson " were reversed on the disc label 's track listing and liner notes for all editions of Agharta ; " Theme from Jack Johnson " was meant to refer to side three , and " Interlude " to side four . = = Personnel = = Credits are adapted from the album 's liner notes . = = = Musicians = = = Pete Cosey – guitar , percussion , synthesizer Miles Davis – organ , trumpet Sonny Fortune – alto saxophone , flute , soprano saxophone Al Foster – drums Michael Henderson – bass Reggie Lucas – guitar James Mtume – congas , percussion , rhythm box , water drum = = = Production = = = Takaaki Amano – assistant engineering Shigeo Anzai – photography John Berg – artwork ( North American release ) Mitsuru Kasai – assistant engineering Kiyoshia Koyama – liner notes Yoshihiro Kumagai – liner notes Teo Macero – production Tadayuki Naitoh – photography Keiichi Nakamura – album direction Tamoo Suzuki – engineering Tadanori Yokoo – artwork = = Charts = =
= Nothing Important Happened Today = " Nothing Important Happened Today " is the collective name for the ninth season premiere and the 183rd and 184th episodes of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . Part 1 first aired on November 11 and Part 2 aired on November 18 , 2001 on Fox in the United States . The episodes were written by executive producers Chris Carter and Frank Spotnitz . " Nothing Important Happened Today I " was directed by Kim Manners and " Nothing Important Happened Today II " was directed by Tony Wharmby . The episode helped to explore the series ' overarching mythology and earned a Nielsen rating of 6 @.@ 5 and was viewed by 10 @.@ 6 million viewers , whereas the second part earned a rating of 5 @.@ 9 and was viewed by 9 @.@ 4 million viewers . Critical reception to the episode was largely mixed . The show centers on FBI special agents who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files ; this season focuses on the investigations of John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) , Monica Reyes ( Annabeth Gish ) , and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) . " Nothing Important Happened Today " is a storyline milestone for the series . It introduced both the story arc about baby William which would continue to develop throughout the ninth season and AD Brad Follmer , a recurring character for the show 's ninth season . Part 1 deals with the investigation of Deputy Director Alvin Kersh by special agent John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) and Doggett 's related investigation into the death of EPA official Carl Wormus . In Part 2 , Scully , Reyes , and Doggett are led to a ship , where they find evidence of experimentation on human embryos . The episode was supposed to mark the first appearance of recurring regular Lucy Lawless as Shannon McMahon , a female Super Soldier , but Lawless ' high @-@ risk pregnancy prevented her from returning to the show after these episodes . These episodes marked , however , the first appearance of recurring regular , Cary Elwes as Brad Follmer , an FBI Assistant Director . The phrase " Nothing Important Happened Today " comes from King George III 's supposed diary entry on 4 July 1776 , the same day that America declared Independence from Britain . = = Plot = = = = = Part 1 = = = Carl Wormus , an EPA official , picks up a beautiful woman , Shannon McMahon ( Lucy Lawless ) , in a Baltimore bar . While he is driving her home , she forces the car off a bridge and holds Wormus underwater until he drowns . Later , Monica Reyes ( Annabeth Gish ) meets FBI Assistant Director Brad Follmer ( Cary Elwes ) in his office , where he hands her two videotapes from the night Dana Scully 's ( Gillian Anderson ) son was born . The tapes show no evidence of the paranormal events John Doggett ( Robert Patrick ) has reported . Doggett goes to Fox Mulder 's ( David Duchovny ) apartment to consult him , but finds it empty . Meanwhile , McMahon surfaces at a water reclamation plant and drowns a worker there . Scully refuses to disclose Mulder 's whereabouts to Doggett , Meanwhile AD Skinner urges him to drop his investigation of Deputy Director Alvin Kersh 's ( James Pickens , Jr . ) actions against the X @-@ Files . Doggett tries to contact some of his old friends from the Marine Corps to find out what happened to Knowle Rohrer ( Adam Baldwin ) ; one of them turns out to be McMahon . Meanwhile , at FBI headquarters , an unseen figure slips Wormus ' obituary to Reyes . Scully 's baby causes the mobile of his crib to spin without touching it . Scully is shocked , contacts Doggett , and retracts her request , telling him to continue his investigation . Scully also performs an autopsy on Wormus ' body , where she finds fingerprints on his ankle . After leaving , Scully and Reyes see McMahon , who removes the body from the morgue . Follmer , whom Kersh has ordered to rein in Doggett , arrives at the scene and accuses Scully and Reyes of moving the body . The Lone Gunmen find that Wormus had been receiving data from Roland McFarland , the drowned reclamation worker . Doggett breaks into McFarland 's office with Walter Skinner ( Mitch Pileggi ) and finds files on chloramine , a mutation @-@ inducing chemical , but Follmer arrives . Doggett slips into a filtration tank to hide , but is pulled deep underwater by McMahon . = = = Part 2 = = = The Captain ( Ryan Cutrona ) of a navy ship delivers a communication to Doctor Nordlinger ( Jeff Austin ) , who orders the ship 's captain to return the vintage WWII vessel to its base . Follmer leaves the water reclamation facility after failing to spot Doggett , who is still underwater ; Shannon McMahon keeps him alive by passing air from her lungs into his . Back at FBI headquarters , Reyes is warned by Follmer to distance herself from Doggett and his investigation of Kersh . Reyes believes that Follmer simply wants to get Doggett out of the FBI and storms out of the office . Doggett wakes up at his home to find McMahon , who tells him that both she and Knowle Rohrer are Super Soldiers , and that they cannot be killed , part of a military program . Doggett calls Dana Scully to his house , and McMahon tells them that the program is to be expanded by adding chloramine to the water supply . The navy ship is now docked in Baltimore and the Captain leaves the ship against security rules to call Carl Wormus , who was previously drowned by McMahon . Upon The Captain 's return to the ship , Knowle Rohrer approaches him , informing him that he is now second @-@ in @-@ command . He later queries The Captain as to the vessel 's mission . The body of the original officer is found in the water nearby . Scully examines McMahon and finds her to be physically normal , Doggett thinks that they may be onto something whilst Reyes remains skeptical . Doggett is then suspended by Kersh and Follmer . Reyes tries to find out more about McMahon 's history and learns that she is a Department of Justice employee and had been contacted by Wormus and McFarland in their attempts to expose the plans to contaminate the water supply . The Lone Gunmen intercept a call from the captain to Wormus , who tells him to contact the FBI , Knowle Rohrer is nearby eavesdropping . The captain then pulls a gun on the Navy Seal guarding the entrance to the lab , demanding that Nordlinger surrender the project 's data . He does not notice Rohrer creeping up behind him . After hearing Reyes ' findings , Scully , Reyes and Doggett go to the ship . They expect to meet the captain , but instead find Rohrer . Just as Rohrer is about to crush Doggett 's skull , he is decapitated by McMahon . Rohrer is presumed dead , but soon awakens and stabs McMahon . Both bodies tumble into the water . The three agents board the ship , which is abandoned , and find the captain 's decapitated body . Scully gains access to the now empty lab and finds evidence of manipulation of ova . However , she is forced to leave when Doggett finds a time bomb on the bridge . The agents narrowly escape the explosion . Later , Doggett confronts Kersh , who was not implicated in the conspiracy . Kersh explains to Doggett that he left the evidence that helped Doggett , and that he had told Mulder to flee , but ultimately it was Scully who actually convinced Mulder to do so . Meanwhile , Scully dreams of McMahon 's and Rohrer 's lifeless bodies below the harbor . Suddenly , she sees McMahon 's eyes snap open . Scully wakes up and the episode cuts to William 's mobile ; it begins to move on its own accord . = = Production = = The style of the opening credits in " Nothing Important Happened Today " were changed from the original credits , which , more or less , had been the same for the previous eight seasons . The credits included new graphics as well as new cards for Annabeth Gish and Mitch Pileggi . As Pileggi was absent from the following episode , " Dæmonicus " , the opening titles were altered and only featured Gillian Anderson , Robert Patrick and Gish . This version was used for all the episodes in the season without Pileggi . The phrase " Nothing Important Happened Today " comes from King George III 's supposed diary entry on 4 July 1776 , the same day that America declared Independence from Britain . The first part of the episode marks the first appearance of Assistant Director Brad Follmer , who was named after Chris Carter 's writing assistant . Five different actors portrayed Baby William : Rikki Held , Rowdy Held , Ashley Knutson , James Riker and Travis Riker . The tagline for Part 2 is " Nothing Important Happened Today " , replacing the usual phrase " The Truth is Out There " . After learning about the 2001 cancellation of Xena Warrior Princess , Lawless was approached by the producers of The X @-@ Files for a spot on the show . According to Lawless , one reason why she made an appearance on the show was that her daughter was a " mad X @-@ Files fan " . She further commented that she knew about the show and based her character Xena on Fox Mulder . Originally , Shannon McMahon was to be a recurring character and was due to be featured in " The Truth " , the series finale of The X @-@ Files . However , Lawless , who has a history of miscarriages , became pregnant shortly after part two of these episodes was filmed ; her high @-@ risk pregnancy prevented her returning to the series for future episodes . Carter called Lawless " hot stuff " , saying it was " fun " having a female Super Soldier , something that had never occurred to him or to the show 's production crew . In the first underwater scene , most of which was shot at the water tank at Universal , Lawless had to be seat @-@ belted into a car that was supposed to be submerged thirteen feet . In actuality , the water tank was four feet deep . Lawless , being six feet tall , had to kneel and breathe into a hookah while filming the scene . For the special effects team , one of the hardest parts of the episode was to hide the fact that Lawless was wearing a swimming suit . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Nothing Important Happened Today , Part 1 " earned a Nielsen household rating of 6 @.@ 5 share , meaning that it was seen by 6 @.@ 5 % of all 18- to 49 @-@ year @-@ olds , of the nation 's estimated households . The episode was viewed by 10 @.@ 6 million viewers and ranked number 55 for the week ending November 11 and subsequently became the second most watched episode of the ninth season behind the series finale " The Truth " . Part 2 earned a rating of 5 @.@ 9 . The episode was viewed by 9 @.@ 4 million viewers ranked number 63 for the week ending November 18 . The first part of the episode , which aired on Sunday , November 11 , competed with Saving Private Ryan which aired on ABC . The second part of the episode earned the lowest rating on the night of November 18 , receiving lower ratings and viewership numbers than The Simpsons and Malcolm in the Middle . When talking about the ninth season , Carter stated , " We lost our audience on the first episode . It 's like the audience had gone away , and I didn 't know how to find them . I didn 't want to work to get them back because I believed what we are doing deserved to have them back " . The episode was later included on The X @-@ Files Mythology , Volume 4 – Super Soldiers , a DVD collection that contains episodes involved with the alien super soldiers arc . = = = Reviews = = = The episode received mixed reviews from critics . Daryl H. Miller of Los Angeles Times wrote positively of the episode , claiming it is " craftily written , solidly acted and moodily photographed " . Michael R. Farkash of The Hollywood Reporter gave the first part of the episode a largely positive review . Farkash called it " entertaining and appealing " and noted its " suspenseful plot twists and fascinating visuals " . An unnamed staff writer of Airlock Alpha was mostly positive about the episode , with the exception of Cary Elwes as Brad Follmer , calling Elwes ' acting " forced " . Rob Lowman from the Los Angeles Daily News said that Carter had been able to " breathe new life " into the series mythology arc , and had a positive view of Lucy Lawless ' performance . Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly gave the episode a B + . Starpulse named the changed credits the " Most Shocking Moment " in the series run , writing that the most drastic moment " came with the opening credits for season nine , a complete re @-@ design that saw Annabeth Gish and Mitch Pileggi added to the opening sequence and the familiar graphics totally scrapped . These credits looked like they belonged to a different series and at that point , it was . " Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club awarded the first part a " C " , and the second part a " C – " . He argued that the series was unable to figure both out how to re @-@ situate itself after the events of September 11 , and deal with the permanent departure of Duchovny . Ultimately , he wrote that the episodes as a whole represent " a limp piece of storytelling that has maybe enough good ideas for three @-@ quarters of an episode but is stretched across two for no particular reason . " M.A. Crang , in his book Denying the Truth : Revisiting The X @-@ Files after 9 / 11 , was highly critical of the script , arguing it was difficult " to pinpoint any significant moments that occur during either episode " , but he did praise the production team 's execution of " some impressive set @-@ pieces . " Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated both episodes one star out of five . In a review of the first part , the two noted that " this isn 't quite the dullest season opener to The X @-@ Files [ but ] this episode [ … ] has all the passion of a wet Monday morning . " In a review of the second half , the two noted , " there is at least the semblance of drama here , but this second episode isn 't significantly better than the first . " Marisa Guthrie from the Boston Herald felt that Gillian Anderson 's character , Dana Scully had been " rendered impotent " .
= Alan Charlesworth = Air Vice Marshal Alan Moorehouse Charlesworth , CBE , AFC ( 17 September 1903 – 21 September 1978 ) was a senior commander in the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) . Born in Tasmania , he graduated from the Royal Military College , Duntroon , and served with the 2nd Light Horse Regiment in Queensland before transferring to the Air Force in 1925 . Most of his pre @-@ war flying career was spent with No. 1 Squadron at RAAF Station Laverton , Victoria . In 1932 he undertook a series of survey flights around Australia , earning the Air Force Cross . Charlesworth 's early wartime commands included No. 2 Squadron at Laverton , and RAAF Station Pearce in Western Australia . Appointed Air Officer Commanding ( AOC ) Eastern Area in December 1943 , he was promoted temporary air commodore the following year and took over as AOC North @-@ Western Area in Darwin , Northern Territory . Charlesworth 's control of air operations during the North @-@ Western Area Campaign led to his appointment as a Commander of the Order of the British Empire following the end of World War II . Retaining his wartime rank , he took charge of the newly formed School of Land / Air Warfare from 1947 until 1949 , when he assumed command of RAAF Station Williamtown , New South Wales . He was posted to Japan later that year as Chief of Staff , British Commonwealth Occupation Force , and organised support for RAAF units involved in the Korean War . Returning to Australia in 1951 , he was raised to acting air vice marshal and became AOC Southern Area . Charlesworth 's final appointment before retiring from the Air Force was commanding RAAF Overseas Headquarters , London , in 1954 – 55 . After leaving the military he served as Director of Recruiting in the late 1950s , and later as a judge 's associate at the Supreme Court of Victoria . He died at his home in Glen Iris , Victoria , in 1978 . = = Early career = = Born in Lottah , Tasmania , on 17 September 1903 , Alan Charlesworth was the son of a storeman , Edwin Charlesworth , and his wife Louisa . The youth attended Lottah Public School and St Virgil 's College , Hobart , before entering the Royal Military College , Duntroon , in 1920 . He won the Silver Boomerang trophy , awarded to the college 's champion athlete , three years running in 1921 – 23 . In 1923 he was appointed company sergeant major at Duntroon , and received the Sword of Honour upon graduating as a lieutenant later that year . Following service as adjutant and quartermaster with the 2nd Light Horse Regiment in Queensland , Charlesworth transferred to the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) as a flying officer on 27 January 1925 . Among his classmates on the 1925 pilots ' course at Point Cook , Victoria , was fellow Duntroon graduate Frederick Scherger . During a training flight on 25 March , Charlesworth 's Avro 504K stalled and spun into a field , injuring him and killing his instructor . Recovering , he was subsequently involved in an accident with future lieutenant general and Governor of New South Wales Eric Woodward , when their plane flipped on landing and came to rest upside down on a fence ; neither man was badly hurt . Charlesworth graduated as a pilot in July 1925 , and was posted to No. 1 Squadron at RAAF Station Laverton , Victoria . In January 1926 , he took part in experiments to test parachutes by attaching them to dummies and throwing them out of aircraft in flight . His secondment to the Air Force was made permanent in January 1928 , and he was promoted to flight lieutenant the following month . On 30 April , Charlesworth married Edith Bennett at All Saints Anglican Church , St Kilda ; the couple had a daughter . The next month , he was posted to the United Kingdom on attachment to the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) . He attended the RAF School of Photography at Farnborough , before serving with the RAF Survey Flight in British Somaliland during 1929 – 30 . Returning to Australia he was again posted to No. 1 Squadron , taking command of a round @-@ Australia aerial survey conducted in three phases during 1932 in association with the Commonwealth Geologist , Doctor Walter Woolnough . Charlesworth 's study in Britain and his experience in Somaliland had made him the RAAF 's leading expert in photographic reconnaissance , which was to be utilised in the search for potential oil fields . The first phase of the survey took place in January – February , employing two Westland Wapitis and seven other Air Force personnel from Nos. 1 and 3 Squadrons to photograph sites in southern Queensland . Despite both aircraft being damaged in a gale at Bourke in northern New South Wales while returning to base , the expedition was considered a success . For the second phase , lasting from July to September , Charlesworth and his team journeyed around the whole of Australia from New South Wales to Queensland , thence to the Northern Territory and Western Australia , before returning to Laverton . The final phase in December explored Tasmania . Charlesworth was awarded the Air Force Cross ( AFC ) for his leadership of the survey , described as a " milestone " in the country 's exploration . Following his survey work , Charlesworth was appointed Staff Officer Photography at RAAF Headquarters , Melbourne . In 1934 he returned to Laverton to take up his third and final posting with No. 1 Squadron . By September 1937 , he had been raised to Squadron Leader and was in temporary command of the unit . He had overall charge of a training flight in November – December that ended in disaster , when a Hawker Demon crashed near Cootamundra , New South Wales , and its pilot burned to death ; this was one of a spate of incidents during the year that led to serious questions being raised about the level of flying safety in the RAAF . In March 1939 , Charlesworth was raised to wing commander and took command of No. 2 Squadron , operating Avro Ansons out of Laverton . = = World War II = = As part of the RAAF 's reorganisation following the outbreak of World War II in September 1939 , No. 2 Group was formed in Sydney on 20 November ; Charlesworth was appointed its Senior Air Staff Officer ( SASO ) . He continued to serve in this position when the group was re @-@ formed as Central Area in March 1940 . Posted to Western Australia to take command of RAAF Station Pearce in August , he was promoted to temporary group captain on 1 September 1940 . He became Senior Administration Officer at the newly established Western Area , Perth , in January the following year . In September 1942 , Charlesworth took over No. 2 Bombing and Gunnery School in Sale , Victoria . He handed over to Group Captain Charles " Moth " Eaton in August 1943 , before briefly taking charge of RAAF Headquarters Forward Echelon in Brisbane . Charlesworth was appointed Air Officer Commanding ( AOC ) Eastern Area , headquartered at Bradfield Park , Sydney , in December 1943 . Eastern Area was responsible for maritime patrol and anti @-@ submarine warfare off the coast of New South Wales and southern Queensland . Japanese submarine activity had decreased in the months prior to Charlesworth taking command , and he was concerned that Allied ships were becoming complacent . He observed " a general slackening off in procedure ; ships are seldom where they should be , and a minority of merchant ships identify themselves to aircraft " . The RAAF 's patrols had also settled into a predictable pattern that would have been easy for an observant submarine captain to avoid . Charlesworth was promoted to temporary air commodore on 1 August 1944 . The following month he was appointed AOC North @-@ Western Area ( NWA ) in Darwin , Northern Territory , replacing Air Vice Marshal Adrian " King " Cole . By this stage of the war , the Allies were advancing north and the tempo of operations in the Darwin area had decreased . Charlesworth immediately raised concerns regarding No. 80 Wing , which operated three squadrons of Spitfire fighters , warning higher command that its morale could drop if it was not either given a more active role in the war or transferred to southern Australia for rest . By October , the wing had received orders to depart NWA for the forward base of Morotai to join the RAAF 's main mobile strike force , First Tactical Air Force ; this move would leave Charlesworth with twelve squadrons at his disposal , including one B @-@ 24 Liberator heavy bomber unit and three other Spitfire squadrons . In the meantime , NWA supported the assault on Leyte with attacks on enemy ports , oil facilities , and shipping in the Dutch East Indies using Beaufighters , B @-@ 25 Mitchells , and Liberators . These operations continued through November – December . In April 1945 , Charlesworth sent Mitchells and Liberators against a Japanese convoy led by the cruiser Isuzu ; the bombers damaged the cruiser , and it was subsequently sunk by Allied submarines . The same month , NWA 's Liberators attacked targets in Java in the lead @-@ up to the Battle of Tarakan that commenced on 1 May . By July , Charlesworth 's area command had been denuded of much of its strength as two of its bomber wings were transferred to First Tactical Air Force . = = Postwar career = = Among a small coterie of wartime RAAF commanders considered suitable for further senior roles , Charlesworth retained his rank of air commodore following the cessation of hostilities . He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire ( CBE ) in the 1946 King 's Birthday Honours for his " conspicuous service in operations against the Japanese " while leading North @-@ Western Area Command . The same year , he relinquished command of North @-@ Western Area and briefly took charge of Eastern Area Command . He was then posted to Britain to undertake a course at the RAF School of Air Support . Returning to Australia , he became the inaugural Commandant of the School of Land / Air Warfare at Laverton in April 1947 . The school transferred to RAAF Station Williamtown , New South Wales , the following year . Charlesworth took overall command of Williamtown in 1949 . In June that year , he succeeded fellow Duntroon graduate Air Commodore John McCauley as Chief of Staff to the British Commonwealth Occupation Force ( BCOF ) in Japan . Charlesworth 's workload at BCOF increased considerably with the outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 and the need to supply the RAAF 's contribution to the conflict , chiefly No. 77 Squadron . In October , following the death in combat of Squadron Leader Lou Spence , Charlesworth temporarily transferred from Tokyo to Iwakuni so that he could administer No. 77 Squadron and its ancillaries until No. 91 ( Composite ) Wing was formed to take over the task . Upon his return to Australia in June 1951 , he was promoted to acting air vice marshal and appointed AOC Southern Area , headquartered in Albert Park , Melbourne . Towards the end of his tenure , the RAAF 's wartime area command system was transformed into a structure based on function rather than geography . As a result , Southern Area was re @-@ formed as Training Command in October 1953 . In 1954 he returned to the UK to command RAAF Overseas Headquarters , London . = = Later life = = Completing his term in London , Charlesworth retired from the Air Force on 31 December 1955 , and was made an honorary air vice marshal the following year . He was then appointed a technical advisor to the committee organising the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne . In 1958 – 59 , he served as Director of Recruiting Combined Services , and later became a judge 's associate with the Supreme Court of Victoria . In retirement he made his home in Glen Iris , Victoria , where he died on 21 September 1978 . Survived by his wife and daughter , he was accorded an Air Force funeral and cremated .
= Leon S. Kennedy = Leon Scott Kennedy ( レオン・ S ・ケネディ , Reon Sukotto Kenedi ) is a fictional character in the Resident Evil horror media franchise by Capcom . He debuted as one of the two playable protagonists of the video game Resident Evil 2 . Leon later returned as the main protagonist of Resident Evil 4 and as one of the six protagonists in Resident Evil 6 . The character was met with positive critical reception . During the events of Resident Evil 2 , Leon is a rookie police officer who arrives in the doomed Raccoon City late for his first day on the job , only to confront a zombie outbreak first @-@ hand . During the course of the game , he teams up with civilian survivor Claire Redfield , rescues the young Sherry Birkin , and is aided by the mysterious Ada Wong . Six years later , in Resident Evil 4 , Leon returns as a secret agent for the U.S. federal government assigned to rescue the president 's daughter from a sinister cult . In Resident Evil 6 , he continues to work for the U.S. government and reunites with Ada and a grown @-@ up Sherry . Leon also appears as a player character in several other video games , and has a leading role in two CG animated films : Resident Evil : Degeneration in 2008 and Resident Evil : Damnation in 2012 , in which he is a special agent for the government . The version of Leon in the live @-@ action film series is portrayed by Johann Urb in Resident Evil : Retribution . = = Appearances = = = = = In video games = = = Leon debuted in Resident Evil 2 ( 1998 ) , as one of the game 's two protagonists alongside Claire Redfield . In the story , he is a police officer on his first day who arrives in the Midwestern United States town of Raccoon City just after a viral outbreak started . He meets Claire by chance as she is chased by zombies created by the T @-@ virus . Together , they flee towards the Raccoon City Police Department building but soon get separated and go on their own ways . They eventually meet again at the Umbrella Corporation underground research complex responsible for the viral outbreak . Along the way , Leon teams @-@ up with Ada Wong , a mysterious woman eventually revealed as a spy seeking a sample of the even more powerful G @-@ virus . During the final confrontation against the seemingly unstoppable T @-@ 103 Tyrant that constantly pursues the characters , Ada tosses Leon ( or Claire , depending on the scenario ) a rocket launcher to destroy the creature . In the end , Leon faces and kills the grotesquely mutated Umbrella scientist William Birkin , and escapes from the self @-@ destructing facility along with Claire and Birkin 's young daughter Sherry . An epilogue obtained after completing Resident Evil 3 : Nemesis reveals that Leon later joined the U.S. federal government . In Resident Evil Code : Veronica ( 2000 ) , Claire contacts Leon to relay information to her brother Chris while stuck on Rockfort Island . Resident Evil : The Darkside Chronicles ( 2009 ) features re @-@ imaginings of Resident Evil 2 and Resident Evil : Code Veronica ; it also contains a new scenario set in 2002 that involves Leon and the soldier Jack Krauser on a mission to search for Javier Hidalgo , an ex @-@ drug lord who had been reported to do business with Umbrella . Leon is the protagonist of Resident Evil 4 ( 2005 ) . In 2004 , he is a special agent assigned to rescue the U.S. president 's daughter Ashley Graham who is being held somewhere in Europe . Her kidnappers turn out to be part of an evil cult known as Los Illuminados , which has taken control of local villagers using parasites known as Las Plagas . As Leon searches for Ashley , he is captured and injected with the parasite . With help from Ada and the Illuminados researcher Luis Sera , Leon is able to remove Las Plagas from his body and to rescue Ashley while confronting the cult . At the climax of the game , Leon kills the cult leader Osmund Saddler , but is forced to give a Plagas sample to Ada , who escapes in a helicopter , leaving Leon and Ashley to escape on a watercraft . Leon is one of the protagonists in Resident Evil 6 ( 2012 ) , alongside Chris Redfield and Jake Muller . While the game has four player characters with different storylines , Leon was described as the " main main character " . In the game , he escapes from Tall Oaks , another American town overrun by zombies following a bioterrorist attack that killed the new U.S. president Adam Benford . Leon teams up with fellow survivor and President Benford 's bodyguard , the Secret Service agent Helena Harper , to expose the conspiracy that led to the incident . In the later parts of the game , Leon reunites with a grown @-@ up Sherry Birkin , who has become an operative for the U.S. government 's Division of Security Operations , and the once again returning Ada Wong , and works to save the world from a global outbreak . Leon also appears in several non @-@ canonical games in the series . He stars alongside Barry Burton in the Game Boy Color @-@ only Resident Evil Gaiden ( 2001 ) . Along with Claire , Leon is one of two playable characters in the browser and mobile game Resident Evil : Zombie Busters . In the third @-@ person shooter Resident Evil : Operation Raccoon City ( 2012 ) revisiting the Raccoon City incident , the players control Umbrella operatives sent to kill any survivors , and certain actions can lead to Leon 's death . He is also a player character in the " Heroes " mode of this game . = = = In films = = = Leon teams up with Claire Redfield in the 2008 computer @-@ animated film Resident Evil : Degeneration in order to stop another outbreak of the T @-@ virus on American soil . He returns in the sequel to Degeneration , Resident Evil : Damnation , where he is sent to investigate the use of the T @-@ virus during a civil war in Eastern Europe . Unlike the live @-@ action film series , the animated films are canonically set in the same universe as the game series , serving as the prequels to Resident Evil 5 and Resident Evil 6 , respectively . Another computer @-@ animated film starring Leon S. Kennedy , Chris Redfield and Rebecca Chambers is slated for 2017 . In the live @-@ action film Resident Evil : Apocalypse ( 2004 ) , a newspaper clipping during the credits stated that Leon was killed due to the actions of his partner Jill Valentine . However , in an interview , director Paul W. S. Anderson said that , if Resident Evil : Afterlife succeeds , he would do a fifth film and would like Leon to make an appearance in it . Leon then appeared as a major character in Resident Evil : Retribution ( 2012 ) , " poised to rumble with Bad Rain and the defected Jill Valentine " . The live @-@ action version of Leon is leader of a mercenary group working for Wesker who teams up with the film 's version of Ada to fight Umbrella , save Alice and rescue Jill . At the end of the film , he is one of the characters to survive . He is set to return in the sixth film , Resident Evil : The Final Chapter . = = = Other appearances = = = Leon is featured in the 1998 @-@ 1999 manhua Shēnghuà Wēijī 2 ( " Biological Crisis 2 " ) . A romantic comedy retelling of the story of Resident Evil 2 , centered on Leon , Claire and Ada , was released in the Taiwanese two @-@ issue comic Èlíng Gǔbǎo II in 1999 . Leon is also a character in the Image Comics comic book Resident Evil , and in the novels Resident Evil : City of the Dead and Resident Evil : Underworld by S. D. Perry . He is set to appear in the crossover video game Project X Zone 2 . In 2004 , Capcom announced a series of outfits based on Leon 's clothing , called " Leon 's Collection " . Other Leon merchandise include two action figures by Hot Toys , three action figures by NECA , and more from several other manufacturers , including by Palisades Toys , ToyBiz , and Capcom itself . At Halloween Horror Nights 2013 held at Universal Orlando , Leon was featured as one of two main characters in a haunted house called " Resident Evil : Escape from Raccoon City " , based on Resident Evil 2 and Resident Evil 3 : Nemesis . = = Design and portrayal = = Leon was created by Hideki Kamiya as a contrast to Chris Redfield from the original Resident Evil , who he felt was the " blunt , tough @-@ guy type " . Though Kamiya admitted that while he was a fan of characters like Chris , as it had already been done , he opted to take Leon 's development in a different direction . He was surprised at how popular Leon had become , praising his later evolution into a " cool looking guy " for Resident Evil 4 and adding that he " fell in love all over again " . Leon was created for Resident Evil 2 as the staff wanted to use a character who had no experience with terrifying situations in contrast to using returning protagonists . While he was originally designed as a veteran police officer , he was changed to a rookie after the original version of Resident Evil 2 ( popularly known as " Resident Evil 1 @.@ 5 " ) had been scrapped . Leon 's design was inspired by the bloodhound of Capcom artist Isao Ohishi . Leon was announced as Resident Evil 4 's protagonist in November 2002 . As the game was developed , it was intended that Leon would be infected with the Progenitor virus . This concept was expanded upon in 2004 , when Leon was meant to contract a bizarre disease in his fight against the game 's enemies . In a documentary explaining the conception of the game 's characters , it was stated that Leon was intended to " look tougher , but also cool " . His face in Resident Evil 4 was modeled after the game 's animation department director Christian Duerre . During development of Resident Evil : Degeneration , producer Hiroyuki Kobayashi stated that he would like to make another game starring Leon as the main character . Resident Evil 5 's producer Jun Takeuchi said that the series ' fans " would really love " a video game featuring both Leon and Chris as the protagonists due to their popularity , and at the same time , it would be " pretty dramatic " if the two characters never met before the series would end . Resident Evil 6 's producer Kobayashi took a liking to Leon and decided to include him in the game since " he is central to the story " . Leon is voiced by Paul Haddad in Resident Evil 2 , by Paul Mercier in Resident Evil 4 , Resident Evil : Degeneration and Resident Evil : The Darkside Chronicles , and by Matthew Mercer in Resident Evil 6 and Resident Evil : Damnation . Mercer described himself as a fan and friend of Mercier and said that he felt honored to take over as the voice of Leon . In an interview , he also detailed his interpretation of Leon and talked about the changes being made to the character . In the Resident Evil 2 commercial directed by George A. Romero , Leon was portrayed by Brad Renfro . About Johann Urb 's casting in Resident Evil : Retribution , the film 's producer and director Paul W. S. Anderson said , " You have no idea how difficult it is to find someone with Leon Kennedy 's hair [ who ] has to be manly and has to have these long bangs , " adding that " if you put photographs of them side @-@ by @-@ side , it 's almost like he was manufactured by Capcom . " Anderson said that the decision to include Leon and other game characters in the film was " fan @-@ driven " . Urb mentioned that he learned the video game Leon 's mannerisms from watching clips posted on YouTube , commenting that " he doesn 't have a high @-@ pitched voice . I feel like he talks how I naturally talk , which is kind of slower . " Speaking about the relationship between Leon and Ada , Urb said : " It 's kind of like Mulder and Scully and an X @-@ Files type of deal , where you 're waiting for it to happen , but it never does . Maybe in the next one , I 'm hoping . " = = Reception = = Since his appearance in Resident Evil 2 , Leon has had a positive reception . In 2010 , Nintendo Power listed him as their 14th favorite Nintendo gaming hero , stating that he went from a " glorified meter maid with a bad haircut " to a tough guy . In 2009 , GameSpot chose him as one of the 64 characters to compete in their poll for the title " All Time Greatest Game Hero " . In a 2010 Famitsu poll , Leon was voted by readers as the 31st most popular video game character in Japan . In the Guinness World Records Gamer 's Edition from 2011 , he was voted as the 36th best video game character . In 2012 , GamesRadar ranked him as the 11th most " influential and badass " hero in video games . Empire also included Leon on their list of the 50 greatest video game characters , ranking him 44th . IGN has featured Leon on the list of things they would like to see in Resident Evil 6 , calling him one of the two main characters of the series along with Chris Redfield , and describing him in the article about the best zombie fighters as the " straight @-@ laced hero " of Resident Evil . The IGN character guide made another comparison between Chris and Leon , calling the latter the " determined guy clawing his way up the ladder " . Gameplanet 's Aylon Herbet wrote that if both Leon and Chris would share starring roles in a Resident Evil game it would be " awesome " , believing both of them to be the main protagonists of the series . In 2010 , GameDaily predicted that Leon , along with Claire Redfield , would be the protagonist of the next main Resident Evil title , citing the series ' pattern of alternating protagonists and Leon 's last such appearance in Resident Evil 4 . In 2013 , GamesRadar staff included Leon among the 30 best characters in the three decades of Capcom 's history , stating that " he ’ s been battling Chris Redfield for the top spot as resident Resident Evil lead , but to us there ’ s no contest between the cool , fashionable Leon and the bullish Chris . " IGN also repeatedly named him a character they wished to see in the crossover fighting series Super Smash Bros. , describing him an " intimidating hero " , a " unique breed of ass kicker " and one of the best things to happen to the Resident Evil series . GamesRadar described Leon 's Resident Evil 4 design as " David Bowie piloting the Memphis Belle " , stating that , while it was appealing , the hairstyle required modifications for encounters in the games . In 2010 , Game Informer chose Leon as one of the 20 Capcom characters they would like to see in a rumored crossover fighting game titled Namco Vs Capcom , his Namco equivalent being Nightmare from the Soul series : " The only man with enough experience and courage to take out this mutated menace is none other than Leon S. Kennedy . We bet this fight ends with a rocket launcher . " In 2011 , Ryan Woo of Complex ranked Leon among the fourth most stylish video game character , opining he the best dressed person in the Resident Evil series and " Jill just looks goofy in comparison . " Together with Ada Wong , Leon was featured in The Inquirer 's 2007 list of the most memorable video game love teams . In 2011 , " a highly disfunctional [ sic ] relationship " between Leon and Ada was ranked the ninth top video game romance by James Hawkins of Joystick Division . According to PlayStation Universe 's Mike Harradence , " we 've seen Kennedy transition from likeable , wet @-@ behind @-@ the @-@ ears love @-@ sick puppy to a wise @-@ cracking , super smooth government agent . " In 2012 , Complex included him on a list of the 25 " douchiest " video game characters for " his sarcastic and moody attitude in RE4 " , adding that , while Leon " stepped it up in the series by maturing and becoming a true hero " , they " enjoyed the game more when Leon didn 't speak . " The character was one of the childhood crushes of MTV 's Kendra Beltran , who in 2013 wrote : " I still can 't forget the rate my heart raced when my eyes set on Leon . I 'm sure you felt and continue to feel the same . " In 2014 , La Nueva España included the " intelligent , quick @-@ drawing and strong " Leon among the top ten sexiest video game characters of both genders , describing him as a " reinforced concrete wall with a porcelain face . "
= No Love Allowed = " No Love Allowed " is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna for her seventh studio album , Unapologetic ( 2012 ) . The singer co @-@ wrote the track together with Sean " Elijah Blake " Fenton , Alexander Izquierdo , Steve Wyreman and Ernest Wilson , who produced it under his production name No I.D .. Kuk Harrell and Marcos Tovar recorded the song at Record One Studios and Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles and Metropolis Studios in London ; Harrell also did the vocal production . " No Love Allowed " is a electro @-@ ragga and reggae song with an instrumentation consisting of a bubbly , dubbed @-@ out groove , Caribbean and dubstep beat and loping drumless rhythms . " No Love Allowed " received acclaim from contemporary music critics ; many of them labeled it as a standout track on the album and likened it to the works of Jamaican musician Bob Marley and Rihanna 's 2011 single " Man Down " . Following the release of Unapologetic , " No Love Allowed " debuted on the charts in France , the United Kingdom and the United States . It peaked at number 101 in France , number 24 on the UK R & B Singles Chart , number 131 on the UK Singles Chart and number three on the US Bubbling Under R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles . The song was included on the set list of Rihanna 's 2013 concert tour , the Diamonds World Tour . = = Background and production = = Rihanna began " working on the new sound " for her seventh studio album in March 2012 , even though she had not yet begun recording . On September 12 , 2012 , Def Jam France announced via Twitter that Rihanna would release a new single the upcoming week while her seventh studio album was scheduled to be released in November 2012 . At the 25th Annual ASCAP Rhythm & Soul Music Awards , Chicago @-@ based producer , Ernest Wilson , better known by his production name No ID , spoke that he is about to work on a song for Rihanna 's new studio album . He further stated that that is inevitable since they are like family in Roc Nation . On October 11 , 2012 , in one of her tweets revealed that the title of her new album is Unapologetic , along with its cover . " No Love Allowed " was written and produced by No ID , with an additional writing from Sean " Elijah Blake " Fento , Rihanna , Alexander Izquierdo and Steve Wyreman . No ID had previously co @-@ written and produced " We All Want Love " , a track for Rihanna 's sixth studio album Talk That Talk ( 2011 ) . Donnie Scantz recorded " No Love Allowed " at Record One Studios in Los Angeles ; Anna Ugarte served as the assistant recording engineer , while additional engineering was done by Rob Kinelski . Rihanna 's vocals were recorded by Kuk Harrell and Marcos Tovar at the Westlake Recording Studios in Los Angeles ; Harrel also did the vocal production of the song . Blake Mares , Paul Norris , Liam Nolan served as assistant vocal engineers . Tovar did the additional recording of the track at the Metropolis Studios in London . It was mixed at the Larabee Studios in Los Angeles by Manny Marroquin . The guitar and bass were played by Steve Wyreman , while James Poyser did the keys . = = Composition and lyrical interpretation = = " No Love Allowed " is a electro @-@ ragga and reggae song with a length of four minutes and nine seconds . It has an instrumentation consisted of bubbly , dubbed @-@ out groove , Caribbean and dubstep beat , and loping drumless rhythm . According to Stacy @-@ Ann Ellis of the Vibe magazine , " No Love Allowed " is a " token Irie jam " . MTV Buzzworthy 's Brad Stern wrote that the song brings the singer in Bob Marley musical territory . Simon Catling of Contactmusic stated that it " sounds almost ' fun ' in its reggae , off @-@ beat and kaleidoscopic sounds " . Smokey D. Fontaine of The Urban Daily labeled " No Love Allowed " as a " dancehall @-@ tinged gem " . Lyrically , it speaks about a love stronger than a gunshot , and according to Stacy @-@ Ann Ellis of Vibe magazine it is a " less violent version " of Rihanna 's 2011 single " Man Down " . Edmonton Journal 's Sandra Sperounes wrote that on " No Love Allowed " Rihanna plays with the Barbadian accent on the same way she did on her 2005 debut single " Pon de Replay " . According to a reviewer of Billboard , Rihanna 's cry to the love police in the song , can be heard in the lines , " Broken heart was the case / go 'on and put him away / He 's the only one one one / I let get the best of me . " BBC Music 's Natalie Shaw wrote that some of the song 's lyrics like " Like a bullet your love hit me to the core / I was flying ‘ til you knocked me to the floor " , are uncomfortably balanced between true love and awkward acrimony . According to Melissa Maerz of Entertainment Weekly , the up stated lines " doesn ’ t sound like she has forgiven " Chris Brown for the 2009 domestic violence case . = = Reception = = = = = Critical = = = The track was met with critical acclaim from music critics . Dan Martin of NME noted the sonic connection between " Man Down " and " No Love Allowed " , however , according to him , the latter is " surrounded by an oppressively murky fug " . Rihanna 's Caribbean accent and references on the song were praised by editor Ben Rayner of Toronto Star ; according to him it was " unfortunate " that on the album they were only " passing " . In a review of Unapologetic , Robert Copsey of Digital Spy wrote that songs like " Jump " , " Right Now " and " No Love Allowed " " prove why after eight years of career and seven studio albums released , Rihanna is still the biggest popstar on the planet . " USA Today 's Elysa Gardner recommended readers , the song together with " Nobody 's Business " and " Right Now " as tracks that should be downloaded from the album . Similarly , Jeremy Thomas of 411 Mania stated that " No Love Allowed " together with " Numb " , " Pour It Up " and " Stay " are standout tracks on the record . Sperounes of Edmonton Journal wrote that " No Love Allowed " and " Stay " were the only tracks on Unapologetic that " shimmer with promise " . = = = Commercial = = = Upon the release of Unapologetic , " No Love Allowed " charted in France , on two charts in the United Kingdom and in the United States due to strong digital downloads . It debuted on the French Singles Chart at number 101 for the week dated December 1 , 2012 , and remained on the chart for one week . On December 2 , 2012 , it debuted at number 131 on the UK Singles Chart , and number 24 on the UK R & B Chart . " No Love Allowed " did not enter the US Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , but peaked at number three on the Bubbling Under R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Singles chart , which acts as an extension to the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . = = Live performances = = " No Love Allowed " was included as the tenth song on the set list of Rihanna 's fourth 2013 worldwide tour , the Diamonds World Tour . = = Credits and personnel = = Recording Music recording – Record One Studios , Los Angeles , CA Vocals recording Westlake Recording Studios , Los Angeles , CA . Additional recording – Metropolis Studios , London , UK Mixing – Larabee Studios , Los Angeles , CA Personnel Credits adapted from the liner notes of Unapologetic , Def Jam Recordings , SRP Records . = = Charts = =
= 2007 Mogadishu TransAVIAexport Airlines Il @-@ 76 crash = The 2007 TransAVIAexport Airlines Il @-@ 76 crash refers to an Ilyushin Il @-@ 76 cargo aircraft operated by that Belarusian airline that crashed in the outskirts of Mogadishu , Somalia , on 23 March 2007 , during the Battle of Mogadishu . The plane was carrying repair equipment and humanitarian aid . According to a spokesperson for the transport ministry of Belarus , the aircraft was shot down . However , the Somali government insisted that the crash was accidental . A crew of eleven on board the aircraft perished in the accident . = = Previous shootdown attempt of another company 's aircraft = = On 9 March 2007 , a Transaviaexport Ilyushin Il @-@ 76TD , registration EW @-@ 78826 , that was about to complete an Entebbe – Mogadishu flight carrying Ugandan peacekeepers and equipment , made a successful emergency landing at Mogadishu International Airport after having been struck by a rocket propelled grenade and catching fire on approach to the airport of destination . The rocket had apparently been fired from a boat while the plane passed over it at a height of 150 metres ( 490 ft ) . A crew of nine Belarusian were aboard the aircraft , along with six UPDF soldiers ; all of them resulted unharmed . Islamist militia claimed the attack , saying that African Union peacekeepers were their target , as they were seen as invading troops ; Somali officials denied such attack , and said the incident was due to the aircraft experiencing a technical failure . There had been a report with unverified claims circulating on the internet stating that the aircraft had actually been carrying a secret load of infantry fighting vehicles for Ugandan troops . This report also claimed that these vehicles saved all occupants on board . = = Description of the accident = = The aircraft involved was an Ilyushin Il @-@ 76 , a large Russian @-@ built cargo aircraft . Registered as EW @-@ 78849 , the Il @-@ 76 had been on a chartered cargo flight carrying equipment to Ugandan AMISOM peacekeepers in the Somali capital of Mogadishu . All of the crew members were Belarusian . Four of the personnel on board the accident aircraft were engineers who had worked on repairing another aircraft of the same type that had been the subject of an attempted shootdown 14 days earlier . Much of the equipment on board EW @-@ 78849 was for repairing the aircraft damaged earlier ; the rest of the cargo was humanitarian aid . The first aircraft was still crippled at the departure time of EW @-@ 78849 , and TransAVIAexport were considering whether to cannibalise it for re @-@ usable parts . EW @-@ 78849 was due to fly back to Belarus carrying equipment used for the repairs of EW @-@ 78826 . The flight plan included a refuelling stop at Djibouti . Bound for Minsk , the aircraft had taken off from Mogadishu International Airport at 14 : 00 local time . According to Somali Interior Minister Mohamed Mahamud Guled , as soon as it reached 10 @,@ 000 feet ( 3 @,@ 000 m ) altitude , the pilot reported a problem in engine number two , stating that he would turn back to the airport . He was in the process of attempting to return to the airport for an emergency landing when one wing exploded , separated from the aircraft and fell into the Indian Ocean , while the rest of the plane continued , on fire , along the beach at a low altitude before crashing . The accident occurred in an area called Kuluweyne , with the main part of the wreckage landing near a farmer 's hamlet . A Reuters reporter who visited the scene reported seeing crushed animals , four corpses still on the ground , and wreckage spread across an area the size of four football fields . Rescuers found ten of the crew members dead at the scene , and an eleventh alive and wandering around the crash site . He was transported to a hospital where he died the same day . Operations at the airport were not affected by the crash , with Somali Prime Minister Ali Gedi and his delegation departing as scheduled from the airport the next day , destined for the Arab League summit in Saudi Arabia . = = = Alleged shootdown = = = A civilian who witnessed the crash said he heard what he believed to be a surface @-@ to @-@ air missile being fired immediately before the accident . " I saw with my eyes when the plane , which was flying low @-@ level , was hit by a rocket and then fell to the ground , " Shabelle reporter Maryan Hashi said . " There have been reports that the projectile came from a small boat , and others that it came from a nearby farmers ' market . The plane appears to have been struck by the missile at an altitude of about 150 metres ( 490 ft ) . = = = Deceased = = = All eleven occupants on board the aircraft perished in the incident . Their bodies were transported back to Belarus in a Gomelavia aircraft on 30 March 2007 . On 2 April funeral services were held in Belarus for the victims , with hundreds attending . Eight of the victims were buried in a single lot at Maskouskiya cemetery , the rest in Vitsebsk . The names of the victims were as follows : = = Reactions and aftermath = = The Somali authorities originally stated that the cause of the crash was unknown , and have since maintained that the crash occurred as a result of an accident , and that it had not been shot down . However , while not claiming responsibility for this specific attack , an Islamist web site published claims that the plane was indeed struck by a missile . Within 24 hours of the crash , Belarusian officials confirmed that the plane had been shot down . Somali soldiers began to guard the area against interference . TransAVIAexport suspended all flights to Somalia as a result of the incident , and Belarus advised its airlines not to enter Somali airspace . An investigation was launched by the Belarusian transport prosecutor 's office for violations of Article 126 of the Criminal Code , which concerns international terrorism . On 5 April 2007 , the US Federal Aviation Administration released a communication prohibiting US airlines and commercial operators from operating over Somali airspace at altitudes below 26 @,@ 000 feet ( 7 @,@ 900 m ) , due to possible threats from rocket propelled grenades and shoulder @-@ launched missiles . = = Fate of aircraft = = Danish photographer Jan Grarup photographed the remains of the aircraft littering the streets of Mogadishu in August 2012 .
= 2009 – 10 Plymouth Argyle F.C. season = The 2009 – 10 season was the 115th season in the history of Plymouth Argyle Football Club , their 85th in the Football League , and 41st in the second tier of the English football league system . Their 21st @-@ place finish in the 2008 – 09 season meant it was their sixth successive season playing in the Championship . Their campaign ended disappointingly as they were relegated to League One with 11 wins , 8 draws , and 27 losses from 46 matches . The club exited both domestic cup competitions at the first stage , being eliminated by Newcastle United in the third round of the FA Cup and by Gillingham in the first round of the League Cup . The club changed managers in December due to a string of poor results as Paul Sturrock was replaced by Paul Mariner . The club began their league campaign with two draws , but defeat by Cardiff City marked the beginning of a seven @-@ game losing streak . Results improved in October and November before three more successive defeats saw Sturrock replaced by Mariner . Performances gradually improved and the club won both of their fixtures during the Christmas period , including a 4 – 1 win against Reading ; their best of the season . The club signed Damien Johnson in the winter transfer window from Birmingham City and made a number of signings on loan , including Kenny Cooper and David Stockdale , in order to try to improve their league position . A succession of draws and narrow defeats followed in February , which prompted Mariner to make more signings . Argyle lost three of their next nine matches to give themselves a chance of avoiding relegation , but their win at Doncaster Rovers proved to be the last game that they would collect any points in . Defeats at home to Middlesbrough and away to Watford left the club on the brink of a return to England 's third tier , and that was confirmed in their next game . Newcastle United won 2 – 0 at Home Park to secure the Championship title , and relegated the home side at the same time . The club finished 23rd in the league table after defeat by bottom club Peterborough United on the final day of the season , eight points adrift of safety . Jamie Mackie finished as the club 's top scorer with eight goals in all competitions , and captain Carl Fletcher was voted Player of the Year . = = Background = = The 2008 – 09 season was Paul Sturrock 's first full campaign in his second spell as the club 's manager . The club secured their status in the second tier of English football for a sixth season after finishing 21st in the league table , five points above Norwich City . A number of players returned to their parent clubs at the end of the season after successful loan spells , including Craig Cathcart , David Gray , Alan Judge and Paul Gallagher . Sturrock wanted to bring Gallagher back to the club on a permanent basis , but was eventually unsuccessful after admitting before the season finished that the transfer fee and wages were an issue . Three apprentices of the club 's youth system were offered professional contracts in May , including Irish youth international Joe Mason . The club 's first signing of the summer was Carl Fletcher , who returned to Home Park permanently after signing on loan in February . Fletcher replaced Karl Duguid as the team captain , and Romain Larrieu was named club captain . Sir Roy Gardner was confirmed as the club 's new chairman in July , replacing Paul Stapleton who remained on the new board as vice @-@ chairman . The club added to their squad that month with the permanent signings of Bradley Wright @-@ Phillips , Kári Árnason and Réda Johnson , while Jermaine Easter and long @-@ serving Frenchman Mathias Kouo @-@ Doumbé were among the players who left . Doumbe was released from his contract by mutual consent in August after five years with the club . = = Championship = = = = = August – October = = = Plymouth Argyle began their campaign at Selhurst Park on 8 August against Crystal Palace , with Carl Fletcher captaining his new side against his former club . An early goal from Hungarian international centre @-@ back Krisztián Timár put Argyle ahead but the home side responded in the second @-@ half to give both teams a share of the points . Argyle faced Queens Park Rangers in their first home game of the season and an injury @-@ time own goal from Kaspars Gorkšs salvaged a point after the visitors had taken the lead in the first @-@ half . Alan Gow 's first goal for the club in their next match against Cardiff City was merely a consolation , as a hat @-@ trick from Michael Chopra consigned Argyle to their first league defeat of the season . A stoppage time goal from Derby County 's Miles Addison denied Argyle their third draw of the season after they had taken a first @-@ half lead through Alan Judge , and a second 3 – 1 home defeat followed a week later , this time against Sheffield Wednesday . A first @-@ half goal from Jamie Mackie gave Argyle hope of their first victory of new the season at The Hawthorns against West Bromwich Albion , but the home side responded with three goals either side of half @-@ time to claim a comfortable win . The club 's poor run of form continued in their next home match against Watford , as they suffered their fifth straight defeat and slipped to the bottom of the league table . Another 3 – 1 defeat , against Newcastle United , was followed by a second successive 1 – 0 home defeat against Nottingham Forest , to leave Argyle with just two points from their first seven matches . Paul Sturrock kept faith with the young defensive pairing of James Chester and Shane Lowry for their next game against Peterborough United , and two second @-@ half goals Mackie and Rory Fallon secured Argyle 's first three points of the new season . " It 's nice to get three points , but now we have to build on it , " said Sturrock . " There 's no point in us getting this result and then kicking ourselves in the teeth again . " Argyle earned their first home win of the season four days later against Scunthorpe United . A penalty from Judge gave the hosts a 2 – 1 win after Fallon 's opening goal was cancelled out by Scunthorpe striker Gary Hooper . Their upturn in results was halted by Blackpool , who won 2 – 0 at Bloomfield Road . The hosts opening goal was scored by Marcel Seip , a player on loan from Argyle . He took part in the match following a request from former manager Ian Holloway , a decision which was criticised by supporters but defended by senior Argyle officials . " I suppose it was bound to happen that Marcel would score the goal , but I don 't think we should look on it as anything other than probably the cover should have been better , " said executive director Keith Todd . " We understood exactly what we are doing . " An Argyle Hall of Famer returned to Home Park on 18 October 2009 , when former England international Paul Mariner was appointed as the club 's new head coach . " In football , there is not much sentiment . But , if sentiment is involved in this scenario , then they gave me my very first chance as a player so I grabbed it with both hands , " said Mariner on the New England Revolution website , the club he left to rejoin Argyle . " Plymouth Argyle are in my blood . Obviously the teams you 're associated with are the ones you look for every week , and when they came knocking on my door asking me to be employed there , I was delighted . " His first match in the dugout alongside Sturrock ended in disappointment as Argyle lost 3 – 1 to Bristol City at Ashton Gate . They faced Ipswich Town , another side struggling for form , at home in their next match and a first @-@ half goal from Fletcher put Argyle ahead , but their hopes of claiming three points were dented when the visitors equalised through striker Jon Stead , who capitalised on a poor back pass from Gary Sawyer . Welshman Darcy Blake , on loan from Cardiff City , was shown a straight red card late in the game as it ended all square . Their final game of October took place on Halloween against Middlesbrough , in Gordon Strachan 's first game as their new manager . Argyle came away from the Riverside Stadium with all three points , in a game that saw Adam Johnson miss from the penalty spot , thanks to a second @-@ half goal from Mackie to lift them to 22nd in the league table , within three points of Doncaster Rovers . = = = November – February = = = The club began November in the same fashion they ended the previous month – with a win . Judge and Fallon scored again to secure a 2 – 1 home victory against Doncaster Rovers , and pull Argyle clear of the relegation zone . They looked like earning a valuable point when they travelled to play Leicester City but were denied by a 94th @-@ minute goal from midfielder Andy King . Another home defeat , this time to Sheffield United followed , which left Sturrock desperate to improve morale among his squad , but a third consecutive 1 – 0 defeat at Swansea City , during which Lowry was sent off , signalled the end of Paul Sturrock 's second spell as manager . Paul Mariner was placed in charge until further notice . " It 's a sad day , but obviously a happy day for me because I 'm getting my chance to be a manager in the league , " said the former striker . " He 's a great friend of mine . The bond that we have together is quite remarkable and we have a mutual respect for each other . " His first match was a 2 – 0 defeat at Preston North End , but he took positives from the performance . John Carver , right @-@ hand man to former Barcelona manager Sir Bobby Robson at Newcastle United , arrived as the club 's new assistant manager on 17 December 2009 , but the club suffered another 1 – 0 defeat at home , against Coventry City , two days later . Argyle travelled to Cardiff on Boxing Day to play Cardiff City at their new stadium , and came away with an important three points thanks to a late goal from Sawyer . They recorded their biggest win of the season two days later against Reading . A brace from Judge , and first goals of the season for Kári Árnason and Ashley Barnes secured a 4 – 1 win at Home Park and six points from their two games over the Christmas period . Argyle returned to league action after their FA Cup ties on 16 January , looking for another three points against Crystal Palace but an early goal from young striker Victor Moses won the game for the visitors . Another must @-@ win home game followed against Derby County and a fifth goal of the season from Jamie Mackie boosted their survival bid . A defeat by fellow struggler 's Sheffield Wednesday , coupled with other results going against them , left Argyle five points from safety , with a tough match to come against West Bromwich Albion a week later . A single goal from striker Simon Cox kept Albion in touch at the top of the table and left Argyle deep in relegation trouble again , six points from safety . A stoppage time penalty from Shane Long earned a crucial 2 – 1 win for Reading in Argyle 's next match , but they came from a goal behind to claim a 3 – 1 victory at Barnsley four days later , which included a 35 @-@ yard effort from former Barnsley player Fallon . Paul Mariner was full of praise for his team and singled out youngster Yannick Bolasie , who made his debut for the club . " We played with intellect . We got the ball down , rather than panicking a little bit ; we stroked it around ; we retained position at vital times , " he said . " The introduction of Bolasie was a breath of fresh air . I think even the Barnsley fans would probably say they liked to see what he was doing . He brought a lot to the table for us . " A double @-@ header of home matches were next on the agenda for Argyle , against Swansea City and Leicester City , and they both ended in 1 – 1 draws . New signing Damien Johnson scored late on against Swansea , and Craig Noone scored his first goal of the season to earn a point against Leicester . An end @-@ to @-@ end game at Bramall Lane against Sheffield United ended in a 4 – 3 defeat , which included a number of defensive mistakes . Argyle went 3 – 0 before finally sparking into life , scoring twice thanks to Bolasie and a first for young Irish striker Joe Mason . A lapse in concentration from David Stockdale , on loan from Fulham , gifted the hosts a fourth goal before a 20 @-@ yard volley from Mackie set up a frantic finale . In the aftermath , Paul Mariner heaped praise on Mason , describing him as " an incredible talent . " = = = March – May = = = Argyle salvaged a late point against Preston North End at the start of March , but remained in serious trouble at the bottom end of the table , seven points adrift of safety with 13 matches remaining . A 2 – 0 defeat followed at Queens Park Rangers , with Adel Taarabt playing a part in both of the home sides goals . Draws at Home Park were proving to be an Achilles ' heel for Argyle , but they secured a creditable 1 – 1 draw at play @-@ off chasing Coventry City , having taken the lead through a glancing header from Árnason . Three days later , a 20 @-@ yard strike from captain Fletcher earned Argyle their fifth home win of the season in a 3 – 2 thriller against Bristol City . They had taken a 2 – 0 lead through Chris Clark and an overhead kick from Bradley Wright @-@ Phillips , his first for the club . However , the visitors responded in the second @-@ half with two goals from Nicky Maynard before former Welsh international Fletcher scored with seconds to spare . Argyle travelled to play Scunthorpe United looking to keep up the momentum , but threw away a lead to be defeated by a deflected effort from Martyn Woolford . They were on the road again three days later when they faced Ipswich Town at Portman Road . Argyle came away with all three points courtesy of goals from Wright @-@ Phillips and Mason on what was a special night for Paul Mariner . " It was pretty special and I was a little choked up , " he said . " It was a special night . When I moved to the States 20 years ago , I didn 't think it would come to fruition but it was a tremendous reception from the fans , and I can 't thank them enough . Bringing Plymouth Argyle here in my present role was a special occasion . " Former manager Ian Holloway returned to Home Park for the first time since his departure in November 2007 in the club 's next game , and he left happy as Blackpool side claimed all three points after a 2 – 0 victory , with Charlie Adam at the heart of their attacking threat . Argyle played out an entertaining 0 – 0 draw at home with Barnsley three days later , but it did little to help in their battle against relegation , still five points away from safety . They produced another rousing away performance against Doncaster Rovers to earn a 2 – 1 win , coming from behind with second @-@ half goals from Mason , and an injury time header from Wright @-@ Phillips . In order to stay up , Argyle knew that they had to make the most of their remaining home games , but they went down 2 – 0 on 5 April to an efficient Middlesbrough side , which left them four points adrift with four games left . A solitary goal from Watford 's Heidar Helguson dealt Argyle 's survival hopes an almost fatal blow at Vicarage Road , but vice @-@ captain Karl Duguid remained upbeat about their chances of defeating the league leaders in their next game . " We 'll be upbeat , and we 'll go for the win against Newcastle next Monday . " It was a night of contrasting emotions at Home Park . A 2 – 0 win for the visitors confirmed Argyle 's relegation to League One and Newcastle 's promotion back to the Premier League as champions at the first attempt . Hours after the match , the club 's board declared that it remained determined to steer it to the top flight of English football . Paul Mariner reaffirmed his commitment to the club , vowing to put things right . " I feel the pain of the supporters because this is the club that gave me my first start , " he said . " The reason I came here was because of the vision that the club can get into the Premiership . Now we 've got another couple of hurdles before we do that but I firmly believe that we can do it . " Argyle 's penultimate game of the season took place at the City Ground against Nottingham Forest , who had already qualified for the play @-@ off 's , and they secured a comfortable 3 – 0 victory against the relegated side . The club signed off their campaign with another home defeat against Peterborough United on 2 May . Argyle took the lead in the first @-@ half from a fine individual goal from Wright @-@ Phillips but conceded two goals after the break to Craig Mackail @-@ Smith . Four days later , the club announced that they would be searching for a new manager , with Paul Mariner reverting to his original role as head coach . He said : " I am disappointed that we could not produce the results we wanted last season . I am a realist and understand why and how the board came to the conclusion they have done . I am committed to this club and want only to help it regain Championship status as soon as possible and build on that . " Work on a new state @-@ of @-@ the @-@ art Fibrelastic pitch at Home Park began the following week . = = = Results = = = Colours : Green
= Plymouth Argyle win ; Yellow = draw ; Red = opponents win . = = = Statistics = = = = = = = Standings = = = = Pld
= Matches played ; W = Matches won ; D
= Matches drawn ; L = Matches lost ; GF
= Goals for ; GA = Goals against ; GD
= Goal difference ; Pts = Points = = = = Results summary = = = = Pld
= Matches played ; W = Matches won ; D
= Matches drawn ; L = Matches lost ; GF
= Goals for ; GA = Goals against ; GD = Goal difference = = = = Results by round = = = = Last updated : 2 May 2010 . Source : StattoGround : A
= Away ; H = Home . Result : D
= Draw ; L = Loss ; W
= Win ; P = Postponed . = = FA Cup = = = = = Summary = = = The third round draw for the FA Cup paired Argyle with Newcastle United , which left assistant manager John Carver with mixed emotions . Neither side could break the deadlock in a competitive contest at Home Park . Argyle striker Rory Fallon forced a good save from Tim Krul before the visitors had chances of their own , the majority of which went to Fabrice Pancrate . Newcastle looked likely to win the game late on but were denied by goalkeeper Romain Larrieu , who tipped a looping volley from Nicky Butt over the crossbar . The match saw the return of Chris Barker to the Argyle defence after a lengthy spell on the sidelines because of injury , and manager Paul Mariner was full of praise for his performance . " For him to come and do what he did against such a high powered , attacking team as Newcastle and playing 90 plus minutes was pretty remarkable . He 's a very strong character and very experienced . " The replay at St James ' Park was Argyle 's next match due to the wintry weather , and they were on the wrong end of a 3 – 0 scoreline . Newcastle striker Peter Løvenkrands gave the home side a two @-@ goal lead at half @-@ time and completed his hat @-@ trick after 72 minutes . " His timing of his runs is pretty special and for the first goal , his finish was fantastic , " said Mariner . The match on Tyneside was to be the last in an Argyle shirt for Cillian Sheridan who returned to Celtic in Scotland the next day when his loan spell with the club finished , having made 13 appearances , scoring no goals . = = = Results = = = Colours : Green
= Plymouth Argyle win ; Yellow = draw ; Red = opponents win . = = League Cup = = = = = Summary = = = Having been drawn to face Gillingham in the first round of the League Cup , the club 's manager , Paul Sturrock , planned to make a couple of changes to the team that faced Crystal Palace on the opening day of the new season , with youngster Joe Mason included in the squad . Two first @-@ half goals were enough to take the hosts into the second round . Simeon Jackson put Gillingham ahead after 42 minutes and Andy Barcham scored a second just before the half @-@ time break . Argyle reduced the deficit four minutes into the second @-@ half when Luke Summerfield from a direct free kick , but they couldn 't find an equaliser . The visitors should have forced extra time but Jamie Mackie spurned a chance when he pulled his shot wide with only the goalkeeper to beat . The defeat extended Sturrock 's unfortunate run in the League Cup as a manager , having won just once in nine attempts . " I must have the worst record of all managers in cup competitions , it 's unbelievable , " he said . " One or two of my defenders didn 't defend properly tonight . It 's not proper to name people but there were some glaring attempts to clear the ball and that 's where we had problems . " = = = Results = = = Colours : Green
= Plymouth Argyle win ; Yellow = draw ; Red = opponents win . = = Pre @-@ season = = = = = Summary = = = Pre @-@ season for Plymouth Argyle began on 1 July 2009 when the first team squad returned to Harpers Park . A week of intense training followed , before the club 's first match of the new season took place on 13 July 2009 against Cornish side Truro City . In a match which featured trialist Kári Árnason , Argyle scored a goal in each half to earn a comfortable win . A youthful Argyle team headed across the city of Plymouth the next day to take on Plymouth Parkway . The visitors fell behind to an early goal but responded with three of their own in an entertaining friendly , including a brace from Republic of Ireland youth international Joe Mason . The first team were in action again the next day , against Torquay United . The visitors went behind twice but looked like leaving Plainmoor with a win until Torquay converted a penalty in the 90th minute . The squad then departed for a tour of Scotland , and stopped off in the north of England on the way in order to play a friendly against Skelmersdale United on 18 July 2009 . Argyle came away with a 2 – 0 win after scoring a goal in each half . A picturesque setting greeted the squad as they took to the field against Livingston on 20 July 2009 . An 81st @-@ minute penalty from Luke Summerfield wasn 't enough to save Argyle from their first defeat of the season . Hungarian international Zoltán Szélesi joined the squad in training ahead of their next match against Romanian champions Unirea Urziceni . They came from behind to record a 2 – 1 win in a feisty encounter , with Steve MacLean scoring the decisive goal . Argyle returned to England to play against Morecambe on 25 July 2009 , and included a triallist called Réda Johnson in their defence , who appeared in the match under a pseudonym . Two second half goals ensured that they left Christie Park with a win . The club 's only pre @-@ season friendly to take place at Home Park was against Scottish club Heart of Midlothian on 29 July 2009 . Neither side could break the deadlock in a dour 0 – 0 draw . Swindon Town were the opposition for Argyle 's penultimate friendly . A goal from Marcel Seip after 57 minutes set the visitors on their way to a 2 – 0 victory at manager Paul Sturrock 's old club . Argyle 's final pre @-@ season match took place on 3 August 2009 against Tiverton Town . A young team containing only two senior professionals , Yoann Folly and Simon Walton , secured a 1 – 0 win at Ladysmead . = = = Results = = = Colours : Green
= Plymouth Argyle win ; Yellow = draw ; Red = opponents win . = = Squad = = = = = Players = = = Note : Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules . Players may hold more than one non @-@ FIFA nationality . = = = Statistics = = = = = = Discipline = = = = = = Awards = = = = = Transfers = = = = = Permanent = = = = = = = In = = = = = = = = Out = = = = = = = Loan signings = = = = = = = In = = = = = = = = Out = = = =
= Mariano Moreno = Mariano Moreno ( September 23 , 1778 – March 4 , 1811 ) was an Argentine lawyer , journalist , and politician . He played a decisive role in the Primera Junta , the first national government of Argentina , created after the May Revolution . Moreno was born in Buenos Aires in 1778 . His father was Manuel Moreno y Argumosa , born in Santander , Spain , who arrived in the city in 1776 and married María del Valle . Mariano was the firstborn of the Moreno family , and had thirteen brothers . During his youth he studied Latin , logic , and philosophy at San Carlos Royal College , followed by college studies of law at Chuquisaca . During these studies , he learned the new ideas of the Spanish Enlightenment . He married María Guadalupe Cuenca and returned to Buenos Aires , becoming a prominent lawyer for the Cabildo . Unlike most other criollos , he rejected the Carlotist project and the administration of Santiago de Liniers , joining instead the ill @-@ fated mutiny of Álzaga against him . He worked for the next viceroy , Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros . He wrote the economic paper The Representation of the Landowners , which persuaded the viceroy to open trade with Britain . Although he was not prominently involved in the May Revolution that deposed Cisneros , he was appointed as secretary of war of the new government , the Primera Junta . Along with Juan José Castelli , he promoted harsh policies against the supporters of the former government and the strengthening of the new one . These policies were detailed at a secret document , the Operations plan ; some historians dispute its authorship . Moreno organized military campaigns to Paraguay and Upper Peru , and ensured the execution of Santiago de Liniers after the defeat of his counter @-@ revolution . He established the first Argentine newspaper , La Gazeta de Buenos Ayres , and translated Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau 's The Social Contract into Spanish . When the Junta achieved the first military victories , President Cornelio Saavedra opposed Moreno , favoring moderate policies instead . Allied with Gregorio Funes , Saavedra expanded the number of members of the Junta to leave Morenism in a minority . With disputes still going on , Moreno was appointed to a diplomatic mission to Britain , but died at sea on the way there . His brother Manuel Moreno alleged that he was poisoned . His supporters were still an influential political party for some years after his death . Historians hold several perspectives about the role and historical significance of Moreno , from hagiography to repudiation . He is considered the precursor of Argentine journalism . = = Birth and studies = = Mariano Moreno was the son of poor parents , Manuel Moreno y Argumosa and Ana Maria Valle , he had fourteen siblings . He studied at Colegio Grande de San Carlos , but without living in it , as his family could not afford the price . He graduated with an honor diploma . He met influential people within the literary field , who helped him to continue his studies at the University of Chuquisaca , even when his father could not afford the cost . This was the only big university in South America at the time . He studied the books of Montesquieu , Voltaire , Denis Diderot , Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau , and other European philosophers of the Age of Enlightenment . He studied English and French languages as well , to understand authors from Britain and France . This allowed him to work as a translator , and he spent several years working with Rousseau 's The Social Contract . Moreno was convinced that society could be changed by the power of intelligence and reason . He also studied philosophical texts of the Spanish Enlightenment under the tutelage of the priest Terrazas , and aspired to implement the new ideas in his country . He wrote a thesis with strong criticism of the native slavery at the mines of Potosí , influenced by the Spanish jurist Juan de Solorzano Pereira , the foremost publisher of Indian Law , and Victoria Villalva , fiscal of the Audiencia of Charcas and defender of the indigenous cause . He started his professional career between 1803 and 1804 , in the office of Augustine Gascón , officiating as labour counselor for Indians . As a result , he confronted powerful people like the mayors of Cochabamba and Chayanta . He left the city after being threatened , and returned to Buenos Aires in 1805 with his wife Maria Guadalupe Cuenca and their newborn son . Once in the city , he became a reporter of the hearings of the Royal Audiencia , a local appeal court . The Buenos Aires Cabildo , the local council , hired him as an advisor as well . He defended Melchor Fernández , aggrieved by Bishop Benito Lue y Riega , in one of his first cases . In another of his early disputes he backed the Cabildo in denying the appointment as an ensign of the young Bernardino Rivadavia . A British army invaded Buenos Aires in 1806 , starting the British invasions of the Río de la Plata . Although Moreno was not actively involved with the military counter @-@ offensive which drove them out , he opposed the British presence in Buenos Aires . He wrote a diary that noted all the events , so that , in the future , his countrymen would know the circumstances that allowed such an invasion . The British made a new attack in 1807 , this time invading Montevideo . They published a bilingual English – Spanish newspaper known as " The Southern Star " or " La estrella del sur " ( the newspaper used both names in conjunction ) . It advocated free trade , a British goal , and promoted American independence under British protection . The Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires banned the newspaper and requested Moreno to write articles refuting those of the British publication . Moreno refused because , although he did not accept British rule , he agreed with some of their criticisms of the Spanish government . Fearing a new attack to Buenos Aires , Moreno left the city with his whole family and relocated in the countryside . His house in Buenos Aires , left unoccupied , was used to keep prisoner William Carr Beresford , the British commander of the first invasion . Several friends of Moreno helped Beresford to escape and move to Montevideo , but it is unknown if Moreno was aware of the plan . = = First political activities = = Although Mariano Moreno was a criollo , a Spanish citizen born in the Americas , he did not work with the other criollos of Buenos Aires who sought to promote political changes against the privileges of the Spanish @-@ born . Unlike the criollo politicians Manuel Belgrano and Juan José Castelli , he did not support viceroy Liniers or the Carlotist project , which sought the coronation of Carlota of Spain in the Americas . He joined mayor Martín de Álzaga instead , which allowed him to serve as legal adviser of the Cabildo . In that capacity , he wrote a petition to the King of Spain , so that the Buenos Aires Cabildo was named Protector of the Cabildos of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata . As a result , all petitions from local cabildos to the King or the Viceroy would be channeled through the Cabildo at the capital . Martín de Álzaga organized a mutiny on January 1 , 1809 , and Moreno joined it . Álzaga aspired to replace Viceroy Santiago de Liniers with a government Junta , after learning of the capture of the Spanish King Ferdinand VII during the Peninsular War and the creation of the Junta of Seville . If it prevailed , Mariano Moreno would have been part of the new Junta . The mutiny was defeated by the swift reaction of Cornelio Saavedra , in command of the Regiment of Patricians , who dispersed the crowd and persuaded Liniers not to abdicate . It is disputed by historians whenever the mutiny had similar or opposite goals to those of the May Revolution that would take place a year later . The historians who support the latter perspective try to make attempts to excuse or justify Moreno 's involvement ; those who support the former consider instead that Moreno was a revolutionary a year before most other Argentines . Moreno was Álzaga 's lawyer in the trial that followed , which was labeled a trial for " independentism " . Liniers did not extend the trial to Moreno himself , for reasons unknown . Liniers was succeeded by Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros a few months later , who pardoned the mutineers to reduce political conflicts . Cisneros allowed free trade as well , as instructed by the Junta of Seville , which benefited British merchants ; Britain was allied with Spain in the Peninsular War . The agents of the Consulate of Cadiz asserted that this would hurt the local economy , moral values , social usages , religious practices , and the loyalty to Spain and its monarchy . As a result , Cisneros closed trade again , restoring the Spanish monopsony . A group of hacendados ( owners of haciendas ) , who did not feel adequately represented at the Cabildo , asked Moreno to defend them . Moreno wrote The Representation of the Landowners , a report that represented the export interest of the landowners , encouraged free trade , and condemned the privileges of the merchants benefited from the monopsony . It is considered the most comprehensive economic report from the time of the viceroyalty . It represented the new European economic ideas , and noted that the legal monopsony with Spain did not prevent British goods from being smuggled . Several authors have questioned Moreno 's authorship of the paper , considering it instead an update of another , previously drafted by Manuel Belgrano , Secretary of the Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires , written to make a similar request to the former viceroy Liniers . This report , as well as Moreno 's prestige in the colonial society , helped him gain the confidence of Cisneros . Yet secretly , Moreno supported the plan to dismiss the Viceroy . = = Primera Junta = = Mariano Moreno had several contacts with groups seeking the removal of Cisneros , but was not strongly involved with the May Revolution , which considered the fall of the Junta of Seville a reason to depose the viceroy and create a local junta . At the time , Moreno was still loyal to Álzaga . He attended the May 22 open Cabildo , but according to the father of Vicente Fidel López and the father @-@ in @-@ law of Bartolomé Mitre ( both direct witness ) he stayed silent at one side and did not join the debate . He voted for Saavedra 's proposal : to remove viceroy Cisneros and replace him with a Junta . Manuel Hermenegildo Aguirre , captain of hussars , proposed that the Cabildo take the reins of government , with five men appointed as counselors , Moreno among them . However , nobody else voted for that proposal , and it was the only one that included him . Moreno felt betrayed when the Cabildo twisted the results of the open Cabildo and created a Junta that would be headed by Cisneros . He refused any further contacts with the revolutionaries and stayed home during the remaining events . The definitive members of the Junta came from a popular petition signed on May 25 , which was given to the Cabildo . The reasons of Moreno 's inclusion in the list are unclear , as with all other members of the Junta . A commonly accepted theory considers it to be a balance between Carlotists and Alzaguists . The Junta faced strong opposition from the beginning : it was resisted locally by the Cabildo and the Royal Audiencia , still loyal to the absolutist factions ; the nearby plazas of Montevideo and Paraguay did not recognize it ; and Santiago de Liniers organized a counter @-@ revolution at Córdoba . Mariano Moreno , an unimportant politician up to that point , became the leader of the most radical supporters of the Junta . He was supported by the popular leaders Domingo French and Antonio Beruti , Dupuy , Donado , Orma , and Cardozo ; and priests like Grela and Aparicio . Historian Carlos Ibarguren described that Morenist youths roamed the streets preaching new ideas to each pedestrian they found , turned the " Marcos " coffee shop into a political hall , and proposed that all social classes should be illustrated . Manuel Belgrano and Juan José Castelli supported Moreno within the Junta , and French was promoted to Colonel of the regiment " América " . This regiment , also known as " The Star " because of a star that they wore on their sleeves , was composed of radical youths led by French during the riots of the May Revolution . Moreno established the official newspaper Gazeta de Buenos Ayres through a June 2 decree , and managed its contents . The first newspapers were available to the public five days later . He issued a freedom of the press decree , which allowed the press to publish anything that did not offend public morals or attack the Revolution or the government . Moreno published some works of Gaspar de Jovellanos , and his translation of Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau 's The Social Contract . In this later work he skipped the chapter about religion , suggesting that the author " has raved in religious matters " . This was done to prevent religious disputes among patriots . This publication was criticized by conservatives such as Tomás de Anchorena , who said that it could generate popular unrest . As with the Junta itself , Moreno 's writings maintained loyalty to Ferdinand VII . It is unclear to historians whether he was concealing pro @-@ independence ambitions , or was truly loyal to the deposed king . However , he made specific references to independentism as early as November , 1810 . In reference to the Courts of Cádiz that would write a Constitution , he said that the Congress " may establish an absolute disposal of our beloved Ferdinand " , meaning that the right of self @-@ determination would allow even that . He did not think the monarchical authority to be absolute , but subject to popular sovereignty , so that a monarch may lose his authority if he worked against the common good of the people . He also considered that if Ferdinand VII returned to the throne , he would not be able to challenge a Constitution written in his absence . However , he wrote that as a hypothetical scenario , to describe the strength of a Constitution , not as a likely possibility . Moreno issued several decrees during his first days in government . He ordered punishment for anyone attempting to generate disputes , and for those concealing conspiracies against the Junta or other people . The military bodies of " Pardos " and " Morenos " , composed of indigenous peoples , were reformed to have military ranks similar to those of the Spanish military bodies . He did this invoking the rulings of the Catholic Monarchs during the early Spanish colonization of the Americas . = = = Actions against royalists = = = Although the Junta of Seville was defeated , a new one was created afterwards , the Regency Council . The Primera Junta did not swear loyalty to it , but the Royal Audiencia did so in defiance of the local authority . The Junta summoned them , along with former viceroy Cisneros , and exiled them to Spain with the pretext that there was a threat to their lives . The Junta appointed new members for the Audiencia loyal to the revolution . Moreno wrote in the Gazeta that the Audiencia attacked the good faith of the government , and that the Junta left their usual moderation for the safety of the people . The Junta was rejected in Montevideo , as was the exile of Cisneros and the former Audiencia . Moreno reacted immediately , replying to the Montevidean concerns . He supported the legitimacy of the Primera Junta by criticizing the Regency Council and stating that the overseas Spanish territories were equally capable of creating Juntas , as it was debated during the open cabildo . He also called for unity and support of the metropolis , and that both cities recognize Ferdinand VII as their legitimate monarch . He argued that the Junta treated the exiles initially with moderation , but their obstinacy , particularly on the part of Cisneros , generated popular discontent . Matías Irigoyen told the same thing to the British Lord Strangford in Río de Janeiro . Moreno organized two military expeditions to counter the threat of the plazas that resisted the Junta . The first one , headed by Francisco Ortiz de Ocampo , would move to Córdoba and attack the counter @-@ revolution organized by the former viceroy Santiago de Liniers ; they next went to Upper Peru . Ocampo 's initial orders were to capture the counter @-@ revolutionary leaders and send them to Buenos Aires , so that they could be judged . When the counter @-@ revolution became stronger Moreno called the Junta and , with support from Castelli and Paso , proposed that the enemy leaders should be shot as soon as they were captured instead of brought to trial . The Junta accepted the new proposal , and delivered it to Ocampo . The counter @-@ revolution was defeated the following August , but Ocampo did not execute his prisoners . Gregorio Funes , head of the patriotic party of Córdoba , persuaded him to spare them , because the prisoners were popular in Córdoba and the people would not support their deaths . Besides Liniers , the prisoners included the governor of Córdoba and the bishop of the city . Ocampo stuck to the initial orders and delivered the prisoners to the city . Moreno did not accept it , and told Ocampo that a general should simply obey orders . He called a new meeting of the Junta , and produced a paper left at his home which said , " If Liniers does not die , LET HIM LIVE ! " ( note : the second part was written in capital letters in the original ) . The Junta agreed to fire Ocampo and replace him with Castelli , with Nicolás Rodríguez Peña as secretary and Domingo French leading the escort . They intercepted the convoy at Cabeza de Tigre and executed them , except for Bishop Orellana , because of his religious endowment . The Auxiliary Army , commanded by Ocampo and Castelli , was renamed as the Army of the North , and launched the First Alto Perú campaign . Moreno gave harsh new instructions for it : monitor the activities of the rich ; kill Goyeneche , Nieto , Paula Sanz and the bishop on sight ; and allow soldiers to pillage the enemies at the first patriot victory , to generate terror . The context was not favourable : only Cochabamba and Charcas made a genuine support of the revolution , and some indigenous people hesitated in joining , fearing the consequences of a possible royalist counter @-@ attack . The Morenist projects for Upper Peru , which included the emancipation of the indigenous peoples and the nationalization of the mines of Potosi , were resisted by the local populations that were benefiting from the system already in force . Castelli proposed to advance the military campaign even closer to Lima , but Moreno asked him to stay at his position . The other military expedition moved to Paraguay , commanded by Manuel Belgrano . Following instructions from Moreno , he helped the natives at the missions in Corrientes , on his way to Paraguay . He gave them full civil and political rights , granted lands , authorized commerce with the United Provinces , removed taxes for ten years , abolished any type of torture , and lifted restrictions on taking public or religious office . Moreno promoted stronger measures against the royalists . In July , he gave orders to the neighboring mayors to prevent the creation of secret groups , or activities that could promote alienation . He promoted a new decree of the Junta that called for trial and confiscation of goods for anyone that left the city without authorization , kept military weapons in secret , promoted popular alienation or discontent against the government , or wrote letters to people in other cities for such a purpose . Serious cases were usually punished with execution or exile . Some rich people exiled by this decree were Francisco Beláustegui , Olaguer Reynals , Norberto de Quirno y Echeandía , and Pablo Villariño . Manuel Andrés Arroyo y Pinedo , another rich man , blamed Moreno for these actions , accusing him of equaling disagreement with antipatriotism , and felt that the ideas of egalitarianism would only cause great evils . Those measures were also criticized by moderate supporters of the revolution , such as Gregorio Funes from Córdoba , who rejected the lack of proper trials , or Dámaso Uriburu , from Salta , who compared Moreno , Castelli , and Vieytes with the French Jacobins . By this time , Moreno thought that the only way to secure the Revolution would be if it was successful throughout the continent . However , he considered that Latin American integration should be achieved peacefully among equals , and not as the result of a conquest campaign . He wrote at the Gazeta that " even as pure as our intentions may be , it would be dangerous if the freedom of America was just our own work . Such a circumstance could lead to a real despotism and the Peruvian peoples would not improve having porteño oppressors instead of European ones . " He made positive comments about the rebellions at Cochabamba and Chile . = = = Operations plan = = = Following a proposal of Manuel Belgrano , the Junta wrote a political platform setting broad goals and procedures to follow to achieve its objectives . The creation of this document , whose name is often summarized simply as the " Operations plan " , was trusted to Mariano Moreno . There have been disputes about the authenticity of this document . Some historians like Paul Groussac suspect that the document was a literary forgery , prepared by a Spaniard at the Court of Portugal to discredit the Junta . Supporters of the truthfulness of the document like Norberto Piñeiro , allege that the content would be consistent with government actions taken by the Primera Junta . The document states the need to defeat the royalist forces and therefore proposes many possible actions similar to those employed by Jacobins during the Reign of Terror of the French Revolution . It rejected the use of political moderation , considering that it would be dangerous during revolutionary times . It compared the South American revolution , still in its early stages , with the French and North American ones , and even the revolution in Spain itself , pointing out that none of those relied solely in conspiracies or secret meetings . The document proposes to favor patriots , and fill the state offices with them . Peninsulars , on the other hand , should be carefully monitored , and punished at the slightest proof of action against the Junta , and executed if they were rich or influential . For this end , the Junta would need to create an espionage network . This policy towards peninsulars is coherent with the actions taken against the Liniers counter @-@ revolution , and similar to the one employed by Simón Bolívar in the North shortly after . Moreno thought that José Gervasio Artigas would be an invaluable ally , and that Buenos Aires should use any resource at its disposal to have him join the fight against absolutism . He noted the internal conflicts in Chile and Paraguay , and urged support of local patriots against local royalists . On the level of international relations , Mariano Moreno rejected slavery in Brazil , a neighboring Portuguese colony . He proposed to distribute large numbers of Gazeta de Buenos Ayres newspapers , filled with libertarian ideas and translated into Portuguese , and provide military support to the slaves if they should riot . He considered the risk of a complete Spanish defeat in the Peninsular War or a restoration of absolutism great menaces , and regarded Britain as a potential ally against them . During a conflict , Britain would be able to provide them with weapons and other goods not produced locally . Critics of Moreno consider him an Anglophile because of this proposal , but the same document also warns against the risk of allowing Britain too much influence in national economy . He criticized the relationship between Britain and Portugal , considering that Portugal was subject to a " shameful slavery " to Britain , and that British influence in Brazil was so high that the Portuguese colonies might eventually become British ones . Moreno held the same ideas about being simultaneously friendly and cautious with Britain in the pages of the Gazeta newspaper . In the economic field , the document addressed the lack of a bourgeoisie that could turn the political changes into economic development , and proposed to overcome this lack with strong state interventionism . Mariano Moreno proposed that the state invest 200 or 300 million in factories , manufacturing , arts , agriculture , navigation , and other critical areas . There would be no risk of bankruptcy because the state would manage the businesses . With the money generated , the state would then seek seeds and tools , and ultimately allow the continent to be economically autarchic . The initial money that the state would need to become such an active economic force would come from the mines in Potosi , where the slavers had nearly 500 or 600 million . Moreno proposed simply to confiscate the money and nationalize the mines . He reasoned that five or six thousand people would be harmed by such action , but eighty or a hundred thousand would benefit . The state would not manage those areas indefinitely ; Moreno proposed that this should be done only until there was a strong economic activity in each area , and then the state would just observe , making sure that they followed the laws enacted for the common good of society . Early 19th @-@ century liberalism did not promote confiscation among their common proposals , but an antecedent of this proposal was the Conspiracy of the Equals , promoted by François @-@ Noël Babeuf during the French Revolution . Moreno thought that state @-@ sized fortunes managed by a few individuals were detrimental to civil society , and those individuals would tend to manage the economy for their own benefit , without fixing the problems of society at large . The document proposed to avoid exporting money , and to include high tariffs on the import of luxury goods . This is often seen as a contradiction of the The Representation of the Hacendados , but each request different things . The Representation opposed the absolute prohibition of trade with Britain , which is not the same than allowing it while following a protectionist policy . As secretary , Moreno reduced the tariffs on national exports , but kept high ones for imports . = = = Internal disputes = = = Mariano Moreno and Cornelio Saavedra had disagreements about the events of the May Revolution and the way to run the government ; their disputes became public shortly after the creation of the Junta . Saavedra was the president , and Moreno was a secretary with the support of other vocal members . Ignacio Núñez describes how Morenists felt that the President was attempting to restore in his office the authority of the viceroys , thus downgrading the importance of the other members of the Junta at public events ; while Saavedrists considered that the Secretary was overstepping his authority and did not allow even the appointment of a janitor that was not of his liking . However , Domingo Matheu would clarify in his memoirs that their initial concerns with Saavedra were based more on his desire for honours and privileges than for a real power struggle . Núñez described how Moreno was resisted by some criollos who initially supported the revolution without being aware of the long @-@ term consequences . He was resisted by criollos alarmed by his straightforward way of talking about concepts like self @-@ determination , tyranny , slavery , and freedom . Theologians resented that Moreno cited authors like Rousseau , Voltaire , or Montesquieu rather than Christian philosophers like Saint Augustine or Saint Thomas . He was also resisted by conservative lawyers and by most of the military . By October , Moreno 's measures started to generate resistance among some who initially supported the May Revolution . Traders did not like the protectionist policy , and some members of the military had close ties with rich people and opposed their punishment . On October 16 it was discovered that ten members of the Cabildo had sworn loyalty to the Regency Council the past July , and they were all jailed . This included Julián Leiva and Juan José de Lezica . Moreno and Saavedra had a dispute when the Junta was deciding what to do . Moreno proposed executing them as a deterrent , accusing them of working with the Montevideo Cabildo , the enemy of the Junta . Saavedra replied that the government should promote leniency , and rejected the use of the Patricians Regiment to carry out such executions . The prisoners were finally exiled to Luján , Ranchos , and Salto , and Leiva was housed by Gregorio Funes in Córdoba . By this point , the only military support for Moreno was Domingo French , head of " The Star " regiment . Castelli and Belgrano supported him , but were far away from the capital on their respective military campaigns . The activists of the May Revolution supported him as well , as did other members of the Junta and other patriots like Vieytes and Nicolás Rodríguez Peña . Saavedra kept the strong support of the Regiment of Patricians , and added that of the merchants and even some supporters of the former regime who deemed the moderated Saavedra a lesser evil . Moreno sought to modify the military balance of power by reforming the promotion rules . Up until that point , the sons of officials were automatically granted the status of cadet and were promoted just by seniority ; Moreno arranged that promotions were earned by military merits instead . However , in the short run this measure worked against him , as it antagonised members of the military who got promoted precisely because of such rules . He also thought that support from the lower classes was instrumental to the success of the Revolution , and wrote letters to Chiclana instructing him to generate such support at Upper Peru . Such popular involvement would take time to consolidate : the Guerra Gaucha , the War of the Republiquetas , and the rise of José Gervasio Artigas took place later , not as of 1810 . Saavedra increased his resistance to Moreno 's proposals after the victory at the Battle of Suipacha , considering that the revolution had defeated its enemies and should relax its severity in consequence . The Regiment of Patricians hosted a banquet celebration at the barracks , restricting attendance to the military and supporters of Saavedra . Moreno was not allowed to pass by the guards at the door , which generated a small incident . That same night , Officer Atanasio Duarte , who was drunk , gave a crown of sugar to Saavedra 's wife and saluted Saavedra as if he was the new king or emperor of the Americas . The next day , when Moreno heard about the incident , he wrote the " Honours Suppression decree " , which suppressed the ceremony usually reserved for the president of the Junta and inherited privileges of the office of viceroy . Duarte was exiled , and Moreno 's act was justified by stating that " An inhabitant of Buenos Aires neither drunk nor asleep should be expressed against the freedom of his country " . Saavedra signed the decree without complaint , but Gregorio Funes felt that the Patricians resented Moreno because of this . The conflicts between Moreno and Saavedra generated international reactions . Lord Strangford complained about the later actions of the Junta , such as the execution of Liniers , which were seen as more violent than the initial ones . Brazil was also concerned because many copies of the Gazeta were being distributed at Rio Grande do Sul , influencing their slaves with libertarian ideas . The Brazilian government sent Carlos José Guezzi to Buenos Aires , with the purpose of mediating in the conflict with the royalists at Montevideo and to ratify the aspirations of Carlota Joaquina to rule as regent . He met Saavedra in his first interview , in July , and got a positive impression of him . Saavedra said that if Carlota 's rights were confirmed by the Spanish monarchy , Buenos Aires would support her , even if it meant they had to stand against the other provinces . The following month he requested a representative for the Court of Brazil , offered Carlota 's mediation with Montevideo , and pointed out that Brazil had forces near the frontier , awaiting orders to attack the revolution . This time , Moreno resisted . Moreno rejected sending a representative , and told him that the Junta did not work for the interests of Brazil , but for those of the United Provinces . He rejected the mediation as well , considering that no mediation was possible under a military threat . Guezzi was immediately sent back to Rio de Janeiro on the first available ship . He described Moreno as " the Robespierre of the day " , and accused the Junta of attempting to build a republic . In December , the deputies of the other provinces convened by the circular of May 27 arrived to Buenos Aires . Most of them were closer to the ideas of Saavedra , and Gregorio Funes became highly influential over them . They did not agree about which body they should join : the deputies wanted to join the Junta , while Moreno thought that they should start a constituent assembly . Funes , allied with Saavedra , calculated that they could stop Moreno by joining the Junta , as his proposals would be agreed to by a minority . The Junta , with both its original members and the deputies , discussed the topic on December 18 . Funes said that Buenos Aires had no right to rule the other provinces without their consent , and got the support of the other members . He said that there was popular discontent with the Junta . The supporters of Moreno said that such discontent was only among some rebels , and Moreno said that it was only the discontent of the Patricians in respect of the Supressions decree . However , only Paso voted with him , and the deputies joined the Junta . Moreno resigned , but his resignation was rejected . His opposition to the incorporation of the deputies is seen by some historians as an initial step in the conflict between Buenos Aires and the other provinces , which dominated politics in Argentina during the following decades . Some call it a precursor of the Unitarian Party , while others find his words or actions more consistent with the Federal Party . However , historians Paul Groussac and Norberto Piñeiro feel it is inappropriate to extrapolate so far into the future . Piñeiro considered it an error to label Moreno as federal or unitary , proving that this organization been prioritized over the secondary aspect of centralism or federalism , while Groussac similarly notes that Moreno devoted all his energies to the immediate problem of achieving independence without giving much thought to possible long @-@ term scenarios . = = Political decline and death = = Hipólito Vieytes was about to make a diplomatic mission to Britain , but Moreno requested that he should be given the appointment instead . Saavedra accepted immediately . He traveled to Britain with his brother Manuel Moreno and his secretary Tomás Guido , on the British schooner Fame . His health declined and there was no doctor on board , but the captain refused requests to land at some earlier port such as in Río de Janeiro ( Brazil ) or Cape Town ( South Africa ) . The captain gave him an emetic in common use at that time , prepared with four grams of antimony potassium tartrate . Moreno had great convulsions as a consequence , and considered that in his state he could not have resisted more than the quarter of a gram . He died shortly afterwards . His body was wrapped in a Union Jack and thrown into the sea , after a volley of musketry . Manuel Moreno speculated later that he was poisoned by the captain . Manuel Moreno was unsure of whether the captain really given him that substance , or if he substituted something else , or gave an even higher dose . Circumstances did not allow an autopsy to be performed . Further points used to sustain the idea of a murder are the captain 's refusal to land elsewhere , his slow sailing , his administration of the emetic in secrecy , and that he didn 't return to Buenos Aires with the ship . Enrique de Gandía pointed to an irregular ruling of the Junta that appointed a British person named Curtis as Moreno 's replacement for the diplomatic mission in the case of Moreno 's death . The son of Mariano Moreno commented to the historian Adolfo Saldías that his mother , Guadalupe Cuenca , received an anonymous gift of a mourning hand fan and handkerchief , with instructions to use them soon . By that time , the murder of Moreno was a common assumption , and it was mentioned during the trial of residence of the members of the Junta . Juan Madera stated at the trial that Moreno may have requested to go to Britain because he was afraid of being murdered , and that he may have stated this during the meeting when the Junta discussed his resignation . Modern author Manuel Luis Martín studied the health of both Moreno and his family , and concluded that he died of natural causes . = = Legacy = = Despite the death of Mariano Moreno , his supporters were still an influential party in Buenos Aires . Morenists accused Saavedra and Funes of plotting to allow the coronation of Carlota , and organized a rebellion with " The Star " Regiment . However , the Saavedrists became aware of it , and organized another rebellion on May 5 and 6 , 1811 . This rebellion requested strong changes in the government : the removal of Morenists Nicolás Rodríguez Peña , Hipólito Vieytes , Miguel Azcuénaga , and Juan Larrea from the Junta ; the exile of Domingo French , Antonio Beruti , Agustín Donado , Gervasio Posadas and Ramón Vieytes ; and the return and trial of Manuel Belgrano . Thus , the Morenist party was set apart from the government . The Saavedrist hegemony was short @-@ lived . The military defeats of Castelli and Belgrano started a new political crisis , and the First Triumvirate replaced the Junta Grande as the executive power , and then closed it completely . The former supporters of Moreno ( Belgrano , Dupuy , Tomás Guido , Beruti , Monteagudo , French , Vicente López ) would later support the campaign of José de San Martín . The Argentine war of independence would give room to the Argentine Civil War between unitarians and federals . Saavedrists like Martín Rodríguez , Ortiz de Ocampo , de la Cruz — and even Saavedra himself — became unitarians . Manuel Moreno , French , Agrelo , Vicente López , and Pancho Planes opposed both the First Triumvirate and the presidency of unitarian Bernardino Rivadavia . Manuel Moreno and Tomás Guido , in particular , worked in the government of the most powerful federal leader , Juan Manuel de Rosas . = = = Historical perspectives = = = Early Argentine historians described Mariano Moreno as the leader of the Revolution and a great historical man . Later liberal historians would embellish this portrayal even more . An example of this tendency is La Revolución de Mayo y Mariano Moreno by Ricardo Levene . Biographers would describe him as a serene statesman , a notable economist , a decided democrat , and a great leader . For those historians , Moreno would have been an anglophile , and " The Representation of the Hacendados " , the government platform of the May Revolution . Subsequently , revisionist authors would formulate accusations against him , while promoting Saavedra as a popular leader . According to those authors , Moreno was a British agent , a demagogic caudillo , a paranoid , a mere man of theoretical ideas applying European principles that failed in the local context , wrongly portrayed as leader of the Revolution by the liberal historiography . Año X by Hugo Wast is considered the harshest work against Moreno . Moreno was still considered an anglophile , but in a negative light . They blamed Moreno for the harsh policies of the Junta , considering him a terrorist or a predecessor of Marxism ; liberal historians usually concealed these policies . Modern authors like Ernesto Palacio , Norberto Galasso , and Jorge Abelardo Ramos attempt to rescue the image of Moreno by avoiding both extremes : the sweet liberal Moreno and the horrible one written by revisionists . Those historians do not consider Bernardino Rivadavia a successor of Moreno , and the proposals to seek an alliance with Britain are not seen as the product of anglophilia , but just an example of the limited options available to the Primera Junta . Similarly , they do not attribute much influence to the Representation ... , considering it a mere work for a client that didn 't really influence Cisneros , who would have allowed free trade for international contexts . The harsh policies are acknowledged , but not attributed specifically to Moreno , but rather to the whole Junta , and compared with similar royalist measures used to punish the Chuquisaca , the La Paz revolution , and the indigenous rebellion of Túpac Amaru II . = = = Journalism = = = Mariano Moreno is regarded as the first Argentine journalist , as he created the Gazeta de Buenos Ayres . June 7 , the day this newspaper was first available to the public , is recognized in Argentina as " Journalist day " since 1938 . The Gazeta , however , was not the first newspaper in Buenos Aires , but the first one since the May Revolution . The first newspaper was the Telégrafo Mercantil ( 1801 ) , followed by the Semanario de Agricultura Industria y Comercio ( 1802 ) and the Correo de Comercio de Buenos Aires ( 1810 ) , edited during the colonial period . Moreno was the only one to sign the decree that established the newspaper , but the text implies that it was the result of a discussion of the whole Junta , and not just his initiative . Fellow member of the Junta Manuel Alberti was appointed director of the newspaper . However , Alberti never actually directed the newspaper ; Moreno did . Historian Guillermo Furlong considers that it was really Alberti who directed the newspaper , but the memoirs of José Pedro Agrelo ( a later director ) , Tomás Guido , and Saavedra confirm that the newspaper was managed by Moreno . Moreno has also been promoted as a supporter of the freedom of the press , but the Gazeta ... was actually a state @-@ sponsored newspaper , and the Junta allowed such freedom only for information that was not against the interests of the government . According to Norberto Galasso , that situation would today be considered media bias . = = Personal life = = The Moreno family was poor , but could afford a house and some slaves . Ana María Valle y Ramos , Mariano 's mother , was one of the few literate women in Buenos Aires . Mariano Moreno was the firstborn of fourteen children . Mariano moved to Chuquisaca with his brother Manuel Moreno and their friend Tomás Guido once the family raised the money . The long and difficult journey gave Mariano a rheumatism attack ; he had to stay in bed for fifteen days on arrival . He had further attacks years later . Moreno met María Guadalupe Cuenca in this city , after seeing a miniature portrait of her at a silversmith 's house . Both Moreno and María were expected by their families to follow religious studies , and Moreno 's father did not authorize a change . Moreno studied laws all the same , and married María in secret to avoid family resistance . They had a single son , named Mariano like the father . When Moreno left for Europe on a diplomatic mission in 1811 , his wife and son stayed in Buenos Aires . María wrote many letters to Moreno , with descriptions of ongoing events in the city . Most of them were written when Moreno was already dead ; she did not learn of his fate until the following August , when a letter arrived from Manuel Moreno . She requested a widow 's pension from the First Triumvirate , which was in power by then ; its value was thirty pesos . = = = Beliefs = = = Mariano Moreno studied French and Spanish authors of the Age of Enlightenment during his studies at Chuquisaca . Jean @-@ Jacques Rousseau 's The Social Contract was a main influence ; he translated this work to Spanish and used it to justify the actions of the Primera Junta . Contemporary people as Ignacio Núñez and Tomás de Anchorena acknowledged him as the translator . However , as the main page said that the work was " reprinted in Buenos Ayres " , some historians doubt whether it was actually Moreno 's work . Vicente Fidel López claimed that Moreno reprinted the translation made by the Spaniard Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos , but the two translations differ . Paul Groussac thought it was a reprint of an Asturian translation , and Ricardo Levene said that Moreno was not the translator , but neither gave any indication as to who they thought had completed it . Enrique de Gandía considers that the comments of contemporary people and the lack of an earlier similar translation of Rousseau 's work allow us to conclude that Moreno must have been the translator , at least until an earlier translation is found . Despite his interest in French authors , Mariano Moreno was not Francophile or afrancesado . He kept a strong Spanish cultural heritage , and both Levene and Abelardo Ramos agree in that his stay in Chuquisaca influenced him more than the books . In line with the Spanish Enlightenment , Moreno kept strong religious beliefs . He removed the chapter from Rousseau 's work that is critical of religion , and never became a freemason . He gave up his religious studies to study law and get married , but never actually became a priest , so there was no defrocking . He studied with priests such as Terrazas , who approved and perhaps even encouraged the change of vocation . = = = Physical aspect = = = The canonical image of Mariano Moreno is the one from the portrait Mariano Moreno en su mesa de trabajo ( Spanish : Mariano Moreno at his work desk ) . It was done by the Chilean artist Pedro Subercaseaux during the centennial of the May Revolution in 1910 . The historian Adolfo Carranza asked him to design various allegorical pictures of the event . Carranza belonged to the mainstream line of historians who professed great admiration for Moreno , who he described as follows : " He was the soul of the government of the revolution of May , his nerve , the distinguished statesman of the group managing the ship attacked the absolutism and doubt , anxious to reach the goal of his aspirations and his destiny . Moreno was the compass and that also grabbed the helm , as he was the strongest and the ablest of those who came to direct it " . He asked for a picture that was consistent with this image . The portrait depicts him as a friendly man with an open and round face , a wide forehead , and a serene look . Subsequent interpretations , like those of Antonio Estrada , would follow this style , as would portraits of other members of the Junta . However , as this portrait was made a hundred years after the death of the subject , with no known depictions done during his lifetime , it was thus based on the artist 's imagination . It was known that Moreno had clearly visible smallpox scars from the age of eight , but not to the point where they disfigured his face . Later a portrait of Moreno was discovered that had been done from life , by the Peruvian silversmith Juan de Dios Rivera . This portrait was painted between 1808 or 1809 , before Moreno 's appointment as secretary of the Junta . It is now considered to be the closest representation of Moreno 's real appearance . In this portrait , he is depicted with an elongated face , abundant hair , long sideburns , big eyes , and a pointy nose .
= Kinky Boots ( musical ) = Kinky Boots is a Broadway musical with music and lyrics by Tony , Emmy and Grammy @-@ winner Cyndi Lauper and a book by Tony @-@ winner Harvey Fierstein . Based on the 2005 film Kinky Boots by Geoff Deane and Tim Firth , which was inspired by true events , the musical tells the story of Charlie Price , who inherits a shoe factory from his father . To save the business , Charlie forms an unlikely partnership with cabaret performer and drag queen , Lola . With Lola 's help , Charlie develops a plan to produce a line of high @-@ heeled boots . In the process , he and Lola discover that they are not so different after all . Following the show 's conception in 2006 , the creative team was assembled by 2010 . The original production of Kinky Boots premiered at the Bank of America Theatre in Chicago in October 2012 , with both direction and choreography by Jerry Mitchell , and starring Stark Sands and Billy Porter as Charlie and Lola , respectively . It made its Broadway debut at the Al Hirschfeld Theatre on April 4 , 2013 following previews that began on March 3 , 2013 . The musical began its US tour in 2014 . Having been less well received by theatre critics and at the box office , initially , than another 2013 Broadway production , Matilda the Musical , Kinky Boots entered the 2013 awards season as an underdog . However , less than a month after opening , Kinky Boots surpassed this rival with audiences in weekly box office gross and later enjoyed a post @-@ Tony boost in advance sales . The production earned a season @-@ high 13 nominations and 6 Tony wins , including Best Musical and Best Score for Lauper in her first outing as a Broadway songwriter , making her the first woman to win alone in that category . The musical 's cast album premiered at number one on the Billboard Cast Albums Chart and number fifty @-@ one on the Billboard 200 chart . In 2016 , it won three Laurence Olivier Awards , including Best New Musical . = = Background and creation = = Kinky Boots is based on the 2005 British film of the same name , which was , in turn , inspired by a 1999 episode of the BBC2 documentary television series Trouble at the Top . It followed the true story of Steve Pateman , who was struggling to save his family @-@ run shoe factory from closure and decided to produce fetish footwear for men , under the brand name " Divine Footwear " . Daryl Roth , a Tony Award @-@ winning producer , saw the film at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival and fell in love with its " heart and soul " . She felt that its themes resonated and thought that the story had potential as source material for a musical . Independently , Hal Luftig saw the film in London and agreed " that its heart and humanity ( and bigger @-@ than @-@ life leading ' lady ' ) would translate well to musical theatre . " Within a year , Roth secured the rights to adapt the film to the stage and partnered with Luftig , a Tony and Olivier Award @-@ winning producer . By mid @-@ 2008 , Roth and Luftig were in discussions with a potential director , Jerry Mitchell , but they still had not found writers . When Roth sent Mitchell the DVD of the film , he was enthusiastic about it . Roth and Luftig hired Mitchell to direct and Harvey Fierstein to write the book . Mitchell knew that Fierstein and Cyndi Lauper were friends , and he thought they would make a good team to create the musical . Fierstein agreed and eventually approached Lauper to write the songs because he " saw in the adaptation an opportunity to work with someone with a big musical range , ' somebody who could write club music , ' ... along with show tunes . " Lauper joined the creative team in June 2010 . Lauper 's last project before Kinky Boots had been the album Memphis Blues , while Fierstein was working on Newsies when he began Kinky Boots . The work marked Lauper 's debut as a musical theatre songwriter , although she had some theatrical experience , having performed on Broadway in the 2006 Roundabout Theatre Company production of The Threepenny Opera . Among Fierstein 's prior experiences were works about drag queens : La Cage aux Folles and Torch Song Trilogy . Lauper has said that she identifies with drag queens . Fierstein and Lauper had both gained previous critical acclaim and honors in their respective fields . Fierstein had won four Tonys : acting and writing awards for Torch Song Trilogy , an acting Tony for Hairspray , and one for writing the book of La Cage ; Lauper is a chart @-@ topping singer @-@ songwriter and actress who had won Grammy , Emmy and many other awards for her songs and performances . Fierstein noted a change in focus between the film " about the saving of a factory " and the musical , which include " drag queens singing as they pass along the assembly line . " He said the main difference is that the musical is , " at its core , about two young men who come from seemingly opposite worlds who figure out that they have a lot in common , beginning with the need to stand up to their dads . " Lauper 's inspirations ranged from listening as a child to her parents ' recordings of South Pacific and West Side Story , as well as musical inspirations as diverse as Aaron Copland 's " Appalachian Spring " and pop singer Lana Del Rey . In a broadcast interview with Patrick Healy of The New York Times , Lauper and Fierstein said that , in adapting the film , they stressed themes of community and the universality of the father @-@ son bond as vehicles to explore the issues of tolerance and self @-@ acceptance . Kinky Boots was given a reading on October 6 , 2011 . Lauper was actively engaged in refining the material once the cast began readings . In January 2012 , Roth announced that the show would be workshopped that month , and that Stark Sands and Billy Porter had been cast in the starring roles . In August 2012 , the producers announced the Broadway opening date of April 4 , 2013 . = = Synopsis = = = = = Act I = = = Charlie Price grows up as the fourth @-@ generation " son " in his family business , Price & Son , a shoe factory in Northampton . Another young boy , growing up in London , is as fascinated by shoes as Charlie is bored by them , but in this case it is a pair of red women 's heels that have attracted his attention , aggravating his strict father . Years pass . Charlie 's father is aging and hopes that Charlie will take over the factory , but Charlie is eager to move to London with his status @-@ conscious fiancée , Nicola , and pursue a career in real estate ( " The Most Beautiful Thing " ) . Charlie has barely made it into his new flat in London when his father dies suddenly . Charlie hurries home for the funeral , where he finds the factory near bankruptcy . The factory makes good quality men 's shoes , but they are not stylish and not cheap , and the market for them is drying up . Charlie is determined to save the factory and his father 's legacy , though he has no desire to run Price & Sons himself . The workers , many of whom have known Charlie his entire life , do not understand why Charlie had moved away in the first place , and many are hostile and skeptical of the new management . Returning to London , Charlie meets his friend and fellow shoe salesman Harry , in a pub , to ask for help with the factory . Harry can only offer a temporary solution and advises Charlie not to fight the inevitable ( " Take What You Got " ) . Leaving the pub , Charlie witnesses a woman being accosted by two drunks . He intervenes and is knocked unconscious . He comes to in a seedy nightclub , where the woman he attempted to rescue is revealed to have been the club 's drag @-@ queen headliner , Lola , who performs with her backup troupe of drag dancers , the " angels " ( " Land of Lola " ) . Recuperating from his ordeal in Lola 's dressing room , an uncomfortable Charlie notices that the performers ' high @-@ heeled boots are not designed to hold a man 's weight , but Lola explains that the expensive and unreliable footwear is an essential part of any drag act . Charlie returns to the factory and begins reluctantly laying off his workers . Lauren , one of the women on the assembly line , explodes at Charlie when given her notice , and stubbornly tells him that other struggling shoe factories have survived by entering an " underserved niche market " . This gives Charlie an idea ( " Land of Lola " reprise ) , and he invites Lola to come to the factory to help him design a women 's boot that can be comfortable for a man ( " Charlie 's Soliloquy " / " Step One " ) . Lola and the angels arrive at the factory , and she is immediately unsatisfied with Charlie 's first design of the boot . Quickly getting the women of the factory on her side , she draws a quick design of a boot , explaining the most important factor is by far the sex appeal ( " The Sex is in the Heel " ) . George , the factory manager , realizes a way to make her design practical , and an impressed Charlie begs Lola to stay until a prestigious footwear show in Milan in three weeks ' time , to design a new line of " kinky boots " that could save the factory . Lola is reluctant , since she is already receiving crass comments from some of the factory workers , but is flattered by Charlie 's praise , and finally agrees . Charlie announces that the factory will be moving ahead with production on the boots . He thanks Lauren for giving him the idea , and offers her a promotion . She accepts , and is horrified but thrilled to realize she is falling for him ( " The History of Wrong Guys " ) . The next day , Lola shows up in men 's clothes and is mocked by the foreman , Don , and his friends . An upset Lola takes refuge in the bathroom , and Charlie attempts to comfort her . Lola explains that her father trained her as a boxer , but disowned her when she showed up for a match in drag . The two discover their similarly complex feelings toward their fathers , and Lola introduces herself by her birth name : Simon ( " Not My Father 's Son " ) . Nicola arrives from London , and presents Charlie with a plan for the factory that her boss has drawn up : closing it and converting it into condominiums . Charlie refuses , but is shocked to discover that his father had agreed to this plan before he died , presumably because Charlie was not there to run it . He refuses to sell , and soon the workers are celebrating as the first pair of " kinky boots " is finished ( " Everybody Say Yeah " ) . = = = Act II = = = Many of the factory workers are not enthusiastic about the radical change in their product line . Some of them , especially the intimidating Don , make Lola feel very unwelcome . Lola taunts him back , enlisting the help of the female factory workers to prove that Lola is closer to a woman 's ideal man than Don ( " What a Woman Wants " ) . Lola presents Don with a unique wager to see who is the better " man " : Lola will do any one thing that Don specifies if Don will do one thing that Lola specifies . Don 's challenge is for Lola to fight him in a boxing match at the pub . Charlie , remembering Lola 's background , is horrified . Lola easily scores against Don in the ring but ultimately lets Don win the match ( " In This Corner " ) . Afterwards , in private , Don asks why she let him win , and Lola replies that she could not be so cruel as to humiliate Don in front of his mates . She gives him her part of the challenge : " accept someone for who they are . " Charlie is pouring his own money into the factory to ensure it will be ready in time for Milan , and he is getting frantic that the product is not right , angrily forcing his staff to redo what he considers to be shoddy work . Nicola arrives , fed up with Charlie 's obsession over the factory , and breaks up with him . Lola has been making some decisions about production and preparations without consulting Charlie . When he discovers that she has decided to have her angels wear the boots on the runway rather than hiring professional models , an overwhelmed Charlie lashes out at her , humiliating her in front of the other workers . Lola storms out , and the factory workers go home . Alone , Charlie struggles with the weight of his father 's legacy and what it means to be his own man ( " Soul of a Man " ) . Lauren finds Charlie and tells him to come back to the factory . It is revealed that Don has persuaded all the workers to return to work and to sacrifice a week 's pay to ensure the boots can be finished in time for Milan . Charlie is astonished and grateful , and asks if Don has paid up on his wager by accepting Lola . Lauren explains that the person that Don has accepted is Charlie himself . As he heads to the airport for Milan , Charlie leaves a heartfelt apology on Lola 's voicemail . Meanwhile , Lola performs her act at a nursing home in her home town . After she leaves the stage , she speaks to her now wheelchair @-@ bound father , who is dying in the home , and reaches a sense of closure ( " Hold Me in Your Heart " ) . Charlie and Lauren arrive in Milan , but without models Charlie is forced to walk the runway himself . Lauren is thrilled by his dedication ( " The History of Wrong Guys ( Reprise ) " ) but the show threatens to be a disaster . Just as all seems lost , Lola and her angels arrive to save the day . Lauren and Charlie share their first kiss , and the whole company celebrates the success of the " Kinky Boots " ( " Raise You Up / Just Be " ) . = = Music = = In Lauper 's first effort at writing for the stage , she found that it required a sustained effort to write songs for the different characters . Lauper joked about the difficulty of writing her first score : " How much of a stretch is it for me to write songs about fashion , funny relationships , people changing their minds and shoes ? " The first song that Lauper wrote was the opening number , which included a wide range of voices . Her process was to conceive a song and sing it into her iPhone , and orchestrator Stephen Oremus would write it down . Oremus would then " ' blow up ' the vocal line into harmonies , create the incidental music that linked scenes and songs " and orchestrate the material . The songs range in style " from pop to funk to new wave to tango , with highly personal lyrics " . New York Times critic Melena Ryzik wrote : " Though there are plenty of hooky , rousing numbers , the emotional heart of Kinky Boots is several ballads about the weight of parental expectations . " The musical uses a twelve @-@ piece orchestra consisting of keyboards , percussion , bass , guitars , reeds , violin , viola , cello , trumpet , and trombone . = = = Musical numbers = = = The musical numbers from the 2013 Broadway production are as follows : ‡ Song not included on original Broadway cast album . The musical numbers from the 2012 Chicago production are as follows : = = Principal roles and original casts = = Broadway replacements : Andy Kelso replaced Stark Sands as Charlie Price on January 27 , 2014 . Jeanna de Waal replaced Annaleigh Ashford as Lauren on March 4 , 2014 . Cortney Wolfson replaced Lena Hall as Nicola on March 4 , 2014 . Haven Burton temporarily replaced Jeanna de Waal as Lauren from June 24 to September 30 , 2014 . Jeanna de Waal returned to the role of Lauren on October 2 , 2014 . Haven Burton temporarily replaced Jeanna de Waal as Lauren again from June 23 , 2015 until October 11 , 2015 . Wayne Brady replaced Billy Porter as Lola / Simon on November 21 , 2015 . Brady 's final performance was on March 27 as Alan Mingo Jr. assumed the role on March 29 . Shannon O 'Boyle replaced Cortney Wolfson as Nicola on July 25 , 2016 . Aaron C. Finley will replace Andy Kelso as Charlie Price on August 8 , 2016 . Haven Burton will return to the role of Lauren on August 15 , 2016 . = = Production history = = = = = Chicago and Broadway = = = On February 6 , 2012 , the Chicago Tribune reported that Kinky Boots ' producers were considering taking advantage of an incentive program from the State of Illinois for out @-@ of @-@ town tryouts for Broadway shows . The October 2012 pre @-@ Broadway Chicago tryout was announced on February 22 , 2012 . On June 28 , 2012 the full Chicago cast was announced . The production was rehearsed at the New 42nd Street Studios in New York City in September 2012 . The show began its pre @-@ Broadway run at the Bank of America Theatre in Chicago , on October 2 , 2012 , which continued until November 4 , 2012 . The show was directed and choreographed by Mitchell ; scenic design was by David Rockwell , costumes by Gregg Barnes , lighting by Kenneth Posner and sound by John Shivers . The music director and orchestrator was Stephen Oremus . The director and design team had gained previous critical acclaim and theatre or music awards . Mitchell had won a Tony Award for choreographing the 2005 revival of La Cage aux Folles ; Barnes and Posner had won Tonys ; and Rockwell had been nominated for Tonys and other theatre awards . Mitchell and Rockwell had previously collaborated on Hairspray , Catch Me If You Can and Legally Blonde . Mitchell told The New York Times that the " Everybody Say Yeah " scene , in which the cast celebrates the creation of the first pair of Kinky Boots with a choreographed celebration on conveyor belts , required repeated innovations and adjustments like the eventual addition of safety rails and actor controls for the apparatus . Designer Derek McLane commented that it is not uncommon for repeat choreographer / set designer collaborations to result in intriguing innovation like the conveyor belt dance scene in Kinky Boots . McLane was impressed with the " series of conveyor belts that came apart , moved around , and fit the context of the story " in order to accentuate the choreography of " a troupe of men in four @-@ inch heels " . With respect to the conveyor belts , he said , " They 've never been used as dynamically as this , creating a series of surprises , with the kind of wild athleticism that actually looks dangerous . It 's one of the more thrilling combinations of stage design and choreography that I can recall . " After the tryout , the team went back to work , adding a new musical number for Charlie and a second song in the drag club , removing another song , and revising the book . The Broadway debut started previews on March 3 , 2013 at the Al Hirschfeld Theatre , with the official opening on April 4 , 2013 . Both the Chicago and original Broadway casts starred Billy Porter as Lola , Stark Sands as Charlie and Annaleigh Ashford as Lauren . Porter , in particular , was singled out for critical praise . The New York Times noted that in the 2012 – 13 season , most of the new Broadway musicals were " inspired by movies or books " . The paper found the show timely for its treatment of problems that paralleled those at the time of its production , including " chronic unemployment , financial distress and the collapse of manufacturing " . Prior to the June 9 , 2013 Tony Awards , Kinky Boots had trailed its box office competitor , Matilda the Musical , in advance sales . However , less than a month after opening , Kinky Boots surpassed this rival in weekly box office gross . Kinky Boots won a season @-@ high six Tony Awards , including Best Musical . The next day , the show sold $ 1 @.@ 25 million tickets , and its advance ticket sales for future dates became a hot commodity . In the weeks following its Tony wins , the show became so popular that in the beginning of July a special ticket lottery system was created to keep fans from camping outside the theatre . Kinky Boots set a new box @-@ office record at the Al Hirschfeld Theatre , and " recouped its $ 13 @.@ 5 million capitalization in a relatively quick 30 weeks of performances " , which was " faster than any big budget musical in recent history . " In October 2013 , Kinky Boots had the second highest premium @-@ price tickets on Broadway behind only The Book of Mormon . As of 4 February 2015 , the show had grossed just over $ 135 million . On November 28 , 2013 , members of the cast performed the finale of the show in the nationally televised Macy 's Thanksgiving Day Parade . Many viewers commented that , in their opinion , the performance was inappropriate for a family program . Fierstein responded that the show 's inclusion in the parade reflected decreasing prejudice and increased tolerance for LGBT people in society . The August 26 , 2015 performance marked the 1000th Broadway performance for the production . = = = Toronto = = = The Toronto original cast , led by Alan Mingo Jr as Lola and Graham Scott Fleming as Charlie , began rehearsals with Jerry Mitchel and the Broadway creative team on May 4 , 2015 . It began previews on June 16 , 2015 with its opening night coming on June 28 to critical acclaim . Initially planned to run from June to September 2015 at the Royal Alexandra Theatre , with a mostly Canadian cast , by the beginning of July , the run was extended to November . The run was later extended to January 3 , to March 6 and finally to May 15 , 2016 , as the final show before the theatre closed for a major renovation . = = = West End = = = In January 2014 , it was revealed Mitchell was planning a West End production and was negotiating to secure a theatre for 2015 . On 6 February 2015 , it was confirmed the musical would begin previews at the Adelphi Theatre in London , on 21 August 2015 , with its official opening night coming on 15 September . Tickets went on sale on 2 March . On 23 April 2015 , it was confirmed that Killian Donnelly and Matt Henry would play Charlie and Lola respectively , with other cast members including Amy Lennox as Lauren , Amy Ross as Nicola , Jamie Baughan as Don and Michael Hobbs as George . The West End production became London 's first paperless and mobile ticketing operation . Although the show is set in a British Northampton neighborhood , it took a concerted effort to remove Americanisms from the production after its West End spinoff from the Broadway production . In August 2015 , booking was extended to February 6 , 2016 . In October 2015 , booking was extended to May 28 , 2016 . Booking was extended to September 24 , 2016 in January 2016 . On April 11 , 2016 , it was extended through 14 January 2017 . = = = Other productions = = = A US national tour began at the Smith Center for the Performing Arts in Las Vegas on September 4 , 2014 . The role of Lola is set to be played by Kyle Taylor Parker . Porter took a week off from the Broadway production to perform with the National tour when it visited his home town of Pittsburgh from August 4 through August 9 , 2015 at the Benedum Center . A South Korean production is planned to run from December 2 , 2014 to February 22 , 2015 at the Chungmu Art Hall ( 충무아트홀 대극장 ) in Seoul . The Melbourne production is set to open in October 2016 at the Her Majesty 's Theatre and casting is expected to be announced . The cast will include Callum Francis , from the London production as Lola , Toby Francis as Charlie . Joining them are Sophie Wright ( Lauren ) , Damien Bermingham ( Don ) , Teagan Wouters ( Nicola ) and Nathan Carter ( George ) . Malmö Opera House will open its 2016 / 17 season with the Scandinavian premiere of Kinky Boots on September the 3rd 2016 . It will be sung in Swedish . = = Critical reaction = = Upon its October 2012 Chicago opening , Chicago Tribune critic Chris Jones described the show as a " warm , likable , brassy , sentimental , big @-@ hearted and modestly scaled " production . Another reviewer praised the score , book , direction and , particularly , Porter , before suggesting that , before opening on Broadway , it could use a more effective opening number , better pacing in Act 2 and " the budding romance between Charlie and coworker Lauren ... needs more lead @-@ in . In other words , give Ashford , a clear crowd favorite , more to do " . The musical 's Broadway debut received mixed to positive reviews . The show was awarded a " Critic 's Pick " designation by The New York Times , Time Out New York and New York Magazine , and was included in Entertainment Weekly magazine 's " Must See " list . Ben Brantley of The New York Times gave a warm review , calling it " inspired " and comparing the work to other successful recent Broadway musicals : " Like The Full Monty ( choreographed by Mr. Mitchell ) and Billy Elliot the Musical , it is set in a hard @-@ times British factory town , where jobs are in jeopardy and spirits need lifting . Like La Cage aux Folles and Priscilla Queen of the Desert , it presents drag queens as the show ’ s official spirit lifters . And like Hairspray , the musical this production most resembles in tone , Kinky Boots is about finding your passion , overcoming prejudice and transcending stereotypes . " Brantley wrote that Lauper 's " love- and heat @-@ seeking score " wowed with her " trademark ... mix of sentimentality and eccentricity " , and that the costumes and boots courtesy of Gregg Barnes made for " big red scene stealers " . He also praised “ Raise You Up / Just Be , ” as " one of the best curtain numbers since ' You Can ’ t Stop the Beat ' sent Hairspray audiences dancing out of the theater . ” Brantley , however , did not extend his praise to Fierstein 's script , writing that his " sticky , sermonizing side " comes through in the second half , where " all the clichés stand naked before you . " The theatre critic for Time Out New York called the show " the very model of a modern major musical . " The Associated Press termed it " a big ol ’ sweet love story about sons , the families we make and red patent leather . ... Thank goodness for Harvey Fierstein – he spins theatrical magic " , but noted that " the second half is almost completely unnecessary , the English accents are laughable and the footwear puns are relentless . " Entertainment Weekly said " Cyndi Lauper 's infectious score is cause for celebration . " New York Magazine , The New York Post , The Washington Post and Variety all gave mostly favorable reviews . Los Angeles Times theater critic Charles McNulty criticized Lauper 's " novice mistakes " with a score that " never establishes a compositional through line " and saying that while " Fierstein 's heart is in the right place ... the show 's earnestness sinks it " , adding that " if [ the show ] weren 't such a cheesy commercial mess , it might actually be fun " . Joe Dziemianowicz of the New York Daily News wrote that while the " script has issues like a pair of shoes " that don 't quite fit , " Mitchell 's production moves lickety @-@ split " and " Porter ... is a force of nature as Lola . " But , he added , Lauper 's " multicolored , surprising and fun " score outshines the fancy footwear and proves to be the " real star of this show " . Writing for The Guardian , David Cote noted that the decision to use American actors for an adaptation that maintained the Northampton setting resulted in a disconcerting inconsistency in terms of accents . The Wall Street Journal gave the show a negative review , calling it " an imitation heart @-@ warming British working @-@ class musical with a gay angle and a maudlin ending . ... Kinky Boots is its own spoiler alert , the kind of musical in which you recite the dialogue a half @-@ beat ahead of the actors . ... [ the score ] sounds like ... " Cyndi : The Deservedly Forgotten Late- ' 80s B @-@ Sides . " A review in The Bergen Record said that the show " sorely lacks is a dramatic commitment to what it 's doing . Which is why a show that seems to make few false steps is so relentlessly tedious , " calling it " dull " and " synthetic " . Talkin ' Broadway also gave the show a negative review . The Village Voice , AM New York , and NBC turned in lukewarm reviews . In 2014 , Kinky Boots began a United States national tour , which has also garnered mostly positive reviews . Democrat and Chronicle raved , “ Flashy , funny and uplifting , Kinky Boots has appeal — and lots of it — for all ‘ ladies , gentleman and those who are yet to make up their mind . ’ ” BroadwayWorld Los Angeles offered “ praise to the entire triple threat ensemble ! “ The Republic countered , “ Despite the fiery showstopper " Sex Is in the Heel , " however , " Kinky Boots " is surprisingly short on sex appeal , and the cheerleaderish troupe of drag queens called Angels don 't have any of the transgressive appeal of the Cagelles from Fierstein 's earlier hit " La Cage aux Folles . " CBS Minnesota summed it up as “ loud , proud and a tubular sensation . ” In Toronto , Canada , Kinky Boots opened on June 28 to critical acclaim . The Globe and Mail writing " Exuberant ! Inspired ! Terrific ! Splendid fun ! Excellent Canadian Cast ... A tour de force ! " . The Toronto Star wrote " Kinky Boots is the spectacular celebration of song , dance and comedy you 've got to enjoy this summer . Cue the dancing in the street . Bravo ! " . National Post said " THE BEST ! The most inventive musical I 've seen in ages . Joyous ! Ingenious ! Very funny ! " . And TVO stated " A complete triumph . One of the best musicals I 've ever seen . Kinky Boots is crazy good . " The London production received mostly raves , with the London Evening Standard writing , " The thigh 's the limit for this high @-@ kicking London musical , " calling it " a glorious high @-@ kicking romp , " and adding that " ... its energy is infectious . " Time Out London called it " dazzling , fabulously sassy and uplifting , " explaining " It 's not all glitz and high @-@ kicks ... there are some grittier moments that give the show an edgier feel . " And Digital Spy proclaimed it " hilarious , heartwarming , and a hell of a lot of fun , " offering special praise for the show 's star : " Matt Henry ... truly steals the show ... He is utterly commanding in the role , and you instantly root for him . " = = Awards and nominations = = Matilda had been the pre @-@ Award season favorite , but as the season progressed , it became clear that Kinky Boots and the revival of Pippin would provide serious competition . Early in the 2013 awards season , Kinky Boots did well , receiving Drama League Award nominations for Distinguished Production of a Musical and Distinguished Performance , for both Porter and Sands , and winning for Distinguished Production . The show received nine Outer Critics Circle Award nominations , winning three , including Outstanding New Broadway Musical , Outstanding New Score and Outstanding Actor in a Musical ( Porter ) . The musical received only two Drama Desk Award nominations , however , and only one win : Porter for Outstanding Actor in a Musical . New York Times theatre writer Patrick Healy , however , reported that some Tony voters found Matilda " dark " and " a bit chilly " , and accurately predicted that " while the cleverness of Matilda may be enough to win best book , the warmth of Kinky Boots will be enough to score an upset and take the top Tony for best musical . " Kinky Boots received a season @-@ high 13 Tony Award nominations . Matilda , which The New York Times described as the " unalloyed critical hit " of the season , received 12 nominations , 11 of them in the same categories as Kinky Boots . In addition to its critical success , Matilda had won the Drama Desk Award for outstanding musical and had set a record by winning the most Olivier Awards in history . Nevertheless , Kinky Boots won a season @-@ high six Tonys , including Best Musical , which the press described as an upset , and Lauper 's win for Best Score made her the first woman to win alone in that category . The creative team are Americans , and reviewer David Cote , an American writing in The Guardian , judged that the show 's win was a case of " the balance of love going to a homegrown American musical , Kinky Boots , over the British import Matilda . " The other Tony wins were for best actor ( Porter ) , sound design ( Shivers ) , choreography ( Mitchell ) and orchestrations ( Oremus ) . Fierstein , Sands , Ashford , Mitchell ( as director ) and the three other designers were all nominated but did not win . Kinky Boots also won the 2013 Artios Award for Outstanding Achievement in Casting in the Broadway musical category . The West End production won the Evening Standard Radio 2 Audience Award for Best New Musical , which was based on voting by the public at the 2015 Evening Standard Theatre Awards . The show earned seven nominations for the 2016 Laurence Olivier Awards , which was second to a revival of Gypsy , which earned eight nominations . Kinky Boots won three Olivier Awards : Best New Musical , Best Actor in a Musical and Best Costume Design , trailing only Gypsy 's four awards . = = Recordings = = A Broadway original cast album , produced by Lauper , Oremus and William Wittman was released on May 28 , 2013 . It premiered at number one on the Billboard Cast Albums Chart and number fifty @-@ one on the Billboard 200 chart , making it the highest charting Broadway cast recording since The Book of Mormon 's album was released two years earlier . Before the Chicago tryout , " Sex Is in the Heel " became the first Broadway song to reach the top 10 of the Billboard club charts in 25 years . " Land of Lola " was released as a dance remix by Wayne G. & LFB in June 2013 . The album received a favorable review in Playbill from Steven Suskin and won the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album . A West End Original Cast Recording was recorded live at the Adelphi Theatre and released April 1 , 2016 .
= Ramblin ' Wreck = The Ramblin ' Wreck from Georgia Tech is the 1930 Ford Model A Sport coupe that serves as the official mascot of the student body at the Georgia Institute of Technology . The Wreck is present at all major sporting events and student body functions . Its most noticeable role is leading the football team into Bobby Dodd Stadium at Historic Grant Field , a duty which the Wreck has performed since 1961 . The Ramblin ' Wreck is mechanically and financially maintained on campus by students in Ramblin ' Reck Club . The first mechanical Wreck was a 1914 Ford Model T owned by Dean Floyd Field . Until the current Wreck was donated to the school in 1961 , most of the early Ramblin ' Wrecks were owned by students , faculty or alumni . The modern Wreck has donned a number of different paint jobs and has had several restorations and modifications made to it . These changes were made by various individuals and organizations over the years , including Bobby Dodd and a Georgia Tech Alum at the Ford plant in Hapeville , Georgia . The upkeep of the Wreck has been the sole responsibility of Ramblin ' Reck Club and the Wreck driver since 1987 . The Ramblin ' Wreck has been the target of several pranks perpetrated by rival schools ; the University of Tennessee once provided the Wreck with an unsolicited new paint job , and the University of Georgia has stolen the Wreck on at least two occasions . Several replica or " false " Wrecks are owned by alumni , or are used for display and do not run . The official Ramblin ' Wreck is considered the only " true " Wreck , and no backups or replacements exist . = = History = = The term " Ramblin ' Wreck " has been used to refer to students and alumni of Georgia Tech much longer than the car that now bears the name has been in existence . The expression has its origins in the late 19th century and was used originally to refer to the makeshift motorized vehicles constructed by Georgia Tech engineers employed in projects in the jungles of Central America . The Wrecks were constructed from whatever the engineers could find — mostly old tractor and automotive parts — and were kept running by the engineers ' ingenuity and creativity . Other workers in the area began to refer to these vehicles and the men who drove them as " Rambling Wrecks from Georgia Tech . " The first " mechanical mascot " at Georgia Tech was a 1914 Ford Model T owned by Dean Floyd Field . Field drove the car to and from class every day from 1916 until 1928 . Field cared so much for the car that he even nicknamed it " Nellie " . The vehicle was distinguished by its metallic black paint job and a large black box fastened to the rear end by a buggy wheel hoop . The black box 's contents were never revealed to the student body and the box became part of the mystique of the Old Ford . The student body initially nicknamed the vehicle " Floyd 's Flivver " but eventually began to call the car the " Ramblin ' ' Reck . " The first mention of Field 's Ford as a Ramblin ' ' Reck was in 1926 when he performed an overhaul of the car 's motor , body , and paint job with the help of the campus machine shop . Dean Field found a love for travel with his Model T. He took it all the way to California for seminars on mathematics and education . However , in 1927 rumors began to abound campus that Field was going to buy a Model A. Field quelled the rumors with a personal interview in the last issue of the 1927 Technique . By September 1928 , Field felt he could not travel as much with the dilapidated Model T. To the dismay of the student body the vehicle was discarded by Dean Field in 1928 and a Model A was purchased . Field 's Model A lasted until 1934 in which he bought a Ford V8 . He would drive over 122 @,@ 000 miles ( 196 @,@ 300 km ) in all three cars during his Georgia Tech tenure of 1900 – 1945 . In memoriam to his retired " Tin Lizzie " , Dean Field started " an Old Ford Race " from the intersection of North Avenue and Techwood Drive in Atlanta to the intersection of Hills Street and Prince Avenue in Athens . The race was sponsored by the Technique , which nicknamed the event the " Flying Flivver Race . " The finish line was facilitated by the University of Georgia student newspaper The Red and Black . The only rule of the race was that the car had to be a pre @-@ 1926 4 @-@ cylinder motor car . The fastest time in the race was achieved by an Essex which completed the 79 @-@ mile ( 126 km ) race in 1 hour and 26 minutes or 55 mph ( 88 km / h ) . The Tech administration disliked the perilous race and reduced the race to a more peaceful and regulated parade of contraptions known as the Ramblin ' Wreck Parade after races were completed in 1929 and 1930 . The Yellow Jacket Club facilitated the first official Ramblin ' Wreck parade in 1932 . The only break in the parade 's continuous operation occurred with the onset of World War II . There were no parades from 1942 – 1943 and when the parade did continue in 1944 , all wrecks had to be human powered . In 1946 , the Ramblin ' Wreck Parade was allowed to operate combustion engines again . The rules instituted in the 1946 Wreck Parade still remain as the parade has become the featured event for all Tech homecomings . = = = Mascot for students = = = Dean of Student Affairs Jim Dull recognized a need for an official Ramblin ' Wreck when he observed the student body 's fascination with classic cars . Fraternities , in particular , would parade around their House Wrecks as displays of school spirit and enthusiasm . It was considered a rite of passage to own a broken down vehicle . In 1960 , Dull began a search for a new official symbol to represent the Institute . He specifically wanted a classic pre @-@ war Ford . Dull 's search would entail newspaper ads , radio commercials , and other means to locate this vehicle . The search took him throughout the state and country , but no suitable vehicle was found until the autumn of 1960 . Dean Dull spotted a polished 1930 Ford Model A outside of his apartment located in Towers Dormitory . The owner was Captain Ted J. Johnson , Atlanta 's chief Delta Air Lines pilot . Johnson had purchased the car from a junkyard in 1956 . Johnson and his son , Craig , would restore the car as a father @-@ son project while Craig attended the Georgia Military Academy . The two spent two years and over $ 1 @,@ 800 restoring the vehicle . Johnson utilized spare parts from many different sources to refurbish the rusty hulk . He bought the mahogany dash from a parts dealer in Caracas , Venezuela and used Convair 440 aluminum sheets to replace the flooring . After Craig graduated from high school , he attended Florida State on a track scholarship . In 1960 , Craig 's track team would be in Atlanta competing against Tech . Johnson , wanting to see his son compete , took the Model A to Tech campus , parked it near Towers dormitory , and went to watch Craig compete . When Johnson returned to his car , he found a note from Dean Dull attached to his windshield . Dull 's note offered to purchase the car to serve as Georgia Tech 's official mascot . Johnson , after great deliberation , agreed to take $ 1 @,@ 000 but would eventually return the money in 1984 so that the car would be remembered as an official donation to Georgia Tech and the Alexander @-@ Tharpe Fund . The Ramblin ' Wreck would be officially transferred to the Athletic Association on May 26 , 1961 . The Ramblin ' Wreck was unveiled September 30 , 1961 at Grant Field in front of 43 @,@ 501 Tech fans as it led the team onto the field against Rice University . The team prevailed 24 – 0 and the Wreck became an instant success within the Tech family . The Wreck has since led the team onto the field for every home game . = = = Bobby Dodd 's touch = = = The current color scheme was selected in 1974 by then athletic director and former head coach Bobby Dodd . The original Wreck decor featured a wooden GT shield on both the driver and passenger @-@ side doors . This shield was removed during Dodd 's revitalization of the old Model A. Dodd chose an old gold paint from a Lincoln car paint catalogue as the base for the new color scheme . He also placed a slightly stretched GT emblem on the door , a Tech helmet on the rear quarter panel , and a 1952 version of the Yellow Jacket on the front quarter panel . According to Tech lore , Bobby Dodd was so enamored with the Lincoln gold that he changed the football helmet and uniform color to match the new Ramblin ' Wreck paint scheme . The biggest structural change was a support system attached to the car 's frame . The support system runs the length of the running boards and allows the increased weight of cheerleaders or Reck Club members standing on the runningboards . From 1973 to 1987 , 1947 IE alum Pete George maintained the Ramblin ' Wreck at the Hapeville Ford Plant . George would mastermind the 1974 change of colors as well as a major refurbishment of the Wreck in 1982 in time for Georgia Tech 's 1985 centennial celebration . The car was completely disassembled , rebuilt , and repainted by late 1982 . = = = Centennial Celebration changes = = = There were a few noticeable changes to the Ramblin ' Wreck after the 1982 refurbishment . An aftermarket chrome stone guard was added to protect the grill , The emblems on the side were removed and replaced by a basic GT decal on the doors . The 1952 Yellow Jackets were moved to the front tire wells . The white horn was chromed over . The old tire cover was a shield with a football helmet wearing yellow jacket . This was replaced with a white generic naugahyde Ford tire cover . The Old Model A tires and brakes were replaced with Model B whitewall tires and modified brakes . The Wreck experienced a major transition of ownership after the Centennial Celebration . Since Reck Club had financially maintained the vehicle for so long and Reck Club fell under the Dean of Students rather than the Athletic Association , the vehicle was sold from the Athletic Association to the Institute for zero dollars in 1987 . The transaction further solidified Reck Club 's responsibilities over the car but also made the car more than simply a football mascot . The Old Ford was officially an Institute icon . After Pete George 's retirement in 1987 , the upkeep of the Wreck fell directly upon the shoulders of the Wreck Drivers and Reck Club . In 1994 , the Hapeville Plant ended their relationship with Reck Club . Since then , the Wreck has been student maintained with the assistance of local Atlanta garages . The Wreck has had numerous mechanical and cosmetic repairs over the years since Pete George 's initial full rebuild . After 1994 , Reck Club restored the wheels and brakes to original Model A specifications . Reck Club performed a major off body restoration in the Spring of 2000 that saw the car repainted and the motor rebuilt . Pete George , although several years retired , aided Reck Club in its restoration providing funding and labor to the 2000 restoration . After the restoration , a small modification replaced the electrical generator with a more efficient Nu @-@ Rex alternator . In 2007 , Reck Club coordinated their second major restoration following a trailering accident that severely damaged the body and top of the Ramblin ' Wreck . = = = Modern role of the Wreck = = = The Ramblin ' Wreck has led the Yellow Jacket football team onto Grant Field almost 300 games . It also makes appearances for other Georgia Tech sports teams : it is often seen before big basketball games at Hank McCamish Pavilion , occasionally parked outside of Russ Chandler Stadium during warm weekend baseball series , and has attended several softball games a year at the new mid @-@ campus stadium . A symbol of the Institute 's academic and collegiate tradition , the old Model A is often dispatched to special events on campus . It is always present when new buildings are opened or dedicated . On December 5 , 2006 , the Wreck became the first car to drive across the new Fifth Street Bridge . Every spring , the Institute holds a ceremony , known as When the Whistle Blows , to honor students , staff , and faculty who died during the previous year . The Georgia Tech Whistle is blown once for each person who died , and once more to salute Georgia Tech alumni and friends who may also have died . A procession of the military escort , led by the Ramblin ' Wreck , leads up to the ceremony , during which the Wreck is parked next to the speaker 's stage . During Tech Homecoming , the Ramblin ' Wreck has several duties . Several days before Homecoming , it acts as a giant gold starter pistol for the Mini 500 tricycle race . The Wreck 's next task is to lead the racers out of the starting line in the Freshman Cake Race . On the day of the Homecoming football game , the Wreck leads the Ramblin ' Wreck Parade , then leads the football team onto the field . The car is also present at every Freshman Orientation ( FASET ) , Earth Day festival , and other campuswide events . A ride in the Wreck serves as a gift to many retiring faculty and staff ; a ride onto Grant Field is one of the greatest honors Georgia Tech can bestow . Kim King , for example , received this honor on October 2 , 2004 during halftime of the Miami game . = = Wreck traditions and specifications = = There are several lesser known details about the Wreck that are easily missed when it rambles down Techwood Drive . Specific physical details and the actual person behind the wheel are often missed or overlooked . The Wreck is financially maintained through Ramblin ' Reck Club appearances and fundraisers . There is no official source of funding from the Institute , Athletic Association , or Alumni Association . This gives the Wreck a unique level of independence that is atypical amongst college mascots . When a freshman first reaches campus for FASET ( orientation ) , one of the many traditions that they are introduced to is that freshmen cannot touch the Wreck until the completion of their first year . This rule originated in the 1963 edition of the RAT Rules . If a freshman touches the Wreck between convocation and the last day of classes in the Spring , they will receive bad luck throughout their college career and GT will be cursed to lose to UGA in football that year . The Wreck is distinguished by its old gold body and white soft top . The soft top has a chrome support strut , which features a brass classic Tech T and 1952 yellow jacket . The body also has two solid white runningboards , which run the length of the vehicle . The running boards support cheerleaders or the occasional Tech student looking for a ride . The interior upholstery is solid white vinyl . The gear shifter knob is a white globe with the classic Tech T painted on it . There are two golden nylon pennants emblazoned with the words " To Hell With Georgia " and " Give ' Em Hell Tech " fastened to the front bumper . = = = Driver = = = The Driver of the Ramblin ' Wreck is an elected position within Ramblin ' Reck Club . This position is determined after every football season . The driver manages the car 's public appearances and maintenance . There have only been 46 drivers of the Wreck , making the position of Wreck driver one of the most prestigious positions in all of Georgia Tech 's student organizations . The driver gets to add their own personal touch every year to the Wreck . The front license plate is chosen by the driver every year and the radiator cap is replaced yearly as well . The cap is typically a flying quail or a wreath . After each driver 's term , the driver gets to keep the two pennants as well . Dean Dull initiated a group known as the Ramblin ' Reck Committee of the Student Council to aid in his search for a mascot . When the Wreck was found in 1961 , the Ramblin ' Reck Committee was chaired by Dekle Rountree . Rountree would drive the Wreck for school functions and Student Council fundraisers . He was also the first person to drive the Ramblin ' Wreck onto Grant Field . Don Gentry , the president of Reck Club in 1961 , was the first student to drive the Wreck as he aided in retrieving the Model A from Ted Johnson 's home . The Wreck was always maintained by Reck Club but the complete transition of control occurred between 1964 – 1967 . During this period , Reck Club was relieved of its RAT rules enforcement duties and given more wholesome jobs of maintaining the Wreck , upholding traditions , and generating school spirit . There have been three female drivers of the Ramblin ' Wreck in its history . Lisa Volmar , an industrial engineering major , was elected the driver in 1984 and she was the first female driver after 23 consecutive years of male @-@ only drivers . = = = Reck or Wreck = = = The name can be spelled either Ramblin ' Wreck or Ramblin ' Reck . In all spellings , there is no g in Ramblin ' . The first references to the 1930 Model A ( 1961 ) spelled the word Reck while the first references to the 1914 Model T owned by Dean Field spelled the word ' Reck ( 1925 ) . Ramblin ' Reck Club has spelled the word Reck since their 1945 club charter . The Institute has adopted the spelling Ramblin ' Wreck and holds a trademark on the phrase . Reck Club still refers to the Ramblin ' Wreck as the Ramblin ' Reck while most other agencies refer to it as the Ramblin ' Wreck . = = Travelin ' Wreck = = In its history , the Wreck has appeared at a number of away games and other events away from the Georgia Tech campus . Many of these trips resulted in damage to the Wreck or other interesting anecdotes . The first away game for the Ramblin ' Wreck was the 1961 game against the Alabama Crimson Tide . The Wreck was freighted by Southern Railway to Birmingham , Alabama . At the time , Alabama played its home games at Legion Field . Before the game the current driver Dekle Rountree decided to traverse the slope up to visit Birmingham 's Vulcan statue . The trip to Birmingham was such a success , a trip to Jacksonville for Tech 's Gator Bowl appearance against Penn State was organized as well . These would be the first road and bowl game appearances for the Wreck in its illustrious career . In 1963 , the Ramblin ' Reck Committee and Ramblin ' Reck Club organized another road trip for the Wreck . This trip would take the Wreck up to Knoxville for a game against the Tennessee Volunteers . After Tech won the game , the Wreck was stored overnight in Neyland Stadium . Administrators and Tennessee 's Athletic Director Bob Woodruff promised Georgia Tech Athletics that the Wreck would be safe . They were wrong . Tennessee students broke into the storage area and painted the Wreck orange . They wrote " Go Vols " in the paint and covered the gold wheels with paint as well . After the incident , Georgia Tech sent a bill to Tennessee 's Athletic Department asking for restitution . It was believed that Woodruff had aided the students in their efforts after he openly contested the officiating of the football contest . In 1976 , Tech students took the Wreck to Athens for the annual football game with UGA . After the game , the Wreck 's police escort abandoned the car . The vehicle appeared relatively unprotected and was approached by UGA students attempting to vandalize it . The Tech students responsible for the car 's safekeeping frightened the encroaching Bulldog fans away by producing a concealed 9 mm pistol . The farthest trips the Ramblin ' Wreck has ever traveled from Atlanta were the 1970 Sun Bowl in El Paso , Texas and Denver , Colorado , in 1990 for Tech 's NCAA Final Four Appearance against UNLV . The Wreck was freighted by van 1 @,@ 400 miles ( 2 @,@ 250 km ) to Denver Coliseum . Along the way , a television crew documented the trip and broadcast the Wreck 's expedition during the Final Four promotions . The last major roadtrips for the Ramblin ' Wreck were to the 2004 Final Four in San Antonio , Texas , the 2006 ACC Championship Game in Jacksonville , Florida , and the 2009 ACC Championship Game in Tampa 's Raymond James Stadium . The Wreck led the Yellow Jacket football team onto Alltel Stadium 's field for Tech 's first appearance in the ACC Title game , as well as performing the same duty in their second appearance and first win in the ACC Championship Game in 2009 . The Wreck has also been to the Orange Bowl , Gator Bowl , All @-@ American Bowl , Sun Bowl , Peach Bowl , Citrus Bowl , and Champs Sports Bowl . On June 15 , 2007 , the Wreck was involved in an accident while being towed to a wedding south of Atlanta in a covered car trailer . The trailer failed while carrying the Wreck , in turn causing the truck and trailer to run off the road and into the roadside ditch . The Wreck fell over inside the trailer , causing damage to its side and roof . Despite the severe body damage ( in excess of $ 30 @,@ 000 ) , the Wreck was repaired for the first game of the 2007 season against the Samford Bulldogs . = = In the media = = In 1987 , the Ramblin ' Wreck and Dean Jim Dull were featured on ABC @-@ TV 's morning show . Dean Dull shouted into the camera , " I 'm Dean of Students Jim Dull and I 'm a Ramblin ' Wreck from Georgia Tech . Good Morning , America ! " Dull was on the show because he had won a make @-@ a @-@ wish contest . All he wanted was for the Ramblin ' Wreck , gold @-@ clad students , and himself to be on the ABC morning show and ABC granted the wish . The Ramblin ' Wreck has been featured in several newspapers , magazines , and books . The Ramblin ' Wreck is portrayed leading the Georgia Tech football team onto the field on the cover of Al Thomy 's 1973 work Ramblin ' Wreck - A Story of Georgia Tech Football . Pete George 's 1982 refurbishment was featured in the November 1983 edition of the Ford Times . The June 1986 edition of Cars & Parts Magazine featured the Ramblin ' Wreck and the raffle for the Centennial Wreck . The December 1991 Car Collector & Car Classics featured the Wreck on the cover after the National Championship season . The December 2007 Bellsouth Real White Pages for Greater Atlanta featured the Ramblin ' Wreck with censored flags . The Ramblin ' Wreck has been featured numerous times in Tech 's student newspaper , The Technique , and Atlanta 's primary newspaper , the Atlanta Journal @-@ Constitution . The Wreck has also been featured in The New York Times and the Associated Press . Local newspapers such as the Cherokee Times , Augusta Chronicle , and Gwinnett Daily Post have also printed articles about the Wreck . In the week prior to the 2007 home opener , the Ramblin ' Wreck was featured on ESPN First Take . ESPN showed old clips of the Wreck leading the football team onto the field and discussed the possibility of the Wreck not making the football opener after 45 consecutive years of never missing a game . The Ramblin ' Wreck was featured prominently on the October 18 , 2007 episode of Jim Cramer 's Mad Money . Cramer exited the Wreck 's passenger door to start the show and one of Cramer 's trademark soundboards was attached to the front bumper . On April 16 , 2009 , a Georgia Tech student riding on the running board of the Ramblin ' Wreck fell and suffered severe head injuries hospitalizing the student for four days . Almost a year later , the student filed suit against Georgia Tech and an auto shop responsible for installing handles on the roof of the car . The lawsuit cites the failure of the auto shop 's handles as the reason for the fall and claims the University promoted the unsafe use of a vehicle by students . The 2012 edition of EA Sports ' NCAA football video game featured the addition of the Ramblin ' Wreck leading Georgia Tech 's football team onto the field at all games played in Bobby Dodd Stadium . The Ramblin ' Wreck was included in the game alongside many other colleges ' pre @-@ game traditions to " deliver the pride and pageantry of game day " . = = Ramblin ' replicas = = There are several vehicles that claim " Ramblin ' Wreck status . " However , there is only one modern official Ramblin ' Wreck . There are no backups or equivalent vehicles . The most famous of the fake Wrecks is a 1931 Ford Model A Cabriolet known as the Centennial Wreck . This vehicle was refurbished along with the real Wreck in 1985 . The vehicle followed the Ramblin ' Wreck onto the field all of the 1985 football season and was raffled for $ 250 @,@ 000 by Pete George and Georgia Tech in 1986 . In 1988 , the Alumni Association purchased a 1931 Ford Model A Roadster and restored the vehicle again in 1994 . The Alumni Wreck is distinguished by its spare tire locations on the driver 's side and passenger 's side runningboards and the words " Georgia Tech Alumni Association " printed on the doors . It also has a convertible top . On the real Wreck , the spare is behind the rumble seat and the roof cannot be removed or lowered . There is a 1930 Ford Model A Sports Coupe shell in the Georgia Tech Hotel . This car has not worked since it has been on campus . The motor is incomplete and the front end lacks the Wreck 's chrome stone guard . This is one of the few replicas that is almost identical in make , model , and paint scheme when compared to the real Ramblin ' Wreck . There are also several alumni owned vehicles that are painted to resemble the Wreck . These vehicles mimic the look and feel of the Wreck but are not the Ramblin ' Wreck . One of the most famous instances of mistaken identity occurred in 1988 . A father @-@ son duo of Georgia Tech alums attempted to lead the Tech football team onto the field at Sanford Stadium in Athens . After getting inside of the stadium with their gold 1924 Ford Model T , the two were finally stopped by Georgia officials who were informed the real Ramblin ' Wreck had remained in Atlanta . Several B @-@ 17 Flying Fortresses and B @-@ 24 Liberators and at least one F4U Corsair were designated the name Ramblin ' Reck during service in World War II . The Chicago Brewing Company features an amber ale by the name of Ramblin ' Reck Amber Ale .
= 1952 Kern County earthquake = The 1952 Kern County earthquake occurred on July 21 in the southern San Joaquin Valley and measured 7 @.@ 3 on the moment magnitude scale . The main shock occurred at 4 : 52 am Pacific Daylight Time ( 11 : 52 UTC ) , killed 12 people and injured hundreds , and caused an estimated $ 60 million in property damage . A small sector of damage near Bealville corresponded to a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI ( Extreme ) , though this intensity rating was not representative of the majority of damage . The earthquake occurred on the White Wolf Fault near the community of Wheeler Ridge and was the strongest to occur in California since the 1906 San Francisco earthquake . The town of Tehachapi suffered the greatest damage and loss of life from the earthquake , though other locations in Kern County experienced significant damage as well , but its effects were widely felt throughout central and southern California . The July mainshock had a significant aftershock sequence that persisted into July and August with many magnitude 5 + events with intensities of V ( Moderate ) to VII ( Very strong ) . Six of these aftershocks occurred on the day of the mainshock , but the strongest aftershock came on August 22 as a M5.8 event that had a maximum perceived intensity of VIII ( Severe ) and resulted in the deaths of two people and caused an additional $ 10 million in property damage . Following the event , a field survey was conducted along the fault zone with the goal of estimating the peak ground acceleration of the shock based on visually evaluating precarious rock formations and other indicators . Ground disturbances that were created by the earthquakes were also surveyed , both in the valley and in the foothills , with both vertical and horizontal displacements present in the epicentral area . The strong motion records that were acquired from the event were significant , and a reconnaissance report was recognized for its coverage of the event , and how it set a standard for those types of engineering or scientific papers . Repercussions of the sequence of earthquakes were still being felt in the heavily damaged downtown area of Bakersfield well into the 1990s as city leaders attempted to improve safety of the surviving unreinforced masonry buildings . = = Tectonic setting = = At Lebec , California , just south of the epicenter of the July mainshock , the San Andreas Fault comes together with the Garlock Fault , which is positioned at the northern border of the Mojave Desert . The San Andreas has been responsible for considerable seismic activity at its northern and southern sections , and traverses the area near the Transverse Ranges . The Kern Canyon Fault mirrors the path of the Kern River , and was thought to have a connection with the White Wolf Fault , but indicators observed following the July 21 earthquake demonstrated that the two are offset . The Owens Valley Fault , on the east side of the Sierran block , has been mapped and may possibly extend into area that was affected by the 1952 shocks . Other fault zones are present in the region , and have been of interest because they may have been responsible for minor earthquakes , but they are considered not as significant as the Kern Canyon , Owens Valley , and San Andreas Faults . The 1952 earthquakes were the first to be observed well within Kern County lines . Other strong , but remote events were previously felt in the area , but they were distant enough to cause only occasional destructive effects . The county is bounded on the western side by the Temblor Range which is adjacent to the southern San Andreas Fault . Other large events have affected the area as well , like the January 1857 Fort Tejon earthquake that severely affected Fort Tejon ( about 15 miles ( 24 km ) south of Wheeler Ridge ) . = = Earthquake = = The M7.3 earthquake occurred on the strike @-@ slip White Wolf Fault in the southern San Joaqin Valley . Historically , the left @-@ lateral fault has had a component of reverse slip , and at the time of the July mainshock the ratio of reverse / left @-@ lateral slip was about 1 @.@ 2 : 1 . The epicenter of the shock was at the 90 km ( 56 mi ) fault 's southwestern end , at a point where it may end , or merge with the east @-@ west trending Pleito thrust fault . The White Wolf Fault ( as illuminated by the aftershocks ) was found to be curved , with less dip on the northeast end , though that zone also had a higher strike @-@ slip component . Other distinct characteristics on that end of the fault were the shallower shocks and the less overall slip . If the total fault displacement came about as a result of the same type of large @-@ displacement shocks like the one in 1952 , the recurrence interval was proposed to be 170 – 450 years . The 1995 Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities gave a ( high uncertainty ) slip rate estimate of 2 mm per year . Mercalli intensities for the mainshock were gauged to be VIII ( Severe ) , especially in Tehachapi and close to the epicenter , but southeast of Bealville 46 cm ( 18 in ) thick reinforced concrete railroad tunnel walls were cracked , tracks were warped , and the gap between tunnel entrances was reduced by up to 2 @.@ 5 meters ( 8 ft 2 in ) . Because of the extraordinary damage there , an intensity rating of XI ( Extreme ) was assigned specifically for that location . = = = Damage = = = Though damage was spread throughout a large area , most was concentrated in the town of Tehachapi where at least 11 were killed and 35 were injured . An early estimate reported in the Los Angeles Times had the damage at $ 2 @.@ 6 million with 700 families affected in Tehachapi alone , where most of the town 's buildings sustained damage . Fifteen homes were destroyed there , 53 were heavily damaged , and another 75 sustained light damage . In Bakersfield , windows were broken and dislodged plaster littered residential and commercial districts , and the county jail was damaged . To the southwest of Bakersfield in Maricopa , the justice court building , the Maricopa Hotel , the post office , and several businesses were condemned because of heavy damage . In the small town of Taft disruption was light , with the exception of a destroyed wall at a J. C. Penney department store and a single home that was damaged . In the ( former ) settlement of Paloma a fire burned at an oil refinery , and an explosion occurred at refinery in Long Beach due to a cracked pipe , but most of the Greater Los Angeles Area was free from heavy damage due to the distant location ( around 10 miles southwest of Tehachapi ) of the earthquake . Power disruptions affected Van Nuys and Los Angeles and in Long Beach some windows were broken . Other moderate damage in that area included a 2 @.@ 5 ft ( 0 @.@ 76 m ) crack on a street in Hollywood and a 90 ft ( 27 m ) crack in a Santa Ana parking lot . = = = Aftershocks = = = Through late September , Caltech seismometers recorded 188 aftershocks higher than magnitude 4 @.@ 0 . Six of those on the day of the mainshock were M5 and above , but some of these ( like the 12 : 05 M6.3 shock ) were only felt , and didn 't cause any damage . The July 21 M5.1 shock at 15 : 13 GMT and the July 23 shock at 00 : 38 both damaged buildings in Arvin , and the latter event also caused slight damage in Fresno and near Bakersfield . Three additional shocks on July 23 were particularly destructive . Walls and other portions of buildings that had been previously damaged took a second hit from the 07 : 53 M5.2 event , and a house that saw only minor damage during the mainshock was nearly destroyed by it . Gas and water lines were also severed , and transformers were loosened or dislodged . The 13 : 17 M5.8 shock compounded problems at Tehachapi and Arvin with damage to previously @-@ affected buildings that was described as serious , but the 18 : 13 shock on July 23 only had a slight affect at Arvin . Two shocks on July 25 that occurred within an hour of each other were felt throughout central California and caused pipeline damage south of Bakersfield and other minor building damage in several locations . Pre @-@ existing ground disturbances were enhanced in Tejon Canyon , and landslides occurred at Caliente Creek Canyon , Oiler Canyon Grade , and on State Route 178 between Kernville and Bakersfield . A number of fires were initiated by the July 29 aftershock ( intensity VII ( Very strong ) ) and other severe damage was caused by it , especially to buildings that had already been damaged ( including one in Bakersfield ) . The strongest aftershock in the sequence came on August 22 as a magnitude 5 @.@ 8 event with a maximum perceived intensity of VIII ( Severe ) . Damage was especially heavy to brick buildings in Bakersfield , and although only a few buildings collapsed outright , 90 of 264 buildings that the shock damaged needed to be brought down completely . Total damage from this event alone was estimated to be $ 10 million , with several injuries , and two additional deaths . = = = Peak acceleration = = = Prior to the 1999 Chi @-@ Chi earthquake in Nantou County , Taiwan , little information was available for estimating ground motion that resulted from large ( greater than M7 ) thrust earthquakes , and whether the values seen in that event are commonplace remains unresolved . Foam rubber modeling , numerical modeling , and field studies have shown that intense ground motions close to 1g are possible on the hanging wall side of the fault during some large thrust earthquakes . A common occurrence of shattered rock that has been observed on the hanging wall of thrust faults reinforces the existence of the strong motions , but precarious rock surveys have indicated that smaller ground motions are present on the foot wall side of the fault . Foam rubber modelling studies confirm that the ground motion on the foot wall side can be lower by a factor of up to five , and an example of this imbalance was displayed during the September 1999 M7.6 earthquake in Taiwan . Rocks are classified as precarious if their toppling accelerations are .3g or less and semi @-@ precarious at .3 – .5g. The area around the White Wolf fault was surveyed by a group of earth scientists with extensive experience estimating thousands of rock formations . The toppling accelerations of many rocks were assessed by the three geologists , with individual estimates usually agreeing within .1g. On the foot wall side , many precarious and semi @-@ precarious rock formations were observed and allowed for peak ground acceleration to be estimated at .5g ( within a kilometer of the fault trace ) while rock shattering and a lack of precarious rocks on the hanging wall side suggested a value near 1g had been experienced at the time of the shock . = = = Ground effects = = = Many erratic surface fractures were generated in the San Joaquin Valley along the White Wolf Fault . The cracks were not well @-@ defined , and were the result of the disturbance of the alluvium that makes up the valley floor , rather than cracking along the fault trace . Northeast trending cracks ranging from hairline @-@ width to near five inches wide were seen between Arvin and California State Route 166 , and some showed clear lateral offset , but those were determined to be localized effects . Some of the fractures in the ground were aligned with the fault , and some were perpendicular to the general trend , but the more significant breaks were believed to be a direct result of faulting at depth . This was true in the mountainous areas as well , but some of the breaks at the higher elevations were probably related to slumping . The northeast trending breaks were described in a report from the State of California ( that was prepared by well @-@ known geologists and seismologists ) as " thrusting of the southeast block up and over the northwest block , and / or a lateral movement of the southeast block to the northeast " . Offset rows of cotton were documented at a number of locations along the northeast trending fault breaks in the valley . An offset of 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) was seen 17 miles ( 27 km ) south of Bakersfield , about .5 mi ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) east of California State Route 99 , and 3 miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) southwest of Arvin a north south oriented row was offset with movement towards the west on the south side of the shift . At the same location , an east @-@ west road was dislocated towards the northeast a minimum of 5 ft ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) , and near the mouth of Comanche Creek ( 6 miles ( 9 @.@ 7 km ) south of Arvin ) a shallow @-@ sloped fault scarp was raised with a maximum vertical displacement of about 3 ft ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) . = = Response = = Beno Gutenberg , a German @-@ American seismologist , was the director of the Caltech Seismological Laboratory at the time of the shock . He commented about the event first by saying that the energy of the event was 100 times that of the 1933 Long Beach earthquake . In statements made in the July 22 Los Angeles Times , the shock was compared to the 1857 Fort Tejon event . He went on to say , " There is no doubt that yesterday 's quake is the largest Southern California has had in this century and is the largest to occur in this area since modern instruments were available . It 's possible that the 1857 quake might have been more intense . " Charles Richter departed the lab in Pasadena in a mobile seismograph truck bound for the epicentral area to record aftershocks close to the fault , and Harry O. Wood ( the founder of the lab thirty years prior ) visited the lab following the onset of the shocks and commented that it was still not possible to predict the location of large earthquakes . The American Red Cross called it a major disaster , but getting relief into the area was stalled because of landslides blocking the ridge route running between Los Angeles and Kern counties . California State Route 99 was also blocked by a landslide ten miles south of Gorman , but the highway was quickly reopened later in the day . Two tunnels used by the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Santa Fe Railroad collapsed between Tehachapi and Marcel , and all aircraft not related to the relief effort were ordered not to land at the Tehachapi Municipal Airport . All 417 inmates from the Tehachapi Prison for Women were evacuated because of damage ; the California Department of Corrections stated that the facility was left unusable . Most of the injured received medical care at Kern County General Hospital and some sought treatment at Tehachapi Valley Hospital , where some existing patients were moved to make room for new arrivals . = = Aftermath = = Downtown Bakersfield was heavily impacted by the earthquakes , and many damaged buildings were bulldozed to make room for buildings that were eventually constructed with newer architectural styles . After World War II , and with a booming economy , the region was experiencing a period of urban renewal . The Kern County Courthouse , St. Francis Church , and the original Beale Memorial Clock Tower were all damaged and were leveled or rebuilt . In what may have been an overambitious push for renewal , some historic buildings that may have been able to be salvaged also were brought down , though some stood for many years after the earthquakes . Some of Bakersfield 's unreinforced masonry buildings survived the shocks and were still in use years later , but the cost of retrofitting these buildings was often prohibitive for their owners , and the Bakersfield City Council was given the authority to seize or demolish them in 1993 . The city changed its approach in the late 1990s after building owners complained that the upgrade process was too expensive , and the possibility that the city may be left in possession of properties that were left needing the costly renovations . Following most present day damaging earthquakes , teams of investigators from institutions such as the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute are sent to the affected region to set up instruments to capture strong motion records , and to study the damage and other effects of the event . This has not always been the case , and the 1954 report from Steinbrugge and Moran that thoroughly detailed the effects ( especially to buildings ) of the 1952 shocks put in place a model for how modern earthquake reconnaissance reports are written . The strong motion record that was obtained from the 1952 shock , as well as the accelerogram from the 1940 El Centro earthquake , were the most widely used data sets until the 1971 San Fernando earthquake .
= United States Academic Decathlon = The Academic Decathlon ( also called AcaDec , AcaDeca or AcDec ) is the only annual high school academic competition organized by the non @-@ profit United States Academic Decathlon Association ( USAD ) . The competition consists of seven multiple choice tests , two performance events , and an essay . Academic Decathlon was created by Robert Peterson in 1968 for local schools in Orange County , California and expanded nationwide in 1981 . That year , 17 states and the District of Columbia participated , a number that has grown to include most of the United States and some international schools . In 2015 Academic Decathlon held its first ever International competition in Shanghai , China . Once known as United States Academic Decathlon , on March 1 , 2013 , it began operating as the Academic Decathlon . Academic Decathlon is designed to include students from all achievement levels . Teams generally consist of nine members , who are divided into three divisions based on grade point average : Honors ( 3 @.@ 75 – 4 @.@ 00 GPA ) , Scholastic ( 3 @.@ 00 – 3 @.@ 74 GPA ) , and Varsity ( 0 @.@ 00 – 2 @.@ 99 GPA ) . Each team member competes in all ten events against other students in his or her division , and team scores are calculated using the top two overall individual scores from each team in all three divisions . Gold , silver , and bronze medals are awarded for individual events and for overall scores . To earn a spot at the national competition in April , teams must advance through local , regional , and state competitions , though some levels of competition may be bypassed for smaller states . Online competitions , separated into small , medium , and large categories , are also offered . USAD has expanded to include an International Academic Decathlon and has created an Academic Pentathlon for middle schools . The ten events require knowledge in many academic disciplines . Students must take seven multiple choice tests in art , economics , language and literature , math , music , science and social science . These topics , with the exception of math , are thematically linked each year . One of the multiple choice events , alternating between science or social science , is chosen for the Super Quiz . In addition to the seven objective events , there are three subjective events graded by judges : essay , interview and speech . Over the years , there have been various small controversies , the most infamous being the scandal involving the Steinmetz High School team , which was caught cheating at the 1995 Illinois state finals . This event was later dramatized in the 2000 film Cheaters . Academic Decathlon has been criticized by educators for the amount of time it requires students to spend on the material , as it constitutes an entire curriculum beyond the one provided by the school . Around the turn of the millennium , several coaches protested the USAD 's decision to publish error @-@ ridden Resource Guides rather than provide topics for students to research . = = History = = Academic Decathlon was founded in 1968 by Robert Peterson , the superintendent of schools in Orange County , California . Marvin Cobb , the executive director of the California Academic Decathlon in 2003 , said after Peterson 's death that Peterson intended the competition to encourage not only the highest @-@ level students who already competed in academic competitions ( " [ adding ] a little glory , " as President of the Orange County Academic Decathlon Association put it in 1970 ) , but also to " change C students ' lives " . The inaugural competition , held in December 1968 , hosted 103 students from 20 local high schools . At first only regional contests were held , organized by the Orange County Academic Decathlon Corporation ( OCAD ) with the assistance of the Orange County Department of Education . In 1971 , when the grand jury recommended that the Orange County Department of Education should no longer play a part in the competition , full control was handed over to the OCAD . In 1979 , the first statewide competition was held , and just over two years later , the newly formed United States Academic Decathlon Association held the first national competition in April 1982 at Loyola Marymount University in California — 200 high schools from 16 states and the District of Columbia competed for the chance to attend . Peterson , inspired by the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , hoped to make Academic Decathlon an international event . At the 1984 Nationals , 32 states as well as Canada , Mexico , New Zealand and South Korea fielded teams . The inclusion of foreign countries did not become a regular occurrence , however . There was no more international participation until 1989 , when teams from Northern Ireland and Rio de Janeiro competed . Since then , only a handful of international schools have competed . After a 1986 trial competition , Dr. Peterson founded a " International Decathlon for Academics " in 1990 . Competitions were held in 1990 , 1991 and 1992 , but for a number of reasons the competition did not continue . In April 2009 , USAD announced that it would be regularly hosting an online international competition , the International Academic Decathlon , after a successful trial event in 2008 ; however , all 2009 participants but Southbank opted out , leading USAD to issue Southbank an invitation to attend the 2009 U.S. National Competition instead . Academic Decathlon was originally organized differently than the current competition . The original ten events were aesthetics ( music and visual arts ) , conversation , essay writing , mathematics , practical arts , formal speech , physical science , social science , current events , extracurricular activities , and English literature , grammar , and reading . Over time , those events evolved into : economics , essay , fine arts , interview , language and literature , math , science , social sciences , speech and Super Quiz . It was not until 1998 that fine arts was split into its two constituent tests : art and music . Due to this division , the Super Quiz took the place of one of the other subjects each year . In 1998 , Super Quiz replaced economics ; from 1999 until 2012 , it replaced either science or social science and alternated replacing the two from 2003 to 2012 . Beginning with the 2013 season , the Super Quiz consisted of a relay portion only , encompassing questions from the respective year 's Science , Language and Literature , Music , Social Science , Art , and Economics curriculum . More than just the events were changed during the 1998 – 99 season — the style of study required of students changed . Prior to that season , students had performed their own research for each event , and test writers did not have to base their questions on material USAD published . However , after a policy change at the beginning of the 1999 – 2000 competition year , test writers were required to base the tests on official USAD materials . After the change in policy , scores vastly increased across the country . That year at Nationals , James E. Taylor High School had the highest team score yet seen at the competition . The following season , USAD once again altered their testing policies ; 50 % of test questions were to come from USAD published " Resource Guides " and 50 % were to come from unspecified sources . Economics focused on business organizations and profiles in individual enterprise rather than macroeconomics and microeconomics as it had for the previous 19 years . A decrease in scores followed these changes ; the national winner that year , El Camino Real High School , scored 5 @,@ 923 fewer points than James E. Taylor High School had the previous year . The following year , USAD settled on an organization of test materials that it would use for almost a full decade , with a mixture of questions from the provided material and independent research . A number of curriculum changes were reversed . Though the events finally stabilized during the 2000 – 01 season , the USAD administration changed dramatically that year when the program 's executive director , James Alvino , resigned . Alvino had written a religious article that had been included in that year 's Super Quiz Resource Guide . His critics and the USAD Board regarded the inclusion as a conflict of interest , as the material was a persuasive essay that heavily pushed Alvino 's point of view . The season was also significant in that it was the first year that states were allowed to send both their large and small school champions to the national competition . ( Small schools are currently classified as those schools with fewer than 650 students . ) However , this practice was short @-@ lived and was discontinued after the 2002 season . Instead , a small school e @-@ Nationals was introduced during the 2005 – 06 school year . The medium school e @-@ Nationals was established two years later for those schools with between 650 and 1 @,@ 300 students . In 2010 , California Academic Decathlon announced that a large school e @-@ Nationals would be held for the second @-@ highest performing school in each state . In 2009 , USAD announced the launch of an " Online Middle School Pentathlon Program " , a competition similar to Academic Decathlon , with only essay , language and literature , mathematics , geography or social science , and science as events . Either science or social science would be designated as the Super Quiz topic . In 2010 , it was announced that high school students who don 't have access to a school team or whose team has been eliminated in an earlier round can participate in an online individual competition . = = Participation = = = = = Team makeup and eligibility = = = The USAD requires a diversity of achievement within each team ; teams must have students who fall into three categories determined by GPA . The Honors category is composed of students with GPAs between 3 @.@ 75 and 4 @.@ 0 . The Scholastic category consists of students with GPAs between 3 @.@ 0 and 3 @.@ 74 . The final group , the Varsity category , contains students whose GPA ranges from 0 @.@ 00 to 2 @.@ 99 . USAD uses a modified GPA scale in which performance @-@ based classes such as music , art or physical education are omitted from the GPA calculation . A grade counts for face value regardless of whether it is from an advanced placement , honors , regular or remedial class . An A is counted as a 4 @.@ 0 , a B as a 3 @.@ 0 , a C as a 2 @.@ 0 , a D as a 1 @.@ 0 , and a F as a 0 . Only final grades taken from the previous two complete school years are used to calculate GPA . A team typically consists of nine competitors : three honors , three scholastic and three varsity . However , since only the top two scores from each category count towards the team 's total score , a team can compete with as few as six students without any point deduction . Students may compete in a higher category than the one they are assigned to , but generally it is to the students ' advantage to compete in the lowest category they can . Scores in Varsity are typically lower than those in Scholastic , and those in Scholastic are typically lower than those in Honors . = = = Levels of competition = = = There are four official levels of competition : local / scrimmage , regional , state , and national ( Rounds 1 , 2 , 3 , and 4 respectively ) . With the exception of Round 1 , only the top finishers in each round advance to the next level . California , the state with the largest Academic Decathlon , holds local scrimmages using the Round 1 tests , which are largely for practice and do not determine whether a team can compete at the regional level , which uses Round 2 tests . In the 2008 – 09 season , 43 states participated in statewide Academic Decathlons , though only 35 and an international school participated in the national competition . = = Events = = Like an athletic decathlon , the Academic Decathlon has ten events : art , economics , essay , interview , language and literature , math , music , science , social science , and speech . Prior to 2013 , the Super Quiz replaced one of the seven objective events each year ; from 2003 @-@ 2012 , it alternated between replacing science and social science . USAD releases the topics and theme of the following year 's competition in early March , giving students time to prepare for a competition season that runs from November to April . The curriculum is developed by a ten @-@ member panel of former USAD coaches known as the USAD Curriculum Advisory Group . The group contracts with " curriculum developers " , who must have at least a bachelor 's degree in their respective subject , to create the subject area outlines , Resource Guides , and Notebook Dividers . The Super Quiz Resource Guide was formed mostly from articles from peer reviewed journals , but also includes non @-@ peer reviewed articles , which are looked over by a panel of five reviewers and then checked for accuracy by another reviewer . Use of this format was continued for the Science packet in the 2012 @-@ 2013 season . The events are split up into two groups : the seven objective tests ( art , economics , language and literature , math , music , science and social science ) the three subjective events ( essay , interview and speech ) . In addition , there is a SuperQuiz relay event . The former seven are given as half @-@ hour multiple choice tests , whereas the latter three are graded by judges . The multiple choice exams consist of 50 questions each , with the exception of math , which has 35 questions . Beginning in the 2012 @-@ 2013 season , the SuperQuiz written test was dropped and the oral relay was changed to include questions from six of the objective subjects : art , economics , language and literature , music , science , and social science . = = = Objective events = = = In general , the objective events follow a set organizational outline from year to year . Language and literature focuses on a single novel or a set of plays in addition to multiple short literary selections which tend to be poems or excerpts from short stories . The art and music sections include several selections with which students must familiarize themselves in addition to historical information . Economics remains fairly static ; 85 % of the material focuses on a standard course of macroeconomics and microeconomics and the remaining 15 % focuses on the year 's topic . For example , in 2005 the themed material covered the economics of ancient Egypt and Rome . Science and social science reflect the season 's theme . Unlike the other events , there is no basic information that carries over . The math curriculum has varied as well , occasionally dropping and adding new subjects or shifting the weight of particular subjects . = = = = Super Quiz = = = = The format of the Super Quiz differs from that of the other subject areas . Added in 1969 , it offers a culminating championship event . The Super Quiz consisted of a forty @-@ question multiple choice test as well as a relay round until 2013 . In 2013 , the multiple @-@ choice portion was eliminated and the relay portion expanded to include six of the objective subjects . Generally referred to as the Super Quiz Relay , it is the only event viewable by the general public . The relay starts with the Varsity students , followed by the Scholastic and the Honors students . Each group is given 10 or 15 questions , depending on the format decided by the state coordinator . These questions are read aloud to the audience and are printed or projected for the competitors . After the questions and answers are read , the students are allowed seven seconds to select the correct answer . The answer is checked on the spot by a judge and scores are immediately displayed to the audience . = = = Subjective events = = = The subjective events allow students more creativity than the objective events . The speech event is divided into prepared and impromptu sections . A three @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half to four @-@ minute long prepared speech is delivered . The student is then given one minute to read three prompts and deliver a one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half to two @-@ minute impromptu speech . Example prompts have included : " It has been said about our modern times that , ' Invention is the mother of necessity . ' Please discuss . " , " Math has been described as the universal language . Discuss . " and " Why is light , light and dark , dark ? " In the interview , the students are asked a wide variety of questions in a formal environment . Questions range from : " Who is your role model ? " to " How would you alert someone that their zipper is down ? " In both the speech and interview , the competitor is not allowed to reveal his or her school or hometown to ensure neutrality by the judges . In the essay event , students are given 50 minutes to write an essay responding to one of three prompts derived from the language and literature or the Super Quiz curriculum . = = = Themes and topics = = = As the competition has evolved , more of the events have been tied into a central theme . For example , the 2008 – 2009 theme was " Latin America with a focus on Mexico " . Language and literature was based on six short selections of literature as well as the novel Bless Me , Ultima by Rudolfo Anaya . Art focused on the art of Mexico and featured several pieces of work , ranging from Olmec earthenware to José Guadalupe Posada 's La Calavera Catrina . The music event included questions on Latin American music and included works by musicians as varied as Manuel de Zumaya , Silvestre Revueltas , Ástor Piazzolla and Xavier Cugat . Social science and economics focused on the history and economy of Mexico respectively . The Super Quiz covered an introduction to evolutionary biology , the historical development of the theory of evolution , natural selection , speciation , mutation , gene flow , genetic drift , and evolutionary developmental biology . Information was also included on Charles Darwin 's voyage on the HMS Beagle . = = Study materials = = The United States Academic Decathlon publishes a variety of study materials for the objective events , the profits from which support the program . The Resource Guides and the Basic Guides constitute the majority of the USAD corpus . An art reproduction booklet and music CD contain a particular year 's relevant pieces and are issued separately from the Resource Guides . Study guides are also published and contain detailed topical outlines for each objective subject . These outlines specifically indicate which topics will require independent research beyond the material included in the Resource Guides . USAD also offered Research Guides until 2010 , which outlined the basics of what students ought to research . However , in the 2010 – 2011 competition season , USAD announced that it would be eliminating independent research @-@ based questions from the competitions . Resource Guides are offered for the art , economics , language and literature , music , science / social science , and Super Quiz events . The Super Quiz Resource Guide is a compendium of previously published articles , whereas the other Resource Guides are composed by individual writers under contract with USAD . The aim of the Resource Guide is to assist students in their study of the topics listed in the subject area outlines . As an example , in 2003 the music topic was Romantic music . Subsequently the Music Resource Guide focused on the development of Romantic music , its characteristics and the influence of the Classical era on the Romantic era . A large part of the guide focused on information about that year 's composers : Beethoven , Berlioz , Rossini , Chopin , Mendelssohn , Verdi , Mussorgsky , Wagner , Bizet , Brahms , Tchaikovsky , Mahler and Strauss . Similarly , the art topic assigned was Romantic art in the European tradition . The Art Resource Guide included sections detailing the lives and works of relevant artists such as Joseph Mallord William Turner , Claude Monet , Albert Bierstadt , and Camille Pissarro . In the 1990s , various companies were established to research subjects and provide practice tests to teams . Two of the major ones were Acalon Cards and Exams and DemiDec , formed by former coach Dan Spetner and former Decathlete Daniel Berdichevsky , respectively . The two offer exams and study guides that can augment or replace USAD 's official materials . USAD explicitly discouraged teams from ordering materials from third @-@ party companies in the late 1998 , though it later removed their discouragement from the curriculum page . USAD republished their discouragement just a few weeks after removing it , but did not publish such a warning in 2002 . In 2000 , several coaches who had led their teams to Nationals during the 1990s resigned in protest over Academic Decathlon 's decision to sell nearly $ 1 @,@ 000 of study materials rather than simply providing topics for students to independently research . Teams felt obligated to buy the guides because USAD based the official tests on them . Teams also denounced the hundreds of errors they found in the official guides ; coaches were sometimes forced to instruct their students to deliberately give the wrong answer in the official competition . Richard Golenko , coach of the 1996 J. Frank Dobie High School team that won the national competition , said that the decision to market guides shifted Academic Decathlon 's emphasis to memorization over critical thinking . Coach Jim Hatem of Los Angeles and Coach Mark Johnson of El Camino 's 1998 winning team fumed over esoteric " trick " questions that USAD had begun asking . James Alvino , USAD 's executive director at that time , argued that the expensive study materials were necessary to continue funding nearly 75 % of the program 's $ 1 @,@ 750 @,@ 000 operating budget and to provide a fairer playing field for less wealthy schools , but did acknowledge that USAD would attempt to reduce prices , remove the more trivial questions , and base smaller portions of the tests on the official Resource Guide . Basic Guides were formerly issued for students which , unlike the Resource Guides , remained the same from year to year . The Art Basic Guide focuses on art fundamentals , such as the elements of art , principles of composition , and different 2 @-@ D and 3 @-@ D techniques . Additionally , a brief introduction to art history is included . The Economics Basic Guide reviews fundamental economic concepts in addition to the basics of macroeconomics and microeconomics . The Language and Literature Basic Guide provides students with a basic grounding in the analysis of literature and introduces key terms such as synecdoche , metonymy , assonance , and aphorism . The Math Basic Guide offers a general overview of major topics in high school math , including algebra , geometry , trigonometry , calculus , and statistics . The Music Basic Guide begins by introducing the student to topics in music theory such as harmonics , rhythm , tempo , and the circle of fifths . It also includes information on a wide variety of instruments and a brief history of Western music . However , beginning in the 2010 – 2011 competition season , the Basic Guides were incorporated into the year 's Resource Guides . The National Association of Secondary School Principals ( NASSP ) has criticized the intense amount of studying required by students as " excess fact @-@ mongering " . In the 1980s , the Association did not endorse Academic Decathlon , citing what it believes was an excessive amount of time involved with the studying necessary to win . It stated that while it is not opposed to the academic portion of the competition , it disliked the " national dimension " of it . However , beginning in 2008 , the Association placed USAD on their " National Advisory List of Student Contests and Activities " . The list consists of programs that a NASSP committee believes meets their requisite quality standards . = = Scoring and winning = = Each of the ten events is worth 1 @,@ 000 points , for a possible 10 @,@ 000 @-@ point individual total . Only the top two scores from the Honors , Scholastic and Varsity divisions are counted for the team score . Until 2013 , 60 @,@ 000 was the maximum possible team score . In 2013 , Super Quiz became a 10 @,@ 000 point event that only counts for the team score , making the maximum possible team score 70 @,@ 000 . With the exception of math and Super Quiz , the objective tests each have 50 questions worth 20 points a piece . The math test is weighted more heavily , with 35 questions worth approximately 28 @.@ 6 points per question . Until 2013 , the Super Quiz written test contained 40 questions , each worth 15 points . Depending on the state director , the relay component of Super Quiz contained either 5 or 10 questions , each worth 80 or 40 points respectively . Starting in 2013 , the Super Quiz contained only the relay component with 5 or 10 questions , each worth approximately 333 @.@ 3 or 166 @.@ 7 questions respectively . The written test was sometimes omitted at the state level even before 2013 if a state director wished to weigh the Super Quiz Relay more heavily . Perfect scores of 1 @,@ 000 in events are recorded regularly , and there have been cases of dozens of medal winners for a single event because of perfect and near @-@ perfect scores . Gold , silver and bronze medals are awarded in each event and for each division ( Honors , Scholastic , and Varsity ) . All tying participants are awarded medals . The medals ' design is the " AD " portion of the official USAD logo , encircled by " United States " at the top , " Academic Decathlon " at the bottom , and four stars of increasing size on either side . Though the medals are given out only to winners of the competitions , teams can order them along with other study materials . The medals given at state and local competitions are of a different design than those given at Nationals . The interview and speech events are graded by two to three judges . The scores from the judges are averaged to give a maximum of 1 @,@ 000 points per event . The essay is graded with a rubric and is read by two different judges whose scores are then averaged . If the difference between the judges ' scores differs by 200 points or more , then a third reader is asked to grade the student 's essay . The two scores that are closest in value are averaged to give the final score . A benchmark for the Decathlon elite is obtaining an individual score of over 9 @,@ 000 points . It was not until 1992 , 24 years after the program 's inception , that Tyson Rogers achieved this feat at the national competition . Since then , numerous students have broken the 9 @,@ 000 point barrier . The current highest individual score is 9 @,@ 461 @.@ 4 , achieved by Kris Sankaran from Moorpark High School at the 2009 California state competition . State champion scores vary greatly from year to year . As an example , for the 2002 – 03 season , scores ranged from 24 @,@ 785 to 49 @,@ 910 points . National champion scores have been as low as 45 @,@ 857 @.@ 0 points and as high as 54 @,@ 081 points . The 54 @,@ 081 score produced by the 2012 Granada Hills Charter High School team at the National Championship stands as the record for the highest team score . = = = Controversies = = = Three days before the 1995 Illinois state competition , Steinmetz High School obtained copies of the tests from the DeVry Institute of Technology , where the state finals were being held . The team was therefore able to look up and memorize the answers . The cheating allowed Steinmetz to beat perennial powerhouse Whitney Young Magnet High School , who had won the Illinois state finals in 22 of the previous 23 years . Six of the twelve students in the nation who scored over 900 points on the math test came from Steinmetz High School , prompting the Illinois state Academic Decathlon to suspect cheating . The Steinmetz team was disqualified after team members refused to take an alternate version of the test , and its coach eventually resigned . The incident was dramatized in the movie Cheaters . Catholic Memorial High School coach John Burke was at the center of a dispute over the results of the 2003 Wisconsin state final . Confusion arose over a Catholic Memorial student 's essay after the results of the competition were released . The essay had only received 390 points out of a possible 1000 , and Burke contended that it had been scored improperly . He was well within his rights to contest the score ; however , Gerhard Fischer , President of Wisconsin Academic Decathlon , said that the way Burke handled the appeal was " highly questionable " and inflammatory . Though Burke was reprimanded , parents of Catholic Memorial students believed the punishment , a three @-@ year suspension for Burke and a one @-@ year suspension for Catholic Memorial , was due to personality differences between Burke and Wisconsin Academic Decathlon officials . The controversy eventually led to a more thorough investigation of previous issues involving Burke . The Wisconsin Academic Decathlon Board discovered that Burke had previously been accused of " [ m ] ore than a year of repeated ' attacks ' on another school 's pupils , including allegations of cheating on tests and ineligibility . " = = National championship = = The National Championship pits the winning school from each state against all the others for an overall title . Occasionally , a number of international schools compete as well . Schools compete based on size and are divided into three divisions ( I , II , and III ) . However , this separation is limited to overall team score and overall individual score . Nine overall team medals are awarded : gold , silver and bronze for each division . Similarly , 27 overall individual medals are awarded : gold , silver and bronze for Honors , Scholastic and Varsity in each division . The top prepared speeches are honored at the Speech Showcase , while the rest of the medals — for example , gold in art for Honors , or silver in math for Varsity — are awarded to the top scoring persons during the awards banquet regardless of division . Other awards given out include the Kristin Caperton Award for overcoming personal or physical challenges , among others . Certain awards occasionally come with monetary prizes ; these often vary from year to year . Since the first national event in 1982 , all National Championship winners have come from three states : California , Texas and Wisconsin . = = = Virtual competition = = = In 2006 , the small school virtual competition was created for schools with 650 or fewer students . Two years later , the medium school virtual competition was added to accommodate schools with a student population between 650 and 1 @,@ 300 . These two separate contests are held via the Internet and , as such , the interview and speech events are excluded . The remaining eight tests are completed on the computer and results are submitted electronically to USAD for scoring . Because only the seven multiple choice tests and essay are used , team scores are out of 48 @,@ 000 points instead of 60 @,@ 000 . Although it is only a virtual competition , winning schools are awarded trophies and medals for their efforts . University High School , from Fresno , California , has won 6 of 7 Small School National Championships . Coached by Sean Canfield , the team has won both the California and National Small School titles for the past 6 years . UHS has a current enrollment of 465 students , yet placed 8th overall at the 2013 California State , competing against schools several times its size . According to USAD , the goal of the small and medium school competitions is to " enhance learning , growth and recognition " . In 2010 , the United States Academic Decathlon announced the beginning of a large school e @-@ Nationals for the second @-@ highest performing large school in each state .
= Ghost ( Sky Ferreira EP ) = Ghost is the second extended play ( EP ) by American recording artist Sky Ferreira , released on October 16 , 2012 by Capitol Records . It was made available in place of her frequently delayed debut studio album , which eventually became Night Time , My Time ( 2013 ) . Ghost represents a musical departure from Ferreira 's earlier work , which explored more prominent elements of dance @-@ pop . She collaborated with producers including Jon Brion , Dev Hynes , Greg Kurstin , Cass McCombs , and Ariel Rechtshaid to achieve her desired sound . Their efforts resulted in a primarily synthpop record , although it differs from her earlier work in that it sees additional influences from acoustic , indie pop and new wave music . Ghost received mixed to positive reviews from music critics , who appreciated its diversity , but were ambivalent towards its overall cohesiveness . It peaked at numbers eight and 71 on the US Billboard Top Heatseekers and Alternative Albums record charts . Along with three other tracks , the extended play included prior single " Red Lips " and Ferreira 's critically acclaimed " Everything Is Embarrassing " . = = Background = = After releasing the tracks " 17 " , " One " , and " Obsession " , Ferreira announced that her debut studio album would be released on January 11 , 2011 . However , it was instead replaced by her first extended play ( EP ) As If ! , which was made available on March 22 of that year . That November , Ferreira announced that her debut studio album would be released in 2012 , with a lead single planned to precede its release that February . She was later revealed to have been working with Jon Brion , Greg Kurstin , and Shirley Manson on the project . Plans to release an extended play titled Ghost were revealed by Pitchfork on August 30 , 2012 . The extended play 's cover artwork was photographed by Hedi Slimane and revealed by Ferreira through her Twitter account on September 17 ; the black @-@ and @-@ white close @-@ up image depicts a blonde Ferreira holding her hair while dressed in a denim jacket . Although the extended play was initially slated for an October 2 release , it was ultimately released on October 16 in the United States and Canada . = = Composition = = Ghost incorporates styles from several musical genres , whereas her earlier works more prominently incorporated electropop styles . Writing for Now , Kevin Ritchie felt that the project " suggests a much broader range of intriguing possibilities [ ... ] for her dusky voice " than her previous music allowed , further suggesting that her earlier tracks " One " and " Obsession " saw Ferreira " succumbing " to the requests of her record label . Its opening track " Sad Dream " integrates acoustic guitar instrumentation ; Joe Marvilli from No Ripcord stated that Ferreira 's vocals " almost [ cracked ] out of sadness " during the chorus , adding that the lyrics " Hope the guilt will dim and fade / A fire baptism engulfs my shame " emphasize her discouragement . Jon Caramanica from The New York Times shared a similar sentiment , stating that its lyrics " are darker than Ms. Ferreira 's usual mood . " " Lost in My Bedroom " is an uptempo electropop song that was deemed largely reminiscent of her earlier material . Caramanica felt that it sounded like an " outtake " from the soundtrack for the 1984 film Sixteen Candles . The title track " Ghost " presents similar lyrical content and production as the opening track , although it is differentiated by its subtle use of background electric guitars ; Marvilli opined that " synths sparkle against Ferreira ’ s sly vocals and the pulsing beat pounds away in the background . " " Red Lips " was co @-@ written by Shirley Manson , and was compared to material recorded by her band Garbage ; Ferreira delivers " breathy " vocals with a " no @-@ BS attitude " against a " distorted electric guitar gliding over battering drums " . The fifth and final track " Everything Is Embarrassing " was described as " moving firmly into New Wave territory " Ferreira 's vocals were noted as being " crisp and smooth " , while the inclusion of " propelling percussion [ and ] deep @-@ tuned piano chords " generated comparisons to music from the 1980s . Caramanica described its production as " sly , lush postdisco seduction " . = = Singles = = " Red Lips " was released as the lead single from the EP in the United States and Canada on July 17 , 2012 . It received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who appreciated its incorporation of grunge music elements An accompanying music video for the track was directed by Terry Richardson , and had premiered through Richardson 's YouTube channel the previous month on June 12 , 2012 ; the music video was later uploaded to Ferreira 's Vevo channel on July 13 . The clip sees Ferreira , dressed in underwear , applying lipstick on her entire face , and is interspersed with footage of its co @-@ star , the spider " Toby the Tarantula " , crawling across her body . Tara Aquino suggested that the visuals developed an increasingly risqué image for Ferreira , who responded by stating that her wardrobe was intended to complement the simplistic nature of the music video rather than an attempt to create sex appeal . " Everything Is Embarrassing " premiered via Pitchfork on August 30 , 2012 along with the announcement of Ghost 's release ; it would later be issued as a single on April 14 of the following year in the UK and Ireland , where Ghost had not been released . It received critical acclaim from music critics , and was largely recognized as the standout track from the extended play . Katherine St. Asaph felt that the track was Ferreira 's " breakout moment " , while Jon Caramanica from The New York Times described it as " one of the year 's unlikely pop gems " . A writer for Tiny Mix Tapes stated that it " transcends the present moment [ ... ] in the way that it will soundtrack , for many people , memories of 2012 . " As of July 2013 , the track had sold 19 @,@ 000 digital downloads in the United States . Capitol Records requested that an accompanying music video for " Everything Is Embarrassing " with no budget be filmed following the track 's online premiere ; it was directed by Grant Singer , who had previously directed the clips for " Sad Dream " and " Lost in My Bedroom " , and was filmed in one day in Los Angeles since Ferreira was scheduled to depart for New York City shortly after . It was premiered through Pitchfork on October 1 , 2012 ; the black @-@ and @-@ white clip sees Ferreira singing in various locations throughout the city , including a playground and the roof of the Capitol Records Building . In her debut television performance , she performed the track on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon on January 7 , 2013 . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = Ghost received mixed to positive reviews from music critics . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the album received an average score of 62 , which indicates " generally favorable reviews " , based on six reviews . Writing for Pitchfork Media , Katherine St. Asaph provided a favorable review , placing particular praise on the " versatility " and " empathy " expressed in the tracks ' lyrics . Kevin Ritchie from Now appreciated the " diverse " nature of the record , commenting that the " lightness and unobtrusiveness " incorporated throughout suggested that Ferreira had yet to display " even more untapped potential " . In a more mixed review , Jon Caramanica from The New York Times implied that Ghost lacked artistic cohesion . Despite remaining indifferent to the tracks individually , he opined that they were underwhelming when accompanied by " Everything Is Embarrassing " , and elaborated that the record was " just another round of throwing ideas at the wall . " A writer from No Ripcord shared a similar sentiment , stating that the " identity crisis " seemingly displayed in As If ! and Ghost overshadowed the " significant improvement " seen in the later project . Writing for Consequence of Sound , Tony Hardy was also critical of the significant musical diversity incorporated throughout the extended play , sarcastically referring to it as being " interesting " . A writer for Tiny Mix Tapes criticized the first four tracks on Ghost for sounding " dated on arrival " . = = = Commercial performance = = = Ghost peaked at numbers eight and 71 on the US Billboard Top Heatseekers and Alternative Albums charts , respectively . = = Track listing = = Credits adapted from the liner notes of Ghost . = = Charts = = = = Release history = =
= Jack the Ripper : The Final Solution = Jack the Ripper : The Final Solution is a book written by Stephen Knight first published in 1976 . It proposed a solution to five murders in Victorian London that were blamed on an unidentified serial killer known as " Jack the Ripper " . Knight presented an elaborate conspiracy theory involving the British royal family , freemasonry and the painter Walter Sickert . He concluded that the victims were murdered to cover up a secret marriage between the second @-@ in @-@ line to the throne , Prince Albert Victor , Duke of Clarence and Avondale , and Annie Elizabeth Crook , a working class girl . There are many facts that contradict Knight 's theory , and his main source , Joseph Gorman ( also known as Joseph Sickert ) , later retracted the story and admitted to the press that it was a hoax . Most scholars dismiss the theory and the book 's conclusion is now widely discredited . Nevertheless , the book was popular and commercially successful , going through 20 editions . It was the basis for the graphic novel and film From Hell , as well as other dramatisations , and has influenced crime fiction writers , such as Patricia Cornwell and Anne Perry . = = Origins = = Between August and November 1888 , at least five brutal murders were committed in the Whitechapel district of London . Although Whitechapel was an impoverished area and violence there was common , these murders can be linked to the same killer through a distinctive modus operandi . All the murders took place within the distance of a few streets , late at night or in the early morning , and the victims were all women whose throats were cut . In four of the cases , their bodies were mutilated , or even eviscerated . The removal of internal organs from three of the victims led to contemporary proposals that " considerable anatomical knowledge was displayed by the murderer , which would seem to indicate that his occupation was that of a butcher or a surgeon . " Media organisations and the police received many letters and postcards purportedly written by the killer , who was dubbed " Jack the Ripper " after one of the signatories . Most of the anonymous confessional letters were dismissed by the police as hoaxes but one , known as the " From Hell " letter after a phrase used by the writer , was treated more seriously ; it was sent with a small box containing half of a preserved human kidney . It is not clear , however , whether the kidney truly came from one of the victims or was a medical specimen sent as part of a macabre joke . Despite an extensive police investigation , the killer was never found and his identity is still a mystery . Both at the time and subsequently , many amateur and professional investigators have proposed solutions but no single theory is widely accepted . = = = Claims of Thomas Stowell = = = In 1970 , British surgeon Thomas E. A. Stowell published an article entitled " Jack the Ripper – A Solution ? " in the November issue of The Criminologist . In the article , Stowell proposed that the Ripper was an aristocrat who had contracted syphilis during a visit to the West Indies , that it had driven him insane , and that in this state of mind he had perpetrated the five canonical Jack the Ripper murders . Although Stowell did not directly name his suspect in the article , he described in detail the suspect 's family and his physical appearance and nicknames , all of which pointed to Queen Victoria 's grandson , Prince Albert Victor , Duke of Clarence and Avondale . Stowell wrote that following a double murder on 30 September 1888 , his suspect was restrained by his own family in an institution in the south of England , but later escaped to commit a final murder on 9 November before ultimately dying of syphilis . To back up his theory , Stowell drew comparisons between the evisceration of the women and the disembowelment of deer shot by the aristocracy on their estates . Stowell said his information came from the private notes of Sir William Gull , a reputable physician who had treated members of the royal family . Stowell knew Gull 's son @-@ in @-@ law , Theodore Dyke Acland , and was an executor of Acland 's estate . Stowell 's article attracted intense attention , and placed Albert Victor among the most notable Ripper suspects , but his innocence was soon proven . Gull died before Albert Victor , and so could not have known about Albert Victor 's death . All three doctors who were attending Albert Victor at his death in 1892 concurred that he had died of pneumonia , and given the timescale of syphilitic disease progression , it is highly improbable that Albert Victor had syphilis . The first symptoms of mental illness that arise from syphilitic infection tend to occur about 15 years from first exposure . While the timescale of disease progression is never absolute , for Albert Victor to have suffered from syphilitic insanity in 1888 , he would probably have to have been infected at the age of nine in about 1873 , six years before he visited the West Indies . Stowell claimed that his suspect had been incarcerated in a mental institution , when Albert Victor was serving in the British army , making regular public appearances , and visiting friends at country houses . Newspaper reports , Queen Victoria 's diary , family letters , and official documents prove that Albert Victor was attending functions in public , or meeting foreign royalty , or hundreds of miles from London at the time of each of the five canonical murders . On 5 November 1970 , Stowell wrote to The Times denying that it was his intention to imply Prince Albert Victor was Jack the Ripper . The letter was published on 9 November , the day after the elderly Stowell 's own death from natural causes . The same week , Stowell 's son reported that he had burned his father 's papers , saying " I read just sufficient to make certain that there was nothing of importance . " = = = Claims of Joseph Gorman = = = Though Stowell 's hypothesis was incorrect , his article rekindled interest in the Jack the Ripper case , and in 1973 the BBC launched a television series , Jack the Ripper , which investigated the Whitechapel murders . The series mixed documentary and drama ; it featured real evidence but was hosted by fictional detectives Barlow and Watt , played by Stratford Johns and Frank Windsor , respectively . The series was made into a book , The Ripper File , by Elwyn Jones and John Lloyd in 1975 . The sixth and final programme included a testimony by Joseph Gorman , who called himself Joseph Sickert and claimed to be the illegitimate son of noted painter Walter Sickert . Gorman claimed that Sickert had told him a story that implicated not only the royal family but also a host of other famous people in the murders . According to Gorman , Gull committed the murders with the help of accomplices . Stowell had mentioned rumours implicating Gull in his article , but had dismissed them as unfair and false . Gorman said that his Catholic grandmother had secretly married Albert Victor , and that his mother , as the legitimate daughter of Albert Victor , was the rightful heir to the throne . He claimed that the Ripper murders were staged as part of a conspiracy to hush up any potential scandal by murdering anyone who knew of the birth . In the original television series , the story is depicted as the belief of Gorman but not of the detectives . Captivated by Gorman 's story , journalist Stephen Knight decided to investigate the claims further , and eventually published his research as the book Jack the Ripper : The Final Solution in 1976 . = = Content = = = = = Gorman 's story = = = The book begins with Knight explaining how he came to meet Joseph Gorman , and then he tells Gorman 's story which " did not come in clear , precise , chronological order but I had to glean it from rambling and sometimes vague discussion " . Gorman says that Albert Victor 's mother , Princess Alexandra , introduced Walter Sickert to her son in the hope that Sickert would teach Albert Victor about art . Gorman claims that Albert Victor met one of Sickert 's models , Annie Elizabeth Crook , a Catholic shop girl , at Sickert 's studio at 15 Cleveland Street , London . They had an affair , he says , and married in a secret ceremony with Sickert and Annie 's friend , Mary Jane Kelly , acting as witnesses . Gorman alleges that Albert Victor and Annie 's daughter , Alice Margaret Crook , was born on 18 April 1885 , and that Albert Victor settled Annie and Alice into an apartment in Cleveland Street . In April 1888 , Gorman continues , Queen Victoria and the British Prime Minister Lord Salisbury discovered Albert Victor 's secret . Gorman accuses Salisbury of ordering a raid on the apartment because he was afraid that public knowledge of a potential Catholic heir to the throne would result in a revolution . Gorman claims that Albert Victor was placed in the custody of his family , while Annie was placed in the custody of Sir William Gull , who certified her insane ; she spent the next 30 years drifting in and out of institutions before dying in 1920 . Meanwhile , Gorman alleges , Kelly was looking after the daughter , Alice , both during and after the raid . Gorman asserts that at first Kelly was content to hide the child , but then she , along with her friends Mary Ann Nichols , Annie Chapman and Elizabeth Stride , decided to blackmail the government . Gorman accuses Salisbury of conspiring with his fellow freemasons , including senior policemen in the London Metropolitan Police , to stop the scandal by staging the murders of the women . Gorman says Salisbury assigned the task to Gull , who lured the four women into a carriage individually where Gull murdered them with the assistance of coachman John Netley and Sir Robert Anderson , Assistant Commissioner of Scotland Yard . Gorman claims a fifth victim , Catherine Eddowes , was killed accidentally in a case of mistaken identity because she used the alias Mary Ann Kelly and was confused with Mary Jane Kelly . Gorman alleges that Netley tried to kill the young Alice twice but after the second unsuccessful attempt several witnesses chased Netley , who threw himself into the Thames and drowned . Gorman completes the story by saying that Alice lived well into old age , later becoming Walter Sickert 's mistress , and that Alice and Walter Sickert are his parents . = = = Knight 's investigation = = = Knight explains that at first he did not believe Gorman 's sensational story , which seemed " arrant , if entertaining , nonsense " , but was so entranced by it that he had to investigate further . In describing the progress of his investigation , Knight reveals a series of coincidences : both Albert Victor 's mother and Alice Crook were deaf ; both Albert Victor 's mother and Walter Sickert were Danish ; Sickert is obsessed by the Ripper ; the murders ended with the death of Mary Kelly ; there was growing republican sentiment at the time of the murders , as well as anti @-@ Catholic prejudice ; a woman named " Elizabeth Cook " , who Knight claims could be Annie Elizabeth Crook misspelt , did live at 6 Cleveland Street ; Annie Crook was institutionalised ; rumours of the time link Prince Albert Victor to a scandal in Cleveland Street ; Gull was fond of grapes , and one of the victims may have been eating some at the time of her death ; Gull matches the description of an unnamed physician accused by clairvoyant Robert James Lees , who claimed to have identified the Ripper by using psychic powers . Eventually , as the circumstantial coincidences build up , Knight becomes convinced that Gorman 's story is true . The lack of tangible evidence , he claims , is due to a government cover @-@ up and deliberate misdirection of the police investigation . To back up the claims of a masonic conspiracy , he notes supposed similarities between the Jack the Ripper killings and alleged masonic ritual murders , and accuses Sir Charles Warren , Commissioner of Police , of destroying evidence to protect his freemason cronies . Knight points out that Stowell , who was apparently the first person to suggest Albert Victor 's and Gull 's involvement in the murders , was a freemason . = = Critical reception = = Reviewers at the time of first publication met the book with undisguised scepticism and satire , but felt that Knight presented his unlikely case with ingenuity . Quentin Bell wrote in The Times Literary Supplement : " [ The book ] begins bravely and fairly by presenting the greater part of the author 's case and admitting at once that ' it all sounds terribly unlikely ' . It does . " Medical History stated : " Despite the author 's ingenuity the case does not stand up to careful and critical analysis and is no more ' final ' than its many predecessors . " Since then , scholars from multiple disciplines have rejected Gorman 's story as a ridiculous fantasy , and highlight many facts which contradict the version of events presented by Knight . Annie Crook was a real person and did have a daughter , Alice , born on 18 April 1885 at St Marylebone Workhouse , and Joseph Gorman was Alice 's son . However , there is no evidence in support of Gorman 's claim that his father was Walter Sickert . Gorman was one of five children born within the marriage of Alice Margaret Crook and William Gorman . Furthermore , according to Trevor Marriott , an expert on the Jack the Ripper case , Alice " must have been conceived between 18 July and 11 August 1884 " . Albert Victor was in Heidelberg from June to August 1884 ; hence , he was not in London at the time of Alice 's conception and could not have been her father . The name of Alice 's father was left blank on her birth certificate , but in adulthood , Alice claimed her father was William Crook . William Crook was also the name of her grandfather . Ripper expert Don Rumbelow has suggested that the name of Alice 's father was omitted from her birth certificate either because she was illegitimate or to conceal an incestuous relationship between her mother , Annie , and grandfather , William . There is no record of any marriage between Albert Victor and Annie Crook ; even if such a marriage had taken place , it would have been invalid under British law due to the Royal Marriages Act 1772 , which voids any marriage contracted by a member of the royal family without the consent of the Sovereign . Any child of an invalid marriage is deemed illegitimate and excluded from the line of succession . Gorman claimed that his grandmother was Catholic , although records prove this to be untrue . If she had been and if she had married Albert Victor , he and their child would be excluded from inheriting the throne under the Act of Settlement 1701 , which excludes Catholics from the line of succession . There are further multiple problems with Gorman 's version of events . An apartment at 6 Cleveland Street could not have been raided in April 1888 , since by that time Nos. 4 – 14 Cleveland Street had been demolished , and the house no longer existed . Annie and Alice were not supported by a wealthy patron , such as Albert Victor , but were paupers who occasionally lived in workhouses . Annie was not institutionalised for insanity but because of recurrent epilepsy . The Ripper victims were not known to be acquainted with each other or Annie Crook , who lived on the other side of Central London . Even if they had known her or her child , it is unlikely that their tale of royal illegitimacy would be believed , so any attempt by them to reveal the supposed scandal would merely have been dismissed . Gull retired from practice in 1887 after suffering a stroke , which left him temporarily partially paralysed and unable to speak . Gull did recover , but he suffered further attacks before his death in 1890 . Furthermore , neither Lord Salisbury , nor Sir James Anderson , nor Sir William Gull were freemasons , and there is no documentary evidence linking Netley to the other suspects , nor did he drown in the Thames . He was actually killed in 1903 after falling under the wheels of his own van . The forensic evidence indicates that the bodies of the victims were not moved , and so were not dissected in a carriage and then moved to where they were discovered . Some of the streets where the victims were found were too narrow for a carriage . Sickert did not have a studio in Cleveland Street , and there is no proof that he knew the Princess of Wales . Anderson was in Switzerland at the time of the double murder , and so was not one of the perpetrators . Knight appreciated that there were problems with Gorman 's claims , but he " either misinterpreted , or deliberately ignored " them . Knight admitted that parts of Gorman 's story were wrong but claimed that such mistakes were " stronger support of the fact that he was telling the truth " . Realising that Anderson 's absence in Switzerland meant that Anderson could not have been an accomplice , Knight considered Walter Sickert a much more likely culprit than Anderson , and suggested that he was the " third man " to participate in the crimes . This was not the first accusation made against Sickert . He had been previously mentioned as a potential suspect in Donald McCormick 's 1959 book The Identity of Jack the Ripper . However , Sickert was in France with his mother and brother in the late summer of 1888 , and is unlikely even to have been in London at the time of at least four of the murders . After Knight implicated Sickert , Joseph Gorman withdrew his testimony , admitting to The Sunday Times newspaper that " it was a hoax ... a whopping fib " . Knight 's friend and fellow Ripper aficionado Colin Wilson thought the story was " obvious nonsense " but shortly after Knight 's tragically early death from a brain tumour he wrote in his defence : " he wrote the book with his tongue in his cheek , then found himself caught up in a success that prevented him from retracting or quietly disowning it . " = = Influence = = Despite its many inconsistencies , Knight 's and Gorman 's conspiracy theory has captured the imagination of other authors , who have made further modifications to the story . For example , Melvyn Fairclough 's The Ripper and the Royals ( London : Duckworth , 1991 ) asserted that Lord Randolph Churchill was the " third man " , although Fairclough later disowned his own book and told reporters that " he no longer believes the theory " . Andy Parlour , Sue Parlour and Kevin O 'Donnell , authors of The Jack the Ripper Whitechapel Murders ( St. Osyth , Essex : Ten Bells Publishing , 1997 ) , supposed that Mary Jane Kelly was pregnant with Albert Victor 's child instead of Annie Crook . These , and other books which promote Sickert from a knowing accomplice to being Jack the Ripper himself , such as Jean Overton @-@ Fuller 's Sickert and the Ripper Crimes ( Oxford : Mandrake , 1990 ) and Patricia Cornwell 's Portrait of a Killer ( 2002 ) , are marketed as non @-@ fiction books , but they are dismissed almost universally as derivative fantasies based on Knight 's initial flawed analysis . The conspiracy theory outlined in Jack the Ripper : The Final Solution is fictionalised in the play Force and Hypocrisy by Doug Lucie . Four films have used elements of the theory : Murder by Decree , Jack the Ripper , The Ripper , and the Hughes Brothers ' From Hell , which was based on a graphic novel of the same name by Alan Moore and artist Eddie Campbell . Knight 's theory features in the final book of Philip José Farmer 's Riverworld series , Gods of Riverworld , and novels utilising Knight 's book as a base include Robin Paige 's Death at Whitechapel ( New York : Berkley Publishing Group , 2000 ) and Anne Perry 's The Whitechapel Conspiracy ( London : Headline , 2001 ) .
= Nigel Cullen = Richard Nigel Cullen , DFC ( 5 June 1917 – 4 March 1941 ) was an Australian fighter ace of World War II . Serving with the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) , he was credited with as many as sixteen aerial victories before being killed in action during the Battle of Greece . Born in Newcastle , New South Wales , Cullen was living in London and had already seen action in the Spanish Civil War when he joined the RAF in 1937 . Following the outbreak of World War II , he served initially as a transport pilot with No. 267 Squadron in the Middle East before seeking reassignment to fighters . He was then posted to No. 80 Squadron , flying Gloster Gladiator biplanes , and claimed six Axis aircraft before the unit converted to Hawker Hurricanes . Nicknamed " Ape " due to his physical bulk , Cullen was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross for destroying five enemy aircraft in a single sortie on 28 February 1941 . He was credited with another four victories in the one engagement on 3 March ; the next day , he was shot down and killed while on escort duty over Albania , by a Regia Aeronautica Fiat G.50bis , at age twenty @-@ three . = = Early career = = Born in Newcastle , New South Wales on 5 June 1917 , Nigel Cullen was the son of Horace David Cullen ( originally Horace David Cohen ) and his wife Hero . The boy 's uncle was future Major General Paul Alfred Cullen . Nigel was taken to England at an early age by his parents and attended Sherborne School in Dorset , before studying at the College of Aero Engineering , Chelsea . Fired by a love of adventure , he competed in motorbike racing at Brooklands in 1934 , and later saw action as a member of the International Brigades during the Spanish Civil War , suffering a wound to the stomach that necessitated repatriation to England . When he caught up again with his friends from Brooklands , he was reluctant to talk about the conflict except to say that " the wars of the future would be fought in the air " . Cullen was living in Putney when he joined the Royal Air Force ( RAF ) in 1937 , and was granted a short @-@ service commission as an acting pilot officer on 9 August . Completing his probation the following May , he was promoted to flying officer on 31 December 1939 , shortly after the outbreak of World War II . Posted to the Middle East , his early wartime service was with No. 267 Squadron , a transport unit ferrying passengers and freight to and from Egypt . " Browned off " with transport duties , however , he sought reassignment to fighters and before long was able to effect a transfer to No. 80 Squadron , flying Gloster Gladiator biplanes , a type that was obsolescent well before the war began . = = Fighter pilot = = = = = Gladiators = = = After joining No. 80 Squadron in the Western Desert Campaign , Cullen was schooled in fighter tactics by " Pat " Pattle , one of the leading British aces of the war . Nicknamed " Ape " by his colleagues due to his imposing physique , he was described by a fellow pilot as " a big , smiling , long @-@ armed giant from Putney , with an irresistible offensive spirit and quite fearless " . Cullen was " blooded " on 9 October 1940 , after being detailed to search single @-@ handedly for a missing Allied truck . Failing to locate the vehicle , he spotted five Italian Breda Ba.65 ground @-@ attack aircraft south of Sidi Barrani and immediately engaged them , gaining credit for probably destroying one , although the Italians reported all aircraft as returning to base . No. 80 Squadron redeployed to Greece the following month , to assist in resisting the Italian invasion . There Cullen achieved his first confirmed victory , over a Savoia @-@ Marchetti SM.81 three @-@ engined bomber near the Kassandra Peninsula on 30 December . He was promoted to flight lieutenant the next day . On 28 January 1941 , Cullen claimed his second " kill " . That day , while on an offensive patrol between Kelcyre and Premet , over Albania , with fourteen Gladiators from No. 80 Squadron , he attacked four Fiat BR.20s and five CANT Z.1007bis bombers of the Regia Aeronautica . He reported destroying a Z.1007bis but may have been firing at an aircraft that was shot down by Pattle 's section . Cullen claimed a Fiat CR.42 fighter and a Savoia @-@ Marchetti SM.79 bomber on successive days , 9 and 10 February respectively . He then recorded two victories in one mission on 20 February , over Albania . After sending a Fiat G.50 down in flames while escorting Allied bombers , he discovered two formations of CR.42s nearby and shot down one of them . Cullen later remarked , " The others made off at once . Just as well — I hadn 't any ammo left . " He had also been slightly wounded in the hand by a bullet . Although the RAF claimed six Italian aircraft destroyed and two probables , including Cullen 's , on 20 February , Italian sources reported only the Fiat G.50 of Tenente Alfredo Fusco of the 361a Squadriglia as shot down , killing the pilot , and the G.50 of Tenente Livio Bassi of 395a Squadriglia as damaged in combat and later destroyed by fire in an attempted forced landing at Berat . On 23 February , Cullen attacked a CANT Z.506 three @-@ engined floatplane as it was taking off at Preveza in Greece , at first simply attempting to prevent it from getting airborne but then , when it refused to stop , destroying it on a second pass . The result did not add to his official score , however , as the Italian plane was not in full flight at the time of its destruction . = = = Hurricanes = = = By the time No. 80 Squadron began re @-@ equipping with Hawker Hurricanes in February 1941 , Cullen 's total of aerial victories stood at six enemy aircraft destroyed , plus one probable . He had earned a reputation for extreme aggression and doggedness in the air . His favourite tactic was to duel head @-@ on with his intended victim , two aircraft firing at each other with a closing speed of over 500 miles per hour ( 800 km / h ) ; he was quoted as saying , " It 's always interesting to see who will pull away first " . His colleagues reportedly said of him , " He never came out of a fight while a single enemy aircraft was left in the sky to give battle . He came home only when his guns were empty . " Cullen opened his score in the Hurricane on 27 February , shooting down a Fiat CR.42 while escorting Bristol Blenheim light bombers to Valona , Albania . The day after , in what has been described as " the greatest air battle of this period " , he was officially credited with shooting down five Italian planes in the one engagement , a record for his unit . His combat report read : The battle exended right across Albania . First , I found four Breda 20s . I got one , which went down in flames . There we found three formations of SM.79s. I took on one and aimed at the starboard engine . It caught fire and crashed in flames . I climbed and dived on the next . He too crashed in flames . Then we attacked ten CR.42s , climbing to get above them . I got behind one , and he caught fire and went down in flames . Up again immediately – dived , fired into the cockpit and another one took fire , rolled over and crashed . I had to come home then – no more ammo . For his achievements on 28 February , the RAF 's most successful day of the campaign , Cullen was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross ( DFC ) . Italian sources recorded that a Savoia @-@ Marchetti SM.79 was only damaged on 28 February , not shot down , and that the Breda 20s claimed by the RAF were in fact Fiat BR.20s. Cullen claimed another multiple kill on 3 March , when he and one of his comrades chased a group of CANT Z.1007bis that had just bombed Larissa , Greece . Catching the retreating bombers south @-@ west of Corfu , No. 80 Squadron claimed six destroyed and one probable . Cullen was credited with destroying four CANTs and probably destroying another , though the Italians reported that only two CANT bombers were lost . The following day , 4 March , flying Hurricane V7288 , Cullen was escorting a group of Blenheims near Himarë in southern Albania . Once the Blenheims had bombed their target ( five Italian warships ) and were on their return flight , Flight Lieutenant Pattle ordered the Hurricanes to hunt in pairs over the warships , where a number of Italian fighters were seen . At once a lone G.50bis attacked Pattle and his wingman , on this occasion Cullen . Pattle reported shooting down the Fiat and watching it spiral into a mountainside , but at this moment a second Fiat jumped Cullen 's Hurricane and he was not seen again . His aircraft crashed near Himarë , and the Australian was killed ; he was twenty @-@ three years old . The citation for his DFC was promulgated in the London Gazette on 14 March : In February , 1941 , this officer was pilot of one of a formation of aircraft which attacked a large force of enemy bombers escorted by at least 30 fighters . Displaying remarkable skill , Flight Lieutenant Cullen shot down five of the enemy 's aircraft in the ensuing action . He has now destroyed 11 enemy aircraft and has consistently shown great resource and courage . Although the official history of Australia in the war puts the number of Cullen 's victories at thirteen , his total score is more commonly estimated as sixteen , or sixteen @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half . He is buried in Tirana Park Memorial Cemetery , Tirana , Albania . His name appears on the Commemorative Roll at the Australian War Memorial , Canberra .
= Interstate 705 = Interstate 705 ( abbreviated I @-@ 705 , also known as the Tacoma Spur ) is a short Interstate Highway spur route of Interstate 5 located entirely within Tacoma , Pierce , Washington , United States . I @-@ 705 serves as the connector between Interstate 5 , Downtown Tacoma , Tacoma 's waterfront , North Tacoma , and the Tacoma Dome . I @-@ 705 was the last portion of the Interstate Highway System to be constructed in Washington . = = Route description = = The Tacoma Spur begins as a continuation of Washington State Route 7 ( SR 7 ) underneath I @-@ 5 in Tacoma , and has a posted speed limit of 60 miles per hour ( 97 km / h ) for the entire length ( 1 @.@ 5 Miles ) . Traveling northbound as a continuation of SR 7 , the first exit is for South 26th Street , which provides access to the Tacoma Dome , the Tacoma Dome transit hub and the Tacoma Amtrak station . A single @-@ point urban interchange ( SPUI ) with SR 509 ( South 21st Street ) provides access to the University of Washington Tacoma campus , as well as the Port of Tacoma via the East 21st Street Bridge . The left two lanes of I @-@ 705 separate , providing access to A Street , as well as South 15th Street / Pacific Avenue , however travelers merging onto northbound I @-@ 705 can not access this exit . The Bridge of Glass , linking the Museum of Glass on the shorefront to downtown Tacoma , passes over I @-@ 705 as it continues north , paralleling the Thea Foss Waterway to the east , and Firemans Park to the west . A signalled at @-@ grade intersection with Stadium Way marks the end of I @-@ 705 northbound . Traveling southbound towards I @-@ 5 , I @-@ 705 begins with on ramps from Stadium Way South and from Schuster Parkway . Passing Firemans Park on the south , traffic from South 9th Street and A Street merge onto I @-@ 705 . Traffic coming from Bates Technical College and South 13th Street join the freeway , as well as traffic from South A Street . A SPUI with SR 509 ( South 21st Street ) is the only exit in Tacoma , before either exiting onto I @-@ 5 southbound towards Portland , Oregon , I @-@ 5 northbound towards Seattle and Vancouver , British Columbia , or onto SR 7 . Every year the Washington State Department of Transportation ( WSDOT ) conducts a series of surveys on its highways in the state to measure traffic volume . This is expressed in terms of average annual daily traffic ( AADT ) , which is a measure of traffic volume for any average day of the year . In 2011 , WSDOT calculated that as few as 26 @,@ 000 cars used the spur at the continuation point from SR 7 , and as many as 72 @,@ 000 cars between the onramp from I @-@ 5 and SR 509 . The entire Tacoma Spur is listed on both the WSDOT List of Highways of Statewide Significance , which marks the highway as a critical to connecting major communities in the state , and the National Highway System , a system of roads that are important to the nation 's economy , defense and mobility . = = History = = The Tacoma Spur was first codified into law by the Washington State Legislature in 1979 ; however due to federal budget cuts , construction on the freeway was not completed until 1990 . The highway was the last Interstate to be completed in the state of Washington . The Tacoma City Council in 1992 proposed to name the freeway Martin Luther King Way , however that name was finally applied to nearby K Street . Work on the single @-@ point urban interchange , costing $ 29 @.@ 4 million ( equivalent to $ 48 million in 2016 ) , was completed in 1993 to accommodate the changes that were made to SR 509 through Tacoma . = = Exit list = = The entire highway is in Tacoma , Pierce County . All exits are unnumbered .
= George Harrison = George Harrison , MBE ( 25 February 1943 – 29 November 2001 ) was an English guitarist , singer , songwriter , and music and film producer who achieved international fame as the lead guitarist of the Beatles . Often referred to as " the quiet Beatle " , Harrison embraced Indian mysticism and helped broaden the horizons of his fellow Beatles as well as their Western audience by incorporating Indian instrumentation in their music . Although the majority of the Beatles ' songs were written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney , most Beatles albums from 1965 onwards contained at least two Harrison compositions . His songs for the group included " Taxman " , " Within You Without You " , " While My Guitar Gently Weeps " , " Here Comes the Sun " and " Something " , the last of which became the Beatles ' second @-@ most covered song . Harrison 's earliest musical influences included George Formby and Django Reinhardt ; Carl Perkins , Chet Atkins and Chuck Berry were subsequent influences . By 1965 he had begun to lead the Beatles into folk rock through his interest in the Byrds and Bob Dylan , and towards Indian classical music through his use of the sitar on " Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) " . Having initiated the band 's embracing of Transcendental Meditation in 1967 , he subsequently developed an association with the Hare Krishna movement . After the band 's break @-@ up in 1970 , Harrison released the triple album All Things Must Pass , a critically acclaimed work that produced his most successful hit single , " My Sweet Lord " , and introduced his signature sound as a solo artist , the slide guitar . He also organised the 1971 Concert for Bangladesh with Indian musician Ravi Shankar , a precursor for later benefit concerts such as Live Aid . In his role as a music and film producer , Harrison produced acts signed to the Beatles ' Apple record label before founding Dark Horse Records in 1974 and co @-@ founding HandMade Films in 1978 . Harrison released several best @-@ selling singles and albums as a solo performer , and in 1988 co @-@ founded the platinum @-@ selling supergroup the Traveling Wilburys . A prolific recording artist , he was featured as a guest guitarist on tracks by Badfinger , Ronnie Wood and Billy Preston , and collaborated on songs and music with Dylan , Eric Clapton , Ringo Starr and Tom Petty , among others . Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 11 in their list of the " 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time " . He is a two @-@ time Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductee – as a member of the Beatles in 1988 , and ( posthumously ) for his solo career in 2004 . Harrison 's first marriage , to model Pattie Boyd in 1966 , ended in divorce in 1977 . The following year he married Olivia Harrison ( née Arias ) , with whom he had one son , Dhani . Harrison died in 2001 , aged 58 , from lung cancer . He was cremated and his ashes were scattered in the Ganges and Yamuna rivers in India , in a private ceremony according to Hindu tradition . He left an estate of almost £ 100 million . = = Early years : 1943 – 57 = = Born in Liverpool , England , on 25 February 1943 , Harrison was the youngest of four children of Harold Hargreaves Harrison and his wife Louise ( née French ) . He had one sister , Louise , and two brothers , Harry and Peter . His mother was a shop assistant from a Catholic family with Irish roots , and his father was a bus conductor who had worked as a ship 's steward on the White Star Line . His future wife , the model Pattie Boyd , described Harrison 's parents as " quite short and very Liverpudlian " . According to Boyd , Harrison 's mother was particularly supportive : " All she wanted for her children is that they should be happy , and she recognized that nothing made George quite as happy as making music . " An enthusiastic music fan , she was known among friends for her loud singing voice , which at times startled visitors by rattling the Harrisons ' windows . While pregnant with George , she often listened to the weekly broadcast Radio India . Harrison 's biographer Joshua Greene wrote , " Every Sunday she tuned in to mystical sounds evoked by sitars and tablas , hoping that the exotic music would bring peace and calm to the baby in the womb . " Harrison was born and lived the first six years of his life at 12 Arnold Grove , Wavertree , Liverpool ; a terraced house in a dead end street . The home had an outdoor toilet and its only heat came from a single coal fire . In 1949 the family were offered a council house and moved to 25 Upton Green , Speke . In 1948 , at the age of five , Harrison enrolled at Dovedale Primary School . He passed the eleven plus exam and attended Liverpool Institute High School for Boys from 1954 to 1959 . Though the institute did offer a music course , Harrison was disappointed with the absence of guitars , and felt the school " moulded [ students ] into being frightened " . Harrison 's earliest musical influences included George Formby , Cab Calloway , Django Reinhardt and Hoagy Carmichael ; by the 1950s , Carl Perkins and Lonnie Donegan were significant influences . In early 1956 he had an epiphany : while riding his bicycle , he heard Elvis Presley 's " Heartbreak Hotel " playing from a nearby house , and the song piqued his interest in rock and roll . He often sat at the back of the class drawing guitars in his schoolbooks , and later commented , " I was totally into guitars . " Harrison cited Slim Whitman as another early influence : " The first person I ever saw playing a guitar was Slim Whitman , either a photo of him in a magazine or live on television . Guitars were definitely coming in . " Although apprehensive about his son 's interest in pursuing a music career , in late 1956 Harrison 's father bought him a Dutch Egmond flat top acoustic guitar . A friend of his father 's taught Harrison how to play " Whispering " , " Sweet Sue " and " Dinah " , and , inspired by Donegan 's music , Harrison formed a skiffle group called the Rebels with his brother Peter and a friend , Arthur Kelly . On the bus to school Harrison met Paul McCartney , and the pair bonded over their shared love of music . = = The Beatles : 1958 – 70 = = Harrison became part of the Beatles when they were still a skiffle group called the Quarrymen , with McCartney and John Lennon as members . McCartney told Lennon about his friend George Harrison , who could play " Raunchy " on his guitar . In March 1958 , Harrison auditioned for the Quarrymen at Rory Storm 's Morgue Skiffle Club , playing Arthur " Guitar Boogie " Smith 's " Guitar Boogie Shuffle " , but Lennon felt that Harrison , having just turned 15 , was too young to join the band . During a second meeting , arranged by McCartney , he performed the lead guitar part for the instrumental " Raunchy " on the upper deck of a Liverpool bus . He began socialising with the group , filling in on guitar as needed , and became accepted as a member . Although his father wanted him to continue his education , Harrison left school at 16 and worked for several months as an apprentice electrician at Blacklers , a local department store . During their first tour of Scotland , in 1960 , Harrison used the pseudonym " Carl Harrison " , in reference to Carl Perkins . In 1960 , promoter Allan Williams arranged for the band , now calling themselves the Beatles , to play at the Kaiserkeller club in Hamburg owned by Bruno Koschmider . The impromptu musical education Harrison received while playing long hours with the Beatles , as well as the guitar lessons he took from Tony Sheridan while they briefly served as his backing group , laid the foundations of his sound and of his quiet , professional role within the group ; he was later known as " the quiet Beatle " . The band 's first residency in Hamburg ended prematurely when Harrison was deported for being too young to work in nightclubs . When Brian Epstein became their manager in December 1961 , he polished their image and secured them a recording contract with EMI . The group 's first single , " Love Me Do " , peaked at number seventeen on the Record Retailer chart , and by the time their debut album , Please Please Me , was released in early 1963 , Beatlemania had arrived . Their second album , With the Beatles ( 1963 ) , included " Don 't Bother Me " , Harrison 's first solo writing credit . By 1965 's Rubber Soul , Harrison had begun to lead the other Beatles into folk rock through his interest in the Byrds and Bob Dylan , and towards Indian classical music through his use of the sitar on " Norwegian Wood ( This Bird Has Flown ) " . He later called Rubber Soul his " favourite [ Beatles ] album " . Revolver ( 1966 ) included three of his compositions : " Taxman " , " Love You To " and " I Want to Tell You " . His introduction of the drone @-@ like tambura part on Lennon 's " Tomorrow Never Knows " exemplified the band 's ongoing exploration of non @-@ Western instruments . The tabla @-@ driven " Love You To " was the Beatles ' first genuine foray into Indian music . According to the ethnomusicologist David Reck , the song set a precedent in popular music as an example of Asian culture being represented by Westerners respectfully and without parody . Harrison continued to develop his interest in non @-@ Western instrumentation , playing swarmandal on " Strawberry Fields Forever " . By late 1966 Harrison 's interests had moved away from the Beatles , as reflected in his choice of Eastern gurus and religious leaders for inclusion on the album cover for Sgt. Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band in 1967 . His sole composition on the album was the Indian @-@ inspired " Within You Without You " , to which no other Beatle contributed . He played sitar and tambura on the track , backed by musicians from the London Asian Music Circle on dilruba , swarmandal and tabla . He later commented on the Sgt. Pepper album : " It was a millstone and a milestone in the music industry ... There 's about half the songs I like and the other half I can 't stand . " In 1968 his song " The Inner Light " was recorded at EMI 's studio in Bombay , featuring a group of local musicians playing traditional Indian instruments . Released as the B @-@ side to McCartney 's " Lady Madonna " , it was the first Harrison composition to appear on a Beatles single . Derived from a quotation from the Tao Te Ching , the song 's lyric reflected Harrison 's deepening interest in Hinduism and meditation , while musically it embraced the Karnatak discipline of Indian music , rather than the Hindustani style of his previous work in the genre . During the recording of The Beatles that same year , tensions within the group ran high , and drummer Ringo Starr quit briefly . Harrison 's songwriting contributions to the double album included " While My Guitar Gently Weeps " , which featured Eric Clapton on lead guitar , " Piggies " , " Long , Long , Long " and " Savoy Truffle " . Dylan and the Band were a major musical influence on Harrison at the end of his career with the Beatles . While on a visit to Woodstock in late 1968 , he established a friendship with Dylan and found himself drawn to the Band 's sense of communal music @-@ making and to the creative equality among the band members , which contrasted with Lennon and McCartney 's domination of the Beatles ' songwriting and creative direction . This coincided with a prolific period in his songwriting and a growing desire to assert his independence from the band . Tensions among the Beatles surfaced again in January 1969 , during the filming of rehearsals at Twickenham Studios for what became the album Let It Be . Frustrated by the poor working conditions in the cold and sterile film studio , as well as by what he perceived as Lennon 's creative disengagement from the Beatles and a domineering attitude from McCartney , Harrison quit the group on 10 January , but agreed to return twelve days later . Relations among the Beatles were more cordial , though still strained , during sessions for their final recorded album , Abbey Road . The LP included two of Harrison 's most respected Beatles compositions : " Here Comes the Sun " and " Something " , which became one half of the Beatles ' first number one double A @-@ side single , Harrison 's first A @-@ side , and the first Harrison song to reach the top of the charts . In 1969 Frank Sinatra recorded " Something " , and later dubbed it " the greatest love song of the past fifty years " . Lennon considered it the best song on Abbey Road , and it became the Beatles ' second most covered song after " Yesterday " . Author Peter Lavezzoli wrote : " Harrison would finally achieve equal songwriting status ... with his two classic contributions to the final Beatles ' LP " . In April 1970 when Harrison 's " For You Blue " was released in America as a double A @-@ side with McCartney 's " The Long and Winding Road " , it became the band 's second chart @-@ topping double A @-@ side and " For You Blue " became Harrison 's second number one hit . His increased productivity and the Beatles ' reluctance to include his songs on their albums meant that by the time of their break @-@ up he had amassed a stockpile of unreleased compositions . While Harrison grew as a songwriter , his compositional presence on Beatles albums remained limited to two or three songs , increasing his frustration , and significantly contributing to the band 's break @-@ up . Harrison 's last recording session with the Beatles was on 4 January 1970 , when he , McCartney and Starr recorded the Harrison song " I Me Mine " . = = Solo career : 1968 – 87 = = = = = Early solo work : 1968 – 69 = = = Before the Beatles ' break @-@ up , Harrison had already recorded and released two solo albums : Wonderwall Music and Electronic Sound , both of which contain mainly instrumental compositions . Wonderwall Music , a soundtrack to the 1968 film Wonderwall , blends Indian and Western instrumentation , while Electronic Sound is an experimental album that prominently features a Moog synthesizer . Released in November 1968 , Wonderwall Music was the first solo album by a Beatle and the first LP released by Apple Records . Indian musicians Aashish Khan and Shivkumar Sharma performed on the album , which contains the experimental sound collage " Dream Scene " , recorded several months before Lennon 's " Revolution 9 " . In December 1969 , Harrison participated in a brief tour of Europe with the American group Delaney & Bonnie and Friends . During the tour that included Clapton , Bobby Whitlock , drummer Jim Gordon and band leaders Delaney and Bonnie Bramlett , Harrison began to write " My Sweet Lord " , which became his first single as a solo artist . Delaney Bramlett inspired Harrison to learn slide guitar , significantly influencing his later music . = = = All Things Must Pass : 1970 = = = After years of being restricted in his songwriting contributions to the Beatles ' albums , Harrison released All Things Must Pass , a triple album , with two discs of his songs and the third of recordings of Harrison jamming with friends . Regarded by many as his best work , the album topped the charts on both sides of the Atlantic . The LP produced the number @-@ one hit single " My Sweet Lord " and the top @-@ ten single " What Is Life " . The album was co @-@ produced by Phil Spector using his " Wall of Sound " approach , and the musicians included Starr , Clapton , Gary Wright , Preston , Klaus Voormann , the whole of Delaney and Bonnie 's Friends band and the Apple group Badfinger . On release , All Things Must Pass was received with critical acclaim ; Ben Gerson of Rolling Stone described it as being " of classic Spectorian proportions , Wagnerian , Brucknerian , the music of mountain tops and vast horizons " . Author and musicologist Ian Inglis considers the lyrics of the album 's title track " a recognition of the impermanence of human existence ... a simple and poignant conclusion " to Harrison 's former band . In 1971 Bright Tunes sued Harrison for copyright infringement over " My Sweet Lord " owing to its similarity to the 1963 Chiffons hit " He 's So Fine " . When the case was heard in the United States district court in 1976 , he denied deliberately plagiarising the song , but lost the case as the judge ruled that he had done so subconsciously . In 2000 Apple Records released a thirtieth anniversary edition of the album and Harrison actively participated in its promotion , giving an interview during which he reflected on the work : " It 's just something that was like my continuation from the Beatles , really . It was me sort of getting out of the Beatles and just going my own way ... it was a very happy occasion . " He commented on the production : " Well , in those days it was like the reverb was kind of used a bit more than what I would do now . In fact , I don 't use reverb at all . I can 't stand it ... You know , it 's hard to go back to anything thirty years later and expect it to be how you would want it now . " = = = The Concert for Bangladesh : 1971 = = = Responding to a request from Ravi Shankar , Harrison organised a charity event , the Concert for Bangladesh , which took place on 1 August 1971 , drawing over 40 @,@ 000 people to two shows in New York 's Madison Square Garden . The goal of the event was to raise money to aid starving refugees during the Bangladesh Liberation War . Shankar opened the show , which featured popular musicians such as Dylan , Clapton , Leon Russell , Badfinger , Preston and Starr . A triple album , The Concert for Bangladesh , was released by Apple Corps that year , followed by a concert film in 1972 . Tax troubles and questionable expenses later tied up many of the proceeds , but Harrison commented : " Mainly the concert was to attract attention to the situation ... The money we raised was secondary , and although we had some money problems ... they still got plenty ... even though it was a drop in the ocean . The main thing was , we spread the word and helped get the war ended . " The event has been described as an innovative precursor for the large @-@ scale charity rock shows that followed , including Live Aid . = = = Living in the Material World to George Harrison : 1973 – 79 = = = Harrison would not again release an album that matched the critical and commercial achievements of All Things Must Pass ; however , his next solo album , 1973 's Living in the Material World , held the number one spot on the Billboard album chart for five weeks , and the album 's single , " Give Me Love ( Give Me Peace on Earth ) " , also reached number one in the US . In the UK , the LP achieved number two , spending 12 weeks on the charts with the single peaking at number 8 . The album was lavishly produced and packaged , and its dominant message was Harrison 's Hindu beliefs . In Greene 's opinion it " contained many of the strongest compositions of his career " . Stephen Holden , writing in Rolling Stone , felt the album was " vastly appealing " and " profoundly seductive " , and that it stood " alone as an article of faith , miraculous in its radiance . " Other reviewers were less enthusiastic , describing the release as awkward , sanctimonious and overly sentimental , a reaction that left Harrison despondent . In November 1974 Harrison began his 45 @-@ date Dark Horse Tour , becoming the first ex @-@ Beatle to tour North America . In addition to performances by Harrison with an ensemble of musicians such as Preston , Tom Scott , Willie Weeks , Andy Newmark and Jim Horn , the tour also included traditional and contemporary Indian music performed by " Ravi Shankar , Family and Friends " . Despite numerous positive reviews the consensus reaction to the tour was negative , with complaints about the content , structure , and length ; the show 's duration of two and a half hours was seen as excessive at the time . Some fans found Shankar 's significant presence a bizarre disappointment , having expected to see only Harrison perform , and many were affronted by what Inglis described as Harrison 's " sermonizing " . Further , he reworked the lyrics to several Beatles songs , and some of the substitutions were seen as " gratuitously offensive " . His laryngitis @-@ affected vocals also disappointed fans and critics , who began calling the tour " dark hoarse " . Harrison was so deeply bothered by the caustic backlash that he did not tour again until the 1990s . The author Robert Rodriguez commented : " While the Dark Horse tour might be considered a noble failure , there were a number of fans who were tuned @-@ in to what was being attempted . They went away ecstatic , conscious that they had just witnessed something so uplifting that it could never be repeated . " Leng called the tour " groundbreaking " and " revolutionary in its presentation of Indian Music " . In December Harrison released Dark Horse , an album that earned him the least favourable reviews of his career . Rolling Stone called it " the chronicle of a performer out of his element , working to a deadline , enfeebling his overtaxed talents by a rush to deliver a new ' LP product ' , rehearse a band , and assemble a cross @-@ country tour , all within three weeks " . The album reached number 4 on the Billboard chart and the single " Dark Horse " reached number 15 , but they failed to make an impact in the UK . The music critic Mikal Gilmore described Dark Horse as " one of Harrison 's most fascinating works – a record about change and loss " . Harrison 's final studio album for EMI and Apple Records was the soul music @-@ inspired Extra Texture ( Read All About It ) ( 1975 ) . He considered it the least satisfactory of the three he had recorded since All Things Must Pass . Leng identified " bitterness and dismay " in many of the album 's tracks ; his long @-@ time friend Klaus Voormann commented : " He wasn 't up for it ... It was a terrible time because I think there was a lot of cocaine going around , and that 's when I got out of the picture ... I didn 't like his frame of mind " . He released two singles from the LP : " You " , which reached the Billboard top 20 , and " This Guitar ( Can 't Keep from Crying ) " , Apple 's final original single release . Thirty Three & 1 / 3 ( 1976 ) , Harrison 's first album release on his own Dark Horse Records label , produced the hit singles " This Song " and " Crackerbox Palace " , both of which reached the top 25 in the US . The surreal humour of " Crackerbox Palace " reflected Harrison 's association with Monty Python 's Eric Idle , who directed a comical music video for the song . With an emphasis on melody and musicianship , and a more subtle subject matter than the pious message of his earlier works , Thirty Three & 1 / 3 earned Harrison his most favourable critical notices in the US since All Things Must Pass . In 1979 , following his second marriage and the birth of his son Dhani , he released George Harrison . The album and the single " Blow Away " both made the Billboard top 20 . The album marked the beginning of Harrison 's gradual retreat from the music business , and the fruition of ideas introduced on All Things Must Pass . In 1978 the death of his father in May and the birth of his son in August had influenced his decision to devote more time to his family than to his career . Leng described the album as " melodic and lush ... peaceful ... the work of a man who had lived the rock and roll dream twice over and was now embracing domestic as well as spiritual bliss " . = = = Somewhere in England to Cloud Nine : 1980 – 87 = = = The murder of Lennon on 8 December 1980 disturbed Harrison and reinforced his decades @-@ long concerns about stalkers . It was also a deep personal loss , although unlike McCartney and Starr , Harrison had had little contact with Lennon in the years before his death . Following the murder , Harrison commented : " After all we went through together I had and still have great love and respect for John Lennon . I am shocked and stunned . " Harrison modified the lyrics of a song he had written for Starr to make it a tribute song to Lennon . " All Those Years Ago " , which included vocal contributions from Paul and Linda McCartney , as well as Starr 's original drum part , peaked at number two in the US charts . The single was included on the album Somewhere in England in 1981 . Harrison did not release any new albums for five years after 1982 's Gone Troppo received little notice from critics or the public . During this period he made several guest appearances , including a 1985 performance at a tribute to Carl Perkins titled Blue Suede Shoes : A Rockabilly Session . In March 1986 he made a surprise appearance during the finale of the Birmingham Heart Beat Charity Concert , an event organised to raise money for the Birmingham Children 's Hospital . The following year , he appeared at The Prince 's Trust concert at London 's Wembley Arena , performing " While My Guitar Gently Weeps " and " Here Comes the Sun " . In February 1987 he joined Dylan , John Fogerty and Jesse Ed Davis on stage for a two @-@ hour performance with the blues musician Taj Mahal . Harrison recalled : " Bob rang me up and asked if I wanted to come out for the evening and see Taj Mahal ... So we went there and had a few of these Mexican beers – and had a few more ... Bob says , ' Hey , why don 't we all get up and play , and you can sing ? ' But every time I got near the microphone , Dylan comes up and just starts singing this rubbish in my ear , trying to throw me . " In November 1987 Harrison released the platinum album Cloud Nine . Co @-@ produced with Jeff Lynne of Electric Light Orchestra , the LP included Harrison 's rendition of James Ray 's " Got My Mind Set on You " , which went to number one in the US and number two in the UK . The accompanying music video received substantial airplay , and another single , " When We Was Fab " , a retrospective of the Beatles ' career , earned two MTV Music Video Awards nominations in 1988 . Recorded at his estate in Friar Park , Harrison 's slide guitar playing featured prominently on the album , which included several of his long @-@ time musical collaborators , including Clapton , Jim Keltner , and Jim Horn , who recalled Harrison 's relaxed and friendly demeanour during the sessions : " George made you feel at home , in his home ... He once had me sit on a toilet and play my soprano sax , and they miked it at the end of the hall for a distant sound . I thought they were kidding ... Another time he stopped me in the middle of a sax solo and brought me 3 p.m. tea — again I thought he was kidding . " Cloud Nine reached number eight and number ten on the US and UK charts respectively , and several tracks from the album achieved placement on Billboard 's Mainstream Rock chart – " Devil 's Radio " , " This Is Love " and " Cloud 9 " . = = Later career : 1988 – 96 = = = = = The Traveling Wilburys : 1988 – 1990 = = = In 1988 Harrison formed the Traveling Wilburys with Jeff Lynne , Roy Orbison , Bob Dylan and Tom Petty . The band had gathered in Dylan 's garage to record a song for a Harrison European single release . Harrison 's record company decided the track , " Handle with Care " , was too good for its original purpose as a B @-@ side and asked for a full album . The LP , Traveling Wilburys Vol . 1 , was released in October 1988 and recorded under pseudonyms as half @-@ brothers , supposed sons of Charles Truscott Wilbury , Sr. Harrison 's pseudonym on the first album was " Nelson Wilbury " ; he used the name " Spike Wilbury " for their second album . After Orbison 's death in December 1988 the group recorded as a four @-@ piece . Their second release , issued in October 1990 , was mischievously titled Traveling Wilburys Vol . 3 . According to Lynne , " That was George 's idea . He said , ' Let 's confuse the buggers . ' " It reached number 14 in the UK , where it went platinum with certified sales of more than 3 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 units . The Wilburys never performed live and the group did not record together again following the release of their second album . In 1989 Harrison and Starr appeared in the music video for Tom Petty 's song " I Won 't Back Down " . Starr is filmed playing the drums , but did not play on the track ; Harrison played acoustic guitar and provided backing vocals . In December 1991 , Harrison joined Clapton for a tour of Japan . It was Harrison 's first since 1974 and no others followed . On 6 April 1992 , Harrison held a benefit concert for the Natural Law Party at the Royal Albert Hall , his first London performance since the Beatles ' 1969 rooftop concert . In October 1992 he performed at a Bob Dylan tribute concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City , playing alongside Dylan , Clapton , McGuinn , Petty and Neil Young . = = = The Beatles Anthology : 1995 – 96 = = = In 1994 Harrison began a collaboration with McCartney , Starr and producer Jeff Lynne for the Beatles Anthology project . This included the recording of two new Beatles songs built around solo vocal and piano tapes recorded by Lennon as well as lengthy interviews about the Beatles ' career . Released in December 1995 , " Free as a Bird " was the first new Beatles single since 1970 . In March 1996 , they released a second single , " Real Love " . Harrison refused to participate in the completion of a third song . He later commented on the project : " I hope somebody does this to all my crap demos when I 'm dead , make them into hit songs . " Following the Anthology project , Harrison collaborated with Ravi Shankar on the latter 's Chants of India . Harrison 's final television appearance was a VH @-@ 1 special to promote the album , taped in May 1997 . In January 1998 , Harrison attended Carl Perkins 's funeral in Jackson , Tennessee , performing a brief rendition of Perkins 's song " Your True Love " . In June 1998 , he attended the public memorial service for Linda McCartney , and appeared on Starr 's album Vertical Man , playing guitar on two tracks . = = Later life and death : 1997 – 2001 = = In 1997 , Harrison was diagnosed with throat cancer and treated with radiotherapy , which was thought at the time to be successful . He publicly blamed years of smoking for the illness . On 30 December 1999 , Harrison and his wife were attacked at their home , Friar Park . A 36 @-@ year @-@ old , Michael Abram , broke in and attacked Harrison with a kitchen knife , puncturing a lung and causing head injuries before Olivia Harrison incapacitated the assailant by striking him repeatedly with a poker and a lamp . Following the attack , Harrison was hospitalised with more than forty stab wounds . He released a statement soon after regarding his assailant : " [ he ] wasn 't a burglar , and he certainly wasn 't auditioning for the Traveling Wilburys . " In May 2001 , it was revealed that he had undergone an operation to remove a cancerous growth from one of his lungs , and in July , it was reported that he was being treated for a brain tumour at a clinic in Switzerland . While in Switzerland , Starr visited him , but had to cut his stay short to travel to Boston , where his daughter was undergoing emergency brain surgery , prompting Harrison to quip : " Do you want me to come with you ? " In November 2001 , he began radiotherapy at Staten Island University Hospital in New York City for non @-@ small cell lung cancer that had spread to his brain . When the news was publicised , Harrison bemoaned his physician 's breach of privacy , and his estate later claimed damages . On 12 November , in New York , Harrison , Starr , and McCartney came together for the last time . Three weeks later , on 29 November 2001 , Harrison died at a friend 's home in Los Angeles , aged 58 . He was cremated at Hollywood Forever Cemetery , his funeral was held at the Self @-@ Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine in the Pacific Palisades , California , and his ashes were scattered in the Ganges and Yamuna Rivers near Varanasi , India , by his close family in a private ceremony according to Hindu tradition . He left almost £ 100 million in his will . Harrison 's final album , the posthumously released Brainwashed ( 2002 ) , was completed by his son Dhani and Jeff Lynne . Included in the album 's liner notes is a quotation from the Bhagavad Gita : " There never was a time when you or I did not exist . Nor will there be any future when we shall cease to be . " A media @-@ only single , " Stuck Inside a Cloud " , which Leng described as " a uniquely candid reaction to illness and mortality " , achieved number 27 on Billboard 's Adult Contemporary chart . The single " Any Road " , released in May 2003 , reached number 37 on the UK Singles Chart . " Marwa Blues " went on to receive the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance , while " Any Road " was nominated for Best Male Pop Vocal Performance . = = Musicianship = = = = = Songwriting = = = George Harrison wrote his first song , " Don 't Bother Me " , while sick in a hotel bed in Bournemouth during August 1963 , as " an exercise to see if I could write a song " , as he remembered . " Don 't Bother Me " appeared on the band 's second album , With the Beatles , later that year , then on Meet the Beatles ! in the US in early 1964 . In 1965 , he contributed " I Need You " and " You Like Me Too Much " to the album Help ! Harrison 's songwriting ability improved throughout the Beatles ' career , but his material did not earn full respect from Lennon , McCartney and producer George Martin until near the group 's break @-@ up . In 1969 , McCartney told Lennon : " Until this year , our songs have been better than George 's . Now this year his songs are at least as good as ours " . Harrison often had difficulty getting the band to record his songs . Most Beatles albums from 1965 onwards contain at least two Harrison compositions ; three of his songs appear on Revolver , " the album on which Harrison came of age as a songwriter " , according to Inglis . Of the 1967 Harrison song " Within You Without You " , author Gerry Farrell claimed that Harrison had created a " new form " , calling the composition " a quintessential fusion of pop and Indian music " . Lennon called the song one of Harrison 's best : " His mind and his music are clear . There is his innate talent , he brought that sound together . " Beatles biographer Bob Spitz described " Something " as a masterpiece , and " an intensely stirring romantic ballad that would challenge ' Yesterday ' and ' Michelle ' as one of the most recognizable songs they ever produced " . According to Kenneth Womack , " Harrison comes into his own on Abbey Road ... ' Here Comes the Sun ' is matched – indeed , surpassed – only by ' Something ' , his crowning achievement " . Inglis considered Abbey Road a turning point in Harrison 's development as a songwriter and musician . He described Harrison 's contributions to the LP as " exquisite " , declaring them equal to any previous Beatles songs . During the album 's recording , Harrison asserted more creative control than before , proactively rejecting suggestions for changes to his music or lyrics , particularly from McCartney . His interest in Indian music proved a strong influence on his songwriting and contributed to his innovation within the Beatles . According to Mikal Gilmore of Rolling Stone , " Harrison 's openness to new sounds and textures cleared new paths for his rock and roll compositions . His use of dissonance on ... ' Taxman ' and ' I Want to Tell You ' was revolutionary in popular music – and perhaps more originally creative than the avant @-@ garde mannerisms that Lennon and McCartney borrowed from the music of Karlheinz Stockhausen , Luciano Berio , Edgard Varèse and Igor Stravinsky ... " In 1997 , Gerry Farrell commented : " It is a mark of Harrison 's sincere involvement ... that , nearly thirty years on , the Beatles ' ' Indian ' songs remain the most imaginative and successful examples of this type of fusion . " = = = Guitar work = = = Harrison 's guitar work with the Beatles was varied and flexible ; although not fast or flashy , his lead guitar playing was solid and typified the more subdued lead guitar style of the early 1960s ; his rhythm guitar playing was as innovative , such as using a capo to shorten the strings on an acoustic guitar , as on the Rubber Soul album and " Here Comes the Sun " , to create a bright , sweet sound . Eric Clapton felt that Harrison was " clearly an innovator " as he was " taking certain elements of R & B and rock and rockabilly and creating something unique " . Rolling Stone founder Jann Wenner described Harrison as " a guitarist who was never showy but who had an innate , eloquent melodic sense . He played exquisitely in the service of the song " . Harrison 's friend and former bandmate Tom Petty agreed : " He just had a way of getting right to the business , of finding the right thing to play . " The guitar picking style of Chet Atkins and Carl Perkins influenced Harrison , giving a country music feel to many of the Beatles ' recordings . He identified Chuck Berry as an early influence and Ry Cooder as an important later influence . In 1961 the Beatles recorded " Cry for a Shadow " , a blues @-@ inspired instrumental co @-@ written by Lennon and Harrison , who is credited with composing the song 's lead guitar part , building on unusual chord voicings and imitating the style of other English groups such as the Shadows . The musicologist Walter Everett noted that while early Beatles compositions typically held close to the conventional patterns in rock music at the time , he also identified significant variations in their rhythm and tonal direction . Harrison 's liberal use of the diatonic scale in his guitar playing reveals the influence of Buddy Holly , and his interest in Berry inspired him to compose songs based on the blues scale while incorporating a rockabilly feel in the style of Perkins . Within this framework he often utilised syncopation , as during his guitar solos for the Beatles ' covers of Berry 's " Roll Over Beethoven " and " Too Much Monkey Business " . Another of Harrison 's musical techniques was the use of guitar lines written in octaves , as on " I 'll Be on My Way " . He was the first person to own a Rickenbacker 360 / 12 , a guitar with twelve strings , the low eight of which are tuned in pairs , one octave apart ; the higher four being pairs tuned in unison . The Rickenbacker is unique among twelve @-@ string guitars in having the lower octave string of each of the first four pairs placed above the higher tuned string . This , and the naturally rich harmonics produced by a twelve @-@ string guitar provided the distinctive overtones found on many of the Beatles ' recordings . His use of this guitar during the recording of A Hard Day 's Night helped to popularise the model , and the jangly sound became so prominent that Melody Maker termed it the Beatles ' " secret weapon " . Harrison wrote the chord progression of his first published song , " Don 't Bother Me " ( 1963 ) , almost exclusively in the Dorian mode , demonstrating an interest in exotic tones that eventually culminated in his embrace of Indian music . The dark timbre of his guitar playing on the track was accentuated by his use of uncomplicated yet effective C + 9 chord voicings and a solo in the minor pentatonic scale . By 1964 he had begun to develop a distinctive personal style as a guitarist , writing parts that featured the use of nonresolving tones , as with the ending chord arpeggios on " A Hard Day 's Night " . In 1965 he used an expression pedal to control his guitar 's volume on " I Need You " , creating a syncopated flautando effect with the melody resolving its dissonance through tonal displacements . He used the same volume @-@ swell technique on " Yes It Is " , applying what Everett described as " ghostly articulation " to the song 's natural harmonics . Of Rubber Soul 's " If I Needed Someone " , Harrison said : " it 's like a million other songs written around the D chord . If you move your fingers about , you get various little melodies ... it amazes me that people still find new permutations of the same notes . " His other contribution to the album , " Think for Yourself " , features what Everett described as " ambiguous tonal coloring " , utilising chromaticism in G major with a " strange " mixture of the Dorian mode and the minor pentatonic ; he called it a " tour de force of altered scale degrees " . In 1966 Harrison contributed innovative musical ideas to Revolver . He played backwards guitar on Lennon 's composition " I 'm Only Sleeping " and a guitar counter @-@ melody on " And Your Bird Can Sing " that moved in parallel octaves above McCartney 's bass downbeats . His guitar playing on " I Want to Tell You " exemplified the pairing of altered chordal colours with descending chromatic lines and his guitar part for Sgt Pepper 's " Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds " mirrors Lennon 's vocal line in much the same way that a sarangi player accompanies a khyal singer in a Hindu devotional song . Everett described Harrison 's guitar solo from " Old Brown Shoe " as " stinging [ and ] highly Claptonesque " . He identified two of the composition 's significant motifs : a bluesy trichord and a diminished triad with roots in A and E. Huntley called the song " a sizzling rocker with a ferocious ... solo " . In Greene 's opinion , Harrison 's demo for " Old Brown Shoe " contains " one of the most complex lead guitar solos on any Beatles song " . Harrison 's playing on Abbey Road , and in particular on " Something " , marked a significant moment in his development as a guitarist . The song 's guitar solo shows a varied range of influences , incorporating the blues guitar style of Clapton and the styles of Indian gamakas . According to author and musicologist Kenneth Womack : " ' Something ' meanders toward the most unforgettable of Harrison 's guitar solos ... A masterpiece in simplicity , [ it ] reaches toward the sublime " . Harrison received an Ivor Novello award in July 1970 for " Something " , as " The Best Song Musically and Lyrically of the Year " . After Delaney Bramlett inspired him to learn slide guitar , Harrison began to incorporate it into his solo work , which allowed him to mimic many traditional Indian instruments , including the sarangi and the dilruba . Leng described Harrison 's slide guitar solo on Lennon 's " How Do You Sleep ? " as a departure for " the sweet soloist of ' Something ' " , calling his playing " rightly famed ... one of Harrison 's greatest guitar statements " . Lennon commented : " That 's the best he 's ever fucking played in his life . " A Hawaiian influence is notable in much of Harrison 's music , ranging from his slide guitar work on Gone Troppo ( 1982 ) to his televised performance of the Cab Calloway standard " Between the Devil and the Deep Blue Sea " on ukulele in 1992 . Lavezzoli described Harrison 's slide playing on the Grammy @-@ winning instrumental " Marwa Blues " ( 2002 ) as demonstrating Hawaiian influences while comparing the melody to an Indian sarod or veena , calling it " yet another demonstration of Harrison 's unique slide approach " . Harrison was an admirer of George Formby and a member of the Ukulele Society of Great Britain , and played a ukulele solo in the style of Formby at the end of " Free as a Bird " . He performed at a Formby convention in 1991 , and served as the honorary president of the George Formby Appreciation Society . Harrison played bass guitar on numerous tracks , including the Beatles songs " She Said She Said " , " Golden Slumbers " , " Birthday " and " Honey Pie " . He also played bass on several solo recordings , including " Faster " , " Wake Up My Love " and " Bye Bye Love " . = = = Guitars = = = When Harrison joined the Quarrymen in 1958 his main guitar was a Höfner President Acoustic , which he soon traded for a Höfner Club 40 model . His first solid @-@ body electric guitar was a Czech @-@ built Jolana Futurama / Grazioso . The guitars he used on early recordings were mainly Gretsch models , played through a Vox amplifier , including a Gretsch Duo Jet that he bought secondhand in 1961 , and posed with on the album cover for Cloud Nine ( 1987 ) . He also bought a Gretsch Tennessean and a Gretsch Country Gentleman , which he played on " She Loves You " , and during the Beatles ' 1964 appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show . In 1963 he bought a Rickenbacker 425 Fireglo , and in 1964 he acquired a Rickenbacker 360 / 12 guitar , which was the second of its kind to be manufactured . Harrison obtained his first Fender Stratocaster in 1965 and used it in recording Rubber Soul , notably on the song " Nowhere Man " . In early 1966 Harrison , Lennon , and McCartney each purchased Epiphone Casinos , which they used on Revolver . Harrison also used a Gibson J @-@ 160E and a Gibson SG Standard while recording the album . He later painted his Stratocaster in a psychedelic design that included the word " Bebopalula " above the pickguard and the guitar 's nickname , " Rocky " , on the headstock . He played this guitar in the Magical Mystery Tour film and throughout his solo career . In mid @-@ 1968 he acquired a Gibson Les Paul that he nicknamed " Lucy " . Around this time , he obtained a Gibson Jumbo J @-@ 200 , which he used for early demos of " While My Guitar Gently Weeps " . In late 1968 Fender Musical Instruments Corporation gave Harrison a custom @-@ made Fender Telecaster Rosewood prototype , made especially for him by Philip Kubicki ( who years later would start his own business , Factor ) , a Fender master builder who also crafted a prototype Stratocaster for Jimi Hendrix . = = = Collaborations = = = From 1968 onward Harrison collaborated with other musicians ; he brought in Eric Clapton to play lead guitar on " While My Guitar Gently Weeps " for the 1968 Beatles ' White Album , and collaborated with John Barham on his 1968 debut solo album , Wonderwall Music , which included contributions from Clapton again , as well as Peter Tork from the Monkees . He played on tracks by Dave Mason , Nicky Hopkins , Alvin Lee , Ronnie Wood , Billy Preston and Tom Scott . Harrison co @-@ wrote songs and music with Dylan , Clapton , Preston , Doris Troy , David Bromberg , Gary Wright , Wood , Jeff Lynne , and Tom Petty , among others . Harrison 's music projects during the final years of the Beatles included producing Apple Records artists Doris Troy , Jackie Lomax and Billy Preston . Harrison co @-@ wrote the song " Badge " with Clapton , which was included on Cream 's 1969 album , Goodbye . Harrison played rhythm guitar on the track , using the pseudonym " L 'Angelo Misterioso " for contractual reasons . In May 1970 he played guitar on several songs during a recording session for Dylan 's album New Morning . In addition to his own work , between 1971 and 1973 he co @-@ wrote and / or produced three top ten hits for Starr : " It Don 't Come Easy " , " Back Off Boogaloo " and " Photograph " . In 1971 he played electric slide guitar on " How Do You Sleep ? " and a dobro on " Crippled Inside " , both from Lennon 's Imagine album . Also that year , he produced and played slide guitar on Badfinger 's top ten hit " Day After Day " , and a dobro on Preston 's " I Wrote a Simple Song " . He worked with Harry Nilsson on " You 're Breakin ' My Heart " ( 1972 ) and with Cheech & Chong on " Basketball Jones " ( 1973 ) . In 1973 he produced and made a guest appearance on the album Shankar Family & Friends . In 1974 Harrison founded Dark Horse Records . In addition to eventually releasing his own albums on the label , he initially used the company as an avenue for collaboration with other musicians . He wanted Dark Horse to serve as a creative outlet for artists , as Apple Records had for the Beatles . Harrison explained : " Most of the stuff will be what I produce " . Eric Idle commented : " He 's extremely generous , and he backs and supports all sorts of people that you 'll never , ever hear of . " The first acts signed to the new label were Ravi Shankar and Splinter , whose album Harrison produced , which provided Dark Horse with their first hit , " Costafine Town " . Other artists signed by Dark Horse include Attitudes , Henry McCullough , Jiva , and Stairsteps . Harrison collaborated with Tom Scott on Scott 's album New York Connection ( 1976 ) , and in 1981 he played guitar on " Walk a Thin Line " , from Mick Fleetwood 's The Visitor . In 1996 he recorded " Distance Makes No Difference With Love " with Carl Perkins , and played slide guitar on the title track of Dylan 's Under the Red Sky album . In 2001 he performed as a guest musician on Jeff Lynne and Electric Light Orchestra 's comeback album Zoom , and on the song " Love Letters " for Bill Wyman 's Rhythm Kings . He also co @-@ wrote a new song with his son Dhani , " Horse to the Water " , which was recorded on 1 October , eight weeks before his death . It appeared on Jools Holland 's album Small World , Big Band . = = = Sitar and Indian music = = = During the Beatles ' American tour in August 1965 , Harrison 's friend David Crosby of the Byrds introduced him to Indian classical music and the work of sitar maestro Ravi Shankar . Harrison described Shankar as " the first person who ever impressed me in my life ... and he was the only person who didn 't try to impress me . " Harrison became fascinated with the sitar and immersed himself in Indian music . According to Lavezzoli , Harrison 's introduction of the instrument on the Beatles ' song " Norwegian Wood " " opened the floodgates for Indian instrumentation in rock music , triggering what Shankar would call ' The Great Sitar Explosion ' of 1966 – 67 " . Lavezzoli described Harrison as " the man most responsible for this phenomenon " . In June 1966 Harrison met Shankar at the home of Mrs Angadi of the Asian Music Circle , asked to be his student , and was accepted . On 6 July , Harrison travelled to India to buy a sitar from Rikhi Ram & Sons in New Delhi . Lavezzoli described Harrison 's sitar playing on the Revolver track " Love You To " as an " astonishing improvement " over " Norwegian Wood " and " the most accomplished performance on sitar by any rock musician " . In September , he returned to India to study sitar with Shankar . He initially stayed in Bombay , then moved to a houseboat on a remote lake where Shankar taught him for six weeks . After Shankar , he received tutelage from Shambu Das . Harrison studied the instrument until 1968 , when an encounter with Clapton and Hendrix at a hotel in New York convinced him to put down the instrument and return to guitar playing . He commented : " I decided ... I should get back to the guitar because I 'm not getting any better at it , and I 'm not going to be a great sitar player ... because I should have started at least fifteen years earlier . " = = Personal life = = = = = Hinduism = = = By the mid @-@ 1960s Harrison had become an admirer of Indian culture and mysticism , introducing it to the other Beatles . During the filming of Help ! in the Bahamas , they met the founder of Sivananda Yoga , Swami Vishnu @-@ devananda , who gave each of them a signed copy of his book , The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga . Between the end of the last Beatles tour in 1966 and the beginning of the Sgt Pepper recording sessions , he made a pilgrimage to India with his wife Pattie ; there , he studied sitar with Ravi Shankar , met several gurus , and visited various holy places . In 1968 he travelled to Rishikesh in northern India with the other Beatles to study meditation with Maharishi Mahesh Yogi . Harrison 's use of psychedelic drugs encouraged his path to meditation and Hinduism . He commented : " For me , it was like a flash . The first time I had acid , it just opened up something in my head that was inside of me , and I realized a lot of things . I didn 't learn them because I already knew them , but that happened to be the key that opened the door to reveal them . From the moment I had that , I wanted to have it all the time – these thoughts about the yogis and the Himalayas , and Ravi 's music . " In line with the Hindu yoga tradition , Harrison became a vegetarian in the late 1960s . After being given various religious texts by Shankar in 1966 , he remained a lifelong advocate of the teachings of Swami Vivekananda and Paramahansa Yogananda – yogis and authors , respectively , of Raja Yoga and Autobiography of a Yogi . In mid @-@ 1969 , he produced the single " Hare Krishna Mantra " , performed by members of the London Radha Krishna Temple . Having also helped the Temple devotees become established in Britain , Harrison then met their leader , A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada , whom he described as " my friend … my master " and " a perfect example of everything he preached " . Harrison embraced the Hare Krishna tradition , particularly japa @-@ yoga chanting with beads , and became a lifelong devotee . Regarding other faiths he once remarked : " All religions are branches of one big tree . It doesn 't matter what you call Him just as long as you call . " He commented on his beliefs : Krishna actually was in a body as a person ... What makes it complicated is , if he 's God , what 's he doing fighting on a battlefield ? It took me ages to try to figure that out , and again it was Yogananda 's spiritual interpretation of the Bhagavad Gita that made me realise what it was . Our idea of Krishna and Arjuna on the battlefield in the chariot . So this is the point – that we 're in these bodies , which is like a kind of chariot , and we 're going through this incarnation , this life , which is kind of a battlefield . The senses of the body ... are the horses pulling the chariot , and we have to get control over the chariot by getting control over the reins . And Arjuna in the end says , " Please Krishna , you drive the chariot " because unless we bring Christ or Krishna or Buddha or whichever of our spiritual guides ... we 're going to crash our chariot , and we 're going to turn over , and we 're going to get killed in the battlefield . That 's why we say " Hare Krishna , Hare Krishna " , asking Krishna to come and take over the chariot . Before his religious conversion , the only British performer known for similar activities had been Cliff Richard , whose conversion to Christianity in 1966 had gone largely unnoticed by the public . " By contrast , " wrote Inglis , " Harrison 's spiritual journey was seen as a serious and important development that reflected popular music 's increasing maturity ... what he , and the Beatles , had managed to overturn was the paternalistic assumption that popular musicians had no role other than to stand on stage and sing their hit songs . " = = = Family and interests = = = Harrison married the model Pattie Boyd on 21 January 1966 , with McCartney as best man . Harrison and Boyd had met in 1964 during the production of the film A Hard Day 's Night , in which the 19 @-@ year @-@ old Boyd had been cast as a schoolgirl . They separated in 1974 and their divorce was finalised in 1977 . Boyd said her decision to end their marriage and leave Harrison was due largely to his repeated infidelities , culminating in an affair with Starr 's wife Maureen , which Boyd called " the final straw " . She characterised the last year of their marriage as " fuelled by alcohol and cocaine " , and she stated : " George used coke excessively , and I think it changed him ... it froze his emotions and hardened his heart . " She subsequently moved in with Eric Clapton , and they married in 1979 . Harrison married Dark Horse Records ' secretary Olivia Trinidad Arias on 2 September 1978 . They had met at the Dark Horse offices in Los Angeles in 1974 , and together had one son , Dhani Harrison , born on 1 August 1978 . He restored the English manor house and grounds of Friar Park , his home in Henley @-@ on @-@ Thames , where several of his music videos were filmed including " Crackerbox Palace " ; the grounds also served as the background for the cover of All Things Must Pass . He employed ten workers to maintain the 36 @-@ acre ( 150 @,@ 000 m2 ) garden . Harrison commented on gardening as a form of escapism : " Sometimes I feel like I 'm actually on the wrong planet , and it 's great when I 'm in my garden , but the minute I go out the gate I think : ' What the hell am I doing here ? ' " His autobiography , I , Me , Mine , is dedicated " to gardeners everywhere " . The former Beatles publicist Derek Taylor helped Harrison write the book , which said little about the Beatles , focusing instead on Harrison 's hobbies , music and lyrics . Taylor commented : " George is not disowning the Beatles ... but it was a long time ago and actually a short part of his life . " Harrison had an interest in sports cars and motor racing ; he was one of the 100 people who purchased the McLaren F1 road car . He had collected photos of racing drivers and their cars since he was young ; at 12 he had attended his first race , the 1955 British Grand Prix at Aintree . He wrote " Faster " as a tribute to the Formula One racing drivers Jackie Stewart and Ronnie Peterson . Proceeds from its release went to the Gunnar Nilsson cancer charity , set up after the Swedish driver 's death from the disease in 1978 . Harrison 's first extravagant car , a 1964 Aston Martin DB5 , was sold at auction on 7 December 2011 in London . An anonymous Beatles collector paid £ 350 @,@ 000 for the vehicle that Harrison had bought new in January 1965 . = = = Relationships with the other Beatles = = = For most of the Beatles ' career the relationships in the group were close . According to Hunter Davies , " the Beatles spent their lives not living a communal life , but communally living the same life . They were each other 's greatest friends . " Harrison 's ex @-@ wife Pattie Boyd described how the Beatles " all belonged to each other " and admitted , " George has a lot with the others that I can never know about . Nobody , not even the wives , can break through or even comprehend it . " Starr said , " We really looked out for each other and we had so many laughs together . In the old days we 'd have the biggest hotel suites , the whole floor of the hotel , and the four of us would end up in the bathroom , just to be with each other " . He added , " there were some really loving , caring moments between four people : a hotel room here and there – a really amazing closeness . Just four guys who loved each other . It was pretty sensational . " Lennon stated that his relationship with Harrison was " one of young follower and older guy ... [ he ] was like a disciple of mine when we started . " The two later bonded over their LSD experiences , finding common ground as seekers of spirituality . They took radically different paths thereafter , Harrison finding God and Lennon coming to the conclusion that people are the creators of their own lives . In 1974 Harrison said of his former bandmate : " John Lennon is a saint and he 's heavy @-@ duty , and he 's great and I love him . But at the same time , he 's such a bastard – but that 's the great thing about him , you see ? " Harrison and McCartney were the first of the Beatles to meet , having shared a school bus , and often learned and rehearsed new guitar chords together . McCartney stated that he and Harrison usually shared a bedroom while touring . McCartney was best man at Harrison 's wedding in 1966 , and was the only Beatle in attendance . McCartney has referred to Harrison as his " baby brother " . In a 1974 BBC radio interview with Alan Freeman , Harrison stated : " [ McCartney ] ruined me as a guitar player " . Perhaps the most significant obstacle to a Beatles reunion after the death of Lennon was Harrison and McCartney 's personal relationship , as both men admitted that they often got on each other 's nerves . Rodriguez commented : " Even to the end of George 's days , theirs was a volatile relationship " . = = = Humanitarian work = = = Harrison was involved in humanitarian and political activism throughout his life . In the 1960s , the Beatles supported the civil rights movement and protested against the Vietnam War . After the band 's break @-@ up , Ravi Shankar consulted Harrison about how to provide aid to the people of Bangladesh after the 1970 Bhola cyclone and the Bangladesh Liberation War . Harrison recorded the song " Bangla Desh " , and pushed Apple Records to release his song alongside Shankar 's " Joy Bangla " in an effort to raise funds . Shankar then asked for Harrison 's advice about planning a small charity event in the US . Harrison responded by organising the Concert for Bangladesh , which raised more than $ 240 @,@ 000 . In June 1972 , UNICEF honoured Harrison and Shankar with the " Child Is the Father of Man " award at an annual ceremony in recognition of their fundraising efforts for Bangladesh . The George Harrison Humanitarian Fund for UNICEF , a joint effort between the Harrison family and the US Fund for UNICEF , aims to support programmes that help children caught in humanitarian emergencies . In December 2007 , they donated $ 450 @,@ 000 to help the victims of Cyclone Sidr in Bangladesh . On 13 October 2009 , the first George Harrison Humanitarian Award went to Ravi Shankar for his efforts in saving the lives of children , and his involvement with the Concert for Bangladesh . = = HandMade Films = = In 1973 Peter Sellers introduced Harrison to Denis O 'Brien . Soon after , the two went into business together . In 1978 , in an effort to produce Monty Python 's Life of Brian , they formed the film production and distribution company HandMade Films . Harrison explained : " The name of the company came about as a bit of a joke . I 'd been to Wooky Hole in Somerset ... [ near ] an old paper mill where they show you how to make old underpants into paper . So I bought a few rolls , and they had this watermark ' British Handmade Paper ' ... So we said ... we 'll call it Handmade Films . " Their opportunity for investment came after EMI Films withdrew funding at the demand of their Chief Executive , Bernard Delfont . Harrison financed the production of Life of Brian in part by mortgaging his home , which Idle later called " the most anybody 's ever paid for a cinema ticket in history . " The film grossed $ 21 million at the box office in the US . The first film distributed by HandMade Films was The Long Good Friday ( 1980 ) , and the first they produced was Time Bandits ( 1981 ) , co @-@ scripted project by Monty Python 's Terry Gilliam and Michael Palin . The film featured a new song by Harrison , " Dream Away " , in the closing credits . Time Bandits became one of HandMade 's most successful and acclaimed efforts ; with a budget of $ 5 million , it earned $ 35 million in the US within ten weeks of its release . Harrison served as executive producer for 23 films with HandMade , including Mona Lisa , Shanghai Surprise and Withnail and I. He made several cameo appearances in these films , including a role as a nightclub singer in Shanghai Surprise , for which he recorded five new songs . According to author and musicologist Ian Inglis , Harrison 's " executive role in HandMade Films helped to sustain British cinema at a time of crisis , producing some of the country 's most memorable movies of the 1980s . " A series of box office bombs in the late 1980s caused HandMade to cease operations in 1991 ; three years later , the company was sold . = = Legacy = = In June 1965 , Harrison and the other Beatles were appointed Members of the Order of the British Empire ( MBE ) . They received their insignia from the Queen at an investiture at Buckingham Palace on 26 October . In 1971 the Beatles received an Academy Award for the best Original Song Score for the film Let It Be . The minor planet 4149 Harrison , discovered in 1984 , was named after him , as was a variety of Dahlia flower . In December 1992 he became the first recipient of the Billboard Century Award , an honour presented to music artists for significant bodies of work . Rolling Stone magazine ranked him number 11 in their list of the " 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time " . In 2002 , on the first anniversary of his death , the Concert for George was held at the Royal Albert Hall . Clapton organised the event , which included performances by many of Harrison 's friends and musical collaborators , including McCartney and Starr . Eric Idle , who described Harrison as " one of the few morally good people that rock and roll has produced " , performed Monty Python 's " Lumberjack Song " . The profits from the concert went to Harrison 's charity , the Material World Charitable Foundation . In 2004 , Harrison was posthumously inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist by his former bandmates Lynne and Petty , and into the Madison Square Garden Walk of Fame in 2006 for the Concert for Bangladesh . On 14 April 2009 , the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce awarded Harrison a star on the Walk of Fame in front of the Capitol Records Building . McCartney , Lynne and Petty were present when the star was unveiled . Harrison 's widow Olivia , the actor Tom Hanks and Idle made speeches at the ceremony , and Harrison 's son Dhani spoke the Hare Krishna mantra . A documentary film entitled George Harrison : Living in the Material World , directed by Martin Scorsese , was released in October 2011 . The film features interviews with Olivia and Dhani Harrison , Klaus Voormann , Terry Gilliam , Starr , Clapton , McCartney , Keltner and Astrid Kirchherr . Harrison was posthumously honoured with The Recording Academy 's Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at the Grammy Awards in February 2015 . = = Discography = = Wonderwall Music ( 1968 ) Electronic Sound ( 1969 ) All Things Must Pass ( 1970 ) Living in the Material World ( 1973 ) Dark Horse ( 1974 ) Extra Texture ( Read All About It ) ( 1975 ) Thirty Three & 1 / 3 ( 1976 ) George Harrison ( 1979 ) Somewhere in England ( 1981 ) Gone Troppo ( 1982 ) Cloud Nine ( 1987 ) Brainwashed ( 2002 )
= George Moore ( novelist ) = George Augustus Moore ( 24 February 1852 – 21 January 1933 ) was an Irish novelist , short @-@ story writer , poet , art critic , memoirist and dramatist . Moore came from a Roman Catholic landed family who lived at Moore Hall in Carra , County Mayo . He originally wanted to be a painter , and studied art in Paris during the 1870s . There , he befriended many of the leading French artists and writers of the day . As a naturalistic writer , he was amongst the first English @-@ language authors to absorb the lessons of the French realists , and was particularly influenced by the works of Émile Zola . His writings influenced James Joyce , according to the literary critic and biographer Richard Ellmann , and , although Moore 's work is sometimes seen as outside the mainstream of both Irish and British literature , he is as often regarded as the first great modern Irish novelist . = = Life = = = = = Family origins = = = George Moore 's family had lived in Moore Hall , near Lough Carra , County Mayo for almost a century . The house was built by his paternal great @-@ grandfather — also called George Moore — who had made his fortune as a wine merchant in Alicante . The novelist 's grandfather was a friend of Maria Edgeworth , and author of An Historical Memoir of the French Revolution . His great @-@ uncle , John Moore , was president of the short @-@ lived Republic of Connacht during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 . The novelist 's father , George Henry Moore , sold his stable and hunting interests during the Great Irish Famine , and from 1847 – 1857 , served as an Independent Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Mayo in the British House of Commons . George Henry was renowned as a fair landlord , fought to uphold the rights of tenants , and was a founder of the Catholic Defence Association . His estate consisted of 5000 ha ( 50 km ² ) in Mayo , with a further 40 ha in County Roscommon . = = = Early life = = = George Moore was born in Moore Hall in 1852 . As a child , Moore enjoyed the novels of Walter Scott , which his father read to him . He spent a good deal of time outdoors with his brother , Maurice George Moore , and also became friendly with the young Willie and Oscar Wilde , who spent their summer holidays at nearby Moytura . Oscar was to later quip of Moore : " He conducts his education in public " . His father had again turned his attention to horse breeding and in 1861 brought his champion horse , Croagh Patrick , to England for a successful racing season , together with his wife and nine @-@ year @-@ old son . For a while George was left at Cliff 's stables until his father decided to send George to his alma mater facilitated by his winnings . Moore 's formal education started at St. Mary 's College , Oscott , a Catholic boarding school near Birmingham where he was the youngest of 150 boys . He spent all of 1864 at home , having contracted a lung infection brought about by a breakdown in his health . His academic performance was poor while he was hungry and unhappy . In January 1865 , he returned to St. Mary 's College with his brother Maurice , where he refused to study as instructed and spent time reading novels and poems . That December the principal , Spencer Northcote , wrote a report that : " he hardly knew what to say about George . " By the summer of 1867 he was expelled , for ( in his own words ) ' idleness and general worthlessness ' , and returned to Mayo . His father once remarked , about George and his brother Maurice : " I fear those two redheaded boys are stupid " , an observation which proved untrue for all four boys . = = = London and Paris = = = In 1868 , Moore 's father was again elected MP for Mayo and the family moved to London the following year . Here , Moore senior tried , unsuccessfully , to have his son follow a career in the military though , prior to this , he attended the School of Art in the South Kensington Museum where his achievements were no better . He was freed from any burden of education when his father died in 1870 . Moore , though still a minor , inherited the family estate that was valued at £ 3 @,@ 596 . He handed it over to his brother Maurice to manage and in 1873 , on attaining his majority , moved to Paris to study art . It took him several attempts to find an artist who would accept him as a pupil . Monsieur Jullian , who had previously been a shepherd and circus masked man , took him on for 40 francs a month . At Académie Jullian he met Lewis Weldon Hawkins who became Moore 's flat @-@ mate and whose trait , as a failed artist , show up in Moore 's own characters . He met many of the key artists and writers of the time , including Pissarro , Degas , Renoir , Monet , Daudet , Mallarmé , Turgenev and , above all , Zola , who was to prove an influential figure in Moore 's subsequent development as a writer . While still in Paris his first book , a collection of lyric poems called The Flowers of Passion , was self @-@ published in 1877 . The poems were derivative , maliciously reviewed by the critics who were offended by some of the depravities in store for moralistic readers and was withdrawn by Moore . He was forced to return to Ireland in 1880 to raise £ 3 @,@ 000 to pay debts incurred on the family estate due to his tenants refusing to pay their rent and the drop in agricultural prices . During his time back in Mayo , he gained a reputation as a fair landlord , continuing the family tradition of not evicting tenants and refusing to carry firearms when travelling round the estate . While in Ireland , he decided to abandon art and move to London to become a professional writer . There he published his second poetry collection , Pagan Poems , in 1881 . These early poems reflect his interest in French symbolism and are now almost entirely neglected . In 1886 Moore published Confessions of a Young Man , a lively and energetic memoir about his 20s spent in Paris and London among bohemian artists . It contains a substantial amount of literary criticism for which it has received a fair amount of praise , for instance The Modern Library chose it in 1917 to be included in the series as " one of the most significant documents of the passionate revolt of English literature against the Victorian tradition . " = = = Controversy in England = = = During the 1880s , Moore began work on a series of novels in a realist style . His first novel , A Modern Lover ( 1883 ) was a three @-@ volume work , as preferred by the circulating libraries , and deals with the art scene of the 1870s and 1880s in which many characters are identifiably real . The circulating libraries in England banned the book because of its explicit portrayal of the amorous pursuits of its hero . At this time the British circulating libraries , such as Mudie 's Select Library , controlled the market for fiction and the public , who paid fees to borrow their books , expected them to guarantee the morality of the novels available . His next book , a novel in the realist style , A Mummers Wife ( 1885 ) was also regarded as unsuitable by Mudie 's and W H Smith refused to stock it on their news @-@ stalls . Despite this , during its first year of publication the book was in its fourteenth edition mainly due to the publicity garnered by its opponents . The French newspaper Le Voltaire published it in serial form as La Femme du cabotin in July – October 1886 . His next novel A Drama in Muslin was banned by Mudie 's and Smith 's . In response Moore declared war on the circulating libraries by publishing two provocative pamphlets ; Literature at Nurse and Circulating Morals . In these , he complained that the libraries profit from salacious popular fiction while refusing to stock serious literary fiction . Moore 's publisher Henry Vizetelly began to issue unabridged mass @-@ market translations of French realist novels that endangered the moral and commercial influence of the circulating libraries around this time . In 1888 , the circulating libraries fought back by encouraging the House of Commons to implement laws to stop ' the rapid spread of demoralising literature in this country ' . However , Vizetelly was brought to court by the National Vigilance Association ( NVA ) for ' obscene libel ' . The charge arose due to the publication of the English translation of Zola 's La Terre . A second case was brought the following year in order to force implementation of the original judgement and to remove all of Zola 's works . This led to the 70 @-@ year @-@ old publisher becoming involved in the literary cause . Throughout Moore stayed loyal to Zola 's publisher , and on 22 September 1888 , about a month before the trial , wrote a letter that appeared in the St. James Gazette . In it Moore suggested it was improper that Vizetelly 's fate be determined by a jury of twelve tradesmen , explaining it would be preferable to be judged by three novelists . Moore pointed out that the NVA could make the same claims against such books as Madame Bovary and Gautier 's Mademoiselle de Maupin , as their morals are equivalent to Zola 's , though their literary merits might differ . Because of his willingness to tackle such issues as prostitution , extramarital sex and lesbianism , Moore 's novels were initially met with disapprobation . However , as the public 's taste for realist fiction grew , this subsided . Moore began to find success as an art critic with the publication of books such as Impressions and Opinions ( 1891 ) and Modern Painting ( 1893 ) — which was the first significant attempt to introduce the Impressionists to an English audience . By this time Moore was first able to live from the proceeds of his literary work . Other realist novels by Moore from this period include A Drama in Muslin ( 1886 ) , a satiric story of the marriage trade in Anglo @-@ Irish society that hints at same @-@ sex relationships among the unmarried daughters of the gentry , and Esther Waters ( 1894 ) , the story of an unmarried housemaid who becomes pregnant and is abandoned by her footman lover . Both of these books have remained almost constantly in print since their first publication . His 1887 novel A Mere Accident is an attempt to merge his symbolist and realist influences . He also published a collection of short stories : Celibates ( 1895 ) . = = = Dublin and the Celtic Revival = = = In 1901 , Moore returned to Ireland to live in Dublin at the suggestion of his cousin and friend , Edward Martyn . Martyn had been involved in Ireland 's cultural and dramatic movements for some years , and was working with Lady Gregory and William Butler Yeats to establish the Irish Literary Theatre . Moore soon became deeply involved in this project and in the broader Irish Literary Revival . He had already written a play , The Strike at Arlingford ( 1893 ) , which was produced by the Independent Theatre . The play was the result of a challenge between Moore and George Robert Sims over Moore 's criticism of all contemporary playwrights in Impressions and Opinions . Moore won the one hundred pound bet made by Sims for a stall to witness an " unconventional " play by Moore , though Moore insisted the word " unconventional " be excised . The Irish Literary Theatre staged his satirical comedy The Bending of the Bough ( 1900 ) , adapted from Martyn 's The Tale of a Town , originally rejected by the theatre but unselfishly given to Moore for revision , and Martyn 's Maeve . Staged by the company who would later become the Abbey Theatre , The Bending of the Bough was a historically important play and introduced realism into Irish literature . Lady Gregory wrote that it : " hits impartially all round " . The play was satire on Irish political life , and as it was unexpectedly nationalist , was considered the first to deal with a vital question that had appeared in Irish life . Diarmuid and Grania , a poetic play in prose co @-@ written with Yeats in 1901 , was also staged by the theatre , with incidental music by Elgar . After this production Moore took up pamphleteering on behalf of the Abbey , and parted company with the dramatic movement . Moore published two books of prose fiction set in Ireland around this time ; a second book of short stories , The Untilled Field ( 1903 ) and a novel , The Lake ( 1905 ) . The Untilled Field deal with themes of clerical interference in the daily lives of the Irish peasantry , and of the issue of emigration . The stories were originally written for translation into Irish , in order to serve as models for other writers working in the language . Three of the translations were published in the New Ireland Review , but publication was then paused due to a perceived anti @-@ clerical sentiment . In 1902 the entire collection was translated by Tadhg Ó Donnchadha and Pádraig Ó Súilleabháin , and published in a parallel @-@ text edition by the Gaelic League as An @-@ tÚr @-@ Ghort . Moore later revised the texts for the English edition . These stories were influenced by Turgenev 's A Sportsman 's Sketches , a book recommended to Moore by W. K. Magee , a sub @-@ librarian of the National Library of Ireland , and had earlier suggested that Moore " was best suited to become Ireland 's Turgenev " . The tales are recognised by some as representing the birth of the Irish short story as a literary genre . In 1903 , following a disagreement with his brother Maurice over the religious upbringing of his nephews , Moore declared himself to be Protestant . His conversion was announced in a letter to the Irish Times newspaper . Moore remained in Dublin until 1911 . In 1914 , he published a gossipy , three @-@ volume memoir of his time there under the collective title Hail and Farewell , which entertained its readers but infuriated former friends . Moore himself said of these memoirs , " Dublin is now divided into two sets ; one half is afraid it will be in the book , and the other is afraid that it won 't " . In his later years he was increasingly friendless , having quarreled bitterly with Yeats and Osborn Bergin , among others : Oliver St. John Gogarty said : " It was impossible to be a friend of his , because he was incapable of gratitude " . = = = Later life = = = Moore returned to London in 1911 , where , with the exception of frequent trips to France , he was to spend much of the rest of his life . In 1913 , he traveled to Jerusalem to research for his next novel , The Brook Kerith ( 1916 ) . The book saw Moore once again embroiled in controversy , as it was based on the supposition that a non @-@ divine Christ did not die on the cross but instead was nursed back to health . Other books from this period include a further collection of short @-@ stories called A Storyteller 's Holiday ( 1918 ) , a collection of essays called Conversations in Ebury Street ( 1924 ) and a play , The Making of an Immortal ( 1927 ) . Moore also spent considerable time revising and preparing his earlier writings for new editions . Partly due to Maurice 's pro @-@ treaty activity , Moore Hall was burnt by anti @-@ treaty forces in 1923 , during the final months of the Irish Civil War . Moore eventually received compensation of £ 7 @,@ 000 from the government of the Irish Free State . By this time George and Maurice had become estranged , mainly because of an unflattering portrait of the latter which appeared in Hail and Farewell . Tension also arose as a result of religious differences : Maurice frequently made donations to the Roman Catholic Church from estate funds . Moore later sold a large part of the estate to the Irish Land Commission for £ 25 @,@ 000 . Moore was friendly with many members of the expatriate artistic communities in London and Paris , and had a long @-@ lasting relationship with Maud , Lady Cunard . Moore took a special interest in the education of Maud 's daughter , the well @-@ known publisher and art patron , Nancy Cunard . It has been suggested that Moore , rather than Maud 's husband , Sir Bache Cunard , was Nancy 's father , but this is not generally credited by historians , and it is not certain that Moore 's relationship with Nancy 's mother was ever more than platonic . Moore was believed by some to be impotent and was described as " one who told but didn 't kiss " . Moore 's last novel , Aphroditis in Aulis , was published in 1930 . He died at his home at Ebury Street in the London district of Pimlico in early 1933 , leaving a fortune of £ 70 @,@ 000 . He was cremated in London at a service attended by Ramsay MacDonald among others . An urn containing his ashes was interred on Castle Island in Lough Carra in view of the ruins of Moore Hall . = = Works = = Flowers of Passion London : Provost & Company , 1878 Martin Luther : A Tragedy in Five Acts London : Remington & Company , 1879 Pagan Poems London : Newman & Company , 1881 A Modern Lover London : Tinsley Brothers , 1883 A Mummer 's Wife London : Vizetelly & Company , 1885 Literature at Nurse London : Vizetelly & Company , 1885 A Drama in Muslin London : Vizetelly & Company , 1886 A Mere Accident London : Vizetelly & Company , 1887 Parnell and His Island London ; Swan Sonnenshein Lowrey & Company , 1887 Confessions of a Young Man Swan Sonnenshein Lowrey & Company , 1888 Spring Days London : Vizetelly & Company , 1888 Mike Fletcher London : Ward & Downey , 1889 Impressions and Opinions London ; David Nutt , 1891 Vain Fortune London : Henry & Company , 1891 Modern Painting London : Walter Scott , 1893 The Strike at Arlingford London : Walter Scott , 1893 Esther Waters London : Walter Scott , 1894 Celibates London : Walter Scott , 1895 Evelyn Innes London : T. Fisher Unwin , 1898 The Bending of the Bough London : T. Fisher Unwin , 1900 Sister Theresa London : T. Fisher Unwin , 1901 The Untilled Field London : T. Fisher Unwin , 1903 The Lake London : William Heinemann , 1905 Memoirs of My Dead Life London : William Heinemann , 1906 The Apostle : A Drama in Three Acts Dublin : Maunsel & Company , 1911 Hail and Farewell London : William Heinemann , 1911 , 1912 , 1914 The Apostle : A Drama in Three Acts Dublin : Maunsel & Company , 1911 Elizabeth Cooper Dublin : Maunsel & Company , 1913 Muslin London : William Heinemann , 1915 The Brook Kerith : A Syrian Story London : T. Warner Laurie , 1916 Lewis Seymour and Some Women New York : Brentano 's , 1917 A Story @-@ Teller 's Holiday London : Cumann Sean @-@ eolais na hÉireann ( privately printed ) , 1918 . This work contains the story later re @-@ published in the collection Celibate Lives , 1927 , as the short story " The Singular Life of Albert Nobbs " which was made into a 2011 movie , Albert Nobbs , starring Glenn Close . Avowals London : Cumann Sean @-@ eolais na hÉireann ( privately printed ) , 1919 The Coming of Gabrielle London : Cumann Sean @-@ eolais na hÉireann ( privately printed ) , 1920 Heloise and Abelard London : Cumann Sean @-@ eolais na hÉireann ( privately printed ) , 1921 In Single Strictness London : William Heinemann , 1922 Conversations in Ebury Street London : William Heinemann , 1924 Pure Poetry : An Anthology London : Nonesuch Press , 1924 The Pastoral Loves of Daphnis and Chloe London : William Heinemann , 1924 Daphnis and Chloe , Peronnik the Fool New York : Boni & Liveright , 1924 Ulick and Soracha London : Nonesuch Press , 1926 Celibate Lives London : William Heinemann , 1927 ( This collection and his previous work A Story @-@ Teller 's Holiday both include the short story " The Singular Life of Albert Nobbs " which was made into a movie , with Glenn Close . ) The Making of an Immortal New York : Bowling Green Press , 1927 The Passing of the Essenes : A Drama in Three Acts London : William Heinemann , 1930 Aphrodite in Aulis New York : Fountain Press , 1930 A Communication to My Friends London : Nonesuch Press , 1933 Diarmuid and Grania : A Play in Three Acts Co @-@ written with W.B. Yeats , Edited by Anthony Farrow , Chicago : De Paul , 1974 Letters Moore Versus Harris Detroit : privately printed , 1921 Letters to Dujardin New York : Crosby Gaige , 1929 Letters of George Moore Bournemouth : Sydenham , 1942 Letters to Lady Cunard Ed . Rupert Hart @-@ Davis . London : Rupert Hart @-@ Davis , 1957 George Moore in Transition Ed . Helmut E. Gerber , Detroit : Wayne State University Press , 1968
= Presto ( film ) = Presto is a 2008 American Pixar computer @-@ animated short film shown in theaters before their feature @-@ length film WALL @-@ E. The short is about a magician trying to perform a show with his uncooperative rabbit and is a gag @-@ filled homage to classic cartoons such as Tom and Jerry and Looney Tunes . Presto was directed by veteran Pixar animator Doug Sweetland , in his directorial debut . The original idea for the short was a magician who incorporated a rabbit into his act who suffered from stage fright . This was considered to be too long and complicated , and the idea was reworked . To design the theater featured in Presto , the filmmakers visited several opera houses and theaters for set design ideas . Problems arose when trying to animate the theater 's audience of 2 @,@ 500 patrons ; this was deemed too expensive , and was solved by showing the back of the audience . Reaction to the short was positive , and reviewers of WALL @-@ E 's home media release considered it to be an enjoyable special feature . Presto was nominated for an Annie Award and Academy Award . It was included in the Animation Show of Shows in 2008 . = = Plot = = Vaudeville @-@ era magician Presto DiGiotagione is famous for a hat trick wherein he pulls his rabbit Alec Azam out of his top hat . An unfed and irritated Alec is locked in a cage , unable to reach his carrot . After Presto returns from eating a meal , he begins practicing his act with Alec , revealing that his top hat is magically connected to a wizard 's hat kept backstage with Alec , so that when Presto reaches into the top hat , his hand appears out of the wizard 's hat , allowing him to grab Alec and pull him out of the top hat . He intends to feed Alec the carrot , but realizes that he is late for the show and rushes off to the stage without doing so , much to Alec 's anger . Presto tries to start the performance , but Alec becomes reluctant to cooperate until he is given the carrot . Presto then spends the rest of the show trying to catch Alec through the opening between his top hat and the wizard 's hat . Alec cleverly turns the hat 's magic against his master in multiple humiliating ways , each of which elicits increasing applause from the audience , which believe is part of Presto 's act . Presto 's finger is stuck in a mouse trap and is hit in the face by an egg , caused by a backfired attempt to aggravate Alec . Presto responds by antagonizing Alec , turning the carrot into a flower . Angered , Alec sucks Presto 's head into a ventilation pipe offstage , which spikes Presto 's hair and turns his face red . When Presto lunges at Alec through the hats , Alec directs Presto 's hand into the podium 's drawer and closes the drawer , painfully restraining the hand while he looks through Presto 's sleeve for the carrot . Presto runs toward Alec , but instead is poked in the eye by his own hand . Presto drops his hat , and when he grabs the wizard hat , he accidentally strips his slacks down to underwear , much to Alec 's amusement . Furious , Presto tries to attack Alec , but in an act to defend himself , Alec puts an offstage ladder into the wizard hat , and Presto is hit between his legs . Presto attempts to hit Alec with it , but the plan backfires when it misses and hits a backstage door , and Presto is sent hitting his chin on the ladder . Presto antagonizes Alec again , covering the carrot with a cloth before smashing it into a pulp with a piece of the ladder . Alec then furiously retaliates by aiming the opening of the wizard 's hat towards an electrical socket which Presto 's fingers go into , shocking Presto into dancing wildly to bluegrass music . Now at his wit 's end , Presto storms backstage to catch Alec , but he accidentally releases a weight holding down some stage props , and his foot gets caught in a rope that lifts him up to the fly space above the stage . When his foot comes loose from the rope , he falls , along with suspended scenery . Alec , remorseful that Presto will be crushed , uses the magic hat to save him , earning the audience 's wild approval for both himself and Presto . Presto gives Alec the apparently restored carrot , as well as second billing on the posters advertising the show and they are rewarded for each show they do , with roses and carrots for Presto and Alec respectively . = = Production = = Doug Sweetland made his directorial debut with Presto . Sweetland provides the dialogue @-@ free voice acting for both of the movie 's characters . He pitched the film at the start of 2007 and began production late in the year , completing it in May 2008 . Presto 's gag @-@ based format was heavily influenced by classic cartoons . Looney Tunes cartoons directed by Tex Avery were a major influence , with Alec being easily compared to Bugs Bunny . Other influences include Tom and Jerry , the Marx Brothers , and Charlie Chaplin . The character design for Presto was based on William Powell . The original scenario for the short involved a magician who incorporates an autograph @-@ seeking rabbit into his act after his previous rabbit leaves him . Complications arise as the new rabbit suffers from stage fright . Sweetland compared it to the plot of A Star Is Born . The idea was reworked due to being too long and complicated , taking an estimated three minutes longer to tell . To achieve the highly formal environment , the filmmakers looked at the Royal Opera House in London , the Paris Opera House and classic vaudeville theaters like the Geary in San Francisco — which the crew took a tour through — for set design ideas . Animating the theater 's audience of 2 @,@ 500 patrons proved an expensive proposition , even with the help of the crowd @-@ generating MASSIVE software . Early suggestions were to show cutaways of just a small portion of the audience , but the full effect was achieved by only showing the back of the audience . To save time , most of the audience models were borrowed from the previous Pixar film , Ratatouille . Additionally , Presto 's body ( from the neck down ) is Skinner 's lawyer , and the carrot was one of the many food props from that film . = = Reception = = Reaction to the short film was positive . Carl Cortez of If called Presto a " winner through and through " . Jake Coyle of the Associated Press found Presto to be " a delightful and cartoonish appetizer " which kept the tradition of short pre @-@ feature films alive . Darren Bevan of Television New Zealand thought that although WALL @-@ E was a " delightful tale " and " truly gorgeous " , Presto " very nearly stole Wall @-@ E 's thunder " . James Sanford of the Kalamazoo Gazette called the short a superb and hilarious curtain @-@ raiser , describing it as a Bugs Bunny Looney Tunes version of The Prestige . Presto was nominated for the 36th Annie Award for Best Animated Short Subject . The short was also nominated for the Academy Award for Animated Short Film , but lost to La Maison en Petits Cubes .
= Fluor Corporation = Fluor Corporation is a multinational engineering and construction firm headquartered in Irving , Texas . It is a holding company that provides services through its subsidiaries in the following areas : oil and gas , industrial and infrastructure , government and power . It is the largest engineering & construction company in the Fortune 500 rankings and lists 136th overall in the same rankings . Fluor was founded in 1912 by John Simon Fluor as Fluor Construction Company . It grew quickly , predominantly by building oil refineries , pipelines and other facilities for the oil and gas industry , at first in California , and then in the Middle East and globally . In the late 1960s , it began diversifying into oil drilling , coal mining and other raw materials like lead . A global recession in the oil and gas industry and losses from its mining operation led to restructuring and layoffs in the 1980s . Fluor sold its oil operations and diversified its construction work into a broader range of services and industries . In the 1990s , Fluor introduced new services like equipment rentals and staffing . Nuclear waste cleanup projects and other environmental work became a significant portion of Fluor 's revenues . The company also did projects related to the Manhattan Project , rebuilding after the Iraq War , recovering from Hurricane Katrina and building the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline System . = = Corporate history = = = = = Early history = = = Fluor Corporation 's predecessor , Rudolph Fluor & Brother , was founded in 1890 by John Simon Fluor and his two brothers in Oshkosh , Wisconsin as a saw and paper mill . John Fluor acted as its president and contributed $ 100 in personal savings to help the business get started . The company was renamed Fluor Bros. Construction Co. in 1903 . In 1912 John Fluor moved to Santa Ana , California for health reasons without his brothers and founded Fluor Corporation out of his garage under the name Fluor Construction Company . By 1924 the business had annual revenues of $ 100 @,@ 000 ( $ 1 @.@ 36 million in 2013 dollars ) and a staff of 100 employees . John Fluor delegated most of the company 's operations to his sons , Peter and Simon Fluor . A $ 100 @,@ 000 capital investment was made that year and it was incorporated . John 's eldest son Peter served as head of sales and grew the company to $ 1 @.@ 5 million ( $ 20 @.@ 4 million in 2013 dollars ) in revenues by 1929 . In 1929 the company re @-@ incorporated as Fluor Corporation . By the 1930s , Fluor had operations in Europe , the Middle East and Australia . Business declined rapidly during the Great Depression , but picked up again during World War II . During the war Fluor manufactured synthetic rubber and was responsible for a substantial portion of high @-@ octane gasoline production in the United States . A Gas @-@ Gasoline division of Fluor was created in Houston in 1948 . Fluor 's headquarters were moved to Los Angeles in 1940 in order to be closer to its oil and gas clients , before moving again to Orange County , California in the 1960s due to concerns about the cost of living and traffic . John Simon Fluor died in 1944 . He was succeeded by his son Peter Fluor , who died three years later . Peter was followed by Shirley Meserve ( 1947 ) and Donald Darnell ( 1949 ) , then John Simon " Si " Fluor Jr. in 1952 and J. Robert ( Bob ) Fluor in 1962 . Fluor was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in the 1950s . In 1961 Fluor acquired an interest in construction , design and contracting firm William J. Moran . = = = Diversification and restructuring = = = Fluor diversified its business more extensively in 1967 , when five companies were merged into a division called Coral Drilling and it started a deep @-@ water oil exploration business in Houston called Deep Oil Technology . It also created Fluor Ocean Services in Houston in 1968 and acquired an interest in other fossil fuel operations in the 1970s . Fluor acquired a construction company , Pike Corp. of America and the engineering division of its prior partner in Australia , Utah Construction . In 1972 , Fluor bought land in Irvine , California and started building its new headquarters on it . The following year , the company 's oil and gas operations were consolidated under a new entity , Fluor Oil and Gas Corp. In 1977 , Fluor acquired Daniel International Corporation . Fluor 's business had become predominantly international , while Daniel International 's $ 1 billion construction business was mostly domestic . The acquisition allowed the company to use union labor at Fluor , or non @-@ union labor at Daniel , for each client . Fluor made a $ 2 @.@ 9 billion acquisition of a zinc , gold , lead and coal mining operation , St. Joe Minerals , in 1981 after a bidding competition for the business with Seagram . By the 1980s , Fluor 's primary business was building large refineries , petrochemical plants , oil pipelines and other facilities for the gas and oil industry , especially in the Middle East . By 1981 , Fluor 's staff had grown to 29 @,@ 000 and revenue , backlog , and profits had each increased more than 30 percent over the prior year . However , by 1984 the mining operation was causing heavy losses and the oil and gas industry Fluor served was in a worldwide recession due to declining oil prices . From 1981 to 1984 , Fluor 's backlog went from $ 16 billion to $ 4 billion . In 1985 it reported $ 633 million in losses . David Tappan took Bob Fluor 's place as CEO in 1984 after Bob died from cancer and led a difficult restructuring . The company sold $ 750 million in assets , including Fluor 's headquarters in Irvine , in order to pay $ 1 billion in debt . Staff were reduced from 32 @,@ 000 to 14 @,@ 000 . In 1986 Fluor sold all of its oil assets and some of its gold mining operations . Fluor Engineers , Inc. and Daniel International were merged , forming Fluor Daniel . By 1987 , Fluor had returned to profitability with $ 26 @.@ 6 million in profits and $ 108 @.@ 5 million by 1989 . By the end of the restructuring , Fluor had three major divisions : Fluor Daniel , Fluor Construction International and St. Joe Minerals Corp. Each division had its own smaller subsidiaries . Fluor started being named by Engineering News as the largest construction and engineering company in the United States . Fluor 's international revenues rebounded . Having postponed his retirement to help Fluor , Tappan stepped down at the end of 1989 and was replaced by Leslie McCraw . = = = Recent history = = = During the restructuring , Fluor 's core construction and engineering work was diversified into 30 industries including food , paper manufacturers , prisons and others to reduce its vulnerability to market changes in the oil and gas market . In the 1990s , the company tried to change its image , calling itself a " diversified technical services " firm . It started offering equipment rentals , staffing services , and financing for construction projects . The company began offering environmental cleanup and pollution control services , which grew to half of its new business by 1992 . Fluor 's mining business grew from $ 300 million in 1990 to $ 1 billion in 1994 . The US government passed environmental regulations in 1995 that led to growth for the Massey Coal Co. business , because it had large reserves of low @-@ sulfur coal . In 1992 , Fluor sold its ownership of Doe Run Company , the world 's largest producer of refined lead , which was losing money at the time due to declining lead prices . By 1993 , Fluor had revenues of $ 4 @.@ 17 billion and 22 @,@ 000 staff . In 1997 , Fluor 's revenues fell almost 50 percent , in part due to the Asian financial crisis and a decrease in overseas business . Additionally , it suffered losses from an over @-@ budget power plant project in Rabigh , Saudi Arabia . Fluor was a sub @-@ contractor to General Electric for the project . Fluor 's subsidiaries sued GE alleging that it misrepresented the complexity of the project . Though revenues declined further the following year , profits were increasing . In 1999 , nearly 5 @,@ 000 workers were laid off from Fluor Daniel and 15 offices were closed . Fluor Daniel was re @-@ structured into four business groups : an engineering and construction firm called Fluor Daniel ; an equipment rental , staffing and telecommunications division called Fluor Global Services ; a coal @-@ mining business called A.T. Massey Coal Co. and an administrative and support division called Fluor Signature Services . In January 1998 McCraw ( age 63 ) resigned after being diagnosed with bladder cancer and was replaced by former Shell President , Philip J. Carroll . That same year , IT Group purchased a 54 percent interest in Fluor Daniel GTI , Fluor 's environmental division , for $ 36 @.@ 3 million . Two years later , the coal mining operation under the A.T. Massey Coal Co. name ( part of St. Joe ) was spun off into its own business . In 2001 , Fluor 's four primary subsidiaries were consolidated into a single Fluor Corporation . In 2002 Alan Boeckmann was appointed as the CEO , followed by David Seaton in 2011 . In 2005 , Fluor 's headquarters were moved to the Las Colinas area in Irving , Texas . In December 2015 Fluor announced that it would take over Dutch industrial services company Stork . The acquisition of this company , which modifies and maintains large power plants , was completed in March of 2016 , in a stock purchase worth $ 755 million . = = Organization = = Fluor is the largest construction and engineering company in the Fortune 500 and the 136th largest company in the ranking overall . It has offices in 25 countries . Many of Fluor 's operations are located near natural resources , such as uranium in Canada , oil reserves in the Middle East and mines in Australia . About 30 percent of Fluor 's revenues are based in the United States as of 2011 . The Fluor family owns a 3 @.@ 5 percent interest in the company , while employees own six percent through its profit @-@ sharing program . Fluor 's Board of Directors has 12 " Independent Directors " and the CEO . The Independent Directors elect a Lead Independent Director every three years that acts as a liaison to the CEO . Each Independent Director is on two or more of four committees : audit , executive , governance , and organization & compensation . Directors serve a three @-@ year term and are elected by shareholders . Corporate officers , such as the CEO , are elected each year by a vote of the board . Fluor received an " A " ranking in Transparency International 's 2012 anti @-@ corruption study . The company hosts online and in @-@ person anti @-@ corruption training sessions for staff and operates an ethics hotline . Former CEO Alan Boeckmann helped create the Partnering Against Corruption Initiative ( PACI ) , whereby companies agree to a set of ethics principles . A MarketLine SWOT analysis said Fluor 's environmental work " enhances the company 's brand image , " while often lengthy and unpredictable legal disputes " tarnish the company 's brand image and will erode customer confidence . " According to the Los Angeles Times , Fluor is a " major corporate citizen " that supports local charities and civic groups . It started the Fluor Foundation for its charitable work in 1952 and Fluor Cares in 2010 . The company started the largest employer @-@ sponsored apprenticeship program in California with a four @-@ year program for designers in 1982 . Fluor operates a virtual college for employees called Fluor University . = = Services = = Fluor is a holding company that provides services through its subsidiaries . Its subsidiaries provide engineering , procurement , construction , maintenance and project management services . The company has also developed pollution control products , such as the Econamine lineup of carbon capture products . According to Fluor 's 2014 annual report , 67 percent of its work backlog is from the oil and gas industry . According to the company 's website , Fluor 's work includes designing and building power plants , petrochemical factories , mining facilities , roads and bridges , government buildings , and manufacturing facilities . The company also performs nuclear cleanup and other services . Separate teams of experts , procurement staff , project managers and workers are provided for large projects that are supported by a centralized administrative staff . Fluor has trained more than 100 @,@ 000 craft workers in Indonesia , the Philippines , Korea , Pakistan , Kuwait and other countries , where the needed labor skills weren 't available locally . It may also serve clients through a joint venture with another construction firm when a local infrastructure or niche expertise is needed . Fluor acquired shares of Genetech Inc. in 1981 and it bought a 10 percent interest in a smelter and refinery facility in Gresik , Indonesia in 1995 for $ 550 million . In 1994 , it invested $ 650 million with the Beacon Group Energy Investment fund to finance energy projects . Fluor also has a majority interest in NuScale LLC . , which is developing a new type of 45 @-@ megawatt nuclear reactor called a small modular reactor ( SMR ) . = = Notable projects = = Fluor 's first projects were in constructing and grading roads , but by the 1920s it was known for building public facilities , industrial complexes and serving a growing California oil and gas industry . It started building office and meter manufacturing facilities for the Southern California Gas Company in 1915 , as well as a compressor station for the Industrial Fuel Supply Company in 1919 . Fluor built the first " Buddha Tower " in 1921 in Signal Hill , California for the Industrial Fuel Supply Company . The Buddha Tower was a design of water @-@ cooling tower named after the Buddha temples they resemble . The following year Fluor was awarded a contract by Richfield Oil to build a 10 @,@ 000 @-@ gallon @-@ per @-@ day gasoline plant . Against his father 's wishes , Peter Fluor expanded Fluor 's business outside of California in the 1930s . It built refineries in Texas , as well as oil pipelines and compressor stations from Panhandle , Texas to Indianapolis , Indiana for the Panhandle Eastern Pipeline Company . Fluor constructed the Escondida in Chile , which is the second largest copper mine in the world . In 1942 , Fluor constructed cooling towers and other facilities in Hanford , Washington for the Manhattan Project . It built an expansion of the Dhahran Aire Force Base in Saudi Arabia for the United States Army in the 1950s and accepted its first international project for ARAMCO in the Middle East . In the 1960s and 1970s , Fluor built the first all @-@ hydrogen refinery in Kuwait and the first exclusively offshore power plant for the Atlantic Richfield Company . It also constructed pumps and ports for the Trans @-@ Alaska Pipeline System , which traversed 800 miles from Northern Alaska to Valdez , Alaska and the world 's largest offshore facility for natural gas on the island of Java in Indonesia . In 1976 , it was awarded a $ 5 billion project for ARAMCO in Saudi Arabia , to design facilities that capture sour gas , which is expelled from oil wells as waste in order to refine it into fuel . That same year a partially completed copper and cobalt mine in Africa was cancelled due to a war in the neighboring region of Angola and declining copper prices . In 1979 , Fluor had 13 projects for building United States power plants and had served more than half of the world 's government @-@ owned oil companies . Fluor has been working on the cleanup and shutdown of atomic energy plants in Ohio and Washington since the 1990s . In 1992 , Fluor won a contract with the United States Energy Department to clean up nuclear waste . By 1996 Hanford was the most contaminated nuclear site in the US and the US Department of Energy was conducting a $ 50 billion to $ 60 billion cleanup of the site . Fluor Hanford Inc. replaced Westinghouse Hanford Co. on the project . After a chemical explosion in 1997 , 11 workers filed a lawsuit alleging they were denied appropriate medical attention and protective gear . Fluor and the workers disagreed on whether the explosion resulted in any injuries . In 2005 the US Department of Energy fined Fluor for safety violations and that same year a jury awarded $ 4 @.@ 7 million in damages to 11 pipe fitters that claimed they were fired after complaining that a valve rated for 1 @,@ 975 pounds @-@ per @-@ inch was being used where 2 @,@ 235 were needed . Fluor built the Aladdin Hotel & Casino in Las Vegas in 2001 for $ 1 @.@ 4 billion . In 2004 , the company was awarded a $ 1 @.@ 1 billion project with AMEC to help rebuild the water , power and civic infrastructure of Iraq after the Iraq War . Fluor has also built a rail line in Europe and missile sites in Arizona . The company provided disaster recovery services in Louisiana after Hurricane Katrina . In 2010 Fluor provided workers to cleanup oil tar on beaches in Florida and Alabama after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill . In December 2012 , Fluor was awarded a $ 3 @.@ 14 billion contract to build a new Tappan Zee Bridge over the Hudson River .
= Constitution of the Roman Republic = The constitution of the Roman Republic was a set of guidelines and principles by which the Roman Republic was governed . The constitution evolved over time and was largely unwritten and uncodified , being passed down mainly through precedent . Nevertheless , the constitution was also shaped by the body of written Roman law . Rather than creating a government that was primarily a democracy ( as in ancient Athens ) , an aristocracy ( as in ancient Sparta ) , or a monarchy ( as in the Roman state before and , in many respects , after the Republic ) , the Roman Republic had a mixed constitution , with three separate branches of government : The democratic element took the form of the legislative assemblies . The aristocratic element took the form of the Senate . The monarchical element took the form of the term @-@ limited consuls . The ultimate source of sovereignty in this ancient republic , as in modern republics , was the people of Rome ( Latin : populus Romanus ) . The Roman people gathered into legislative assemblies to pass laws and to elect executive magistrates , such as consuls . The Senate managed the day @-@ to @-@ day affairs in Rome , while magistrates presided over the courts . Executive magistrates enforced the law and presided over the Senate and over the legislative assemblies . A complex set of checks and balances developed between these three branches , so as to minimize the risk of tyranny and corruption , and to maximize the likelihood of good government . However , the separation of powers between these three branches of government was not absolute ; and moreover , a magistrate 's term of office was often extended beyond one year , although this conflicted with the constitution . A constitutional crisis began in 133 BC as a result of the struggles between the aristocracy and the common people . Many years later this led to the collapse of the Roman Republic and its subversion into a much more autocratic form of government , the Roman Empire . = = Constitutional history ( 509 – 133 BC ) = = The republican constitution evolved gradually over time , largely shaped by the class struggle between the aristocratic patricians and the common people , the plebeians . The main historical sources for the origins of the Roman political system , Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus , relied heavily on the Roman annalists , who supplemented what little written history existed with oral history . This lack of evidence poses problems for the reliability of the traditional account of the republic 's origins . According to this traditional account , Rome had been ruled by a succession of kings . The Romans believed that this era , that of the Roman Kingdom , began in 753 BC and ended in 510 BC . After the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of the Roman Republic , the people of Rome began electing two consuls each year . According to the consular fasti , the first consuls were chosen in 509 BC . According to historian Andrew Lintott , some scholars doubt this traditional account . They argue that instead of being overthrown , the monarchy evolved into a government led by elected magistrates . Remnants of the monarchy , however , were reflected in republican institutions , such as the office of rex sacrorum ( " king of the sacred " ) and the interregnum ( the period of time presided over by an interrex when the consulship or other magistracy was vacant ) . In 501 BC , the temporary office of dictator was first created to control popular unrest . In the year 494 BC , the plebeians seceded to the Mons Sacer and demanded of the patricians the right to elect their own officials . The patricians agreed , and the plebeians ended their secession . The plebeians called these new officials plebeian tribunes and gave these tribunes two assistants , called plebeian aediles . In 449 BC , the Senate , in an effort to satisfy the plebeians , promulgated the Twelve Tables , the first and only codification of law during the republic . In 446 BC , quaestors were first elected , and the office of censor was created in 443 BC . In 367 BC , plebeians were allowed to stand for the consulship , and this implicitly opened both the censorship as well as the dictatorship to plebeians . In 366 BC , in an effort by the patricians to reassert their influence over the magisterial offices , two new offices were created . These two offices , the praetorship and the curule aedileship ( so @-@ called because its holder , like consuls and praetors , had the right to sit in a curule seat ) , were at first open only to patricians , but within a generation they were open to plebeians as well . Beginning around the year 350 BC , the senators and the plebeian tribunes began to grow closer . The Senate began giving tribunes more power , and the tribunes began to feel indebted to the Senate . As the tribunes and the senators grew closer , plebeian senators began to routinely secure the office of tribune for members of their own families . Also , this period saw the enacting of the Ovinian Law , which transferred the power to appoint new senators from the consuls to the censors . This law also required the censors to appoint any newly elected magistrate to the Senate , which probably resulted in a significant increase in the number of plebeian senators . As the privileged status of the old patrician elite eroded over time , a plebeian aristocracy developed whose status was theoretically based on merit and popular election rather than birth . Because patricians were ineligible to run for plebeian offices , the new plebeian aristocracy actually had more opportunities for advancement than their patrician counterparts . Over time distinctions between patricians and plebeian aristocrats became less important , giving rise to a new " patricio @-@ plebeian aristocracy " termed the nobilitas . In 287 BC , the plebeians seceded to the Janiculum hill . To end the secession , the Hortensian Law was passed to end the requirement that patrician senators consent before a bill could be brought before the Plebeian Council for a vote . This was not the first law to require that an act of the Plebeian Council have the full force of law ( over both plebeians and patricians ) , since the Plebeian Council had acquired this power in 449 BC . However , this new law robbed the patricians of their last major political power . The Hortensian Law resolved the last great political question of the earlier era ; no important political changes occurred over the next 150 years ( between 287 BC and 133 BC ) . The electoral and legislative sovereignty of the assemblies was confirmed and would remain part of the constitution . Nevertheless , the critical laws of this era were still enacted by the Senate due to the difficulty and inconvenience of organizing popular assemblies simply for the passage of ordinary legislation . The Senate as an institution was stronger since it now represented noble plebeians as well as patricians . = = Senate = = The Senate was the predominant political institution in the Roman Republic . The Senate 's authority derived from custom and tradition . The Senate 's principal role was as an advisory council to the consuls on matters of foreign and military policy , and it exercised a great deal of influence over consular decision @-@ making . A decree from the Senate was called senatus consultum ( plural senatus consulta ) . While this was formally " advice " from the Senate to a magistrate , the senatus consulta were usually obeyed by the magistrates . If a senatus consultum conflicted with a law that was passed by a popular assembly , the law overrode the senatus consultum . The Senate also managed civil administration within the city . For example , only the Senate could authorize the appropriation of public money from the treasury , unless a consul demanded it . In addition , the Senate would try individuals accused of political crimes ( such as treason ) . In addition , the Senate could invalidate laws passed by popular assemblies in violation of the proper procedures . Meetings could take place either inside or outside of the formal boundary of the city ( the pomerium ) , and were usually presided over by a consul . Meetings were suffused in religious ritual . Temples were a preferred meeting site and auspices would be taken before the meeting could commence . The presiding consul began each meeting with a speech on an issue , and then referred the issue to the senators , who discussed the matter by order of seniority . Unimportant matters could be voted on by a voice vote or by a show of hands , while important votes resulted in a physical division of the house , with senators voting by taking a place on either side of the chamber . Any vote was always between a proposal and its negative . Since all meetings had to end by nightfall , a senator could talk a proposal to death ( a filibuster ) if he could keep the debate going until nightfall . Any proposed motion could be vetoed by a tribune , and if it was not vetoed , it was then turned into a final senatus consultum . Each senatus consultum was transcribed into a document by the presiding magistrate , and then deposited into the building that housed the treasury . = = Legislative assemblies = = The right to make and repeal laws belonged to the Roman people voting in legislative meetings . There were two types of formal legislative gatherings . The first , the comitia ( or comitiatus ) , was an assembly of all Roman citizens convened to take a legal action , such as enacting laws , electing magistrates , and trying judicial cases . The second type of legislative meeting was the council ( Latin : concilium ) , which was a gathering of a specific group of citizens . For example , the Plebeian Council were meetings of the plebeians only . A third type of gathering , the convention ( Latin : contio or conventio ) , was an unofficial forum for communication where citizens gathered to hear public announcements and arguments debated in speeches as well to witness the examination or execution of criminals . In contrast to the formal assembly or council , no legal decisions were made by the convention . Voters met in conventions to deliberate prior to meeting in assemblies or councils to vote . Assemblies and councils operated according to established procedures overseen by the augurs . They could only be convened by magistrates , and citizens only voted on matters proposed by the presiding magistrate . Roman citizens were organized into three types of voting units — curiae ( familial groupings ) , centuries ( for military purposes ) and tribes ( for civil purposes ) — corresponding to three assemblies : the Curiate Assembly , the Centuriate Assembly , and the Tribal Assembly . Each unit ( curia , century or tribe ) cast one vote before the assembly . The majority of individual votes in any century , tribe , or curia decided how that unit voted . The Curiate Assembly served only a symbolic purpose in the late Republic . At some point , the 30 curiae ceased to actually meet and were instead represented by 30 lictors . It was this assembly that ratified the powers of newly elected magistrates by passing laws known as leges curiatae . The Centuriate Assembly was divided into 193 ( later 373 ) centuries , with each century belonging to one of three classes : the officer class , the enlisted class , and the unarmed adjuncts . Citizens were grouped into centuries according to the amount of property they owned , and wealthier centuries received more votes . During a vote , the centuries voted one at a time by class . Only the Centuriate Assembly could elect consuls , praetors , and censors . Only it could declare war . It was also the only institution that could ratify the results of a census . This assembly rarely passed other kinds of legislation or heard capital trials . Tribal Assemblies were convened by consuls , praetors , or curule aediles . The organization of the Tribal Assembly was much simpler than the Centuriate Assembly , since its organization was based on the thirty @-@ five tribes . The tribes were not ethnic or kinship groups , but rather geographical divisions ( similar to modern electoral districts or constituencies ) . Most legislation was enacted in the Tribal Assembly . In addition , these assemblies elected quaestors , curule aediles , and military tribunes . The Plebeian Council was identical to the Tribal Assembly with one key exception : only plebeians had the power to vote before it . Members of the aristocratic patrician class were excluded from this assembly . In contrast , both classes were entitled to a vote in the Tribal Assembly . Under the presidency of a plebeian tribune , the Plebeian Council elected plebeian tribunes and plebeian aediles , enacted laws called plebiscites , and presided over judicial cases involving plebeians . = = Executive magistrates = = Magistrates were elected officials of the Roman Republic . Each magistrate was vested with a degree of power . The dictator ( when there was one ) had the highest level of power . After the dictator was the censor ( when they existed ) , the consuls , the praetors , the curule aediles , and finally the quaestors . Each magistrate could only veto an action that was taken by an equally or lower ranked magistrate . Since plebeian tribunes and plebeian aediles were not magistrates of the republic , they relied on the sacrosanctity of their person to obstruct unwanted actions . When the tribune interposed his person to obstruct a political action it was known as intercessio . When the tribune interposed his person to aid an individual against a magistrate or another citizen , it was called auxilium . Any resistance against the tribune was considered to be a capital offense . The most significant constitutional power that a magistrate could hold was that of imperium or command , which was held only by consuls and praetors . This gave a magistrate the constitutional authority to issue commands ( military or otherwise ) . Election to a magisterial office resulted in automatic membership in the Senate ( for life , unless impeached ) . Once a magistrate 's annual term in office expired , he had to wait ten years before serving in that office again . Occasionally a magistrate had his command powers extended through prorogation , which , in effect , allowed him to retain the powers of his office as a promagistrate . The consul was the highest ranking ordinary magistrate . Two consuls were elected every year , and they had supreme power in both civil and military matters . Throughout the year , one consul was superior in rank to the other consul , and this ranking flipped every month between the two consuls . Praetors administered civil law , presided over the courts , and commanded provincial armies . The censors conducted the census , during which time they could appoint people to the Senate . Aediles were officers elected to conduct domestic affairs in Rome and were vested with powers over the markets , public games and shows . Quaestors usually assisted the consuls in Rome and the governors in the provinces with financial tasks . The plebeian tribunes and the plebeian aediles were considered to be the representatives of the people . Thus , they acted as a popular check over the Senate through their veto powers and safeguarded the civil liberties of all Roman citizens . In times of military emergency , a dictator was appointed for a term of six months . Constitutional government dissolved , and the dictator became the absolute master of the state . The dictator then appointed a magister equitum ( " master of the horse " ) to serve as his most senior lieutenant . Often the dictator resigned his office as soon as the matter that caused his appointment was resolved . When the dictator 's term ended , constitutional government was restored . The last ordinary dictator was appointed in 202 BC . After 202 BC , extreme emergencies were addressed through the passage of the decree senatus consultum ultimum ( " ultimate decree of the senate " ) . This suspended civil government , declared martial law , and vested the consuls with dictatorial powers . = = Constitutional instability ( 133 – 49 BC ) = = By the middle of the 2nd century BC , the economic position of the average plebeian had declined significantly . The long military campaigns had forced citizens to leave their farms to fight , only to return to farms that had fallen into disrepair . The landed aristocracy began buying bankrupted farms at discounted prices , making it impossible for the average farmer to operate his farm at a profit . Masses of unemployed plebeians soon began to flood into Rome , and thus into the ranks of the legislative assemblies , where their economic status usually led them to vote for the candidate who offered the most for them or who sponsored the most impressive games . A new culture of dependency was emerging , and hostility between the rich and the poor was growing . In 133 BC , Tiberius Gracchus was elected plebeian tribune and attempted to enact a law to distribute land to Rome 's landless citizens . Gracchus ' law was vetoed by an aristocrat named Marcus Octavius . In an attempt to force Octavius to capitulate , Tiberius tried to turn the mob against Octavius by enacting a blanket veto over all governmental functions , which , in effect , shut down the entire city and precipitated rioting . While the land law was enacted , Tiberius was murdered when he stood for reelection to the tribunate . In 123 BC , Tiberius ' brother Gaius was elected plebeian tribune . After passing a series of laws which were intended to weaken the Senate , Gaius Gracchus was murdered by agents of the aristocracy . The people , however , had finally realized how weak the Senate had become . In 88 BC , an aristocratic senator named Lucius Cornelius Sulla was elected consul and soon left for war in the east . When a tribune revoked Sulla 's command of the war , Sulla brought his army back to Italy , marched on Rome , secured the city , and left for the east again . In 83 BC , he returned to Rome , and captured the city a second time . In 82 BC , he made himself dictator , and then used his status as dictator to pass a series of constitutional reforms that were intended to strengthen the Senate . In 80 BC , he resigned his dictatorship , and by 78 BC he was dead . While he thought that he had firmly established aristocratic rule , his own career had illustrated the fatal weakness in the constitution : that it was the army , not the Senate , which dictated the fortunes of the state . In 70 BC , the generals Pompey the Great and Marcus Licinius Crassus were both elected consul and quickly dismantled Sulla 's constitution . In 62 BC , Pompey returned to Rome from battle in the east but found the Senate refusing to ratify the arrangements that he had made . Thus , when Julius Caesar returned from his governorship in Spain in 61 BC , he found it easy to make an arrangement with Pompey . Caesar and Pompey , along with Crassus , established a private agreement , known as the First Triumvirate . Under the agreement , Pompey 's arrangements were to be ratified , Crassus was to be promised a future consulship , and Caesar was to be promised a consulship in 59 BC and then the governorship of Gaul ( modern France ) immediately afterwards . Caesar became consul in 59 BC , and , when his term as consul ended , he took command of four provinces . Eventually , the triumvirate was renewed , and Caesar 's term as governor was extended for five years . In 54 BC , violence began sweeping the city . The triumvirate ended in 53 BC when Crassus was killed in battle . In 50 BC , near the end of his term as governor , Caesar demanded the right to stand for election to the consulship in absentia . Without the protection afforded to him by the consulship or his army , he could be prosecuted for crimes he had committed . The Senate refused Caesar 's demand , and in January 49 BC , the Senate resolved that if Caesar did not lay down his arms by July of that year he would be considered an enemy of the republic . In response , Caesar quickly crossed the Rubicon with his veteran army and marched towards Rome . Caesar 's rapid advance forced Pompey , the consuls and the Senate to abandon Rome for Greece and allowed Caesar to enter the city unopposed . = = Transition to empire ( 49 – 27 BC ) = = By 48 BC , after having defeated the last of his major enemies , Caesar tried to ensure that his control over the government was undisputed . He increased his own authority and decreased the authority of Rome 's other political institutions . Caesar held the office of dictator and alternated between the consulship and the proconsulship ( in effect , a military governorship ) . In 48 BC , Caesar was given the powers of a plebeian tribune , which made his person sacrosanct , gave him the power to veto the Senate , and allowed him to dominate the legislative process . In 46 BC , Caesar was given the powers of censor , which he used to fill the Senate with his own partisans . Caesar then raised the membership of the Senate from 600 to 900 , which robbed the senatorial aristocracy of its prestige , and made it increasingly subservient to him . Near the end of his life , Caesar began to prepare for a war against the Parthian Empire . Since his absence from Rome would limit his ability to install his own consuls , he passed a law which allowed him to appoint all magistrates for the year 43 BC , and all consuls and plebeian tribunes for the year 42 BC ; so that the magistrates were appointees of the dictator rather than representatives of the people . After Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC , Mark Antony formed an alliance with Caesar 's adopted son and great @-@ nephew , Gaius Octavian . Along with Marcus Aemilius Lepidus , they formed an alliance known as the Second Triumvirate , and held powers that were nearly identical to the powers that Caesar had held under his constitution . In effect , there was no constitutional difference between an individual who held the title of dictator and an individual who held the title of triumvir . While the conspirators who had assassinated Caesar were defeated at the Battle of Philippi in 42 BC , the peace that resulted was only temporary . Antony and Octavian fought each other for the last time at Actium in 31 BC . Antony was defeated , and he committed suicide in 30 BC . In 29 BC , Octavian returned to Rome as the unchallenged master of the state . He enacted a series of constitutional reforms , the most important of which , in 27 BC , overthrew the republic . The reign of Octavian , whom history remembers as Augustus , the first Roman Emperor , marked the dividing line between the Roman Republic and the Roman Empire . By the time this process was complete : Rome had completed its transformation from a city @-@ state with a network of dependencies into the capital of a world empire .
= Hughie Lehman = Frederick Hugh " Old Eagle Eyes " Lehman ( October 27 , 1885 – April 12 , 1961 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender . He started his ice hockey career playing for the Pembroke Lumber Kings and the Berlin Dutchmen . In 1911 , Lehman joined the New Westminster Royals , playing for the Royals for three seasons , before joining the Vancouver Millionaires in 1914 . Lehman played half of his 22 @-@ year professional career with Vancouver , winning his only Stanley Cup ; he would be unsuccessful in seven other attempts . In 1926 , he joined the Chicago Black Hawks of the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , playing a full season and splitting the second one as player and head coach . Although some ice hockey historians credit Jacques Plante for originating the practice , Lehman was the first goaltender to regularly pass the puck to his fellow forwards and defensemen ; he even scored a goal by shooting the puck in the opponent 's net while playing for the Professionals . He was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1958 . = = Playing career = = Lehman began his playing career in 1903 – 04 , playing for the Pembroke Lumber Kings of the Ottawa Valley Hockey League ( OVHL ) for the first three seasons of his career . In the 1906 – 07 season , Lehman was signed as free agent by the Canadian Soo of the International Professional Hockey League ( IPHL ) ; the IPHL was the first fully professional ice hockey league . Lehman returned to Pembroke for the 1907 – 08 season , appearing in four games . For the 1908 – 09 season , Lehman joined the Berlin Dutchmen of the Ontario Professional Hockey League ( OPHL ) . In the 1909 – 10 season , Lehman was in two different Stanley Cup playoff series , with two different teams , the Berlin Dutchmen and the Galt Professionals , but he lost both times . During those playoff series , he appeared in three games , giving up 22 goals . Lehman played with the Berlin Dutchmen until 1911 . In 1911 – 12 , Lehman played for the New Westminster Royals of the newly founded Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) . He played three seasons for New Westminster , winning the league championship in his first season . In 1914 – 15 , Lehman joined the Vancouver Millionaires of the PCHA . In his first season with the Millionaires , Lehman posted a 14 – 3 record , with a 4 @.@ 08 goals @-@ against average , which was a very good average in an era when goaltenders were not allowed to drop on their knees to make a save . In the Stanley Cup playoffs , Lehman helped the Millionaires become the first PCHA team to win the Stanley Cup , with a 3 – 0 record and 2 @.@ 67 goals against average . This would be the only Stanley Cup victory of Lehman 's career , as he was on the losing side in seven other attempts . The Millionaires squad consisted of seven future members of the Hockey Hall of Fame when they won the Cup : Lehman , Frank Nighbor , Cyclone Taylor , Si Griffis , Barney Stanley , Frank Patrick , and Mickey MacKay . Lehman played with the Millionaires until the 1925 – 26 season . During that time , Lehman and some of his teammates were involved in a humorous incident when going back to Canada after an exhibition game against the Montreal Wanderers in New York City . In New York , Lehman 's wife bought numerous women 's designer outfits , after being treated to a shopping spree by him . When going back to Canada , Lehman , on the advice of Cyclone Taylor , who was both a professional ice hockey player and a Canadian immigration officer , split up all outfits among his teammates to avoid paying additional taxes he would have had to pay if he had brought all the clothing by himself at once ; this puzzled the Customs officers . In 1922 – 23 , the Millionaires were renamed the Maroons , and joined the Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ) . The WCHL was renamed to the Western Hockey League in 1925 – 26 ; however , the league disbanded at the conclusion of that season . While playing for the Millionaires , Lehman appeared in six Stanley Cup finals , losing every time , except in his first season , in 1914 – 15 . Following the collapse of the WHL , Lehman joined the Chicago Black Hawks for the 1926 – 27 season . While in Chicago , Lehman mentored future Chicago goaltender and captain Charlie Gardiner . Lehman played one full season , and another four games the next one . During the 1926 season , Lehman became the oldest goaltender to win his first NHL game . = = Coaching career = = During the 1927 – 28 season , Black Hawks owner and manager Frederic McLaughlin was sketching some plays for his team ; after Lehman was shown the plays by McLaughlin , Lehman responded by calling it " the craziest bunch of junk [ he 's ] ever seen " . Expecting to be fired after that outburst , Lehman was later told to go to McLaughlin 's office . It was how Lehman 's playing career ended : McLaughlin appointed Lehman to be Chicago 's new head coach . Lehman coached Chicago for part of one season , finishing with a 3 – 17 – 1 record over 21 games . He was replaced by Herb Gardiner the following season . = = Playing style = = As a goaltender , Lehman was a strong skater and good puckhandler . He chased down loose pucks , and was able to pass the puck to his forwards , surprising the other team 's defenders . Playing in the OPHL , Lehman scored a goal by shooting the puck in the opponent 's net . The first NHL goaltender to duplicate such a feat was Ron Hextall , who did it in 1987 . = = Legacy = = After retiring from ice hockey , Lehman worked in the road construction business , eventually becoming the president of a paving company . Lehman was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1958 . = = Career statistics = = = = = Regular season = = = = = = Playoffs = = = = = Coaching record = =
= Kevin O 'Halloran = Kevin O 'Halloran ( 3 March 1937 – 5 July 1976 ) was an Australian freestyle swimmer of the 1950s who won a gold medal in the 4 × 200 @-@ metre freestyle relay at the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne . The first Western Australian to win Olympic gold , O 'Halloran learnt to swim in his home town of Katanning . He moved to Perth to attend secondary schooling at Guildford Grammar School , where he became more committed to swimming . Competitive swimming was not well developed in Western Australia : races were held in muddy river pools ; hence , in late 1955 , O 'Halloran moved to the east coast to support his attempt to qualify for the Olympics . His new coach , Frank Guthrie , overhauled his training regimen and within a year O 'Halloran had reduced his times by approximately ten percent . He gained Olympic selection in the relay and the 400 @-@ metre freestyle . O 'Halloran led off the Australian quartet on the way to a new world record , before placing sixth in the 400 @-@ metre . Thereafter , O 'Halloran 's career was beset by ear problems , and he retired in 1958 after failing to qualify for the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games . In 1976 , O 'Halloran died after tripping and accidentally shooting himself . = = Early years = = Born in Katanning , O 'Halloran grew up on his family 's 9 @,@ 000 @-@ acre ( 36 km2 ) sheep property at Kojonup — 40 km ( 25 mi ) to the west of his birthplace — on a property established by his grandfather in 1900 . He had two brothers and a sister . After his father enlisted during the Second World War , his mother could no longer run the farm and raise the children by herself , so the family moved to Katanning for seven years . Katanning was one of the few country towns in Western Australia that had a public swimming pool . Along with his siblings , O 'Halloran learned to swim there , often defeating local boys who were four years his senior . At the age of 8 , he was taught to swim competitively by his teacher at Katanning State Primary School , who was an age group champion in her youth . The boom in wool prices at the time of the Korean War inflated his family 's income , allowing them to send O 'Halloran to Guildford Grammar School in Perth , the state 's capital city . At the age of 14 , he won five events in the school championships , and led the school to its first state championship in 29 years . He also competed for his school in Australian rules football and rowing . O 'Halloran attracted the attention of the leading Western Australian coach Don Gravenall , but his schoolwork limited him to a few weeks of intense training over Christmas . In 1952 , at the age of 15 , O 'Halloran began to make his mark at the state level . He played a major role in Guildford 's win at the interschool championships , placing second in the individual points tally . He won the 100 m freestyle , 50 m breaststroke and 400 m freestyle . Competitive swimming was slow to develop in Western Australia and O 'Halloran 's state debut came in 1952 , only the second time the Western Australian Championships had been held . He won the junior 110 yd freestyle and butterfly and the 220 yd freestyle and was second in the open 110 yd freestyle , in a muddy pool on the Swan River in the Perth suburb of Crawley . The arena was such that the bottom could not be seen and jellyfish lurked in the area , sometimes climbing onto the swimmers ' bodies . When O 'Halloran returned to his home , he often trained in a muddy waterhole . = = Swimming career = = In 1953 , O 'Halloran placed second in the 110 yd and 440 yd freestyle events at the Western Australian Championships in the open division and won the 110 yd breaststroke and the 110 and 220 yd freestyle in the junior division . In the process , he cut six seconds from the state record in the 440 yd event . He was selected for the Western Australian team for the Australian Championships , but his parents and headmaster decided that his schooling was more important , much to Gravenall 's chagrin . In 1954 , O 'Halloran was the state champion in the 110 yd and 220 yd freestyle , and in 1955 he added the 440 yd individual medley title to the successful defence of his freestyle crowns . In his final year at Guildford , O 'Halloran was the School Captain , led the swimming and shooting team , and was a member of the rowing eights in the Head of the River . O 'Halloran made his national debut at the 1955 Australian Championships in Adelaide ; he finished fifth in the 110 yd freestyle behind future Olympians Jon Henricks and John Devitt . Upon the recommendation of his parents , O 'Halloran moved to Sydney in late 1955 to train with Frank Guthrie in an attempt to qualify for the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne , Australia . O 'Halloran boarded with a host family and worked in a wool store to pay his expenses . O 'Halloran 's initiation into Guthrie 's training program was difficult . After seeing O 'Halloran 's freestyle technique for the first time , Guthrie asked him " Can you swim any other stroke ? If you are going to swim for me you 'll have to learn all over again . " O 'Halloran refined his style and increased his workload to around 10 km a day , something that was normal for competitive swimmers in the eastern states , but uncommon in Western Australia . In one month , he cut 17 s off his personal best time in the 440 yd freestyle , reducing it to 4 min 55 s . At the 1956 New South Wales Championships , he finished third in the 220 yd freestyle behind Gary Chapman and Devitt ; his time of 2 min 12 @.@ 6 s was 10 s faster than the times he had recorded in Western Australia . He came fourth in both the 110 yd and 440 yd ; his time in the latter event was more than 30 s faster than his best time in Western Australia , and in the former event he breached the 60 s barrier for the first time . At the Australian Championships , he came third in the 440 yd freestyle in a time of 4 min 37 @.@ 8 s behind Murray Rose and Murray Garretty . He did this despite suffering from ear trouble , making him the fifth fastest swimmer in the world for the calendar year , which earned him an individual berth in the 400 m event at the Olympics . O 'Halloran came fourth in the 220 yd in a time of 2 min 9 @.@ 2 s to earn a berth on the 4 × 200 m freestyle relay squad . With Rose , Henricks and Chapman regarded as certain selections for the final quartet , O 'Halloran was expected to battle for the fourth relay position . At the end of the trials , Guthrie claimed that O 'Halloran was " the find of the recently held Australian Championships and the future swimmer for Australia . I am confident that we did not see Kevin 's best times this season . " = = 1956 Melbourne Olympics = = Having arrived in Melbourne , O 'Halloran was rested — along with Rose and Henricks — in the heats of the relay . Devitt , Chapman , Graham Hamilton and Garretty finished third in their heat behind Great Britain and the Soviet Union , and qualified fifth fastest behind Japan and the United States . Australia led from the start and reached the midpoint of the race with a lead of 4 @.@ 5 s . Hamilton swam a very slow third leg of 2 min 15 @.@ 4 s and conceded 8 @.@ 8 s to the British . Australia 's final quartet was much stronger , with Rose winning the 400 m freestyle , and Henricks and Devitt winning the gold and silver medals respectively in the 100 m freestyle . Devitt had forced his way into the team with his heat swim of 2 min 7 @.@ 5 s , which was the second fastest among all of the swimmers in the heats . With four of the five fastest individual swimmers in the calendar year for the event , Australia was heavily favoured to win the relay ; Sports Illustrated predicted a world record and a victory margin of around 14 metres . O 'Halloran 's inclusion at the expense of Chapman was the subject of controversy , because Chapman had won bronze in the 100 m event and was the national 220 yd freestyle champion . O 'Halloran 's selection also broke up the team of Devitt , Rose , Chapman and Henricks , which had won the relay for New South Wales at the Australian Championships . O 'Halloran led off and put Australia in the lead with an Olympic record time of 2 min 6 @.@ 8 s , opening a gap of 0 @.@ 7 s over the Soviet Union and 1 @.@ 2 s over the United States . The fourth @-@ placed Italians were already a full three seconds in arrears . Australia never relinquished the lead and steadily increased it , as Devitt , Rose and Henricks set the three fastest splits in the race , quicker than all the non @-@ Australian swimmers . O 'Halloran 's split was the fifth fastest in the race ; the Soviet anchor swimmer was the only non @-@ Australian to swim faster , and only by 0 @.@ 1 s despite having the benefit of a flying start . This resulted in Australia winning gold in a world record time of 8 min 23 @.@ 6 s , almost eight seconds ahead of the second @-@ place Americans and 13 ahead of the Soviets . The win made O 'Halloran the first Western Australian to win any Olympic medal . In his only individual event , O 'Halloran qualified for the 400 m final , having won his heat in a time of 4 min 36 @.@ 8 s , 0 @.@ 5 s ahead of Japan 's Koji Nonoshita . However , his heat was relatively slow , meaning that he was the sixth fastest qualifier . Swimming from lane seven , O 'Halloran cut almost 4 s off his personal best to lose the bronze medal to the United States ' George Breen by 0 @.@ 4 s , in a race won by Rose . O 'Halloran reduced Breen 's margin by 1 @.@ 3 s in the last 100 m , but it was not enough as he finished in a time of 4 min 32 @.@ 9 s . O 'Halloran returned to Perth after the Olympics to be welcomed by a motorcade and a civic reception . He was named as one of the five Western Australian Sportspeople of the Year in recognition of his winning performance . Despite his achievements , the state government ignored calls for Western Australia to build an Olympic standard swimming pool , until constructing one for the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth . = = Later years = = In 1958 , O 'Halloran 's parents traveled across the continent to watch him swim at the Australian Championships in Sydney , but a recurring ear infection hindered his performances . He missed selection for the 1958 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Cardiff and retired after the long car journey back across the Nullarbor . Upon arriving in Kojonup , O 'Halloran was reported to have said , " I 've had enough " . O 'Halloran then worked full @-@ time on the family property . In 1976 , his body was discovered next to a rifle , near a fence on the property ; he had tripped as he climbed through the fence , and accidentally shot himself . O 'Halloran had never married . The 50 m pool at Kojonup was named the Kevin O 'Halloran Memorial Pool in his honour , and he was posthumously inducted into the Western Australian Hall of Champions .
= To My Surprise ( album ) = To My Surprise is the only album by American alternative rock band To My Surprise . Released on October 7 , 2003 by Roadrunner Records , it was the only album that the band released before disbanding in 2006 . The album was intended to be self produced by Shawn Crahan and Brandon Darner , but after producer Rick Rubin was sent demos by Crahan , Rubin invited the band to Los Angeles where he assumed the role of executive producer . Following the release of the album , a music video was released for the song " In The Mood " on December 1 . The album was generally well received by critics who remarked on its diversity and significantly different musical style to that of drummer Crahan 's other band Slipknot . They noted that it features music inspired by The Beatles , Led Zeppelin , Pink Floyd and Weezer , among others . However the album did not appear on any sales charts . = = History = = In June 2002 , band members Shawn Crahan , Brandon Darner and Stevan Robinson began working on an album together . Drummer Crahan told MTV that working on this album " made [ him ] find [ his ] voice " and that with his other band Slipknot he had been " hurting for a long time for a musical voice " . In an interview with Launch , he said that writing the track " The World 's Too Small " was his " most magical musical experience " because " [ he ] was giving more than on just one or two simple ideas . " In 2003 Crahan sent producer Rick Rubin two songs that he and Darner had written , primarily to receive an opinion on the songs . However , Rubin invited the band to Cello Studios in Los Angeles to work on an album . It was there that the album featuring 11 tracks was self @-@ produced by Crahan and Darner , with Rubin as executive producer . On October 7 , 2003 , To My Surprise was released through Roadrunner Records . An animated music video for the track " In The Mood " was produced by BoingBoing , which was premiered on MTV 's Extreme show on December 1 . Also , the track " Get It To Go " was featured on the soundtrack for the video game MVP Baseball 2004 . To My Surprise did not tour in 2003 to promote the album because Crahan was working with Slipknot on their third album . However , they did perform a limited number shows in North America the following year . = = Musical style = = Prior to the release of the album , drummer Crahan touted To My Surprise as " a hybrid of folk , ' 70s rock fuzz and schizophrenic grooves " . Neil Strauss of The New York Times stated that each song has a unique sound , concluding that they sound like " pop songs that have been pushed off balance " . In another article Strauss includes They Might Be Giants , Weezer and Faith No More as bands with similar sounding " elements " . Rowan Shaeffer of Counterculture , commented on the album 's diversity , saying " to say that the [ album ] is eclectic would be a gross understatement , " citing Pink Floyd and Mr. Bungle as evident influences . The Calgary Sun 's Mike Bell cited " glam , new wave , Beatles pop and country rock " as the sounds the album presents . In his review for Allmusic Robert L. Doerschuk noted that the track " Sunday " makes musical references to the single " Pleasant Valley Sunday " by The Monkees , giving the " happy , strumming guitars and skippy rhythms " as similarities . He also said that they quote " one of the darker verses in the Jim Morrison songbook " . = = Reception = = To My Surprise was met with generally favorable critical reviews , but did not appear on any sales charts . One point which was generally drawn upon was the significant difference between their musical style to that of Crahan 's other band Slipknot . Reviewer Neil Strauss opens his review with a reference to the title of the album , saying , " And , truly , it is a surprise " , and then going on to say that the album " is commendable not just because [ it is ] different but because [ it is ] good " . Robert L. Doerschuk of Allmusic declares that the album — aside from the track " Say Goodbye " — " maintains a buoyant and unsubtle approach " . He also noted Crahan 's " muscular style " as a notable element to the album saying that " [ it ] transplants well into this setting , which probably should not have been a surprise after all " . The vocals on the album were praised by the reviewers at babysue , saying " the vocals [ are ] masculine yet right on key " . When reviewing for Calgary Sun , Mike Bell highlighted their eclectic nature and in conclusion said the album is " fittingly , fun and surprising " . However Rowan Shaeffer of Counterculture said that their diversity was ultimately their strength and weakness ; he suggested that they relied too heavily on their influences by creating songs of other bands , saying that " the only [ song ] left out was the To My Surprise song " . = = Track listing = = " The World 's Too Small " – 3 : 37 " Get It To Go " – 3 : 12 " In The Mood " – 3 : 31 " Blue " – 3 : 59 " Say Goodbye " – 3 : 33 " Easy Or Not " – 2 : 54 " Turn It Back Around " – 3 : 25 " This Life " – 5 : 34 " Come With Me " – 3 : 47 " Sunday " – 3 : 22 " Who 's To Say " – 4 : 23 = = Personnel = =
= Cumberland Island horse = The Cumberland Island horses are a band of feral horses living on Cumberland Island in the state of Georgia . Popular myth holds that horses arrived on the island some time in the 16th century with the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors . However , it is unlikely that any horses left by the Spanish survived , and more likely the current population descends from horses brought to the island in the 18th century by the English . Cumberland Island became part of the Cumberland Island National Seashore in 1972 , when the National Park Service ( NPS ) took over its management . These horses are similar to the bands of horses living on the islands of Chincoteague and Assateague . There is estimated to be a population of between 150 and 200 horses on the island . Horses on Cumberland Island have a relatively short life expectancy , due to pest infestations , disease and their rugged environment . In 2000 a behavioral study found that instability marks the bands , with large numbers of co @-@ dominant stallions , early dispersal of juveniles , and frequent band @-@ changing among mares . The herd has been studied periodically since the late 1980s , with researchers recommending various management strategies depending on the focus of their study . Current herd levels have been shown to have a negative effect on their environment , and researchers focused on environmental issues recommend a severe reduction in herd numbers . Other researchers , looking at genetic variability , state that a herd size nearly as large as current is necessary to prevent inbreeding , but also state the herd is not genetically unique enough to warrant special preservation . The National Park Service has no current management plan for the horses , and their one effort to create one was blocked by Jack Kingston , a Georgia member of the US House of Representatives . = = History = = Horses are not native to Cumberland Island . Popular myth states they were brought to the island by the Spanish in the 16th century . However , it is believed that these first horses more than likely did not survive due to the lack of visits made by the Spanish and the local Native Americans on the island finding them of little practical use . In the 18th century , the English began settling Cumberland Island . The horses seen there today are most likely descendants of horses brought by these settlers , as this is when a large majority of the horses began to roam freely and revert to their natural state , becoming feral . During the 19th century , efforts were made to capture and make use of the horses . The first attempts were made by the island plantation owner Robert Stafford , who allowed visitors to purchase and capture the horses , which Stafford called " marsh tackies , " for their own personal use . The horses were next used as cavalry animals during the American Civil War . After the war , records suggest that people from Jekyll Island captured some of the horses for horse meat . Around 1881 , Thomas M. Carnegie bought two plantations on the island and introduced Tennessee Walking Horses , Paso Finos , and Arabians into the feral horse population in an attempt to improve the animals . Carnegie received a small amount of income from the buying and selling of these animals . Later , many island residents began introducing additional breeds into the herds on the island , further diversifying the bands of horses . In 1921 , a large number of horses were brought onto the island from Globe , Arizona , all of which had been running wild on western rangeland . The National Park Service ( NPS ) acquired the island in 1972 and declared it the Cumberland Island National Seashore . Since then , few new horses have been introduced to the island , though four Arabians were introduced in the early 1990s in the hopes of diversifying and bettering the existing population . Since 1981 , the NPS has been monitoring the horses and tracking their impact on the environment . In 1991 , an outbreak of eastern equine encephalitis killed about 40 horses , or approximately 18 % of the herd . The population on Cumberland Island is one of seven feral horse herds on US barrier islands . = = Characteristics = = A 2009 resource assessment of the Cumberland Island National Seashore by the National Parks Conservation Association ( NPCA ) estimated that there were approximately 200 feral horses on Cumberland Island . As of 2010 , 121 horses were counted on the island during the yearly census . Censuses conducted between 2000 and 2010 have counted between 120 and 154 horses . Not all horses are counted during the census , and park management estimates that approximately 50 horses are missed in the counts each year , bringing the 2010 total to around 170 horses . The life span of horses on Cumberland Island is approximately half that of their ancestors , due to infestations of parasites and disease . They also suffer from digestive issues linked to the ingestion of a great amount of sand , which causes intestinal blockages and abdominal distension . A study published in 2000 by researchers from the University of Georgia and the US Fish and Wildlife Service looked at data collected between 1986 and 1990 in an effort to better understand the herd dynamics of the Cumberland Island herd . The study found that band instability was high , with mares not generally forming close relationships with each other and commonly switching which stallion they banded with , and juveniles dispersing quickly . The researchers attributed this to a lack of territory , with bands frequently inhabiting overlapping areas , along with a high number of bachelor stallions ( those without mares ) . They also saw a high number of co @-@ dominant stallions , where two or more stallions would lead a band together , and alternate breeding of the band 's mares . Foals born on Cumberland Island were less likely to survive than comparable foals in western feral herds , with survival rates of 58 @.@ 8 @-@ 61 @.@ 1 % and 80 % respectively . This was found to be especially true in animals born after 1 June , which was attributed to higher temperatures , higher insect levels and reduced food availability . The number of horses in the Cumberland bands was comparable to western bands and those on some eastern islands . However , Assateague and Shackleford Banks horses tended to have larger bands , with an average of 8 @.@ 1 and 12 @.@ 3 horses per band , respectively . = = Controversy and management = = An initial study published in 1988 by a researcher from Oak Ridge National Laboratory demonstrated the then @-@ current population of 180 horses was over @-@ grazing the island . The researcher recommended reducing the herd size to between 49 and 73 animals , which she contended was the maximum size that the island could support without environmental damage . The study showed that the horses were significantly reducing plant stocks on the island , and reducing future plant production due to trampling . A 1991 study of genetic variation in feral horse herds on eastern US barrier islands was conducted by researchers from the University of Georgia and University of Kentucky . The study concluded that a herd of 122 was the minimum size necessary to prevent inbreeding . The researchers noted that they were looking at herd size solely as it related to genetic variation , and did not take environmental damage into consideration . In addition , it was found that due to the large amount of introduced blood from outside horses , the Cumberland Island horses were not genetically unique . Due to this , and the ongoing environmental damage , it was concluded that the horses met neither the genetic nor the environmental requirements for feral horses on public lands , and that the herd should be reduced or removed completely . The researchers conceded , however , that their analysis did not take " local historical and cultural elements " into consideration , only environmental and genetic . In 1995 , the NPS began the process of developing a management plan for the Cumberland Island horse . After compiling information , they released a draft environmental assessment in early 1996 and began taking public comment on a potential management plan . Public opinion was severely divided , with environmentalists approving of the management plan , which would have likely resulted in the reduction or removal of the herd , and animal rights activists and island residents protesting the plan . However , before a plan could be implemented , US Representative Jack Kingston included a provision in a federal appropriations bill that prevented any management of the horses . Kingston made the change to the bill after touring the island , but without consultation with the NPS . He initially claimed that he personally did not see significant damage to the island from the horses , and that the herd size had decreased . However , upon later questioning , he refused to expand upon his observations of the damage to the island . The provision expired in 1997 , but effectively halted momentum toward a park management plan . The study published in 2000 recommended a management strategy that reduced herd populations to environmentally @-@ recommended sizes through a combination of off @-@ island adoption to private owners and contraceptives . The researchers recommended that contraceptive use be focused on the female members of the herd , due to the high numbers of bachelor stallions . In 2009 , a study was conducted by the Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources at the University of Georgia to determine public opinion on the management of the feral livestock ( horses and pigs ) on the island . The researchers found that 68 % of visitors believed the horses were damaging the habitat of the island , there was no consensus on a solution to the problem . The majority of visitors tended to prefer non @-@ lethal methods of managing the population , as opposed to non @-@ management or complete eradication . At that time , park management felt that although the horses were popular with tourists , they were also destructive to beach ecosystems , including an increase in erosion where horses had eaten grasses that previously held sand in place . The 2009 NPCA report emphasized the negative impact that the horses were having on the island environment , and endorsed study findings that between 50 and 70 animals would be an appropriate population for the island . However , the report also noted the management challenges resulting from the " public and political appeal for the animals " , but stated that a management plan is necessary . Potential solutions offered by the NPCA included eradicating the herd , confining a reduced herd to a portion of the island , and using contraceptives to reduce herd numbers . As of April 2014 , there was no management plan published by the NPS , which considers the herd " feral , free @-@ ranging and unmanaged " .
= 1924 Cuba hurricane = The 1924 Cuba hurricane is the earliest officially classified Category 5 Atlantic hurricane on the Saffir – Simpson scale . It formed on October 14 in the western Caribbean , slowly organizing as it tracked northwestward . By October 16 , it attained hurricane status to the east of the Yucatán Peninsula , and subsequently executed a small counterclockwise loop . On October 18 , the hurricane began undergoing rapid deepening , and the next day it reached an estimated peak intensity of 165 mph ( 270 km / h ) . Shortly thereafter , it struck extreme western Cuba at peak intensity , becoming the strongest hurricane on record to hit the country . Later the hurricane weakened greatly , striking southwestern Florida with winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) in a sparsely populated region . While crossing the state it weakened to tropical storm status , and after accelerating east @-@ northeastward , it was absorbed by a cold front on October 23 south of Bermuda . Across the western Caribbean Sea , the developing storm produced heavy rainfall and increased winds . Strong winds in western Cuba caused severe damage , with two small towns nearly destroyed . About 90 people were killed in the country , all in Pinar del Río Province . Later , the hurricane brought heavy rainfall to southern Florida , which caused flooding and crop damage . Damage was light in the state , and there were no casualties . = = Meteorological history = = On October 14 , a tropical depression was first observed over the western Caribbean Sea , just off the eastern Honduras coast . It was a large and weak tropical cyclone , moving slowly northwestward and gradually intensifying . On October 15 , it is estimated the depression attained tropical storm status , and its strengthening became more steady . The next day , the storm reached hurricane status about 130 mi ( 215 km ) southeast of Cozumel , Quintana Roo . Around that time , it began to execute a small counterclockwise loop off the east coast of the Yucatán Peninsula . By October 18 the hurricane completed the loop , during which its winds increased to 115 mph ( 185 km / h ) ; this is the equivalence of a major hurricane , or a Category 3 on the Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale . The estimation of its strength at this point was based on subsequent analysis of peripheral recordings of atmospheric pressure and maximum sustained winds by ships and land stations . Beginning late on October 18 as it tracked north @-@ northeastward toward Cuba , the hurricane underwent rapid deepening , evidenced by a ship wind report of 120 mph ( 193 km / h ) . This wind report was initially thought to be the peak intensity of the cyclone ; however , subsequent research confirmed further deepening , based on very low pressures recorded across the region . A ship in the radius of maximum winds reported a reading of 922 mbar ; the barometer on the ship was found to be 5 mbar too high , resulting in a pressure of 917 mbar . Additionally , a station on land reported a pressure of 932 mbar ( 27 @.@ 52 inHg ) . Based on the readings , the Hurricane Research Division estimated the hurricane attained a minimum central pressure of 910 mbar very near the western coast of Cuba ; this suggested peak winds of 165 mph ( 270 km / h ) . Late on October 19 , the hurricane made landfall in extreme western Cuba in Pinar del Río Province . José Carlos Millás , director of the National Observatory at Havana , believed that " this hurricane [ was ] one of the most severe ever experienced in our latitudes . " After exiting Cuba into the Gulf of Mexico , the hurricane weakened greatly . On October 20 it passed a short distance west of Key West , Florida , and very early on October 21 the hurricane moved over Marco Island with winds of 90 mph ( 150 km / h ) . The cyclone weakened further as it turned eastward through the state , deteriorating to tropical storm status as it passed near or over Miami . It accelerated east @-@ northeastward , moving over the Abaco Islands in The Bahamas . Gradually weakening , the storm interacted with an approaching cold front ; late on October 23 it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone , and shortly thereafter it was absorbed by the front . = = Impact and records = = As a developing tropical cyclone , the storm produced increased winds and lower pressures in the Swan Islands , off the coast of Honduras . Heavy rainfall occurred throughout Jamaica , causing street flooding and several mudslides , but little damage . No disruptions were reported to communications or railway travel . The storm brushed eastern Belize while located off the coast , producing 3 @.@ 62 inches ( 21 @.@ 9 mm ) of rainfall and light winds . In extreme western Cuba , damage was very severe from the strong winds , likened to the impact of a tornado . Severe damage was reported in Los Arroyos and Arroyos de Mantua . In the latter location , around a dozen people were killed , 50 were injured , and nearly every building in the town was severely damaged ; heavy losses also occurred to the tobacco crop . Across western Pinar del Río Province , the hurricane destroyed all communication links . Further from the center , the capital city of Havana recorded southerly winds of 72 mph ( 116 km / h ) , as well as a minimum pressure of about 999 mbar ( 29 @.@ 50 inHg ) . Around the country , the hurricane capsized several ships , primarily fishing vessels . The death toll in the country was estimated at around 90 . In the days after the storm , Cuban President Zayas authorized about $ 30 @,@ 000 in relief aid to send to hurricane victims in Pinar del Río . Several days prior to striking Florida , the outer circulation began producing rainfall across the state . Storm warnings were issued along the east and west coastlines northward to Cedar Key and Titusville . Later , hurricane warnings were issued for much of the same area , and schools in the Tampa area were closed as the storm was expected to move ashore . The hurricane first affected Florida when it passed west of Key West , where sustained winds of 66 mph ( 107 km / h ) , along with gusts to 74 mph ( 120 km / h ) , were reported . Little damage occurred in the region , limited to downed trees ; this was due to advance warning by the U.S. Weather Bureau , which advised ships to remain at port and for residents to secure property . Later , the hurricane moved ashore in a sparsely populated region of southwestern Florida . Damage was reported in Fort Myers and Punta Gorda and communications were temporarily cut , although no deaths were reported . Heavy rainfall was reported along its path , and one location accumulated 23 @.@ 22 inches ( 590 mm ) in a 24 ‑ hour period ; this established a new one @-@ day rainfall record in the state . A station in Miami recorded 12 @.@ 18 inches ( 309 mm ) , and wind gusts in the area approached hurricane force . The combination of winds and rain damaged 5 % of the local citrus and avocado crop . The rainfall flooded streets , homes , and commercial buildings in the Miami area , and hundreds of people were left without telephone access . No impact was reported in the Bahamas . After a reanalysis of hurricanes between 1921 and 1925 , the Hurricane Research Division determined this hurricane attained winds of 165 mph ( 270 km / h ) , making it a Category 5 on the Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale . The hurricane is the earliest known to have attained the intensity , besting the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane , which was previously thought to be the earliest storm of this intensity . It is also the only one on record to make landfall on Cuba at Category 5 status . A hurricane in 1846 that hit the country was also thought to have struck at Category 5 status , although the storm existed prior to the start of the Atlantic hurricane database . When the steamship " Toledo " recorded an atmospheric pressure of 922 mbar ( 27 @.@ 22 inHg ) in the storm , it was the lowest pressure recorded in an Atlantic hurricane , breaking the previous record of 924 mbar ( 27 @.@ 28 inHg ) in the Atlantic hurricane of 1853 . The record during this storm lasted until the 1932 Cuba hurricane , when a pressure of 915 mbar ( 27 @.@ 02 inHg ) was reported . The reading of 932 mbar ( 27 @.@ 52 inHg ) at Los Arroyos in Mantua , Pinar del Río remains the lowest pressure recorded on land in Cuba .
= Manchester Metrolink = Metrolink ( also known as Manchester Metrolink ) is a light rail tram system in Greater Manchester , England . The system is owned by Transport for Greater Manchester ( TfGM ) and operated and maintained under contract by RATP Group . In 2015 / 16 , 34 @.@ 3 million passenger journeys were made on the system . The network consists of seven lines which radiate from Manchester city centre to termini at Altrincham , Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne , Bury , East Didsbury , Eccles , Manchester Airport and Rochdale . Metrolink has 93 stops along 57 miles ( 92 km ) of standard @-@ gauge track making it the largest light rail system in the United Kingdom . It consists of a mixture of on @-@ street track shared with other traffic ; reserved track , segregated from other traffic , often running alongside the roadway or in the central reservation , and converted former railway lines . It is operated by a fleet of Bombardier Flexity Swift M5000s . A light rail system for Greater Manchester emerged from the failure of the 1970s Picc @-@ Vic tunnel scheme to obtain central government funding . A light @-@ rail scheme was proposed in 1982 as the least expensive rail @-@ based transport solution for Manchester city centre and the surrounding Greater Manchester metropolitan area . Government approval was granted in 1988 and the network began operating services between Bury Interchange and Victoria on 6 April 1992 , becoming the United Kingdom 's first modern street @-@ running rail system ; the 1885 @-@ built Blackpool tramway being the only heritage tram system in the UK that had survived up to Metrolink 's creation . Expansion of Metrolink has been a key strategy of transport planners in Greater Manchester , who have overseen its development in successive projects , known as Phases 1 , 2 , 3a , 3b and 2CC . A second line through Manchester city centre to eliminate the current bottleneck will be operational by the end of 2016 and work on an extension from Pomona station to the Trafford Centre is expected to commence in 2016 with an estimated operational date of 2019 . Furthermore , TfGM have endorsed more speculative expansion proposals for new lines to Stockport , a loop around Wythenshawe , and the addition of tram @-@ train technology . = = History = = = = = Predecessors = = = Manchester 's first tram age had begun in 1877 with the first horse trams of Manchester Suburban Tramways Company and ceased as early as in 1949 , when the last line of the municipal Manchester Corporation Tramways was displaced by motor buses . That company had managed most of the electrification of the trams , executed 1901 to 1903 . Since 1938 , some trams had been displaced by trolleybuses . Electric traction on tyres in the streets of Manchester ended in 1966 . = = = Origins = = = A light rail system for Greater Manchester was born of the failure to obtain central government funding for the Picc @-@ Vic scheme linking the existing railway systems north and south of the city centre via a tunnel . Greater Manchester 's railway network suffered from poor north – south connections , relying on bus connections through the city centre by means of the Centrelink bus service . Piccadilly and Victoria were built in the 1840s by rival companies on cheaper land on the fringes of the city centre . As early as 1839 , in anticipation of the stations being built , a connecting underground railway tunnel was proposed but abandoned on economic grounds , as was an overground suspended @-@ monorail in 1966 . SELNEC Passenger Transport Executive — the body tasked with improving public transport for Manchester and its surrounding municipalities in the 1960s – made draft proposals for a Picc @-@ Vic tunnel , " a proposed rail route beneath the city centre " forming " the centrepiece of a new electrified railway network for the region " . Despite investigatory tunnelling under the Manchester Arndale shopping centre , when the Greater Manchester County Council presented the project to the United Kingdom Government in 1974 , it was unable to secure the necessary funding , and was abandoned on economic grounds when the County Council dropped the plans in 1977 . In 1982 , the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Executive ( GMPTE ; the successor to SELNEC PTE ) concluded that a street @-@ level light rail system to replace or complement the region 's under @-@ used heavy railways was the cheapest solution to improving Greater Manchester 's rail transport network . A Rail Study Group , composed of officials from British Rail , Greater Manchester County Council and GMPTE formally endorsed the scheme in 1984 . Abstract proposals based on light rail systems in North America and continental Europe , and a draft 62 @-@ mile ( 100 km ) network consisting of three lines were presented by the Rail Study Group to the UK Government for taxpayer funding . Following route revisions in 1984 and 1987 , and a trial on 9 February 1987 using Docklands Light Railway rolling stock on a freight @-@ only line adjacent to Debdale Park , funding was granted by HM Treasury with the strict condition that the system be constructed in phases . Additional taxpayer funding came from the European Regional Development Fund and bank lending . = = = Phase 1 , Bury , Altrincham and Manchester city centre = = = Conversion of the East Lancashire Railway ( Bury @-@ to @-@ Victoria ) and Manchester , South Junction and Altrincham Railway ( Altrincham @-@ to @-@ Piccadilly ) heavy rail lines , and creation of a street @-@ level tramway through Manchester city centre to unite the lines as a single 19 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 30 @.@ 9 km ) network , was chosen for Phase 1 because the two heavy rail lines were primarily used for commuting to central Manchester , and would improve north – south links and access to the city centre . The required parliamentary authority to proceed with Phase 1 was obtained with two Acts of Parliament – the Greater Manchester ( Light Rapid Transit System ) Act 1988 and Greater Manchester ( Light Rapid Transit System ) ( No. 2 ) Act 1988 . On 27 September 1989 , following a two @-@ stage tender exercise , the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Authority awarded a contract to the GMA Group ( a consortium composed of AMEC , GM Buses , John Mowlem & Company , and a General Electric Company subsidiary ) who formed Greater Manchester Metro Limited to design , build , operate and maintain Phase 1 of Metrolink . The contract was approved by Michael Portillo on behalf of the Department for Transport on 24 October 1989 , and formally signed on 6 June 1990 . The Bury line was closed in stages between 13 July 1991 and 17 August 1991 , after which the 1200V DC third rail electrified line was adapted for a 750 V DC overhead line operation . In Manchester city centre , a tramway – built with network expansion in mind – from Victoria to Piccadilly via Market Street and Piccadilly Gardens connected Bury to Altrincham via Manchester ; The overhead structures and wiring of the Altrincham line were adapted for light rail . As well as upgrades to signalling and stations on the network , a combined headquarters , depot and control centre was built at Cheetham Hill on Queens Road , north of Victoria station , at a cost of £ 8 million ( £ 15 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) . Initially projected to open in September 1991 , then promised for 21 February 1992 , Metrolink began operation on 6 April 1992 with a service between Victoria and Bury . Along with the Tyne and Wear Metro and Docklands Light Railway , it helped to reintroduce light rail to the United Kingdom . The network was expanded beyond Victoria to G @-@ Mex tram stop on 27 April 1992 ; a service through to Altrincham joined the network on 15 June 1992 , completing Phase 1 and enabling use of all 26 T @-@ 68 vehicles acquired for the operation . Queen Elizabeth II declared Metrolink open at a ceremony in Manchester on 17 July 1992 , adding that Metrolink would improve communication between northern and southern Greater Manchester . After the ceremony the Queen visited Manchester Town Hall and rode from St Peter 's Square to Bury to visit Bury Town Hall . Then costing £ 145 million ( £ 270 @,@ 600 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) Phase 1 was expected to carry 10 million passengers per year , but surpassed this figure by the 1993 / 94 fiscal year , and every year thereafter . In recognition of passenger demands and the decommissioning of the Arndale bus station after the 1996 Manchester bombing , adjustments were made to Phase 1 to the design of Manchester City Council 's city centre masterplan , by modifying Market Street tram stop to handle two @-@ way traffic , demolishing High Street tram stop in 1998 and creating a new stop for Shudehill Interchange in 2002 . Sections of track in the city centre were relaid following damage to the road surface adjacent to the line . By 2003 , Phase 1 was deemed a " long @-@ term success " by GMPTE , and , with overcrowding at peak times , carried more than 15 million passengers per year . = = = Phase 2 , Salford Quays , Eccles = = = Extension of the Metrolink network was intended to be continuous with successive expansion phases delivered in strict order of priority . GMPTE wanted to repeat its " success " with Phase 1 by converting other parts of Greater Manchester 's under @-@ utilised suburban rail network . However , changes in circumstances and new opportunities , combined with a shift in government policy following the early 1990s recession stalled the immediate expansion of Metrolink after Phase 1 . Phase 1a , a proposed east – west route from Eastlands to Dumplington via Salford Quays was muted by uncertainty surrounding the Manchester bid for the 2000 Summer Olympics , the ( unbuilt ) Trafford Centre , and regeneration of Manchester Docks respectively . Nevertheless , throughout the 1990s , the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Authority continued to acquire rights to construct Metrolink lines under the Transport and Works Act 1992 . During the 1990s , Salford Quays became a business district specifically redeveloped for commerce , leisure , culture and tourism with a high density of business units and modern housing , complemented by a cinema complex , office blocks , and waterfront promenade . As it had poor public transport integration and no rail provision , it was earmarked for a potential Metrolink line as early as 1986 and legal authority to construct the line through the Quays was acquired in 1990 . The Quays received millions of pounds of investment and a public consultation and public inquiry resulted in government endorsement in 1994 . In autumn 1995 a 4 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) Metrolink line branching from Cornbrook tram stop to Eccles via Salford Quays capitalising on the regenerated Quayside was confirmed as Phase 2 of Metrolink . No funding came from central government and money was raised from the Greater Manchester Passenger Transport Authority ( GMPTA ) , the European Regional Development Fund and private developers . In April 1997 Altram , a consortium of the Serco , Ansaldo and John Laing was appointed to construct the Eccles Line ; Serco , responsible for the Sheffield Supertram would operate the whole network under contract ; Ansaldo provided six additional vehicles — T @-@ 68As – and signalling equipment . Construction work officially began on 17 July 1997 . The Eccles Line was officially opened as far as Broadway tram stop on 6 December 1999 by the Prime Minister , Tony Blair , who praised Metrolink as " exactly the type of scheme needed to solve the transport problems of the metropolitan areas of the country " ; a service to Eccles Interchange joined the network on 21 July 2000 , and was officially declared open by Anne , Princess Royal at a ceremony on 9 January 2001 . On completion , Phases 1 and 2 gave Metrolink a total route length of 24 miles ( 39 km ) . Phase 2 was predominantly privately funded and cost £ 160 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ( £ 242 @,@ 870 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) . Salford City Council considered Phase 2 " an important contribution to Salford 's public transport network , providing a fast and frequent service between Eccles , Salford Quays and Manchester city centre " . But , in competition with comparatively quicker and cheaper buses , the line navigated the Quays on a slow and meandering route , and failed to reach its initial passenger targets . Patronage increased during the 2000s as the Eccles Line steadily increased in popularity in keeping with a rise in passenger numbers across the whole Metrolink system and was beginning to become overcrowded by the end of the decade . = = = Phase 3 = = = In 2000 , officials and transport planners in Greater Manchester considered Metrolink to be a " phenomenal success " . The system was exceeding patronage targets and reducing traffic congestion on roads running parallel to its lines . Consequently , when the Transport Act 2000 required passenger transport executives to produce local transport plans , GMPTE 's top public transport priority was a third phase of Metrolink expansion , which would create four new lines along key transport corridors in Greater Manchester : the Oldham and Rochdale Line ( routed northeast to Oldham and Rochdale ) , the East Manchester Line ( routed east to East Manchester and Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne ) , the South Manchester Line ( routed southeast to Chorlton @-@ cum @-@ Hardy and East Didsbury ) , and the Airport Line ( routed south to Wythenshawe and Manchester Airport ) . The East Manchester Line would capitalise on serving the City of Manchester Stadium , a host venue of the 2002 Commonwealth Games . Satisfied it would deliver a key policy commitment with faster expansion and greater value from economies of scale , GMPTE and the Association of Greater Manchester Authorities ( AGMA ) lobbied central government to provide partial funding to upgrade the current network with a new depot , passenger information displays , and construct four new lines in a single Phase 3 contract ( dubbed the " Big Bang " ) worth £ 489 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ( £ 742 @,@ 300 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) . Conceding that it would be " very difficult " to bring Metrolink to the City of Manchester Stadium by 2002 , the Government accepted its importance to Greater Manchester and the Commonwealth Games on 22 March 2000 , with an announcement from Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott that a £ 289 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 government contribution to fund Phase 3 would make Metrolink " the envy of Europe " . The remaining £ 200 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 was assembled from the private sector by July 2000 . Following the announcement , preparatory work such as legal costs , land acquisition and construction of rail bridges over the River Medlock was actioned . However , Metrolink made a loss in 2002 and failed to reduce traffic congestion in Manchester city centre . Costs for Phase 3 implementation were revised in the December after the 2002 Commonwealth Games , totalling £ 820 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 ( £ 1 @,@ 203 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 as of 2016 ) , meaning Metrolink required a Government contribution of at least £ 520 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 . With costs predicted to rise further , and concerns raised over light rail procurement nationally , on 20 July 2004 , Alistair Darling ( the Secretary of State for Transport ) announced the Government had withdrawn its share of funding Metrolink due to excessive costs . In response , highlighting the legal costs and demolition of homes , schools and offices in anticipation of the new lines , the Get Our Metrolink Back on Track ( or Back on Track ) campaign spearheaded by the Manchester Evening News and Members of Parliament from Greater Manchester was organised to lobby the Department for Transport to fund Phase 3 . On 16 December 2004 Alistair Darling announced that the government would fund Phase 3 – but not at any price , capping its investment for Metrolink enhancements at £ 520 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 . An initial £ 102 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 funding package was granted by the Government in July 2005 for Phase 3 preparatory work , and a Carillion @-@ led track renewal programme for 12 miles ( 19 km ) of Phase 1 line – still using original British Rail track – that was causing damage to vehicles and discomfort for passengers . Following negotiations between central government and GMPTE and AGMA , Phase 3 funding was confirmed by Douglas Alexander on 6 July 2006 , albeit with adjustments ( such as axing the Wythenshawe Loop ) and splitting the project into two stages : Phase 3a , elements of expansion funded by government investment ; and Phase 3b , elements requiring an alternative funding source . The MPact @-@ Thales consortium , composed of Laing O 'Rourke , VolkerRail and the Thales Group , was appointed to design , build and maintain the 20 miles ( 32 km ) of new line plus a new depot at Old Trafford . A 0 @.@ 25 @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 40 km ) spur off the Eccles Line to the new MediaCityUK development at Salford Quays , funded separately by the Northwest Regional Development Agency ( NWRDA ) , would also fall to Mpact @-@ Thales . = = = = Phase 3a , Oldham , Rochdale , East Manchester Line = = = = Phase 3a , dubbed the " Mini Bang " , or " Little Bang " , was an extension scheme approved by the government on 6 July 2006 , with final sign off and release of Treasury funds in May 2008 . In addition to the separately NWRDA @-@ funded spur from the Eccles Line to MediaCityUK , Phase 3a involved converting the 14 @-@ mile ( 23 km ) Oldham Loop heavy rail line from Victoria to Rochdale via Oldham , building a new 1 @.@ 7 @-@ mile ( 2 @.@ 7 km ) South Manchester Line from Trafford Bar to St Werburgh 's Road in Chorlton @-@ cum @-@ Hardy ( on a closed section of Cheshire Lines Committee railway ) , and construction of a new 4 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 4 km ) East Manchester Line from Piccadilly to Droylsden . The Oldham and Rochdale and South Manchester Lines were funded by a £ 244 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 lump sum from the government . The East Manchester Line to Droylsden was funded by borrowings by GMPTE that would be repaid over 30 years using fare revenue from Metrolink . The Oldham Loop Line , subsidised by GMPTE and used for suburban commuting , closed on 3 October 2009 allowing work to convert the line from heavy rail to Metrolink , although preparatory work on Central Park tram stop and a flyover at Newton Heath over the heavy Caldervale Line commenced in 2005 . Conversion of the Oldham Loop for Metrolink allowed for the addition of new stops along the line , including Monsall , South Chadderton , and Newbold ; Kingsway Business Park tram stop was authorised at a late stage of planning in July 2011 once the Phase 3b @-@ Drake Street tram stop was abandoned ( on technical and economic grounds ) and additional funding was procured from Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council and Kingsway Business Park 's private developer Wilson Bowden . The planned opening of Phase 3a services was initially delayed on each line by months due to faults with a new £ 22 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 digital signalling and control system known as the Tram Management System , or TMS , designed by the Thales Group . Services on the spur from the Eccles Line to MediaCityUK tram stop were expected to commence during Summer 2010 , and began on 20 September 2010 , serving MediaCityUK , a 200 @-@ acre ( 81 ha ) development for creative and digital mass media organisations , and The Lowry , a combined theatre @-@ gallery and Greater Manchester 's most visited tourist attraction . On its inauguration , TMS experienced several faults on the expanded Eccles Line , causing " chaos " at MediaCityUK , and 24 service delays on the network between September 2010 and February 2011 . On the South Manchester Line , services to St Werburgh 's Road tram stop were expected to commence in spring 2011 , but delayed until 7 July 2011 , due to problems with TMS . On the Oldham and Rochdale Line , services from Manchester to Central Park and Oldham Mumps were expected to open in spring 2011 and autumn 2011 respectively , but problems with TMS and the need to renew structures delayed services until 13 June 2012 , when 7 @.@ 1 miles ( 11 @.@ 4 km ) of the line from Victoria to Oldham Mumps tram stop opened in a single stage . After three months in operation , Metrolink services to Oldham were hailed a " huge success " by TfGM , with 250 @,@ 000 passengers on the line between June and September , strengthening TfGM 's position that Phase 3a would raise daily ridership on Metrolink to 90 @,@ 000 . Originally planned to open in spring 2012 , then delayed to autumn 2012 , a service on the Oldham and Rochdale Line from Oldham Mumps as far as Shaw and Crompton tram stop began on 16 December 2012 . In January 2013 , a contract dispute between TfGM and Thales Group over missed deadlines and poor performance of TMS resulted in TfGM withholding payments for unfulfilled construction targets . Services to Rochdale and Droylsden were scheduled for a spring 2012 opening date , but delayed by months because of problems with the implementation of TMS , prompting outrage from Members of Parliament representing these areas . The East Manchester Line to Droylsden opened to selected residents of Manchester and Tameside on 8 February 2013 , and to the general public on 11 February 2013 . On 28 February 2013 , passenger services expanded along the 4 @.@ 6 @-@ mile ( 7 @.@ 4 km ) stretch of the Oldham and Rochdale Line between Shaw and Crompton and Rochdale railway station , completing Phase 3a , and giving Metrolink a total network length of 43 miles ( 69 km ) . On 9 May 2013 , TMS was successfully implemented in the City Zone , providing real @-@ time passenger information displays at all stops in Manchester city centre . = = = = Phase 3b : Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne , East Didsbury and Manchester Airport = = = = Phase 3b was revealed in July 2006 when Phase 3 was split into two smaller phases . A range of motivators pushed transport planners to pursue Phase 3b , including attracting new passengers , value to the economy , reduction of road traffic congestion , regeneration , and improved access to town centres , business districts and labour markets . Under Phase 3b plans , Metrolink proposed to extend the East Manchester Line by 2 @.@ 4 miles ( 3 @.@ 9 km ) from Droylsden to Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne ; extend the South Manchester Line by 2 @.@ 7 miles ( 4 @.@ 3 km ) from St Werburgh 's Road to Didsbury ; and create a new 9 @-@ mile ( 14 km ) Airport Line to Manchester Airport from a junction at St Werburgh 's Road . Phase 3b enacted plans first drawn up in 1983 , laid before Parliament in 1988 , and approved by the government in 1991 to re @-@ route and extend the Oldham and Rochdale Line at a cost of £ 124 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 with a street running route through Oldham and Rochdale town centres , both of which were poorly served by using the outlying Oldham Mumps and Rochdale railway stations alone . Tasked with procuring funds for Phase 3b from sources other than central Government , in July 2007 GMPTE and AGMA submitted a bid to the Transport Innovation Fund , which would release a multimillion @-@ pound sum for public transport improvements linked to viable anti @-@ road traffic congestion strategies . A referendum on the Greater Manchester Transport Innovation Fund was held in Greater Manchester on 19 December 2008 , in which 79 % of voters rejected plans for public transport improvements linked to a peak @-@ time weekday @-@ only Greater Manchester congestion charge . In May 2009 , Greater Manchester Integrated Transport Authority ( formerly GMPTA ) and AGMA agreed to create the Greater Manchester Transport Fund , £ 1.5billion raised from a combination of a levy on council tax in Greater Manchester , government grants , contributions from the Manchester Airports Group , Metrolink fares and third @-@ party funding for " major transport schemes " in the region . Phase 3b was approved with funding on a line @-@ by @-@ line basis between March and August 2010 . Construction work for all Phase 3b lines began in March 2011 . On the Airport Line , a 580 @-@ tonne steel bridge was erected in Wythenshawe over the M56 motorway on 25 November 2012 . Following the closure of Mosley Street tram stop on 17 May 2013 , the 2 @.@ 7 @-@ mile ( 4 @.@ 3 km ) route of the South Manchester Line from St Werburgh 's Road to East Didsbury tram stop was the first section of Phase 3b line to open on 23 May 2013 – three months ahead of schedule . The East Manchester Line was completed on 9 October 2013 with a new service routed 2 @.@ 1 miles ( 3 @.@ 4 km ) between Droylsden and Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne tram stop , taking the total system length to 47 @.@ 7 miles ( 76 @.@ 8 km ) . The Oldham and Rochdale Line was completed with a street @-@ running service through Oldham Town Centre on 27 January 2014 , and the addition of a street @-@ running service between Rochdale railway station and Rochdale Town Centre on 31 March 2014 , taking the total system length to 48 @.@ 5 miles ( 78 @.@ 1 km ) . On 3 November 2014 , the network once again expanded , with a 14 @.@ 5 @-@ mile ( 23 @.@ 3 km ) extension to Manchester Airport railway station , bringing the length of the system to 92 @.@ 5 kilometres ( 57 @.@ 5 mi ) , making it the longest tramway in the United Kingdom , and the longest light railway . It opened more than one year early , and at a cost of £ 368 million . = = = Phase 2CC = = = The Second City Crossing ( also known as 2CC ) is a second Metrolink route across Manchester city centre , first proposed in 2011 as a means to improve capacity , flexibility and reliability as the rest of the system expands due to phases 3a and 3b . Funded by the Greater Manchester Transport Fund , its 0 @.@ 8 @-@ mile ( 1 @.@ 3 km ) route will begin at a rebuilt St Peter 's Square tram stop , and run along Princess Street , Cross Street and Corporation Street to rejoin the existing Metrolink line by Victoria station . Following the submission of a planning document under the Transport and Works Act 1992 , and a public inquiry held throughout 2013 , the Second City Crossing was granted approval on 8 October 2013 by the Secretary of State for Transport , Patrick McLoughlin , and signed off on 28 October 2013 by the Greater Manchester Combined Authority . Construction started in early 2014 with Exchange Square tram stop and the first tracks of the line were laid in late November 2014 . Exchange Square joined the network as a new stop on the crossing in December 2015 , meaning a Shaw and Crompton @-@ to @-@ Exchange Square service could begin . Completion of the whole line is expected in 2016 / 17 . = = Operator = = Metrolink is owned by TfGM and operated and maintained by private transport firms under an operating and maintenance ( O & M ) contract . Between 1992 and 1997 Metrolink was operated and maintained as a concession by Greater Manchester Metro Limited , between 1997 and 2007 by Serco . From 2007 until 2011 it was operated and maintained by Stagecoach Metrolink – part of the Stagecoach Group . Metrolink RATP Dev , a part of the French state @-@ owned RATP Group which operates the Paris Métro , bought the Metrolink contract from Stagecoach on 1 August 2011 . In October 2015 , TfGM announced RATP Group , Keolis / Amey , National Express and Transdev had been shortlisted to bid for the next contract starting in July 2017 . Metrolink has been headed by Peter Cushing since February 2013 . = = = Branding and public relations = = = The name Metrolink and a system @-@ wide aquamarine , black and grey corporate branding and vehicle livery was devised by Fitch RS and Design Triangle , and first revealed at a press launch in June 1988 . Previously , during the planning and promotional stages , the system was known as Project Light Rail , and borrowed an orange and brown identity used by Greater Manchester Transport and GM Buses . In August 1991 , in partnership with BBC Manchester , Metrolink ran a " Nickname Metrolink " competition to find an affectionate short name for the system , comparable to " The Tube " for London Underground and " The L " for the Chicago elevated transit system . Most submissions were inspired by textile manufacturing , Greater Manchester 's historic staple industry , using names such as " The Thread " and " The Shuttle " , but the winning entry was " The Met " . In 2008 , a distinctive yellow and metallic silver vehicle livery , and corresponding yellow system @-@ wide corporate re @-@ branding was introduced by Manchester @-@ based Hemisphere Design and Marketing Consultancy , designed in partnership with Peter Saville , Dalton Maag and Design Triangle . Yellow was chosen by Hemisphere for its high visibility and to reflect Greater Manchester 's culture of confidence and optimism . Metrolink has been a " Football Development Partner " with the Manchester Football Association since August 2010 , meaning it is the association 's Official Travel Partner , and supports grassroots association football in Greater Manchester by selecting a " Team of the Month " . Metrolink is a sponsor of the annual Manchester Food and Drink Festival . On 6 December 2010 , to celebrate the soap opera 's 50th anniversary , Coronation Street featured a storyline with an explosion which caused a crash on the Metrolink system at Weatherfield . Although a fictitious event , at least six calls were made to GMPTE asking if services had been affected . Transport planners in Greater Manchester describe Metrolink as both " an icon of Greater Manchester " , and " an integral part of the landscape in Greater Manchester " . The Guardian describes Metrolink as " Manchester 's efficient and much @-@ loved tram system " . Under ownership of the Guardian Media Group , the Manchester Evening News spearheaded the Get Our Metrolink Back on Track campaign in 2004 – 05 . Under Trinity Mirror ownership , the Manchester Evening News used the Freedom of Information Act 2000 to reveal that Metrolink received over 10 @,@ 000 complaints between May 2011 and May 2012 . In 2013 , then Manchester City F.C. manager Roberto Mancini and players Joe Hart , Vincent Kompany and James Milner recorded special stop announcements to be used on Metrolink 's East Manchester Line on dates when Manchester City play at home at the City of Manchester Stadium ( served by the Etihad Campus tram stop ) . The announcements were first used on 17 February 2013 , for Manchester City 's FA Cup Fifth Round tie against Leeds United A.F.C .. = = Infrastructure = = = = = Stops and lines = = = As of December 2015 , Metrolink has a network length of 57 miles ( 92 km ) and 93 stops — along seven lines which radiate from a " central triangular junction at Piccadilly Gardens which forms the hub of the Metrolink system " in the City Zone . The lines are : the Airport Line ( which terminates at Manchester Airport ) , the Altrincham Line ( which terminates in Altrincham ) , the Bury Line ( which terminates in Bury ) , the East Manchester Line ( which terminates in Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne ) , the South Manchester Line ( which terminates in East Didsbury ) , the Eccles Line ( which terminates in Eccles ) , and the Oldham and Rochdale Line ( which terminates in Rochdale ) . Some stops , such as Cornbrook , are shared between lines , and may be used as interchange stations ; others , such as Altrincham Interchange , are transport hubs which integrate with heavy rail and bus stations . Each stop has at least one high @-@ floor platform measuring a minimum of 2 metres ( 6 @.@ 6 ft ) wide , accessed by ramp , stairs , escalator , lift or combination thereof . Low @-@ floor platforms commonly used for light rail throughout the world were ruled out for Metrolink because the system inherited 90 @-@ centimetre ( 35 in ) high @-@ floor platforms from British Rail on lines formerly used for heavy rail . Shelters and canopies at stops were supplied by JCDecaux , and ticket vending machines by Scheidt & Bachmann . Card readers are installed on all stop platforms , ready for the TfGM ' My Get Me There ' smart card being trialled in 2014 ; and when this is fully implemented all smart card users will touch @-@ in and touch @-@ out at a platform reader . Each line has track with standard gauge specification , powering vehicles electrically from 750 V DC overhead lines . Between 1992 and 2007 , electricity for the Metrolink system was procured by the operator , based on price only . In 2007 , GMPTE changed the contractual requirements to ensure that sustainable power would be factored into choosing an energy supplier , and in July 2007 , Metrolink became the first light rail network in the UK with electricity supplied entirely from sustainable energy via hydropower . Now , energy for the system is generated by biomass . = = = Depots = = = Metrolink House at Queens Road in Cheetham Hill is the headquarters of Metrolink . Constructed during Phase 1 , it served jointly as a control centre , HQ , office space , and depot for the storage , maintenance and repair of vehicles . Under the original proposals , Metrolink House was much larger , with a design which would support network expansion , but this design did not obtain the necessary planning permission from Manchester City Council . Consequently , Metrolink House was scaled down to a 4 @-@ hectare ( 9 @.@ 9 @-@ acre ) £ 8 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 site with limited capacity , and , in light of Phase 3a network expansion , Metrolink built a second depot at Elsinore Road in Old Trafford in 2011 . This second depot occupies the site of a former warehouse , and can house up to 96 vehicles . On 7 May 2013 Metrolink completed the transfer of its main operational functions from Cheetham Hill to Old Trafford , meaning its control room – known as the Network Management Centre – is housed jointly with the Customer Services team by its newer depot . = = = Wi @-@ Fi = = = In July 2013 , the Transport for Greater Manchester Committee announced that it planned to enhance the experience of travelling on Metrolink by tapping in to Manchester City Council 's grant from the UK Urban Broadband Fund and using it to provide Metrolink passengers with free Wi @-@ Fi when on board . The scheme began with a trial on a single tram – number 3054 – connected to the FreeBeeMcr broadband network with the intention of rolling it out across the whole Metrolink network by Spring 2015 . It was rolled out fleet wide in March 2015 . = = = Proposed changes and expansion = = = = = = = Buckley Wells = = = = Buckley Wells tram stop has been proposed to provide better passenger access in southern Bury , and would be on the Bury Line between Bury Interchange and Radcliffe tram stop . = = = = Middleton extension = = = = As of 2013 , Rochdale Metropolitan Borough Council aspires to link Middleton to the Metrolink network by constructing a branch off the Bury Line routed from Bowker Vale tram stop to Middleton town centre . Rochdale Council first proposed this extension of Metrolink to Middleton in 2008 , and priced the scheme at £ 80 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 . = = = = Oldham extension = = = = In January 2016 , Jim McMahon , MP for Oldham West and Royton , proposed two loop extensions to the metrolink system around Oldham . The link would add a spur from Westwood tram stop to Middleton town centre , before joining the Bury line near Bowker Vale , in line with the proposed Middleton extension . The Ashton Loop would extend the line beyond Ashton town centre to Oldham Mumps . Both would connect Rochdale to its neighbouring towns without the need to travel in and out of Manchester city centre . Initial high level feasibility work was undertaken by officials at Transport for Greater Manchester which demonstrated the route is technically possible . = = = = Salford expansion = = = = In Salford City Council 's 2004 – 2016 unitary development plan : Extending from Eccles Interchange along the A57 road to Barton @-@ upon @-@ Irwell and then across the Manchester Ship Canal to the Trafford Centre . Re @-@ opening the Tyldesley Loopline from Eccles to Little Hulton via Walkden with Metrolink services . Tram @-@ train between Manchester and Wigan via Salford , as proposed by the Regional Spatial Strategy for North West England . = = = = Stalybridge extension = = = = As of 2011 , Tameside Metropolitan Borough Council aspires to extend the East Manchester Line from Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne to Stalybridge . = = = = Stockport tram @-@ train strategy = = = = In January 2015 Stockport Metropolitan Borough adopted a Rail Strategy proposing substantial conversion of current rail alignments around Stockport to tram @-@ train operation , running into an interchange at Stockport bus station . These proposed services expand on , and are consistent with , those outlined in the TfGM tram @-@ train strategy document . Earlier plans ( now discarded ) had envisaged the Metrolink line to East Didsbury being extended to Stockport along the Mersey Valley . The revised plan proposes instead a revised alignment for this link via Edgeley and Stockport railway station . Stockport town centre to Manchester city centre via Heaton Norris , Reddish South and Belle Vue ( linking with the proposed Manchester – Marple tram @-@ train line ) ; Stockport town centre to Manchester Airport via Edgeley and Baguley ; Stockport town centre to Altrincham via Edgeley and Baguley ; Stockport town centre to East Didsbury ( and on to Manchester city centre ) , via Edgeley and Gorsey Bank ; Hazel Grove to East Didsbury via Gorsey Bank . In the Rail Strategy , Stockport MBC also outline longer term aspirations to establish tram @-@ train services between Stockport town centre and Marple ; and between Stockport town centre and Ashton town centre . = = = = Trafford Park line = = = = TfGM holds powers to commission a new line from Pomona to Port Salford via Trafford Park and the Trafford Centre , and committed to procuring a funding mechanism for its construction in 2011 . Drawing on proposals made by Trafford Metropolitan Borough Council in 1984 , TfGM made this a strategic priority in each of its local transport plans since the Transport Act 2000 , attesting that Metrolink provision will improve public access to key attractions , support the development of business and freight zones , and reduce traffic congestion on the M60 motorway . In 2004 , Peel Holdings raised concerns that the lack of Metrolink provision to the Trafford Centre may impact on its Chill Factore development , and offered to contribute towards its cost . In summer 2013 , the Greater Manchester Combined Authority and the Greater Manchester Local Enterprise Partnership announced it may fund the construction of the line as far as a stop at the Trafford Centre using the Earnback mechanism of the Greater Manchester City Deal ; with an extension to Port Salford and Eccles to be developed and costed separately . TfGM estimated that it would require £ 350 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 to open this route to passengers by its target of 2018 / 19 ( subject to a satisfactory business case , Transport and Works Act Order and public consultation ) . In November 2014 , the UK Treasury confirmed earnback funding for the Trafford Park Line as part of the devolution deal for the Greater Manchester Combined Authority . = = = = Tram @-@ trains = = = = Metrolink and the TfGM Committee have prepared five costed proposals for extending Metrolink using tram @-@ train technology over the existing heavy rail network in the region ; along the Mid @-@ Cheshire Line ( between Stockport and Hale ) , the Hope Valley Line ( between Manchester and Marple ) , the Glossop Line ( between Manchester and the dual termini at Hadfield and Glossop ) , the Manchester to Sheffield Line ( between Manchester and Hazel Grove ) , and along the Manchester to Southport Line ( between Manchester and Wigan via Atherton ) , with an estimated total funding requirement of £ 870 million as of 2013 . TfGM intend to proceed to the identification of potential rail industry funding options , subject to a review of lessons from a tram @-@ train pilot scheme in Sheffield . = = = = Wythenshawe Loop = = = = Although axed in 2005 to control costs , the Wythenshawe Loop on the Airport Line remains an aspiration of TfGM . As of October 2014 there is renewed interest from TFGM , particularly as the route could link with HS2 Manchester Interchange . It would create a loop from Roundthorn tram stop to the University Hospital of South Manchester ( Wythenshawe Hospital ) and Newall Green and back to Roundthorn , and improve access between Wythenshawe and Manchester city centre on a route which is physically impaired by the River Mersey and M60 motorway . = = Rolling stock = = Metrolink is operated by fleet of M5000 trams , the number of which will reach 120 by 2017 . The first M5000 trams were introduced in 2009 , and replaced the former fleet of thirty @-@ two T @-@ 68 and T @-@ 68A trams , which had operated the network since opening in 1992 , these were withdrawn from service during 2012 – 14 . In order to be compatible with the former heavy rail stations Metrolink inherited , the network uses high @-@ floor trams with a platform height of 900 mm ( 35 in ) . = = = M5000 = = = In December 2009 , Metrolink took delivery of the first M5000 tram . Built by Bombardier Transportation and Vossloh Kiepe , the initial eight M5000s were ordered to allow services to be increased . They are part of the Flexity Swift range of light rail vehicles , and have a design similar to the K5000 vehicle used on the Cologne Stadtbahn . With the approval of the spur to MediaCityUK , a further four were ordered . To provide rolling stock for the phase 3 extensions and replace the existing fleet , the order was increased successively to 94 . In December 2013 , a further ten M5000s were ordered to provide trams for the Trafford Park line planned to open in 2020 , while in the interim supporting a service between MediaCityUK and Manchester city centre and other capacity enhancements . In September 2014 , a further 16 were ordered , this will bring the fleet up to 120 . = = = Ancillary vehicles = = = Metrolink has one Special Purpose Vehicle from 1991 . Numbered 1027 with its support wagon 1028 , it is a bespoke diesel @-@ powered vehicle with a crane , inspection platform , mobile workshop , and capacity for a driver and three passengers . It was designed to assist with vehicle recovery and track and line repairs . = = = Former fleet = = = = = = = T @-@ 68 / 68A = = = = To commence operations , a fleet of 26 T @-@ 68 trams were delivered in 1992 . To provide extra trams for the Eccles Line , six modified T @-@ 68A trams were purchased in 1999 . The T @-@ 68A vehicles were based on the original T @-@ 68s , but had modifications replacing destination rollblinds with dot matrix displays , and retractable couplers and covered bogies necessary for the high proportion of on @-@ street running close to motor traffic . Three of the earlier T @-@ 68 fleet were similarly equipped , and were known as T @-@ 68Ms . Mechanically and electrically the T @-@ 68M vehicles remained essentially a T @-@ 68 , but had modifications to its brakes , mirrors , and speed limiters to suit the Eccles line . Initially only these vehicles were permitted to operate the Eccles line but the entire fleet was modified between 2008 and 2012 for universal running , under a program known as the T @-@ 68X Universal Running programme . All of the T @-@ 68 and T @-@ 68As were withdrawn between April 2012 and April 2014 . Tram no . 1007 , the first to pass through the City Centre on the opening day , is due to be restored into Heaton Park Tramway , and is believed to be the only T @-@ 68 to be kept from scrapping etc . = = Incidents = = Unlike some Metro systems in the United Kingdom , the Manchester Metrolink has a high degree of street interaction between pedestrians and motorists with on @-@ street running trams - this is most notable in Manchester city centre . All trams are equipped with a standard horn and a warning horn . A number of fatal incidents have occurred on the network since opening in 1992 : On 18 October 2002 , a pedestrian died after a collision with a tram after falling onto tram tracks near Manchester Central . On 25 June 2005 , a pedestrian died after a collision with a tram at Navigation Road stop . On 5 June 2011 , a pedestrian died after a collision near Piccadilly Gardens . On 15 December 2011 , a blind man died after a collision with a tram near St Peters ' Square . On 6 February 2013 , a pedestrian died after a collision with a tram at the Failsworth stop . On 11 January 2014 , a pedestrian died after a collision with a tram at the Market Street stop . On 16 February 2016 , a cyclist died after a collision with a tram at the Robinswood Road stop . = = Travelling = = = = = Service and hours of operation = = = Before inauguration , GMPTE 's original concept was for Metrolink 's operator to provide a service every ten minutes from Bury @-@ to @-@ Piccadilly and Altrincham @-@ to @-@ Piccadilly 6 a.m. – Midnight , Monday to Saturday . Greater Manchester Metro Limited , the system 's original operator , argued for adjustments , citing the need to provide an efficient and commercially viable operation in line with vehicle running times and passenger demand . Due to power limitations , this pattern was modified to a twelve @-@ minute service throughout the day , doubling to a six @-@ minute service in peak periods , resulting in a " ten trams per hour " service pattern on routes running from Altrincham and Bury to Manchester every six minutes . Operators are required to provide this level of service at least 98 % of the time , or incur a financial penalty charge . This six @-@ minute service pattern has been adopted on the rest of the network as the system has grown . Heavy snowfall during the winter of 2009 / 10 impaired Metrolink services and the operator was criticised for failing to have cold weather procedures . This prompted a program to improve reliability and performance of the system in freezing conditions . Metrolink operated icebreaker @-@ style vehicles at night during snowfall in January 2013 to provide normal services . A survey in 2012 revealed that passengers who used Metrolink everyday for commuting rated service levels as poor and / or unreliable , with those respondents particularly frustrated by delays and disruptions . TfGM recognised that the older vehicles in its fleet – the T68 / T68As — were outdated and the cause of much disruption , and agreed to replace them with M5000s by 2014 . Among those who used Metrolink less regularly , the system scored far better in the survey . A survey in 2014 by the non @-@ departmental government body Passenger Focus found that of the five major light rail systems in the United Kingdom – Metrolink , Sheffield Supertram , NET , Midland Metro and Blackpool tramway – Metrolink had the lowest overall satisfaction rating in the United Kingdom . Respondents were surveyed on value for money , punctuality , seating availability , tram stations and overall satisfaction . Metrolink was below average on all criteria , and 47 % believed Metrolink was value for money compared to a national average of 60 % . In January 2016 , Transport for General Manchester agreed a baseline Service Specification to grade bidders seeking to operate the concession from July 2017 ; once the Second City Crossing is in operation . In the baseline service pattern , there are no designated ' peak ' periods of service operation ; instead there will be an ' enhanced ' service operating from start of service to 8pm Monday to Friday , and to 6pm Saturday ; and a ' core ' service running at all other times . In the ' enhanced ' service pattern , trams will run with a 6 @-@ minute frequency to Shaw & Oldham , Bury , Ashton , Altrincham , Manchester Airport and East Didsbury ; and with a 12 @-@ minute frequency to Rochdale , Eccles and MediacityUK . When the Trafford line opens , services will run to the Trafford Centre with a 12 @-@ minute frequency . In the ' core ' service pattern , all lines will run with a 12 @-@ minute frequency . Services I & J operate only on a Sunday between 08 : 00 & 17 : 30 instead of services G & H ( shown above ) = = = Ticketing = = = Metrolink fares were originally set by the system 's operator , but are now set by the TfGM Committee at levels that cover both the running costs and the cost of borrowing that has part @-@ funded the expansion of the system ; Metrolink receives no public subsidy . Fares typically rise each January above the rate of inflation . The fare tariff is based on a division of the network 's stations into fare zones . Persons under 16 years of age , persons of pensionable age , and people with disabilities qualify for concessionary fares , some of which are mandatory and others discretionary , as determined by the Greater Manchester Combined Authority . The Greater Manchester Combined Authority permits reduced fares for persons under 16 years of age , and free or reduced fares on Metrolink after 9 : 30 a.m. for pensioners . In normal circumstances , tickets cannot be purchased on board Metrolink vehicles , and must be purchased from a ticket vending machine before boarding the vehicle . Fare evasion in 2006 was estimated at 2 – 6 % of all users , and in 2012 at 2 @.@ 5 % of all users . Checking tickets and passes and issuing Standard fares is the responsibility of Metrolink 's Passenger Services Representatives ( PSRs ) , who provide security and assistance on the network ; between 1992 and 2008 , Greater Manchester Police had a dedicated Metrolink unit responsible for policing the system . The original ticket vending machines were designed by Thorn EMI . In 2005 GMPTE announced that rail passengers travelling from within Greater Manchester into Manchester city centre can use the Metrolink service between the eight City Zone stations for free . Passengers must present a valid rail ticket , correctly dated with Manchester Ctlz as the destination . In 2007 TfGM rolled out new ticket vending machines , designed to accept credit / debit card payments and permit the purchase of multiple tickets in a single transaction . These were replaced in 2009 with touchscreen machines , designed with the Scheidt & Bachmann Ticket XPress system . In October 2012 , TfGM announced it was devising a simpler zonal fare system , comparable to London fare zones , and preparing to introduce get me there , the region 's new contactless smartcard system , for use on all public transport modes in Greater Manchester , including Metrolink . = = Tram services = = Monday to Saturday service : Seven services which all run every 12 minutes : ( A ) Altrincham – Etihad Campus ( B ) Altrincham – Deansgate @-@ Castlefield ( peak only , 07 : 00 – 20 : 00 ) ( C ) Bury – East Didsbury ( D ) Bury – Piccadilly ( peak only , 07 : 00 – 20 : 00 ) ( E ) Eccles – Piccadilly via MediaCityUK ( F ) Manchester Airport – Cornbrook ( G ) Rochdale Town Centre – Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne ( H ) Shaw & Crompton – Exchange Square One early morning service which runs every 20 minutes : ( K ) Manchester Airport – Firswood ( 03 : 00 – 06 : 00 ) The combined Monday – Saturday daytime frequency on the Bury and Altrincham routes is every 6 minutes . ( Deansgate – Altrincham & Bury – Market Street ) Sunday and public holiday service : Six services which all run every 12 minutes from 09 : 00 – 17 : 30 and every 15 minutes at all other times . ( A ) Altrincham – Etihad Campus ( C ) Bury – East Didsbury ( E ) Eccles – Piccadilly via MediaCityUK ( F ) Manchester Airport – Cornbrook ( G ) Rochdale Town Centre – Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne ( after 17 : 30 ) ( H ) Shaw & Crompton – Exchange Square ( after 17 : 30 ) ( I ) Rochdale Town Centre – Exchange Square ( 08 : 00 – 17 : 30 ) ( J ) Victoria – Ashton @-@ under @-@ Lyne ( 08 : 00 – 17 : 30 ) One early morning service which runs every 20 minutes : ( K ) Manchester Airport – Firswood ( 03 : 00 – 06 : 00 ) = = Patronage = = The Department for Transport reported passenger journeys for the 2015 / 16 financial year at 34 @.@ 3 million ; a 10 @.@ 1 % increase from 31 @.@ 2 million the previous year . Patronage has risen steadily since its opening , from a start @-@ point of 8 @.@ 1 million in the 1992 / 93 fiscal year . Travel increased from 18 @.@ 2 million journeys in 2001 / 02 to 20 million journeys in 2008 / 09 ; numbers fell to 18 @.@ 7 million in 2009 while parts of the system were closed for upgrades , but recovered to 19 @.@ 6 million for the 2009 / 10 fiscal year . Metrolink revised its method for calculating passenger boardings in 2010 / 11 , meaning figures are not directly comparable with previous years . TfGM projects that 41 @.@ 7 million passenger journeys per year will be made on the Metrolink system by 2016 / 17 . A survey in 2012 revealed that 12 % , or around one in 10 people in Greater Manchester use Metrolink to travel to work , and 8 % use the system every day . The system is most commonly used by 21- to 30 @-@ year olds , and was used most markedly by residents of the Metropolitan Borough of Bury — accounting for around a third of their commuter journeys .
= Emma Goldman = Emma Goldman ( June 27 [ O.S. June 15 ] , 1869 – May 14 , 1940 ) was an anarchist known for her political activism , writing , and speeches . She played a pivotal role in the development of anarchist political philosophy in North America and Europe in the first half of the 20th century . Born in Kovno , Russian Empire ( present @-@ day Kaunas , Lithuania ) to a Jewish family , Goldman emigrated to the United States in 1885 . Attracted to anarchism after the Haymarket affair , Goldman became a writer and a renowned lecturer on anarchist philosophy , women 's rights , and social issues , attracting crowds of thousands . She and anarchist writer Alexander Berkman , her lover and lifelong friend , planned to assassinate industrialist and financier Henry Clay Frick as an act of propaganda of the deed . Frick survived the attempt on his life in 1892 and Berkman was sentenced to 22 years in prison . Goldman was imprisoned several times in the years that followed , for " inciting to riot " and illegally distributing information about birth control . In 1906 , Goldman founded the anarchist journal Mother Earth . In 1917 , Goldman and Berkman were sentenced to two years in jail for conspiring to " induce persons not to register " for the newly instated draft . After their release from prison , they were arrested — along with hundreds of others — and deported to Russia . Initially supportive of that country 's October Revolution which brought the Bolsheviks to power , Goldman reversed her opinion in the wake of the Kronstadt rebellion and denounced the Soviet Union for its violent repression of independent voices . In 1923 , she published a book about her experiences , My Disillusionment in Russia . While living in England , Canada , and France , she wrote an autobiography called Living My Life . After the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War , she traveled to Spain to support the anarchist revolution there . She died in Toronto on May 14 , 1940 , aged 70 . During her life , Goldman was lionized as a free @-@ thinking " rebel woman " by admirers , and denounced by detractors as an advocate of politically motivated murder and violent revolution . Her writing and lectures spanned a wide variety of issues , including prisons , atheism , freedom of speech , militarism , capitalism , marriage , free love , and homosexuality . Although she distanced herself from first @-@ wave feminism and its efforts toward women 's suffrage , she developed new ways of incorporating gender politics into anarchism . After decades of obscurity , Goldman 's iconic status was revived in the 1970s , when feminist and anarchist scholars rekindled popular interest in her life . = = Biography = = = = = Family = = = Emma Goldman 's Orthodox Jewish family lived in the Lithuanian city of Kaunas ( called Kovno at the time , part of the Russian Empire ) . Goldman 's mother Taube Bienowitch had been married before , to a man with whom she had two daughters — Helena in 1860 and Lena in 1862 . When her first husband died of tuberculosis , Taube was devastated . Goldman later wrote : " Whatever love she had had died with the young man to whom she had been married at the age of fifteen . " Taube 's second marriage was arranged by her family and , as Goldman puts it , " mismated from the first " . Her second husband , Abraham Goldman , invested Taube 's inheritance in a business that quickly failed . The ensuing hardship combined with the emotional distance of husband and wife to make the household a tense place for the children . When Taube became pregnant , Abraham hoped desperately for a son ; a daughter , he believed , would serve as one more sign of failure . They eventually had three sons , but their first child was Emma . Emma Goldman was born on June 27 , 1869 . Her father used violence to punish his children , beating them when they disobeyed him . He used a whip only on Emma , the most rebellious of them . Her mother provided scarce comfort , calling only rarely on Abraham to tone down his beatings . Goldman later speculated that her father 's furious temper was at least partly a result of sexual frustration . Goldman 's relationships with her elder half @-@ sisters , Helena and Lena , were a study in contrasts . Helena , the oldest , provided the comfort they lacked from their mother ; she filled Goldman 's childhood with " whatever joy it had " . Lena , however , was distant and uncharitable . The three sisters were joined by brothers Louis ( who died at the age of six ) , Herman ( born in 1872 ) , and Moishe ( born in 1879 ) . = = = Adolescence = = = When Emma was a young girl , the Goldman family moved to the village of Papilė , where her father ran an inn . While her sisters worked , she became friends with a servant named Petrushka , who excited her " first erotic sensations " . Later in Papilė she witnessed a peasant being whipped with a knout in the street . This event traumatized her and contributed to her lifelong distaste for violent authority . At the age of seven , Goldman moved with her family to the Prussian city of Königsberg ( then part of the German Empire ) , and she enrolled in a Realschule . One teacher punished disobedient students — targeting Goldman in particular — by beating their hands with a ruler . Another teacher tried to molest his female students and was fired when Goldman fought back . She found a sympathetic mentor in her German teacher , who loaned her books and even took her to an opera . A passionate student , Goldman passed the exam for admission into a gymnasium , but her religion teacher refused to provide a certificate of good behavior and she was unable to attend . The family moved to the Russian city of Saint Petersburg , where her father opened one unsuccessful store after another . Their poverty forced the children to work , and Goldman took an assortment of jobs including one in a corset shop . As a teenager Goldman begged her father to allow her to return to school , but instead he threw her French book into the fire and shouted : " Girls do not have to learn much ! All a Jewish daughter needs to know is how to prepare gefilte fish , cut noodles fine , and give the man plenty of children . " Goldman pursued an independent education on her own , however , and soon began to study the political turmoil around her , particularly the Nihilists responsible for assassinating Alexander II of Russia . The ensuing turmoil intrigued Goldman , even though she did not fully understand it at the time . When she read Chernyshevsky 's novel , What Is to Be Done ? ( 1863 ) , she found a role model in the protagonist Vera , who adopts a Nihilist philosophy and escapes her repressive family to live freely and organize a sewing cooperative . The book enthralled Goldman and remained a source of inspiration throughout her life . Her father , meanwhile , continued to insist on a domestic future for her , and he tried to arrange for her to be married at the age of fifteen . They fought about the issue constantly ; he complained that she was becoming a " loose " woman , and she insisted that she would marry for love alone . At the corset shop , she was forced to fend off unwelcome advances from Russian officers and other men . One persistent suitor took her into a hotel room and committed what Goldman called " violent contact " ; two biographers call it rape . She was stunned by the experience , overcome by " shock at the discovery that the contact between man and woman could be so brutal and painful . " Goldman felt that the encounter forever soured her interactions with men . = = = Rochester , New York = = = In 1885 , Helena made plans to move to New York to join her sister Lena and her husband . Goldman wanted to join her sister , but their father refused to allow it . Despite Helena 's offer to pay for the trip , Abraham turned a deaf ear to their pleas . Desperate , Goldman threatened to throw herself into the Neva River if she could not go . He finally agreed , and on December 29 , 1885 , Helena and Emma arrived at New York 's Castle Garden . They moved into the Rochester home Lena had made with her husband Samuel . Fleeing the rising antisemitism of Saint Petersburg , their parents and brothers joined them a year later . Goldman began working as a seamstress , sewing overcoats for more than ten hours a day , earning two and a half dollars a week . She asked for a raise and was denied ; she quit and took work at a smaller shop nearby . At her new job , Goldman met a fellow worker named Jacob Kershner , who shared her love for books , dancing , and traveling , as well as her frustration with the monotony of factory work . After four months , they married in February 1887 . Once he moved in with Goldman 's family , however , their relationship faltered . On their wedding night she discovered that he was impotent ; they became emotionally and physically distant . Before long he became jealous and suspicious . She , meanwhile , was becoming more engaged with the political turmoil around her — particularly the fallout of the 1886 Haymarket affair in Chicago and the anti @-@ authoritarian political philosophy of anarchism . Less than a year after the wedding , they were divorced ; he begged her to return and threatened to poison himself if she did not . They reunited , but after three months she left once again . Her parents considered her behavior " loose " and refused to allow Goldman into their home . Carrying her sewing machine in one hand and a bag with five dollars in the other , she left Rochester and headed southeast to New York City . = = = Most and Berkman = = = On her first day in the city , Goldman met two men who would forever change her life . At Sachs 's Café , a gathering place for radicals , she was introduced to Alexander Berkman , an anarchist who invited her to a public speech that evening . They went to hear Johann Most , editor of a radical publication called Freiheit and an advocate of " propaganda of the deed " — the use of violence to instigate change . She was impressed by his fiery oration , and he took her under his wing , training her in methods of public speaking . He encouraged her vigorously , telling her that she was " to take my place when I am gone . " One of her first public talks in support of " the Cause " was in Rochester . After convincing Helena not to tell their parents of her speech , Goldman found her mind a blank once on stage . Suddenly , something strange happened . In a flash I saw it — every incident of my three years in Rochester : the Garson factory , its drudgery and humiliation , the failure of my marriage , the Chicago crime ... I began to speak . Words I had never heard myself utter before came pouring forth , faster and faster . They came with passionate intensity ... The audience had vanished , the hall itself had disappeared ; I was conscious only of my own words , of my ecstatic song . Enchanted by the experience , she refined her public persona during subsequent engagements . Quickly , however , she found herself arguing with Most over her independence . After a momentous speech in Cleveland , she felt as though she had become " a parrot repeating Most 's views " and resolved to express herself on the stage . Upon her return in New York , Most became furious and told her : " Who is not with me is against me ! " She left Freiheit and joined with another publication , Die Autonomie . Meanwhile , she had begun a friendship with Berkman , whom she affectionately called Sasha . Before long they became lovers and moved into a communal apartment with his cousin Modest " Fedya " Stein and Goldman 's friend , Helen Minkin , in rural Woodstock , Illinois . Although their relationship had numerous difficulties , Goldman and Berkman would share a close bond for decades , united by their anarchist principles and commitment to personal equality . In 1892 , Goldman joined with Berkman and Stein in opening an ice cream shop in Worcester , Massachusetts . After only a few months of operating the shop , however , Goldman and Berkman were deflected from the venture by their involvement in the Homestead Strike . = = = Homestead plot = = = One of the first political moments that brought Berkman and Goldman together was the Homestead Strike . In June 1892 , a steel plant in Homestead , Pennsylvania owned by Andrew Carnegie became the focus of national attention when talks between the Carnegie Steel Company and the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers ( AA ) broke down . The factory 's manager was Henry Clay Frick , a fierce opponent of the union . When a final round of talks failed at the end of June , management closed the plant and locked out the workers , who immediately went on strike . Strikebreakers were brought in and the company hired Pinkerton guards to protect them . On July 6 , a fight broke out between three hundred Pinkerton guards and a crowd of armed union workers . During the twelve @-@ hour gunfight , seven guards and nine strikers were killed . When a majority of the nation 's newspapers came out in support of the strikers , Goldman and Berkman resolved to assassinate Frick , an action they expected would inspire the workers to revolt against the capitalist system . Berkman chose to carry out the assassination , and ordered Goldman to stay behind in order to explain his motives after he went to jail . He would be in charge of the deed ; she of the word . Berkman tried and failed to make a bomb , then set off for Pittsburgh to buy a gun and a suit of decent clothes . Goldman , meanwhile , decided to help fund the scheme through prostitution . Remembering the character of Sonya in Fyodor Dostoevsky 's novel Crime and Punishment ( 1866 ) , she mused : " She had become a prostitute in order to support her little brothers and sisters ... Sensitive Sonya could sell her body ; why not I ? " Once on the street , she caught the eye of a man who took her into a saloon , bought her a beer , gave her ten dollars , informed her she did not have " the knack " , and told her to quit the business . She was " too astounded for speech " . She wrote to Helena , claiming illness , and asked her for fifteen dollars . On July 23 , Berkman gained access to Frick 's office with a concealed handgun and shot Frick three times , then stabbed him in the leg . A group of workers — far from joining in his attentat — beat Berkman unconscious , and he was carried away by the police . Berkman was convicted of attempted murder and sentenced to 22 years in prison ; his absence from her life was very difficult for Goldman . Convinced Goldman was involved in the plot , police raided her apartment and — finding no evidence — pressured her landlord into evicting her . Worse , the attentat had failed to rouse the masses : workers and anarchists alike condemned Berkman 's action . Johann Most , their former mentor , lashed out at Berkman and the assassination attempt . Furious at these attacks , Goldman brought a toy horsewhip to a public lecture and demanded , onstage , that Most explain his betrayal . He dismissed her , whereupon she struck him with the whip , broke it on her knee , and hurled the pieces at him . She later regretted her assault , confiding to a friend : " At the age of twenty @-@ three , one does not reason . " = = = " Inciting to riot " = = = When the Panic of 1893 struck in the following year , the United States suffered one of its worst economic crises ever . By year 's end , the unemployment rate was higher than 20 % , and " hunger demonstrations " sometimes gave way to riots . Goldman began speaking to crowds of frustrated men and women in New York . On August 21 , she spoke to a crowd of nearly 3 @,@ 000 people in Union Square , where she encouraged unemployed workers to take immediate action . Her exact words are unclear : undercover agents insist she ordered the crowd to " take everything ... by force " , while Goldman later recounted this message : " Well then , demonstrate before the palaces of the rich ; demand work . If they do not give you work , demand bread . If they deny you both , take bread . " Later in court , Detective @-@ Sergeant Charles Jacobs offered yet another version of her speech . A week later she was arrested in Philadelphia and returned to New York City for trial , charged with " inciting to riot " . During the train ride , Jacobs offered to drop the charges against her if she would inform on other radicals in the area . She responded by throwing a glass of ice water in his face . As she awaited trial , Goldman was visited by Nellie Bly , a reporter for the New York World . She spent two hours talking to Goldman , and wrote a positive article about the woman she described as a " modern Joan of Arc " . Despite this positive publicity , the jury was persuaded by Jacobs ' testimony and scared by Goldman 's politics . The assistant District Attorney questioned Goldman about her anarchism , as well as her atheism ; the judge spoke of her as " a dangerous woman " . She was sentenced to one year in the Blackwell 's Island Penitentiary . Once inside she suffered an attack of rheumatism and was sent to the infirmary ; there she befriended a visiting doctor and began studying medicine . She also read dozens of books , including works by the American activist @-@ writers Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau ; novelist Nathaniel Hawthorne ; poet Walt Whitman , and philosopher John Stuart Mill . When she was released after ten months , a raucous crowd of nearly three thousand people greeted her at the Thalia Theater in New York City . She soon became swamped with requests for interviews and lectures . To make money , Goldman decided to pursue the medical work she had studied in prison . However , her preferred fields of specialization — midwifery and massage — were not available to nursing students in the US . Thus , she sailed to Europe , lecturing in London , Glasgow , and Edinburgh . She met with renowned anarchists like Errico Malatesta , Louise Michel , and Peter Kropotkin . In Vienna , she received two diplomas and put them immediately to use back in the US . Alternating between lectures and midwifery , she conducted the first cross @-@ country tour by an anarchist speaker . In November 1899 she returned to Europe , where she met the anarchist Hippolyte Havel , with whom she went to France and helped organize the International Anarchist Congress on the outskirts of Paris . = = = McKinley assassination = = = On September 6 , 1901 , Leon Czolgosz , an unemployed factory worker and registered Republican with a history of mental illness , shot US President William McKinley twice during a public speaking event in Buffalo , New York . McKinley was hit in the breastbone and stomach , and died eight days later . Czolgosz was arrested , and interrogated around the clock . During interrogation he claimed to be an Anarchist and said he had been inspired to act after attending a speech held by Goldman . The authorities used this as a pretext to charge Goldman with planning McKinley 's assassination . They tracked her to a residence in Chicago she shared with Havel , as well as Mary and Abe Isaak , an anarchist couple . Goldman was arrested , along with Abe Isaak , Havel , and ten other anarchists . Earlier , Czolgosz had tried but failed to become friends with Goldman and her companions . During a talk in Cleveland , Czolgosz had approached Goldman and asked her advice on which books he should read . In July 1901 , he had appeared at the Isaak house , asking a series of unusual questions . They assumed he was an infiltrator , like a number of police agents sent to spy on radical groups . They had remained distant from him , and Abe Isaak sent a notice to associates warning of " another spy " . Although Czolgosz repeatedly denied Goldman 's involvement , the police held her in close custody , subjecting her to what she called the " third degree " . She explained their distrust of him , and it was clear she had not had any significant contact with Czolgosz . No evidence was found linking Goldman to the attack , and she was eventually released after two weeks of detention . Before McKinley died , Goldman offered to provide nursing care , referring to him as " merely a human being " . Czolgosz , despite considerable evidence of mental illness , was convicted of murder and executed . Throughout her detention and after her release , Goldman steadfastly refused to condemn Czolgosz 's actions , standing virtually alone in doing so . Friends and supporters — including Berkman — urged her to quit his cause . But Goldman defended Czolgosz as a " supersensitive being " and chastised other anarchists for abandoning him . She was vilified in the press as the " high priestess of anarchy " , while many newspapers declared the anarchist movement responsible for the murder . In the wake of these events , socialism gained support over anarchism among US radicals . McKinley 's successor , Theodore Roosevelt , declared his intent to crack down " not only against anarchists , but against all active and passive sympathizers with anarchists " . = = = Mother Earth and Berkman 's release = = = After Czolgosz 's execution , Goldman withdrew from the world . Scorned by her fellow anarchists , vilified by the press , and separated from her love , she retreated into anonymity and nursing . " It was bitter and hard to face life anew , " she wrote later . Using the name E. G. Smith , she vanished from public life and took on a series of private nursing jobs . When the US Congress passed the Anarchist Exclusion Act , however , a new wave of activism rose to oppose it , carrying Goldman back into the movement . A coalition of people and organizations across the left end of the political spectrum opposed the law on grounds that it violated freedom of speech , and she had the nation 's ear once again . When an English anarchist named John Turner was arrested under the Anarchist Exclusion Act and threatened with deportation , Goldman joined forces with the Free Speech League to champion his cause . The league enlisted the aid of Clarence Darrow and Edgar Lee Masters , who took Turner 's case to the US Supreme Court . Although Turner and the League lost , Goldman considered it a victory of propaganda . She had returned to anarchist activism , but it was taking its toll on her . " I never felt so weighed down , " she wrote to Berkman . " I fear I am forever doomed to remain public property and to have my life worn out through the care for the lives of others . " In 1906 , Goldman decided to start a publication of her own , " a place of expression for the young idealists in arts and letters " . Mother Earth was staffed by a cadre of radical activists , including Hippolyte Havel , Max Baginski , and Leonard Abbott . In addition to publishing original works by its editors and anarchists around the world , Mother Earth reprinted selections from a variety of writers . These included the French philosopher Pierre @-@ Joseph Proudhon , Russian anarchist Peter Kropotkin , German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche , and British writer Mary Wollstonecraft . Goldman wrote frequently about anarchism , politics , labor issues , atheism , sexuality , and feminism . On May 18 of the same year , Alexander Berkman was released from prison . Carrying a bouquet of roses , she met him on the platform and found herself " seized by terror and pity " as she beheld his gaunt , pale form . Neither was able to speak ; they returned to her home in silence . For weeks , he struggled to readjust to life on the outside ; an abortive speaking tour ended in failure , and in Cleveland he purchased a revolver with the intent of killing himself . He returned to New York , however , and learned that Goldman had been arrested with a group of activists meeting to reflect on Czolgosz . Invigorated anew by this violation of freedom of assembly , he declared " My resurrection has come ! " and set about securing their release . Berkman took the helm of Mother Earth in 1907 , while Goldman toured the country to raise funds to keep it functional . Editing the magazine was a revitalizing experience for Berkman ; his relationship with Goldman faltered , however , and he had an affair with a 15 @-@ year @-@ old anarchist named Becky Edelsohn . Goldman was pained by his rejection of her , but considered it a consequence of his prison experience . Later that year she served as a delegate from the US to the International Anarchist Congress of Amsterdam . Anarchists and syndicalists from around the world gathered to sort out the tension between the two ideologies , but no decisive agreement was reached . Goldman returned to the US and continued speaking to large audiences . = = = Reitman , essays , and birth control = = = For the next ten years , Goldman traveled around the country nonstop , delivering lectures and agitating for anarchism . The coalitions formed in opposition to the Anarchist Exclusion Act had given her an appreciation for reaching out to those of other political persuasions . When the US Justice Department sent spies to observe , they reported the meetings as " packed " . Writers , journalists , artists , judges , and workers from across the spectrum spoke of her " magnetic power " , her " convincing presence " , her " force , eloquence , and fire " . In the spring of 1908 , Goldman met and fell in love with Ben Reitman , the so @-@ called " Hobo doctor " . Having grown up in Chicago 's tenderloin district , Reitman spent several years as a drifter before attaining a medical degree from the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago . As a doctor , he attended to people suffering from poverty and illness , particularly venereal diseases . He and Goldman began an affair ; they shared a commitment to free love , but whereas Reitman took a variety of lovers , Goldman did not . She tried to reconcile her feelings of jealousy with a belief in freedom of the heart , but found it difficult . Two years later , Goldman began feeling frustrated with lecture audiences . She yearned to " reach the few who really want to learn , rather than the many who come to be amused " . Thus she collected a series of speeches and items she had written for Mother Earth and published a book called Anarchism and Other Essays . Covering a wide variety of topics , Goldman tries to represent " the mental and soul struggles of twenty @-@ one years " . In addition to a comprehensive look at anarchism and its criticisms , the book includes essays on patriotism , women 's suffrage , marriage , and prisons . When Margaret Sanger , an advocate of access to contraception , coined the term " birth control " and disseminated information about various methods in the June 1914 issue of her magazine The Woman Rebel , she received aggressive support from Goldman , who had already been an active in efforts to increase birth control access for several years . In 1916 , Goldman was arrested for giving lessons in public on how to use contraceptives . Sanger , too , was arrested under the Comstock Law , which prohibited the dissemination of " obscene , lewd , or lascivious articles " — including information relating to birth control . Although they later split from Sanger over charges of insufficient support , Goldman and Reitman distributed copies of Sanger 's pamphlet Family Limitation ( along with a similar essay of Reitman 's ) . In 1915 Goldman conducted a nationwide speaking tour in part to raise awareness about contraception options . Although the nation 's attitude toward the topic seemed to be liberalizing , Goldman was arrested on February 11 , 1916 , as she was about to give another public lecture . Goldman was charged with violating the Comstock Law . Refusing to pay a $ 100 fine , Goldman spent two weeks in a prison workhouse , which she saw as an " opportunity " to reconnect with those rejected by society . = = = World War I = = = Although US President Woodrow Wilson was re @-@ elected in 1916 under the slogan " He kept us out of the war " , at the start of his second term he decided that Germany 's continued deployment of unrestricted submarine warfare was sufficient cause for the US to enter World War I. Shortly afterward , Congress passed the Selective Service Act of 1917 , which required all males aged 21 – 30 to register for military conscription . Goldman saw the decision as an exercise in militarist aggression , driven by capitalism . She declared in Mother Earth her intent to resist conscription , and to oppose US involvement in the war . To this end , she and Berkman organized the No Conscription League of New York , which proclaimed : " We oppose conscription because we are internationalists , antimilitarists , and opposed to all wars waged by capitalistic governments . " The group became a vanguard for anti @-@ draft activism , and chapters began to appear in other cities . When police began raiding the group 's public events to find young men who had not registered for the draft , however , Goldman and others focused their efforts on spreading pamphlets and other written work . In the midst of the nation 's patriotic fervor , many elements of the political left refused to support the League 's efforts . The Women 's Peace Party , for example , ceased its opposition to the war once the US entered it . The Socialist Party of America took an official stance against US involvement , but supported Wilson in most of his activities . On June 15 , 1917 , Goldman and Berkman were arrested during a raid of their offices which yielded " a wagon load of anarchist records and propaganda " for the authorities . The New York Times reported that Goldman asked to change into a more appropriate outfit , and emerged in a gown of " royal purple " . The pair were charged with conspiracy to " induce persons not to register " under the newly enacted Espionage Act , and were held on US $ 25 @,@ 000 bail each . Defending herself and Berkman during their trial , Goldman invoked the First Amendment , asking how the government could claim to fight for democracy abroad while suppressing free speech at home : We say that if America has entered the war to make the world safe for democracy , she must first make democracy safe in America . How else is the world to take America seriously , when democracy at home is daily being outraged , free speech suppressed , peaceable assemblies broken up by overbearing and brutal gangsters in uniform ; when free press is curtailed and every independent opinion gagged ? Verily , poor as we are in democracy , how can we give of it to the world ? However , the jury found Goldman and Berkman guilty . Judge Julius Marshuetz Mayer imposed the maximum sentence : two years ' imprisonment , a $ 10 @,@ 000 fine each , and the possibility of deportation after their release from prison . As she was transported to Missouri State Penitentiary ( now Jefferson City Correctional Center ) , Goldman wrote to a friend : " Two years imprisonment for having made an uncompromising stand for one 's ideal . Why that is a small price . " In prison , she was again assigned to work as a seamstress , under the eye of a " miserable gutter @-@ snipe of a 21 @-@ year @-@ old boy paid to get results " . She met the socialist Kate Richards O 'Hare , who had also been imprisoned under the Espionage Act . Although they differed on political strategy — Kate O 'Hare believed in voting to achieve state power — the two women came together to agitate for better conditions among prisoners . Goldman also met and became friends with Gabriella Segata Antolini , an anarchist and follower of Luigi Galleani . Antolini had been arrested transporting a satchel filled with dynamite on a Chicago @-@ bound train . She had refused to cooperate with authorities , and was sent to prison for 14 months . Working together to make life better for the other inmates , the three women became known as " The Trinity " . Goldman was released on September 27 , 1919 . = = = Deportation = = = Goldman and Berkman were released from prison during America 's Red Scare of 1919 – 20 , when public anxiety about wartime pro @-@ German activities had morphed into a pervasive fear of Bolshevism and the prospect of an imminent radical revolution . Attorney General Alexander Mitchell Palmer and J. Edgar Hoover , head of the US Department of Justice 's General Intelligence Division , were intent on using the Anarchist Exclusion Act and its 1918 expansion to deport any non @-@ citizens they could identify as advocates of anarchy or revolution . " Emma Goldman and Alexander Berkman , " Hoover wrote while they were in prison , " are , beyond doubt , two of the most dangerous anarchists in this country and return to the community will result in undue harm . " At her deportation hearing on October 27 , she refused to answer questions about her beliefs on the grounds that her American citizenship invalidated any attempt to deport her under the Anarchist Exclusion Act , which could be enforced only against non @-@ citizens of the US . She presented a written statement instead : " Today so @-@ called aliens are deported . Tomorrow native Americans will be banished . Already some patrioteers are suggesting that native American sons to whom democracy is a sacred ideal should be exiled . " Louis Post at the Department of Labor , which had ultimate authority over deportation decisions , determined that the revocation of her husband 's American citizenship in 1908 had revoked hers as well . After initially promising a court fight , she decided not to appeal his ruling . The Labor Department included Goldman and Berkman among 249 aliens it deported en masse , mostly people with only vague associations with radical groups who had been swept up in government raids in November . Buford , a ship the press nicknamed the " Soviet Ark , " sailed from the Army 's New York Port of Embarkation on December 21 . Some 58 enlisted men and four officers provided security on the journey and pistols were distributed to the crew . Most of the press approved enthusiastically . The Cleveland Plain Dealer wrote : " It is hoped and expected that other vessels , larger , more commodious , carrying similar cargoes , will follow in her wake . " The ship landed her charges in Hanko , Finland on Saturday , January 17 , 1920 . Upon arrival in Finland , authorities there conducted the deportees to the Russian frontier under a flag of truce . = = = Russia = = = Goldman initially viewed the Bolshevik revolution in a positive light . She wrote in Mother Earth that despite its dependence on Communist government , it represented " the most fundamental , far @-@ reaching and all @-@ embracing principles of human freedom and of economic well @-@ being " . By the time she neared Europe , however , she expressed fears about what was to come . She was worried about the ongoing Russian Civil War and the possibility of being seized by anti @-@ Bolshevik forces . The state , anti @-@ capitalist though it was , also posed a threat . " I could never in my life work within the confines of the State , " she wrote to her niece , " Bolshevist or otherwise . " She quickly discovered that her fears were justified . Days after returning to Petrograd ( Saint Petersburg ) , she was shocked to hear a party official refer to free speech as a " bourgeois superstition " . As she and Berkman traveled around the country , they found repression , mismanagement , and corruption instead of the equality and worker empowerment they had dreamed of . Those who questioned the government were demonized as counter @-@ revolutionaries , and workers labored under severe conditions . They met with Vladimir Lenin , who assured them that government suppression of press liberties was justified . He told them : " There can be no free speech in a revolutionary period . " Berkman was more willing to forgive the government 's actions in the name of " historical necessity " , but he eventually joined Goldman in opposing the Soviet state 's authority . In March 1921 , strikes erupted in Petrograd when workers took to the streets demanding better food rations and more union autonomy . Goldman and Berkman felt a responsibility to support the strikers , stating : " To remain silent now is impossible , even criminal . " The unrest spread to the port town of Kronstadt , where a military response was ordered . In the fighting that ensued , approximately 1 @,@ 000 rebelling sailors and soldiers were killed and two thousand more were arrested . In the wake of these events , Goldman and Berkman decided there was no future in the country for them . " More and more " , she wrote , " we have come to the conclusion that we can do nothing here . And as we can not keep up a life of inactivity much longer we have decided to leave . " In December 1921 , they left the country and went to the Latvian capital city of Riga . The US commissioner in that city wired officials in Washington DC , who began requesting information from other governments about the couple 's activities . After a short trip to Stockholm , they moved to Berlin for several years ; during this time she agreed to write a series of articles about her time in Russia for Joseph Pulitzer 's newspaper , the New York World . These were later collected and published in book form as My Disillusionment in Russia ( 1923 ) and My Further Disillusionment in Russia ( 1924 ) . The titles of these books were added by the publishers to be scintillating and Goldman protested , albeit in vain . = = = England , Canada , and France = = = Goldman found it difficult to acclimate to the German leftist community . Communists despised her outspokenness about Soviet repression ; liberals derided her radicalism . While Berkman remained in Berlin helping Russian exiles , she moved to London in September 1924 . Upon her arrival , the novelist Rebecca West arranged a reception dinner for her , attended by philosopher Bertrand Russell , novelist H. G. Wells , and more than two hundred others . When she spoke of her dissatisfaction with the Soviet government , the audience was shocked . Some left the gathering ; others berated her for prematurely criticizing the Communist experiment . Later , in a letter , Russell declined to support her efforts at systemic change in the Soviet Union and ridiculed her anarchist idealism . In 1925 , the spectre of deportation loomed again , but a Scottish anarchist named James Colton offered to marry her and provide British citizenship . Although they were only distant acquaintances , she accepted and they were married on June 27 , 1925 . Her new status gave her peace of mind , and allowed her to travel to France and Canada . Life in London was stressful for Goldman ; she wrote to Berkman : " I am awfully tired and so lonely and heartsick . It is a dreadful feeling to come back here from lectures and find not a kindred soul , no one who cares whether one is dead or alive . " She worked on analytical studies of drama , expanding on the work she had published in 1914 . But the audiences were " awful " and she never finished her second book on the subject . Goldman traveled to Canada in 1927 , just in time to receive news of the impending executions of Italian anarchists Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti in Boston . Angered by the many irregularities of the case , she saw it as another travesty of justice in the US . She longed to join the mass demonstrations in Boston ; memories of the Haymarket affair overwhelmed her , compounded by her isolation . " Then , " she wrote , " I had my life before me to take up the cause for those killed . Now I have nothing . " In 1928 , she began writing her autobiography , with the support of a group of admirers , including journalist H. L. Mencken , poet Edna St. Vincent Millay , novelist Theodore Dreiser and art collector Peggy Guggenheim , who raised $ 4 @,@ 000 for her . She secured a cottage in the French coastal city of Saint @-@ Tropez and spent two years recounting her life . Berkman offered sharply critical feedback , which she eventually incorporated at the price of a strain on their relationship . Goldman intended the book , Living My Life , as a single volume for a price the working class could afford ( she urged no more than $ 5 @.@ 00 ) ; her publisher Alfred A. Knopf , however , released it as two volumes sold together for $ 7 @.@ 50 . Goldman was furious , but unable to force a change . Due in large part to the Great Depression , sales were sluggish despite keen interest from libraries around the US . Critical reviews were generally enthusiastic ; The New York Times , The New Yorker , and Saturday Review of Literature all listed it as one of the year 's top non @-@ fiction books . In 1933 , Goldman received permission to lecture in the United States under the condition that she speak only about drama and her autobiography — but not current political events . She returned to New York on February 2 , 1934 to generally positive press coverage — except from Communist publications . Soon she was surrounded by admirers and friends , besieged with invitations to talks and interviews . Her visa expired in May , and she went to Toronto in order to file another request to visit the US . However , this second attempt was denied . She stayed in Canada , writing articles for US publications . In February and March 1936 , Berkman underwent a pair of prostate gland operations . Recuperating in Nice and cared for by his companion , Emmy Eckstein , he missed Goldman 's sixty @-@ seventh birthday in Saint @-@ Tropez in June . She wrote in sadness , but he never read the letter ; she received a call in the middle of the night that Berkman was in great distress . She left for Nice immediately but when she arrived that morning , Goldman found that he had shot himself and was in a nearly comatose paralysis . He died later that evening . = = = Spanish Civil War = = = In July 1936 , the Spanish Civil War started after an attempted coup d 'état by parts of the Spanish Army against the government of the Second Spanish Republic . At the same time , the Spanish anarchists , fighting against the Nationalist forces , started an anarchist revolution . Goldman was invited to Barcelona and in an instant , as she wrote to her niece , " the crushing weight that was pressing down on my heart since Sasha 's death left me as by magic " . She was welcomed by the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo ( CNT ) and Federación Anarquista Ibérica ( FAI ) organizations , and for the first time in her life lived in a community run by and for anarchists , according to true anarchist principles . " In all my life " , she wrote later , " I have not met with such warm hospitality , comradeship and solidarity . " After touring a series of collectives in the province of Huesca , she told a group of workers : " Your revolution will destroy forever [ the notion ] that anarchism stands for chaos . " She began editing the weekly CNT @-@ FAI Information Bulletin and responded to English @-@ language mail . Goldman began to worry about the future of Spain 's anarchism when the CNT @-@ FAI joined a coalition government in 1937 — against the core anarchist principle of abstaining from state structures — and , more distressingly , made repeated concessions to Communist forces in the name of uniting against fascism . She wrote that cooperating with Communists in Spain was " a denial of our comrades in Stalin 's concentration camps " . Russia , meanwhile , refused to send weapons to anarchist forces , and disinformation campaigns were being waged against the anarchists across Europe and the US . Her faith in the movement unshaken , Goldman returned to London as an official representative of the CNT @-@ FAI . Delivering lectures and giving interviews , Goldman enthusiastically supported the Spanish anarcho @-@ syndicalists . She wrote regularly for Spain and the World , a biweekly newspaper focusing on the civil war . In May 1937 , however , Communist @-@ led forces attacked anarchist strongholds and broke up agrarian collectives . Newspapers in England and elsewhere accepted the timeline of events offered by the Second Spanish Republic at face value . British journalist George Orwell , present for the crackdown , wrote : " [ T ] he accounts of the Barcelona riots in May ... beat everything I have ever seen for lying . " Goldman returned to Spain in September , but the CNT @-@ FAI appeared to her like people " in a burning house " . Worse , anarchists and other radicals around the world refused to support their cause . The Nationalist forces declared victory in Spain just before she returned to London . Frustrated by England 's repressive atmosphere — which she called " more fascist than the fascists " — she returned to Canada in 1939 . Her service to the anarchist cause in Spain was not forgotten , however . On her seventieth birthday , the former Secretary @-@ General of the CNT @-@ FAI , Mariano Vázquez , sent a message to her from Paris , praising her for her contributions and naming her as " our spiritual mother " . She called it " the most beautiful tribute I have ever received " . = = = Final years = = = As the events preceding World War II began to unfold in Europe , Goldman reiterated her opposition to wars waged by governments . " [ M ] uch as I loathe Hitler , Mussolini , Stalin and Franco " , she wrote to a friend , " I would not support a war against them and for the democracies which , in the last analysis , are only Fascist in disguise . " She felt that Britain and France had missed their opportunity to oppose fascism , and that the coming war would only result in " a new form of madness in the world " . This position was vastly unpopular , as Hitler 's attacks on Jewish communities reverberated throughout the Jewish diaspora . = = = Death = = = On Saturday , February 17 , 1940 , Goldman suffered a debilitating stroke . She became paralyzed on her right side , and although her hearing was unaffected , she could not speak . As one friend described it : " Just to think that here was Emma , the greatest orator in America , unable to utter one word . " For three months she improved slightly , receiving visitors and on one occasion gesturing to her address book to signal that a friend might find friendly contacts during a trip to Mexico . She suffered another stroke on May 8 , however , and on May 14 she died in Toronto , aged 70 . The US Immigration and Naturalization Service allowed her body to be brought back to the United States . She was buried in German Waldheim Cemetery ( now named Forest Home Cemetery ) in Forest Park , Illinois , a western suburb of Chicago , among the graves of other labor and social activists including Ben Reitman and those executed after the Haymarket affair . The bas relief on her grave marker was created by sculptor Jo Davidson . = = Philosophy = = Goldman spoke and wrote extensively on a wide variety of issues . While she rejected orthodoxy and fundamentalist thinking , she was an important contributor to several fields of modern political philosophy . She was influenced by many diverse thinkers and writers , including Mikhail Bakunin , Henry David Thoreau , Peter Kropotkin , Ralph Waldo Emerson , Nikolai Chernyshevsky , and Mary Wollstonecraft . Another philosopher who influenced Goldman was Friedrich Nietzsche . In her autobiography , she wrote : " Nietzsche was not a social theorist , but a poet , a rebel , and innovator . His aristocracy was neither of birth nor of purse ; it was the spirit . In that respect Nietzsche was an anarchist , and all true anarchists were aristocrats . " = = = Anarchism = = = Anarchism was central to Goldman 's view of the world and she is today considered one of the most important figures in the history of anarchism . First drawn to it during the persecution of anarchists after the 1886 Haymarket affair , she wrote and spoke regularly on behalf of anarchism . In the title essay of her book Anarchism and Other Essays , she wrote : Anarchism , then , really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion ; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property ; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government . Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth ; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life , according to individual desires , tastes , and inclinations . Goldman 's anarchism was intensely personal . She believed it was necessary for anarchist thinkers to live their beliefs , demonstrating their convictions with every action and word . " I don 't care if a man 's theory for tomorrow is correct , " she once wrote . " I care if his spirit of today is correct . " Anarchism and free association were to her logical responses to the confines of government control and capitalism . " It seems to me that these are the new forms of life , " she wrote , " and that they will take the place of the old , not by preaching or voting , but by living them . " At the same time , she believed that the movement on behalf of human liberty must be staffed by liberated humans . While dancing among fellow anarchists one evening , she was chided by an associate for her carefree demeanor . In her autobiography , Goldman wrote : I told him to mind his own business , I was tired of having the Cause constantly thrown in my face . I did not believe that a Cause which stood for a beautiful ideal , for anarchism , for release and freedom from conventions and prejudice , should demand denial of life and joy . I insisted that our Cause could not expect me to behave as a nun and that the movement should not be turned into a cloister . If it meant that , I did not want it . " I want freedom , the right to self @-@ expression , everybody 's right to beautiful , radiant things . " = = = = Tactical uses of violence = = = = Goldman , in her political youth , held targeted violence to be a legitimate means of revolutionary struggle . Goldman at the time believed that the use of violence , while distasteful , could be justified in relation to the social benefits it might accrue . She advocated propaganda of the deed — attentat , or violence carried out to encourage the masses to revolt . She supported her partner Alexander Berkman 's attempt to kill industrialist Henry Clay Frick , and even begged him to allow her to participate . She believed that Frick 's actions during the Homestead strike were reprehensible and that his murder would produce a positive result for working people . " Yes , " she wrote later in her autobiography , " the end in this case justified the means . " While she never gave explicit approval of Leon Czolgosz 's assassination of US President William McKinley , she defended his ideals and believed actions like his were a natural consequence of repressive institutions . As she wrote in " The Psychology of Political Violence " : " the accumulated forces in our social and economic life , culminating in an act of violence , are similar to the terrors of the atmosphere , manifested in storm and lightning . " Her experiences in Russia led her to qualify her earlier belief that revolutionary ends might justify violent means . In the afterword to My Disillusionment in Russia , she wrote : " There is no greater fallacy than the belief that aims and purposes are one thing , while methods and tactics are another .... The means employed become , through individual habit and social practice , part and parcel of the final purpose .... " In the same chapter , however , Goldman affirmed that " Revolution is indeed a violent process , " and noted that violence was the " tragic inevitability of revolutionary upheavals ... " Some misinterpreted her comments on the Bolshevik terror as a rejection of all militant force , but Goldman corrected this in the preface to the first US edition of My Disillusionment in Russia : The argument that destruction and terror are part of revolution I do not dispute . I know that in the past every great political and social change necessitated violence ... Black slavery might still be a legalized institution in the United States but for the militant spirit of the John Browns . I have never denied that violence is inevitable , nor do I gainsay it now . Yet it is one thing to employ violence in combat , as a means of defense . It is quite another thing to make a principle of terrorism , to institutionalize it , to assign it the most vital place in the social struggle . Such terrorism begets counter @-@ revolution and in turn itself becomes counter @-@ revolutionary . Goldman saw the militarization of Soviet society not as a result of armed resistance per se , but of the statist vision of the Bolsheviks , writing that " an insignificant minority bent on creating an absolute State is necessarily driven to oppression and terrorism . " = = = Capitalism and labor = = = Goldman believed that the economic system of capitalism was incompatible with human liberty . " The only demand that property recognizes , " she wrote in Anarchism and Other Essays , " is its own gluttonous appetite for greater wealth , because wealth means power ; the power to subdue , to crush , to exploit , the power to enslave , to outrage , to degrade . " She also argued that capitalism dehumanized workers , " turning the producer into a mere particle of a machine , with less will and decision than his master of steel and iron . " Originally opposed to anything less than complete revolution , Goldman was challenged during one talk by an elderly worker in the front row . In her autobiography , she wrote : He said that he understood my impatience with such small demands as a few hours less a day , or a few dollars more a week .... But what were men of his age to do ? They were not likely to live to see the ultimate overthrow of the capitalist system . Were they also to forgo the release of perhaps two hours a day from the hated work ? That was all they could hope to see realized in their lifetime . Goldman realized that smaller efforts for improvement such as higher wages and shorter hours could be part of a social revolution . = = = The state – militarism , prison , voting , speech = = = Goldman viewed the state as essentially and inevitably a tool of control and domination . As a result , Goldman believed that voting was useless at best and dangerous at worst . Voting , she wrote , provided an illusion of participation while masking the true structures of decision @-@ making . Instead , Goldman advocated targeted resistance in the form of strikes , protests , and " direct action against the invasive , meddlesome authority of our moral code " . She maintained an anti @-@ voting position even when many anarcho @-@ syndicalists in 1930s Spain voted for the formation of a liberal republic . Goldman wrote that any power anarchists wielded as a voting bloc should instead be used to strike across the country . She disagreed with the movement for women 's suffrage , which demanded the right of women to vote . In her essay " Woman Suffrage " , she ridicules the idea that women 's involvement would infuse the democratic state with a more just orientation : " As if women have not sold their votes , as if women politicians cannot be bought ! " She agreed with the suffragists ' assertion that women are equal to men , but disagreed that their participation alone would make the state more just . " To assume , therefore , that she would succeed in purifying something which is not susceptible of purification , is to credit her with supernatural powers . " Goldman was also a passionate critic of the prison system , critiquing both the treatment of prisoners and the social causes of crime . Goldman viewed crime as a natural outgrowth of an unjust economic system , and in her essay " Prisons : A Social Crime and Failure " , she quoted liberally from the 19th @-@ century authors Fyodor Dostoevsky and Oscar Wilde on prisons , and wrote : Year after year the gates of prison hells return to the world an emaciated , deformed , will @-@ less , shipwrecked crew of humanity , with the Cain mark on their foreheads , their hopes crushed , all their natural inclinations thwarted . With nothing but hunger and inhumanity to greet them , these victims soon sink back into crime as the only possibility of existence . Goldman was a committed war resister , believing that wars were fought by the state on behalf of capitalists . She was particularly opposed to the draft , viewing it as one of the worst of the state 's forms of coercion , and was one of the founders of the No @-@ Conscription League — for which she was ultimately arrested ( 1917 ) , imprisoned and deported ( 1919 ) . Goldman was routinely surveilled , arrested , and imprisoned for her speech and organizing activities in support of workers and various strikes , access to birth control , and in opposition to World War I. As a result , she became active in the early 20th century free speech movement , seeing freedom of expression as a fundamental necessity for achieving social change . Her outspoken championship of her ideals , in the face of persistent arrests , inspired Roger Baldwin , one of the founders of the American Civil Liberties Union . Goldman 's and Reitman 's experiences in the San Diego free speech fight ( 1912 ) were notorious examples of state and capitalist repression of the Industrial Workers of the World 's campaign of free speech fights . = = = Feminism and sexuality = = = Although she was hostile to the suffragist goals of first @-@ wave feminism , Goldman advocated passionately for the rights of women , and is today heralded as a founder of anarcha @-@ feminism , which challenges patriarchy as a hierarchy to be resisted alongside state power and class divisions . In 1897 , she wrote : " I demand the independence of woman , her right to support herself ; to live for herself ; to love whomever she pleases , or as many as she pleases . I demand freedom for both sexes , freedom of action , freedom in love and freedom in motherhood . " A nurse by training , Goldman was an early advocate for educating women concerning contraception . Like many feminists of her time , she saw abortion as a tragic consequence of social conditions , and birth control as a positive alternative . Goldman was also an advocate of free love , and a strong critic of marriage . She saw early feminists as confined in their scope and bounded by social forces of Puritanism and capitalism . She wrote : " We are in need of unhampered growth out of old traditions and habits . The movement for women 's emancipation has so far made but the first step in that direction . " Goldman was also an outspoken critic of prejudice against homosexuals . Her belief that social liberation should extend to gay men and lesbians was virtually unheard of at the time , even among anarchists . As German sexologist Magnus Hirschfeld wrote , " she was the first and only woman , indeed the first and only American , to take up the defense of homosexual love before the general public . " In numerous speeches and letters , she defended the right of gay men and lesbians to love as they pleased and condemned the fear and stigma associated with homosexuality . As Goldman wrote in a letter to Hirschfeld , " It is a tragedy , I feel , that people of a different sexual type are caught in a world which shows so little understanding for homosexuals and is so crassly indifferent to the various gradations and variations of gender and their great significance in life . " = = = Atheism = = = A committed atheist , Goldman viewed religion as another instrument of control and domination . Her essay " The Philosophy of Atheism " quoted Bakunin at length on the subject and added : Consciously or unconsciously , most theists see in gods and devils , heaven and hell , reward and punishment , a whip to lash the people into obedience , meekness and contentment .... The philosophy of Atheism expresses the expansion and growth of the human mind . The philosophy of theism , if we can call it a philosophy , is static and fixed . In essays like " The Hypocrisy of Puritanism " and a speech entitled " The Failure of Christianity " , Goldman made more than a few enemies among religious communities by attacking their moralistic attitudes and efforts to control human behavior . She blamed Christianity for " the perpetuation of a slave society " , arguing that it dictated individuals ' actions on Earth and offered poor people a false promise of a plentiful future in heaven . She was also critical of Zionism , which she saw as another failed experiment in state control . = = Legacy = = Goldman was well known during her life , described as — among other things — " the most dangerous woman in America " . After her death and through the middle part of the 20th century , her fame faded . Scholars and historians of anarchism viewed her as a great speaker and activist , but did not regard her as a philosophical or theoretical thinker on par with , for instance , Kropotkin . In 1970 , Dover Press reissued Goldman 's biography , Living My Life , and in 1972 , feminist writer Alix Kates Shulman issued a collection of Goldman 's writing and speeches , Red Emma Speaks . These works brought Goldman 's life and writings to a larger audience , and she was in particular lionized by the women 's movement of the late 20th century . In 1973 , Shulman was asked by a printer friend for a quotation by Goldman for use on a T @-@ shirt . She sent him the selection from Living My Life about " the right to self @-@ expression , everybody 's right to beautiful , radiant things " , recounting that she had been admonished " that it did not behoove an agitator to dance " . The printer created a statement based on these sentiments that has become one of Goldman 's most famous quotations , even though she probably never said or wrote it as such : " If I can 't dance I don 't want to be in your revolution . " Variations of this saying have appeared on thousands of T @-@ shirts , buttons , posters , bumper stickers , coffee mugs , hats , and other items . The women 's movement of the 1970s that " rediscovered " Goldman was accompanied by a resurgent anarchist movement , beginning in the late 1960s , which also reinvigorated scholarly attention to earlier anarchists . The growth of feminism also initiated some reevaluation of Goldman 's philosophical work , with scholars pointing out the significance of Goldman 's contributions to anarchist thought in her time . Goldman 's belief in the value of aesthetics , for example , can be seen in the later influences of anarchism and the arts . Similarly , Goldman is now given credit for significantly influencing and broadening the scope of activism on issues of sexual liberty , reproductive rights , and freedom of expression . Goldman has been depicted in numerous works of fiction over the years , including Warren Beatty 's 1981 film Reds , in which she was portrayed by Maureen Stapleton , who won an Academy Award for her performance . Goldman has also been a character in two Broadway musicals , Ragtime and Assassins . Plays depicting Goldman 's life include Howard Zinn 's play , Emma ; Martin Duberman 's Mother Earth ( 1991 ) ; Jessica Litwak 's Emma Goldman : Love , Anarchy , and Other Affairs ( Goldman 's relationship with Berkman and her arrest in connection with McKinley 's assassination ) ; Lynn Rogoff 's Love Ben , Love Emma ( Goldman 's relationship with Reitman ) ; and Carol Bolt 's Red Emma . Ethel Mannin 's 1941 novel Red Rose is also based on Goldman 's Life . Goldman has been honored by a number of organizations named in her memory . The Emma Goldman Clinic , a women 's health center located in Iowa City , Iowa , selected Goldman as a namesake " in recognition of her challenging spirit . " Red Emma 's Bookstore Coffeehouse , an infoshop in Baltimore , Maryland adopted her name out of their belief " in the ideas and ideals that she fought for her entire life : free speech , sexual and racial equality and independence , the right to organize in our jobs and in our own lives , ideas and ideals that we continue to fight for , even today " . Paul Gailiunas and his late wife Helen Hill co @-@ wrote the anarchist song " Emma Goldman " , which was performed and released by the band Piggy : The Calypso Orchestra of the Maritimes in 1999 . The song was later performed by Gailiunas ' new band The Troublemakers and released on their 2004 album Here Come The Troublemakers . = = Works = = Goldman was a prolific writer , penning countless pamphlets and articles on a diverse range of subjects . She authored six books , including an autobiography , Living My Life , and a biography of fellow anarchist Voltairine de Cleyre . = = = Books written by Emma Goldman = = = Anarchism and Other Essays . New York : Mother Earth Publishing Association , 1910 . The Social Significance of the Modern Drama . Boston : Gorham Press , 1914 . My Disillusionment in Russia . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , Page and Co . , 1923 . My Further Disillusionment in Russia . Garden City , New York : Doubleday , Page and Co . , 1924 . Living My Life . New York : Knopf , 1931 . Voltairine de Cleyre . Berkeley Heights , New Jersey : Oriole Press , 1932 . = = = Edited collections = = = Red Emma Speaks : Selected Writings and Speeches . New York : Random House , 1972 . ISBN 0 @-@ 394 @-@ 47095 @-@ 8 . Emma Goldman : A Documentary History Of The American Years , Volume 1 – Made for America , 1890 – 1901 . Berkeley : University of California Press , 2003 . ISBN 0 @-@ 520 @-@ 08670 @-@ 8 . Emma Goldman : A Documentary History Of The American Years , Volume 2 – Making Speech Free , 1902 – 1909 . Berkeley : University of California Press , 2004 . ISBN 0 @-@ 520 @-@ 22569 @-@ 4 . Emma Goldman : A Documentary History of the American Years , Volume 3 – Light and Shadows , 1910 – 1916 . Stanford : Stanford University Press , 2012 . ISBN 0 @-@ 8047 @-@ 7854 @-@ X. = = = Journal article = = = Goldman , Emma ( 2002 ) [ 1910 ] . " The traffic in women " . Hastings Women 's Law Journal , symposium issue : Sexual Slavery : the Trafficking of Women and Girls into the United States for Sexual Exploitation ( University of California , Hastings College of the Law ) 13 ( 1 ) : 9 – 20 . Pdf .
= 1967 – 68 Manchester City F.C. season = The 1967 – 68 season was Manchester City F.C. ' s seventy @-@ sixth season of league football , and second consecutive season in the Football League First Division . In the third full season under the management of Joe Mercer and Malcolm Allison , Manchester City were unfancied at the start of the season following a mid @-@ table finish in 1966 – 67 Following the signing of forward Francis Lee , the club embarked on an unbeaten run that saw the club challenge at the top of the table . A televised victory against Tottenham Hotspur in snowy conditions proved particularly notable , becoming known as the Ballet on Ice . Going into the final match of the season , Manchester City led the table . A 4 – 3 win at Newcastle United clinched the club 's second league title , winning the First Division by two clear points over club rivals Manchester United . The league championship was the first trophy of the most successful period in Manchester City 's history . Under Mercer and Allison , the club won a further three trophies in the following two seasons . = = Background and pre @-@ season = = The 1966 – 67 season had been Manchester City 's first in the top flight after winning promotion from the Second Division in 1966 . A fifteenth @-@ place finish consolidated the club 's place in the division . Club captain Johnny Crossan struggled with injuries in 1966 – 67 , and was sold to Middlesbrough for £ 34 @,@ 500 in the close season . Tony Book succeeded him as captain . The club made no major signings before the start of the season , though Tony Coleman , a winger with a wild off @-@ field reputation , had arrived from Doncaster Rovers at the tail @-@ end of the 1966 – 67 season . Mercer had reservations about signing Coleman , but Allison convinced Mercer that he could pacify a man he once described as " the nightmare of a delirious probation officer " . City also attempted to sign England international goalkeeper Gordon Banks , but were outbid by Stoke City . The team travelled to Europe in pre @-@ season , playing friendlies against Eintracht Braunschweig and Standard Liège . After returning to England they played Portsmouth at Fratton Park , winning 2 – 0 , and finished their preparations with a resounding home win against Borussia Dortmund . Between matches , the players followed a fitness plan created by former athlete Joe Lancaster , under instruction from Malcolm Allison . The training regime was initially unpopular with the players ; the severity of the first session caused some players to vomit . = = Football League First Division = = City 's season opened with a 0 – 0 draw at home to Liverpool . City were awarded a penalty , but new captain Tony Book hit it wide . Two defeats followed , at Southampton and Stoke . The Stoke defeat led to a tactical switch . Mike Summerbee , who played wide on the right at the start of the season , was moved to centre @-@ forward . The change reaped immediate dividends , with Summerbee playing a leading role in a 4 – 2 win against Southampton . This was the first in a run of five straight wins , after which Manchester City had caught up with the league leaders . During this run of wins young winger Stan Bowles made his league debut , scoring twice in a 5 – 2 win against Sheffield United . Manchester City 's first transfer business of the season brought goalkeeper Ken Mulhearn to the club from Stockport County on 21 September , a deal that involved City 's back @-@ up goalkeeper Alan Ogley moving in the opposite direction . Harry Dowd kept goal in the next match , a 1 – 0 defeat at Arsenal , but then dislocated a finger , prompting a debut for Mulhearn in the season 's first Manchester derby . Mulhearn was reputedly so nervous before the match that Allison locked him in the medical room until he calmed down . Colin Bell scored the opener after five minutes , but two Bobby Charlton goals meant a win for Manchester United . In the second half of the match , Bowles exchanged punches with Brian Kidd , though neither man was sent off , largely thanks to the intervention of their respective captains . The derby loss was followed by a third consecutive defeat , at Sunderland . A couple of days after the Roker Park defeat , Manchester City completed the signing of centre @-@ forward Francis Lee from Bolton Wanderers for a club record £ 60 @,@ 000 . During negotiations Mercer stated to Lee that " we feel we 've got the start of a good side . We are just one player short , and we think you are that player . " Lee made his debut in a 2 – 0 win at home to Wolverhampton Wanderers , the start of an 11 match unbeaten run , including a 6 – 0 win against Leicester City . = = = Ballet on Ice = = = Midway through their unbeaten run , City faced Tottenham Hotspur at home in snowy conditions , in a match televised on Match of the Day . As the teams came out onto the frozen pitch , commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme called the Manchester City team as " the most exciting team in England " . Aided by a modification to the studs on their boots suggested by Tony Book , City produced one of their best footballing performances in their history . One Spurs player was quoted as saying , " It was extraordinary . City moved like Olympic speed skaters while we were falling around like clowns on a skid patch . " Tottenham took an early lead through Jimmy Greaves , but Bell equalised before half @-@ time , and in the second half City besieged Tottenham , scoring three more times to win 4 – 1 . After the match City trailed the league leaders by only a single point . The match was named as Match of the Day 's " Match of the Season " , and as the only match at Maine Road that season to be recorded for television , is the foremost recorded example of the 1967 – 68 team in action . The unbeaten run came to an end at Christmas , with back @-@ to @-@ back defeats in matches against West Bromwich Albion causing the club to fall to fourth place . The team commenced 1968 with a seven match unbeaten run , starting with consecutive 3 – 0 wins at Nottingham Forest and Sheffield United , and culminating in a 5 – 1 defeat of Fulham to go top of the table . The run came to an end with a defeat at Don Revie 's Leeds United , which also meant City were overtaken at the top of the table by local rivals Manchester United . A visit to United 's Old Trafford ground then followed . United took an early lead , but City rallied to win 3 – 1 . In late April , after City won 1 – 0 against Sheffield Wednesday and title rivals Manchester United lost to West Bromwich Albion , City were in a position where winning their final three games would all but guarantee the championship . In the first of the three , a home match against Everton , City won 2 – 0 in a match featuring Tony Book 's first league goal for the club . Next was Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane . City took a 3 – 0 lead before half time , eventually winning 3 – 1 . = = = Title decider at Newcastle = = = Going into the final match , City were level on points with neighbours Manchester United , with City holding the advantage in goal average – the first decider if teams finished level on points – but needing to win to be sure of staying above their cross @-@ city rivals . Liverpool were three points behind , but had a game in hand , so could still win the title if both City and United faltered . City faced tenth @-@ placed Newcastle United at St James ' Park ; United were at home to bottom @-@ half Sunderland . Bookmakers made United slight favourites for the title . Mike Summerbee opened the scoring on 13 minutes , but Newcastle soon equalised . Neil Young made it 2 – 1 , but again Newcastle equalised . A second strike by Young was disallowed for offside , and at half @-@ time the score was 2 – 2 . Straight after half @-@ time Young scored again , and Francis Lee scored a fourth on 63 minutes . A late Newcastle goal set up a nervy finish , but City held on to win 4 – 3 and secure the title . The win was compounded by a 2 – 1 victory by Sunderland over Manchester United , giving City the title . Liverpool won one of their remaining games but lost the other , missing their chance to leapfrog United into second by one point . = = = Matches = = = P
= Matches played ; W = Matches won ; D
= Matches drawn ; L = Matches lost ; F
= Goals for ; A = Goals against ; Pts = Points = = = Results summary = = = N.B. Points awarded for a win : 2 = = FA Cup = = As a top @-@ flight side , Manchester City entered the FA Cup in the third round , and were drawn at home to Reading of the Third Division . With City unusually wearing their maroon change kit , the match finished goalless , with Tony Coleman missing a penalty . The replay at Elm Park was a one @-@ sided affair . City won 7 – 0 , Mike Summerbee scoring a hat @-@ trick . In the fourth round , another home tie finished 0 – 0 , this time against Leicester City . In the replay Manchester City squandered a 2 – 0 lead and lost 4 – 3 . = = League Cup = = Manchester City 's League Cup run saw two notable debuts for young players . In the Second round against Leicester City , Stan Bowles scored twice in a 4 – 0 win . In the next round against Blackpool , Joe Corrigan made the first of his 605 appearances for the club . City progressed after a replay . Fulham were the opponents in the Fourth round , meaning City visited Craven Cottage for the second time in as many weeks . However , they could not replicate their league win , and lost 3 – 2 . = = Squad statistics = = = = = Squad = = = Appearances for competitive matches onlySource : = = Transfers = = = = Legacy = = The league championship was Manchester City 's first trophy since the 1956 FA Cup . The triumph was the first of the most successful period in the club 's history . Under Mercer and Allison the club went on to win the FA Cup in 1969 , and the League Cup and European Cup Winners ' Cup in 1970 . The Mercer @-@ Allison partnership changed in October 1971 , with Allison taking the manager 's role , and came to an end in June 1972 when Mercer left to take charge of Coventry City . As a result of the title win , Manchester City entered European competition for the first time . However , Malcolm Allison 's prediction that the club would " terrify Europe " proved inaccurate , with the club losing to Fenerbahçe in the first round of the European Cup .
= Star Trek : The Next Generation ( season 2 ) = The second season of the American science fiction television series Star Trek : The Next Generation commenced airing in broadcast syndication in the United States on November 21 , 1988 , and concluded on July 17 , 1989 , after airing 22 episodes . Set in the 24th century , the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship Enterprise @-@ D. Season two featured changes to the main cast , following the departure of Gates McFadden . Diana Muldaur was cast as Dr. Katherine Pulaski for a single season before the return of McFadden in season three . Academy Award winner Whoopi Goldberg also joined the cast after pursuing a role from the producers . There were significant changes backstage to the writing team . Maurice Hurley became head writer , and following extensive re @-@ writes to " The Royale " and " Manhunt " , Tracy Tormé left the writing team . Likewise , following the submission of a script for " Blood and Fire " , David Gerrold allowed his contract to run out due to issues with Gene Roddenberry and Leonard Maizlish , Roddenberry 's lawyer . Other departing writers included Leonard Mlodinow and Scott Rubenstein , while Melinda M. Snodgrass , Hans Beimler and Richard Manning joined the team . At the end of the season , Hurley also left the team . Production designer Herman F. Zimmerman left the show and was replaced by Richard James , who remained with the show for the rest of the series . The 1988 Writers Guild of America strike caused the season to be shortened to 22 episodes , and was later blamed for the lack of quality of the first few episodes . The strike also resulted in the writing team using an unused script from the aborted Star Trek : Phase II to open the season , entitled " The Child " . Budgetary changes allowed for individual episode funding to be carried between episodes , but this resulted in a lack of funding towards the end of the season which the crew attempted to solve by creating a clip show , " Shades of Grey " . " The Child " opened to 10 @.@ 9 million viewers , and ratings peaked with both " A Matter of Honor " and " The Measure of a Man " , which were watched by 11 @.@ 3 million . Although a decrease in viewers saw the lowest number of viewers for a first @-@ run episode in the series in " Manhunt " , the show became the third most @-@ watched series in its timeslot . Critics praised the episodes " The Measure of a Man " and " Q Who " , but found " Shades of Grey " to be one of the worst episodes of the entire Star Trek franchise . The season was first released on DVD on May 7 , 2002 on Region 1 , and was subsequently released on Regions 2 and 3 . The region @-@ free Blu @-@ ray releases came in December 2012 , with " The Measure of the Man " and " Q Who " receiving a limited theatrical release . = = Production = = = = = Writing = = = The second season saw Maurice Hurley being promoted to head writer after the departure of Robert Lewin . Hurley had been brought on board during the first season . His prior experience had been with shows such as The Equalizer and Miami Vice , and he later explained that he took the position because it challenged him . The 1988 Writers Guild of America strike had caused problems at the end of the first season , and these continued as the development of season two started , resulting in a shortened season . Executive producer Rick Berman blamed a decrease in quality at the start of season two on the lack of time available for proper development due to the writer 's strike . Hurley felt that the writing on the show managed to get into a rhythm during the second half of the first season , and that the strike stopped that and resulted in his eventually leaving the series . He also criticised the lack of character arcs in the series , saying that " I did some good , some bad , some mediocre , but it 's not a show that I could continue to do . It 's not where I come from . " Hurley had objected to the violent and gory scenes seen in the first season episode " Conspiracy " , written by Tracy Tormé , and Tormé continued to feel alienated by Hurley . Tormé stepped down from his role as co @-@ executive story editor , taking credit instead as a creative consultant . Following Hurley 's modifications to Tormé 's scripts for " The Royale " and " Manhunt " , Tormé elected to be credited under a pseudonym only . At one point , Roddenberry had thought that Tormé would become eventual showrunner , but the writer left due to the re @-@ writes required under Hurley 's tenure . Hannah Louise Shearer also left the team between seasons , due to differences with Hurley , but contributed stories in later seasons . Other writers joined the team during the second season , including The Tears of the Singers author Melinda M. Snodgrass , who sold the script for " The Measure of a Man " . Hans Beimler and Richard Manning were hired in the newly created positions of executive script consultants . They had both been story editors for the final eight episodes of the first season . Snodgrass later explained that , " Once I came on board there suddenly seemed to be this climate of discussion among the writers about what we wanted to do with the show . My impression was that this was a new phenomenon . We were a little bit more on the same wavelength . " She was hired as a story editor following the submission of her first episode , alongside Leonard Mlodinow and Scott Rubenstein . The other two editors left after four more episodes , with Snodgrass remaining as the sole story editor for the rest of the season . = = = = " Blood and Fire " = = = = Another writer who left the show during season two was David Gerrold . He wrote an episode for The Original Series called " The Trouble with Tribbles " and came on @-@ board The Next Generation before the pilot and wrote the first version of the bible for the series . Rick Berman stated in an early memo that the new series was intended to be an issues @-@ based show in the same mold as the original . Creator Gene Roddenberry concurred , and under questioning from fans at a convention which Gerrold also attended , Roddenberry agreed that it was time for a homosexual character to appear in Star Trek . Roddenberry told his staff that " Times have changed and we have got to be aware of it . " This resulted in Gerrold pitching a story called " Blood and Fire " , which included two homosexual crew members and an AIDS allegory . Roddenberry cleared the idea to be produced into a script , and Gerrold went off to appear on a Star Trek cruise having received a telegram telling him that everyone in the office was pleased with the new story . Upon his return , he found that the story was not going to be used in the current form . Gerrold later said that " I was told that Gene 's lawyer did not like the script and felt that this was not a good episode , and so on his advice , it seems , the script was cancelled . That 's what I was told by someone who was in a position to know . I don 't have any proof in writing , so I have to qualify it by saying someone told me . " Official sources stated that Paramount became involved , and that the company felt the story was inappropriate for younger viewers in the syndicated marketplace and that complaints would be received from parents . The script was given to Herbert Wright to re @-@ write . Roddenberry gave Wright a number notes on the script , who accidentally handed over notes on the script to Gerrold which were written by Roddenberry 's lawyer , Leonard Maizlish . Due to the workload on Wright at the time , Gerrold offered to make a first attempt at the re @-@ write with the intention of removing the homosexual characters . However , after initially clearing that with Roddenberry , Wright later received a phone call from him telling Wright not to let Gerrold work on it . Shortly after , Wright received a second call from Maizlish to reinforce the message that Gerrold must not be allowed to work on the script . After numerous revisions by Wright , including a version called " Blood and Ice " , the script was eventually dropped from the schedule . Gerrold asked for his contract not to be renewed following the problems with the episode . Ernie Over , Roddenberry 's personal assistant at the time , later said that the claims were blown out of proportion by Gerrold , that " Blood and Fire " was simply a bad script . = = = Development = = = The series bible stated the intention to create new villains for the new show , but after the failure of the Ferengi , the Romulans were introduced in the final episode of the first season and continued to be featured throughout season two . The cybernetic Borg were introduced in the episode " Q Who " , modified from the insectoid race that Hurley had intended to introduce in a longer version of the season one finale " The Neutral Zone " . The Borg returned sporadically throughout the rest of the series , appearing in five further episodes . But unlike other alien adversaries created for The Next Generation , they became the only one to transition into films with Star Trek : First Contact . A further change seen in season two , which increased later in the season , was an increased focus on the trio of Captain Jean @-@ Luc Picard , Commander William T. Riker and Lt Cmdr. Data , reminiscent of Captain James T. Kirk , Dr. Leonard McCoy and Commander Spock in Star Trek : The Original Series . This relegated the other cast members to background roles for the majority of episodes . Paramount changed the way that individual episodes were funded , with overspending on some episode budgets allowed on the proviso that it would be recouped by a reduction in others . Due to the effects of the writer 's strike , the writing staff searched the scripts from Star Trek : Phase II , a series which was cancelled before being filmed ; the first planned episode had been developed into Star Trek : The Motion Picture . From those scripts , one was identified with potential for season two ; it resulted in the opening episode " The Child " . The role of Lt. Ilia was rewritten in the story to become a part for Marina Sirtis as Counselor Deanna Troi . Sirtis praised this development , as she felt she had been overlooked during the first season due to the presence of both McFadden and Denise Crosby . Episodes were developed to touch on social issues in the same manner as The Original Series . " The Child " featured a brief debate on abortion , " Up the Long Ladder " discussed cloning , and " Loud as a Whisper " was about accepting the legitimacy of sign language for the deaf . Problems arose when the estate of Arthur Conan Doyle threatened to sue the producers if the show used Sherlock Holmes once more following the episode " Elementary , Dear Data " . Budgetary reasons resulted in the season ending with the episode " Shades of Grey " , a clip show consisting mostly of footage of earlier episodes . That episode was filmed over three days instead of the usual seven , and was agreed by the production staff to be one of the worst episodes of any Star Trek series . = = = Make @-@ up and set design = = = Following issues with his make @-@ up throughout the first season , Michael Dorn 's Klingon prosthetics were modified . Michael Westmore made the headpiece simpler , and Dorn took to wearing a headband under the headpiece to reduce a skin rash on his forehead . The headpiece was then glued down around the edges . The bridge set was moved from Stage 6 to the larger Stage 8 on the Paramount lot between season 1 and 2 , and in the process was re @-@ assembled slightly asymmetrically , an error no one noticed despite remaining that way through the rest of the series . Other modifications made to the bridge set included redesigned rear bridge stations so that LeVar Burton 's character Geordi La Forge , in his new role as Chief Engineer , could have a work station on the bridge , and modifications to several chairs to fit the actors better . A viewscreen was added to the observation lounge and a new set was created to represent the Ten @-@ Forward lounge . The lounge was the final set to be designed for The Next Generation by Herman Zimmerman . He explained that " Ten @-@ Forward became the place where ordinary crew and the officers could co @-@ mingle , and where aliens who were not allowed on the bridge could interact with other crew @-@ members . It was a very important set for the telling of stories . " = = = Casting = = = Before the second season , there was a change to the main cast . Gates McFadden , who portrayed Dr. Beverly Crusher , was fired from the show and replaced with Diana Muldaur , who played a new character called Dr. Katherine Pulaski . Rick Berman later said that " There were those who believed at the end of the first season that they didn 't like the way her character was developing , vis @-@ a @-@ vis Gates ' performance , and managed to convince Mr. Roddenberry of that " . He said that he did not agree with the decision . Roddenberry decided to write Crusher out rather than killing the character to allow for McFadden 's return in the future . Keith DeCandido later suggested that it was Maurice Hurley who wanted McFadden out of the show , and after he left at the end of the season , the door was open for her to return . Pulaski was intended to be reminiscent of Dr. Leonard McCoy from The Original Series . Muldaur had appeared twice in The Original Series , first as Dr. Anne Mulhull in " Return to Tomorrow " and later as Dr. Miranda Jones in " Is There in Truth No Beauty ? " . She had also appeared in a Roddenberry @-@ led pilot , Planet Earth . Christina Pickles had also been considered for the part , and Berman stated that she was the second choice for the role . Muldaur was offered a main cast credit , but declined in favor of a " special guest appearance " credit , and went into the role expecting only to be in the show for a single season . Muldaur left after season two , with McFadden returning as Crusher for season three . Muldaur said that " People have tried to create some kind of something out of it , but she played one part and I played a totally different part ... it would not have been good to have continued very much longer , even though everyone was really lovely " . Another actress to join the show was Academy Award winner Whoopi Goldberg , who had been a long @-@ time Star Trek fan . She credited Nichelle Nichols as Uhura in The Original Series as an inspiration , saying " Well , when I was nine years old Star Trek came on , I looked at it and I went screaming through the house , ' Come here , mum , everybody , come quick , come quick , there 's a black lady on television and she ain 't no maid ! ' I knew right then and there I could be anything I wanted to be . " To appear on the show , Goldberg contacted the producers initially through LeVar Burton . The producers did not believe her as they felt that a movie star such as Goldberg would not want to appear in Star Trek , and ignored calls from her agent , until Goldberg called them personally . A meeting was arranged between her and Rick Berman , and she agreed to appear in six episodes of season two . Her character , Guinan , was named after Mary " Texas " Guinan , a prohibition @-@ era speakeasy owner . Guest stars in season two included Teri Hatcher , who appeared in the episode " The Outrageous Okona " before she gained the role of Lois Lane in the Superman television series Lois and Clark . She was not credited for the role as transporter chief B.G. Robinson after the majority of her scenes were cut from the final episode , resulting in her requesting that the credit be removed . That episode also featured a guest appearance by Billy Campbell , who had been the second choice in the original casting for Commander William Riker . He gained the role in the episode after contacting casting agent Junie Lowry and asking to be in an episode . Musician Mick Fleetwood made a cameo as an Antedean ambassador in the episode " Manhunt " , although he did not have any lines . Robert O 'Reilly , who appeared in " Manhunt " , later gained the part of the Klingon Gowron in season three . His character became Klingon Chancellor , and he appeared in several more TNG episodes as well as having a recurring role in Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . O 'Reilly 's final appearance in Star Trek was as yet another character , in the Star Trek : Enterprise episode " Bounty " . = = = Crew = = = Following work on Star Trek V : The Final Frontier , production designer Herman F. Zimmerman elected to leave the franchise . He had intended to pursue a career in design for films , but after working on Black Rain , he returned to Star Trek with Star Trek VI : The Undiscovered Country and took on the role of production designer for Star Trek : Deep Space Nine . For The Next Generation , he recommended Richard James as his successor . James took the position as an interim measure while a permanent candidate was looked for . He ended up staying with The Next Generation as lead production designer for the rest of the series , and afterwards joined Star Trek : Voyager in the same role . John M. Dwyer left with Zimmerman , and Jim Mees was brought in to replace him . Andrew Probert , the designer of the Enterprise @-@ D , left his role as principal illustrator to join The Walt Disney Company . He was replaced by Rick Sternbach , who was supervised by James in his new role . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = By the end of season one , The Next Generation had become the highest @-@ rated first @-@ run hour @-@ long syndicated series , and the third highest @-@ rated syndicated show overall , behind only Wheel of Fortune and Jeopardy . The first episode of season two , " The Child " , aired on November 21 , 1988 to Nielsen ratings of 10 @.@ 9 million . After an initial slight decrease in viewers over the next five episodes , the season broke the 11 million mark with " Unnatural Selection " and then peaked as the next two episodes , " A Matter of Honor " and " The Measure of a Man " , were both watched by 11 @.@ 3 million viewers . After this , the ratings decreased gradually until " Manhunt " , watched by 8 @.@ 9 million and receiving the lowest ratings for a first @-@ run broadcast of a Next Generation episode . " Shades of Grey " closed the season on July 17 , 1989 , watched by 9 @.@ 8 million viewers . Despite the higher ratings seen in the earlier part of the season , it was only from " Q Who " onwards that The Next Generation rose to become the third most @-@ viewed series in its timeslot . = = = Reviews = = = Keith DeCandido for Tor.com said that second season was the one on which the rest of the series was based , with characters taking long @-@ term roles such as Geordi La Forge as Chief Engineer and Worf at the Tactical station . DeCandido said that the addition of Goldberg as Guinan was " delightful " , but that Diana Muldaur as Dr. Pulaski " didn 't entirely work as a character " . In his view , the episodes during season two were varied in quality . He gave " Q Who " ten out of ten , while he gave " Shades of Grey " a zero . It was the first time he awarded the top score to an episode ; none of the first season had qualified . He gave the season an overall mark of seven out of ten and said that " Far too many people say that TNG didn 't come into its own until the third season , and frankly , I think that that estimation comes a year too late . " Jamahl Epsicokhan at his website " Jammer 's Reviews " gave full marks of four out of four to both " The Measure of a Man " and " Q Who " . His highlight of the former was the performance of Patrick Stewart as Picard in the courtroom setting , while of the latter , he said that it was the " most absolutely necessary episode of TNG 's second season " . Like DeCandido , Epsicokhan gave " Shades of Grey " a score of zero and described it as " the most pointless episode of TNG ever made " . IGN 's Scott Collura thought that season two was an improvement over the roughness of season one and was the first time that the show stepped out from the shadow of The Original Series . He stated that several of the more memorable elements of Star Trek were introduced in this season , such as the Borg . He said that " The Measure of a Man " was the highlight of the season , while he described " Shades of Grey " as " Riker 's Cheap @-@ Ass Trip Down Memory Lane " . = = = Accolades = = = Episodes in season two of The Next Generation were nominated for eight Emmy Awards . " Q Who " was nominated in three categories , winning two : Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series and Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Drama Series . These were the only Emmy Awards won by the show ; the other episodes nominated were " Elementary , Dear Data " in two categories , while " A Matter of Honor " , " The Child " and " Unnatural Selection " were each nominated once . For the second year in a row , Wil Wheaton was nominated for a Youth in Film Awards , this time for Best Young Actor in a Family Syndicated Show . This year marked his first and only win , out of three nominations . The show also won the award for Best Syndicated Family Drama or Comedy . Melinda M. Snodgrass received the only nomination for the series at the Writers Guild of America Awards for Best Episodic Drama for the episode " The Measure of a Man " . = = Cast = = The following actors and actresses appear in the season : = = = Main cast = = = = = = Recurring cast = = = = = Episodes = = In the following table , episodes are listed by the order in which they aired . = = Home media release = = The Blu @-@ ray release of season two includes an extended version of " The Measure of a Man " , using cut footage that writer Melinda M. Snodgrass had kept on VHS . The released version includes a hybrid version with both the remastered high @-@ definition footage interspersed with the footage from the VHS tape . The additional twelve minutes of footage is raw , and features no music or special effects , but it was the first episode of The Next Generation to receive an extended cut . The Blu @-@ ray releases of seasons one and two of The Next Generation were awarded the Saturn Award for Best Television Series release at the 2013 awards . " The Measure of a Man " and " Q Who " received a limited theatrical release for one night on November 29 , 2012 . The version of " The Measure of a Man " shown was the extended version . It was the second cinema release for episodes of The Next Generation , as " Where No One Has Gone Before " and " Datalore " had been released to promote the Blu @-@ ray release of the first season .
= Turkey vulture = The turkey vulture ( Cathartes aura ) , also known in some North American regions as the turkey buzzard ( or just buzzard ) , and in some areas of the Caribbean as the John crow or carrion crow , is a vulture that is the most widespread of the New World vultures . One of three species in the genus Cathartes of the family Cathartidae , the turkey vulture ranges from southern Canada to the southernmost tip of South America . It inhabits a variety of open and semi @-@ open areas , including subtropical forests , shrublands , pastures , and deserts . Like all New World vultures , it is not closely related to the Old World vultures of Europe , Africa , and Asia . The two groups strongly resemble each other because of convergent evolution ; natural selection often leads to similar body plans in animals that adapt independently to the same conditions . The turkey vulture is a scavenger and feeds almost exclusively on carrion . It finds its food using its keen eyes and sense of smell , flying low enough to detect the gases produced by the beginnings of the process of decay in dead animals . In flight , it uses thermals to move through the air , flapping its wings infrequently . It roosts in large community groups . Lacking a syrinx — the vocal organ of birds — its only vocalizations are grunts or low hisses . It nests in caves , hollow trees , or thickets . Each year it generally raises two chicks , which it feeds by regurgitation . It has very few natural predators . In the United States , the vulture receives legal protection under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 . = = Taxonomy = = The turkey vulture received its common name from the resemblance of the adult 's bald red head and its dark plumage to that of the male wild turkey , while the name " vulture " is derived from the Latin word vulturus , meaning " tearer , " and is a reference to its feeding habits . The word buzzard is used by North Americans to refer to this bird , yet in the Old World that term refers to members of the genus Buteo . The generic term Cathartes means " purifier " and is the Latinized form from the Greek kathartēs / καθαρτης . The turkey vulture was first formally described by Linnaeus as Vultur aura in his Systema Naturae in 1758 , and characterised as V. fuscogriseus , remigibus nigris , rostro albo ( " brown @-@ gray vulture , with black wings and a white beak " ) . It is a member of the family Cathartidae , along with the other six species of New World vultures , and included in the genus Cathartes , along with the greater yellow @-@ headed vulture and the lesser yellow @-@ headed vulture . Like other New World vultures , the turkey vulture has a diploid chromosome number of 80 . The taxonomic placement of the turkey vulture and the remaining six species of New World vultures has been in flux . Though both are similar in appearance and have similar ecological roles , the New World and Old World vultures evolved from different ancestors in different parts of the world . Some earlier authorities suggested that the New World vultures were more closely related to storks . More recent authorities maintained their overall position in the order Falconiformes along with the Old World vultures or place them in their own order , Cathartiformes . However , recent genetic studies have made it clear that neither New World or Old World vultures are close to falcons , nor are New World vultures close to storks . Both are basal members of the clade Afroaves , with Old World vultures comprising several groups within the family Accipitridae , also containing eagles , kites , and hawks , while New World vultures in Cathartiformes are a sister group to Accipitriformes ( containing the osprey and secretarybird along with Accipitridae ) . There are five subspecies of turkey vulture : C. a. aura is the nominate subspecies . It is found from Mexico south through South America and the Greater Antilles . This subspecies occasionally overlaps its range with other subspecies . It is the smallest of the subspecies but is nearly indistinguishable from C. a. meridionalis in color . C. a. jota , the Chilean turkey vulture , is larger , browner , and slightly paler than C. a. ruficollis . The secondary feathers and wing coverts may have gray margins . C. a. meridionalis , the western turkey vulture , is a synonym for C. a. teter . C. a. teter was identified as a subspecies by Friedman in 1933 , but in 1964 Alexander Wetmore separated the western birds , which took the name meridionalis , which was applied earlier to a migrant from South America . It breeds from southern Manitoba , southern British Columbia , central Alberta and Saskatchewan south to Baja California , south @-@ central Arizona , southeast New Mexico , and south @-@ central Texas . It is the most migratory subspecies , migrating as far as South America , where it overlaps the range of the smaller C. a. aura . It differs from the eastern turkey vulture in color , as the edges of the lesser wing coverts are darker brown and narrower . C. a. ruficollis is found in Panama south through Uruguay and Argentina . It is also found on the island of Trinidad . It is darker and more black than C. a. aura , with brown wing edgings which are narrower or absent altogether . The head and neck are dull red with yellow @-@ white or green @-@ white markings . Adults generally have a pale yellow patch on the crown of the head . C. a. septentrionalis is known as the eastern turkey vulture . The eastern and western turkey vultures differ in tail and wing proportions . It ranges from southeastern Canada south through the eastern United States . It is less migratory than C. a. meridionalis and rarely migrates to areas south of the United States . = = Description = = A large bird , it has a wingspan of 160 – 183 cm ( 63 – 72 in ) , a length of 62 – 81 cm ( 24 – 32 in ) , and weight of 0 @.@ 8 to 2 @.@ 3 kg ( 1 @.@ 8 to 5 @.@ 1 lb ) . Birds in the northern limit of the species ' range average larger in size than the vulture from the neotropics . 124 birds from Florida averaged 2 kg ( 4 @.@ 4 lb ) while 65 and 130 birds from Venezuela were found to average 1 @.@ 22 and 1 @.@ 45 kg ( 2 @.@ 7 and 3 @.@ 2 lb ) , respectively . It displays minimal sexual dimorphism ; sexes are identical in plumage and in coloration , although the female is slightly larger . The body feathers are mostly brownish @-@ black , but the flight feathers on the wings appear to be silvery @-@ gray beneath , contrasting with the darker wing linings . The adult 's head is small in proportion to its body and is red in color with few to no feathers . It also has a relatively short , hooked , ivory @-@ colored beak . The irises of the eyes are gray @-@ brown ; legs and feet are pink @-@ skinned , although typically stained white . The eye has a single incomplete row of eyelashes on the upper lid and two rows on the lower lid . The two front toes of the foot are long and have small webs at their bases . Tracks are large , between 9 @.@ 5 and 14 cm ( 3 @.@ 7 and 5 @.@ 5 in ) in length and 8 @.@ 2 and 10 @.@ 2 cm ( 3 @.@ 2 and 4 @.@ 0 in ) in width , both measurements including claw marks . Toes are arranged in the classic , anisodactyl pattern . The feet are flat , relatively weak , and poorly adapted to grasping ; the talons are also not designed for grasping , as they are relatively blunt . In flight , the tail is long and slim . The black vulture is relatively shorter @-@ tailed and shorter @-@ winged , which makes it appear rather smaller in flight than the turkey vulture , although the body masses of the two species are roughly the same . The nostrils are not divided by a septum , but rather are perforate ; from the side one can see through the beak . It undergoes a molt in late winter to early spring . It is a gradual molt , which lasts until early autumn . The immature bird has a gray head with a black beak tip ; the colors change to those of the adult as the bird matures . Captive longevity is not well known . As of 2015 there are two captive birds over 40 years old : the Gabbert Raptor Center on the University of Minnesota campus is home to a turkey vulture named Nero with a confirmed hatch year of 1974 , and another female bird , named Richard , lives at the Lindsay Wildlife Museum in Walnut Creek , CA . Richard hatched in 1974 and arrived at the museum later that year . The oldest wild captured banded bird was 16 years old . Leucistic ( sometimes mistakenly called " albino " ) turkey vultures are sometimes seen . The turkey vulture , like most other vultures , has very few vocalization capabilities . Because it lacks a syrinx , it can only utter hisses and grunts . It usually hisses when it feels threatened , or when fighting with other vultures over a carcass . Grunts are commonly heard from hungry young and from adults in their courtship display . = = Distribution and habitat = = The turkey vulture has a large range , with an estimated global occurrence of 28 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 km2 ( 11 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 sq mi ) . It is the most abundant vulture in the Americas . Its global population is estimated to be 4 @,@ 500 @,@ 000 individuals . It is found in open and semi @-@ open areas throughout the Americas from southern Canada to Cape Horn . It is a permanent resident in the southern United States , though northern birds may migrate as far south as South America . The turkey vulture is widespread over open country , subtropical forests , shrublands , deserts , and foothills . It is also found in pastures , grasslands , and wetlands . It is most commonly found in relatively open areas which provide nearby woods for nesting and it generally avoids heavily forested areas . This bird with its crow @-@ like aspect gave foot to the naming of the Quebrada de los Cuervos ( Crows Ravine ) in Uruguay , where they dwell together with the lesser yellow @-@ headed vulture and the black vulture . = = Ecology and behavior = = The turkey vulture is gregarious and roosts in large community groups , breaking away to forage independently during the day . Several hundred vultures may roost communally in groups which sometimes even include black vultures . It roosts on dead , leafless trees , and will also roost on man @-@ made structures such as water or microwave towers . Though it nests in caves , it does not enter them except during the breeding season . The turkey vulture lowers its night @-@ time body temperature by about 6 degrees Celsius to 34 ° C ( 93 ° F ) , becoming slightly hypothermic . This vulture is often seen standing in a spread @-@ winged stance . The stance is believed to serve multiple functions : drying the wings , warming the body , and baking off bacteria . It is practiced more often following damp or rainy nights . This same behavior is displayed by other New World vultures , by Old World vultures , and by storks . Like storks , the turkey vulture often defecates on its own legs , using the evaporation of the water in the feces and / or urine to cool itself , a process known as urohidrosis . It cools the blood vessels in the unfeathered tarsi and feet , and causes white uric acid to streak the legs . The turkey vulture has few natural predators . Adult , immature and fledging vultures may fall prey to great horned owls , red @-@ tailed hawks , golden eagles and bald eagles , while eggs and nestlings may be preyed on by mammals such as raccoons and opossums . Foxes can occasionally ambush an adult but species that can climb are more likely to breach and predate nests than adults . Its primary form of defense is regurgitating semi @-@ digested meat , a foul @-@ smelling substance which deters most creatures intent on raiding a vulture nest . It will also sting if the predator is close enough to get the vomit in its face or eyes . In some cases , the vulture must rid its crop of a heavy , undigested meal in order to take flight to flee from a potential predator . Its life expectancy in the wild ranges upward of 16 years , with a captive life span of over 30 years being possible . The turkey vulture is awkward on the ground with an ungainly , hopping walk . It requires a great deal of effort to take flight , flapping its wings while pushing off the ground and hopping with its feet . While soaring , the turkey vulture holds its wings in a shallow V @-@ shape and often tips from side to side , frequently causing the gray flight feathers to appear silvery as they catch the light . The flight of the turkey vulture is an example of static soaring flight , in which it flaps its wings very infrequently , and takes advantage of rising thermals to stay soaring . = = = Diet = = = The turkey vulture feeds primarily on a wide variety of carrion , from small mammals to large grazers , preferring those recently dead , and avoiding carcasses that have reached the point of putrefaction . They may rarely feed on plant matter , shoreline vegetation , pumpkin , coconut and other crops , live insects and other invertebrates . In South America , turkey vultures have been photographed feeding on the fruits of the introduced oil palm . They rarely , if ever , kill prey themselves . The turkey vulture can often be seen along roadsides feeding on roadkill , or near bodies of water , feeding on washed @-@ up fish . They also will feed on fish or insects which have become stranded in shallow water . Like other vultures , it plays an important role in the ecosystem by disposing of carrion which would otherwise be a breeding ground for disease . The turkey vulture forages by smell , an ability that is uncommon in the avian world , often flying low to the ground to pick up the scent of ethyl mercaptan , a gas produced by the beginnings of decay in dead animals . The olfactory lobe of its brain , responsible for processing smells , is particularly large compared to that of other animals . This heightened ability to detect odors allows it to search for carrion below the forest canopy . King vultures , black vultures , and condors , which lack the ability to smell carrion , follow the turkey vulture to carcasses . The turkey vulture arrives first at the carcass , or with greater yellow @-@ headed vultures or lesser yellow @-@ headed vultures , which also share the ability to smell carrion . It displaces the yellow @-@ headed vultures from carcasses due to its larger size , but is displaced in turn by the king vulture and both types of condor , which make the first cut into the skin of the dead animal . This allows the smaller , weaker @-@ billed turkey vulture access to food , because it cannot tear the tough hides of larger animals on its own . This is an example of mutual dependence between species . = = = Reproduction = = = The breeding season of the turkey vulture varies according to latitude . In the southern United States , it commences in March , peaks in April to May , and continues into June . In more northerly latitudes , the season starts later and extends into August . Courtship rituals of the turkey vulture involve several individuals gathering in a circle , where they perform hopping movements around the perimeter of the circle with wings partially spread . In the air , one bird closely follows another while flapping and diving . Eggs are generally laid in the nesting site in a protected location such as a cliff , a cave , a rock crevice , a burrow , inside a hollow tree , or in a thicket . There is little or no construction of a nest ; eggs are laid on a bare surface . Females generally lay two eggs , but sometimes one and rarely three . The eggs are cream @-@ colored , with brown or lavender spots around their larger end . Both parents incubate , and the young hatch after 30 to 40 days . Chicks are altricial , or helpless at birth . Both adults feed the chicks by regurgitating food for them , and care for them for 10 to 11 weeks . When adults are threatened while nesting , they may flee , or they may regurgitate on the intruder or feign death . If the chicks are threatened in the nest , they defend themselves by hissing and regurgitating . The young fledge at about nine to ten weeks . Family groups remain together until fall . = = Relationship with humans = = The turkey vulture is sometimes accused of carrying anthrax or hog cholera , both livestock diseases , on its feet or bill by cattle ranchers and is therefore occasionally perceived as a threat . However , the virus that causes hog cholera is destroyed when it passes through the turkey vulture 's digestive tract . This species also may be perceived as a threat by farmers due to the similar black vulture 's tendency to attack and kill newborn cattle . The turkey vulture does not kill live animals but will mix with flocks of black vultures and will scavenge what they leave behind . Nonetheless , its appearance at a location where a calf has been killed gives the incorrect impression that the turkey vulture represents a danger to calves . The droppings produced by turkey vultures and other vultures can harm or kill trees and other vegetation . The turkey vulture can be held in captivity , though the Migratory Bird Treaty Act prevents this in the case of uninjured animals or animals capable of returning to the wild . In captivity , it can be fed fresh meat , and younger birds will gorge themselves if given the opportunity . The turkey vulture species receives special legal protections under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 in the United States , by the Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds in Canada , and by the Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals in Mexico . In the US it is illegal to take , kill , or possess turkey vultures , and violation of the law is punishable by a fine of up to $ 15 @,@ 000 and imprisonment of up to six months . It is listed as a species of Least Concern by the IUCN Red List . Populations appear to remain stable , and it has not reached the threshold of inclusion as a threatened species , which requires a decline of more than 30 percent in ten years or three generations .
= Jimmy Lavender = James Sanford " Jimmy " Lavender ( March 25 , 1884 – January 12 , 1960 ) was an American professional baseball player who played in Major League Baseball as a pitcher from 1912 to 1917 . He played a total of five seasons with the Chicago Cubs of the National League from 1912 to 1916 ; after being traded to the Philadelphia Phillies , he played an additional season in 1917 . During his playing days , his height was listed at 5 feet 11 inches ( 1 @.@ 80 m ) , his weight as 165 pounds ( 75 kg ) , and he batted and threw right @-@ handed . Born in Barnesville , Georgia , he began his professional baseball career in minor league baseball in 1906 at the age 22 . He worked his way through the system over the next few seasons , culminating with a three @-@ season stint with the Providence Grays of the Eastern League from 1909 to 1911 . Lavender primarily threw the spitball , and used it to win 16 games as a 28 @-@ year @-@ old rookie in 1912 . In July 1912 , he defeated Rube Marquard , ending Marquard 's consecutive win streak at 19 games , which at the time tied the record for the longest win streak for a pitcher in MLB history . Lavender 's early success as a rookie soon turned to mediocrity as his career progressed , winning no more than 11 games in any season afterward . On August 31 , 1915 , he threw a no @-@ hitter against the New York Giants . He was traded to the Phillies before the 1917 season , and he played one season for the team , winning six games before retiring from major league baseball . Lavender returned to Georgia , worked on his farm in Montezuma , Georgia , and played professional baseball in an independent league . He died in Cartersville , Georgia at the age of 75 . = = Early life = = James Sanford Lavender was born on March 25 , 1884 in Barnesville , Georgia into a wealthy family . He attended public schools until the age of 15 , when he was enrolled at Gordon College , a military academy located in Barnesville . He played little baseball while there , but he did enjoy participating in football . He later attended Georgia Tech and studied mechanical engineering ; he played a few games for his class ' baseball team as well . = = Minor league career = = In 1906 , at the age of 22 , he began his professional baseball career with the Cordele team in the class @-@ D Georgia State League . The following season , he was promoted to the Danville Red Sox of the class @-@ C Virginia League . On May 15 , he pitched the Red Sox to a 6 – 2 victory over the Portsmouth Truckers , allowing just one hit . With Danville , he had a 13 – 16 win – loss record in 307 innings pitched . It was during this time period that a scout who worked for Connie Mack discovered Lavender , who then sent him through a training camp and assigned him to the Holyoke Papermakers of the class @-@ B Connecticut League in 1908 ; he finished with a 21 – 17 win – loss record . From 1909 to 1911 , he played with the Providence Grays of the class @-@ A Eastern League for three seasons , winning a career @-@ high 19 games in 1911 . It was reported on September 1 , 1911 that Lavender was drafted by the Chicago Cubs in the Major League Baseball ( MLB ) draft . Charles Murphy , the Cubs ' owner , drafted him with intent of then trading him to a Montreal minor league team as compensation for an earlier trade that brought Ward Miller to the Cubs . The Providence team owner , Frank Navin ( who also owned the Detroit Tigers of the American League ( AL ) ) , appealed the transaction to the National Commission , forerunner to the modern @-@ day Commissioner of Baseball . The commission ruled that Murphy had to either keep Lavender for one year , or return him to Providence . Murphy chose to keep Lavender , and his contract was approved on February 9 , 1912 by NL president Thomas Lynch . = = Major league career = = = = = Chicago Cubs = = = = = = = 1912 – 1913 seasons = = = = Lavender made his MLB debut on April 23 , 1912 as a relief pitcher in a 5 – 3 loss to the Pittsburgh Pirates . On June 28 , versus the Pirates , he threw a one @-@ hit shutout in a 3 – 0 win , and collected three hits as a hitter . On July 1 , he shutout Pittsburgh once more , this time in a 12 @-@ inning , 1 – 0 victory . He threw his third consecutive complete game shutout on July 5 , a 4 – 0 victory over the St. Louis Cardinals . Lavender took a 33 @-@ inning consecutive scoreless inning streak into his next start , a home game against the New York Giants and pitcher Rube Marquard . He gave up five hits and defeated the Giants 7 – 2 , ending Marquard 's consecutive win streak at 19 games , which at the time tied the record for the longest streak in baseball history . The loss appeared to affect Marquard for the remainder of the season , though he regained his form in the 1912 World Series . During the 1913 season , upon the ending of an 11 @-@ game winning streak by Washington Senators pitcher Joe Boehling , Marquard commented , " I know just how Boehling feels . I know how I felt after Lavender beat me in Chicago last year after I had won nineteen straight , and I can sympathize with the Washington youngster . " Lavender would have continued success against the Giants throughout his career . Lavender 's primary pitch was the spitball , and his method of preparation was to lick the ball . In a game on July 19 , Lavender was about to load the ball when he smelled a liniment on the ball . He reported this to the home plate umpire , who then ejected the Phillies manager , Red Dooin , from the game . Dooin had been caught doing this to another spitballer , Marty O 'Toole , a few days earlier . On September 26 , Lavender and the Cubs were ahead 9 – 0 in the top half of the ninth inning versus Cincinnati , when the Reds scored 10 runs against Lavender and two other pitchers to take the lead 10 – 9 . The Cubs ultimately prevailed and gained the victory by scoring two runs in the bottom half of the ninth . Lavender started just one more game in 1912 , a 3 – 2 victory on October 5 against St. Louis . Following the season , the Cubs played a series of exhibition games with the Chicago White Sox of the American League called the City Series . Lavender started the first game against Ed Walsh , and the game ended after nine innings with a scoreless tie . Lavender gave six hits and Walsh just one . After the two teams played to a 12 @-@ inning tie two days later , Lavender pitched the Cubs to victory in game three . Two additional victories gave the Cubs a 3 – 0 series lead , but the White Sox were able to win four straight games , twice defeating Lavender , including in the series finale . He completed his rookie season with his career @-@ high 16 victories , against 13 losses , and a 3 @.@ 04 earned run average ( ERA ) in 2512 ⁄ 3 innings pitched . To begin the 1913 season , Lavender was the team 's opening day starting pitcher in a 5 – 3 loss to St. Louis on April 12 . After his successful rookie season , he was largely ineffective in the first half of 1913 season ; so much so that manager Johnny Evers was contemplating putting Lavender on waivers if he had not regained his form from the previous season . Lavender showed signs of improvement , surrendering just three hits in a 12 – 2 victory over the Pittsburgh Pirates on June 30 , followed by a 5 – 1 win over the Reds on July 3 . This rebound was short @-@ lived , however ; Chicago lost his next four starts before a 6 – 5 win over the Boston Braves on July 27 . He pitched in 40 games , half of which were in relief , and had a 10 – 14 win – loss record . His ERA increased to 3 @.@ 66 , and he led the NL in hit batsmen with 13 . = = = = 1914 – 1916 seasons = = = = His initial appearance of the 1914 season was in relief on April 17 , a game in which he pitched 42 ⁄ 3 innings , and gave up three runs in 6 – 5 victory over the Reds . He followed that with two consecutive strong games as the starting pitcher , allowing just one unearned run in each game ; the second was a complete game against the Reds . On June 12 , he started the game against New York , only to be injured in the third inning when he was hit in the hand by a ball batted by Fred Merkel , and had to leave the game . The injury did not cause Lavender to lose much playing time . He pitched a four @-@ inning relief appearance on June 19 , followed by a complete game shutout on June 27 against the Reds . On August 17 , he pitched a second shutout during the season , a 3 @-@ 0 victory over the Brooklyn Robins . Lavender created a controversy in a game on September 23 , when he was caught altering the baseball by rubbing it against an emery board that he had attached to his uniform 's pant leg , an illegal act . At the time , the fine for such an infraction was a five @-@ dollar fine . The Phillies players noticed that the pitcher was constantly scratching the side of his leg . They asked the umpire to search the pitcher . Lavender refused to be searched and ran into the outfield , and the umpire refused to chase Lavender . Eventually , a particularly fast Phillies player , Hans Lobert , was able to catch up with him and grab the offending item . As a result of this incident , AL president , Ban Johnson , decreed that any pitcher in his league caught using sandpaper to alter the baseball , would be suspended for 30 days and fined $ 100 . This rule became the forebearer of the rule banning other pitches as well , including the spitball . In his 37 games pitched in 1914 , 28 were as the starting pitcher . His win – loss record was 11 – 11 , and he lowered his ERA down to 3 @.@ 07 in 2141 ⁄ 3 innings pitched . Lavender got off to quick start in 1915 , pitching a complete game victory against St. Louis on April 16 . He then missed time due to suffering a broken rib attempting to climb out of a bathtub . His next appearance was not until May 7 , when he pitched two innings in relief . He regained his starting role on May 21 , hurling his second complete game victory of the season , this time against Boston . In the first game of a doubleheader on August 31 , Lavender threw a no @-@ hitter against the New York Giants , a 2 – 0 victory . He struck out eight batters and walked just one . At the conclusion of the season , the Cubs played the Chicago White Sox of the American League in an exhibition series . Lavender pitched a shutout in game two , but the White Sox were declared victors after winning four games to the Cubs ' one . His totals for the 1915 season included 41 games pitched , a 10 – 16 win – loss record , a career @-@ low 2 @.@ 58 ERA , and a career @-@ high 117 strikeouts . Though Lavender seemed to pitch well to begin the 1916 season , his record of 1 – 6 though June 10 was a direct contrast to his low 2 @.@ 89 ERA . In his next start , against the Giants on June 14 , he allowed only an infield single to Benny Kauff . The New York Sun noted that Kauff 's single was as a result of a ground ball that took a bad hop and bounced away from the fielder . Lavender continued to pitch well throughout the season , both starting and in relief , culminating with a complete game shutout against Pittsburgh on September 9 , his fourth shutout of the season . However , in his last four appearances , he was credited with the loss in three , and his ERA rose from 2 @.@ 05 to 2 @.@ 83 . His season win – loss record was 10 – 14 in 36 games and 188 innings pitched . = = = Philadelphia Phillies = = = = = = = 1917 season = = = = On December 19 , 1916 , it was reported that during the NL meetings , Chicago had traded Lavender 's rights to the Phillies for pitcher Al Demaree . However , it was not official until April 2 , 1917 , with Chicago sending an additional $ 5 @,@ 000 to complete the deal . In March , Lavender signed with Philadelphia . He made his Philadelphia debut on April 27 , pitching a complete game victory against the Giants , allowing five hits and one run . Lavender faced his former club , the Cubs , for the first time on May 19 , and pitched the last three innings for the victory . At this point in the season , he was pitching well , his ERA was 1 @.@ 57 and he had a 2 – 1 win – loss record . He soon began to falter , giving up four earned runs in four innings against the Cubs on May 22 and losing consecutive starts against New York and Pittsburgh . Then in a start against Cincinnati , he surrendered 15 hits and seven earned runs ; his ERA had now risen to 3 @.@ 29 . He had regained his form over the course of the months of July and August , lowering his ERA to 2 @.@ 69 after his game on September 8 . He lost much of his effectiveness later , however , allowing 14 hits and 10 earned runs against Boston on September 10 , and three more runs against Brooklyn in five relief innings on September 13 . After a short one @-@ inning appearance on September 25 , he started the game on October 3 against the Giants . He gave up five earned runs in five innings pitched and received the loss . It was his last major league appearance . In his one season with Philadelphia , he pitched in 28 games , and had a 6 – 8 record . His final career record was 63 @-@ 76 , with a 3 @.@ 09 ERA and 547 strikeouts in 1 @,@ 207 innings pitched . During the off @-@ season , Philadelphia planned to trade or sell Lavender , even though he had earlier announced his retirement from the game . Philadelphia 's asking price for his rights was $ 1 @,@ 000 , but they received no offers . Christy Mathewson , manager of the Reds , was reported to have had interest in Lavender , the pitcher 's success against the Giants still fresh in Mathewson 's mind . Though Philadelphia had a meeting with Cincinnati , Mathewson was unable to attend , and no trade discussions materialized . The San Francisco Seals of the Pacific Coast League expressed interest in Lavender , but he stressed that he was retired and that he would only consider a trade to Atlanta of the Southern Association so that he could be near his farm in Montezuma . In 1922 , it was reported that he signed with Atlanta after playing well for an independent team in Dawson , Georgia . = = Post @-@ baseball life = = After his playing career ended , Lavender returned to Georgia and worked on his farm in Montezuma , Georgia . He died on January 12 , 1960 , at the age of 75 , in Cartersville , Georgia , and is interred at Felton Cemetery in Montezuma . = = In popular culture = = Author Vincent Starrett , who penned The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes , created a series of short stories featuring a gentlemanly , cultured detective named " Jimmie Lavender " . Starrett stated that the name was perfect for his character , and received permission from the former pitcher for use of the name . A collection of these stories were featured in the 1944 book The Case Book of Jimmie Lavender .
= Byron McLaughlin = Byron Scott McLaughlin ( born September 29 , 1955 ) is an American retired professional baseball player , alleged counterfeit shoes manufacturer , and convicted money launderer . His baseball career spanned nine seasons , four of which were spent in Major League Baseball ( MLB ) with the Seattle Mariners ( 1977 – 1980 ) , and the California Angels ( 1983 ) . McLaughlin , a right @-@ handed pitcher used primarily in relief , compiled a major league record of 16 – 25 with a 5 @.@ 11 earned run average , five complete games , 14 saves , and 74 strikeouts in 3781 ⁄ 3 innings pitched . After his career , McLaughlin allegedly worked in the counterfeit consumer goods industry in Mexico making knock @-@ off athletic footwear , which included shoes designed to look like Converse , Vans , and Adidas . In 1990 , he was arrested for trafficking the counterfeit shoes and money laundering . He pleaded guilty to the money laundering charges , and proceeded to post bail . Before being sentenced , McLaughlin fled and his current whereabouts are unknown . = = Early life = = McLaughlin was born on September 29 , 1955 in Van Nuys , California . He attended Santa Monica High School in Santa Monica , California and Los Angeles Valley College . He played high school baseball at Santa Monica , and played the position of outfielder in his last three years . = = Professional career = = = = = Early career = = = On December 24 , 1974 , the Montreal Expos signed McLaughlin as an amateur free agent . He was assigned to their minor league organization where he played seven games as a position player with the West Palm Beach Expos of the Class @-@ A Florida State League . In those games , he batted .313 with one run scored , five hits , and one run batted in ( RBI ) . In June 1974 , McLaughlin was released by the Expos . On March 4 , 1975 , McLaughlin signed with the Baltimore Orioles . He began the season with the rookie @-@ level Bluefield Orioles of the Appalachian League . McLaughlin was used as a pitcher when he joined Bluefield . He compiled a 1 – 2 record with a 7 @.@ 46 earned run average ( ERA ) , one save , and 32 strikeouts in 14 games , two starts with Bluefield that year . He was promoted to the Class @-@ A Lodi Orioles during the season . With Lodi , McLaughlin went 0 – 1 with a 4 @.@ 67 ERA , and 12 strikeouts in 12 games , all in relief . Years later , McLaughlin gave an interview to the Associated Press where he said he was bitter at the Baltimore organization for releasing him . In 1976 , McLaughlin joined the Class @-@ A Victoria Cowboys of the Gulf States League . The Cowboys were a non @-@ affiliated minor league team . That season , McLaughlin went 10 – 4 with a 3 @.@ 05 ERA in 15 games , 14 starts . During his tenure with the Cowboys , the California Angels were reportedly interested in buying McLaughlin 's contract , but nothing ever came of it . = = = Seattle Mariners = = = On January 8 , 1977 , McLaughlin signed with the Seattle Mariners . On April 1 , 1977 , the Mariners loaned him to the Nuevo Laredo Mexican League franchise . At the time , the Mariners did not have a complete minor league organization . In the Mexican League that season , McLaughlin compiled a record of 18 – 13 with a 1 @.@ 84 ERA and 221 strikeouts as his team , the Tescolotes , won the league championship . On September 11 , 1977 , he was returned to the Mariners . McLaughlin made his Major League Baseball ( MLB ) debut on September 18 , against the Kansas City Royals at Kaufman Stadium . In 11 ⁄ 3 innings pitched , he gave @-@ up five hits , four runs ( all earned ) , and struck out one in his only major league appearance that season . McLaughlin split the 1978 season between the major leagues and minors . McLaughlin made his season debut with Seattle on April 25 , against the California Angels . In that game , which also marked his first MLB start , McLaughlin gave up three runs ( all earned ) and struck out 10 in six innings pitched . He came away with the loss , which was his first MLB decision . In late June the Mariners sent him down to the minor leagues . With the San Jose Missions , who were the Mariners Triple @-@ A affiliate at the time , he went 5 – 2 with a 3 @.@ 50 ERA , and 52 strikeouts in eight games , all starts . Two of those starts were complete games . McLaughlin was called back up to the majors in July after pitcher John Montague was placed on the disabled list . McLaughlin 's first major league win came on August 16 , against the Baltimore Orioles . In the majors that season , McLaughlin went 4 – 8 with a 4 @.@ 37 ERA and 87 strikeouts in 20 games , 17 starts . Four of his starts were complete games . After the 1978 season , McLaughlin pitched in the Mexican Pacific League , where he led all pitchers with a 1 @.@ 05 ERA and 143 strikeouts . In March 1979 , McLaughlin re @-@ signed with the Mariners . McLaughlin spent the entire regular season with the Mariners that year . He made his season debut on April 6 , against the Cleveland Indians , where he pitched seven innings , and came away with a win . In mid @-@ April , he missed a game after bruising his hand in his hotel room when he was practicing his pitching motion . McLaughlin earned his first major league save on June 6 , against the Detroit Tigers . On July 3 , he threw his only complete game of the season in a game against the Minnesota Twins . In August , McLaughlin missed a game to get married in Mexico . On August 14 , it was reported by The Miami News that McLaughlin was carrying a .357 Magnum when he traveled . With Seattle that season , McLaughlin compiled a record of 7 – 7 with a 4 @.@ 22 with 14 saves , and 74 strikeouts in 47 games , seven starts . In 1980 , McLaughlin started the season with the Seattle Mariners . In June , the Cleveland Indians were reportedly attempting to trade for McLaughlin and teammate Larry Milbourne in exchange for Bo Díaz . However , nothing ever came of the deal . With Seattle that season , he went 3 – 6 with a 6 @.@ 85 ERA , two saves , and 41 strikeouts in 45 games , four of which were starts . Over his four @-@ year tenure with the Mariners , McLaughlin had a combined record of 14 – 21 with a 5 @.@ 10 ERA , five complete games , 16 saves , and 203 strikeouts in 113 games . Of those games , he made 28 starts and finished 47 . = = = Later career = = = On December 12 , 1980 , McLaughlin was traded to the Minnesota Twins in exchange for Willie Norwood . McLaughlin played with the Twins during spring training in 1981 . However , on March 31 , Minnesota released him . In the 1981 and 1982 seasons , McLaughlin played in the Mexican League . He moved his primary residence to Hermosillo during his two @-@ year stint in Mexico . In August 1982 , he joined the Spokane Indians , who were Triple @-@ A affiliates of the California Angels at the time . With the Indians that season , McLaughlin went 1 – 0 with a 1 @.@ 26 ERA , and nine strikeouts in six games , one of which was a start . After spring training in 1983 , the California Angels assigned McLaughlin to minor league camp in Casa Grande , Arizona . He was eventually assigned to the Triple @-@ A Edmonton Trappers , but was called up to the majors in June after pitcher Bruce Kison was placed on the disabled list . McLaughlin made his season debut with the Angels on June 7 , against the Chicago White Sox , pitching 11 ⁄ 3 innings , giving up one earned run . When asked what it felt like to be back in the majors , McLaughlin responded , " I 'm just thankful the Angels gave me this an opportunity to get back in the big leagues [ ... ] I always knew I could pitch but I had been labeled a trouble @-@ maker " . McLaughlin commented that the personnel on his previous teams felt he had an attitude problem , but that he did not want that to affect him while playing with the Angels , and that it was " in the past " . He picked up his first win of the season on July 1 , against the Kansas City Royals . McLaughlin was optioned to the minor leagues in August . After hearing the news , McLaughlin was reportedly furious at the Angels front office staff and even threatened to retire . However , McLaughlin continued to play in the California minor league system , and even returned to the majors in September . In the minors that year , he played for the Triple @-@ A Edmonton Trappers and the Double @-@ A Beaumont Golden Gators , going a combined 5 – 4 with a 4 @.@ 26 ERA in 26 games in 961 ⁄ 3 innings pitched . With the Angels , McLaughlin compiled a 2 – 4 record with a 5 @.@ 17 ERA , and 45 strikeouts in 16 games , seven of which were starts . = = Later life = = In October 1984 , a warrant was issued for McLaughlin 's arrest after he failed to appear in court on previous charges . McLaughlin was arrested in for illegally trafficking counterfeit shoes and money laundering in 1990 . According The New Yorker , McLaughlin , who had ties in Mexico from when he played baseball there , made deals with Korean businesspeople to make counterfeit footwear . The brands that he counterfeited included Converse , Vans , and Adidas , which he manufactured to sell in the Mexican market . Harley Lewin , a lawyer who pursued people in the counterfeit business , found that McLaughlin was making 80 @,@ 000 pairs of sneakers for about $ 750 @,@ 000 any given month . Lewin also discovered that half of all counterfeit footwear in Mexico could be traced back to McLaughlin 's business . McLaughlin pleaded guilty to the money laundering charges , but fled the county before being sentenced . While it is believed he has been living near Cannes in France for years , he has moved from that spot and his whereabouts are now unknown as he is a fugitive from justice .
= Hellenic Naval Air Service = The Hellenic Naval Air Service ( Greek : Ναυτική Αεροπορική Υπηρεσία ) or ΝΑΥ was the air arm of the Hellenic Navy from 1915 to 1930 . The first aviation units in the Greek Armed Forces were formed in June 1912 . In the following Balkan Wars , the Hellenic Navy was the first in military history to use aircraft to track down and bomb the enemy fleet ( 1913 ) . The Naval Air Service was officially established during the First World War and participated with the Allies in several missions over the Aegean . After participation in the Greco @-@ Turkish War ( 1919 – 1922 ) a long period of peace followed during which the Naval Air Service was reorganized and upgraded , especially with the establishment of the State Aircraft Factory , which manufactured various types of aircraft . In 1930 the Naval Air Service was merged with the Hellenic Army Aviation and formed the third branch in the Greek Armed Forces , the Hellenic Air Force . The Hellenic Naval Air Service must not be confused with the current aviation branch of the Hellenic Navy , which includes the helicopter @-@ equipped Navy Helicopter Command ( Διοίκηση Ελικοπτέρων Ναυτικού – ΔΕΝ ) and the 353rd Naval Cooperation Squadron ( 353 ΜΝΑΣ ) , run jointly with the Hellenic Air Force . = = History = = = = = Preparations and Balkan Wars ( 1912 – 1913 ) = = = Aviation had been introduced to Greece in February 1912 , when Emmanouil Argyropoulos performed a flight , with his privately owned Nieuport IV.G aircraft , around Athens . An hour later a second flight was carried on with the Prime Minister of Greece , Eleftherios Venizelos as passenger . Venizelos , impressed by the potential of air warfare , suggested that Greece should take advance of this new weapon . The following months a French military mission took up the development of Greek aviation by creating a fleet of four Maurice Farman MF.7 airplanes . In June 1912 , aviator Dimitrios Kamperos modified one of the Farmans into a hydroplane , giving it the name of the mythical hero Daedalus . When the Balkan Wars broke out in October 1912 , these airplanes performed a number of reconnaissance and bombing missions ; the most notable was a sortie against the Ottoman fleet anchorage in the Dardanelles , where First Lieutenant Michael Moutoussis and Ensign Aristeidis Moraitinis spotted the Ottoman fleet and dropped four bombs . This mission is regarded as the first naval @-@ air operation in military history and was widely commented upon in the press , both Greek and international . Meanwhile , the Hellenic Navy , in the process of setting up its air arm , bought a fleet of Sopwith Gunbus seaplanes ( also known as Greek Seaplanes ) . = = = World War I = = = At the beginning of 1914 credits were voted for the creation of a naval aerodrome in Eleusina , Attica . Meanwhile , despite limited funds Aristeidis Moraitinis managed to establish the first naval aviation school and corps . In spring 1915 the establishment of an independent Naval Aviation Department within the Ministry of Naval Affairs and the incorporation of the Greek naval air fleet into the Greek Navy ensured the foundation of the Naval Air Service ( NAY ) . Meanwhile , disagreements between King Constantine I and Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos over whether Greece should enter World War I , lead to political instability and the National Schism ( 1914 – 1916 ) . Greece officially joined the Triple Entente at June 1917 , however the anti @-@ royalist party of the country under the leadership of Venizelos formed a Movement of National Defence that supported the Allied military operations in the region from December 1916 . During the following years ( 1917 – 1918 ) , a fighter and bomber squadron , known as " Z " Squadron ( Greek : Ζήτα Σμήνος ) , was created by Greek personnel under direct Royal Naval Air Service command and carried out operations in the northern Aegean , based at Moudros ( Lemnos ) and Thasos . Moreover , a joint Army @-@ Navy flight school was established at Moudros . The activity of " Z " Squadron included anti @-@ submarine sweeps , attacks against targets of vital importance , as well as dogfights . Among the most significant missions were the night raids against the Gallipoli @-@ Constantinople peninsula in June 1917 , the heavy bombings of enemy positions in the Macedonian front , as well as Izmir , Ottoman Empire . In 1918 the Naval Aviation had four squadrons of Sopwith Camel biplanes and other aircraft , while each one counted ca . 10 @-@ 12 aircraft . Aristeidis Moraitinis , the commander of the Hellenic Naval Air Service , acquired the nickname the Fearless Aviator by his British colleagues and counted nine victories in total , becoming so Greece 's only World War I ace . In one occasion , on 20 January 1918 , Moraitinis , fought ten enemy aircraft which attacked two British Sopwith Baby seaplanes he was escorting on their way to bomb the Turkish battlecruiser Yavuz Sultan Selim ( the former German SMS Goeben ) and managed to shoot down three of them . = = = Greco @-@ Turkish War and Interwar period = = = In the following Greco @-@ Turkish War of 1919 – 1922 the Naval Aviation formed one squadron , that together with additional four of the Army Aviation Service participated in operations in Asia Minor . This squadron ( Greek : Ναυτική Αεροπορική Μοίρα Σμύρνης ) initially consisted of 10 Airco DH.9 bombers and 15 Sopwith Camel F.1 fighters . The Asia Minor Campaign was followed by a long period of peace during which both the Hellenic Army and Naval Aviation Services were reorganized and upgraded . From 1925 new types of aircraft of British and , mainly , French manufacture were delivered . At 1925 , in co @-@ operation with the British Company Blackburn Aircraft , the State Aircraft Factory ( KEA ) was set up in Phaleron , near Athens . The factory developed a number of aircraft that were designed by Blackburn Aircraft and built under license , like the two @-@ seat torpedo carrier , T3A Velos and the KEA Chelidon , as well as the Armstrong Whitworth Atlas and the Avro 504 . On the other hand , a new Naval Aviation school was established at Tatoi , Attica , in 1926 . In 1930 the Air Ministry was founded and the Hellenic Air Force was established as a unified independent branch of the Hellenic Armed Forces . Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos was sworn in as the first Air Minister and assigned the reorganisation of the branch to the veteran aviator Alexandros Zannas . = = Notable personnel = = Aristeidis Moraitinis , commander of the Hellenic Naval Air Service ( 1917 – 1918 ) and World War I ace . Konstantinos Panagiotou , commander ( 1918 ) . Pantelis Psychas , World War I aviator , awarded the British Distinguished Service Cross . Spyridon Hambas , World War I aviator . Dimitrios Argyropoulos , World War I aviator and the first casualty of the Hellenic Naval Air Service ( 1917 ) . Thanos Veloudios , distinguished during the Greco @-@ Turkish War ( 1919 – 1922 ) . = = Aircraft of the Hellenic Naval Air Service = =
= Great Captain Island = Great Captain Island , also known more familiarly as " Great Captain 's Island , " is an island off the coast of Greenwich , Connecticut . The 17 @.@ 2 @-@ acre ( 70 @,@ 000 m2 ) island is the largest of a three @-@ island group that also includes Little Captain and Wee Captain . The island is a remnant of a glacial moraine and has a large glacial erratic on the southern side , the island 's east and west sides are connected by a tombolo . The island has had several owners , but has been owned in whole by the Town of Greenwich since 1973 . The island is home to the Great Captain Island Light , a 19th @-@ century lighthouse that was restored in 2009 and relit as a non @-@ navigational aid in 2012 . The actual navigation aid is a skeletal tower erected in 1970 . Great Captain Island is one of the state 's 26 " important bird areas " according to the Connecticut Audubon Society . The town operates a ferry service to and from the island from about the second week in June through the second week of September . Trails have been laid out for visitors , and the western part of the island has picnic tables , grills , restrooms , and posted swimming areas . The island is open year round , with a ferry running during the summer . No public tours of the lighthouse or island are available . = = Location and geology = = The 17 @.@ 2 @-@ acre ( 70 @,@ 000 m2 ) island is the largest of a three @-@ island group that also includes Little Captain and Wee Captain . The Town of Greenwich states that the Great Captain Island " is a remnant of a glacial moraine . It contains a diversity of rock types- gneiss , schist , granite @-@ with a very large glacial erratic on the southern side . " The island 's east and west sides are connected by a tombolo , and the southern side has a lagoon that winds its way around the lighthouse . = = History = = There are two theories for how the island got its name , the first of which is that the island is named after Captain Kidd who was rumored to have buried a treasure of gold and silver on it . The Town of Greenwich acknowledges both this and another theory that states that " [ t ] he " Captain " of the title reportedly memorializes Captain Daniel Patrick , a partner in the first recorded real estate transaction in Greenwich in the 1640s and the town 's first military commander . " In 1763 , George III granted the island to John Anderson . In 1829 , the federal government purchased 3 @.@ 5 acres of land on the southeast part of Great Captain Island from Samuel Lyons . The states of New York and Connecticut both claimed the island in the 19th century but , after 50 years , a commission resolved the dispute in favor of Connecticut . The lighthouse keepers and their families farmed on the tract of land and the other areas of the island were used for hunting , fishing and recreational use . In 1926 , the rest of the island was sold to a developer who built and opened an exclusive clubhouse on the site . Opening in 1930 , at the beginning of the Great Depression , it soon was closed . The Town of Greenwich acquired the island through foreclosure and sold the property to Port @-@ Green Corporation . During this time , the Coast Guard inadvertently destroyed the clubhouse by dropping flares on it while searching for a missing plane . A fire in 1955 would destroy the rest of the club . In 1955 , Areotech Industries purchased the island and used it as an employee recreational spot and built cabana cottages on it in 1957 . During its ownership with Areotech , it was re @-@ named Huckleberry Island , until the Town of Greenwich purchased it in 1966 for $ 90 @,@ 000 . In 1973 , the federal government turned over the remaining tract of land upon which the lighthouse rests . = = Lighthouse = = The Great Captain Island Light was first constructed in 1829 on the 3 @.@ 5 acre tract of land that Samuel Lyons sold to the government . The lighthouse was of poor construction and was replaced in 1868 with a new granite dwelling with attached lantern . The lighthouse is of the same design as lighthouses at Sheffield Island in Norwalk ; Morgan Point in Noank ; Old Field Point Light and Plum Island in New York ; and Block Island North in Rhode Island . The lighthouse was deactivated in 1970 when a skeletal tower replaced it . The Town of Greenwich acquired the property in 1973 and had full @-@ time caretakers on the site until the lighthouse became too dilapidated in 2003 . A successful restoration effort was completed in 2009 and a non @-@ navigational light was activated in 2012 . In 1991 , the Great Captain Island Light was added to the National Register of Historic Places . In 2010 , a September 11 memorial plaque was installed to " honor the 23 people who lived in Greenwich , or had a connection to the town " , who died in the September 11 attacks " . A non @-@ navigational 4 @-@ second flashing green light was installed in the lighthouse on February 13 , 2012 . The lighthouse is currently occupied by a family who act as caretakers of the property . = = Wildlife = = Great Captain Island is one of the state 's 26 " important bird areas " that provide an essential habitat for one or more bird species , according to the Connecticut Audubon Society . Great blue herons have been on the island since the 1990s . Great egrets , snowy egrets , and black @-@ crowned night herons also live on the island . The island was once known as the state 's largest heron and egret rookery , but in the early 2000s their populations shrunk dramatically , with summer counts down from a total of 364 in 1998 to 98 in 2004 . Patrick Comins , director of bird conservation for Audubon Connecticut , thinks that the bird populations have been hurt by human disturbances and possibly by competition from cormorants and a great horned owl that lives on the island and has fed on the birds . Comins also said that overall pollution in Long Island Sound waters might also have an effect . Wading bird populations on the island by year In the uplands of the island , an area that used to be lawn has been replaced with oak , hickory , ash , cherry , tree of heaven and sassafras . By the lighthouse , several openings in the shrubbery have been made to provide a variety of habitats for wildlife and a barrier of shrubs has been planted on the cliffs east of the lighthouse . = = Access = = The town operates a ferry service to and from the island from about the second week in June through the second week of September . Trails have been laid out for visitors , and the western part of the island has picnic tables , grills , restrooms , and posted swimming areas . The island is open year round , with a ferry running during the summer . No public tours of the lighthouse or island are available . In 2012 , Hurricane Sandy damaged the area and washed away the walkway .
= Diamonds ( Rihanna song ) = " Diamonds " is a song recorded by Barbadian singer Rihanna for her seventh studio album , Unapologetic ( 2012 ) . It was written by Sia Furler together with its producers , Benny Blanco and StarGate . The song premiered on September 26 , 2012 , during the Elvis Duran and the Morning Show and was digitally released the following day as the lead single from Unapologetic . Def Jam Recordings serviced the single to contemporary hit radio in the United States on October 2 . " Diamonds " is a mid @-@ tempo electronic and pop ballad that features heavy synthesizers , orchestral sounds and electronic rhythms . The song 's lyrics serve as a departure from the themes of unhealthy relationships that were on Rihanna 's previous singles and contain a prominent concept of love . " Diamonds " was well received by most critics , some of whom complimented Rihanna 's different musical direction , while others criticized the song 's production . The single topped music charts in over twenty countries , including the United States , where it became Rihanna 's twelfth number one single on the Billboard Hot 100 and tied her with Madonna and The Supremes for the fifth @-@ most number one singles in the chart 's history . " Diamonds " was certified five @-@ times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and sold over 3 @.@ 5 million digital copies in the country . By May 2013 , it had sold over 7 @.@ 5 million copies worldwide and became one of the best @-@ selling singles of all @-@ time . The song 's music video was shot by director Anthony Mandler , a frequent collaborator of Rihanna 's , and depicts her in four environments that represent the elements of earth , air , water and fire . The video received positive reviews and was praised for its imagery . Some critics believe that the heavily tattooed man intertwined with Rihanna 's arm in the video resembles Chris Brown . The singer performed " Diamonds " on television shows such as Saturday Night Live and The X Factor and included it on the 777 , Diamonds and The Monster Tour set lists . The American Society of Composers , Authors , and Publishers ( ASCAP ) recognized it as one of the most performed songs of 2013 and 2014 . The official remix of " Diamonds " featured rapper Kanye West and was released on November 16 , 2012 . The song has been covered by various recording artists , including Josef Salvat , who released his own cover of " Diamonds " as a single . = = Writing and production = = In 2012 , American songwriter and record producer Benny Blanco met with Norwegian production duo StarGate at a recording studio in New York City to write new songs , including one for Rihanna . StarGate had previously produced her singles " Don 't Stop the Music " ( 2007 ) and " Only Girl ( In the World ) " ( 2010 ) . According to Blanco , he and StarGate wanted to deviate from Rihanna 's usual sound and produce as though the song would be for a rapper such as Kanye West : " It 's the one that we weren 't thinking Rihanna ... that turned into the Rihanna record ... But that 's how it always happens like with me " . They produced the song 's drum machine beat after the other instrumental music was recorded . StarGate 's Mikkel Eriksen told The New York Times that Blanco took a recorded snippet of Eriksen 's singing , altered it electronically , and made it sound " dirtier " . He then applied timbre and used audio software to create ghostly accompaniment lines . Eriksen described Blanco 's style as " unorthodox , as he almost never plays the keyboards but throws in weird samples and alters them to the right pitch to go with the song . " Australian singer @-@ songwriter Sia later joined them and wrote the lyrics for " Diamonds " in 14 minutes . After the song was completed , they wanted to play it to Rihanna , but Blanco was skeptical about the reaction towards the song because of its slow sound . After StarGate played it to her , they called Blanco from London and told him that she liked the song : " She 's flippin ' out . She played it like seven times in a row . It 's her favorite song . " Phil Tan and the assistant Daniela Rivera , mixed and mastered " Diamonds " . Recalling it , in an interview with The Huffington Post , Blanco commented , " we needed to have it recorded , the beat finished , mixed and mastered in 24 hours . She was recording in a separate part of the world , sending back the files , we 're finishing the music and then we 're mixing and mastering it , and then it was out in a few days . It 's fucking amazing and incredible . " Kuk Harrell produced Rihanna 's vocals on the song and recorded them together with Marcos Tovar . = = Release and artwork = = On September 12 , 2012 , Def Jam France announced via Twitter that Rihanna would release a new single the following week and that her seventh studio album will be released in November . However , the tweet was shortly deleted and replaced with another clarifying that more information will be given on September 13 . In an interview with iHeartRadio at their annual music festival in September , Rihanna confirmed " Diamonds " as her new single and said that it would first be played on American radio beginning September 26 . She described it as an easy @-@ going , but optimistic song that is " happy and hippy " rather than dance @-@ oriented and said that the song " gives me such a great feeling when I listen to it . The lyrics are very hopeful and positive , but it 's about love . " The single 's cover artwork was revealed on September 24 and depicted Rihanna rolling diamonds in a manner suggestive of joint rolling . On September 26 , Rihanna posted the full lyrics of the song in a PDF on her official website Rihanna7.com. " Diamonds " premiered the same day on the Elvis Duran and the Morning Show , and on the following day , it was released as a digital download on the 7 Digital store . In the United Kingdom , the song was released to 7 Digital on September 28 . Def Jam Recordings solicited the single to contemporary hit radio in the United States on October 2 . On November 5 , it was released in Germany as a CD single , which it also contained the song 's Bimbo Jones Vocal Remix . On December 18 , eight digital remixes of the single were digitally released . = = Composition and lyrical interpretation = = " Diamonds " has a length of three minutes and forty @-@ five seconds . Allmusic critic Andy Kellman said that it is a mid @-@ tempo pop ballad , while Michael Baggs of Gigwise characterized it as a mid @-@ tempo electronic song . It features heavy synthesizers , orchestral sounds and electronic rhythms accompanied with Rihanna 's vocal performance . Rolling Stone magazine wrote that " the track 's production mainly stays out of Rihanna 's way , letting the pop star build hooks with layers of her voice . " In a review of Unapologetic , Stacy @-@ Ann Ellis of Vibe noted that an improvement in the singer 's singing is evinced by ballads such as " Diamonds " and Stay " . According to EMI Music Publishing 's digital sheet music for the song , " Diamonds " is composed in the key of B minor and set in common time signature , and has a moderately slow groove of 92 beats per minute . Rihanna 's vocals span from the low note of F ♯ 3 to the high note of F ♯ 5 . Lyrically , " Diamonds " is a departure from Rihanna 's recurring themes of unhealthy relationships on her other songs , and contains a prominent concept of love . The first verse introduces the song 's concept : " Find light in the beautiful sea / I choose to be happy / You and I , you and I / We 're like diamonds in the sky . " The hook continues this metaphor : " So shine bright , tonight , you and I / We 're beautiful like diamonds in the sky / Eye to eye , so alive . " According to Glenn Yoder of The Boston Globe , the song shows Rihanna differently than how she is viewed by the public because of lyrics such as " I choose to be happy " and " We 're like diamonds in the sky " . James Montgomery of MTV News commented that she embraces the positivity and fulfillment of a realized relationship , particularly with the line " When you hold me , I 'm alive " , and admits " I knew that we 'd become one right away " . Lindsay DiMattina of Hollywood.com interpreted that Rihanna is crying out for her lover when she sings lines such as , " When you hold me , I 'm alive , " and " At first sight I felt the energy of sun rays / I saw the life inside your eyes . " The Herald Sun asserted that the lyrics were most likely inspired by Rihanna 's private life . = = Critical reception = = " Diamonds " was well received by most critics . In a positive review of the song , Robert Copsey of Digital Spy gave it four out of five stars and praised Rihanna 's direction towards a " softer and more prolific edge " . Brittany Lewis of GlobalGrind called " Diamonds " a catchy song and felt that it had the potential to be another hit for Rihanna . Glenn Gamboa of Newsday said that , although it does not sound like an emphatic hit , the lyrical content of the song depicts a " personal shift " for Rihanna . According to James Montgomery of MTV News , " Diamonds " is more positive than previous singles such as " We Found Love " and " Where Have You Been " , despite its moderate tempo . Lindsey DiMattina of Hollywood.com said that Rihanna 's singing is stronger than ever . Contactmusic 's reviewer described it as a " laid @-@ back track " , and suggested that the lyrical content is related to her former boyfriend Chris Brown . In a track @-@ by @-@ track review of Unapologetic , Andrew Hampp of Billboard found the song inspiring and commented that it " finds Rihanna doing one of her throatiest , most impassioned vocals to date " . Andy Kellman of Allmusic cited the song as one of the highlights on Unapologetic , and gave it three and a half stars . In a less enthusiastic critique , Jon Caramanica of The New York Times likened " Diamonds " to a James Bond movie theme song , but with " insipid lyrics " . Jim Farber of the New York Daily News felt that the song is not as evocative as it attempts to be and lacks the sense of mystery and engaging production found on " We Found Love " . Kevin Blair of the Irish Independent 's , Independent Woman , was critical of the song for deviating from Rihanna 's previous dance and R & B songs and dismissed it as a " chugging , faintly misty @-@ eyed , middle of the road pop song " . Chris Richards of The Washington Post panned the song as a " power ballad without much power " . = = Recognition and accolades = = Ernest Baker and Lauren Nostro of Complex ranked " Diamonds " atop their list of The 10 Best Guilty Pleasure Songs of 2012 and wrote that , although the song is unlike Rihanna 's louder , more anthemic songs , " apparently the world loves to see a softer side of her , too . " Black Entertainment Television placed the single at number six on their 50 Best Songs of 2012 list and called it one of Rihanna 's most emotive performances . UK E ! Online 's reviewer named it the fifth best song of the year and said that Rihanna 's vocal performance on the song validates the attention she had received since her breakthrough with " Umbrella " . Irish Independent 's Jim Hayes ranked it as the year 's tenth @-@ best song and described it as " a laid back slow burner that invades and refuses to leave " . A reviewer from The Huffington Post named " Diamonds " one of The 12 Best Songs by Women in 2012 . At the ASCAP Pop Music Awards , the American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers ( ASCAP ) recognized it as one of the most performed songs of 2013 and 2014 respectively . " Diamonds " received the Billboard accolade for Top R & B Song at the 2013 award ceremony held at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas . At the 2013 BET Awards , the song was nominated for the Coca @-@ Cola Viewer 's Choice accolade , however , it lost to " Started from the Bottom " by Drake . It also received nominations for Best International Song at the NRJ Music Awards of 2013 in France and for Hit of the Year at the 2013 Echo Awards in Germany . " Diamonds " received a nomination for Best Song at the 2013 MTV Europe Music Awards . = = Commercial performance = = = = = North America = = = In the US , " Diamonds " debuted at number 16 on the Billboard Hot 100 and sold 133 @,@ 000 copies in its first week . In its fourth week , it climbed to number eight on the chart and became Rihanna 's twenty @-@ third top @-@ ten single . For the week ending December 1 , 2012 , the song became Rihanna 's twelfth number @-@ one on the chart , which ended the nine @-@ week reign of Maroon 5 's " One More Night " . With the feat , Rihanna tied Madonna and Supremes as the artists with the fifth @-@ most number ones in the chart 's history . Rihanna also passed Mariah Carey as the female artist to mark 12 number @-@ one songs the fastest on the chart by achieving the feat in six years and seven months , which bested Carey 's stretch of seven years , one month , and two weeks . " Diamonds " charted for a second consecutive week atop the Hot 100 , while her album Unapologetic topped the Billboard 200 . As a result , Rihanna became only the second artist of 2012 to top both the Billboard singles and albums charts simultaneously ; the first to do so was English singer Adele . On the Radio Songs chart , " Diamonds " debuted at number 28 . In its fourth week , it climbed to number ten , becoming Rihanna 's 19th top ten , breaking a tie with Lil Wayne for the second @-@ best sum in the list 's 22 @-@ year history ; only Mariah Carey ( 23 ) has more . For the issue dated December 15 , the song topped the chart , becoming Rihanna 's tenth number one and placing second for female artists with the most chart toppers , only behind Mariah Carey ( 11 ) . On the Pop Songs chart , " Diamonds " debuted at number 29 , extending Rihanna 's lead as the artist with the most appearances on the chart . On October 11 , 2012 , Billboard unveiled new methodology for the Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , newly factoring digital download sales and streaming data into the 50 @-@ position rankings , along with existing radio airplay data monitored by Nielsen BDS . Due to this , " Diamonds " saw a huge leap from number 66 to number one , marking Rihanna 's second single as a lead artist to top the chart ; it topped the chart for fourteen consecutive weeks . " Diamonds " topped the Hot Dance / Club Songs chart , becoming Rihanna 's nineteenth number one , tying her with Janet Jackson for the second @-@ most number ones in the chart 's 36 @-@ year history . Only Madonna has more ( 43 ) . " Diamonds " was certified five @-@ times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and sold over 3 @.@ 52 million copies in the country . In Canada , the song debuted at number nine on the Canadian Hot 100 for the issue dated October 13 , 2012 . The song peaked at number one on the issue dated November 24 , 2012 , becoming Rihanna 's sixth single to reach number one on the chart . It remained atop of it for four consecutive weeks . It was certified platinum by Music Canada denoting sales of over 80 @,@ 000 copies . = = = Europe and Oceania = = = " Diamonds " made its first chart appearance in Ireland on September 27 , 2012 , where it debuted at number 17 . It reached its peak of number two on October 25 , 2012 . The single debuted at number one on both the United Kingdom 's pop and R & B singles charts on October 7 , 2012 , with over 105 @,@ 000 copies sold . This gave Rihanna her seventh number @-@ one single in the country . After nine weeks on the pop chart , " Diamonds " rose from number ten to three , following Rihanna 's performance of the song on The X Factor the previous week . From its debut , the song remained atop the R & B chart for three consecutive weeks before being deposed of the top spot by Labrinth and Emeli Sandé 's " Beneath Your Beautiful " . As of March 2014 , " Diamonds " has sold over one million copies in the UK , and became Rihanna 's fourth single to achieve that feat . With that , the singer became only the second artist to have most million selling singles in the country , only behind The Beatles . The single is the 30th best @-@ selling song of all time by a female artist in the country . " Diamonds " debuted at number one in France , becoming Rihanna 's fourth number @-@ one single in the country and remaining at the top spot for three consecutive weeks . " Diamonds " also peaked at number one in Germany for ten consecutive weeks , becoming Rihanna 's fifth number @-@ one single in the country and surpassing " Umbrella " ( 2007 ) as her longest @-@ running German number @-@ one single . The song was placed at number seven on the German 2012 Year @-@ End singles chart and was certified platinum , denoting sales of 300 @,@ 000 copies in the country . " Diamonds " remained number one in Norway for eleven consecutive weeks , the Czech Republic for eight , Denmark for six , Switzerland for five , Austria for four , Finland for three weeks and Scotland one . " Diamonds " entered the New Zealand Singles Chart at number five on October 8 , 2012 . After eight weeks in the top ten , the song peaked at number two . The single has received a double @-@ platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand , denoting sales of 30 @,@ 000 copies . " Diamonds " debuted at number eight on the Australian Singles Chart on October 14 , 2012 . The song reached a peak of number six on November 4 , 2012 . The song has been certified five @-@ times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association , denoting sales of 350 @,@ 000 copies . By May 2013 , it had sold over 7 @.@ 5 million copies worldwide and became one of the best @-@ selling singles of all @-@ time . = = Music video = = = = = Background and concept = = = Rihanna began to film the music video for " Diamonds " on October 21 , 2012 , at the Mojave Desert in Lancaster , California . It was directed by her regular collaborator Anthony Mandler , who previously directed her videos for " Russian Roulette " ( 2009 ) and " Man Down " ( 2011 ) . Photographs of the production leaked to the press the same day and showed Rihanna in a white and black dress in front of a fire . Ethan Sacks of the New York Daily News remarked that she " looked like a gem on the set of her video shoot . " Rihanna said that she wanted the video 's abstract scenes to capture the appropriate emotion for the audience . Mandler sought to create a " wider landscape " by suggesting and transfiguring ideas for viewers through the video : " [ T ] hey needed to feel like dream vignettes , like , when you wake up from a dream , you realize what you were dreaming about is not really what it was about , it was about something else . " He also tried to relate the video 's concept to Rihanna 's personal life : " What 's truth or fiction ? You know ' Is she drowning , or is she in complete ecstasy ? Are those hands coming apart , or are they finding each other ? ' ... we tried to bring up these deeper questions that relate to song and her life and finding beauty in chaos and finding beauty in pain and finding pain in beauty . " On November 7 , a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes video was posted on MTV 's official website . It featured Rihanna in a " leopard @-@ print " robe as she emerged from a trailer and headed to the shooting set . The scenes were intercut with police officers who chase armed fighters . Rihanna stands in a deserted landscape in the video 's other scenes . The music video for " Diamonds " premiered November 8 on MTV . The video was also made available for streaming at Rihanna.MTV.com. It was digitally released on November 14 via the iTunes Store . = = = Synopsis = = = The music video opens with a view of Rihanna lying in open waters , as other scenes of diamonds being rolled in a manner suggestive of making a joint are intercut – a scene reminiscent of the single 's artwork . As the video progresses Rihanna is shown running on a highway . In a black @-@ and @-@ white scene , Rihanna licks the joint and begins smoking it . The image fades to black as the song begins . Rihanna performs in the same black @-@ and @-@ white setting while in a black corset . Images of Rihanna on a bed in a room while singing are shown , with objects breaking , curtains falling and roses burning in reverse effect . Rihanna is shown again on the highway , running away from what appears to be the headlights of a chasing car . She then stops as she looks up to the night sky at an aurora view . Throughout the video , Rihanna 's hand is shown intertwined with that of a heavily tattooed man , whose face is not shown in the video . As the second verse starts , Rihanna is shown in a desert where horses run freely . Scenes of a street battle are later shown , depicting burning cars and broken glass around the environment . As the video continues , the singer and her lover 's hands are shown slowly slipping apart , with only their fingertips touching towards the conclusion of the video . The video ends with Rihanna once again floating alone in the open waters . = = = Reception = = = Upon its release , the video received positive response from critics . James Montgomery of MTV News called it visually striking and observed a great deal of " evocative imagery ( glamorous black @-@ and @-@ white close @-@ ups , thick plumes of translucent smoke , oversaturated hill @-@ scapes , artfully silhouetted stallions ) " . He said that , like the song , the video is by turns garish and very intimate . The website 's Jocelyn Vena thought that it had dreamlike and surrealistic images of Rihanna , who moves through set @-@ ups that are occasionally exceptional . E ! Online 's Bruna Nessif said that the video shows an abundance of elaborate imagery , narratives , and especially a " mysterious and sexy " Rihanna . Additionally , she found it obvious that the body of a heavily tattooed man 's arm , which Rihanna clings to desperately , is a reference to Chris Brown . NME magazine observed Rihanna being shown in four environments that represent the four elements of the earth , air , water and fire . Billy Johnson Jr. of Yahoo ! Canada felt the video had failed to capture the song 's vivid celebration of a love affair and stated , " It seems as though [ Rihanna is ] in chaos , reflecting on happier times . " Marc Hogan of Spin concluded that the video was a " confirmation of Rihanna 's awkward segue into adult @-@ contemporary @-@ dom . " The video for " Diamonds " was Vevo 's fourth most @-@ viewed visual of 2013 . = = Live performances = = Rihanna first performed " Diamonds " on November 7 , 2012 , at the Victoria 's Secret Fashion Show , where she wore black lingerie with black thigh high stockings and ankle boots ; the show was aired by CBS on December 4 . On November 10 , Rihanna performed the song on Saturday Night Live . New York magazine 's Joe Reid said that her performance was the highlight of the show 's episode and favored the digitized background in particular , which he described as " overt weirdness " that was ultimately " pretty endearing " . Tess Lynch of Gratland was impressed by Rihanna 's " exceptional singing " and wrote that the background imagery was a " powerful " and " crazy spectacle that astonished viewers " . Lynch agreed with episode host Anne Hathaway , who had said that Rihanna was " a goddess . " " Diamonds " was included on the set list for Rihanna 's 2012 promotional tour , the 777 Tour . On November 25 , the singer performed the song on series 9 of The X Factor in the UK . The performance featured the singer dressed in a black gown on a square platform . As the chorus began , water effects poured down around her on the outside of the stage . By the final chorus , the water centered into the platform and wet the singer . Hayes of Irish Independent praised the performance and stated that it " put everything – and everybody – else to shame . " On December 8 , Rihanna performed the song on Wetten , dass .. ? ( " Wanna bet that .. ? " ) in Germany . She wore futuristic sunglasses , a white top , and leather pants . She also performed " Diamonds " on La Chanson de l 'année ( " The song of the Year " ) in France , on December 10 , 2012 , which was broadcast on December 29 , 2012 . She performed the song also on the season three finale of the American television series The Voice , where she wore long metallic talons . The single was included as the closing song on the set list of Rihanna 's fifth worldwide tour titled the Diamonds World Tour ( 2013 ) . Rihanna performed " Diamonds " at the 2013 American Music Awards on November 24 , 2013 , during the acceptance of the Icon Award . The performance featured the singer wearing a long black dress plunged down to her navel and diamond adornments in her hair . She was joined by an orchestra that included a conductor which accompanied her as a rock band produced the beat . Kory Grow of Rolling Stone magazine labeled the performance as " stunning " . Additionally , out of a total sixteen performances at the ceremony , he placed Rihanna 's rendition of " Diamonds " at number one writing , " she gave a performance that showed she could live up to the honor " . Los Angeles Times ' Mikael Wood stated that during the performance Rihanna dominated the stage pointing that she looked like a young version of Grace Jones . The single was included on the set list of Rihanna 's joint 2014 tour with rapper Eminem , The Monster Tour . Rihanna performed " Diamonds " on November 11 , 2014 during the Concert for Valor held in Washington , D.C. = = Cover versions and remixes = = On BBC Radio 1 's live lounge , Jessie Ware performed a slightly jazzy version of the song , which Spin magazine 's Marc Hogan said was musically reminiscent of the xx and vocally similar to D 'Angelo . Sia Furler , who co @-@ wrote " Diamonds " , performed it with a keyboard accompaniment at the Norwegian @-@ American Achievement Ceremony on November 18 . On November 15 , American singer @-@ songwriter Zola Jesus recorded a cover version of " Diamonds " . " Diamonds " was used in the promotional video of Istanbul 's bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics . Coaches Ricky Martin , Delta Goodrem , Joel Madden and Seal during the second season of The Voice Australia . In 2015 , coaches Jennifer Lopez , Keith Urban and Harry Connick , Jr. covered the song in a mash @-@ up with Bruno Mars ' 2013 single , " Locked Out of Heaven " during the final show of the fourteenth season of American Idol . " Diamonds " was remixed by rapper Flo Rida , whose version was premiered on November 12 by American magazine Rap @-@ Up . He had previously performed on unofficial remixes of Rihanna 's " We Found Love " and " Where Have You Been " . The official remix of " Diamonds " , which featured rapper Kanye West , was released on November 16 as a digital download via SoundCloud and iTunes . West 's verse starts at the beginning of the remix , as he raps lines such as " We the cause of all the commotion / Your mouth runnin ' by where is you goin ? " . He also quotes the theme song from The Fresh Prince of Bel @-@ Air , while proclaiming to be " on his Brad Pitt " . MTV News ' James Montgomery wrote that " there 's certainly no shortage of Kanye 's patented swagger , and the new remix also adds some clubby wallop to the laid @-@ back track . " Henna Kathiya of MTV Rapfix remarked that West adds " some classic Ye flavor " to the original song . On December 4 , a new remix leaked online . It featured Eve , who rapped lines such as , " You glisten so beautiful , priceless / Listen to me , I need you to know / How you can change my whole world . " = = = Josef Salvat version = = = Australian artist Josef Salvat covered " Diamonds " in his EP In Your Prime ( 2014 ) . The track became popular after Sony used it in its ad " Ice Bubbles " for its new 4K Ultra HD television screen . The Sony ad was filmed in Mount Whisler , Nunavut , Canada using Salvat 's version of " Diamonds " . Josef Salvat 's version has reached number 2 on French SNEP Official Singles Charts also making it to number 11 on the German Singles Chart and number 18 on the Belgian Ultratop charts . = = = = Track list = = = = CD single ( RCA ) ( Sony Music ) " Diamonds " ( 4 : 07 ) " Diamonds " ( Live ) ( 3 : 51 ) = = = = Charts = = = = = = Formats and track listing = = = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from the liner notes of Unapologetic . Locations Recorded at Roc the Mic Studios , New York City , New York ; Westlake Recording Studios , Los Angeles , California Mixed at Ninja Club Studios , Atlanta , Georgia . Personnel = = Charts = = = = Certifications = = Since May 9 , 2013 RIAA certifications for digital singles include on @-@ demand audio and / or video song streams in addition to downloads . = = Radio and release history = =
= Conker 's Bad Fur Day = Conker 's Bad Fur Day is an action @-@ platform video game developed by Rare and released for the Nintendo 64 video game console in 2001 . As part of the Conker video game series , the game follows the story of Conker the Squirrel , a greedy , heavy @-@ drinking red squirrel who attempts to return home to his girlfriend Berri . The gameplay is composed of various challenges that involve platforming , solving puzzles , fighting enemies , and gathering objects . The game also features a multiplayer mode where a maximum of four players can compete in seven different game types . Although visually similar to Rare 's family @-@ oriented Nintendo 64 platform games Banjo @-@ Kazooie and Donkey Kong 64 , Conker 's Bad Fur Day was designed for mature audiences and features cartoon violence , alcohol and tobacco use , profanity , vulgar humor and pop culture references . It was developed over the course of four years and was originally intended for a family audience , but was ultimately retooled into its current form because previews were criticised for being both too cute and similar to Rare 's earlier platform games . Upon release , Conker 's Bad Fur Day received critical acclaim from video game journalists , who praised its visual appeal and smart , funny humour . The game sold well below expectations due to limited advertising and a release towards the end of the Nintendo 64 's life cycle , but has since earned a cult following due to its unique styling . A remake , Conker : Live & Reloaded , was released for the Xbox in 2005 . In 2015 , the game was included as part of the Rare Replay compilation for Xbox One . = = Gameplay = = Conker 's Bad Fur Day is an action @-@ platform game where the player controls Conker the Squirrel through a series of three @-@ dimensional levels . The game features an overworld where players can transition from one level to another , although many are initially blocked off until Conker earns a certain amount of cash . Each level is an enclosed area in which the player can freely explore to find tasks to do . The gameplay mostly relies on figuring out a way to help other characters by completing a linear sequence of challenges . These challenges may include defeating a boss , solving puzzles , gathering objects , and racing opponents , among others . The result is always a cash reward , which aids access to other areas in the overworld . Conker 's abilities are far simpler than those of previous Rare platform games Banjo @-@ Kazooie and Donkey Kong 64 . The player can run , jump , and smack enemies with a frying pan . Conker also has a few other physical abilities . He can swim underwater for a while until he runs out of breath , climb ladders or ropes , and is strong enough to push heavy objects . To regain lost health , Conker can eat pieces of " anti @-@ gravity " Chocolate that are scattered throughout the levels . Additionally , the game employs " context sensitive " pads that allow Conker to gain different , temporary abilities when pressing the " B " button atop them . For instance , in the beginning of the game , by pressing the B button on the first pad he encounters , Conker drinks some Alka @-@ Seltzer to wipe out his hangover , at which point players can proceed forward . Some pads can turn Conker into an anvil to slam into the ground , and some are also used to pull out his shotgun , to activate his throwing knives , slingshot and so on . They also serve to inform players of what needs to be done next . The game also includes a multiplayer mode , where up to four players can compete against each other in seven different game types : Beach , Raptor , Heist , War , Tank , Race and Deathmatch . In Beach , some players must go up through a beach and into a waiting escape vehicle , while others must stop them by firing at them from fixed positions . Raptor involves players controlling raptors to feed a baby dinosaur , while others play as cavemen that have to steal dinosaur eggs . Heist engrosses players in the robbery of a bank , where the goal is to retrieve a cash bag from the center of the level and run with it to the team 's vault without being damaged . War can either be a traditional capture the flag mode or Total War , where players have to get the other teams gas canister and use it to release a chemical gas that annihilates the enemy . Similarly , in Tank players fight against each other by using tanks and grabbing chemical canisters that can release a lethal corrosive gas , destroying all the tanks that are outdoors . Race is a racing mode which provides two variations of the same course . Items can be acquired and used against opponents . Finally , there is a standard deathmatch mode where players fight against each other in shooting style from a third @-@ person perspective . Players can set a number of different options for each game , such as score limit , number of lives , and inclusion of optional bots . = = Plot = = Conker 's Bad Fur Day follows the story of Conker the Squirrel , a red squirrel , who finds himself lost in a strange land after a night of binge drinking with his friends , and embarks on a quest simply to return home to his girlfriend , Berri . Meanwhile , the Panther King , ruler of the land that Conker is lost in , finds that his throne 's side table is missing one of its legs and orders his paraplegic weasel servant , Professor Von Kriplespac , to solve the problem . Kriplespac suggests the use of a red squirrel as the fourth leg for his table , and therefore the Panther King sends his minions to search for one and capture it . As Conker searches for his way home , he finds himself embroiled in a series of increasingly absurd and often dangerous situations , including having to recover a bee hive from some enormous wasps , confronting a giant opera @-@ singing pile of feces , being turned into a bat by a vampire , and even getting drafted into a war between grey squirrels and a Nazi @-@ like group of teddy bears known as the " Tediz , " which Conker ultimately destroys . During his quest to return home , Conker finds wads of cash scattered throughout the land and becomes sidetracked from his goal . In the final chapter of the game , Conker and Berri are enlisted by Don Weaso , head of the Weasel Mafia , to rob a bank . After entering the vault , they find that the bank scene was an elaborate trap set by the King and Don Weaso to capture Conker . In the ensuing confrontation , Berri steps in to handle the confrontation for Conker , but is gunned down by Weaso under orders by the Panther King . Afterwards , he calls over Professor Von Kriplespac when he begins having trouble breathing , and Von Kriplespac takes Conker aside to watch as a large Xenomorph suddenly bursts out of the Panther King 's chest , killing him instantly . Von Kriplespac explains that the alien , whom he had named Heinrich , is one of his creations and that he had planned to use this opportunity to kill the King and escape captivity . Kriplespac then reveals that they are all actually inside a spaceship , which he activates and takes into low orbit . From there , he instructs Heinrich to attack and kill Conker as revenge for destroying the Tediz , which were also his creations . Conker pulls a switch that opens an air lock , pulling Von Kriplespac and Berri 's corpse into space . After Conker briefly battles Heinrich with the aid of a robotic suit , Heinrich takes one last lunge at him , when suddenly the entire game freezes . Conker expresses disbelief that the developers of the game apparently did not beta test the game properly , and breaks the fourth wall to ask some software engineers to assist him in his current situation . The programmers give Conker a Katana and teleport him to the Panther King 's throne room , where he decapitates Heinrich . As a result , he is crowned the new King of the land . As characters from the previous chapters of the game gather around to congratulate him , Conker realizes that he should have brought Berri back to life when he was negotiating with programmers . He calls them out to bring her back to life , only to realize that they have left already . Conker then gives a closing monologue , in which he discusses appreciating what one already has instead of always wanting more , stating that " the grass is always greener , and you don 't really know what it is you have until it 's gone . " The credits roll , and afterwards Conker is seen back at the same pub he was seen in at the start of the game , drowning his sorrows in Scotch whisky . He drunkenly exits the bar as it begins to storm outside , and leaves in the direction opposite the one he took previously . = = Development and marketing = = Conker 's Bad Fur Day was developed by Rare and directed by Chris Seavor . The game was announced to be in development at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in June 1997 , under the title Conker 's Quest . A year later , it was revealed that the game 's title was changed to Twelve Tales : Conker 64 and players would be able to control Conker in action @-@ based settings and Berri in strategy @-@ based settings , with the possibility of two player split @-@ screen gameplay . Early screenshots suggested that the game would be targeted at a family audience and feature cute characters and colourful settings . Rare had a history of making games of this sort and at first Twelve Tales : Conker 64 appeared to be similar . However , Rare was influenced by a critical reception of the prototype game 's cuteness , resulting in a game design overhaul . The fact that the game was delayed several times and not mentioned for almost a year led to speculation that the game was quietly cancelled . Rare later clarified that the game was " still being worked on by a full team and with the same level of dedication as when it was first announced . " In 2000 , it was announced that Conker was retooled into a controversial game titled Conker 's Bad Fur Day with a large amount of scatological humour . According to the developers , " We already had the main character ( although he was eventually remodeled ) and a good deal of code already written , so the best option seemed to be to change the game 's direction . Mature humor was a key element . " Several aspects of the game were designed to attract an adult audience . Unlike in Banjo @-@ Kazooie and Donkey Kong 64 , item collecting was mostly discarded and character abilities were simplified with " context sensitive " pads . The game also relies heavily on cutscenes and features a large number of film parodies . Some offensive content was censored under the supervision of Nintendo , including cutscenes with Pokémon and a joke at the expense of the Ku Klux Klan . Seavor , however , remarked that " pretty much 99 @.@ 9 % of the game remained . " In 2013 , the developers explained that they had originally drawn inspiration from their deep analysis of the gameplay and camera mechanics of Super Mario 64 . According to them , " We were just copying Mario , weren 't we ? Which , to this day , is still the best 3D camera . " A lot of time and care was spent on system performance optimisation , animation details , and audiovisual appeal . For example , to increase the number of simultaneous light sources to four , one programmer spent four months deciphering and rewriting the Nintendo @-@ supplied Japanese @-@ commented microcode for the Nintendo 64 's Reality Coprocessor , while another microcoded the support for MP3 , reverberation , and Dolby Pro Logic surround sound . A developer also spent weeks optimising the system 's ability to display distant backdrops as texture tiles to enhance gameplay navigation and visual appeal . Due in part to its extensive vocal track , Conker 's Bad Fur Day is one of the few Nintendo 64 games that features a 64MB cartridge . Conker 's Bad Fur Day was first released on 5 March 2001 in North America . Advertisements for the game were featured in adult magazines such as Playboy , and video commercials were geared towards an adult audience . As Nintendo was known for its family @-@ friendly games like Mario and Pokémon , the game was the subject of controversy . According to Rare , " Nintendo initially had concerns regarding this issue , because kids might confuse the product as being aimed at them , but I 'm sure you 'll agree if you 've seen the box that Nintendo is making sure nobody makes that mistake . " Nintendo of America declined to acknowledge the game in its Nintendo Power magazine and KB Toys , which specialised in toys and video games for children , decided not to sell the game . In Europe , the game was published and distributed by THQ on 6 April 2001 , after Nintendo of Europe declined to publish it . = = Reception = = Conker 's Bad Fur Day received critical acclaim , with an aggregate review score of 92 out of 100 at Metacritic . Many publications and websites declared the graphics were the best on the Nintendo 64 . Critics noted that the game featured a number of technical effects that were uncommon at the time , especially for a Nintendo 64 game , such as dynamic shadowing , coloured lighting , large areas with a long draw distance , no distance fog , detailed facial animations , lip syncing , and individually rendered fingers on some characters . Shane Satterfield of GameSpot went so far as to say that the game " makes other Nintendo 64 games look like 16 @-@ bit software . " IGN 's Matt Casamassina praised the detailed 3D worlds , " fantastic " texture work , and cute character designs . He remarked that " Conker himself is equipped with an in @-@ game facial animation system that realistically portrays his different moods as he travels the lands . When he 's scared , he looks it , and when he 's pissed off players will actually be able to see his teeth showing in a frown . " Reviewers noted occasional drops in the frame rate , but most agreed it did not interfere with the gameplay . Critics also gave high marks for the game 's audio and diverse vocal track , which easily outnumbered that of other voiced Nintendo 64 games such as Perfect Dark or Turok 2 : Seeds of Evil . The voice acting was praised highly for its different accents and styles , with " cleverly lewd " scripts and " dead @-@ on " movie spoofs . Similar to Rare 's earlier game Banjo @-@ Kazooie , the soundtrack was credited for its different arrangements of specific songs that gradually change as players move from one area to the next , and for its rich and creative instrumentation . Reviewers also highlighted the number of sound effects . Satterfield observed that " there are literally dozens of sounds just for Conker 's footsteps " . The gameplay was highlighted for its variety and unconventional context @-@ sensitive systems . Matt Casamassina credited Rare for reducing the number of items to collect and simplifying the moves with context @-@ sensitive pads , stating that they " help keep the action shifting , refreshing , and always exciting . " In contrast , Game Revolution 's Johnny Liu criticised its simplistic action , short length and linear nature . Similarly , GameSpot noted that the game 's linearity " cuts its length considerably " . The game 's camera system was criticised by several reviewers . Geraint Evans of N64 Magazine felt that it does not allow players to properly judge their position within their surroundings , while GameSpot remarked that it can get caught on objects or refuse to obey commands . The multiplayer was described as inventive and was praised for its numerous options . Shane Satterfield , however , remarked : " While the extra [ multiplayer ] modes do add some longevity to [ Conker 's Bad Fur Day ] , the majority of them fail to stand the test of time . " Most reviewers agreed the jokes were clever and funny . According to Casamassina , " Is it over the top ? Yes . Is it lowbrow ? Yes . And yet , it 's also very well delivered and smart too -- and it 's funny . Really , honestly , funny " . Game Revolution noted that the game " has its crosshairs directly aimed at the college audience " and that " it works perfectly for the peeps who 've grown up with Mario and are now looking for someone less dorky " . Conker 's Bad Fur Day was awarded the 2001 BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Award for sound , IGN 's Game of the Month for March 2001 , and GameSpot 's Best Platform Game for 2001 . In 2009 , Official Nintendo Magazine placed Conker 's Bad Fur Day at # 97 on their list of 100 Greatest Nintendo Games Ever , and GameTrailers rated it # 1 on their list of Top Ten Funniest Games . In 2010 , UGO included the game at # 3 on their list of The 11 Weirdest Game Endings . Although the game fared well with critics in both the United Kingdom and United States , it sold worse than expected ( only about 55 @,@ 000 copies as of April 2001 ) , partly due to its prohibitively high cost , advertisements exclusive to the older audience , and release towards the end of the Nintendo 64 's life cycle . Despite these factors , the game has enjoyed a cult following due to its unique styling . = = Legacy = = After the release of Conker 's Bad Fur Day , Rare began development of a direct sequel referred to as Conker 's Other Bad Day . Chris Seavor revealed that the game would deal with " Conker 's somewhat unsuccessful tenure as King . He spends all the treasured money on beer , parties and hookers . Thrown into prison , Conker is faced with the prospect of execution and the game starts with his escape , ball and chain attached , from the Castle 's highest tower . " However , the sequel was ultimately cancelled . In 2002 , Rare was purchased by Microsoft and decided to develop a remake of Conker 's Bad Fur Day . The remake , titled Conker : Live & Reloaded , was released for the Xbox in 2005 to generally favourable critical reception . Developers noted that it was difficult to port the game to the Xbox system because Bad Fur Day 's microcoded performance optimisations had been deeply customised for the Nintendo 64 hardware . Conker : Live & Reloaded features updated graphics and a multiplayer mode that supports the Xbox Live service . Additionally , some aspects in the single @-@ player mode were adjusted : several minor obscenities within the voice dialogue that are present in the Nintendo 64 game were censored at Microsoft 's request , the camera control was refined and improved with a zoom function , and an auto @-@ targeting system was added to the game . After the release of Live & Reloaded , Rare began work on another game in the Conker universe titled Conker : Gettin ' Medieval . The game was to be multiplayer focused and did not feature Conker as a main character , with Rare instead hoping to focus on other characters in the series . However , the game was ultimately cancelled . Conker returned in a new episodic campaign for the sandbox game Project Spark . The campaign , titled Conker 's Big Reunion , is set ten years after the events of Bad Fur Day and Seavor reprised his voice roles . The first episode of the campaign was released in April 2015 , but the remaining ones were cancelled the following September . Conker 's Bad Fur Day is also included as part of the Rare Replay compilation for Xbox One . The compilation was released on August 4 , 2015 .
= Harbhajan Singh = Harbhajan Singh Plaha ( pronunciation ; born 3 July 1980 in Jalandhar , Punjab , India ) , commonly known as Harbhajan Singh , is an Indian international cricketer and former captain of IPL team Mumbai Indians and Punjab state for the 2012 – 13 Ranji Trophy season . A specialist spin bowler , he has the second @-@ highest number of Test wickets by an off spinner , behind Sri Lanka 's Muttiah Muralitharan . Harbhajan made his Test and One Day International ( ODI ) debuts in early 1998 . His career was initially affected by investigations into the legality of his bowling action , as well as several disciplinary incidents . However , in 2001 , with leading leg spinner Anil Kumble injured , Harbhajan 's career was resuscitated after Indian captain Sourav Ganguly called for his inclusion in the Border @-@ Gavaskar Trophy team . In that series victory over Australia , Harbhajan established himself as the team 's leading spinner by taking 32 wickets , becoming the first Indian bowler to take a hat trick in Test cricket . He is also an Officer in the Punjab Police and has held the rank of a Superintendent of police ( India ) , reporting to Punjab Police HQ at Barnala . A finger injury in mid @-@ 2003 sidelined him for much of the following year , allowing Kumble to regain his position as the first choice spinner in Tests and ODI 's . Harbhajan reclaimed a regular position in the team upon his return in late 2004 , but often found himself watching from the sidelines in Test matches outside the Indian subcontinent with typically only one spinner , Kumble , being used . Throughout 2006 and into early 2007 , Harbhajan 's accumulation of wickets fell and his bowling average increased , and he was increasingly criticised for bowling defensively with less loop . Following India 's first @-@ round elimination from the 2007 Cricket World Cup , Harbhajan was replaced by other spinners in the national squad for both formats . He regained a regular position in the team in late 2007 , but became the subject of more controversy . In early 2008 , he was given a ban by the International Cricket Council ( ICC ) for racially vilifying Andrew Symonds . The ban was revoked upon appeal , but in April , Harbhajan was banned from the 2008 Indian Premier League and suspended from the ODI team by the Board of Control for Cricket in India ( BCCI ) for slapping Sreesanth after a match . He appeared in Total Nonstop Action Wrestling 's Indian promotion , Ring Ka King . He was in the World Cup @-@ winning team of 2011 Cricket World Cup . He was conferred the Padma Shri , India 's fourth highest civilian honour , in 2009 . = = Early years and personal life = = Harbhajan was born into a Sikh family . He is the only son of Sardar Sardev Singh Plaha , a businessman who owned a ball bearing and valve factory . Growing up with five sisters , Harbhajan was in line to inherit the family business , but his father insisted that he concentrate on his cricket career and represent India . Harbhajan was trained as a batsman by his first coach Charanjit singh Bhullar , but converted to spin bowling after his coach 's untimely death saw him turn to the tutelage of Davinder Arora . Arora credits Harbhajan 's success to a work ethic that included a three @-@ hour training session in the morning , followed by an afternoon session lasting from 3 pm until after sunset . Following the death of his father in 2000 , Harbhajan became the family head , and by 2001 had organised marriages for three of his sisters . In 2002 he ruled out his own marriage until at least 2008 . In 2005 he again fended off marriage rumours linking him to a Bangalore @-@ based bride , stating that he would only make a decision " after a couple of years " , and that he would be seeking a Punjabi bride selected by his family . In a country where cricketers are idolised , Harbhajan 's performances have brought him government accolades and lucrative sponsorships . Following his performance against Australia in 2001 , the Government of Punjab awarded him Rs . 5 lakhs , a plot of land , and an offer to become a Deputy Superintendent of Police in Punjab Police , which he accepted . Despite having a job with the constabulary , Harbhajan sustained minor injuries in March 2002 in an altercation with police outside the team hotel in Guwahati . The scuffle broke out when Harbhajan remonstrated with officers after they refused to allow a photographer into the hotel . Harbhajan cut his bowling arm and injured his elbow when he was struck by the police . Extensive negotiations from local officials and organisers were required to dissuade Harbhajan and captain Sourav Ganguly from leaving the area after Ganguly said that the Indian team would abandon the scheduled match against Zimbabwe . Singh was caught at Auckland airport for failing to declare that he had filthy boots in his luggage . His only excuse was that he " couldn 't be bothered " complying with New Zealand quarantine laws . He was fined $ 200 on the spot . One of his common nicknames , outside India , is The Turbanator , deriving from his skill as a bowler in terminating the innings of the opposing team , and the fact that , as a Sikh , he wears a black turban whenever he plays . Among Indians , Harbhajan is more commonly known as bhajji . It was estimated in 2005 that Harbhajan was the most recognised and commercially viable Indian cricketer after Sachin Tendulkar , in part due to his colourful personality and iconic turban , as well as his reputation for enjoying the celebrity social scene . His signing for English county team Surrey in 2005 , based at The Oval in London , was partly attributed to his marketability . Harbhajan had generated a large personal following in the western London suburb of Southall , which boasts a majority Punjabi Sikh population , when he lived there in 1998 while training under Fred Titmus . In 2006 Harbhajan 's endorsements generated controversy when he appeared without his turban in an advertisement for Royal Stag whisky . This angered many orthodox Sikhs , leading to anti @-@ Harbhajan protests in the Sikh holy city of Amritsar , with effigies of Harbhajan being burnt . The Sikh clergy and Shiromani Gurdwara Prabandhak Committee demanded an apology from him and asked Seagram 's to withdraw the advert , on the basis that it had " hurt the feelings of Sikhs " . Harbhajan quickly issued an apology , but he was also unhappy at the clergy 's interference , stating " If they were unhappy , they should have called me and talked to me like a son " . Harbhajan Singh married his longtime girlfriend , actress Geeta Basra , on 29 October 2015 in Jalandhar . = = Early career = = Harbhajan broke into the Punjab Under @-@ 16s at the age of 15 years and 4 months in November of the 1995 – 96 season , and took 7 / 46 and 5 / 138 on debut against Haryana , setting up a nine @-@ wicket win . He scored 56 in his next match against Delhi and then took 11 / 79 in his third match against Himachal Pradesh , orchestrating an innings win . He ended with 32 wickets at 15 @.@ 15 and 96 runs at 48 @.@ 00 in four matches . He was rewarded with selection for North Zone Under @-@ 16s , a team that represents all of northern India for a one @-@ day series , in which he took two wickets at 43 @.@ 50 in four matches and scored 18 runs . At the end of the season , he was called into the national Under @-@ 19 team at the age of 15 years and 9 months for a youth One Day International against South Africa . He took 1 / 19 from seven overs in an Indian win . In 1996 – 97 , Harbhajan was promoted to the Punjab Under @-@ 19s and he took 15 wickets at 20 @.@ 20 in three matches , although he managed only two runs with the bat . This included match figures of 8 / 54 in an innings win over Jammu and Kashmir . Harbhajan made his first @-@ class cricket debut in late 1997 against Services , during the 1997 – 98 Ranji Trophy season . He took a total of 3 / 35 in an innings win but was dropped back to the Under @-@ 19s the following week . He then took 5 / 75 and 7 / 44 in two matches to earn a recall to the senior team . He then took a total of 7 / 123 in the next two matches for Punjab to earn selection for North Zone in the Duleep Trophy . Harbhajan 's season was interrupted when he represented India at the Under @-@ 19 World Cup in January 1998 . He played in six matches , taking eight wickets at 24 @.@ 75 with a best of 3 / 5 against Kenya . Returning to India he played in three more Ranji Trophy matches , and from a total of six matches , he took 18 wickets at an average of 22 @.@ 50 , ranking outside the top 20 in wicket taking . He took a total of 5 / 131 as North lost to East Zone by five wickets . Despite the superior statistics of other bowlers in domestic cricket , Harbhajan was the selected for the Indian Board President 's XI to play the touring Australian cricket team ahead of the Tests . He managed only 1 / 127 , and was ignored for the first two Tests before being selected to make his Test debut in the Third Test against Australia in Bangalore , where he scored 4 not out and a duck , and recorded the modest match figures of 2 / 136 as Australia won the match by eight wickets . He was subsequently overlooked for the triangular ODI tournament in India that followed the Tests , involving Zimbabwe in addition to Australia , but was selected for all group matches in the triangular tournament that followed soon after in Sharjah , where he made his ODI debut against New Zealand . He took 1 / 32 from ten overs on debut as India narrowly won by 15 runs . He then took 3 / 41 in the next match , a defeat against Australia , but then struggled in the second qualifying match against the same team , taking 1 / 63 in eight overs . He was subsequently dropped for the final against Australia , which India won , and ended the series with five wickets at 33 @.@ 20 at an economy rate of 4 @.@ 36 . Harbhajan was fined and given a suspended ban for one ODI by the match referee in his first international series , when his on @-@ field behaviour was adjudged to breach the ICC Code of Conduct . The incident in question was his altercation with Ricky Ponting after dismissing him . Harbhajan was then omitted from the team during a home triangular ODI tournament against Bangladesh and Kenya , after taking 0 / 18 from four overs in his only match of the tournament against the former opponent , but was recalled for the Singer Trophy in Sri Lanka and also involving New Zealand . Playing in all five matches , Harbhajan claimed eight wickets at an average of 24 @.@ 12 and economy of 4 @.@ 38 in this tournament , taking at least one scalp in each match . Harbhajan was retained for the final and took 1 / 57 , his worst return for the series , in an Indian win . After being omitted for the Sahara Cup series against Pakistan in Toronto , Harbhajan played in a weakened Indian team at the 1998 Commonwealth Games in Kuala Lumpur , Malaysia . The matches were not given ODI status by the ICC , and India chose to send their better players to the Sahara Cup instead . India won their first two matches against Antigua and Canada , but Harbhajan managed only a total of 1 / 48 from 11 overs . The Indians then needed to beat a full @-@ strength Australian outfit to win their group and progress to the semi @-@ finals . Harbhajan was punished and went wicketless , conceding 50 runs in eight overs as Australia won by 146 runs , knocking India out of contention . Harbhajan was then recalled to the first @-@ choice team and took five wickets at an average of 22 @.@ 60 at 3 @.@ 89 runs an over from three matches on a tour to Zimbabwe , in what would prove to be his last ODI appearances for India for more than two years . In all , he took 18 ODI wickets at an average of 27 @.@ 2 during the 1998 . After taking 2 / 38 and 3 / 60 in an innings win in a tour match , Harbhajan was retained in the Test team , taking 2 / 42 and 3 / 63 in the only Test on the Zimbabwe tour . He was unbeaten on 15 in the second innings as the final wicket fell and India succumbed to a 51 @-@ run defeat . Returning to India , Harbhajan started the 1998 – 99 domestic season well , taking 3 / 54 and 5 / 39 in an innings win over Services , before following up with 6 / 69 and 1 / 93 in the next match against Delhi , claiming his first five @-@ wicket innings haul . He then took 6 / 63 and scored 31 in the first innings of a match for the Board PResident 's XI against a touring West Indies A , and was taken on the tour of New Zealand in December . In a tour match against Central Districts , Harbhajan struggled , aggregating 2 / 112 . He only played in one Test during the tour , and went wicketless , conceding 72 runs . Upon returning to India , he took a total of 3 / 158 for India A in a match against the touring Pakistanis ahead of the Tests . After being omitted for the First Test lost in Chennai , he was recalled for the latter two matches against Pakistan , and took five wickets at 34 @.@ 60 as the matches were split . He then took 3 / 127 in a high @-@ scoring draw against Sri Lanka . In all , he claimed 13 wickets at an average of 36 @.@ 8 in five Tests for the season . When he was free of international fixtures for the season , he played in the Ranji Trophy matches , claiming 27 wickets at an average of 24 @.@ 59 in five matches , including his first five @-@ wicket haul at first @-@ class level . He also registered his maiden first @-@ class fifty , scoring an unbeaten 67 against Tamil Nadu cricket team . Harbhajan took four wickets at 33 @.@ 00 during the one @-@ dayers during the season and was overlooked for the ODI team for the whole season and missed selection for the 1999 Cricket World Cup . In September 2003 , he played for India A in a one @-@ day series against their Australian counterparts in Los Angeles . Harbhajan took eight wickets at 17 @.@ 00 at 3 @.@ 77 runs an over in the five matches , with a best of 3 / 38 . After taking 4 / 91 against the touring team for the Board President 's XI at the start of the season , Harbhajan managed to retain his Test position for the late 1999 home series against New Zealand , as India fielded a three @-@ pronged spin attack on dusty tracks , taking six wickets at an average of 32 @.@ 66 as the hosts prevailed 1 – 0 in the two Tests . = = International exile = = After taking eight wickets in his next two Ranji matches , Harbhajan was selected to tour Australia in 1999 – 2000 , as the second spinner . He did not play in the Tests , with India opting to field only Anil Kumble in the team . Australia whitewashed India 3 – 0 , and Harbhajan struggled in his only first @-@ class outing against Tasmania , taking 0 / 141 , a portent of future unsuccessful tours to Australia . Harbhajan was not part of the ODI squad for the Australian tour and upon returning to India in early 2000 needed strong first @-@ class results to maintain his Test position . He went wicketless against Hyderabad , and was selected for the Board President 's XI match against the touring South Africans . He took 2 / 88 and 2 / 59 and scored 38 and 39 to prevent the hosts being bowled out and defeated , but was dropped as the second slow bowler , as Murali Kartik became Kumble 's spinning partner . Harbhajan returned to domestic action , taking 24 wickets in Punjab 's remaining four first @-@ class matches . He ended the Indian season with 46 first @-@ class wickets at 26 @.@ 23 . In mid @-@ 2000 an opportunity arose when Harbhajan was selected in the first group of trainees sent to the National Cricket Academy to study under Erapalli Prasanna and Srinivas Venkataraghavan , two off spin bowlers from the Indian spin quartet of the 1970s . However , his behaviour did not conform to requirements , and he was expelled on disciplinary grounds . His sponsorship job with Indian Airlines was also reviewed as a result of his indiscipline . Harbhajan later admitted that he had been at fault earlier in his career . Following his run @-@ ins with Indian cricket administrators , there was nothing to indicate that Harbhajan 's chances of national selection had improved at the start of 2000 – 01 . Despite Kumble being injured , Harbhajan was again overlooked as Kartik , Sunil Joshi , and debutant Sarandeep Singh were entrusted with the spin bowling duties in Test matches against Bangladesh and Zimbabwe on the subcontinent . Having made little success in this phase of his international career , averaging 37 @.@ 75 per Test wicket to date , and overlooked by selectors , Harbhajan faced a difficult decision . His father had recently died ; as the family 's only son , Harbhajan was now obliged to support his mother and unmarried sisters . He contemplated quitting cricket and moving to the United States to drive trucks for a living . After being out of the team for more than 12 months , there was little overt indication of the sudden rise that would occur in his cricketing career only a few months later . During the first half of the season , still in international exile , Harbhajan continued to pick up wickets on the domestic circuit . In five Ranji Trophy matches , he claimed 28 wickets at 13 @.@ 96 . He claimed 3 / 29 and 3 / 39 against Himachal Pradesh , 2 / 53 and 5 / 88 against Jammu and Kashmir , 4 / 77 and 2 / 33 against Haryana and 5 / 40 against Services in the first four matches , all of which ended in innings wins for Punjab . He then took a total of 4 / 32 in a 199 @-@ run win over Delhi . Harbhajan 's batting , which had rarely been productive up to this point in his career , also improved . He scored a career @-@ best 84 against Haryana and added 52 against Services , aggregating 207 runs at 51 @.@ 75 . After taking eight wickets at 21 @.@ 12 in six one @-@ dayers , Harbhajan was selected for North in the Duleep Trophy , but his early @-@ season form deserted him . He took five wickets at 39 @.@ 00 in two matches , although he did continue his productive run with the bat , scoring 130 runs at 32 @.@ 50 with three scores above 35 . = = 2001 Border @-@ Gavaskar Trophy = = With Kumble injured before the home series in March 2001 against the visiting Australians , Harbhajan , whose previous best Test figures were only 3 / 30 , was the only capped spinner in the Indian team for the First Test . He had been recalled after captain Sourav Ganguly publicly called for his inclusion in the team . He was to lead the spin attack against an Australian team which had set a world record with 15 consecutive Test victories , and was searching for its first ever series victory on Indian soil since 1969 . In a warm @-@ up match for India A , Harbhajan had taken 2 / 63 and 3 / 81 against the tourists . Harbhajan started well in the First Test in Mumbai , taking three quick wickets in a spell of 3 / 8 , to reduce Australia to 99 / 5 in response to India 's first innings of 176 . However , a counter @-@ attacking 197 @-@ run partnership between Matthew Hayden and Adam Gilchrist in just 32 overs , saw Harbhajan concede 103 runs from his last 17 overs , to end with 4 / 121 . Despite being struck for many sixes into the crowd , it was still Harbhajan 's best statistical analysis at Test level , as Australia proceeded to a crushing 10 @-@ wicket victory , their sixteenth consecutive Test victory in succession . With leading paceman Javagal Srinath ruled out of the series with a finger injury during the First Test , the teams met for the Second Test in Kolkata , with an even bigger burden on Harbhajan . Public opinion was sceptical about India 's chances of stopping Australia 's winning streak , with former captain Bishan Bedi lamenting the demise of Indian cricket . Australia were again in control on the first day , having scored 193 / 1 , with Hayden having struck Harbhajan out of the attack . Harbhajan fought back to reduce Australia to 252 / 7 , taking five wickets in the final session , including Ricky Ponting , Gilchrist and Shane Warne in successive balls to become the first Indian to claim a Test hat @-@ trick . After a prolonged wait for the third umpire to adjudicate whether Sadagoppan Ramesh had managed to catch Warne before the ball hit the ground , the near @-@ capacity crowd at Eden Gardens erupted when he was given out . Harbhajan eventually finished with 7 / 123 as Australia were bowled out for 445 . India batted poorly and were forced to follow @-@ on , but a 376 @-@ run partnership between V. V. S. Laxman and Rahul Dravid , who batted together for an entire day , allowed India to set Australia an imposing target of 384 to win on the final day . Australia appeared to be safely batting out the match for a draw , until losing 7 / 56 in the final session , collapsing from 166 / 3 to be bowled out for 212 . Harbhajan claimed four of the wickets , to finish with 6 / 73 for the innings and a match tally of 13 / 196 . India ended Australia 's 16 @-@ match world record winning streak , and became only the third team to win a Test after being forced to follow on ( Australia having lost all three of those matches ) . The teams arrived in Chennai for the deciding Third Test , and Australia 's batsmen again seized control after winning the toss , reaching 340 / 3 on the second morning . Then , Australian captain Steve Waugh padded away a delivery from Harbhajan . The ball spun back into Waugh 's stumps , who pushed the ball away with his glove , becoming only the sixth batsman in Tests to be given out " handled the ball " . Waugh 's dismissal instigated another Australian batting collapse , losing 6 wickets for 51 runs to be bowled out for 391 , with Harbhajan taking all six in a spell of 6 / 26 , to finish with 7 / 133 . After India 's batsmen gained a first @-@ innings lead of 110 , the Australian batsmen were again unable to cope with Harbhajan in the second innings , who took 8 / 84 to end with match figures of 15 / 217 . India appeared to be heading for an easy victory at 101 / 2 chasing 155 , before losing 6 / 50 to be 151 / 8 . Harbhajan walked to the crease , and struck the winning runs . He was named man of the match and man of the series , having taken 32 wickets at 17 @.@ 03 for the series , when none of his team @-@ mates managed more than three . The Wisden 100 study conducted by Wisden in 2002 rated all four of Harbhajan 's efforts in the Second and Third Tests in the top 100 bowling performances of all time , the most for any bowler . He paid tribute to his father , who had died just six months earlier . His performance led to him usurping Anil Kumble 's position as India 's first @-@ choice spinner . = = Later career = = Harbhajan is considered to be one of the legends in Indian cricket . Harbhajan 's Test success saw him recalled to the ODI team after more than two years . He was unable to reproduce his Test form against Australia , managing only four wickets at an average of 59 @.@ 25 and economy rate of 5 @.@ 04 . His best performance was a 3 / 37 in a 118 @-@ run win in the third match , and a cameo batting performance of 46 runs from 34 balls , including three sixes , in a losing run chase in the fourth fixture . He was dropped from the ODI team during a subsequent triangular tournament in Zimbabwe in 2001 after only managing two wickets at 69 @.@ 00 in four matches although he had been economical at 3 @.@ 63 runs an over . Harbhajan was also unable to maintain his form in the Test series against Zimbabwe . Harbhajan began the tour well with 13 wickets in two warm @-@ up matches , including a match haul of 10 / 80 against the CFX Academy , but could not repeat such performances in the Tests . He took eight wickets at 29 @.@ 12 in the two @-@ Test series , which was drawn 1 – 1 , but did manage to post his first Test half @-@ century , reaching 66 in the First Test in Bulawayo , before scoring 31 in the first innings of the Second Test as the Indian batsmen struggled and ceded their series lead . The Indians subsequently toured Sri Lanka in mid @-@ 2001 , enjoying spinning wickets similar to those in India . Harbhajan managed to establish himself in the ODI team with eleven wickets at 21 @.@ 18 at the low economy rate of 3 @.@ 42 in seven matches in the ODI tournament with the hosts and New Zealand . Ironically however , his best performances , in which he conceded less than 30 runs in his ten overs three times , all ended in Indian defeats . In contrast to his ODI improvement , Harbhajan 's Test form deteriorated further , yielding only four wickets at 73 @.@ 00 in three Tests , while Sri Lankan spinner Muttiah Muralitharan was named man of the series with 23 wickets , in what was billed as a contest between the world 's two leading off @-@ spinners . With the Tests locked at 1 – 1 Harbhajan managed only 2 / 185 in the Third Test as the hosts accumulated 6 / 610 declared and won by an innings . He scored 79 runs at 15 @.@ 80 for the series . Harbhajan was omitted from the Indian team in favour of Kumble as the first @-@ choice spinner on the following tour of South Africa , only playing in the later matches when India fielded two spinners . Nevertheless , Harbhajan continued to do well in the ODIs , taking nine wickets at 20 @.@ 44 in six matches at an economy rate of 3 @.@ 53 , winning his first man of the match award in the ODI form in an ODI against South Africa in Bloemfontein after taking 3 / 27 from his ten overs . He scored 62 runs at 15 @.@ 50 , including a rearguard 37 that was not enough to prevent an embarrassing 70 @-@ run loss to Kenya . After being omitted for the First Test , which India lost , his disciplinary problems continued when he was one of four Indian players fined and given a suspended one match suspension for dissent and attempting to intimidate the umpire by over @-@ appealing in the Second Test . India managed to draw the match , but Harbhajan struggled and took 1 / 89 and 2 / 79 . The off spinner continued his poor overseas Test form in what would have been the Third Test . However , India defied the ICC by playing banned batsman Virender Sehwag , while Mike Denness , the match referee who handed down the penalties , was locked out of the stadium , so the match was stripped of Test status . Harbhajan continued to be ineffective , taking only 1 / 104 , although he showed resistance with the bat , scoring 29 and 30 when many specialist batsmen failed , as India slumped to an innings defeat . Harbhajan 's Test fortunes improved immediately upon the start of the 2001 – 02 international season in India . Playing in his first international match at his home ground in Mohali , Punjab , Harbhajan took match figures of 7 / 110 , including 5 / 51 in the first innings , to help India win the First Test by ten wickets against the touring English team . He continued his steady form throughout the series with another five wicket haul in the Second Test in Ahmedabad , to end with thirteen wickets at 24 @.@ 53 for the series , although he went wicketless in 27 @.@ 1 overs in the Third and final Test . Harbhajan 's good home form persisted in the Test matches against Zimbabwe , taking twelve wickets at 19 @.@ 66 in two games . In the First Test , he took 4 / 46 in the second innings to seal an innings victory after going wicketless in the second innings . His 2 / 70 and 6 / 62 in the Second Test in Delhi saw him named man of the match in a Test for the second time in his career . As in the first instance , he hit the winning runs , a straight @-@ driven six , after India had lost six wickets and threatened to collapse in pursuit of a modest 122 for victory . He also performed strongly in the ODIs during the Indian season , taking twenty wickets at 19 @.@ 75 in ten matches and taking his first five wicket haul in ODIs . In the five matches against England , he took ten wickets at 20 @.@ 10 at an economy rate of 4 @.@ 27 . His best result was a 5 / 43 in the last of these matches , but a late collapse handed the tourists a five @-@ run win . He did better against the Zimbabweans , taking 10 wickets in five matches at an average of 19 @.@ 40 and an economy rate of 4 @.@ 06 . This included a 4 / 33 in the final match . He also scored 39 runs without defeat for the series , including a 24 not out as India were skittled for 191 in one match . As Harbhajan was ensconced in the Indian team for the first team , he only played in two RAnji Trophy matches for Punjab , taking 13 wickets at 20 @.@ 01 and scoring 71 runs at 17 @.@ 75 . Harbhajan 's overseas difficulties returned during the tour of the West Indies in mid @-@ 2002 . He injured his shoulder while fielding in a tour match in which he started well with a total of 5 / 70 , and was forced to miss the First Test in Guyana . After taking only six wickets at 38 upon his return to the team for the Second and Third Tests , he was dropped for the Fourth Test , but was recalled again for the Fifth Test at Sabina Park , after Kumble was injured . Despite taking improved match figures of 8 / 180 , including 5 / 138 in the first innings , Harbhajan was unable to prevent an Indian defeat after the batting collapsed in the first innings . He claimed three wickets in the three match ODI series at 33 @.@ 00 , conceding 4 @.@ 71 runs per over . Despite his performance at Sabina Park , Harbhajan was dropped again when Kumble returned for the First Test on the tour to England at Lord 's , where the hosts prevailed . India 's coach John Wright later admitted that Harbhajan 's omission had been a mistake . Harbhajan returned for the final three Tests with moderate success , taking 12 wickets at 34 @.@ 16 , improving as the English summer wore on . After claiming 3 / 175 in the drawn Second Test , he struck form in the tour match against Essex , taking 7 / 83 and 1 / 23 . He then took 3 / 40 and 1 / 56 as India levelled the series in the Third Test at Headingley , before taking 5 / 115 in the first innings of the Fourth Test at The Oval , as well as managing his second Test half @-@ century of 54 at Trent Bridge in the Second Test . He ended the series with 90 runs at 22 @.@ 50 @.@ for the entire tour , Harbhajan aggregated 28 wickets at 27 @.@ 60 . Harbhajan had modest results in the Natwest Trophy . After being dropped after one wicketless match , he was dropped and then took 4 / 46 against Sri Lanka in the last match before the final to ensure his retention , but went wicketless in the decider , which India won . He played in three ODIs and took four wickets at 37 @.@ 25 at 4 @.@ 96 . The 2002 ICC Champions Trophy in Sri Lanka at the end of the tour brought moderate results with six wickets at 30 @.@ 66 at an economy rate of only 3 @.@ 68 , and a best of 3 / 27 from ten overs in the firstwashed out final against the host nation . Harbhajan helped restrict Sri Lanka to 5 / 244 , but rain ended proceedings with India at 0 / 14 . He then took 1 / 34 the next day during a replay of the final . This time the hosts made 7 / 222 and a downpour again thwarted the players , with India at 1 / 38 when play was called off and the trophy shared . As was the case in the previous season , Harbhajan 's return to Indian soil coincided with an improvement in results . He took 1 / 37 and 7 / 48 in an innings victory at Mumbai in the First Test against the West Indies , and then contributed match figures of 3 / 56 , 4 / 79 and 37 in an eight @-@ wicket victory in Chennai which saw him named man of the match . A haul of 5 / 115 in the Third Test at Calcutta was the best in a high scoring match , and with 20 wickets at 16 @.@ 75 and 69 runs at 17 @.@ 25 , Harbhajan was named as the man of the series . He was unable to transfer his performances to the ODI format , taking only five wickets at 49 @.@ 00 against the same team at an economy rate of 5 @.@ 44 . Harbhajan took only five wickets at 18 @.@ 80 in the subsequent Test tour to New Zealand , in a series where five pace bowlers averaged less than 20 on green , seaming tracks . India lost the series 2 – 0 and Harbhajan 's 20 and 18 in the Second Test amounted for more than 15 % of India 's match total . The off spinner then took 1 / 56 in one ODI before heading for his World Cup debut in South Africa . Harbhajan had a mixed tournament at the 2003 Cricket World Cup , taking 11 wickets at 30 @.@ 45 with an economy rate of 3 @.@ 92 in ten matches . He was the first @-@ choice spinner and played in all matches but one , being dropped for the victory against arch @-@ rivals Pakistan in the group phase . His counterpart , Kumble , played in only three matches . Harbhajan was steady throughout the tournament , never taking more than two wickets in a match , and never conceding more than 42 runs from his quota of ten overs , except in the two matches against Australia , who went through the tournament without defeat . In the group match , Harbhajan was the second highest score , with a counter @-@ attacking 28 as India collapsed for 125 , but when it was his turn to bowl , the Australians attacked him and scored 49 runs from his 44 balls without losing a wicket in a decisive nine @-@ wicket win . In the final , Ganguly elected to field and Harbhajan was the only Indian bowler to take a wicket , taking 2 / 49 from eight overs . In contrast , the Australians scored at 7 @.@ 38 runs per over from the other bowlers to reach 2 / 359 , the highest total in a World Cup final , and win by 125 runs . He was the fourth leading wicket taker for India overall and his tournament bowling average was worse than those of Zaheer Khan , Ashish Nehra and Javagal Srinath . He finished the season with six wickets at 14 @.@ 00 at 3 @.@ 65 runs per over in three matches in an ODI tournament in Bangladesh , where he was fined for abusing an umpire . = = Finger injury = = After experiencing pains in his spinning finger during the World Cup , Harbhajan was scheduled to undergo surgery in mid @-@ 2003 in Australia , but the surgery was delayed as he sought to play through the pain . He underwent physiotherapy in lieu of surgery and was declared fit for a two @-@ match Test series at home against New Zealand in late 2003 . His performance was substantially worse than his previous displays on Indian soil , taking only six wickets at an average of 50 @.@ 00 as both matches ended in high @-@ scoring draws . Aside from his debut series , it was his worst series bowling average on Indian soil . Despite a triangular ODI series against New Zealand and Australia in which he managed only four wickets at 40 @.@ 50 in four matches and spent time in the sidelines , the Indian team attempted to manage his injury rather than have his finger operated on , and took him on the 2003 – 04 tour of Australia . As with his previous visit four years earlier , Harbhajan had an unhappy time , taking 2 / 159 in a tour match against Victoria . After an ineffective 1 / 169 in the First Test at Brisbane , his injury deteriorated and he underwent major finger surgery , sidelining him for a predicted five months . Kumble replaced him and took 24 wickets in the remaining three Tests in strak contrast of Harbhajan 's struggles in Australia . Kumble bowled India to victory in the following Test against Pakistan in Multan , taking 6 / 71 to reclaim his position as the No. 1 spinner . After a seven @-@ month layoff , Harbhajan returned to represent India in ODIs in the Asia Cup in July 2004 , where he took four wickets at 39 @.@ 75 in four matches at 3 @.@ 97 runs per over . His performance improved on the tour to England for an ODI series against England and the 2004 ICC Champions Trophy , taking eight wickets at 14 @.@ 00 , conceding only 2 @.@ 80 runs an over , including 3 / 28 against England and 3 / 33 against Kenya and hitting as an unbeaten 41 against England at The Oval as India 's batting collapsed to a substantial defeat . Harbhajan made his Test return against Australia , who were again seeking their first series win on Indian soil since 1969 in the late 2004 home series . Harbhajan took 5 / 146 in the first innings and 6 / 78 in the second innings in addition to making a run out to reduce Australia from 103 / 3 to 228 all out . Despite this , India required 457 in their second innings to win , slumping to 125 / 8 before Harbhajan ( 42 ) and Irfan Pathan helped India to reach 239 after a rearguard counter @-@ attack , still a 217 @-@ run loss . Harbhajan was less effective in the drawn Second Test in Chennai , with match figures of 5 / 198 , which was washed out with India still needing 210 more runs on the last day with all ten wickets in hand . Harbhajan then withdrew from the Third Test in Nagpur due to illness . Australia won the match easily , clinching the series . Harbhajan returned for the final Test in Mumbai . After failing to take a wicket in the first innings , he claimed 5 / 29 in the second to help India bowl Australia out for 93 and claim a dramatic 14 @-@ run victory . Harbhajan ended the series with 21 wickets at 24 @.@ 00 and 69 runs at 13 @.@ 80 . A Test series in India against South Africa followed , with Harbhajan taking match figures of 4 / 166 in the drawn First Test in Kanpur , before producing a man of the match performance in the Second Test in Calcutta to lead India to a 1 – 0 series win . After taking 2 / 54 in the first innings , he took 6 / 78 in the second , including South Africa 's first five batsman to help dismiss the tourists for 222 . This set up a run @-@ chase of 117 , which India reached with eight wickets in hand . Harbhajan was the leading wicket @-@ taker for the series , with 13 victims at an average of 23 @.@ 61 . He ended 2004 with a quiet tour of Bangladesh , scoring a 47 in the Second Test and taking four wickets at 41 @.@ 75 in two Tests and one wicket at 94 at an economy rate of 5 @.@ 22 in two ODIs . He had a relatively light workload , bowling only 47 @.@ 4 overs in the Tests , as Irfan Pathan frequently scythed through the Bangladeshi batsmen with the new ball , taking three five wicket hauls . He then returned to India and took a total of 6 / 172 in North Zone 's seven @-@ wicket win over South . His performance in Bangladesh saw him dropped for the First Test in the early 2005 series against Pakistan on his home ground in Mohali , with Kumble being the only spinner selected on the pace @-@ friendly surface . India were in control of the match for four days , and needed only four wickets on day five , but were unable to break the Pakistani lower @-@ order until play was almost over and the tourists had taken a lead , and the match ended in a draw . Harbhajan was recalled for the Second Test in Calcutta and took match figures of 4 / 145 in an Indian victory . Despite taking 6 / 152 in a marathon 51 @-@ over spell in the first innings of the Third Test in Bangalore , Pakistan won the match to level the series after India collapsed on the final day . Harbhajan finished the series with 10 wickets at 33 @.@ 20 . His performance in the subsequent ODI series was even worse , managing only three wickets at 73 @.@ 66 in five matches at an economy rate of 4 @.@ 80 . In spite of the poor end to the season , his performance in the year since finger surgery in the long form of the game saw him nominated for the 2005 ICC Test Player of the Year . Harbhajan spent the international off @-@ season playing for Surrey in English county cricket , citing the improvement that other international players had gained from such an experience . It was his first stint in county cricket , after a planned season at Lancashire in 2003 was cancelled due to injury . After taking six wickets in his opening two first @-@ class fixtures , he struck form against Hampshire , taking 6 / 36 and 2 / 47 in an innings triumph . In is fourth and final first @-@ class match , against Gloucestershire , Harbhajan took a total of 6 / 193 and equalled his previous first @-@ class best of 84 . He ended with 20 wickets at 25 @.@ 85 and 124 runs at 31 @.@ 00 . In the Twenty20 competition , he had less success in the new format , taking four wickets at 38 @.@ 00 at an economy rate of 6 @.@ 60 in eight matches . In all he spent six weeks with the county . = = Chappell era = = Harbhajan 's first outings under newly appointed coach Greg Chappell came at the Indian Oil Cup in Sri Lanka in August 2005 . He took five wickets at 31 @.@ 40 , conceding 4 @.@ 02 runs per over in four matches , but was wicketless in the final , which was won by the host nation . This was followed by a tour of Zimbabwe , which was marred by tension between the new coach and Indian captain Ganguly . This broke into the public arena when Ganguly claimed that he was asked to resign as captain . Harbhajan played in all five matches in the Videocon Tri @-@ Series involving Zimbabwe and New Zealand with little success , managing only two wickets at 99 @.@ 00 at an economy rate of 4 @.@ 77 , both of them against an inexperienced Zimbabwe team crippled by a mass exodus of white players from the Mugabe regime . Harbhajan had a quiet Test series against Zimbabwe , taking six wickets at 31 @.@ 00 . He was only required to bowl 58 overs , as the majority of the Zimbabwean batsmen were removed after being unable to cope with Pathan 's swing which was likened to " Frisbees at high speed " , leaving little work for the spinners . He managed to claim his 200th Test wicket in the First Test , and in doing so became the second youngest player to reach the mark after Kapil Dev . Harbhajan 's batting was notable for an exceptionally aggressive 18 @-@ ball innings in the First Test in Bulawayo , where he struck four fours and three sixes in a cameo innings of 37 . Harbhajan 's difficulties were compounded when he earned the ire of cricket authorities by publicly attacking Chappell and defending Ganguly after the team returned to India . He claimed that Chappell had used " double standards " and instilled " fear and insecurity " into the team . The Punjab Cricket Association called him to explain his actions , but he was not punished after offering an apology . In early 2006 , Harbhajan changed his stance publicly , praising Chappell for the team 's improved form , stating " He has great knowledge about the game and it has been a very successful year for us under him . He has lifted our team to great heights " . Harbhajan was under pressure to perform when Sri Lanka toured India in late 2005 following his attack on Chappell and the replacement of Ganguly , who had frequently supported him during previous career difficulties , with new captain Rahul Dravid . In addition , his home ODI form had been poor in the previous three years , managing only 12 wickets at 56 in 16 matches , with an economy rate of 4 @.@ 8 . In the three Challenger Trophy matches at the start of the season , he took five wickets at 24 @.@ 20 at an economy rate of 4 @.@ 25 . He responded by claiming 3 / 35 in the first ODI in Nagpur after Sri Lanka had raced to 50 in just 6 @.@ 3 overs . The Sri Lankan batsmen hit the Indian fast bowlers out of the attack , scoring 74 runs in the first 10 overs and forcing Dravid to delay the Power Play and introduce Harbhajan . This sparked a collapse , with 4 wickets taken for 14 runs , resulting in a 152 @-@ run Indian victory . Harbhajan took 2 / 19 in the next match , and aggregated six wickets at 26 in the first four matches , at a low economy rate of 3 @.@ 43 , with a series of performances noted for skilful variations in pace and flight , helping India gain an unassailable 4 – 0 series lead . He was subsequently rested for the fifth ODI , and ended the series as the most economical bowler , conceding only 3 @.@ 62 runs per over . He put on another strong personal performance in the first ODI of the following series against South Africa in Hyderabad , where he struck an aggressive unbeaten 37 from 17 balls , including two sixes , to help India recover to 249 / 9 , before taking 1 / 35 from his 10 overs . He was unable to prevent an Indian loss , and was fined after pointing Ashwell Prince to the pavilion after dismissing him . Harbhajan ended the series with five wickets at 27 @.@ 40 , and was again India 's most economical bowler , conceding 3 @.@ 92 runs per over . The year ended with a three Test series against Sri Lanka . After the first match in Chennai was washed out by monsoonal rains , Harbhajan took match figures of 4 / 137 as India took a 1 – 0 series lead in Delhi . He finished the calendar year with a man of the match performance in Ahmedabad , which saw India seal a 2 – 0 series victory with a 259 run victory . He took 7 / 62 in the first innings , including six of Sri Lanka 's top eight batsmen . He precipitated a middle @-@ order batting collapse , with 6 wickets falling for 82 runs , which allowed India to take a 193 @-@ run first innings lead . Harbhajan later contributed an aggressive innings of 40 not out from 51 balls , in an unbroken 49 @-@ run final @-@ wicket partnership with Kumble in the second innings , their display of unorthodox hitting stretching India 's lead to 508 runs . His prospects of a half century were cut short by a declaration from acting captain Virender Sehwag , but he was compensated with opening the bowling , as Sehwag employed a novel tactic of assigning the new ball to a spinner . He took 3 / 79 to finish with match figures of 10 / 141 , ending the year on a high note after he had been embroiled in the leadership struggle only three months earlier . = = Test decline = = 2006 began with Harbhajan 's first tour to arch @-@ rivals Pakistan . The First Test was a high scoring draw held in Lahore , where Harbhajan recorded his worst ever Test figures of 0 / 176 , conceding more than five runs an over in a match where 1 @,@ 089 runs were scored for the loss of just eight wickets . In a match in which many batting records fell , Harbhajan was hit for 27 runs in one over by Shahid Afridi , just one short of the world record . The second Test in Faisalabad was another high scoring draw , with the aggregate runs being the fourth highest in Test history . Harbhajan took 0 / 101 and 0 / 78 . His 81 overs in the series were the fourth highest amount of overs in any Test series without taking a wicket . When he was given the opportunity to make use of the batting surface in India 's only innings in Faisalabad , he managed a brisk 38 , including two sixes . Harbhajan was dropped for the Third Test in Karachi , where a green pitch promised to favour seam bowling , and Kumble was the only spinner used . After sustaining an injury , Harbhajan was sent home during the subsequent ODI series without playing a match , ending his tour without taking a wicket . A return to Indian soil for the Test series against England failed to ease Harbhajan 's wicket @-@ taking difficulties . He managed match figures of 2 / 172 in the drawn First Test in Nagpur , and 1 / 83 in the Second Test in Mohali , where his main contribution was to hit 36 runs , helping India to a first innings lead . Despite taking 3 / 89 and 2 / 40 in the Third Test in Mumbai , Harbhajan ended the series with eight wickets at an average of 48 @.@ 00 , nearly twice his career average on Indian soil . Despite his difficulties in Test cricket , Harbhajan 's ODI form remained strong , as he top @-@ scored with a rearguard 37 out of 203 and then took 5 / 31 in a man of the match performance in the first ODI against England in Delhi , sparking a collapse of 7 / 47 which secured a 39 @-@ run victory . He ended the series with 12 wickets at 15 @.@ 58 at an economy rate of 3 @.@ 74 from five matches , and topped the wicket @-@ taking list despite being rested for the last match , as well as having the best bowling average and economy rate . India took the series 5 – 1 , Harbhajan taking 3 / 30 in their only loss . Harbhajan was unable to maintain his ODI form on the tour to the West Indies , where he managed three wickets at 64 in five matches , although he continued to be economical , conceding 3 @.@ 91 runs per over . He was omitted from the Test team for the opening two Tests as India opted to use three pace bowlers and Anil Kumble , scrapping the five bowler strategy used since early 2006 . The reasons for the return to the four @-@ man attack were unclear , with performance , fatigue and injury variously offered as explanations . Harbhajan was recalled for the Third Test in St Kitts after the pace attack was unable to dismiss the West Indian batsmen , with local captain Brian Lara stating that his team , who had three wickets in hand at the end of play , would have been lucky to draw the Second Test had Harbhajan been playing . In a drawn match , Harbhajan claimed the leading match figures of 6 / 186 , as well as contributing an unbeaten 38 in the first innings . Harbhajan 's 5 / 13 in 27 balls in the first innings in the Fourth Test saw the hosts lose their last six wickets for 23 , to give India a 97 run first innings lead . India went on secure a victory in a low scoring match in three days and win the series 1 – 0 , although Harbhajan was punished in the second innings , conceding 65 runs in 16 overs without taking a wicket . It was India 's first series victory in the Caribbean in 35 years , with Harbhajan contributing 11 wickets at 24 @.@ 00 . The 2006 – 07 season began with the DLF Cup in Malaysia , where Harbhajan made a good start to the season , taking six wickets at 19 @.@ 16 at an economy rate of 3 @.@ 59 in four matches . He was man of the match against the West Indies , scoring 37 in a 78 @-@ run partnership to push India to 162 , before taking 3 / 35 to secure a 16 @-@ run victory . India failed to reach the final , contested by Australia and the West Indies . Harbhajan was unable to maintain his form in the 2006 ICC Champions Trophy held in India , managing only two wickets at 51 @.@ 50 and saving his worst performance of 0 / 49 in the final group match against Australia on his home ground in Punjab . India won only one of their three matches and were eliminated , although Harbhajan continued to be tidy , conceding 3 @.@ 67 runs per over . The tour of South Africa in late 2006 saw even less success , taking only one wicket in three ODI matches while conceding 161 runs at the expensive economy rate of 5 @.@ 75 . He finished the year watching from the sidelines as India fielded Kumble as the only spinner in the three Test series , which India lost 2 – 1 . Apart from the injury hit 2003 , it was Harbhajan 's least productive year in Test cricket since he became a regular team member in 2001 , managing only 19 wickets at 52 @.@ 78 . Harbhajan returned for the early 2007 ODI series against the West Indies and Sri Lanka in India , taking seven wickets at 36 @.@ 00 in seven matches at an economy rate of 4 @.@ 27 . Despite criticism that he was afraid to toss the ball up , and was concentrating on bowling flat in a defensive run @-@ saving style , Harbhajan was selected as the off spin bowler in the Indian squad for the 2007 Cricket World Cup , while Ramesh Powar , who had been more expensive but had taken more wickets in recent times , was omitted . A statistical study showed that since the start of 2006 , Harbhajan has been the second most economical bowler in the final 10 overs of ODIs . During the 2007 Cricket World Cup , Harbhajan started as India 's first @-@ choice spinner and played in their first match against Bangladesh . He took 0 / 30 from his ten overs , but India lost the match as their batsmen collapsed and Bangladesh had no need to take risks against the bowling . Harbhajan was dropped in favour of Kumble for the second match against Bermuda , which India won easily . Harbhajan was recalled for the final group match against Sri Lanka , and had little effect , taking 0 / 53 from his ten overs as India were set 255 for victory . Harbhajan made an unbeaten 17 as India collapsed to 185 to lose the match and be eliminated in the group phase . Following the failed campaign , the Indian selectors made multiple changes to the national team and Harbhajan was dropped for the tours of Bangladesh and England . Rajesh Pawar , Piyush Chawla and Powar were the spinners selected to partner Kumble . Harbhajan 's waning wicket @-@ taking and his lack of flight were again perceived to be the cause of his problems . In the meantime , Harbhajan played in two ODIs for the Asian Cricket Council against a combined African team , taking 1 / 53 and 3 / 48 as the Asians won both matches . He then returned to Surrey for a second season of county cricket in an attempt to rediscover his form while his compatriots were touring England , staying throughout July and August . After easing into the season with six wickets in the first two first @-@ class matches , Harbhajan found a rich vein of form , taking 4 / 64 and 5 / 64 against Worcestershire , before following up with 5 / 34 and 6 / 57 against Kent , finishing off by scoring 29 to help guide Surrey home by four wickets after they had stumbled in pursuit of 107 . He ended the first @-@ class campaign with five and six wickets against Durham and Hampshire respectively and totalled 37 wickets at 18 @.@ 54 in only six outings . He was not so successful in the one @-@ dayers , taking six wickets at 29 @.@ 50 and an economy rate of 4 @.@ 65 in five matches . = = Recall = = Harbhajan returned to international cricket as part of India 's squad for the ICC World Twenty20 tournament in South Africa in September 2007 , which India won , having been rank outsiders at the start of the tournament with many senior players opting out of the competition . He played in all six of India 's matches and totalled seven wickets at 26 @.@ 00 and an economy rate of 7 @.@ 91 . In the opening pool match against Pakistan , Harbhajan hit the stumps in a bowl @-@ out after scores were tied ; India won 3 – 0 after three rounds . In the semi @-@ final against Australia , Harbhajan bowled Michael Clarke and conceded only three runs in his final over , the 18th of the match , to turn the match towards India . The final against Pakistan was the only match in which Harbhajan did not bowl his full quota of four overs , after being struck for three sixes in his third over by Misbah @-@ ul @-@ Haq , who led a late charge towards the target . India prevailed by five runs in the final over , Misbah being the last man to fall . Harbhajan was recalled to the ODI squad during India 's home season in 2006 – 07 , which comprised series against Australia and Pakistan . In ten ODIs , he took seven wickets at 61 @.@ 71 125 and an economy rate of 4 @.@ 59 , much higher than his career average . He scored 101 runs at 33 @.@ 66 in these matches , including an unbeaten 38 in one match against Pakistan . He was then recalled to the Test squad , and with India fielding two spinners in its home series against Pakistan , Harbhajan accompanied Kumble in all three Tests . Playing in Tests for the first time in 16 months , he took 10 wickets at 44 @.@ 10 , much higher than his career average in India . His best result was 5 / 122 in the first innings of the Second Test at Eden Gardens . He toured Australia and played in three of the four Tests — India persisted with two spinners in all venues except for the Third Test at the pace @-@ friendly WACA Ground . As he was during his previous visits to Australia , Harbhajan was ineffective with the ball . In the First Test in Melbourne , he took match figures of 3 / 162 , before taking 4 / 200 in the Second Test in Sydney . Upon his recall in Adelaide , he took 1 / 128 in Australia 's only innings on a placid surface , ending the series with eight wickets at 61 @.@ 25 . However , he did manage to take Ponting 's wicket for three consecutive innings in the first two Tests , leading to much speculation about the Australian captain 's difficulties against the off spinner . After the third dismissal in the Sydney Test , Harbhajan celebrated by running a distance before twice rolling over on the ground . Harbhajan 's most noted contribution with the bat came in the Second Test when he came to the crease with India at 345 / 7 , still 118 runs behind Australia , after a middle @-@ order collapse of 4 / 52 . He made 63 runs in a 129 @-@ run partnership with Tendulkar , which enabled India to gain a first @-@ innings lead . In the Fourth Test , he came to the crease at 7 / 359 and scored 63 in a 107 @-@ run rearguard partnership with captain Kumble , allowing India to reach 529 . He failed to reach double figures in his four other innings and ended with 142 runs at 23 @.@ 66 . = = Altercations with Andrew Symonds and Sreesanth = = While Harbhajan was batting during his 63 on the third day of the Second Test at the Sydney Cricket Ground , he became involved in an altercation with Australia 's Andrew Symonds . As a result of this , he was charged with a Level 3 offence of racially abusing Symonds by calling the Australian — of Caribbean descent — a " monkey " . Harbhajan and Tendulkar , his batting partner at the time of the incident , denied this . At a hearing after the conclusion of the Test , match referee Mike Procter found Harbhajan guilty and banned him for three Tests . This decision generated controversy because no audio or video evidence was available , and the conviction relied on the testimony of the Australian players . The Indian team initially threatened to withdraw from the series pending an appeal against Harbhajan 's suspension , however BCCI president Sharad Pawar later claimed that the tour would proceed even if the second hearing was unsuccessful . On 29 January , following the Fourth Test , the appeal hearing was conducted in Adelaide by ICC Appeals Commissioner Justice John Hansen . The result was that the racism charge was not proved , resulting in the revocation of the three @-@ Test ban imposed by Procter . However , Harbhajan was found guilty of using abusive language and fined 50 % of his match fee . Hansen later admitted he " could have imposed a more serious penalty if he was made aware by the ICC of the bowler 's previous transgressions " — including a suspended one @-@ Test ban . It was reported that senior players from both sides had written a letter to Hansen requesting that the charge be downgraded . According to this report , the letter was signed by Tendulkar and Ponting and counter @-@ signed by Michael Clarke , Hayden and Symonds . In the aftermath of the hearing , Hayden called Harbhajan an " obnoxious weed " during a radio interview , which earned him a code of conduct violation charge from Cricket Australia . Following the appeal , Harbhajan played in all eight of India 's round @-@ robin matches in the Commonwealth Bank series , which also involved Sri Lanka , taking five wickets at 39 @.@ 00 . In the two finals matches , Australia suffered a top @-@ order collapse and lost their first three wickets with only 24 and 32 runs on the board respectively . Symonds and Hayden — with whom Harbhajan clashed during the summer — led a recovery with stands of 100 and 89 respectively . In both matches , Harbhajan had a hand in removing both of his bitter opponents . In the first final in Sydney , he removed both in the space of four overs , caught from his bowling . In the second final in Brisbane , he completed the run out of Hayden after a mix @-@ up , and then trapped Symonds leg before wicket in the same over . Australia lost the momentum and their run @-@ rate slowed , and India went on to win the series 2 – 0 . Harbhajan ended with 2 / 38 and 1 / 44 from his 10 overs in the respective matches . Following the tour of Australia , India hosted South Africa in a three @-@ Test series . The First Test in Chennai was a high @-@ scoring draw in which 1 @,@ 498 runs were scored for the loss of 25 wickets . Harbhajan was the top wicket @-@ taker for the match , with figures of 5 / 161 and 3 / 101 . In the Second Test in Ahmedabad , he was India 's leading wicket @-@ taker for the third consecutive innings , taking 4 / 135 as the home team lost by an innings . With India needing a win in the Third Test in Kanpur to avoid series defeat , Harbhajan again took the leading bowling figures in both innings , with 3 / 52 and 4 / 44 . His second innings effort helped bowl out the tourists for 121 and set up an eight @-@ wicket win . As a result of his efforts , Harbhajan was named man @-@ of @-@ the @-@ series , having taken 19 wickets at 25 @.@ 94 . In contrast to his efforts in Australia , he struggled with the bat , scoring 11 runs at 2 @.@ 75 . He was troubled by South African paceman Dale Steyn , who dismissed him all four times by breaking through his defences , bowling him once and trapping him lbw the other three times . Harbhajan was involved in further controversy after an 2008 Indian Premier League ( IPL ) match between Mumbai Indians and Kings XI Punjab at Mohali in April 2008 . While the teams were shaking hands , he slapped Punjab paceman and Indian team @-@ mate Sreesanth in the face . Harbhajan , who had stood in as the Mumbai captain for the first three matches of the tournament to that point , all of which were lost , had apparently been angered by Sreesanth 's aggressive sending @-@ off of his batsmen as Punjab coasted to a decisive victory . The Kings XI Punjab lodged an official complaint to the IPL . The match referee Farokh Engineer found Harbhajan guilty of a level 4 @.@ 2 offence , banning him from the remainder of the IPL and preventing him from claiming his entire season 's salary . Harbhajan made up with Sreesanth , and said that " I have been punished for the wrong I did " . Harbhajan had taken five wickets at 16 @.@ 40 at an economy rate of 8 @.@ 20 and scored 30 runs at 15 @.@ 00 in the three matches before his ban . On 14 May , the BCCI disciplinary committee found Harbhajan guilty under Rule 3 @.@ 2 @.@ 1 of their regulations and handed down the maximum punishment of five @-@ match ban from ODIs . Harbhajan faces the prospect of a life ban if he commits significant disciplinary breaches in the future . As a result , Harbhajan missed the tri @-@ series in Bangladesh and the 2008 Asia Cup in Pakistan , and India went down in the final of both tournaments after qualifying first on both occasions . He would have been eligible for selection after the first two matches of the Asia Cup , but the selectors omitted him entirely . = = International revival = = Harbhajan returned to international cricket for the tour of Sri Lanka in July and August . In the First Test at Colombo , he took 2 / 149 as Sri Lanka amassed 600 / 6 declared and won by an innings . In the Second Test in Galle , he took 6 / 102 to help India take a first innings lead of 37 and then took 4 / 51 in the second innings to help India level the series with a 170 @-@ run win . It was his fifth ten @-@ wicket match haul and his first outside India . He was again India 's leading wicket @-@ taker in the Third Test defeat , with 3 / 104 and 1 / 44 . He was India 's leading wicket @-@ taker with 16 scalps at 28 @.@ 12 , twice as many the second most @-@ prolific Indian . In the subsequent ODI series , he played in the first four matches , taking six wickets at 18 @.@ 83 at an economy rate of 3 @.@ 80 , including 3 / 40 in the win in the fourth match , which sealed the series . He was rested from the final dead rubber . At the start of the Indian season , Harbhajan took 2 / 32 and 4 / 31 as the Rest of India defeated Delhi in the Irani Trophy . This was followed by the First Test against Australia in Bangalore . Harbhajan took Ponting 's wicket in taking 1 / 103 in the first innings , but not before the Australian captain had scored 123 . In reply to Australia 's 430 , India were in trouble at 195 / 6 when Harbhajan came in to bat . He scored a rearguard 54 , putting on 80 with fellow bowler Zaheer Khan , to reduce India 's deficit to 70 . He then took 2 / 76 in the second innings as the match ended in a draw . Ponting later cited Harbhajan and Zaheer 's partnership as the passage of play that prevented an Australian win . In the Second Test at his home ground in Mohali , Harbhajan took 2 / 60 in the first innings as India took a 201 @-@ run first innings lead . In the second innings Australia were chasing 516 for victory and had started aggressively , reaching 49 / 0 after seven overs . Harbhajan was introduced into the attack and removed Hayden and Simon Katich in his first over and then Mike Hussey in his next . This triggered Australia 's collapse to 58 / 5 and their eventual defeat by 320 runs . Harbhajan was unable to find a fourth wicket , which would have seen him reach 300 Test wickets on his home ground , and ended with 3 / 36 . He was then ruled out of the drawn Third Test because of a toe injury . Harbhajan returned for the Fourth Test in Nagpur and dismissed Ponting for the tenth time in Tests in the first innings to register his 300th wicket . He ended with 3 / 94 as India took an 86 @-@ run lead . However , a batting collapse meant that India were 6 / 166 at tea on day four , only 252 runs ahead and facing possible defeat if Australia could clean up the tail quickly . Harbhajan then scored 52 , combining in a 107 @-@ run partnership with captain Mahendra Singh Dhoni to guide India out of trouble . India then successfully defended the target of 380 to win by 172 runs , with Harbhajan taking 4 / 64 including top @-@ scorer Hayden and the final wicket . Harbhajan was the equal @-@ leading wicket @-@ taker for the series along with Ishant Sharma , taking 15 wickets at 28 @.@ 86 . He also scored 125 runs at 41 @.@ 66 , helping to prevent two defeats . The series also saw the end of Harbhajan 's partnership with Kumble , who missed the Second Test due to injury and then retired after suffering another wound in the next match . As a result , Harbhajan started a new pairing with leg spinner Amit Mishra . In the five @-@ match home ODI series against England , Harbhajan took seven wickets at 30 @.@ 29 and an economy rate of 5 @.@ 04 as India won 5 – 0 . He took one wicket in each of the matches , except the third match in Kanpur . In that match , he took 3 / 31 , registered his 200th ODI wicket and was named man @-@ of @-@ the match . During the two Tests , Harbhajan was the equal @-@ leading wicket @-@ taker with eight wickets at 35 @.@ 00 and he also scored 69 runs at 34 @.@ 50 . This included a 40 in the first innings of the First Test to help India reach 241 after a top @-@ order collapse , keeping India 's deficit to 75 ; they went on to win the match . Harbhajan ended the year as the third @-@ highest wicket @-@ taker in the world , and the highest among Indian players . He was named by Wisden in their selection of the Test team of the year . Harbhajan then missed the ODI tour of Sri Lanka at the beginning of the year with a hamstring injury . He recovered in time to be recalled for the tour of New Zealand . Harbhajan was the leading wicket @-@ taker from both sides in both ODIs and Tests . Harbhajan was India 's most economical bowler in the two T20 internationals at the start of the tour , taking a total of 2 / 34 from eight overs and scoring 21 in the first match ; the hosts prevailed in both games . In series that saw four of the five ODIs truncated by rain , Harbhajan took five wickets at 29 @.@ 60 at an economy rate of 5 @.@ 69 . He took 3 / 27 in the opening match , and then took 2 / 56 from ten overs in the third game , in which both teams passed 330 , helping India to wins in both matches . In the First Test , Harbhajan took 1 / 57 and 6 / 63 to help set up a ten @-@ wicket win . It was only the second time that he had taken five wickets in an innings outside the subcontinent . However , he was disappointing in a high @-@ scoring draw in the Second Test , taking 2 / 120 as the hosts amassed 9 / 619 declared . In the Third Test , India suffered a middle @-@ order collapse on the first afternoon , and a counter @-@ attacking 60 by Harbhajan helped them to 379 . He then took 3 / 43 and 4 / 59 ; New Zealand had only two wickets in hand when rain caused the match to end in a draw with more than a day 's playing time lost . Harbhajan ended with 16 wickets at 21 @.@ 37 and 94 runs at 23 @.@ 50 . India won both series , their first series win in New Zealand since 1981 and 1968 for ODIs and Tests respectively . Harbhajan then played the full 2009 Indian Premier League season in South Africa , taking 12 wickets at 21 @.@ 33 and an economy rate of 5 @.@ 81 in 13 matches . He was one of the most economical bowlers in the competition , and took 1 / 9 in four overs against Punjab to win the man of the match award . He ended the season with 4 / 17 against Delhi , but it was not enough to prevent a four @-@ wicket defeat . Harbhajan was part of the Indian team that attempted to defend their crown at the 2009 World Twenty20 . However they lost all three of their matches in the Super 8s round and were eliminated . Harbhajan took 3 / 30 in one of those matches against England , and ended the tournament with five wickets at 26 @.@ 20 and an economy rate of 6 @.@ 55 . During the tour of the West Indies that followed , Harbhajan took three wickets at 45 @.@ 33 , conceding almost a run a ball in three ODIs as India prevailed 2 – 1 . In September , Harbhajan took 5 / 56 in the final of the Compaq Cup to help secure a 46 @-@ run Indian win over the hosts Sri Lanka . It was his first five @-@ wicket haul in three years and capped off a tournament in which he took six wickets at 22 @.@ 00 in three matches . He then struggled at the 2009 ICC Champions Trophy in South Africa , taking 1 / 71 from ten overs against Pakistan and 0 / 54 from nine overs against Australia . India lost to Pakistan and the latter match was washed out . He then took 2 / 14 from eight overs against the West Indies , but it was not enough to prevent India from being eliminated in the first round , despite winning the match . After his travails in South Africa , Harbhajan started the Indian season with eight wickets at 12 @.@ 87 in three Challenger Trophy one @-@ dayers for India Blue . He then played in a home ODI series against Australia taking eight wickets at 33 @.@ 87 at an economy rate of 4 @.@ 51 in six games . This included a best of 2 / 23 in the sixth match , but he made a more influential contribution in the first match with the bat , striking 49 at the death as India came within striking distance of their target before he fell in the last over and the hosts ended five runs adrift of the target . He scored a similarly rapid 31 in the fourth match , but India fell 24 runs short . Harbhajan ended the series with 81 runs at 20 @.@ 25 . In the three home Tests against Sri Lanka , Harbhajan was the highest wicket @-@ taker with 13 scalps , but these came at an average cost of 41 @.@ 00 . After taking 2 / 189 in the drawn First Test , he aggregated 5 / 152 and 6 / 192 as India took the next two fixtures by an innings . In the subsequent ODI series , he took six wickets at 35 @.@ 00 at an economy rate of 4 @.@ 88 as India won 3 – 1 . He took 2 / 58 from his ten overs in the first match , which proved to be tidy in the context of a match in which both teams passed 410 and India prevailed by three runs . During the tri @-@ series in Bangladesh in January 2010 , Harbhajan took six wickets at 24 @.@ 00 in three matches . He missed the First Test due to neck pain but returned to take a total of 2 / 123 as India completed a clean sweep with a ten @-@ wicket win in the Second Test . During New Zealand 's tour of India in November 2010 , Harbhajan scored his maiden Test century during the First Test in Ahmedabad . This was the 100th century by an Indian in the second innings and he reached triple figures with a six . His 115 , along with Laxman 's 91 saved the game for India after they had collapsed to 5 / 15 . Harbhajan was named man of the match . He followed on in the next test with 111 * in India 's 1st innings , becoming the first no . 8 batsman to score back @-@ to @-@ back test centuries . After an ordinary performance with the ball in the 5 @-@ match ODI series in West Indies in June 2011 ( where he was the vice captain to skipper Suresh Raina ) ( took 4 wickets from 3 matches , best of 3 / 32 ) , he helped his team revive from dire straits in the 1st Test in Sabina Park at Kingston , Jamaica . With India struggling at 85 / 6 , he along with Suresh Raina initiated a counter @-@ attack to string an aggressive 146 @-@ run partnership with Suresh Raina ( 82 of 115 balls , 15 fours ) to help India reach 246 . Harbhajan scored 70 from 74 balls ( 10 fours , 1 six ) . = = 2011 Exclusion = = Following a few poor performances , Harbhajan was injured in India 's tour of England in the summer / monsoon of 2011 and was ruled out of the rest of the series . He returned to competitive cricket to lead the Mumbai Indians to 2011 Champions League Twenty20 title , but fell out of favor with the national selectors . He was not chosen in the home series squad against England in October and West Indies in November and December . Mumbai Indians won their first ever championship under his captaincy , winning the Champions League by 31 runs . Harbhajan was man of the match for his contribution . Harbhajan was also not selected for the Australian tour and the 2012 Asia Cup in Bangladesh . He went to play the IPL 2012 which was not that successful for him , but took his team to semi final while being captain . Harbhajan is now going to play for Essex in England but is not selected for the Sri Lankan tour before the 2012 ICC World Twenty20 . In his debut match for Essex against Gloucestershire , Harbhajan did not take any wicket on 12 July 2012 , conceding 33 runs in his 12 overs . He has , however , been included in 30 probables for the World T20 tournament being held in Sri Lanka in September 2012 . He has been recalled to the Test squad after a gap of more than a year against New Zealand starting in the end of August 2012 . Harbhajan was dropped from the test team after the 2013 series against Australia . He was called back to the test team after 2 years for a solitary test against Bangladesh . = = 2015 @-@ 2016 Inclusion = = Following performances in IPL for Mumbai Indians in 2015 and 2014 , he was included in the test team captained by Virat Kohli against Bangladesh for the one @-@ off test match in Fatullah . He took 3 wickets in that test to overtake Wasim Akram in the list of most test match wickets to become the ninth highest wicket @-@ taker in Tests . He was then called up for the ODI and T20I teams when a second @-@ string Indian side toured Zimbabwe to play 3 One @-@ day and 2 Twenty @-@ 20 matches . Though he did not take many wickets in that tour , he was impressive maintaining a tight line and stopping the flow of runs . Harbhajan returned with figures of 2 / 29 ( in 4 overs ) in his first T20 international over two and a half years . He was in the squad for the 3 test away series against Sri Lanka led by Virat Kohli . He replaced injured Ashwin in series against South Africa . He was also part of the team that played 3 T20I matches against Australia , home series against Sri Lanka , Asia Cup in Bangladesh . He played only one match in the Asia Cup against UAE . He was also part of the T20 World Cup that took place in India but did not play any of the matches . = = Centuries = = = = = Test Centuries = = = = = Playing style = = Harbhajan is an attacking @-@ minded bowler who is regarded for his ball control and ability to vary his length and pace , although he is often criticised for his flat trajectory . His main wicket @-@ taking ball climbs wickedly on the unsuspecting batsman from a good length , forcing him to alter his stroke at the last second . With a whippy bowling action , he was reported for throwing in November 1998 . Although forced to travel to England for tests , his action was cleared by former English player Fred Titmus . He has developed an ability to bowl the doosra , which was the subject of an official report by match referee Chris Broad , on @-@ field umpires Aleem Dar and Mark Benson , and TV umpire Mahbubur Rahman after the Second Test between India and Bangladesh at Chittagong , Bangladesh in December 2004 . The ICC cleared his action in May 2005 , saying that the straightening of his elbow fell within the permitted limits . Among off spinners , Harbhajan is the second highest wicket @-@ taker in Test history , behind Muttiah Muralitharan of Sri Lanka . He is the third @-@ highest Test wicket @-@ taker among all Indians . Harbhajan average with the ball in home Test matches hovers in the mid @-@ 20s . All five of his man of the match awards and both of his man of the series awards have been obtained in India . Outside India , his bowling average climbs to around 40 . Statistically , his bowling in Test matches is most effective against the West Indies and Australia . As of May 2008 , his most productive hunting grounds have been Eden Gardens in Calcutta , where he has taken 38 wickets at 23 @.@ 10 in six Tests , while the Chepauk in Chennai , where he has claimed two man of the match awards , has yield 34 wickets at 24 @.@ 25 in five Tests . Harbhajan has claimed his wickets most cheaply at Wankhede Stadium in Mumbai , where he has taken 22 wickets at 19 @.@ 45 . Compared to Muralitharan , Harbhajan is less reliant on targeting the stumps for his dismissals ; he captures more than 60 % of his wickets via catches and less than 25 % by bowling or trapping batsmen leg before wicket , whereas the corresponding figures for Muralitharan are in the 40s . Harbhajan 's off spin complements Kumble 's leg spin . While Harbhajan is known for his emotional and extroverted celebrations , which are part of a deliberate strategy of aggression , Kumble is known for his undemonstrative and composed approach . Both spinners have opined that they bowl more effectively in tandem via persistent application of pressure to batsmen , but statistics have shown that while Kumble has performed better when paired with Harbhajan , Harbhajan has been more effective in Kumble 's absence . Harbhajan has been particularly successful against Australian batsman Ricky Ponting , taking his wicket on ten occasions in Test cricket . In an interview in 2001 , Harbhajan stated his ambition to become an all @-@ rounder . Although he has recorded a few half @-@ centuries at Test level , his batting average hovers around 15 in both Tests and ODIs . However , in the span of four years starting from 2003 , he has shown improved performance , averaging around 20 with the bat . His style is frequently described as unorthodox , with pundits agreeing with his self @-@ assessment attributing his batting achievements to his hand @-@ eye coordination , rather than his footwork or technique . The aggression in Harbhajan 's bowling also extends to his batting , with a Test strike rate in the 60s , placing him in the ten highest strike rates among players who have scored more than 1000 runs in Test cricket . Harbhajan Singh Is also a useful lower @-@ down the order batsman . For Mumbai Indians he had made valuable 49 runs of 18 balls to guide the MI to a seemingly impossible win over the DC . In the 2011 test , he also scored quickfire 70 of 72 balls to stabilise India 's batting = = Awards = = = = = Test cricket = = = = = = = Man of the Series awards = = = = = = = = Man of the Match awards = = = = = = = ODI cricket = = = = = = = Man of the match awards = = = = = = = = Match performance of Last Seven Matches = = = = = = Test wicket milestones = = 1st : Greg Blewett ( Australia ) 50th : Ricky Ponting ( Australia ) 100th : Wavell Hinds ( West Indies ) 150th : Nathan Astle ( New Zealand ) 200th : Charles Coventry ( Zimbabwe ) 250th : Ricky Ponting ( Australia ) 300th : Ricky Ponting ( Australia ) 350th : JP Duminy ( South Africa ) 400th : Carlton Baugh ( West Indies ) = = Filmography = =
= Typhoon Wayne ( 1983 ) = Typhoon Wayne was an intense tropical cyclone that brought significant flooding to the Philippines in July 1983 . The typhoon originated from an area of disturbed weather that formed far from land towards the end of July . Late on July 22 , Wayne developed gale @-@ force winds while moving west . The next day , it was estimated to have become a typhoon , and Wayne subsequently entered a period of rapid deepening . During the morning hours of July 24 , the typhoon was estimated to have reached its peak intensity of 205 km / h ( 125 mph ) , but soon began to weaken due to interaction with land . By the time it moved ashore in southern China on July 25 , Wayne had weakened considerably . After moving inland , Wayne weakened rapidly . The following day , Wayne was no longer a tropical cyclone . Typhoon Wayne became the second typhoon to strike the Philippines within nine days . Furthermore , 42 people lost their lives in flood waters while attempting to cross a temporary bridge . A total of 28 persons were hurt and 39 were rescued , and there were initially reports of up to 200 people missing . Although Wayne passed south of Taiwan , moderate flooding was reported due to rough seas . Elsewhere , in China , Wayne was the fifth most intense typhoon on record to impact Fujian between 1960 and 2005 . Throughout China , 440 persons were injured , 105 people died , and 30 @,@ 000 dwellings collapsed . Overall , 147 people were killed due to Typhoon Wayne . = = Meteorological history = = Typhoon Wayne originated from an elongated surface trough west of Truk . Initially , the trough was poorly organized , but after 1200 UTC on July 21 , satellite imagery indicated an increase in the organization and convective activity of the system . Based on this , a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert ( TCFA ) was issued late on July 21 by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) . Early the next day , Hurricane Hunters estimated that the system developed into a tropical depression , and the JTWC subsequently initialized warnings . Around this time , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) started monitoring the system . During the next 24 hours , Wayne began to intensify and was soon upgraded into a tropical storm by the JTWC . The JMA first classified the low as a tropical storm at 1800 UTC on July 22 while the system generally moved west . By early July 23 , the JTWC upgraded the storm into a typhoon while the JMA upgraded the system to a severe tropical storm . Around this time , aircraft reconnaissance revealed an eyewall and a small inner core . Six hours later , the JMA upgraded Wayne to a typhoon . Later that day , the JMA announced that Wayne attained winds of 160 km / h ( 100 mph ) . The storm continued to rapidly deepen , and within 24 hours , Typhoon Wayne had more than doubled in intensity according to the JTWC . Meanwhile , the cyclone moved westward along the southern periphery of the subtropical ridge in a low wind shear environment . At 0600 UTC on July 24 , the JTWC estimated that the storm attained peak intensity of 250 km / h ( 155 mph ) , a Category 4 hurricane @-@ equivalent on the United States Saffir @-@ Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale ( SSHWS ) . According to the JTWC , Wayne was also a super typhoon . Early on July 24 , the JMA reported that Typhoon Wayne attained peak intensity of 200 km / h ( 125 mph ) ( equivalent to a Category 3 on the SSHWS ) , which it maintained for 12 hours before weakening slightly . As Super Typhoon Wayne passed north of Luzon , the low @-@ level atmospheric circulation was disrupted north of the storm by the high terrain of Taiwan and thus Wayne weakened . Wayne then began a more northwestward track and made landfall approximately 560 km ( 350 mi ) east of Hong Kong . At the time of landfall on July 25 , the JMA estimated winds of 170 km / h ( 105 mph ) , equivalent to a mid @-@ level Category 2 system on the SSHWS . Wayne struck the coast of China at typhoon strength according to JTWC , but rapidly dissipated as it moved inland over the mountainous terrain of southeastern China . By 0000 UTC on July 26 , the JMA ceased monitoring Typhoon Wayne . = = Impact and aftermath = = Upon affecting the Philippines , Typhoon Wayne became the second system to strike Luzon in nine days after Typhoon Vera . There , 42 people lost their lives including two children and 12 woman when they drowned in flood waters while trying to cross a damaged , but temporary bridge that was built after the 1981 Pacific typhoon season . The bridge was 150 ft ( 45 m ) long and 1 yd ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) wide and was responsible for connecting Talisay and Cebu . Many of the deceased were swept downstream the Managua River , which was situated 2 ft ( 0 @.@ 61 m ) below the bridge . Additionally , 28 people were injured and 39 were rescued . Initially , an estimated 100 to 200 people were listed as missing , many of which were believed to have drowned in floodwaters . Many motorists were stranded due to flooding . Despite veering south of Taiwan , Wayne generated high waves , which flooded farmland . A total of 1 @,@ 482 acres ( 600 ha ) of banana crops were flooded . Typhoon Wayne was the fifth most intense tropical cyclone to impact Fujian between 1960 and 2005 . Heavy rainfall led to severe flooding in Fujian and Guangdong . Across China , 105 persons perished . In addition , 440 persons were injured and 30 @,@ 000 dwellings collapsed . Although little damage was reported , winds of 43 km / h ( 27 mph ) and gusts of 56 km / h ( 35 mph ) were measured at Waglan Island. in Tia Po Kau , a slight storm surge was measured , peaking at 2 @.@ 18 m ( 7 @.@ 2 ft ) . Nearby , in Tatin 's Carin , a peak rainfall total of 113 @.@ 9 mm ( 4 @.@ 48 in ) was recorded .
= Walter de Lacy ( died 1085 ) = Walter de Lacy ( died 27 March 1085 ) was a Norman nobleman who came to England after the Norman Conquest of England in 1066 . He received lands in Herefordshire and Shropshire , and served King William I of England by leading military forces during 1075 . He died in 1085 and one son inherited his lands . Another son became an abbot . = = Early life = = Walter was originally from Lassy , in Normandy . He had a brother , Ilbert de Lacy . Ilbert was the ancestor of the de Lacy family of Pontefract . Both Walter and Ilbert jointly held the Norman lands that were held of the Bishop of Bayeux . = = Career in England = = Walter was given the lordship of Weobley in Herefordshire after the Conquest . He is already attested in the Welsh Marches by 1069 , when he is recorded stopping a Welsh attack and then raiding into Wales in retribution . Walter and Ilbert may have come to England in the household of Odo of Bayeux , the Bishop of Bayeux and half @-@ brother of King William the Conqueror . Although some historians , such as W. E. Wightman , have argued that Walter was a follower of William fitzOsbern , others , including C. P. Lewis and K. S. B. Keats @-@ Rohan , have argued that Walter was an independent agent in England . By the time of Walter 's death , he held a block of lands in Herefordshire along the border with Wales . Another group of lands was centered on Ludlow in Shropshire . These two groupings of lands allowed Walter to help defend the border of England against Welsh raids . Walter also had other lands in Berkshire , Gloucestershire , Worcestershire , and Oxfordshire . Walter kept a large number of his manors in demesne , managing them directly rather than giving them as fiefs to his knightly followers . Some of these lands in Hereford , including Holme Lacy , were held of the Bishop of Hereford through feudal tenure . In total , Domesday Book records Walter 's lands as being worth £ 423 in income per year and as comprising 163 manors in 7 different counties . He was one of 21 individuals with land valued at more than £ 400 at the time of the survey . In 1075 , Walter was one of the leaders of the force that prevented Roger de Breteuil from joining up with the other rebels during the Revolt of the Earls . Walter had joined forces with Wulfstan the Bishop of Worcester , Æthelwig the Abbot of Evesham Abbey , and Urse d 'Abetot the Sheriff of Worcester . = = Family and death = = Walter married Emma or Emmelina and they had three sons – Roger , Hugh and Walter . Roger was the heir to Weobley and Walter became Abbot of Gloucester Abbey . Occasionally the elder Walter is claimed to have married twice – once to Emma and once to an Ermeline , but this is probably a confusion of the variations of Emma 's name . Walter and Emma also had a daughter who became a nun at St Mary 's Abbey , Winchester . A niece was married to Ansfrid de Cormeilles . Considerable confusion exists about Sybil , the wife of Pain fitzJohn . C. P. Lewis names her as the daughter of Walter , but W. E. Wightman calls her the daughter of Hugh , Walter 's son . Yet another pedigree has her as the daughter of Agnes , the daughter of Walter . In this rendition , favoured by Bruce Coplestone @-@ Crow , Agnes was married to Geoffrey Talbot . The elder Walter died on 27 March 1085 , falling off some scaffolding at Saint Guthlac 's Priory when he was inspecting the progress of the building at that monastery . He was buried in the chapter house at Gloucester Abbey . He was a benefactor to Gloucester Abbey , as well as Saint Guthlac 's .
= Adventure Time ( season 4 ) = The fourth season of the American animated television series Adventure Time , created by Pendleton Ward , originally aired on Cartoon Network in the United States . The series is based on a short produced for Frederator 's Nicktoons Network animation incubator series Random ! Cartoons . The season debuted on April 2 , 2012 , and the season finale was aired on October 22 , 2012 . The season follows the adventures of Finn , a human boy , and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake , a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will . Finn and Jake live in the post @-@ apocalyptic Land of Ooo . Along the way , they interact with the other main characters of the show : Princess Bubblegum , The Ice King , and Marceline the Vampire Queen . The first episode of the season , " Hot to the Touch " was watched by 2 @.@ 655 million viewers ; this marked a slight decrease in viewers watching Cartoon Network when compared to the previous season 's debut . The season ended with the cliffhanger " The Lich " , which was viewed by 2 @.@ 589 million viewers ; the story was resolved at the start of season five . The season was met with largely positive critical reception . In addition , several episodes were nominated for awards ; The episodes " Princess Cookie " , " The Hard Easy " , " Lady & Peebles " , and " Goliad " were all nominated for Annie Awards . The episode " Card Wars " , however , won a Golden Reel Award . During the production of the season Ward and the series ' crew sought to over come what they called the " season four blues " by writing more interesting and different stories than what had previously aired . The season was storyboarded and written by Cole Sanchez , Rebecca Sugar , Tom Herpich , Skyler Page , Ako Castuera , Jesse Moynihan , Bert Youn , Somvilay Xayaphone , and Steve Wolfhard while being produced by Cartoon Network Studios and Frederator Studios . Several compilation DVDs that contained episodes from the season were released after the season finished airing . The full season set was released on October 7 , 2014 on DVD and Blu @-@ ray . = = Development = = = = = Concept = = = The season follows the adventures of Finn the Human , a human boy , and his best friend and adoptive brother Jake , a dog with magical powers to change shape and grow and shrink at will . Finn and Jake live in the post @-@ apocalyptic Land of Ooo . Along the way , they interact with the other main characters of the show : Princess Bubblegum , The Ice King , and Marceline the Vampire Queen . Common storylines revolve around : Finn and Jake discovering strange creatures , battling the Ice King , and battling monsters in order to help others . Various other episodes deal with Finn attempting to woo Flame Princess . = = = Production = = = On April 6 , 2011 , Eric Homan announced through Frederator 's official blog that , although he was unable to " confirm nor deny " whether the series had been renewed for a fourth season , " if there were a fourth season planned [ ... ] writing would begin next week . " On April 28 , 2011 , Ward officially announced that , with the storyboards for season three nearing completion , much of the production staff had shifted its focus onto the show 's fourth season . The first episode to enter into production was " Five Short Graybles " , based on its production number . However , it was later the second episode aired . During the writing for the season , Ward and series ' head writer Kent Osborne noted that it was increasingly difficult to produce new episode concepts because the writers had " already used a lot of cool ideas " . Osborne called this slump the " season four blues " . Ward went on to clarify that , " everything 's still coming out super weird and interesting — but it just gets a little harder . You have to dig deeper . " To combat these issues , the writer staff tried different story writing methods , such as a technique called exquisite corpse , in which one writer starts a story on a sheet of paper , and the paper is folded and another writer tries to finish it . Ward , however , noted that " the ideas are usually terrible " . They also decided to experiment with different types of storytelling and to introduce more new characters to the show . This season 's episodes were produced in a process similar to previous seasons ' episodes . First , all of the episodes began as simple two @-@ to @-@ three @-@ page outline that contained the necessary plot information . These outlines were then handed off to storyboard artists , who would then expand the rough outline into a full storyboard . The episodes ' design and coloring were done in Burbank , California . Animation was handled overseas in South Korea , either by Rough Draft Korea or by Saerom Animation . The season was storyboarded and written by Cole Sanchez , Rebecca Sugar , Tom Herpich , Skyler Page , Ako Castuera , Moynihan , Bert Youn , Somvilay Xayaphone , and Steve Wolfhard . Ward was proud with the writing staff for the season , saying , " Everyone [ on the writing staff ] is super talented [ ... ] And they 're all a bunch of brainiacs , super smart " . He explained that " They 're amazing in helping us because they let us write really cool ideas [ because ] they 're really supportive , is what I am trying to say , of what we 're trying to do . " The season was produced by Cartoon Network Studios and Frederator Studios . The series is rated TV @-@ PG . = = Cast = = The voice actors include voice acting veterans John DiMaggio ( who portrays Jake the Dog ) , Tom Kenny ( who plays The Ice King ) , and Hynden Walch ( who voices Princess Bubblegum ) . In addition , Jeremy Shada portrays the voice of Finn the Human , and Olivia Olson portrays Marceline the Vampire Queen . Ward himself provides the voice for several minor characters , as well as Lumpy Space Princess . Former storyboard artist Niki Yang voices the sentient video game console BMO , as well as Jake 's girlfriend Lady Rainicorn in Korean . Polly Lou Livingston , a friend of Pendleton Ward 's mother , Bettie Ward , plays the voice of the small elephant Tree Trunks . Jessica DiCicco voices Flame Princess , who becomes Finn 's new romantic interest . Season four also features the reappearance of The Lich , the series ' principal antagonist . The Lich is portrayed by Ron Perlman . The Adventure Time cast records their lines together in group recordings as opposed to different recording sessions with each voice actor . This is to record more natural @-@ sounding dialogue among the characters . Hynden Walch has described these group recordings as akin to " doing a play reading — a really , really out there play . " Several voice actors and actresses reprise their characters in this season . Andy Milonakis returns as N.E.P.T.R. in " Hot to the Touch " and " BMO Noire " . Ron Lynch again voices Pig in " Dream of Love " . Martin Olson reprises his role as Hunson Abadeer in the two @-@ parter episode " Return to the Nightosphere " / " Daddy 's Little Monster " . Miguel Ferrer voices Death in " Sons of Mars " . In the same episode , Ward voices Abraham Lincoln , a throw @-@ back to the series ' pilot episode . Erik Estrada again voices the titular character in " King Worm " . George Takei voices the anthropomorphic heart villain Ricardio in " Lady & Peebles " . Justin Roiland returns as the Earl of Lemongrab in " You Made Me " ; the episode would also see him voice Lemongrab 's genetically created twin . Keith David once again voices the Flame King in " Ignition Point " . Lou Ferrigno returns in " The Lich " to voice Billy . Emo Philips makes his debut as Cuber in the episode " Five Short Graybles " . Bobcat Goldthwait and Susie Essman voice the spider couple in " Web Weirdos " . Writer Graham Linehan 's daughter Wendy appears as the titular character in " Goliad " , and Linehan 's son Henry voices Stormo . Donald Faison lends his voice to the character Baby @-@ Snaps in " Princess Cookie " . Tom Gammill , Melissa Villasenor , Kenny , and Ferrer voice the four @-@ headed deity Grob Gob Glob Grod in " Sons of Mars " . Matthew Broderick voices the Dream Warrior in " Who Would Win " , and Gammill returns in the same episode as The Farm . Paul F. Tompkins appears as Furnius in " Ignition Point " . Both Brian Doyle @-@ Murray and Jonathan Katz lend their voices to the episode " The Hard Easy " as Prince Huge and the Mud Scamp elder , respectively . Katz was originally supposed to voice a character in the previous season , but had to bow out due to a scheduling conflict . Various other characters are voiced by Tom Kenny , Dee Bradley Baker , Maria Bamford , Steve Little , and Kent Osborne . = = Reception and release = = = = = Ratings = = = The season debuted on April 2 , 2012 , with the episode " Hot to the Touch " . The episode was watched by 2 @.@ 655 million viewers . This marked a slight decrease from the third season premiere , which had been viewed by 2 @.@ 686 million viewers . The episode was number one among kids aged 2 – 11 , 6 – 11 , and 9 – 14 , as well as boys aged 2 – 11 , 6 – 11 and 9 – 14 . The season 's sixteenth episode , " Burning Low " was seen by 3 @.@ 504 million viewers , making it the most @-@ watched episode of the series to air . The twenty @-@ third episode of the season , " The Hard Easy " , was the 100th episode produced of the entire show , although it was the 101st aired . It aired on October 1 , 2012 . The season finale , " The Lich " , aired on October 22 , 2012 , and was viewed by 2 @.@ 589 . It ranked as the number one television episode in its timeslot among all kids aged 2 – 11 , 6 – 11 , and 9 – 14 , and all boy demographics . = = = Reviews and accolades = = = Mike LeChevallier of Slate magazine award the fourth season of the show four stars out of five . In the review , LeChevallier positively complimented the show for " growing up " with its characters , and that " the show 's dialogue is among the best of any current animated series . " He concluded that the series possesses " strikingly few faults " . Season four was the first season that was reviewed by The A.V. Club ; reviewer Oliver Sava wrote that in its fourth year , the show " transformed into a different beast " and that it was the show 's " strongest season yet " . Each episode was graded by The A.V. Club with a different letter grade ; the season received three " C " grade entries , eight " B " grade installments , and thirteen " A " grade episodes . Four of the season 's episodes were nominated for Annie Awards . " Princess Cookie " was nominated Best Animated Television Production For Children , " The Hard Easy " was nominated for Design in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production , and " Lady & Peebles " and " Goliad " were both nominated Storyboarding in an Animated Television / Broadcast Production . None of the episodes managed to win , however . The episode " Card Wars " won a Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing : Sound Effects , Foley , Dialogue and ADR Animation in Television . = = = Home media = = = Warner Home Video released several DVDs , consisting of region 1 and region 2 formats ; Jake vs. Me @-@ Mow , Fionna and Cake , Jake the Dad , The Suitor , Princess Day , Finn the Human , Frost & Fire , The Enchiridion , and Card Wars were created for region 1 markets containing some episodes from the fourth season . The season four DVD and Blu @-@ ray was released on October 7 , 2014 . All DVD releases can be purchased on the Cartoon Network Shop , and the individual episodes can be downloaded from both the iTunes Store and Amazon.com. = = Episodes = = = = DVD release = =
= M @-@ 43 ( Michigan highway ) = M @-@ 43 is a state trunkline highway in southwestern and central parts of the US state of Michigan . The highway runs from South Haven to Webberville along an indirect path through both rural areas and larger cities . The trunkline follows three overall segments : a southeasterly track from South Haven to Kalamazoo , a northeasterly course to the Hastings area and an easterly route through the Lansing area . The M @-@ 43 designation dates back to at least July 1 , 1919 , when it was used on a series of roadways running between Kalamazoo and St. Charles . Its northern- and easternmost sections were transferred to other highways in the 1930s . Additions to M @-@ 43 extended it to its current termini . Several sections of the highway were realigned during its history , one of these changes led to the creation of a business loop in Grand Ledge . Another former segment of the trunkline in the Lansing area has been renumbered M @-@ 143 . = = Route description = = M @-@ 43 begins at an intersection with BL I @-@ 196 in South Haven . Known locally as Bailey Avenue , the road heads out of the city to the southwest , intersecting County Road A @-@ 2 before running over Interstate 196 ( I @-@ 196 ) . From there , the road continues to the southeast near the airport through the rural areas of Van Buren County . The road runs through mixed woodland and fields before passing through Bangor . After Bangor , the route heads due east past Glendale and then intersects M @-@ 40 north of Paw Paw . After the junction with M @-@ 40 , the highway then enters Kalamazoo County and has an interchange with US Highway 131 ( US 131 ) just before entering the city of Kalamazoo on Main Street near the north side of the campus of Western Michigan University . Through downtown , M @-@ 43 runs concurrently with both of the city 's business loops for I @-@ 94 and US 131 . Eastbound traffic along the combined highway is routed on Michigan Avenue , while westbound traffic uses Kalamazoo Avenue . Business US 131 ( Bus . US 131 ) turns north at Park Street and BL I @-@ 94 / M @-@ 43 continues east . After the two traffic directions merge back together and cross the Kalamazoo River , BL I @-@ 94 turns to the southeast , and M @-@ 43 follows Riverview Drive to an intersection with Gull Road . There M @-@ 43 begins to head northeast out of the city . The highway passes in front of the Borgess Medical Center and along a row of retail and commercial properties next to Gull Road . The trunkline then travels through a rural area for a brief period before entering the community of Richland where it merges with M @-@ 89 . M @-@ 43 and M @-@ 89 run concurrently for a mile north of Richland before M @-@ 89 heads off to the west while M @-@ 43 continues north . After the concurrency ends , M @-@ 43 turns east and then back north to run between Little Long and Gull lakes . It is at this point where M @-@ 43 begins its northward trek . The road continues on a general north @-@ northeast track through rural areas and beside several lakes in Barry County before meeting M @-@ 179 and M @-@ 37 . M @-@ 43 merges with the latter highway and together they run into Hastings . Downtown , M @-@ 37 leaves town to the south , while M @-@ 43 heads north before curving around the east , passing through farmfields approaching the community of Woodland . After leaving town , the road meets M @-@ 66 , and together they head north to a junction with M @-@ 50 . M @-@ 43 then turns east with M @-@ 50 , and they briefly run together before M @-@ 50 diverges to the southeast . Now known as the Grand Ledge Highway , M @-@ 43 continues its easterly path across northern Eaton County before dipping south briefly to travel around the south side of Grand Ledge . Just south of town , M @-@ 43 has a junction with M @-@ 100 and then follows Saginaw Highway . The highway then has a junction with I @-@ 96 / I @-@ 69 in Delta Township before continuing into Lansing , merged with BL I @-@ 69 . In Lansing , the highway travels splits to follow the one @-@ way streets of Saginaw ( eastbound ) and Oakland ( westbound ) near the Sparrow Specialty Hospital . BL I @-@ 69 / M @-@ 43 then crosses the Grand River and passes Marshall Park . The trunkline then passes over US 127 just before the paired one @-@ way streets merge back together on Grand River Avenue . After the merge , M @-@ 43 heads southeast through East Lansing , passing the main campus of Michigan State University and Spartan Stadium . The road continues on its southeast path , traveling by the Meridian Mall as it enters Meridian Township . From here the road travels through Williamston before terminating at an interchange with I @-@ 96 just south of Webberville at exit 122 . The Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) maintains M @-@ 43 like all other state trunkline highways . As a part of those responsibilities , the department tracks the volume of traffic along its roadways using a metric called average annual daily traffic . This is a calculation of the traffic levels for a roadway segment for any average day of the year . In 2009 , MDOT determined that the highest traffic volume along M @-@ 43 was east of the I @-@ 96 / I @-@ 69 interchange at 38 @,@ 927 vehicles per day . The highest commercial traffic was west of the interchange at 645 trucks daily . The lowest volumes were at Woodland with only 1 @,@ 700 vehicles and 120 trucks traveling along that section of the highway daily . Two segments of M @-@ 43 are listed on the National Highway System . The first section runs from US 131 in Oshtemo Township east to the intersection of M @-@ 43 ( Gull Road ) and Sprinkle Road in Comstock . The second segment is between I @-@ 96 / I @-@ 69 in Delta Township and the junction between Saginaw Street and Grand River Avenue in East Lansing . = = History = = When M @-@ 43 was first commissioned by July 1 , 1919 , it ran from M @-@ 17 in Kalamazoo to Hastings . It also extended north to Ionia and Stanton before turning east through Ithaca to St. Charles . In 1929 , the western end was extended from Kalamazoo to South Haven , with a section still under construction . By the end of 1930 , the sections of M @-@ 43 north and east of Woodbury were redesignated as parts of other highways . The Woodbury – Stanton segment was renumbered M @-@ 14 , and the Stanton – St. Charles highway became M @-@ 57 . In 1938 , the road was extended to the east , replacing the routing of M @-@ 39 from Woodbury all the way to East Lansing where it intersected US 16 as it existed on Grand River Avenue . The next year , M @-@ 37 was realigned , which created a concurrency with M @-@ 43 in the Hasting area . When M @-@ 43 was rerouted in 1954 , the new course of the highway ran concurrently with M @-@ 66 for a few miles in rural northeastern Barry County . All of the highway was completely paved in 1956 when a new routing opened northeast of Hastings , bypassing Coats Grove . The fourth change in the Barry County routing was made by the next year. the highway was rerouted due northward out of Hastings along Broadway Street . Around 1959 , M @-@ 43 was shifted to bypass Grand Ledge . The former route through town was retained as a state highway , designated Bus . M @-@ 43 . M @-@ 43 was extended from its eastern end in Lansing in 1962 along a section of highway that was formerly part of US 16 on Grand River Avenue ; the extension to Webberville was made when the I @-@ 96 freeway opened that year . Through the Lansing area , M @-@ 43 was rerouted off Michigan Avenue downtown . This former routing was renumbered M @-@ 143 . = = Major intersections = = = = Business loop = = Business M @-@ 43 ( Bus . M @-@ 43 ) was a business loop through the city of Grand Ledge . It ran east along Jefferson Street . The street curves to the southeast at a bend in the Grand River . M @-@ 100 merges in from the northeast at Bridge Street . The two highways ran concurrently south to Saginaw Highway . There , Bus . M @-@ 43 ended at the intersection with M @-@ 43 while M @-@ 100 continued south . The business loop was created when M @-@ 43 was rerouted to a new roadway southwest of downtown Grand Ledge . This roadway opened on November 14 , 1959 , at which time the business loop was signed along the former route in town . In 1968 , Bus . M @-@ 43 was decommissioned . The section not concurrent with M @-@ 100 was turned over to local control and removed from the state trunkline highway system .
= J. Proctor Knott = James Proctor Knott ( August 29 , 1830 – June 18 , 1911 ) was a U.S. Representative from Kentucky and served as the 29th Governor of Kentucky from 1883 to 1887 . Born in Kentucky , he moved to Missouri in 1850 and began his political career there . He served as Missouri Attorney General from 1859 to 1861 , when he resigned rather than swear an oath of allegiance to the federal government just prior to the outbreak of the Civil War . Knott was disbarred and briefly imprisoned for his refusal to take the oath of allegiance . He returned to Kentucky in 1863 and was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives . In 1871 , he made a notable speech ridiculing a bill to subsidize westward expansion of railroads . In the speech , he lampooned the remote town of Duluth , Minnesota . The Duluth speech was eventually reprinted in several publications and brought Knott national acclaim . He did not stand for re @-@ election in 1870 , instead making a failed run for the office of governor . In 1875 , he returned to the House and served as chair of the judiciary committee . In 1883 , Knott left Congress and made a successful run for governor . He secured major reforms in education , but was stymied in his pursuit of tax reform . After his term as governor , he was a delegate to the state 's constitutional convention in 1891 . In 1892 , he became a professor at Centre College in Danville , Kentucky and helped organized the college 's law school in 1894 . He served as dean of the law school until an illness forced him to retire in 1902 . He died at his home in Lebanon , Kentucky on June 18 , 1911 . = = Early life = = J. Proctor Knott was born in Raywick , Marion County , Kentucky on August 29 , 1830 . He was the son of Joseph Percy and Maria Irvine ( McElroy ) Knott . He was tutored by his father from an early age , and later attended public school in Marion and Shelby counties . In 1846 , he began to study law . In May 1850 , he relocated to Memphis , Missouri , where he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in 1851 . He also served in the offices of the circuit court and county clerks . Knott married Mary E. Forman on November 17 , 1852 . Forman died during the birth of the couple 's first child in August 1853 . On January 14 , 1858 , Knott married his cousin , Sarah R. McElroy . = = Political career = = Knott 's political career began in 1857 when he was elected to represent Scotland County in the Missouri House of Representatives . He served as chair of the judiciary committee and conducted the impeachment hearings against Judge Albert Jackson . Knott resigned his seat in the legislature in August 1858 to accept Governor Robert M. Stewart 's appointment to fill the unexpired term of Missouri 's attorney general , Ephraim B. Ewing . In 1860 , he was elected to a full term as attorney general . In January 1861 , Missouri called a convention to determine whether it would follow the lead of other pro @-@ slavery states and secede from the Union . Knott was sympathetic to the southern cause , but opposed the methods of the secessionists . The Unionist position carried the convention by an 80 @,@ 000 @-@ vote majority . Knott resigned his position as attorney general rather than take an oath of allegiance required by the federal government . As a result of his refusal , he was disbarred from practice in the state of Missouri and imprisoned for a short time . = = = In the House of Representatives = = = In 1863 , Knott returned to Kentucky and re @-@ opened his legal practice in Lebanon . He was elected as a Democrat to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1867 . As a legislator , he opposed the Reconstruction agenda of the Radical Republicans and ratification of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments . He was re @-@ elected to a second term , but did not stand for re @-@ election in 1870 . Knott 's most notable action as a legislator occurred near the end of his first stint in Congress . On January 27 , 1871 , he delivered a satirical speech ridiculing a bill that would have provided fifty @-@ seven land grants and financial concessions to railroads to further their westward expansion . In the speech , Knott singled out the Bayfield and St. Croix Railroad 's proposed line from the St. Croix River to Duluth , Minnesota to make his point . He derided the remoteness of the town and the need for a railroad to it by repeatedly referring to a map and asking where Duluth was located . Following the speech , the railroad bill was killed and Congress adjourned for the day . Knott 's speech , known as Duluth ! or The Untold Delights of Duluth , brought him national acclaim and copies of the speech were reprinted and sold . Residents of Duluth apparently were not offended by the speech , extending an offer for Knott to visit the city ; Knott accepted the offer in 1891 . In 1894 , a city near Duluth was incorporated as " Proctorknott " ; in 1904 , it adopted its present name of Proctor , Minnesota . In 1871 , Knott made an unsuccessful bid to become governor of Kentucky , losing the Democratic nomination to Preston Leslie . He was re @-@ elected to the House of Representatives in 1875 , serving four consecutive terms . He chaired the House Judiciary Committee for the first three of these terms . In 1876 , he was named one of the managers of impeachment proceedings against ex @-@ Secretary of War William W. Belknap . = = = As governor of Kentucky = = = Knott was one of several candidates seeking the Democratic gubernatorial nomination in 1883 . Other prominent candidates included Congressman Thomas Laurens Jones , former Confederate general Simon Bolivar Buckner , Judge John S. Owsley , and Louisville mayor Charles Donald Jacob . Balloting began on May 16 , 1883 , with Jones as the leading vote @-@ getter but unable to secure a majority . After four ballots , Jacob withdrew his name , and Knott moved into the lead . The following day , Owsley dropped out of the balloting , and Knott extended his lead . Though Buckner remained on the ballot , the race came down to Jones and Knott . Delegates from Owen County switched to Knott , and other counties soon followed suit . Jones withdrew , and Knott was nominated unanimously . In the general election , Knott defeated Republican Thomas Z. Morrow by a margin of nearly 45 @,@ 000 votes . During his term in office , he asked the legislature to conduct a thorough reform of the state 's tax system , but the legislators ' only response was to create a board of equalization charged with making equitable tax assessments . The legislature also refused to grant the Railroad Commission all the powers Knott had requested . Knott 's most successful initiatives were in the area of education . Under his leadership , the state established a normal school for blacks in Frankfort and created a state teacher 's organization . New legislation spelled out , often for the first time in the state 's history , the duties and responsibilities of educators , administrators , and school boards . Knott 's major shortcomings were in deterring crime . Despite the feuds that continued to rage in the state , including one that lasted several years in Rowan County , Knott refused to acknowledge lawlessness as a problem . Overcrowding of prisons prompted Knott to employ his pardon power liberally . The legislature approved the construction of the Kentucky State Penitentiary at Eddyville , but it was Knott 's predecessor , Luke P. Blackburn , who laid most of the groundwork for this project . = = Later life and death = = Following his term as governor , Knott continued his legal practice in Frankfort . He declined two separate appointments offered to him by President Grover Cleveland . The first was to become Territorial Governor of Hawaii ; the other was an appointment to the Interstate Commerce Commission . Knott served as a special assistant to Kentucky 's attorney general in 1887 and 1888 , and in 1891 , he was chosen as a delegate to the state constitutional convention . Knott became a professor of civics and economics at Centre College in Danville , Kentucky in 1892 . In 1894 , Knott and Centre president William C. Young organized a law department at the college ; Knott became the department 's first dean . An illness forced him to retire in 1902 . He died in Lebanon on June 18 , 1911 , and was buried at the Ryder Cemetery in Lebanon . Knott County , Kentucky was formed in 1884 and named in his honor .
= Battle of the Assunpink Creek = The Battle of the Assunpink Creek , also known as the Second Battle of Trenton , was a battle between American and British troops that took place in and around Trenton , New Jersey , on January 2 , 1777 , during the American Revolutionary War , and resulted in an American victory . Following a surprise victory at the Battle of Trenton early in the morning of December 26 , 1776 , General George Washington of the Continental Army and his council of war expected a strong British counter @-@ attack . Washington and the council decided to meet this attack in Trenton , and established a defensive position south of the Assunpink Creek . Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis led the British forces southward in the aftermath of the December 26 battle . Leaving 1 @,@ 400 men under Lieutenant Colonel Charles Mawhood in Princeton , Cornwallis advanced on Trenton with about 5 @,@ 000 men on January 2 . His advance was significantly slowed by defensive skirmishing by American riflemen under the command of Edward Hand , and the advance guard did not reach Trenton until twilight . After assaulting the American positions three times , and being repulsed each time , Cornwallis decided to wait and finish the battle the next day . Washington moved his army around Cornwallis 's camp that night and attacked Mawhood at Princeton the next day . That defeat prompted the British to withdraw from most of New Jersey for the winter . = = Background = = On the night of December 25 – 26 , 1776 , George Washington , Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Continental Army crossed the Delaware River with his army , and attacked the Hessian garrison at Trenton on the morning of December 26 . The Hessian garrison was surrounded and quickly defeated . Washington crossed the river again and returned to his camp in Pennsylvania that afternoon . On December 30 , Washington moved his army back to Trenton and stationed his men on the south side of the Assunpink Creek . = = Prelude = = = = = Washington 's appeal = = = At Trenton Washington faced a dilemma . All but a handful of his men 's enlistments were expiring on December 31 , and he knew that the army would collapse unless he convinced them to stay . So , on the 30th , Washington appealed to his men to stay one month longer for a bounty of ten dollars . He asked any men who wanted to volunteer to poise their firelocks , but not a man turned out . Washington then wheeled his horse around and rode in front of the troops , saying " My brave fellows , you have done all I asked you to do , and more than could be reasonably expected ; but your country is at stake , your wives , your houses and all that you hold dear . You have worn yourselves out with fatigues and hardships , but we know not how to spare you . If you will consent to stay only one month longer , you will render that service to the cause of liberty and to your country which you probably never can do under any other circumstances . " At first no one stepped forward , but then one soldier stepped forward , and he was followed by most of the others , leaving only a few in the original line . = = = Preparations = = = On January 1 , money from Congress arrived in Trenton and the men were paid . Washington also received a series of resolves from Congress including one that gave Washington powers similar to those of a military dictator . Washington decided that he would stand and fight at Trenton , and ordered General John Cadwalader , who was at Crosswicks with 1 @,@ 800 militia , to join him in Trenton . On December 31 Washington learned that an army of 8 @,@ 000 men under the command of General Charles Cornwallis was moving to attack him at Trenton . Washington ordered his men to build earthworks that were parallel to the south bank of the Assunpink Creek . The lines extended about three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) down the south end of the stream . However , one of Washington 's aides , Joseph Reed , pointed out that there were fords up stream that the British could cross , and then they would be in position to drive in Washington 's right flank . Washington could not escape across the Delaware because all of his boats were a few miles upstream . Washington told his officers that he planned to move the army and that their current position was only temporary . = = = British movement = = = Cornwallis , who had been planning to return to Britain , had his leave canceled . He rode to Princeton to catch up with General James Grant , who had moved with 1 @,@ 000 troops to reinforce Princeton . Cornwallis arrived , and was convinced by Grant and Carl von Donop to attack Trenton with their combined forces . By January 1 , 1777 , Cornwallis and his army had reached Princeton . On January 2 , Cornwallis left part of his force there under the command of Charles Mawhood , and with 5 @,@ 500 men , set off down the road to Trenton , 11 miles ( 18 km ) away . Cornwallis 's army had 28 cannon and marched in three columns . When Cornwallis reached Maidenhead , he detached Colonel Alexander Leslie with 1 @,@ 500 men and ordered them to remain there until the following morning . = = The battle = = = = = Delaying actions = = = Out in front of his army , Cornwallis placed a skirmish line of Hessian jägers and British light infantry . Two days before , Washington had troops under the command of Matthias Alexis Roche de Fermoy place an outer defensive line halfway between Trenton and Princeton , with the goal of delaying the British advance . As the British approached , Fermoy returned to Trenton , drunk . Colonel Edward Hand took over his command . As the British came within range , the American riflemen opened fire . The American riflemen took cover in the woods , ravines and even in bends in the road , and each time the British would line up in a battle line , the riflemen would fall back and fire from cover . After Hand was forced to abandon the American position along Five Mile Run , he took up a new position , a heavily wooded area on the south bank of Shabakunk Creek . Hand deployed his men in the trees where they were so well protected from view that the British could not see them as they crossed the bridge over the stream . The riflemen fired at them from point @-@ blank range . The intense fire confused the British into thinking that the entire American army was up against them and they formed into battle lines , bringing up their cannon . The British searched the woods for a half an hour looking for the Americans , but Hand had already withdrawn to a new position . By three in the afternoon , the British had reached a ravine known as Stockton Hollow , about a half a mile ( 0 @.@ 8 km ) from Trenton where the Americans were forming another line of defense . Washington wanted to hold the British off until nightfall , when darkness would prevent the British from attacking his defenses on the south side of Assunpink Creek . The British , with artillery in position , attacked Hand 's new position , and he gave way , slowly falling back into Trenton . Along the way , Hand had his troops fire from behind houses . As Hand 's troops came to the creek , the Hessians charged at them with bayonets fixed , causing chaos among the Americans . Washington , seeing the chaos , rode out through the crowd of men crossing the bridge , and shouted that Hand 's rear guard pull back and regroup under the cover of the American artillery . = = = British assault = = = As the British prepared to attack the American defenses , cannon and musket fire was exchanged between the opposing sides . The British moved across the bridge , advancing in solid columns , and the Americans all fired together . The British fell back , but only for a moment . The British charged the bridge again , but were driven back by cannon fire . The British charged one final time , but the Americans fired canister shot this time , and the British lines were raked with fire . One soldier said , " The bridge looked red as blood , with their killed and wounded and their red coats . " = = American withdrawal = = = = = Cornwallis ' decision = = = When Cornwallis arrived in Trenton with the main army , he called a council of war as to whether or not he should continue to attack . Cornwallis ' quartermaster general , William Erskine , urged Cornwallis to strike right away , saying " If Washington is the General I take him to be , his army will not be found there in the morning . " But James Grant disagreed , and argued that there was no way for the Americans to retreat , and that the British troops were worn out , and that it would be better for them to attack in the morning after they had rested . Cornwallis did not want to wait until morning , but he decided that it would be better than sending his troops out to attack in the dark . Cornwallis said , " We 've got the old fox safe now . We 'll go over and bag him in the morning . " Cornwallis then moved his army to a hill north of Trenton for the night . = = = Washington 's decision = = = During the night , the American artillery , under the command of Henry Knox , occasionally fired shells into Trenton to keep the British on edge . As Cornwallis had , Washington also called for a council of war . Using the road leading to Princeton , and his council of war agreed to make an attempt against the British garrison there . By 2 am the army was on its way to Princeton . Washington left behind 500 men and two cannons to keep the fires burning and to make noise with picks and shovels to make the British think they were digging in . By morning , these men too had evacuated , and when the British came to attack , all of the American troops were gone . = = Casualties = = Casualty estimates are widely divergent . Howard Peckham records the fighting on January 2 as two separate engagements , both of which he categorizes as " skirmishes " . In the first , at Five Mile Run , he gives no American losses . In the second , at Stockton Hollow , he gives the American casualties as 6 killed , 10 wounded and 1 deserted . William S. Stryker , on the other hand , gives the entire American loss on January 2 as 1 killed and 6 wounded , while David Hackett Fischer says that they had 100 killed and wounded . Peckham gives the British losses at Five Mile Run as 1 Hessian killed and those for Stockton Hollow as " at least " 10 killed , 20 wounded and 25 captured . Edward J. Lowell gives the Hessian losses on January 2 as 4 killed and 11 wounded . David Hackett Fischer gives the British casualties as 365 killed , wounded or captured . = = Aftermath = = By morning , Washington had reached Princeton . After a brief battle , the British there were decisively defeated and a substantial number of the garrison under command of Mawhood was captured . With their third defeat in ten days , Cornwallis ' superior , General William Howe ordered the army to withdraw from southern New Jersey and most of the way back to New York . This they did , leaving forward positions at New Brunswick . Washington moved his army to Morristown for winter quarters .
= Asashōryū Akinori = Asashōryū Akinori ( 朝青龍明徳 , born 27 September 1980 , as Dolgorsürengiin Dagvadorj , Mongolian Cyrillic : Долгорсүрэнгийн Дагвадорж ) is a Mongolian former sumo wrestler ( rikishi ) . He was the 68th yokozuna in the history of the sport in Japan and became the first Mongol to reach sumo 's highest rank in January 2003 . He was one of the most successful yokozuna ever . In 2005 he became the first wrestler to win all six official tournaments ( honbasho ) in a single year . Over his entire career , he won 25 top division tournament championships , placing him fourth on the all @-@ time list . From 2004 until 2007 , Asashōryū was sumo 's sole yokozuna , and was criticized at times by the media and the Japan Sumo Association for not upholding the standards of behaviour expected of a holder of such a prestigious rank . He became the first yokozuna in history to be suspended from competition in August 2007 when he participated in a charity soccer match in his home country despite having withdrawn from a regional sumo tour claiming injury . After a career filled with a multitude of other controversies , both on and off the dohyō , his career was cut short when he retired from sumo in February 2010 after allegations that he assaulted a man outside a Tokyo nightclub . = = Early life and sumo background = = Asashōryū comes from a family with a strong background in Mongolian wrestling , with his father and two of his elder brothers all achieving high ranks in the sport . He also trained in judo in Mongolia . He originally came to Japan as an exchange student , together with his friend , the future Asasekiryū , where they attended Meitoku Gijuku High School in Kochi Prefecture . They both trained together at the sumo club there . = = Early career = = He was recruited by the former ōzeki Asashio of the Wakamatsu stable ( now Takasago stable ) , who gave him the shikona of Asashōryū , literally " morning blue dragon , " Asa being a regular prefix in the Wakamatsu stable . He made his professional debut in January 1999 . At that time , fellow Mongolians Kyokushūzan and Kyokutenhō were in the top division and stars back in their home country , but Asashōryū was quick to overtake them both . He attained elite sekitori status in September 2000 by winning promotion to the jūryō division , and reached the top makuuchi division just two tournaments later in January 2001 . In May 2001 , he made his san 'yaku debut at komusubi rank and earned his first sanshō award , for Outstanding Performance . In 2002 , Asashōryū put together back @-@ to @-@ back records of 11 – 4 , 11 – 4 and 12 – 3 and was promoted to sumo 's second highest rank of ōzeki in July . In November 2002 , he took his first top division tournament championship ( yūshō ) with a 14 – 1 record . It took Asashōryū only 23 tournaments from his professional debut to win his first top division title , the fastest ever . In January 2003 , he won his second straight championship . Shortly after the tournament , Asashōryū was granted the title of yokozuna , the highest rank in sumo . His promotion coincided with the retirement of the injury @-@ plagued Takanohana , last Japanese born yokozuna to date . = = Yokozuna career = = While his first tournament as yokozuna ended in a disappointing 10 – 5 record , he won a further twenty @-@ three tournaments . Combined with his two yūshō as an ōzeki , he had twenty @-@ five career championships in the top division . This puts him in fourth place on the all @-@ time list , behind only Hakuhō , Taihō , and Chiyonofuji . = = = 2003 = = = Asashōryū nominally shared the yokozuna rank with Musashimaru , but in fact his rival only fought a handful of bouts in 2003 due to injury . The two did not meet in competition all year . Asashōryū won his first championship as a yokozuna in May 2003 and came back from an injury sustained in the July tournament to win his third title of the year in September . Musashimaru announced his retirement in November , leaving Asashōryū as sumo 's only yokozuna . = = = 2004 = = = Asashōryū began 2004 with two consecutive perfect 15 – 0 tournament wins ( zensho @-@ yūshō ) in January and March . Nobody had attained zensho yusho since 1996 ; yet Asashōryū went on to add three more such titles after 2004 , for a career total of five . Only Hakuhō , with eleven , Taihō , with eight , and Chiyonofuji and Kitanoumi with seven , have recorded more 15 – 0 scores . His unbeaten run continued into the first five days of the May 2004 tournament , giving him a winning streak of 35 bouts in total , the longest run since Chiyonofuji 's 53 in 1988 . Although he was then upset by maegashira Hokutōriki , he gained revenge by defeating Hokutōriki in a playoff on the final day to claim the championship . On 27 November 2004 , Asashōryū became the first wrestler to win five tournaments in a year since Chiyonofuji achieved the feat in 1986 , and won his ninth Emperor 's Cup . Asashōryū 's below average 9 – 6 score in the Autumn basho of 2004 , the only one he did not win , was attributed in part to the official ceremony for his marriage , which was held in August 2004 ( although he had actually married in December 2002 ) . The hectic social round that inevitably follows Japanese weddings affected his pre @-@ tournament preparations , as it prevented him from doing any training . = = = 2005 = = = He continued to dominate sumo in 2005 , becoming the first wrestler ever to win all six honbasho ( sumo tournaments ) in the same year . The great yokozuna Taihō achieved the feat of six consecutive tournament victories twice , but never in a calendar year . Asashōryū lost only six bouts all year ( 0 – 1 – 0 – 2 – 2 – 1 ) . One of those rare losses came on 11 September 2005 , at the start of the Aki Basho when he dropped his first Shonichi ( Day 1 ) bout during his tenure as yokozuna . On 26 November 2005 , a visibly emotional Asashōryū wept after winning his eighty @-@ third bout of the year , ( surpassing Kitanoumi 's record set in 1978 ) and clinching the tournament at the same time . The six championships of 2005 ( including two more 15 – 0 wins in January and May ) combined with his victory from the final tournament of 2004 , meant Asashōryū became the first man in sumo history to win seven consecutive tournament championships . = = = 2006 = = = Asashōryū 's consecutive basho streak came to an end in January 2006 , when ōzeki Tochiazuma took the first tournament championship of the year . Asashōryū 's performance in January was a surprisingly poor 11 – 4 but he successfully rebounded by winning the March tournament . However , his six losses in those tournaments matched his loss total for all of 2005 . In the May tournament , he sustained an injury to the ligaments in his elbow on the second day falling off of the dohyo in a surprising loss to Wakanosato and was visibly slow to rise from the ground . He was absent from the tournament the next day and later released a statement confirming he was withdrawing from the tournament . Doctors told him he would not be able to compete for two months , which meant he would miss the July tournament as well . However , Asashōryū was ready by the start of the July tournament and won with a 14 – 1 record . In the following tournament , Asashōryū won his eighteenth career title with a 13 – 2 record . He also won the final tournament of 2006 for his nineteenth career title , the fifth he has won with a perfect 15 – 0 record . = = = 2007 = = = In January 2007 , Asashōryū posted a 14 – 1 record , his fourth straight championship since returning from injury , and became the fifth man to win twenty career championships . In March , he dropped his first two bouts but then won thirteen in a row for a 13 – 2 score . However , this was not enough to win the title — he lost a playoff for the first time in his career , to fellow Mongolian Hakuhō . In May he turned in a below par 10 – 5 record , losing to all four ōzeki and maegashira Aminishiki ( although he appeared to be carrying an injury ) . Hakuhō won this tournament as well and was promoted to yokozuna immediately afterwards . Asashōryū had been the sole yokozuna for a total of 21 tournaments since the retirement of Musashimaru in November 2003 – the longest period of time in sumo history . In July he lost to Aminishiki once again on the opening day but rallied to win the next fourteen bouts , taking his 21st title with a 14 – 1 record . He was suspended by the Sumo Association from the next two tournaments ( see below ) . = = = 2008 = = = Asashōryū returned to tournaments in January 2008 . On the final day , he faced Hakuhō in a battle of 13 – 1 yokozuna , but was defeated , giving him a final record of 13 – 2 . In March the two yokozuna faced off for the title again on the last day , marking only the fifth time in the last 30 years that two yokozuna have contested the championship on the last day of two consecutive tournaments . In this rematch , Asashōryū was the victor , winning his 22nd title , thus equalling Takanohana 's haul of tournament championships . In the May tournament he lost to Kisenosato on the opening day . He injured his back in this match and subsequent losses to Kotoōshū ( the eventual winner of the tournament ) and Chiyotaikai put him out of contention . Asashōryū got off to a bad start in the July tournament by losing to Toyonoshima on the first day . After a second loss to maegashira Tochinonada on day five , he pulled out of the tournament on the sixth day citing pain in his elbow . The September tournament unfolded in a similarly poor fashion . After compiling a lacklustre 5 – 4 record through the first nine days , Asashōryū forfeited his tenth @-@ day match to maegashira Gōeidō and withdrew . He had elbow pain , and presented a medical certificate . He returned to Mongolia in October 2008 , staying until shortly before the tournament in Kyushu in November , which he did not enter . He stated that he would not withdraw for a third time partway through a tourney , and suggested that he would retire if his comeback proved unsuccessful . = = = 2009 = = = The January 2009 honbasho , Asashōryū 's first full tournament since May 2008 , was a remarkable success . He won his first fourteen matches , losing only on the last day to Hakuhō . He then won the resulting playoff to earn his 23rd championship and pass Takanohana on the all @-@ time list to become the fourth ever wrestler to have won 23 tournaments ( the other three being Taihō , Kitanoumi and Chiyonofuji ) . His victory came exactly twenty years after yokozuna Hokutoumi also returned from three tournaments out to win the championship with a 14 – 1 record . Sumo Association head Musashigawa described Asashōryū 's comeback as " amazing . " Ticket sales and television ratings showed a marked increase as his winning run continued . After his playoff win Asashōryū announced to the crowd , " Everyone , thank you very much . Really . I am back . " In the following tournament in March he went undefeated for the first nine days but then lost to three of the five ōzeki over the next five days , putting him out of contention for the championship . He also lost his final day match to Hakuhō to finish at 11 – 4 . In the May tournament he lost early to Aminishiki , then won ten in a row before falling to Harumafuji on Day 14 . He again lost to Hakuhō , on the final day , finishing at 12 – 3 . Asashōryū returned to Mongolia after the May tournament to receive treatment for a bruised chest suffered in his defeat to Harumafuji . In June he received the Hero of Labour Award from outgoing Mongolian President Nambaryn Enkhbayar , the highest government award in Mongolia and equivalent to the Japanese People 's Honour Award . He performed poorly in the July tournament with a 10 – 5 record , his worst finish in just over two years . He damaged ligaments in his right knee during a regional tour of Akita in August 2009 ( the first time he has injured his knee ) , hampering his preparations for the September tournament . Despite this , he won his first 14 matches , before finally losing to Hakuhō , leaving both wrestlers at 14 – 1 . Asashōryū would win the resulting playoff to win his 24th yūshō , tying him with Kitanoumi for third on the all @-@ time yūshō list . The triumph took place on his 29th birthday . He finished on 11 – 4 in the Kyushu tournament in November , losing his last four matches . = = = 2010 = = = In the January 2010 tournament Asashōryū clinched his 25th yūshō on Day 14 after beating Harumafuji to go 13 – 1 , two wins ahead of Hakuhō on 11 – 3 . He was however beaten by Hakuhō on the final day for the seventh straight time in regulation matches , and he finished on 13 – 2 . = = History = = = = = Match @-@ fixing speculation and lawsuits = = = In January 2007 , The Shūkan Gendai , a weekly tabloid magazine , reported that Asashōryū had paid opponents about ¥ 800 @,@ 000 ( $ 10 @,@ 000 ) per fight to allow him to win the previous November 2006 tournament with a perfect score . Asashōryū denied these claims in court on 3 October 2008 , during the first ever court appearance by a yokozuna . He appeared as part of a lawsuit brought by the Japan Sumo Association and about 30 other wrestlers seeking around ¥ 660 million ( $ 8 @.@ 12 million ) from Shūkan Gendai 's publisher , Kodansha Ltd . He said the allegations were " complete lies ... I am very sad and disgusted . " Also appearing in court , in defence of the magazine , was former wrestler Itai , who had made similar allegations of bout @-@ fixing in 2000 regarding his own career . Itai suggested that Asashōryū 's win over Chiyotaikai in the November 2006 tournament was an example of a fixed match . On 26 March 2009 , the Tokyo District Court ordered Kodansha , the publisher of the magazine , and Yorimasa Takeda , the freelance writer of the articles , to pay ¥ 42 @.@ 90 million ( $ 437 @,@ 000 ) in damages , believed to be the highest award for libel damages against a magazine in Japanese history . Chief judge Yasushi Nakamura stated that the reporting was " slipshod in the extreme . " = = = Suspension = = = After his tournament victory in July 2007 , Asashōryū decided to skip the regional summer tour of Tōhoku and Hokkaidō beginning on 3 August because of injury . The medical forms submitted to the Japan Sumo Association indicated that injuries to his left elbow and a stress fracture in his lower back would require six weeks of rest to heal . However , he was then seen on television participating in a soccer match for charity with Hidetoshi Nakata in his homeland of Mongolia . He was reported to have done so at the request of the Japanese Foreign Ministry and the Mongolian government . However , the suggestion that he had exaggerated the extent of his injuries to avoid his duties on the exhibition tour caused a media storm . Asashōryū was ordered to return to Japan and on 1 August 2007 , the Sumo Association suspended him for the upcoming September tournament as well as the next one in November , the first time in the sport 's history that an active yokozuna has been suspended from a main tournament . They also announced that Asashōryū and his stablemaster Takasago would have their salaries cut by 30 % for the next four months . He was also instructed to restrict his movements to his home , his stable , and the hospital . Isenoumi , a Director of the Sumo Association , called Asashōryū 's behaviour " a serious indiscretion . Given that a yokozuna should act as a good example for the other wrestlers , this punishment for his action is appropriate . " It was the most severe punishment ever imposed on a yokozuna since the Grand Tournament system was adopted over 80 years ago . Asashōryū responded by saying he would get his injuries treated and prepare for the winter regional tour and the January 2008 tournament . However , his stablemaster reported that Asashōryū was finding the severity of the punishment difficult to deal with , and two doctors from the Sumo Association diagnosed him as suffering from acute stress disorder , and then dissociative disorder . On 28 August he was allowed to return to Mongolia for treatment . After recuperation and onsen treatment , he returned to Japan on 30 November 2007 , apologising for his actions at a press conference . = = = Assault allegations and subsequent retirement = = = During the January 2010 tournament , a tabloid magazine claimed Asashōryū punched his personal manager after getting drunk during a night out in downtown Nishiazabu . After the tournament Asashōryū was reprimanded by Japan Sumo Association ( JSA ) head Musashigawa , and he apologised once again for his behaviour . However , it subsequently emerged that it was not his manager but a restaurant employee who was attacked , reportedly sustaining a broken nose . The man did not file a report with the police , and on 31 January 2010 , Asashōryū told the authorities that he had reached a settlement with him . Despite this , the police did not rule out the possibility of questioning Asashōryū about the assault . Subsequently , on 4 February 2010 , he announced his decision to retire , after discussing the matter at a meeting with the Board of Directors of the Sumo Association . He stated , " I feel heavy responsibility as a yokozuna that I have caused trouble to so many people . I am the only person who can put an end to it all . I think it 's my destiny that I retire like this . " Asashōryū did not comment directly on the brawl , except to say that what actually happened was " quite different " to media reports . " I decided to step down to bring this to a closure . " Asashōryū referred to criticism for not showing hinkaku ( dignity ) as a yokozuna . " Everybody talks about dignity , but when I went into the ring , I felt fierce like a devil . " Asked what his most memorable bout was , he chose his first win over Musashimaru in May 2001 , with his parents watching him . JSA Chief Director Musashigawa revealed that directors were debating on that day whether to punish Asashōryū . " He felt compelled to resign for misconduct that was inexcusable , and the board accepted . I want to apologize to all of the fans and to the person injured in the incident . " The Yokozuna Deliberation Council had recommended his retirement , and would have pressed for his dismissal if he had not chosen to go . In Mongolia , there was anger at the news . One high @-@ ranking Mongolian official accused the Sumo Association of using the incident as an excuse to get rid of Asashōryū before he could reach Taihō 's 32 tournament victories . " I feel that they did not want him to break the record for most titles . This behavior is unjust . The Mongolian people disapprove . " The Zuunii Medee newspaper called for sumo broadcasts in Mongolia to be suspended . Reacting to the tense mood among the Mongolian public , a spokesman at the Foreign Ministry of Mongolia issued a statement that the " resignation of Asashōryū will have no influence to the friendship between Mongolian and Japanese citizens . " and he requested people stay calm . Reaction in Japan was more mixed , with some of the public saying the yokozuna had to go while others said they would miss him . Many Japanese media compared his case with earlier yokozuna Maedayama who was forced to resign in 1949 after dropping out of a tournament claiming illness but subsequently photographed at a baseball game . Both his stablemaster and the Sumo Association received criticism for their handling of this incident and Asashōryū in general . As Asashōryū never obtained Japanese citizenship , he was not eligible to stay in the sumo world as an oyakata , or coach . He was , however , entitled to a formal retirement ceremony , or danpatsu @-@ shiki , at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan and was also given a retirement allowance by the Sumo Association , believed to be around ¥ 120 million ( $ 1 @.@ 34 million ) . Asashōryū gave a press conference in Mongolia on 11 March , and denied committing any " act of violence , " but said he did not regret his decision to retire . He claimed it was " an undeniable fact " that there were people within the Sumo Association " trying to push me out of sumo " and that he could have gone on to win 30 or more tournament titles . Asked about rumours that he would enter mixed martial arts , he replied , " I haven 't really thought about what to do next . " He refused to take any questions from Japanese reporters . He was questioned voluntarily by investigators in May , and reportedly said that his hand " may have struck " the man , but he denied assault . In July police reported him to the public prosecutors . His former stablemaster Takasago said if Asashōryū was indicted then his retirement ceremony may be cancelled . However , in the event it went ahead as planned on 3 October , with around 380 dignitaries taking turns in snipping his oichiomage or topknot before Takasago made the final cut . Asashoryu said to the 10 @,@ 000 fans at the Kokugikan , " In another life as a Japanese , I would like to become a yokozuna with Japanese spirit ... I want to show everyone that I can become a better person . " = = = Other events = = = Asashōryū received criticism from Sumo Association officials and the media throughout his yokozuna career for various other infractions of the strict code of conduct expected of top sumo wrestlers , both on the dohyō and off it . His breaches of etiquette during tournament bouts ranged from merely accepting the prize money with the wrong hand , to raising his arms in victory after clinching the championship , to giving opponents an extra shove after the bout was already over ( such as Hakuhō in May 2008 ) , and appealing to judges to overturn the referee 's decision . In July 2003 he pulled on fellow Mongolian Kyokushūzan 's mage ( traditional Japanese top knot ) during their bout on day five of the tournament , resulting in an immediate hansoku @-@ make , or disqualification . He was the first yokozuna to be disqualified from a bout . They reportedly brawled in the communal bath afterwards , and Asashōryū was also accused of breaking the wing mirror of Kyokushūzan 's car . Some Japanese fans called on him to " go back to Mongolia " after this incident . During the same year , Asashōryū was taking interviews from journalists when he called a Korean journalist a " kimchi bastard " ( キムチ野郎 , kimuchi yarō ) , sparking controversy within South Korean newspapers . He also had an uneasy relationship with his stablemaster Takasago . In July 2004 he apologized after a row with Takasago over his wedding arrangements resulted in him being seen drunk in public and damaging the stable property , and his tendency to return to Mongolia without informing his stablemaster led to embarrassments like being unable to attend the funeral of Takasago stable 's previous head coach Fujinishiki in December 2003 . He was also sometimes seen in public in a business suit or in casual dress instead of the traditional kimono that wrestlers are expected to wear . = = Post @-@ sumo career = = Immediately after his retirement from sumo there was speculation that Asashōryū would switch to mixed martial arts , and he was reported to be forming an MMA camp for Mongolian athletes . However , he has instead become a businessman . Asashōryū had business interests in Mongolia whilst still active in sumo , launching the family holding company as early as 2003 . Based in Ulanbaatar and investing exclusively inside Mongolia , the company has assets in banking , real estate and mining . In 2012 his wealth was estimated to be between USD50 and 75 million . He is also active in philanthropy , establishing the Asashoryu Foundation which has supported the Mongolian Olympic team , given scholarships to Mongolian college students studying in Mongolia and Japan , and donated English language textbooks to schools . He became a member of the Democratic Party in May 2013 . = = Fighting style = = Asashōryū was a relative lightweight early in his career , weighing just 129 kg ( 284 lb ) , in 2001 , and relied on speed and technique to compete against often much heavier opponents . However , he gradually put on weight and by 2010 was about 148 kg ( 326 lb ) , right on average . In his later career he tended to confront his opponents head on with the intention of out @-@ muscling them . In training , he was reported to do multiple repetitions of biceps curls with 30 kg ( 66 lb ) dumb @-@ bells , and whilst in the gym with NHK commentator Hiro Morita in 2008 he reportedly bench pressed 200 kg ( 440 lb ) . He had an intense approach to keiko ( training ) , and some high @-@ profile wrestlers avoided training with him , fearing injury . Asashōryū 's favoured techniques according to his Sumo Association profile were migi @-@ yotsu / yori , a left hand outside , right hand inside grip on his opponent 's mawashi ( belt ) , and tsuppari , a series of rapid thrusts to the chest . His most common winning kimarite throughout his career were yorikiri ( force out ) , oshidashi ( push out ) , uwatenage ( outer arm throw ) , shitatenage ( inner arm throw ) and tsukidashi ( thrust out ) . He used 45 different kimarite in his career , a wider range than most wrestlers . In July 2009 he defeated Harumafuji by an " inner thigh throw " or yaguranage , a technique not seen in the top division since 1975 . His trademark , however , was tsuriotoshi , or " lifting body slam " , a feat of tremendous strength normally only used on much smaller and weaker opponents . In 2004 Asashōryū twice dumped the 158 kg ( 348 lb ) Kotomitsuki using this technique . = = Family = = Asashōryū 's brothers are active in other combat sports : Dolgorsürengiin Sumyaabazar is a mixed martial arts fighter , and Dolgorsürengiin Serjbüdee , a professional wrestler , competes in New Japan Pro Wrestling under the name Blue Wolf ( after the Mongolian Blue Wolf legend ) . All Dolgorsüren brothers have strong backgrounds in Mongolian wrestling . Asashōryū first met his wife in high school when they were both 15 years old . They divorced in 2009 having been separated for several years . He has a son and a daughter . = = Career record = =
= Thomcord = Thomcord is a seedless table grape variety and a hybrid of the popular Thompson Seedless or Sultanina grape ( a Vitis vinifera variety ) and Concord grape ( a Vitis labrusca variety ) . Thomcord was developed in 1983 by Californian grape breeders working for the Agricultural Research Service ( ARS ) , an agency of the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA ) , as part of a test to better understand a new seedless grape breeding procedure . Its aromatic , " labrusca " flavor is similar to that of Concord , but mellowed by the mild , sweet taste from Thompson Seedless . Thomcord grows well in hot , dry climates , ripens between late July and mid @-@ August , and tolerates powdery mildew . It is a productive variety , yielding an average of 15 @.@ 1 kg ( 33 lb ) of grapes per vine , but has produced as much as 30 to 32 kg ( 66 to 71 lb ) per vine in grower trials . The berries weigh between 2 @.@ 72 and 3 @.@ 38 g ( 0 @.@ 096 and 0 @.@ 119 oz ) and have a medium @-@ thick , blue @-@ black skin that adheres to the fruit , unlike Concord , which has a thick skin that can slip off the pulp easily . The aborted seeds in the fruit body are relatively small , but larger than those in Thompson Seedless . The plant is not restricted for propagation and distribution . Virus @-@ free propagation material is available from the Foundation Plant Services ( FPS ) at the University of California , Davis , and its genetic material is archived at the National Plant Germplasm System . After 17 years of testing , it was declared ready for use in 2003 . It is currently available in supermarkets . = = Description = = Thomcord grape is a hybrid of Thompson Seedless grape ( Vitis vinifera , or Sultanina ) , which is popular in supermarkets during the summer , and seeded Concord grape ( Vitis labrusca ) , commonly used to make grape juice and jelly . It is a plump , juicy , seedless table grape and is slightly firmer than Concord . Thomcord has a blue @-@ black skin with medium thickness and a whitish bloom . Unlike Concord , whose tough skin separates easily from the fruit , Thomcord has a more edible skin that clings to the flesh , much like Thompson Seedless . It has an aromatic flavor , similar to the Concord in taste ( " labrusca " ) , though lighter due to the sweet , mild taste from Thompson Seedless . Thomcord is suitable for hot , dry growing conditions , more so than Concord and other Concord seedless types . Its adaptability to hot dry climates was derived from Thompson Seedless . It grows well in California 's vineyards , particularly the San Joaquin Valley , just like Thompson Seedless . The plant is tolerant of ( but not resistant to ) powdery mildew , and is less susceptible to the fungus than Ruby Seedless , but more susceptible than Mars , Venus , Niabell , and Cayuga White varieties . The fungus can affect its leaves , stems , rachis ( stem of the grape cluster ) , and berries . The grape ripens in the summer ( mid @-@ season ) , between late July and mid @-@ August . = = = Production details = = = Thomcord is a productive variety , with a yield comparable to Thompson Seedless . When two cordons ( arms ) of the vines are trained horizontally on wires ( " bilateral @-@ trained " ) and are pruned to remove most of the previous year 's growth ( " spur @-@ pruned " ) during the winter , it can produce up to 13 – 16 kg ( 29 – 35 lb ) per vine , or an average of 15 @.@ 1 kg ( 33 lb ) . In 2002 , cane @-@ pruned vines of Thomcord were significantly more productive than Sovereign Coronation and were comparable to the Venus variety , averaging 21 @.@ 3 kg ( 47 lb ) per vine . Unlike Thompson Seedless , which has its cluster size thinned as a normal production practice , Thomcord 's is not thinned because of its smaller cluster size . The grape clusters range in weight between 259 and 534 g ( 0 @.@ 571 and 1 @.@ 177 lb ) and average 340 g ( 0 @.@ 75 lb ) , have medium to slightly loose tightness ( or are " well @-@ filled " , meaning the individual pedicels are not easily visible ) , and have a conical shape with a small wing . Compared with Thompson Seedless , the berry weight and diameter of Thomcord are larger , but cluster tightness is similar . The berry length ranged between 18 @.@ 2 and 18 @.@ 3 mm ( 0 @.@ 72 and 0 @.@ 72 in ) and the diameter ranged from 16 @.@ 7 to 17 @.@ 2 mm ( 0 @.@ 66 to 0 @.@ 68 in ) in tests between 2001 and 2002 . The berries weigh between 2 @.@ 72 and 3 @.@ 38 g ( 0 @.@ 096 and 0 @.@ 119 oz ) , averaging 2 @.@ 85 g ( 0 @.@ 101 oz ) in 2002 , which is on par with Venus , but heavier than Sovereign Coronation , and even more so than Thompson Seedless . The fruit 's size has not been shown to increase appreciably by girdling the vines or by applying gibberellic acid when the berries set . The aborted seeds of Thomcord are small , but in some years they can become sclerified ( a thickening and lignification of the walls of plant cells and the subsequent dying off of the protoplasts ) , making them more noticeable inside the medium @-@ soft flesh . There are usually two aborted seeds per berry , which averaged between 14 and 22 @.@ 3 mg in 2001 and 2002 . This varied in comparison to Venus depending on the year and location , was comparable to the Sovereign Coronation , and was significantly smaller than the Sovereign Rose and Saturn varieties . However , as with the other cultivars , it was consistently larger than Thompson Seedless , which had the smallest aborted seeds . = = = Vegetative description = = = The mature leaves on the vine have three lobes with open upper lateral sinuses ( spaces between the lobes ) of medium depth . The main vein is slightly longer than the petiole ( stalk attaching the leaf blade to the stem ) , and the petiole sinus opens widely . Between the veins on the underside of both the mature and young leaf there are dense hairs that lie flat against the surface . The teeth on the edge of the leaf blade are convex on both sides , medium in size , and short relative to their width . Young leaf blades are dark copper red on the upper surface . The shoots have at least three consecutive tendrils . Young shoots are fully open and have very dense hairs of medium anthocyanin coloration that lie flat against the tip . The internode of the young shoot is green with red stripes on the front ( dorsal ) side and solid green on the back ( ventral ) side . = = History = = In 1983 , research horticulturist David W. Ramming and technician Ronald L. Tarailo — Californian grape breeders working for the ARS , the chief scientific research agency of the USDA — crossed Thompson Seedless and Concord in order to answer a technical question about a newly developed procedure for breeding novel , superior seedless grapes . The researchers wanted to demonstrate that plants created from embryo culture were derived from fertilized eggs ( zygotic ) instead of the maternal tissue ( somatic ) . From 1231 emasculations ( removal of male flower parts to control pollination ) of Thompson Seedless , the researchers produced 130 ovules using embryo rescue procedures . From these , 40 embryos developed and three seedlings were planted . The original seedling of Thomcord was planted in 1984 in plots in cooperation with California State University , Fresno . It was later selected in 1986 by Ramming and Tarailo and tested in the San Joaquin Valley under the name A29 @-@ 67 , and was introduced as " Thomcord . " The new hybrid was tested and scrutinized for 17 years before it was declared ready for growers and gardeners and was released on 11 September 2003 . Around 2008 , trials outside of California were just beginning . Thomcord quickly became a hit at farmers ' markets while it was being tested , and it has appeared in the fresh @-@ fruit section at supermarkets . This continued the long @-@ standing success of the ARS ' grape @-@ breeding research in California , which has developed some of the most popular seedless grapes on the market as well as red , white , and black grapes varieties for hobbyists and professional growers since 1923 . Although it has been called a " sentimental favorite " at farmers ' markets , it is not expected to become a major commercial variety because its flavor is not as neutral as more popular grapes , such as Thompson Seedless , Crimson Seedless , or Flame Seedless . However , Ramming predicted that it would become a specialty item , much like the Muscat varieties , due to its distinctive , Concord @-@ like flavor . Because of its strong reception at farmers ' markets , it could compete with Concord and Niabell varieties in eastern markets , according to Ramming . = = Availability = = The Foundation Plant Services ( FPS ) at the University of California , Davis indexed Thomcord and found it to be free of known viruses . The FPS offers certified virus @-@ free propagation material . The FPS also deposited genetic material in the National Plant Germplasm System , which offers material for research , including development and commercialization of new cultivars . The ARS does not offer Thomcord plants for distribution . Thomcord is a public variety and is not restricted in its propagation and distribution .
= NSB Class 64 = NSB Class 64 ( Norwegian : NSB type 64 ) is a class of three electric multiple units built by Strømmens Værksted for the Norwegian State Railways . Delivered in 1935 , they were built for the opening of the Hardanger Line and served there until 1985 , when the line closed and the trains were retired . They also periodically served on the Flåm Line . The delivery consisted of three motor cars and four carriages , with each train consisting of up to three units . The motor cars were 16 @.@ 3 meters ( 53 ft ) long , had a power output of 464 kilowatts ( 622 hp ) and were capable of 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) . The motor units were given road numbers 505 through 507 . Two of the units have been preserved by the Norwegian Railway Club and are at Garnes Station . = = History = = The Hardanger Line opened in 1935 as a steep and curvy branch of the Bergen Line to connect Bergen to the Hardangerfjord . The line was 27 @.@ 45 kilometers ( 17 @.@ 06 mi ) long , had a maximum gradient of 4 @.@ 5 percent , a minimum curve radius of 180 meters ( 591 ft ) , a maximum speed of 40 km / h ( 25 mph ) , a maximum permitted axle load of 12 tonnes ( 12 long tons ; 13 short tons ) , standard gauge and a 15 kV 16 2 ⁄ 3 Hz AC electrification system . In 1931 , NSB had taken delivery of its first electric multiple unit , the Class 62 , for use on commuter trains on the Drammen Line . For the Hardanger Line , NSB ordered similar units , but these were modified to have a higher power output . Three motor cars and four carriages were delivered in 1934 . The mechanical components and assembly were done by Strømmens Værksted , while the electrical equipment was made by Norsk Elektrisk & Brown Boveri ( NEBB ) . The class was similar to the future Class 65 , and was regarded as a prototype . Class 64 were the shortest multiple units ever used by NSB . From 21 November 1944 , when the Flåm Line received electric traction , Class 64 trains were also used there . The Flåm Line is even steeper and more curved than the Hardanger Line , so the trains received track brakes . In 1947 , El 9 locomotives were delivered for the Flåm Line . Class 64 trains continued to be used periodically on the Flåm Line when there was insufficient availability of El 9s , as well as in periods with very little or very much traffic . Unit 64 @.@ 07 was retired on 20 December 1982 after rust damage had been found on it . By 1984 , the carriages were in such bad shape that they needed to be replaced . Trailers from Class 65 and Class 67 were taken into use , and for a short period a Class 91 trailer . On 28 August 1985 , passenger traffic on the line was terminated and the two remaining trains were retired . Reasons for the termination included a lack of sufficient political support for financing new trains , and also that Class 64 was no longer suitable for use . The last two trains have been preserved by the Norwegian Railway Club and are stored at Garnes Station , part of the Old Voss Line . = = Specifications = = The units each had four NEBB EDTM384 motors , giving a combined power output of 464 kilowatts ( 622 hp ) . They had an overall length of 16 @.@ 3 meters ( 53 ft ) , weighed 35 @.@ 5 tonnes ( 34 @.@ 9 long tons ; 39 @.@ 1 short tons ) and had a Bo @-@ Bo wheel arrangement . The motor cars had a capacity for 38 passengers and a maximum speed of 50 km / h ( 31 mph ) . Because of the steep gradients , the units had a low weight combined with high power output , and had both track brakes and dynamic braking . They were originally given road numbers 18505 though 18507 , but this was later changed to 64 @.@ 05 through 64 @.@ 07 .
= Varaha = Varaha ( Sanskrit : वराह , " boar " ) is the avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu in the form of a boar . Varaha is listed as third in the Dashavatara , the ten principal avatars of Vishnu . When the demon Hiranyaksha stole the earth ( personified as the goddess Bhudevi ) and hid her in the primordial waters , Vishnu appeared as Varaha to rescue her . Varaha slew the demon and retrieved the Earth from the ocean , lifting it on his tusks , and restored Bhudevi to her place in the universe . Varaha may be depicted completely as a boar or in an anthropomorphic form , with a boar 's head and human body . His consort , Bhudevi , the earth , is often depicted as a young woman , lifted by Varaha . The earth may be depicted as a mass of land too . = = Iconography = = Like Vishnu 's first two avatars - Matsya ( fish ) and Kurma ( turtle ) , the third avatar Varaha is depicted either in zoomorphic form as an animal ( a wild boar ) , or anthropomorphically . The main difference in the anthropomorphic form portrayal is that the first two avatars are depicted with a torso of a man and the bottom half as animal , while Varaha has an animal ( boar ) head and a human body . The portrayal of the anthropomorphic Varaha is similar to the fourth avatar Narasimha ( portrayed as a lion @-@ headed man ) , who is the first avatar of Vishnu that is not completely animal . In the zoomorphic form , Varaha is often depicted as a free @-@ standing boar colossus , for example , the monolithic sculpture of Varaha in Khajuraho ( c . 900 @-@ 925 ) made in sandstone , is 2 @.@ 6 metres ( 8 ft 6 in ) long and 1 @.@ 7 metres ( 5 ft 7 in ) high . The sculpture may not resemble a boar realistically , and may have his features altered for stylistic purposes . The earth , personified as the goddess Bhudevi , clings to one of Varaha 's tusks . Often the colossus is decorated by miniature figurines of gods and goddesses and other world creatures appearing all over his body , which signify the whole of creation . Such sculptures are found in Eran , Muradpur , Badoh , Gwalior , Jhansi and Apasadh . In the anthropomorphic form , Varaha often has a stylized boar face , like the zoomorphic models . The snout may be shorter . The position and size of the tusks may also be altered . The ears , cheeks and eyes are generally based on human ones . Early sculptors in Udayagiri and Eran faced the issue of how to attach the boar head to the human body and did not show a human neck . However , in Badami , the problem was resolved by including a human neck . While some sculptures show a mane , it is dropped and replaced by a high conical crown - typical of Vishnu iconography - in others . Varaha sculptures generally look up to the right ; there are very rare instances of left @-@ facing Varaha depictions . Varaha has four arms , two of which hold the Sudarshana chakra ( discus ) and shankha ( conch ) , while the other two hold a gada ( mace ) , a sword , or a lotus or one of them makes the varadamudra ( gesture of blessing ) . Varaha may be depicted with all of Vishnu 'a attributes in his four hands : the Sudarshana chakra , the shankha , the gada and the lotus . Sometimes , Varaha may carry only two of Vishnu 's attributes : a shankha and the gada personified as a female called Gadadevi . Varaha is often shown with a muscular physique and in a heroic pose . He is often depicted triumphantly emerging from the ocean as he rescues the earth . The earth may be personified as the goddess Bhudevi in Indian sculpture . Bhudevi is often shown as a small figure in the icon . She may be seated on or dangling from one of Varaha 's tusks , or is seated on the corner of his folded elbow or his shoulder and supports herself against the tusk or the snout , as being lifted from the waters . In later Indian paintings , the whole earth or a part of it is depicted lifted up by Varaha 's tusks . In Mahabalipuram , a rare portrayal shows an affectionate Varaha looking down to Bhudevi , who he carries in his arms . The earth may be portrayed as a globe , a flat stretch of mountainous land or an elaborate forest landscape with buildings , temples , humans , birds and animals . The defeated demon may be depicted trampled under Varaha 's feet or being killed in combat by Varaha 's gada . Nagas ( snake gods ) and their consorts Naginis ( snake goddesses ) , residents of the underworld , may be depicted as swimming in the ocean with hands folded as a mark of devotion . Varaha may be also depicted standing on a snake or other minor creatures , denoting the cosmic waters . Two iconographical forms of Varaha are popular . Yajna Varaha - denoting Yajna ( sacrifice ) - is seated on a lion @-@ throne and flanked by his consorts Bhudevi and Lakshmi . As Pralaya Varaha - indicative of lifting the earth from the stage of the pralaya ( the dissolution of the universe ) , he is dedicated only with Bhudevi . Varaha may be depicted with Lakshmi alone too . In such sculptures , he may be depicted identical to Vishnu in terms of iconography with Vishnu 's attributes ; the boar head identifying the icon as Varaha . Lakshmi may be seated on his thigh in such portrayals . Varaha often features in the Dashavatara stele - where the ten major avatars of Vishnu are portrayed - sometimes surrounding Vishnu . In the Vaikuntha Vishnu ( four headed Vishnu ) images , the boar is shown as the left head . Varaha 's shakti ( energy or consort ) is the Matrika ( mother goddess ) Varahi , who is depicted with a boar head like the god . = = Legends = = The earliest versions of the Varaha legend are found in the Taittiriya Aranyaka and the Shatapatha Brahmana . They narrate that the universe was filled with the primordial waters . The earth was the size of a hand and was trapped in it . The god Prajapati ( the creator @-@ god Brahma ) in the form of a boar ( varaha ) plunges into the waters and brings the earth out . He also marries the earth thereafter . The Shatapatha Brahmana calls the boar as Emusha . The epic Ramayana and the Vishnu Purana - considered sometimes as the oldest of the Puranic scriptures - are the first to associate Varaha with Vishnu . Various Puranic scriptures including the Agni Purana , the Bhagavata Purana , the Devi Bhagavata Purana , the Padma Purana , the Varaha Purana , the Vayu Purana and the Vishnu Purana narrate the legend of Varaha with some variations . The gate @-@ keepers of Vishnu 's abode Vaikuntha , Jaya and Vijaya are cursed by the four Kumaras , sages who roam the world in the form of children , to be born as asuras ( demons ) . They are born on earth as Hiranyaksha and Hiranyakashipu to the sage Kashyapa and his wife Diti and were one of the Daityas , a race of demons originating from Diti . The demon brothers are manifestations of pure evil and create havoc in the universe . The elder brother Hiranyaksha practises tapas ( austerities ) and blessed by Brahma with a boon that makes him indestructible by any animal or human . He and his brother torment the inhabitants of earth as well as the gods and engage in war with the latter . Hiranyaksha takes the earth ( personified as the goddess Bhudevi ) and hides her in the primordial waters . In some versions of the tale , the earth gives a loud cry of distress as she is kidnapped by the demon ; in others , she assumes the form of a cow and appeals to Vishnu to rescue her from the clutches of the demon . In some variants , the distressed gods led by Brahma along with the sages go to Vishnu for help . In some versions , the kidnap of the earth by Hiranyaksha is dropped . Instead , the earth sinks on her own to Rasatala ( underworld ) due to the weight of the mountains or due to the torture of the demons . Since Hiranyaksha had not included the boar in the list of animals that would not be able to kill him , Vishnu assumes this form with huge tusks and goes down to the primordial ocean . In the Bhagavata Purana , Varaha emerges as a tiny beast ( a size of a thumb ) from the nostrils of Brahma , but soon starts to grow . Varaha 's size increases to that of an elephant and then to that of an enormous mountain . The scriptures emphasize his gigantic size . The Vayu Purana describes Varaha as 10 yojanas ( The range of a yojana is disputed and ranges between 6 – 15 kilometres ( 3 @.@ 7 – 9 @.@ 3 mi ) ) in width and a 1000 yojanas in height . He is large as a mountain and blazing like the sun . Dark like a rain cloud in complexion , his tusks are white , sharp and fearsome . His body is the size of the space between the earth and the sky . His thunderous roar is frightening . In one instance , his mane is so fiery and fearsome that Varuna , the god of the waters , requests Varaha to save him from it . Varaha complies and folds his mane . In the ocean , Varaha encounters Hiranyaksha , who obstructs his path and challenges him for a duel . In some versions , the demon also mocks Varaha as the beast and warns him not to touch earth . Ignoring the demon 's threats , Varaha lifts the earth on his tusks . Hiranyaksha charges towards the boar in rage with a mace . The two fiercely fight with maces . Finally , Varaha slays the demon after a thousand @-@ year duel . Varaha rises from the ocean with the earth in his tusks and places her gently above it in her original position , as the gods and the sages sing Varaha 's praises . Further , the earth goddess Bhudevi falls in love with her rescuer Varaha . Vishnu - in his Varaha form - marries Bhudevi , making her one of the consorts of Vishnu . In one narrative , Vishnu and Bhudevi indulge in vigorous embraces and as a result , Bhudevi becomes fatigued and faints , sinking a little in the primordial ocean . Vishnu again acquires the form of Varaha and rescues her , reinstating her in her original position above the waters . Some scriptures state that Bhudevi gives birth to Varaha 's son , an asura called Narakasura . The scripture Varaha Purana is believed to be narrated by Vishnu to Bhudevi , as Varaha . The Purana is devoted more to the " myths and genealogies " connected to the worship of Vishnu . Some Saiva Puranas narrate a tale in which the god Shiva defeats Varaha . In Kalika Purana , Varaha had amorous dalliance with Bhudevi . He and his three boar sons then create mayhem in the world , which necessitates Shiva to take the form of Sharabha , to kill Varaha . Vaishnava scriptures not only refute this story , some texts also speak of Vishnu 's " ugra rupa " Gandaberunda eventually killing the Sharabha . = = Evolution = = Varaha was originally described as a form of Brahma , but later on was crystallized as the avatar of Vishnu . The earliest Varaha images are found in Mathura , dating to the 1st and 2nd century CE . The cult of Varaha seems to have been popular in the Gupta era ( 4th @-@ 6th century ) in Central India , considering the large number of Varaha sculptures and inscriptions found . A red sandstone sculpture of Varaha in boar form with an inscription is traced to the reign of Toramana ( late 5th to early 6th century CE ) . Early sculptures of Varaha generally depict him in his boar form . Anthropomorphic depictions of Varaha with human body and boar ’ s head become popular in the later period . Other early sculptures exist in the cave temples in Badami in Karnataka ( 6th century ) and Varaha Cave Temple in Mahabalipuram ( 7th century ) ; both in South India and Ellora Caves ( 7th century ) in Western India . In the Udayagiri Caves ( Cave 5 ) in Madhya Pradesh , an image of Varaha rescuing the earth sculpted in sandstone ( dated to 401 @-@ 450 CE ) is seen ; and a zoomoriphic image from 8th century from Bago @-@ Pathari is now with the Archeological Museum at Gwalior . By 7th century , images of Varaha were found in all regions of India . By the 10th century , temples dedicated to Varaha were established in Khajuraho ( existent , but worship has ceased ) , Udaipur , Jhansi ( now in ruins ) etc . In the first millennium , the boar was worshipped as a symbol of virility . The Chalukya dynasty ( 543 – 753 ) was the first dynasty to adopt Varaha in their crest and minted coins with Varaha on it . The Gurjara @-@ Pratihara king Mihira Bhoja ( 836 – 885 CE ) assumed the title of Adi @-@ varaha and also minted coins depicting the Varaha image . Varaha was also adopted as a part of royal insignia by the Chola ( 4th century BCE – 1279 CE ) and Vijayanagara Empires ( 1336 – 1646 CE ) of South India . In Karnataka , a zoomorphic image of Varaha is found in a carving on a pillar in Aihole , which is interpreted as the Vijayanagara emblem , as it is seen along with signs of a cross marked Sun , a disc and a conch . However , the boar and its relative the pig started being seen as polluting since the 12th century , due to Muslim influence on India . Muslims consider the pig and its meat unclean . This led to a decline in Varaha worship to a certain extent . = = Symbolism = = In the Vishnu Purana , Varaha represents yajna ( sacrifice ) , as the eternal upholder of the earth . His feet represent the Vedas ( scriptures ) . His tusks represent sacrificial stakes . His teeth are offerings . His mouth is the altar with tongue of sacrificial fire . The hair on his head denotes the sacrificial grass . The eyes represent the day and the night . His coarse hair represents sexual prowess . The head represents the seat of the Brahmin ( priest ) . The mane represents the hymns of the Vedas . His nostrils are for oblation . His joints represent the various ceremonies . The ears are said to indicate rites ( voluntary and obligatory ) . Thus , Varaha is the embodiment of the Supreme Being who brings order amidst chaos in the world by his sacrifice . Varaha symbolizes the resurrection of the earth from a pralaya ( dissolution of the universe ) and the establishment of a new kalpa ( aeon ) . Symbolism also attributes that evolution from water could relate to the geological phenomenon of the tectonic age . It could also represent the rescue of earth from “ false cults ” . = = Temples = = The oldest Varaha temple is located in Jawad , Madhya Pradesh which was built in 11th century named Nav Toran Temple . Nav or Nou means Nine and Toran means Pillars , this is where temple gets its name . It is said that there is a tunnel beneath the temple that goes to the Chittorgarh Fort and Maharana Pratap used to come through that tunnel often to worship the deity of the temple . The most prominent temple of Varaha is the Sri Varahaswami Temple in Tirumala , Andhra Pradesh . It is located on the shores of a temple pond , called the Swami Pushkarini , in Tirumala , near Tirupati ; to the north of the Tirumala Venkateswara Temple ( another temple of Vishnu in the form of Venkateswara ) . The region is called Adi @-@ Varaha Kshestra , the abode of Varaha . The legend of the place is as follows : at the end of Satya Yuga ( the first in the cycle of four aeons ; the present one is the fourth aeon ) , devotees of Varaha requested him to stay on earth , so Varaha ordered his mount Garuda to bring his divine garden Kridachala from his abode Vaikuntha to Venkata hills , Tirumala . Venkateswara is described as having taken the permission of Varaha to reside in these hills , where his chief temple , Tirumala Venkateswara Temple , stands . Hence , pilgrims are prescribed to worship Varaha first and then Venkateswara . In the Atri Samhita ( Samurtarchanadhikara ) , Varaha is described to be worshipped in three forms here : Adi Varaha , Pralaya Varaha and Yajna Varaha . The image in the sanctum is of Adi Varaha . Another important temple is the Bhuvarahaswami Temple in Srimushnam town , to the northeast of Chidambaram , Tamil Nadu . It was built in the late 16th century by Krishnappa II , a Thanjavur Nayak ruler . The image of Varaha is considered a swayambhu ( self manifested ) image , one of the eight self @-@ manifested Swayamvyakta Vaishnava kshetras . An inscription in the prakaram ( circumambulating passage around the main shrine ) quoting from the legend of the Srimushna Mahatmaya ( a local legend ) mentions the piety one derives in observing festivals during the 12 months of the year when the sun enters a particular zodiacal sign . This temple is venerated by Hindus and Muslims alike . Both communities take the utsava murti ( festival image ) in procession in the annual temple festival in the Tamil month of Masi ( February – March ) . The deity is credited with many miracles and called Varaha saheb by Muslims . Varaha shrines are also included in Divya Desams ( a list of 108 abodes of Vishnu ) . They include Adi Varaha Perumal shrine Tirukkalvanoor , located in the Kamakshi Amman Temple complex , Kanchipuram and Thiruvidandai , 15 km from Mahabalipuram . In Muradpur in West Bengal , worship is offered to an in @-@ situ 2 @.@ 5 metres ( 8 ft 2 in ) zoomorphic image of Varaha ( 8th century ) , one of the earliest known images of Varaha . A 7th century anthropomorphic Varaha image of Apasadh is still worshipped in a relatively modern temple . Other temples dedicated to Varaha are located across India in the states of Andhra Pradesh , Haryana Pradesh at Baraha Kalan , Karnataka at Maravanthe and Kallahalli , Kerala , Madhya Pradesh , Odisha at Yajna Varaha Temple , and Lakhmi Varaha Temple , Rajasthan at Pushkar , Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh .
= The Lodger ( Doctor Who ) = " The Lodger " is the eleventh episode of the fifth series of the British science fiction television series Doctor Who , first broadcast on BBC One on 12 June 2010 . It was written by Gareth Roberts , who based the story on his 2006 Doctor Who Magazine comic strip " The Lodger " . The episode features the Doctor ( Matt Smith ) stranded on Earth and separated from his companion Amy Pond ( Karen Gillan ) , when an unknown force prevents his time travelling spaceship , the TARDIS , from landing . To investigate , he moves into the flat of Craig Owens ( James Corden ) and attempts to fit in with ordinary humans while unknowingly playing matchmaker for Craig and his good friend Sophie ( Daisy Haggard ) . Showrunner Steven Moffat was a fan of Roberts ' original comic strip and enthused him to adapt it into an episode for the series . While some elements of the comic strip remain , Roberts wrote most of it from scratch . " The Lodger " replaced a slot held by an episode that was pushed back due to budgetary constraints and was consequently one of the last to be filmed . The episode was watched by a final 6 @.@ 44 million viewers , the least @-@ watched episode of the fifth series of Doctor Who . However , it achieved the joint highest Appreciation Index of the series at the time of broadcast and received positive to mixed reviews from critics . Praise was given to the acting of Smith and Corden , but reviewers expressed disappointment over the resolution . = = Plot = = = = = Synopsis = = = After stepping out of the TARDIS in modern @-@ day Colchester , the Doctor is blown off his feet by a blast of air , and the TARDIS , Amy still inside , dematerialises into the time vortex and refuses to rematerialise . With Amy 's help , the Doctor tracks the disturbance to the second floor of a house . The Doctor opts to take a room for rent offered by the downstairs tenant , Craig Owens , in order to determine what is present on the second floor without alerting whatever it is to his Time Lord nature . Neither Craig nor the Doctor are aware that people are being lured off the street to the second floor flat and never leaving again , but the Doctor is conscious of localised time loops and disturbances aboard the TARDIS that coincide with noises from the second floor . Over two days , the Doctor attempts to adapt to human life . He learns about Craig , an office worker with little aspiration to move onward . Craig is stuck in a platonic relationship with his co @-@ worker , Sophie . The Doctor becomes overly involved in Craig 's life , becoming the star player in Craig 's local football club , filling in for him at the call centre when Craig falls ill , and encouraging Sophie to follow her dream of traveling overseas to help animals . Craig , who has not yet professed his love for Sophie , becomes upset ; he accosts the Doctor and demands that he leave , which forces the Doctor to reveal his history and his reason for being in the flat . Sophie arrives while they argue and is lured upstairs ; the Doctor and Craig follow , learning from Amy that Craig 's building has never had a second floor . Inside , they find an alien ship housing a primitive time engine . The ship crashed some time ago and has used a perception filter to disguise itself as part of Craig 's house . The ship 's emergency holographic program has been drawing in passersby , all who have a desire to escape , to find a replacement pilot for itself , but they were killed in the attempt . The machine identifies the Doctor as a possible pilot and tries to draw him to the controls , but the Doctor warns that if he should touch the controls , the ship could explode and take the solar system with it . The Doctor convinces Craig to touch the controls since he does not want to leave due to his love for Sophie , which will counteract the ship 's protocols . Craig does so , and he and Sophie admit their love and share a kiss that breaks the ship 's hold on the Doctor and themselves . The three escape in time to see the perception filter turn off and the ship implode , leaving Craig 's undamaged one @-@ story flat below . Craig and Sophie thank the Doctor , Craig giving him a spare set of keys in case he ever needs it . Aboard the TARDIS , the Doctor directs Amy to write the note that led him to Craig 's house , using a red pen in his jacket ; she rummages around and finds the engagement ring from her husband @-@ to @-@ be , Rory , whom she had forgotten after he was consumed by the crack in space and time and erased from existence . A similar crack appears behind Craig 's refrigerator , and widens . = = = Continuity = = = On Craig 's fridge is a postcard advertising the Van Gogh exhibit at the Parisian Musée d 'Orsay , which the Doctor , Amy and Van Gogh himself visited in the previous episode . At the end of the episode , the Doctor instructs Amy to leave him a note with Craig 's address , which his younger self had at the start of the episode . Amy is shown leaving the note in the series finale , " The Big Bang " , when the Doctor 's timeline rewinds and he revisits points in his past . The spaceship control room reappeared in " The Impossible Astronaut " / " Day of the Moon " , where it was connected to the Order of the Silence . Corden returned to play Craig in the episode " Closing Time " of the next series , Gareth Roberts ' sequel to this story . = = Production = = " The Lodger " is based on a short comic strip of the same name , written by Gareth Roberts for Doctor Who Magazine issue 368 in 2006 . The comic features the Tenth Doctor , who spends several days staying in Mickey Smith 's flat , waiting for Rose Tyler and the TARDIS to catch him up in a few days , and by chance saving the Earth by hiding it from the passing space fleet of a violent alien race . The story was based on ideas that Roberts had since a child to imagine the Doctor experiencing everyday human life and his enjoyment of stories set on Earth rather than in space . Roberts ' original comic strip appealed to new executive producer Steven Moffat , who enthused to Roberts that he had " got to do " " The Lodger " as an episode . Roberts had previously had the idea to make the television version , but he had never mentioned it . Roberts considered " The Lodger " less an adaptation than was previously done by Paul Cornell for " Human Nature " / " The Family of Blood " , taken from Cornell 's novel , and instead wrote most of the episode from scratch . Elements of the comic 's story carry over into the episode , such as his confusion between a sonic screwdriver and a toothbrush , and the Doctor 's aptitude at football . However , Roberts said that the episode was " a completely different situation " from the comic strip , as the Doctor did not know Craig as he did Mickey , and there was the added enemy of the upstairs apartment . When Roberts began writing for the episode , he knew the series ' overarching plot but was not aware who was to be cast as the Eleventh Doctor . Roberts based the Doctor 's lines on those written in Moffat 's completed scripts and further characterization was added by Matt Smith 's reading of the lines . The episode also contains several cultural references . When the Doctor is having a shower , he is heard singing " La donna è mobile " , which his third incarnation sang in Inferno . When the Doctor introduces himself to the time ship 's Avatar , he claims to be " Captain Troy Handsome of International Rescue , " which is a reference to both Captain Troy Tempest from Stingray and International Rescue from Thunderbirds , both series created by Gerry and Sylvia Anderson . Steven Cooper of Slant Magazine also saw a reference to the Emergency Medical Hologram the Doctor from Star Trek : Voyager , as the Doctor continued " Please state the nature of your emergency . " " The Lodger " made up the seventh and final production block of the series along with " Amy 's Choice " . The read @-@ through for both episodes took place on 17 February 2010 in the Upper Boat Studios . The story replaced another one , " The Doctor 's Wife " , when the latter was pushed back to the next series due to budgetary constraints . Location filming took place in Cardiff in early March 2010 . The house in which Craig has his flat is in Westville Road , and the location for the football match was Victoria Park ; the play area there had previously been used as a location in " Forest of the Dead " . Matt Smith performed his own athletics in the football match shots ; he has had previous experience as a youth footballer , having played for the youth teams of Northampton Town , Nottingham Forest and Leicester City before a back injury turned him towards acting . As such , little choreography was needed for the sequence . = = Broadcast and reception = = " The Lodger " was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on BBC One on 12 June 2010 . In the United States , it was broadcast on sister station BBC America on 10 July 2010 . In the UK , overnight figures for the episode were 4 @.@ 6 million , facing competition from the build @-@ up to England 's match in the 2010 FIFA World Cup . When final consolidated ratings were calculated , it showed that the episode was watched by an average of 6 @.@ 44 million viewers , with 5 @.@ 98 million on BBC One and a further 0 @.@ 46 million on a simulcast on BBC HD . It was the sixth highest @-@ rated programme of the week on BBC One , and the twenty @-@ first highest @-@ rated of the week across all channels . Although it was the second most watched programme of the day , it was the least watched fifth series episode of Doctor Who . However , it received an Appreciation Index of 87 , considered " excellent " and the joint highest of the series at time of broadcast . A Region 2 DVD and Blu @-@ ray containing the episode together with " Vincent and the Doctor " , " The Pandorica Opens " and " The Big Bang " was released on 6 September 2010 . It was then re @-@ released as part of the complete series five DVD on 8 November 2010 . = = = Critical reception = = = " The Lodger " was met with positive to mixed reviews from critics . Gavin Fuller , writing for The Daily Telegraph , called the episode " a delight " , " thoroughly enjoyable " and " often amusing " . In particular he praised Corden and Haggard for avoiding the usual " cliches of romcom " , and Smith 's portrayal of The Doctor as almost @-@ but @-@ not @-@ quite human . However , he expressed some disappointment that the origin of the lurking time machine was not explained . Dan Martin of The Guardian called it " one of the strongest episodes of the year " . He praised the acting of Smith and Corden , but wondered why the Doctor did not use his usual alias of " John Smith " when posing as a human . Radio Times reviewer Patrick Mulkern praised Corden and Smith , but said it did not " quite tick [ his ] boxes " . He was not engaged by the upstairs villain , wished for more " laugh @-@ out @-@ loud moments than good @-@ humoured banter " and disliked that the Doctor seemed " diminished " when thrown into the everyday atmosphere . In a review for IGN , Matt Wales rated it 7 out of 10 and referred to it as " one of the fluffier episodes " in terms of plot , but he said it was an " enjoyable little duck @-@ out @-@ of @-@ water adventure " . He called Smith " an absolute joy to watch " and said that Corden and Haggard " [ acquitted ] themselves admirably " . However , he criticised the " more traditional Who elements " , such as the alien threat that the directing left " devoid of almost all tension " , Amy 's occasional appearances that did not seem to gel with the rest of the story , and the short resolution , where " the whole thing collapsed into an incomprehensible muddle " . SFX magazine 's Russell Lewin gave " The Lodger " three and a half out of five stars , saying it was " brimming with witty dialogue " and was a " pleasant diversion " before the finale . He ranked it " mid @-@ table " among the other episodes of the series . Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club graded it an A- , saying it was a " funny outing " that allowed Smith to show comic depth as the Doctor , as well as praising the guest stars . Though he referred to the alien up the stairs as a " pretty standard @-@ issue " , he liked it for being a metaphor of " the trap of complacency and the ways staying in a rut can lead to safety , stagnancy , and ignorance of the peril encroaching just outside one 's four walls " .

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