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= ictus , a metrically strong syllabic position . × = nonictus . = = Context = = The poem is part of the Fair Youth sequence ( which comprises sonnets 1 – 126 in the accepted numbering stemming from the first edition in 1609 ) . It is also the first of the cycle after the opening sequence now described as the procreation sonnets . Some scholars , however , contend that it is part of the procreation sonnets , as it addresses the idea of reaching eternal life through the written word , a theme they find in sonnets 15 – 17 . In this view , it can be seen as part of a transition to sonnet 20 's time theme . There are many , varying theories about the identity of the 1609 Quarto 's enigmatic dedicatee , Mr. W.H. Some scholars have suggested that this poem may be expressing a hope that they interpret the procreation sonnets as having despaired of : the hope of metaphorical procreation in a homosexual relationship . Professor Michael Schoenfeldt of the University of Michigan , characterizes the Fair Youth sequence sonnets as " the articulation of a fervent same @-@ sex love , " and some scholars , noting the romantic language used in the sequence , refer to it as a " daring representation of homoerotic ... passions , " of " passionate , erotic love , " suggesting that the relationship between the speaker and the Fair Youth is sexual . The true character of this love remains unclear , however , and others interpret the relationship as one of purely platonic love , while yet others see it as describing a woman . Scholars have pointed out that the order in which the sonnets are placed may have been the decision of the publishers , and not of Shakespeare , which would further support the interpretation that Sonnet 18 was addressed to a woman . = = Exegesis = = Line one is paradoxical , because the implied answer to the poet 's question , " Shall I compare thee to a summer 's day " , is in the negative , even though the point is illustrated by comparisons . The third line “ Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May , ” is enigmatic and deeper than it seems at a cursory glance . Apparently containing the Anglo @-@ Saxon original adjective ‘ darling ’ as a term of endearment , it also refers to the verb ‘ to darl ’ , a condition in which a green flower bud begins to show its eventual colour . The gerund , ‘ darling ’ describes this process of change . It was subsequently used to describe a nubile , pubescent girl ; a darling girl is one entering womanhood , with all the internal and external changes which that brings . A darling girl is showing the promise of her eventual appearance . " Complexion " in line six , can have two meanings : 1 ) The outward appearance of the face as compared with the sun ( " the eye of heaven " ) in the previous line , or 2 ) the older sense of the word in relation to The four humours . In Shakespeare 's time , " complexion " carried both outward and inward meanings , as did the word " temperate " ( externally , a weather condition ; internally , a balance of humours ) . The second meaning of " complexion " would communicate that the beloved 's inner , cheerful , and temperate disposition is sometimes blotted out like the sun on a cloudy day . The first meaning is more obvious , meaning of a negative change in his outward appearance . The word , " untrimmed " in line eight , can be taken two ways : First , in the sense of loss of decoration and frills , and second , in the sense of untrimmed sails on a ship . In the first interpretation , the poem reads that beautiful things naturally lose their fanciness over time . In the second , it reads that nature is a ship with sails not adjusted to wind changes in order to correct course . This , in combination with the words " nature 's changing course " , creates an oxymoron : the unchanging change of nature , or the fact that the only thing that does not change is change . This line in the poem creates a shift from the mutability of the first eight lines , into the eternity of the last six . Both change and eternity are then acknowledged and challenged by the final line . " Ow 'st " in line ten can also carry two meanings equally common at the time : " ownest " and " owest " . Many readers interpret it as " ownest " , as do many Shakespearean glosses ( " owe " in Shakespeare 's day , was sometimes used as a synonym for " own " ) . However , " owest " delivers an interesting view on the text . It conveys the idea that beauty is something borrowed from nature — that it must be paid back as time progresses . In this interpretation , " fair " can be a pun on " fare " , or the fare required by nature for life 's journey . Other scholars have pointed out that this borrowing and lending theme within the poem is true of both nature and humanity . Summer , for example , is said to have a " lease " with " all too short a date . " This monetary theme is common in many of Shakespeare 's sonnets , as it was an everyday theme in his budding capitalistic society . = = In music = = Cleo Laine and John Dankworth recorded a jazz version of Shakespeare 's Sonnet 18 on their album Shakespeare & All That Jazz ( 1964 ) . Roxy Music 's Bryan Ferry recorded Sonnet 18 for the his 1997 CD Diana , Princess of Wales : Tribute ( disc 1 - 2 : 53 ) . In 2001 Pink Floyd guitarist David Gilmour recorded Sonnet 18 as a song for his wife , with the music written by and played on piano by Michael Kamen . A video of him recording the piece was released as an extra on his 2002 DVD , " David Gilmour in Concert " , but the recording was never released on an album ; it is , however , currently available on YouTube . The song 's credits are given as " Shakespeare / Gilmour " . Poeterra recorded a pop ballad version of this poem on their album " When in Disgrace " ( 2014 ) . It was also set to music by the Swedish composer Nils Lindberg as a choral piece . Moreover , the singer and songwriter Dan Smith , head of the band " Bastille " , admitted to have been inspired by this sonnet when writing the song " Poet " .
= The Staff of Karnath = The Staff of Karnath is an action @-@ adventure video game developed and published by Ultimate Play The Game for the Commodore 64 originally in 1984 and in the United States in 1985 . The game is the first instalment of the Pendragon series and is the first to feature the aristocrat adventurer Sir Arthur Pendragon . In the game , Sir Pendragon is tasked with searching a castle for the ancient Staff of Karnath , which he must destroy prior to midnight , before it wipes out the human race . The game was created and designed by brothers Dave and Bob Thomas and was the first game to be released by Ultimate without founders Tim and Chris Stamper 's direct involvement . The Staff of Karnath 's setting and visuals were heavily inspired from the 1962 film Jack the Giant Killer . The game was met with mixed reviews upon release . Critics were divided over its graphics and presentation , and criticised the sound . It was followed by a sequel , Entombed , which was released in 1985 . = = Gameplay = = The game is presented in an oblique , isometric format and is set inside a haunted castle . As Sir Arthur Pendragon , the player 's main objective is to collect sixteen pieces of a key before midnight , which when all connected will form the shape of a pentacle . The pieces of the pentacle are guarded by various magical creatures , some of which can be defeated by casting spells , others requiring accurately timed attacks and nimble dodging . Once a piece is obtained , the player must take it to a specific chamber within the castle . Once all pentacles have been placed in their chambers , the player can establish the whereabouts of the Staff of Karnath , which must be destroyed before midnight . Pendragon 's only form of defence in the game is his ability to utilise various magical spells , in which the correct spell is required in order to defeat certain enemies . If the player is hit by an attack of any enemy in the castle , Pendragon will lose energy , or in some cases , time will be deducted from the countdown timer . If the player completely runs out of energy or fails to destroy the Staff of Karnath before midnight , the game will end . = = Plot = = Millions of years ago , creatures known as Sarnathians ruled the Earth , centring their values on torture of other creatures that were opposed to their rule . Their aim was to rule the universe using a mysterious orb that granted them great power . Thousands of years later , the orb became too powerful and eventually caused a tear in the inter @-@ dimensional fabric of the Realm of Reality and the Realm of Unreality , thus rendering the Sarnathians extinct . The orb itself was buried deep in the ground for millions of years , until it was discovered by Karnath , an evil sorcerer . Upon finding the orb , Karnath fused it into his own magical staff , and on doing so learned the history of the Sarnathians . He became obsessed with the orb and the task of releasing these beings from the Realm of Unreality . After years of isolation in his castle , as his own death was drawing near , Karnath was finally able to cast a powerful spell over his staff . This spell was designed such that upon contact with the orb , it would unleash its most powerful state and tear the fabric of reality once more . The staff was then hidden deep below the castle and inscribed with powerful magical symbols to protect it . Before he died , Karnath broke the key into sixteen pieces and hid them throughout his castle . Centuries later , an aristocrat adventurer , Sir Arthur Pendragon , ventures inside the castle in order to defuse the orb before midnight . Should he fail , its power would be unleashed , and the resulting inter @-@ dimensional rip would wipe out the human race . = = Development and release = = Ashby Computers and Graphics was founded by brothers Tim and Chris Stamper , along with Tim 's wife , Carol , from their headquarters in Ashby @-@ de @-@ la @-@ Zouch in 1982 . Under the trading name of Ultimate Play The Game , they began producing multiple video games for the ZX Spectrum throughout the early 1980s . The company was known for their reluctance to reveal details about their operations and upcoming projects . Little was known about their development process except that they used to work in " separate teams " : one team would work on graphics while the other would concentrate on other aspects such as sound or programming . The Pendragon series and The Staff of Karnath were materialised by brothers Dave and Robert " Bob " Thomas , rather than Ultimate founders Tim and Chris Stamper . Dave Thomas began his career in 1983 when he began producing games for the Atari 400 , including moderate @-@ sellers such as Warlok , which later won him GB £ 5 @,@ 000 in a competition from Calisto Software . Although he later began working for the company in producing video games , he quit due to the strain of his daily 68 miles ( 109 km ) commute . Shortly after quitting Calisto Software , Dave Thomas started work on The Staff of Karnath . Bob Thomas was a trained technical illustrator for the Ministry of Defence and had experience with designing interiors for the Royal Navy , which later aided to the military @-@ themed visuals of the Pendragon series . The game was programmed by Dave Thomas , whereas the graphics were designed by Bob Thomas . According to Dave Thomas , the visuals and setting of the castle in The Staff of Karnath were inspired by the 1962 film Jack the Giant Killer . The plot of the game was also loosely based on the storyline from one of H.P. Lovecraft 's short novels . Dave Thomas admitted in a retrospective interview that the name of the series protagonist , " Sir Arthur Pendragon " , was copied from the character of the Black Prince Pendragon from the Jack the Giant Killer stories . The Thomas brothers decided to show their progress on the game to Tim and Chris Stamper for evaluation , despite feeling embarrassed due to their workspace being inside their parents ' attic . Impressed by the game , the Stamper brothers commissioned an entire series to be released for the Commodore 64 . Dave Thomas recalled that every game they produced was met with little interference from Ultimate : once a game was complete , it would be sent to quality assessment and subsequently published for release . The Staff of Karnath sold 40 @,@ 000 units upon initial release , and work on the sequel , Entombed , began " almost immediately " according to Dave Thomas . = = Reception = = The game received mostly positive reviews from critics upon release . Computer and Video Games was divided over the graphics , stating that they were " expecting more " from an Ultimate game . Chris Anderson of Personal Computer Games felt " disappointment " to the overall game , stating that what he saw on the screen was an " anti @-@ climax " , given how Anderson had been " waiting so long " for an Ultimate release on the Commodore 64 . Commodore User praised the graphics , heralding the detail as " impressive " , however they criticised the moving characters of the game , calling them " not quite as impressive " as the detail of the background , and did not live up to the instruction manual 's promise of " cartoon quality " animation . Anderson of Personal Computer Games praised the overall presentation , asserting that the rooms were of " extremely realistic " quality . In the same review , Richard Patey similarly praised the graphics , stating that they were " beautiful " throughout and " [ lived ] up to " every expectation . Commodore User criticised the sound effects , finding them " disappointing " . Patey was also sceptical regarding the sound effects , regarding them as " average " . Anderson summarised that the game " isn 't not going to hook everyone " . The Staff of Karnath was declared as the seventh best Commodore 64 game in the first issue of Zzap ! 64 in May 1985 .
= Woodes Rogers = Woodes Rogers ( ca . 1679 – 15 July 1732 ) was an English sea captain and privateer and , later , the first Royal Governor of the Bahamas . He is known as the captain of the vessel that rescued marooned Alexander Selkirk , whose plight is generally believed to have inspired Daniel Defoe 's Robinson Crusoe . Rogers came from an affluent seafaring family , grew up in Poole and Bristol , and served a marine apprenticeship to a Bristol sea captain . His father held shares in many ships , but he died when Rogers was in his mid @-@ twenties , leaving Rogers in control of the family shipping business . In 1707 , Rogers was approached by Captain William Dampier , who sought support for a privateering voyage against the Spanish , with whom the British were at war . Rogers led the expedition , which consisted of two well @-@ armed ships , Duke and Duchess , and was the captain of Duke . In three years , Rogers and his men went around the world , capturing several ships in the Pacific Ocean . En route , the expedition rescued Selkirk , finding him on Juan Fernandez Island on 1 February 1709 . When the expedition returned to England in October 1711 , Rogers had circumnavigated the globe , while retaining his original ships and most of his men , and the investors in the expedition doubled their money . The expedition made Rogers a national hero , but his brother was killed and Rogers was badly wounded in fights in the Pacific . On his return , he was successfully sued by his crew on the grounds that they had not received their fair share of the expedition profits , and Rogers was forced into bankruptcy . He wrote of his maritime experiences in the book A Cruising Voyage Round the World , which sold well , in part due to public fascination at Selkirk 's rescue . Rogers was twice appointed Governor of the Bahamas , where he succeeded in warding off threats from the Spanish , and in ridding the colony of pirates . However , his first term as governor was financially ruinous , and on his return to England , he was imprisoned for debt . During his second term as governor , Rogers died in Nassau at the age of about 53 . = = Early life = = Woodes Rogers was the eldest son and heir of Woods Rogers , a successful merchant captain . Woodes Rogers spent part of his childhood in Poole , England , where he likely attended the local school ; his father , who owned shares in many ships , was often away nine months of the year with the Newfoundland fishing fleet . Sometime between 1690 and 1696 , Captain Rogers moved his family to Bristol . In November 1697 , Woodes Rogers was apprenticed to Bristol mariner John Yeamans , to learn the profession of a sailor . At 18 , Rogers was somewhat old to be starting a seven @-@ year apprenticeship . His biographer , Brian Little , suggests that this might have been a way for the newcomers to become part of Bristol maritime society , as well as making it possible for Woodes Rogers to become a freeman , or voting citizen , of the city . Little also suggests that it is likely that Rogers gained his maritime experience with Yeamans ' ship on the Newfoundland fleet . Rogers completed his apprenticeship in November 1704 . = = = Marriage and family = = = The following January Rogers married Sarah Whetstone , daughter of Rear Admiral Sir William Whetstone , who was a neighbour and close family friend . Rogers became a freeman of Bristol because of his marriage into the prominent Whetstone family . In 1706 , Captain Rogers died at sea , leaving his ships and business to his son Woodes . Between 1706 and the end of 1708 , Woodes and Sarah Rogers had a son and two daughters . = = Privateering expedition = = = = = Preparation and the early voyage = = = The War of the Spanish Succession started in 1702 , during which England 's main maritime foes were France and Spain , and a number of Bristol ships were given letters of marque , allowing them to strike against enemy shipping . At least four vessels in which Rogers had an ownership interest were granted the letters . One , Whetstone Galley , named for Rogers ' father in law , received the letters before being sent to Africa to begin a voyage in the slave trade . It did not reach Africa , but was captured by the French . Rogers suffered other losses against the French , although he does not record their extent in his book . He turned to privateering as a means of recouping these losses . In late 1707 , Rogers was approached by William Dampier , a navigator and friend of Rogers ' father , who proposed a privateering expedition against the Spanish . This was a desperate move on the part of Captain Dampier to save his career . Dampier had recently returned from leading a two @-@ ship privateering expedition into the Pacific , which culminated in a series of mutinies before both ships finally sank due to Dampier 's error in not having the hulls properly protected against worms before leaving port . Unaware of this , Rogers agreed . Financing was provided by many in the Bristol community , including Thomas Goldney II of the Quaker Goldney family and Thomas Dover , who would become president of the voyage council and Rogers ' father in law . Commanding two frigates , Duke and Duchess , and captaining the first , Rogers spent three years circumnavigating the globe . The ships departed Bristol on 1 August 1708 . Dampier was aboard as Rogers ' sailing master . Rogers encountered various problems along the way . Forty of the Bristol crew deserted or were dismissed , and he spent a month in Ireland recruiting replacements and having the vessels prepared for sea . Many crew members were Dutch , Danish , or other foreigners . Some of the crew mutinied after Rogers refused to let them plunder a neutral Swedish vessel . When the mutiny was put down , he had the leader flogged , put in irons , and sent to England aboard another ship . The less culpable mutineers were given lighter punishments , such as reduced rations . The ships intended to force the chilly Drake Passage off the tip of South America , but expedition leaders soon realised that they were short of warm clothing and alcohol , which was then believed to warm those exposed to cold . Considering the latter the more important problem , the expedition made a stop at Tenerife to stock up on the local wine , and later sewed the ships ' blankets into cold weather gear . The ships experienced a difficult inter @-@ oceanic passage ; they were forced to almost 62 ° South latitude , which , according to Rogers , " for ought we know is the furthest that any one has yet been to the southward " . At their furthest south , they were closer to as @-@ yet @-@ undiscovered Antarctica than to South America . = = = Rescue of Selkirk and raids on the Spanish = = = Rogers stocked his ships with limes to fend off scurvy , a practice not universally accepted at that time . After reaching the Pacific Ocean , the ships ' provisions of limes were exhausted and seven men died of the vitamin deficiency disease . Dampier was able to guide the ships to little @-@ known Juan Fernandez Island to replenish supplies of fresh produce . On 1 February 1709 , as they neared the island , the sailors spotted a fire ashore and feared that it might be a shore party from a Spanish vessel . The next morning Rogers sent a party ashore and discovered that the fire was from Scottish sailor Alexander Selkirk , who had been stranded there four years previously . Selkirk was to become an inspiration for the classic novel Robinson Crusoe , written by Rogers ' friend , Daniel Defoe . Rogers found Selkirk to be " wild @-@ looking " and " wearing goatskins " , noting in his journal , " He had with him his clothes and bedding , with a firelock , some powder , bullets and tobacco , a hatchet , a knife , a kettle , a Bible and books . " Selkirk , who had been part of the ship 's crew that abandoned Dampier after losing confidence in his leadership , was now more than willing to join a flotilla that included his old commodore as ship 's pilot . Selkirk served as a mate aboard the Duke , and was later given command of one of the prize ships taken by the expedition . After leaving Juan Fernandez on 14 February 1709 , the expedition captured and looted a number of small vessels , and launched an attack on the town of Guayaquil , today located in Ecuador . When Rogers attempted to negotiate with the governor , the townsfolk secreted their valuables . Rogers was able to get a modest ransom for the town , but some crew members were so dissatisfied that they dug up the recently dead hoping to find items of value . This led to sickness on board ship , of which six men died . The expedition lost contact with one of the captured ships , which was under the command of Simon Hatley . The other vessels searched for Hatley 's ship , but to no avail — Hatley and his men were captured by the Spanish . On a subsequent voyage to the Pacific , Hatley would emulate Selkirk by becoming the centre of an event which would be immortalised in literature . His ship beset by storms , Hatley shot an albatross in the hope of better winds , an episode memorialised by Samuel Taylor Coleridge . The crew of the vessels became increasingly discontented , and Rogers and his officers feared another mutiny . This tension was dispelled by the expedition 's capture of a rich prize off the coast of Mexico : the Spanish vessel Nuestra Señora de la Encarnación y Desengaño . Rogers sustained a wound to the face in the battle . While Duke and Duchess were successful in capturing that vessel , they failed to capture Encarnación 's companion , a well @-@ armed galleon , Nuestra Señora de Begoña , which made its escape after damaging both vessels . Rogers only reluctantly agreed to giving the inexperienced Captain Dover command of Encarnación , a decision that may have been eased by naming Selkirk as its sailing master . The privateers , accompanied by their two prizes , limped across the Pacific Ocean . The expedition was able to resupply at Guam , which , though governed by the Spanish , extended a cordial welcome to the privateers . = = = Homeward voyage = = = The ships then went to the Dutch port of Batavia in what is now Indonesia , where Rogers underwent surgery to remove a musket ball from the roof of his mouth , and the expedition disposed of the less seaworthy of the two Spanish prizes . Dealing with the Dutch there constituted a violation of the British East India Company 's monopoly . When the ships finally dropped anchor in the Thames River on 14 October 1711 , a legal battle ensued , with the investors paying the East India Company £ 6 @,@ 000 ( about £ 806 @,@ 000 at today 's values ) as settlement for their claim for breach of monopoly , about four percent of what Rogers brought back . The investors approximately doubled their money , while Rogers gained £ 1 @,@ 600 ( now worth perhaps £ 214 @,@ 900 ) from a voyage which disfigured him and cost him his brother , who was killed in a battle in the Pacific . The money was probably less than he could have made at home , and was entirely absorbed by the debts his family had incurred in his absence . However , the long voyage and the capture of the Spanish ship made Rogers a national hero . Rogers was the first Englishman , in circumnavigating the globe , to have his original ships and most of his crew survive . After his voyage , he wrote an account of it , titled A Cruising Voyage Round the World . While Edward Cooke , an officer aboard Duchess , also wrote a book , and beat Rogers to print by several months , Rogers ' book was much more successful , with many readers fascinated by the account of Selkirk 's rescue , which Cooke had slighted . Among those interested in Selkirk 's adventure was Daniel Defoe , who appears to have read about it , and fictionalised the story as Robinson Crusoe . While Rogers ' book enjoyed financial success , it had a practical purpose — to aid British navigators and possible colonists . Much of Rogers ' introduction is devoted to advocacy for the South Seas trade . Rogers notes that had there been a British colony in the South Seas , he would not have had to worry about food supplies for his crew . A third of Rogers ' book is devoted to detailed descriptions of the places that he explored , with special emphasis on " such [ places ] as may be of most use for enlarging our trade " . He describes the area of the River Plate in detail because it lay " within the limits of the South Sea Company " , whose schemes had not yet burst into financial scandal . Rogers ' book was carried by such South Pacific navigators as Admiral George Anson and privateering captains John Clipperton and George Shelvocke . = = Governor and later life = = = = = Financial difficulties and the Bahamas proposal = = = Rogers encountered financial problems on his return . Sir William Whetstone had died , and Rogers , having failed to recoup his business losses through privateering , was forced to sell his Bristol home to support his family . He was successfully sued by a group of over 200 of his crew , who stated that they had not received their fair share of the expedition profits . The profits from his book were not enough to overcome these setbacks , and he was forced into bankruptcy . His wife gave birth to their fourth child a year after his return — a boy who died in infancy — and Woodes and Sarah Rogers soon permanently separated . Rogers decided the way out of his financial difficulty was to lead another expedition , this time against pirates . In 1713 , Rogers led what was ostensibly an expedition to purchase slaves in Madagascar and take them to the Dutch East Indies , this time with the permission of the British East India Company . However , Rogers ' secondary purpose was to gather details on the pirates of Madagascar , hoping to destroy or reform them , and colonise Madagascar on a future trip . Rogers collected information regarding pirates and their vessels near the island . Finding that a large number of the pirates had gone native , he persuaded many of them to sign a petition to Queen Anne asking her for clemency . While Rogers ' expedition was profitable , when it returned to London in 1715 , the British East India Company vetoed the idea of a colonial expedition to Madagascar , believing a colony was a greater threat to its monopoly than a few pirates . Accordingly , Rogers turned his sights from Madagascar to the West Indies . His connections included several of the advisers to the new king , George I , who had succeeded Queen Anne in 1714 , and Rogers was able to forge an agreement for a company to manage the Bahamas , which were infested with pirates , in exchange for a share of the colony 's profits . At the time , according to the Governor of Bermuda , the Bahamas were " without any face or form of Government " and the colony was a " sink or nest of infamous rascals " . Until Rogers obtained his commission , the islands had been nominally governed by absentee Lords Proprietor , who did little except appoint a new , powerless governor when the position fell vacant . Under the agreement that underlaid Rogers ' commission , the Lords Proprietor leased their rights for a token sum to Rogers ' company for twenty @-@ one years . On 5 January 1718 , a proclamation was issued announcing clemency for all piratical offences , provided that those seeking what became known as the " King 's Pardon " surrendered not later than 5 September 1718 . Colonial governors and deputy governors were authorised to grant the pardon . Rogers was officially appointed " Captain General and Governor in Chief " by George I on 6 January 1718 . He did not leave immediately for his new bailiwick , but spent several months preparing the expedition , which included seven ships , 100 soldiers , 130 colonists , and supplies ranging from food for the expedition members and ships ' crews to religious pamphlets to give to the pirates , whom Rogers believed would respond to spiritual teachings . On 22 April 1718 , the expedition , accompanied by three Royal Navy vessels , sailed out of the Thames . = = = First term = = = The expedition arrived on 22 July 1718 , surprising and trapping a ship commanded by pirate Charles Vane . After negotiations failed , Vane used a captured French vessel as a fireship in an attempt to ram the naval vessels . The attempt failed , but the naval vessels were forced out of the west end of Nassau harbour , giving Vane 's crew an opportunity to raid the town and secure the best local pilot . Vane and his men then escaped in a small sloop via the harbour 's narrow east entrance . The pirates had evaded the trap , but Nassau and New Providence Island were in Rogers ' hands . At the time , the island 's population consisted of about two hundred former pirates and several hundred fugitives who had escaped from nearby Spanish colonies . Rogers organised a government , granted the King 's Pardon to those former pirates on the island who had not yet accepted it , and started to rebuild the island 's fortifications , which had fallen into decrepitude under pirate domination . However , less than a month into his residence on New Providence , Rogers was faced with a double threat : Vane wrote , threatening to join with Edward Teach ( better known as Blackbeard ) to retake the island , and Rogers learned that the Spanish also planned to drive the British out of the Bahamas . Rogers ' expedition suffered further setbacks . An unidentified disease killed almost a hundred of his expedition members , while leaving the long @-@ term residents nearly untouched . Two of the three navy vessels , having no orders to remain , left for New York . Ships sent to Havana to conciliate the Spanish governor there never arrived , their crew revolting and becoming pirates mid @-@ voyage . Finally , the third naval vessel left in mid @-@ September , its commander promising to return in three weeks — a promise he had no intention of keeping . Work on rebuilding the island 's fortifications proceeded slowly , with the locals showing a disinclination to work . On 14 September 1718 , Rogers received word that Vane was at Green Turtle Cay near Abaco , about 120 miles ( 190 km ) north of Nassau . Some of the pardoned pirates on New Providence took boats to join Vane , and Rogers decided to send two ex @-@ pirate captains , Benjamin Hornigold and John Cockram , with a crew to gather intelligence , and , if possible , to bring Vane to battle . As the weeks passed , and hopes of their return dimmed , Rogers declared martial law and set all inhabitants to work on rebuilding the island 's fortifications . Finally , the former pirates returned . They had failed to find an opportunity to kill Vane or bring him to battle , but had captured one ship and a number of pirate captives . Captain Hornigold was then sent to recapture the ships and crews who had gone pirate en route to Havana . He returned with ten prisoners and three corpses . On 9 December 1718 , Rogers brought the ten men captured by Hornigold to trial . Nine were convicted , and Rogers had eight hanged three days later , reprieving the ninth on hearing he was of good family . One of the condemned , Thomas Morris , quipped as he climbed the gallows , " We have a good governor , but a harsh one . " The executions so cowed the populace that when , shortly after Christmas , several residents plotted to overthrow Rogers and restore the island to piracy , the conspirators attracted little support . Rogers had them flogged , then released as harmless . On 16 March 1719 Rogers learned that Spain and Britain were at war again . He redoubled his efforts to repair the island 's fortifications , buying vital supplies on credit in the hope of later being reimbursed by the expedition 's investors . The Spanish sent an invasion fleet against Nassau in May , but when the fleet 's commodore learned that the French ( now Britain 's ally ) had captured Pensacola , he directed the fleet there instead . This gave Rogers time to continue to fortify and supply New Providence , and it was not until 24 February 1720 that a Spanish fleet arrived . Wary of Rogers ' defences , the Spanish landed troops on Paradise Island ( then known as Hog Island ) , which shelters Nassau 's harbour . They were driven off by Rogers ' troops . The year 1720 brought an end to external threats to Rogers ' rule . With Spain and Britain at peace again , the Spanish made no further move against the Bahamas . Vane never returned , having been shipwrecked and captured in the Bay Islands — a year later , he was hanged in Jamaica . This did not end Rogers ' problems as governor . Overextended from financing New Providence 's defences , he received no assistance from Britain , and merchants refused to give him further credit . His health suffered , and he spent six weeks in Charleston , South Carolina , hoping to recuperate . Instead , he was wounded in a duel with Captain John Hildesley of HMS Flamborough ( 1707 ) , a duel caused by disputes between the two on New Providence . Troubled by the lack of support and communication from London , Rogers set sail for Britain in March 1721 . He arrived three months later to find that a new governor had been appointed , and his company had been liquidated . Personally liable for the obligations he had contracted at Nassau , he was imprisoned for debt . = = = Activities in England , second term and death = = = With both the government and his former partners refusing to honour his debts , Rogers was released from debtor 's prison only when his creditors took pity on him and absolved him of his debts . Even so , Rogers wrote that he was " perplexed with the melancholy prospect of [ his ] affairs " . In 1722 or 1723 , Rogers was approached by a man writing a history of piracy , and supplied him with information . The resulting work , A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the Most Notorious Pyrates , published under the pseudonym Captain Charles Johnson , was an enormous hit on both sides of the Atlantic , and catapulted Rogers for the second time to the status of a national hero . With public attention focused on him again , Rogers was successful in 1726 in petitioning the king for financial redress . Not only did King George I grant him a pension , retroactive to 1721 , but the king 's son and successor , George II , reappointed him as governor on 22 October 1728 . The Bahamas did not come under external threat during Rogers ' second term , but the reappointed governor had difficulties . Still seeking to bolster the island 's defences , Rogers sought imposition of a local tax . The assembly , which had been instituted in Rogers ' absence , objected , and Rogers responded by dissolving it . The governmental battle exhausted Rogers , who again went to Charleston in early 1731 in an attempt to recover his health . Though he returned in July 1731 , he never truly regained his health , and died in Nassau on 15 July 1732 . A harbour @-@ side street in Nassau is named for Rogers . " Piracy expelled , commerce restored " remained the motto of the Bahamas until the islands gained independence in 1973 .
= Quadrophenia = Quadrophenia is the sixth studio album by English rock band The Who , released on 26 October 1973 by Track Records . It is a double album and the group 's second rock opera . The story follows a young mod named Jimmy and his search for self @-@ worth and importance , set in London and Brighton in 1965 . It is the only Who album to be entirely composed by group leader Pete Townshend . The group started work on the album in 1972 , trying to follow up Tommy and Who 's Next , which had both achieved substantial critical and commercial success . Recording was delayed while bassist John Entwistle and singer Roger Daltrey recorded solo albums and drummer Keith Moon worked on films . Because a new studio was not finished in time , the group had to use Ronnie Lane 's Mobile Studio . As well as the group 's typical playing styles , especially from Moon , the album makes significant use of Townshend 's multi @-@ tracked synthesizers and sound effects , and Entwistle 's layered horn parts . Relationships between the group and manager Kit Lambert broke down irretrievably during recording and he had left the band 's services by the time the album was released . Quadrophenia was released to a positive reception in both the UK and the US , but the resulting tour was marred with problems with backing tapes replacing the additional instruments on the album , and the stage piece was retired in early 1974 . It was revived in 1996 with a larger ensemble , and a further tour occurred in 2012 . The album made a positive impact on the mod revival movement of the late 1970s , and the resulting film adaptation , released in 1979 , was successful . The album has been reissued on compact disc several times , and seen a number of remixes that corrected some perceived flaws in the original . = = Plot = = The original release of Quadrophenia came with a set of recording notes for reviewers and journalists that explained the basic plotline . The narrative centres around a young working @-@ class mod named Jimmy . He likes drugs , beach fights and romance , and becomes a fan of the Who after a concert in Brighton , but is disillusioned by his parents ' attitude towards him , dead @-@ end jobs and an unsuccessful trip to see a psychiatrist . He clashes with his parents over his usage of amphetamines . He has difficulty finding regular work and doubts his own self @-@ worth , and quits a job as a dustman after only two days . Though he is happy to be " one " of the mods , he struggles to keep up with his peers , and his girlfriend leaves him for his best friend . After destroying his scooter and contemplating suicide , he decides to take a train to Brighton , where he had enjoyed earlier experiences with fellow mods . However , he discovers the " Ace Face " who led the gang now has a menial job as a bellboy in a hotel . He feels everything in his life has rejected him , steals a boat , and uses it to sail out to a rock overlooking the sea . On the rock and stuck in the rain , he contemplates his life . The ending is left ambiguous as to what happens to Jimmy on the rock . = = Background = = 1972 was the least active year for the Who since they had formed . The group had achieved great commercial and critical success with the albums Tommy and Who 's Next , but were struggling to come up with a suitable follow up . The group recorded new material with Who 's Next collaborator Glyn Johns in May 1972 , including " Is It In My Head " and " Love Reign O 'er Me " which were eventually released on Quadrophenia , and a mini @-@ opera called " Long Live Rock – Rock Is Dead " , but the material was considered too derivative of Who 's Next and sessions were abandoned . In an interview for Melody Maker , guitarist and bandleader Pete Townshend said " I 've got to get a new act together … People don 't really want to sit and listen to all our past " . He had become frustrated that the group had been unable to produce a film of Tommy or Lifehouse ( the abortive project that resulted in Who 's Next ) , and decided to follow Frank Zappa 's idea of producing a musical soundtrack that could produce a narrative in the same way as a film . Unlike Tommy , the new work would be grounded in reality and tell a story of youth and adolescence that the audience could relate to . Townshend became inspired by " Long Live Rock – Rock Is Dead " ' s theme and in autumn 1972 began writing material , while the group put out unreleased recordings including " Join Together " and " Relay " to keep themselves in the public eye . In the meantime , bassist John Entwistle released his second solo album , Whistle Rymes , singer Roger Daltrey worked on solo material , and Keith Moon featured as a drummer in the film That 'll Be The Day . Townshend had met up with " Irish " Jack Lyons , one of the original Who fans , which gave him the idea of writing a piece that would look back on the group 's history and its audience . He created the character of Jimmy from an amalgamation of six early fans of the group , including Lyons , and gave the character a four @-@ way split personality , which led to the album 's title ( a play on schizophrenia ) . Work was interrupted for most of 1972 in order to work on Lou Reizner 's orchestral version of Tommy . Daltrey finished his first solo album , which included the hit single " Giving It All Away " , fueling rumours of a split in the press . Things were not helped by Daltrey discovering that managers Kit Lambert and Chris Stamp had large sums of money unaccounted for , and suggested they should be fired , which Townshend resisted . = = Recording = = In order to do justice to the recording of Quadrophenia , the group decided to build their own studio , Ramport Studios in Battersea . Work started on building Ramport in November 1972 , but five months later still lacked an adequate mixing desk that could handle recording Quadrophenia . Instead , Townshend 's friend Ronnie Lane loaned his mobile studio for the sessions . Lambert ostensibly began producing the album in May , but missed recording sessions and generally lacked discipline . By mid 1973 , Daltrey demanded that Lambert leave the Who 's services . The band recruited engineer Ron Nevison , who had worked with Townshend 's associate John Alcock , to assist with engineering . To illustrate the four @-@ way split personality of Jimmy , Townshend wrote four themes , reflecting the four members of the Who . These were " Bell Boy " ( Moon ) , " Is It Me ? " ( Entwistle ) , " Helpless Dancer " ( Daltrey ) and " Love Reign O 'er Me " ( Townshend ) . Two lengthy instrumentals on the album , the title track and " The Rock " contain the four themes , separately and together . The instrumentals were not demoed but built up in the studio . Who author John Atkins described the instrumental tracks as " the most ambitious and intricate music the group ever undertook . " Most tracks involved each of the group recording their parts separately ; unlike earlier albums , Townshend had left space in his demos for other band members to contribute , though most of the synthesizers on the finished album came from his ARP 2500 synthesizer and were recorded at home . The only song arranged by the band in the studio was " 5 @.@ 15 " . According to Nevison , the ARP 2500 was impossible to record in the studio , and changing sounds was cumbersome due to a lack of patches , which required Townshend to work on these parts at home , working late into the night . To obtain a good string section sound on the album , Townshend bought a cello and over two weeks learned how to play it well enough to be recorded . Entwistle recorded his bass part to " The Real Me " in one take on a Gibson Thunderbird and spent several weeks during the summer arranging and recording numerous multi @-@ tracked horn parts . Having been forced to play more straightforwardly by Johns on Who 's Next , Moon returned to his established drumming style on Quadrophenia . He contributed lead vocals to " Bell Boy " , where he deliberately showcased an exaggerated narrative style . For the finale of " Love , Reign O 'er Me " , Townshend and Nevison set up a large group of percussion instruments , which Moon played before kicking over a set of tubular bells , which can be heard on the final mix . During the album production , Townshend made many field recordings with a portable reel @-@ to @-@ reel recorder . These included waves washing on a Cornish beach and the doppler whistle of a diesel train recorded near Townshend 's house at Goring @-@ on @-@ Thames . The ending of " The Dirty Jobs " includes a musical excerpt from a brass band performance of The Thunderer by John Philip Sousa , which Nevison recorded in Regent 's Park . Assembling the field recordings in the studio was problematic ; at one point , during " I Am the Sea " , nine different tape machines were running sound effects . According to Nevison , Townshend produced the album single @-@ handedly , adding that " everything started when Pete got there , and everything finished when Pete left " . Townshend began mixing the album in August at his home studio in Goring along with Nevison . = = Release = = The album was preceded by the single " 5 : 15 " in the UK , which benefited from a live appearance on Top of the Pops on 4 October 1973 and was released the next day . It reached No. 20 in the charts . Quadrophenia was originally released in the UK on 26 October , but fans found it difficult to find a copy due to a shortage of vinyl caused by the OPEC oil embargo . In the UK , Quadrophenia reached No. 2 , being held off the top spot by David Bowie 's Pin Ups . In the US , the album reached No. 2 on the US Billboard album chart ( kept from # 1 by Elton John 's Goodbye Yellow Brick Road album ) , the highest position of any Who album in the US . In the US , " Love Reign O 'er Me " was chosen as the lead single , released on 27 October . The album was originally released as a two @-@ LP set with a gatefold jacket and a booklet containing lyrics , a text version of the story , and photographs taken by Ethan Russell illustrating it . MCA Records re @-@ released the album as a two @-@ CD set in 1985 with the lyrics and text story line on a thin fold @-@ up sheet but none of the photographs . The album was reissued as a remastered CD in 1996 , featuring a reproduction of the original album artwork . The original mix had been criticised in particular for Daltrey 's vocals being buried , so the 1996 CD was completely remixed by Jon Astley and Andy Macpherson . In 2011 , Townshend and longtime Who engineer Bob Pridden remixed the album , resulting in a deluxe 5 @-@ disc box set . Unlike earlier reissues , this set contains two discs of demos , including some songs that were dropped from the final running order of the album , and a selection of songs in 5 @.@ 1 surround sound . The box set came with a 100 @-@ page book including an essay by Townshend about the album sessions , with photos . In 2014 , the album was released on Blu @-@ ray Audio featuring a brand @-@ new remix of the entire album by Townshend and Pridden in 5 @.@ 1 surround sound as well the 2011 Deluxe Edition stereo remix and the original 1973 stereo LP mix . = = Reception = = Critical reaction to Quadrophenia was positive . Melody Maker 's Chris Welch wrote " rarely have a group succeeded in distilling their essence and embracing a motif as convincingly " , while Charles Shaar Murray described the album in New Musical Express as the " most rewarding musical experience of the year " . Reaction in the US was generally positive , though Dave Marsh , writing in Creem gave a more critical response . Lenny Kaye , writing in Rolling Stone wrote " the Who as a whole have never sounded better " but added " on its own terms , Quadrophenia falls short of the mark " . Retrospective reviews have been positive . Chris Jones , writing for BBC Music said " everything great about the Who is contained herein . " In 2013 , Billboard , reviewing the album for its 40th anniversary , said : " Filled with performances packed with life and depth and personality , Quadrophenia is 90 minutes of the Who at its very best . " The album has sold 1 million copies and has been certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America . In 2000 Q magazine placed Quadrophenia at # 56 in its list of the 100 Greatest British Albums Ever . The album has been ranked # 267 on Rolling Stone magazine 's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time . Townshend now considers Quadrophenia to be the last great album that the Who recorded . In 2011 , he said the group " never recorded anything that was so ambitious or audacious again " , drawing particular praise for Moon 's playing . = = Live performances = = = = = 1973 – 74 tour = = = The band viewed the tour in support of the album as disastrous . To achieve the rich overdubbed sound of the album on stage , Townshend wanted Chris Stainton ( who had played piano on some tracks ) to join as a touring member . Daltrey objected to this and believed the Who 's performances should only have the four core members . To obtain the required instrumentation without additional musicians , the group elected to employ taped backing tracks for live performance , as they had already done for " Baba O 'Riley " and " Won 't Get Fooled Again " . Initial performances were plagued by malfunctioning tapes . Once the tapes started , the band had to play to them , which constrained their styles . Moon , in particular , found playing Quadrophenia difficult as he was forced to stick to a click track instead of watching the rest of the band . The group only allowed two days of rehearsals with the tapes before touring , one of which was abandoned after Daltrey punched Townshend following an argument . The tour started on 28 October 1973 . The original plan had been to play most of the album , but after the first gig at Stoke @-@ on @-@ Trent , the band dropped " The Dirty Jobs " , " Is It In My Head " and " I 've Had Enough " from the set . Both Daltrey and Townshend felt they had to describe the plot in detail to the audience , which took up valuable time on stage . A few shows later in Newcastle upon Tyne , the backing tapes to " 5 : 15 " came in late . Townshend stopped the show , grabbed Pridden , who was controlling the mixing desk , and dragged him onstage , shouting obscenities at him . Townshend subsequently grabbed some of the tapes and threw them over the stage , kicked his amplifier over , and walked off . The band returned 20 minutes later , playing older material . Townshend and Moon appeared on local television the following day and attempted to brush things off . The Who played two other shows in Newcastle without incident . The US tour started on 20 November at the Cow Palace in San Francisco . The group were nervous about playing Quadrophenia after the British tour , especially Moon . Before the show , he was offered some tranquillisers from a fan . Just after the show started , the fan collapsed and was hospitalised . Moon 's playing , meanwhile , became incredibly erratic , particularly during Quadrophenia where he did not seem to be able to keep time with the backing tapes . Towards the end of the show , during " Won 't Get Fooled Again " , he passed out over his drumkit . After a 20 @-@ minute wait , Moon reappeared onstage , but after a few bars of " Magic Bus " , collapsed again , and was immediately taken to hospital . Scot Halpin , an audience member , convinced promoter Bill Graham to let him play drums , and the group closed the show with him . Moon had a day to recover , and by the next show at the Los Angeles Forum , was playing to his usual strength . The group began to get used to the backing tapes , and the remainder of gigs for the US tour were successful . The tour continued in February 1974 , with a short series of gigs in France . The final show at the Palais de Sports in Lyon on the 24th was the last time Quadrophenia was played as a stage piece with Moon , who died in 1978 . Townshend later said that Daltrey " ended up hating Quadrophenia – probably because it had bitten back " . However , a small selection of songs remained in the set list ; live performances of " Drowned " and " Bell Boy " filmed at Charlton Athletic football ground on 18 May were later released on the 30 Years of Maximum R & B box set . = = = 1996 – 97 tour = = = In June 1996 , Daltrey , Townshend and Entwistle revived Quadrophenia as a live concert . They performed at Hyde Park , London as part of the Prince 's Trust " Masters of Music " benefit concert , playing most of the album for the first time since 1974 . The concert was not billed as the Who , but credited to the three members individually . The performance also included Gary Glitter as the Godfather , Phil Daniels as the Narrator and Jimmy , Trevor MacDonald as the newsreader , Adrian Edmondson as the Bell Boy and Stephen Fry as the hotel manager . The musical lineup included Townshend 's brother Simon , Zak Starkey on drums ( his first appearance with the Who ) , guitarists David Gilmour ( who played the bus driver ) and Geoff Whitehorn , keyboardists John " Rabbit " Bundrick and Jon Carin , percussionist Jody Linscott , Billy Nicholls leading a two @-@ man / two @-@ woman backing vocal section , and five brass players . During rehearsals , Daltrey was struck in the face by Glitter 's microphone stand , and performed the concert wearing an eyepatch . A subsequent tour of the US and UK followed , employing most of the same players but with Billy Idol replacing Edmondson , Simon Townshend replacing Gilmour and P. J. Proby replacing Glitter . 85 @,@ 000 fans saw the ensemble perform Quadrophenia at Madison Square Garden . A recording from the tour was subsequently released in 2005 as part of Tommy and Quadrophenia Live . = = = 2010s tours = = = The Who performed Quadrophenia at the Royal Albert Hall on 30 March 2010 as part of the Teenage Cancer Trust series of ten gigs . This one @-@ off performance of the rock opera featured guest appearances from Pearl Jam 's Eddie Vedder and Kasabian 's Tom Meighan . In November 2012 , the Who started a U.S. tour of Quadrophenia , dubbed " Quadrophenia and More " . The group played the entire album without any guest singers or announcements with the then regular Who line @-@ up ( including Starkey and bassist Pino Paladino , who replaced Entwistle following his death in 2002 ) along with five additional musicians . The tour included additional video performances , including Moon singing " Bell Boy " from 1974 and Entwistle 's bass solo in " 5 : 15 " from 2000 . The tour progressed to the UK in 2013 , ending in a performance at Wembley Arena in July . = = Other productions = = Quadrophenia was revived for a film version in 1979 , directed by Franc Roddam . The film attempted to portray an accurate visual interpretation of Townshend 's vision of Jimmy and his surroundings , and included Phil Daniels as Jimmy and Sting as the Ace Face . Unlike the Tommy film , the music was largely relegated to the background , and was not performed by the cast as in a rock opera . The film soundtrack included three additional songs written by Townshend , which were Kenney Jones ' first recordings as an official member of the Who . The film was a commercial and critical success , as it conveniently coincided with the mod revival movement of the late 1970s . There have been several amateur productions of a Quadrophenia musical . In 2007 , the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama performed a musical based on the original album at the Sherman Theatre , Cardiff , featuring a cast of 12 backed by an 11 @-@ piece band . In October 1995 , the rock group Phish , with an additional four @-@ man horn section , performed Quadrophenia in its entirety as their second Halloween musical costume at the Rosemont Horizon in the Chicago suburb of Rosemont , Illinois . The recording was later released as a part of Live Phish Volume 14 . The band also covered the tracks " Drowned " and " Sea and Sand " on their live album New Year 's Eve 1995 – Live at Madison Square Garden . In June 2015 , Townshend released an orchestral version of the album entitled Classic Quadrophenia . The original album was orchestrated by his partner Rachel Fuller and conducted by Robert Ziegler , with music provided by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra . Tenor Alfie Boe sang the lead role , supported by the London Oriana Choir , Billy Idol , Daniels and Townshend . = = Track listing = = = = = Original LP track listing = = = All songs written and composed by Pete Townshend . = = = Quadrophenia : The Director 's Cut track listing = = = = = Personnel = = The Who John Entwistle – bass , horns , vocals Roger Daltrey – lead vocals Keith Moon – percussion , vocals Pete Townshend – remainder Additional musicians Jon Curle – newsreader voice Chris Stainton – piano on " The Dirty Jobs " , " 5 : 15 " , and " Drowned " Production The Who – production Kit Lambert , Pete Townshend – pre @-@ production Chris Stamp , Pete Kameron , Kit Lambert – executive producer Ron Nevison – engineer Ron Fawcus – mixing continuity , engineering assistance Bob Pridden – studio earphone Rod Houison , Ron Nevison , Pete Townshend – special effects Graham Hughes – front cover design and photography Ethan Russell – art direction , insert photography Jon Astley – remixing ( 1996 reissue ) Bob Ludwig – remastering ( 1996 reissue ) Richard Evans – design and art direction ( 1996 reissue ) = = Sales chart performance = = Album Singles = = Sales certifications = =
= Abbey Mills Mosque = The Abbey Mills Mosque , also known as the London Markaz or Masjid @-@ e @-@ Ilyas , is a mosque located in Stratford , east London , accommodating up to 2 @,@ 500 people . It had been proposed to expand it to a larger Islamic centre on a 70000 m ² site . It was originally reported that the structure , had it been built , would have been the largest religious building in Britain – three times the size of St Paul 's Cathedral – and one of the largest mosques in western Europe . For this reason the proposed building is often informally referred to in the press as the " mega @-@ mosque " . The mosque extension would have been built by Tablighi Jamaat , near the site of the London 2012 Olympic Park . Anjuman @-@ e @-@ Islahul Muslimeen is Tablighi Jamaat 's charitable trust and has been the owner of the site since 1996 . The Tablighi Jamaat website devoted to the mosque places the maximum capacity at 12 @,@ 000 worshipers . The plan sparked controversy for various reasons , including its initially reported size , the possible chemical contamination risk associated with the site , the uncertainty as to the sources of funding that will be used by Tablighi Jamaat , and alleged links between Tablighi Jamaat and Islamic extremism and terrorism . Mosque officials are engaged in resolving the controversies , as well as countering the perception implied by the term " mega @-@ mosque " . Public response to the mosque and associated controversies has included on @-@ line petitions , various public talks , debates , speeches and various demonstrations . With the expiration of the permit to use the site , and neither a current plan permission nor application for a mosque , the building 's future appeared uncertain . In February 2010 , Newham Council tried to shut down the existing temporary facility by serving an enforcement notice on the owners . However , this was overturned on appeal and a two @-@ year extension granted for the use of the site . = = Project = = In 1996 Anjuman @-@ e @-@ Islahul Muslimeen purchased the Abbey Mills site ( the location of a former chemical works ) for £ 1 @.@ 6 million . In 2001 , the Tablighi Jamaat was issued a five @-@ year permit to use the site as a place of worship ; however , the permit expired before building commenced . In 2007 the site plan incorporated a mosque capable of accommodating 12 @,@ 000 people , a visitor and conference centre , substantial parking for cars and facilities for bicycles , a new entrance to the West Ham tube station , a residential school for 500 pupils , a reception centre for visiting VIPs — including about 20 guest suites , a plan for the retention of the natural habitat on the island location within the site , and extensive landscaping . The Tablighi Jamaat also stated that they plan to develop the mosque to make full use of natural resources , reducing the mosque 's energy consumption and increasing the mosque 's recycling . In 2012 , Newham Council refused permission for the plans . Tablighi Jamaat appealed against this decision , but the appeal was dismissed by the UK Government in October 2015 . = = Concerns = = = = = Size = = = Reports as to the size of the mosque have varied considerably . Ali Mangera of Mangera Yvars Architects , submitted a proposal for the design competition , stated that his design would accommodate up to 40 @,@ 000 visitors simultaneously , with the potential for expanding to contain 70 @,@ 000 people . These figures led to much consternation . London Borough of Newham Councillor Alan Craig , of the Christian Peoples Alliance , criticised the development plans on the grounds that they would change the character of the local area , making it predominantly Muslim , and has called for a public inquiry into the mosque 's development . The Daily Telegraph reported that the Newham planning department would refuse the mosque 's application , as a project of that size had the potential to cause damage to community relations in the area . In response to the public concern about the mosque 's size , the mosque 's trustees did not choose Mangera 's design for the final plan , deciding instead on a scaled @-@ down structure . Abdul Sattar Shahid , speaking on behalf of the Tablighi Jamaat trustees , announced that the firm of Allies and Morrison was retained to design the mosque . In November 2011 , it was reported that Allies & Morrison had been replaced by NRAP Architects . An outline planning application was submitted in May 2012 . The scheme prepared by NRAP Architects included a prayer hall for over 9000 , a refectory for 2000 and an Islamic library set within a public garden . A needs analysis and viability assessment submitted with the planning application seek to demonstrate that the proposals represent a justifiable departure from planning policy . = = = Environment = = = In July 2007 , a report by Waterman Environmental was publicised by Councillor Craig , which revealed that the land upon which the Abbey Mills Mosque would be built is considered to have a medium @-@ to @-@ high contamination risk . The site was used as a chemical works for at least 100 years , and was decommissioned as such in the late 1980s . Craig was alleged to have obtained this information under the Freedom of Information Act 2000 , and he called for the Environment Agency to be brought in and for the site to be shut down until an independent report was undertaken . According to Craig , the Waterman Report revealed that the original pre @-@ remediation works had discovered soil and groundwater impact by mercury , lead , arsenic , oil , fuels , and asbestos fibres . There were methane and carbon dioxide land gas readings as well . Mosque officials have stated that allowing the development to proceed would benefit the community , as decontamination of the site is part of their building plan . = = = Funding = = = In September 2006 , The Guardian reported on concerns regarding funding for the Tablighi Jamaat 's construction project . Documentation filed with the Charity Commission indicated that Anjuman @-@ E @-@ Islahul Muslimeen 's annual donations were in the order of only £ 500 @,@ 000 , suggesting the need for significant extra financial support to fund the building project . It was suggested that the project would be funded by Saudi Salafi groups . This was based on Tablighi Jamaat 's being a Deobandi Muslim organisation that has close links with the form of the religion practised by the Saudi royal family . The Tablighi Jamaat website lists that it intends to raise the money predominantly via small donations from Muslims in the London area , that they have no links , nor made contact with , the Saudi royal family , and clearly states that the Tablighi Jamaat are neither actively seeking overseas money nor public money . = = = Terrorism = = = The New York Times quoted Michael J. Heimbach , a deputy chief of the Federal Bureau of Investigation 's international terrorism section , saying that the FBI has found that the Tablighi Jamaat was used for recruiting by Al @-@ Qaeda . The group has also been referred to as " a key influence on terrorists targeting Britain " and " a common link to a string of attacks and conspiracies " . The Tablighi Jamaat website states that it refrains from political or controversial activities and stands for democracy and freedom . The group describes itself as a non @-@ political group and categorically rejects any links to terrorism or terrorists . Its website makes clear that it cannot take responsibility for the actions of every individual who has ever attended their mosques or services . Yoginder Sikand , who studied and wrote about the Tablighi Jamaat in South Asia , said that any fringe elements do not reflect the peacefulness of the movement . Although the group has a very loose organisational structure , Sikand says that it would be " simply wrong to describe Tablighi Jamaat as a terrorist recruiting organisation " . = = Responses = = = = = Petition = = = An online petition was formed in response to the concerns raised about the planned mosque , calling on the Prime Minister to prevent the building of the mosque ; the petition closed with over 250 @,@ 000 signatures and was at the time the most signed petition on the site . Her Majesty 's Government responded that the local planning authorities are responsible for general control of development in their areas and are required to take into consideration the views of interested persons and particularly local communities . In regard to this specific proposal , the government was informed by the Newham London Borough Council that there is neither a current planning permission or application for a mosque , nor is one expected in the near future . In September 2012 , a planning application was submitted to Newham Council and is under consideration by them . Ken Livingstone , the then Mayor of London , issued a statement protesting against what he called " the particularly vicious nature of the campaign against a possible Muslim place of worship in East London " , stating that it should be " condemned by all of those who support the long established right of freedom of religion in this country , and all the more so as it is based on information which has long been established to be factually untrue . " = = = Public relations = = = In 2007 the Tablighi Jamaat retained the public relations firm Indigo Public Affairs , which specialises in difficult major planning situations . The firm 's efforts to enhance the organisation 's image include setting up a website for the mosque and creating YouTube videos discussing the various concerns . In September 2007 a public discussion between supporters and opponents of the mosque plan was held at Ithaca House in Stratford . Issues discussed included the legitimacy of the concerns about the mosque , the extent of the conservative view of Islam taught by Tablighi Jamaat , their unwillingness to engage in public discourse , the extent that racism plays a role in the mosque 's opposition , and the demand for larger facilities in the West Ham area to support the needs of the community . = = = Threats = = = In apparent response to the opposition to the mosque , Alan Craig has been the subject of a video showing his purported obituary , together with that of his wife and two children . The video was posted by a 23 @-@ year @-@ old man from Stevenage named Muhammad , better known by his online moniker of " Abdullah1425 " . Nick Kilby , speaking on behalf of Tablighi Jamaat , said : " We found out about the video last night and it has been removed . We don 't take responsibility for other people 's sites that we don 't control . " He added that if Abdullah1425 was found to be a member of the organisation , it would be dealt with very seriously . = = = Other opposition = = = In March 2008 Ghayasuddin Siddiqui , co @-@ founder of the Muslim Parliament of Great Britain , publicly opposed the construction of the mosque , stating that " We have too many mosques . I think it should not be built . What we need first is more integration between the existing mosques and the wider community . " Siddiqui 's opposition joins that of Craig , together with that of Irfan Al @-@ Alawi , the director of the Center for Islamic Pluralism Europe , who expressed extreme concern about the spread of Tablighi Jamaat . Both Siddiqui and Al @-@ Alawi have different and opposed Islamic viewpoints to that of the Tablighi .
= Aus der Tiefen rufe ich , Herr , zu dir , BWV 131 = Aus der Tiefen rufe ich , Herr , zu dir ( Out of the depths I call , Lord , to You ) , BWV 131 , is a church cantata by the German composer Johann Sebastian Bach . It was composed in either 1707 or 1708 , which makes it one of Bach 's earliest cantatas . Some sources suggest that it could be his earliest surviving work in this form , but current thinking is that there are one or two earlier examples . The cantata was commissioned by the minister of one of the churches in Mühlhausen , the city where Bach worked at the time . It was possibly written for a special occasion . The text is based on Luther 's German version of Psalm 130 and also incorporates the words of a chorale . Bach 's music integrates melodies from the chorale into larger structures . Bach also shows his interest in counterpoint , something which was characteristic of him throughout his career . = = History and words = = A note on the autograph score of the cantata indicates that the work was commissioned by Georg Christian Eilmar , minister of the Marienkirche ( St Mary 's church ) in Mühlhausen . This allows the work to be dated to 1707 – 08 , which is the period when Bach was living in Mühlhausen . Bach was employed as organist at the city 's other main church , Divi Blasii , . He was also involved to some extent with performances at the Marienkirche , where civic ceremonies were held . One service there which Bach would have attended was that for the city council 's inauguration in 1708 during which his cantata Gott ist mein Konig , BWV 71 had its premiere . He may have had a closer personal relationship with Eilmar than with the minister of his own church . Eilmar was godfather to his daughter Catharina Dorothea ( born 1708 ) . Aus der Tiefen rufe ich , Herr , zu dir has been described as possibly Bach 's first surviving cantata . For it to be the first , it has to be assumed not only that it predates other cantatas written in Mulhnausen ( we know that he wrote at least one other there ) , but also that there is not a surviving cantata from his previous post at Arnstadt . It seems likely that Bach was composing choral music at Arnstadt . Although Bach was only 22 when he took up the appointment at Mühlhausen , the performance of a work of his own composition appears to have been part of the selection process . Recent scholarship suggests that another surviving cantata Nach dir , Herr , verlanget mich , BWV 150 could have been composed at Arnstadt . The libretto is based on Psalm 130 , one of the penitential psalms . The incipit of the psalm , " Aus der Tiefen rufe ich , Herr , zu dir " , gives the cantata its name . Originally a Hebrew text , the incipit has variants in translation . While Psalms 130 : 1 – 6 is rendered " Out of the depths ... " in the English King James version , a closer translation of the German text used by Bach would be " deep " rather than " depths " . The anonymous librettist , possibly Eilmar , includes in two of the movements verses from Herr Jesu Christ , du höchstes Gut , a Lutheran chorale by Bartholomäus Ringwaldt . In his Bach Cantata Pilgrimage , Sir John Eliot Gardiner performed and recorded the work with cantatas for the Fifth Sunday after Trinity , but is not known for sure when in the liturgical year Bach performed it , and there has been speculation that it was written for a special occasion . = = = Publication = = = Bach 's ability as a composer was recognised by the city council of Muhlhausen who paid for the printing of the cantata Gott ist mein Konig , BWV 71 . They may also have arranged the publication of a later cantata now lost . None of the other cantatas was published in the composer 's lifetime . Aus der Tiefen rufe ich , Herr , zu dir was first published in 1881 as part of the Bach @-@ Gesellschaft @-@ Ausgabe , the first complete edition of Bach 's works . The editor was Wilhelm Rust , who edited many volumes for the Bach @-@ Gesellschaft . At the time of publication of this volume , he held the position of Thomaskantor in Leipzig . = = Scoring and structure = = = = = Singers = = = Bach scored the work for tenor and bass soloists and a four @-@ part choir . Bach gives his soloists an arioso and an aria . As in other early cantatas , there are no recitatives . ( Bach later came more under the influence of Italian music , combining recitatives and arias ) . Bach did not give a direct indication of how many singers he envisaged in the choir . The cantata can be performed with only four singers , as in the recording by Joshua Rifkin , who is well known in the world of Bach performance for his " one voice to a part " approach . However , most recordings feature a choir with multiple voices to a part . Another choice to be made is whether to use women singers : Bach 's original singers were probably all male . Most recordings of the cantata , however , feature mixed choirs : an exception is the version conducted by Nikolaus Harnoncourt , which deploys boys ' voices as the top lines of the choir . = = = Instruments = = = The singers are accompanied by an instrumental group consisting of oboe , bassoon , violin , two violas and basso continuo . As in the case of the singers , the question arises as to whether Bach used one or more players per part . The oboe and the violin are given some important solos , suggesting that there may well have been only one of each . Ton Koopman , for example , uses one oboist and one violinist in his recording . The role of the violas is more to provide accompaniment , filling in harmonies and sometimes doubling vocal lines . The bassoon sometimes supports the continuo section , doubling its bass line , and sometimes plays an independent line . = = = Musical forms = = = Bach used some musical forms which reappear in later cantatas . For example , two of the choral movements have a fugue , a style of composition in which Bach excelled . Also , the two movements for soloists are developed as a type of chorale fantasia with the soloist singing the psalm text and an upper voice singing the chorale in long notes as a cantus firmus . Craig Smith called the chorale settings " a window on the future " . However , he criticised the structure of the cantata , saying that it offers evidence that at this stage in his career the composer had difficulty with large forms . On the other hand , the musicologist Julian Mincham regards the piece as being different from later cantatas rather than inferior to them . = = = Structure and scoring = = = Bach structured the cantata in five movements , three choral movements interspersed by an arioso and an aria . In both solo movements , a chorale stanza sung simultaneously by the soprano intensifies the Psalm text . He scored it for two soloist ( tenor and bass ) , a four @-@ part choir , and a small Baroque instrumental ensemble of oboe ( Ob ) , bassoon ( Fg ) , violin ( Vl ) , two violas ( Va ) , and basso continuo . In the following table of the movements , the scoring follows the New Bach Edition ( Neue Bach @-@ Ausgabe ) . The keys and time signatures are taken from Alfred Dürr , using the symbol for common time ( 4 / 4 ) . The continuo , playing throughout , is not shown . = = Selected recordings = = The following entries are taken from the listing by Aryeh Oron on the Bach @-@ Cantatas website . Choirs are roughly marked as large ( by red background ) or one voice per part ( OVPP ) ( by green background ) ; instrumental groups playing period instruments in historically informed performances are highlighted green under the header Instr . , also vocal ensembles with one voice per part ( OVPP ) .
= A Change Is Gonna Come ( Grey 's Anatomy ) = " A Change Is Gonna Come " is the fourth season premiere of the American television medical drama Grey 's Anatomy , and the 62nd episode of the overall series . The premiere focused on the aftermath of the main characters ' promotion to residency , following the conclusion of their internship . The episode was the first not to feature Isaiah Washington , portraying Preston Burke , due to his being fired from the series at the conclusion of the third season . The installment marked Chyler Leigh 's promotion to series regular status , following her guest appearances in the last two episodes of the previous season . Also featured were one @-@ time guest actors Mark Pellegrino , Stephania Childers , Sandra Thigpen , and Steven Porter . The story arcs which provided a particular focus on individual characters include Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) dealing with the aftermath of Burke 's ( Washington ) departure , and the dissolution of their engagement , Izzie Stevens , ( Katherine Heigl ) struggling with her romantic feelings towards the married George O 'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) , and Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) learning to deal with her new position of Chief Resident . Also dealt with was Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) coping with Rebecca Pope 's ( Elizabeth Reaser ) departure , and Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) facing the conclusion of her relationship with Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , while dealing with the arrival of her half @-@ sister , Lexie Grey ( Leigh ) , who enrolls in the surgical program at the hospital . The script for the premiere was written by series creator Shonda Rhimes , while Rob Corn served as the director . The episode aired on September 27 , 2007 in the United States on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) , with an approximated 20 @.@ 93 million viewers tuning in . Ranking second in the time @-@ slot and third for the week , the episode garnered a 7 @.@ 3 Nielsen rating in the 18 – 49 demographic , seeing a decrease from the previous episode , which received an 8 @.@ 0 rating . Critical response of the episode ranged from mixed to negative , with Yang 's storyline being a particular source of critical acclaim from television reviewers . Although the episode was fictionally set in Seattle , Washington , filming occurred in Los Angeles , California . = = Plot = = " A Change Is Gonna Come " opens to a voice @-@ over narrative from Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ) about change , the episode 's main theme . Following the conclusion of their internship , Meredith , along with her colleagues , Cristina Yang ( Sandra Oh ) , Izzie Stevens ( Katherine Heigl ) , and Alex Karev ( Justin Chambers ) commence their residency in the department of surgery , and start dealing with new responsibilities , including the new generation of interns , to whom they have been assigned as mentors . After failing his post @-@ internship exam in the season three finale , George O 'Malley ( T.R. Knight ) must repeat his internship , in order to avoid being forced to leave the medical field . It is revealed that among the new interns is Lexie Grey ( Chyler Leigh ) , Meredith 's half @-@ sister , who previously had an encounter with Derek Shepherd ( Patrick Dempsey ) , despite his unawareness of her identity . Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ) , whom Richard Webber ( James Pickens , Jr . ) chose for Miranda Bailey 's ( Chandra Wilson ) righteous position of Chief Resident , finds difficulty in exposing an authoritative behavior , getting no respect from her subordinates . It is explained that , in the aftermath of her being left by Preston Burke ( Isaiah Washington ) at the altar , Yang spent her honeymoon travelling with Meredith . Having just returned , she is shocked to learn that Burke has resigned from Seattle Grace , and relocated to an unknown location . Stevens has to deal with her romantic feelings for O 'Malley , whose marriage to Torres is being threatened by his yet to be exposed affair . O 'Malley , who finds himself in the unpleasant situation of repeating his internship , quickly gains support in Lexie , who decides not to tell the fellow interns about his failed exam . Karev is revealed to have visited Rebecca Pope ( Elizabeth Reaser ) , following her departure . In the absence of Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) , who relocated to Los Angeles , California , Mark Sloan ( Eric Dane ) seeks reconciliation with Shepherd , formerly his closest friend and confidant . Initially unwilling to resume his friendship with Sloan , Shepherd ultimately gives him a second chance . Bailey manifests a cold attitude towards Webber , in order to express her disappointment in not being considered for the position of Chief Resident , in spite of her enviable reputation among the hospital staff . Lexie meets Meredith for the first time , but is demoralized when she becomes aware of her apparent discomfort . Meredith and Shepherd encounter difficulty in being broken up , realizing that their mutual romantic feelings are an impediment in their attempt at having separate lives . The emergency room is filled with victims from a chain car accident , one of whom is admitted in the department of neurosurgery , under the care of Shepherd and Yang . As the physicians soon discover that he has been internally decapitated , they come to the conclusion that even a minor move would result in irreparable damage . A pregnant woman is admitted in plastic surgery , after having her arm severed . Meredith is assigned to work for Sloan during the day , and is immediately told to find the arm , much to the fascination of her interns . Despite trying to deal with her trainees in a strict manner , Stevens is looked upon as unprofessional by the interns she was assigned to . Her image is further deteriorated when she decides to abandon her hospital duties , in order to perform surgery on a deer , once again letting her emotional involvement interfere with her career . Meredith and Shepherd discuss the repercussions of their breakup , and realize that they cannot reconcile . However , the two engage in sexual intercourse , as a manner to express their mutual feelings for the last time . O 'Malley comes to the realization of his love for Stevens , and quickly discloses to her that he shares her romantic feelings . = = Production = = " A Change Is Gonna Come " was written by series creator and executive producer Shonda Rhimes , whereas filmmaker and series veteran Rob Corn served as the director . The soundtrack used in the episode included Mat Kearney 's " Breathe In , Breathe Out " , I 'm from Barcelona 's " Oversleeping " , Meiko 's " Reasons to Love You " and Cinematic Orchestra 's " To Build A Home " . Also featured in the episode was " Knock ' Em Out " , the second track from British pop singer @-@ songwriter Lily Allen 's debut album , Alright , Still . Several one @-@ time guest stars appeared in the episode , including Mark Pellegrino , who played Chris , Stephania Childers , portraying Nancy Walters , Sandra Thigpen in the role of Clara , and Steven Porter , who acted as Joey . Although fictionally set in Seattle , Washington , filming primarily occurred in Los Angeles , California . Scenes in the operating room were filmed at the Prospect Studios in Los Feliz , Los Angeles . The fourth season premiere saw Leigh 's first appearance as a main cast member . Leigh first appeared on the show during the last two episodes of the third season as Meredith 's half @-@ sister , Lexie . Following Washington 's departure , it was reported that show 's executives were planning on adding new cast members , such as Lexie . She was officially upgraded to a series ' regular on July 11 , 2007 , for the fourth season . On casting Leigh as Lexie , Grey 's Anatomy creator Shonda Rhimes stated , " We met with a lot of young actresses , but Chyler stood out . She had a quality that felt right and real to me . It felt like she could be Meredith 's sister , but she had a depth that was very interesting . " Leigh offered her insight on her first days working with the main cast of the series , " It was like coming into somebody else 's group or circle . It was a little daunting in the beginning . But I have had such a great time . " " A Change Is Gonna Come " was the first episode in two years not to feature the character of Montgomery , due to her portrayer , Walsh , leaving the series in order to launch the Grey 's Anatomy spin @-@ off , medical drama Private Practice . However , the character continued to be prominent throughout the run of the series , appearing sporadically as a guest star in the following seasons . Also introduced in " A Change Is Gonna Come " is the new generation of interns , all of whom were portrayed in co @-@ star capacity , with the exception of Lexie . " A Change Is Gonna Come " was the first episode not to feature Washington 's character , Burke . Washington was officially fired from the series , following an on @-@ set incident with Knight and Dempsey , which had been in the media attention since the commencement of the production for the third season . News reports surfaced that Washington had insulted co @-@ star Knight with a homophobic slur . Following the exposure of the argument , Knight publicly disclosed his homosexuality , which led to Washington 's issuing an apology statement , regarding his inappropriate use of words during the incident . The controversy later resurfaced when the cast appeared at the 65th Golden Globe Awards ceremony , which saw Washington ridiculing homosexuality during an interview , following the statement that denied the occurrence of an on @-@ set incident . After being rebuked by his studio , Touchstone Television , Washington publicly apologized at length for using the epithet in reference to Knight . An issue of People disclosed Washington 's presence at executive counseling , which led to an undetermined hiatus of his contract . After " Didn 't We Almost Have It All ? " , the last episode Washington appeared in , was filmed , the network decided not to give Washington the possibility of a renewal . In a statement released by his publicist , Washington assesed , " I 'm mad as hell and I 'm not going to take it anymore " . In another report , Washington stated he was planning to spend the summer pursuing charity work in Sierra Leone , while working on an independent film . In a subsequent interview , Washington highlighted the unfairness in his being let go from the series , considering filing a lawsuit as a result . He also accused Knight of using the controversy to bolster his own career and increase his salary on the series . Following his firing , Washington began asserting that racism within the broadcasting media was a primary factor in his dismissal from the series , which drew a critical perspective from Rhimes . During his appearance on Larry King Live , Washington once again denied using a homophobic epithet in reference to Knight . While writing the episode , Rhimes put an emphasis on the character of O 'Malley , detailing his relationships with both Stevens and Torres . On the topic , Rhimes elabroated , " The interns are residents now , with interns of their own . Except for George , poor George , who is stuck repeating his intern year . It 's not easy being a repeater . He 's the only who hasn 't gone through any change when we begin the episode . But by the end , he has . He tells Izzie that he loves her too . Which takes guts . Because he knows what he is getting into . He 's a married man with a great wife , and he never intended to be a married man who loved another woman . " Regarding Meredith 's story arc , Rhimes felt that she cannot deal with all that is expected of her in her relationship with Shepherd , choosing their genuine love as the greatest obstacle in their decision to break up . Writing for Yang 's storyline , Rhimes focused on her unsuccessful attempts at moving on , exposing her devastation at the realization of Burke 's departure , which would be the main seasonal storyline for the character . The episode also deals with Sloan and Shepherd 's path to reconciliation . Rhimes disclosed that the concept for the plot point was to have the two characters go back to being friends , as a result of Montgomery 's departure . Rhimes offered her insight on Lexie 's arrival , " Lexie Grey is here now . And she 's here to stay . I love that she 's a bit of a dork . Being a dork myself , I am fond of the girls with verbal diarrhea . Because it 's not easy to keep all your words in , believe me . " Regarding Webber and Bailey 's storyline , Rhimes noted that the latter 's intentions are not to let the former " off the hook " for choosing Torres over her for the position of Chief Resident , which was righteously hers . Rhimes highlighted the unfairness in Webber 's choice , noting his unusual manner of comprehending the situation . " She 's Bailey . She 's worked hard , she 's been the best . And isn 't it just like the Chief to decide what is best for her ? It 's his flaw , the Chief . He 's an old school man and like an old school man , he 's taking care of his women . Whether they like it or not . This isn 't gonna be an easy pill for Bailey to swallow . " = = Reception = = " A Change Is Gonna Come " was originally broadcast in the United States on September 27 , 2007 , airing on the American Broadcasting Company ( ABC ) in its regular 9 : 00 Eastern time @-@ slot . Viewed by a total of 20 @.@ 93 million viewers , the episode is the series ' second most @-@ watched season premiere , just behind the third season opener , which had been watched live by 25 @.@ 41 million American viewers . In comparison to the previous episode , which was watched by 22 @.@ 57 million viewers , " A Change Is Gonna Come " made a 21 % decrease in terms of viewership . However , the viewership of the episode ranked second in both its time @-@ slot and the entire night , being beaten out by its airtime rival , CSI : Crime Scene Investigation on CBS , which was watched by 25 @.@ 22 million viewers . In the entire week , the episode ranked third , being beaten out by both CSI and fellow ABC show Dancing With the Stars . In addition to being a success in viewership , the episode also did well in ratings . " A Change Is Gonna Come " garnered a 7 @.@ 3 Nielsen rating in household viewership , ranking second in its time @-@ slot , and third for the week . The premiere generally received mixed to negative feedback from television critics . Debbie Chang on BuddyTV deemed the episode " dsyfunctional and ridiculous " , being particularly critical of the story arc involving Stevens , whom she described as not being worthy of being promoted to the residency level . Chang expressed disagreement with the manner Bailey and Shepherd 's characters were dealt with by the writers , feeling that the former 's anger should have been targeted at herself , and criticizing the exaggerated exposure of the latter 's " first grader emotional maturity " . However , Yang 's character was praised , with Chang choosing her manner of repressing her feelings as a highlight . Chang expressed a general disappointment in the episode , disapproving the choice for the episode as a season opener , a topic in regard to which she elaborated , " I can see already that this season will continue to bring us medical cases that are so blatantly about the doctors ' pathetic lives . " In September 2009 , the inclusion of the deer ranked twelfth in Entertainment Weekly 's " Most Memorable Cases of Grey 's Anatomy " . Eileen Lulevitch , entertainment reviewer for TV Guide , was generally favorable of the episode , writing , " Watching the season premiere tonight was like welcoming an old friend back into your home . It was so easy to slip back into Grey 's world and get caught up in all of the amazing moments that make this show so much fun to watch . And while I expected the night to start off on a somber note , by addressing Cristina and Burke 's fallout , I was pleasantly surprised by the way the attendees paid tribute to Bailey , by giving their new interns the same exact first @-@ day speech Bailey had given them . " Lulevtich praised Meredith 's story arc , noting the surprising turn her character evolution has taken , as she praised Lexie 's introduction . While expressing a negative perspective on the writers ' decision to have Torres be the Chief Resident , instead of Bailey , Lulevitch described Torres ' adjustment to her new position as one of the episode 's focal points . Despite praising Yang 's storyline in the personal background , the concept of her interaction with the patient she was assigned to was regarded as predictable and obvious , " When the man 's family came to see him , and Cristina told them it could be for the very last time . It was that moment that really got Cristina thinking about how much she did in fact miss Burke , as we later learned in the episode . " Writing for IGN , Laura Burrows was favorable of the episode . Regarding the storylines developed in " A Change Is Gonna Come " , Burrows elaborated , " The season opener was promising in that it had the interns in a new role and introduced a new side of George . As all of his friends progressed from interns to residents , George was forced to re @-@ sit his internship . This created new drama and also opened up the hospital to a whole new set of interns rife with their own set of emotional baggage and drama . There were a series of interesting and new plots . " Heigl , who portrayed Stevens , was particularly critical of her character 's relationship with O 'Malley , deeming it " a ratings ploy " . Heigl further explained her outlook on the progression of her character , " They really hurt somebody , and they didn 't seem to be taking a lot of responsibility for it . I have a really hard time with that kind of thing . I 'm maybe a little too black and white about it . I don 't really know Izzie very well right now . " Former The Star @-@ Ledger columnist Alan Sepinwall expressed a negative perspective on the episode , deeming it childish and ridiculous . He disliked Rhimes ' conception of the story arc involving Stevens , elaborating , " If there 's a doctor on this show who should be forced to repeat their intern year , if only to prevent them from being allowed to influence younger doctors , it 's Izzie , not George . She proves her unfitness for this role with her first patient of the day , the deer . Not cute , not character @-@ illuminating , just dumb . " Also criticized was Torres , whose regression from a " cool , rocking , outgoing , cofident and full of life " role was highlighted , receiving negative feedback from Sepinwall , who wrote " Now the character exists entirely so the writers can dump on her , in a devolution far worse than anything . I just don 't get it , and it pains me to watch any scene with Callie in it . Despite expressing a negative outlook on Meredith 's story arc which dealt with Shepherd , noting that the " constant break @-@ ups and reunions are as silly as if Shonda Rhimes had just kept them apart for three seasons before letting them kiss " , Sepinwall was favorable of Lexie 's arrival at Seattle Grace , feeling that " she 's still being written as Meredith circa season one in an attempt to make us like her , but I didn 't mind the manipulation , if only because there are so few characters left on this show to like . " The Buzzsugar television reviewer was mainly critical of the episode , describing it as a departure from " the old show " . However , Lexie 's introduction was praised in the Buzzsugar review .
= Tiny Thompson = Cecil Ralph " Tiny " Thompson ( May 31 , 1903 – February 9 , 1981 ) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender . He played 12 seasons in the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , first for the Boston Bruins , and later for the Detroit Red Wings . A four @-@ time Vezina Trophy winner , Thompson was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1959 . He was a member of one Stanley Cup @-@ winning team , as a rookie in the 1928 – 29 season with the Boston Bruins . At the start of the 1938 – 39 season , after ten full seasons with Boston , he was traded to the Detroit Red Wings , where he completed the season , and played another full one before retiring . During his NHL career , he recorded 81 shutouts , the sixth highest of any goaltender . After retiring from playing , he coached lower @-@ league teams before becoming a noted professional scout . Thompson helped popularize the technique of catching the puck as a method of making a save . A competent puckhandler , he was the first goaltender in the NHL to record an assist by passing the puck with his stick to a fellow player . = = Early life = = Thompson was born in the mining community of Sandon , BC . He grew up in Calgary , Alberta , where his brother , Paul — who also became a professional ice hockey player — was born in 1906 . As a child , he enjoyed playing baseball and ice hockey . Initially , Thompson was not a goaltender , though he agreed to play the position to get into games . As a teenager playing competitive ice hockey , he acquired the nickname " Tiny " as a joke , as he was the tallest player on the team , standing 5 ft 10 in ( 1 @.@ 78 m ) ; the nickname stuck with him for the rest of his career . Thompson began his junior career playing for the Calgary Monarchs in 1919 at the age of 16 . He competed for the Memorial Cup , awarded to the Canadian junior hockey champions that year , playing in two games and surrendering 11 goals , a respectable amount in that era . After spending the 1920 – 21 season playing for Calgary Alberta Grain , Thompson played three seasons in Bellevue , Alberta . In the 1924 – 25 season , he joined the Duluth Hornets , playing 40 games , recording a shutout in 11 of them . The following season , Thompson joined the Minneapolis Millers of the American Hockey Association ( AHA ) . In his three seasons with the Millers , he appeared in 118 games , recording 33 shutouts with a 1 @.@ 37 goals against average ( average of goals surrendered in a span of sixty minutes ) . = = NHL career = = = = = Boston Bruins = = = Thompson began his National Hockey League ( NHL ) career with the Boston Bruins in the 1928 – 29 season after his contract was purchased by Boston manager Art Ross . Despite having never seen Thompson play , Ross had heard about Thompson 's good reputation in Minnesota . In his first game he posted a shutout , becoming the only Hockey Hall of Fame goaltender to accomplish this feat . In his first season , he appeared in all 44 of the Bruins ' games , posting 12 shutouts and a 1 @.@ 15 goals @-@ against average , the second lowest goals @-@ against average in NHL history to date , second to George Hainsworth 's 0 @.@ 98 GAA . Hainsworth had set his record that same season . Placing first in the American Division , the Bruins had a perfect record in the playoffs en route to their first Stanley Cup victory , defeating the Montreal Canadiens and the New York Rangers . Thompson recorded three shutouts in the five playoff games , and allowed only three goals . The following season , Thompson again appeared in all of the Bruins ' 44 games , posting three shutouts and a 2 @.@ 19 goals @-@ against average . The league changed its rules on forward passing , which resulted in a sharp increase in goalscoring . Boston won all but six games , finishing with a 38 – 5 – 1 record , the best winning percentage for any team in a season . Surrendering only 98 goals , Thompson bested Chicago goaltender Charlie Gardiner to win the first of his four Vezina Trophies . The Vezina Trophy is awarded to the league 's top goaltender , which was determined prior to the 1981 – 82 season by number of goals surrendered by goaltenders who had played a minimum number of games . In the playoffs , however , they suffered their first two @-@ game losing streak , as they were swept 2 – 0 by the Canadiens in the Stanley Cup finals . Earlier in the playoffs , Thompson 's winning streak of seven playoff games was snapped ; it remains , as of 2014 , the longest playoff winning streak to start a career . In the 1930 – 31 season , he played all 44 games again , and was named to the Second All @-@ Star team . In the playoffs , Boston lost the semifinals to the Montreal Canadiens ; during game two of the series Thompson became the first goaltender to be pulled for a sixth attacker at the end of a game to give his team a higher chance to score a goal . Even though Boston still lost , coach Art Ross ' maneuver was described as " amazing " the following day , and this technique , known as " open net " , caught on with the rest of the league . The Bruins missed the playoffs for the first time in Thompson 's career in the 1931 – 32 season . He won only 13 games while appearing in 43 out of Boston 's 48 games , which was the only time he missed games as a member of the Bruins . The next season , Boston made the playoffs once more , losing to the Toronto Maple Leafs . The final game of the playoff series was described as Thompson 's most memorable . During that game , Toronto and Boston were tied after regulation time and over 100 minutes of overtime proceeded , with Thompson dueling Toronto 's goaltender Lorne Chabot . After the end of the fifth overtime period , managers Conn Smythe of the Maple Leafs and Art Ross of the Bruins asked league president Frank Calder to suspend the game , but Calder refused . Early in the sixth overtime period , a pass from Boston defenseman Eddie Shore was intercepted , and Ken Doraty skated in on a breakaway , cleanly beating Thompson at 4 : 46 of the period . The losing goaltender in the second @-@ longest NHL game , Thompson received a standing ovation from fans at the Maple Leaf Gardens . Thompson finished the playoff series with 1 @.@ 23 goals @-@ against average , despite a losing record . Thompson became the second goaltender to win his second Vezina Trophy in 1932 – 33 since its inception in the 1926 – 27 season , as he recorded 11 shutouts and a 1 @.@ 76 goals @-@ against average . After missing the playoffs in the 1933 – 34 season , they rebounded to first place in the American Division the following season , as Thompson was named to the Second All @-@ Star team for the second time . In the playoffs , the Bruins won only one of their four games ; their only win was on the strength of Thompson 's shutout , who finished the playoffs with a 1 @.@ 53 goals @-@ against average . In the 1935 – 36 NHL season , Thompson recorded 10 shutouts , but Boston managed to win only 22 out of their 48 games . During the season , he recorded an assist , a rarity for goaltenders . At the end of the season , he was named to the First All @-@ Star team for the first time , and won the Vezina Trophy for the third time , tying George Hainsworth 's all @-@ time mark with three victories . The ensuing two @-@ game , total @-@ goal playoff series against the Toronto Maple Leafs was a series of contrasts , as the Bruins lost 8 – 6 . In one game , the Bruins shut out Toronto 6 – 0 , while they lost the other game 8 – 0 . In 1937 – 38 , his final full season with the Bruins , he won 30 out of the 48 games , but Boston lost to the Maple Leafs once again in the playoffs . Thompson set a new record by winning his fourth and final Vezina Trophy . He was also named to the First All @-@ Star team for the second time . = = = Detroit Red Wings = = = Thompson appeared in only five games for the Bruins in the 1938 – 39 season , as Boston decided to replace the aging goaltender with the substantially younger Frank Brimsek . Brimsek would go on to lead the Bruins to a Stanley Cup victory that season , earning the nickname " Mister Zero " while picking up 10 regular season shutouts , the Vezina Trophy , First All @-@ Star Team honours , and the Calder Memorial Trophy , which is given " to the player selected as the most proficient in his first year of competition " . To make space for Brimsek , Thompson was traded to the Detroit Red Wings for Normie Smith and $ 15 @,@ 000 ; Thompson also received a $ 1 @,@ 000 bonus from Boston . Boston manager Art Ross predicted that Thompson , now 35 , would play for the Red Wings for at least another five seasons ; however , Thompson remained with the team for only two seasons before retiring from playing . The Red Wings posted a losing record in both of these seasons , although they made the playoffs both times . Overall , Thompson appeared in 85 regular season games for Detroit , recording a 32 – 41 – 12 record , seven shutouts , and a 2 @.@ 54 goals @-@ against average , and in 11 playoff games , posting a 5 – 6 , with one shutout and a 2 @.@ 41 goal @-@ against average . = = Post @-@ NHL career = = After retiring from professional play , Thompson became the head coach of the Buffalo Bisons of the American Hockey League ( AHL ) in the 1940 – 41 season . He coached 56 games in two seasons . The Bisons missed the playoffs both times . He appeared in one game as goaltender in the 1940 – 41 season . During World War II , Thompson served in the Royal Canadian Air Force and doubled as the coach of the Calgary RCAF Mustangs of the Alberta Senior Hockey League . He led the Mustangs to the league championship series in 1942 – 43 against the Calgary Currie Army team where injuries to the Mustangs ' goaltenders brought him back onto the ice in March 1943 . With Thompson in goal , the Mustangs defeated Currie Army 8 – 4 to tie the best @-@ of @-@ five series at two wins apiece . He played the deciding game , but his team fell short of winning the Alberta title with a 3 – 1 loss to Currie Army . After the war , Thompson became chief Western Canada scout for the Chicago Black Hawks . He was one of the few scouts at the time who sought to discover a player 's personality along with their playing ability . Thompson often conversed with players as part of an effort to learn about the players he was watching . = = Playing style = = Thompson was a stand @-@ up goaltender , rarely falling on both knees to stop a puck . He was one of the first NHL goaltenders to catch the puck with his hand to make a save , and helped popularize the technique . Using gloves that were smaller than those of other players , he was among the best puck @-@ catchers of his era . He stood in the way of the puck with minimal padding , risking being struck when moving to catch it instead of simply deflecting it away from the net . His signature technique , very often featured in photographs of him , involved dropping to one knee with the paddle of his goalstick covering the five @-@ hole , and extending his glove to cover the left side of the net . Although he caught the puck with his glove , he did so without gloves resembling the modern blocker and trapper glove combination . Thompson was described by Johnny Bower , a former goaltender who was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame , as a good puckhandler , and one of the best of his time at forward passing . In the 1935 – 36 season , Thompson became the first goaltender to get an assist by intentionally passing the puck with his stick to a fellow player . = = Legacy = = Thompson 's points percentage in a season of .875 , recorded in the 1929 – 30 season , still remains a record . His 38 wins during that season was a Boston record that was eclipsed only in the 1982 – 83 season , by Pete Peeters ( who won 40 of 62 games played ) ; since then , no Bruins goaltender has had more than 37 wins in a season . Thompson is the all @-@ time Bruins leader for games , wins , shutouts and goals @-@ against average . Throughout his entire NHL career , Thompson accrued 81 shutouts , which is sixth all @-@ time in NHL history , and was second to only George Hainsworth ( who had 94 ) when Thompson retired . He also posted seven shutouts in the playoffs . He is fifth all @-@ time in goals @-@ against average , allowing on average only 2 @.@ 08 per a 60 @-@ minute span . He led all goaltenders in regular season games played 10 times , and in regular season wins five times . In 1959 , Thompson was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame . He died in Calgary on February 9 , 1981 . He was survived by his wife , Edith , and his daughter , Sandra . = = Career statistics = = = = = Regular season = = = = = = Playoffs = = = = = Awards = = = = = NHL = = =
= 2005 FA Cup Final = The 2005 FA Cup Final was a football match played between Arsenal and Manchester United on 21 May 2005 at the Millennium Stadium , Cardiff . It was the final match of the 2004 – 05 FA Cup , the 124th season of English football ’ s primary cup competition , the FA Cup . Arsenal became the first team to win the FA Cup via a penalty shoot @-@ out , despite being outplayed throughout the game , after neither side managed to score in the initial 90 minutes or in 30 minutes of extra time . The shoot @-@ out finished 5 – 4 to Arsenal , with Patrick Vieira scoring the winning penalty after Paul Scholes ' shot was saved by Arsenal goalkeeper Jens Lehmann . As both teams were in the highest tier of English football , the Premier League , Arsenal and Manchester United entered the competition in the third round . Matches up to the semi @-@ final were contested on a one @-@ off basis , with a replay taking place if the match ended in a draw . Both clubs only needed one replay along the way to the final ; Arsenal 's tie against Sheffield United in the fifth round was decided by a penalty shootout , whereas Manchester United overcame non @-@ league Exeter City in the third round , after the original tie ended goalless . Protests over the impending takeover of Manchester United by American businessman Malcolm Glazer had threatened to overshadow the final , though demonstrations in Cardiff required little intervention from the police . Both managers for the final made surprising changes to their team ; Arsène Wenger unconventionally deployed a defensive formation , while Sir Alex Ferguson left midfielder Ryan Giggs on the bench . Manchester United dominated the match , creating four times as many shots as their opponents , but struggled to find the breakthrough . In extra time , Arsenal 's José Antonio Reyes was sent off for a second bookable offence , becoming only the second player to be sent off in an FA Cup final . The British press unanimously agreed that Arsenal were fortunate to win ; Wenger himself admitted so in his press conference afterwards . A television audience of over 480 million worldwide watched the final ; in the United Kingdom , coverage of the match peaked at 12 @.@ 8 million , making it the highest @-@ rated game in Cup history since the 1996 final . The departures of captains Patrick Vieira and Roy Keane before the year end , coupled with the changing objectives of both clubs , meant the 2005 final is considered as the natural end point in the rivalry between Arsenal and Manchester United under Ferguson and Wenger . = = Route to the final = = The FA Cup is English football 's primary cup competition . Clubs in the Premier League enter the FA Cup in the third round and are drawn randomly with the remaining clubs . If a match is drawn , the tie is replayed at the ground of the away team from the original match . As with league fixtures , FA Cup matches are subject to change in the event of games being selected for television coverage and this often can be influenced by clashes with other competitions . In September 2004 , it was announced that the Millennium Stadium was chosen as the venue for the semi @-@ finals , in addition to the final . = = = Arsenal = = = Arsenal 's cup run started with a home tie against Stoke City . The visitors took the lead just before the break , but goals from José Antonio Reyes and Robin van Persie in the second half meant Arsenal won 2 – 1 . They then faced Wolverhampton Wanderers at home in the next round ; a goal apiece from Patrick Vieira and Fredrik Ljungberg secured a comfortable 2 – 0 victory . Arsenal 's opponent in the fifth round was Sheffield United . After 35 minutes Dennis Bergkamp was sent off for his apparent push on Danny Cullip . With eleven minutes of normal time remaining , Robert Pirès scored for Arsenal , but the team conceded a late penalty which Andy Gray converted . The equaliser for Sheffield United meant the match was replayed at Bramall Lane on 1 March 2005 . Both teams played out a goalless draw after full @-@ time and throughout extra @-@ time , so the tie was decided by a penalty shootout . Arsenal goalkeeper Manuel Almunia saved two penalties , which ensured progress into the quarter @-@ finals . Bolton Wanderers hosted Arsenal at the Reebok Stadium in the sixth round of the competition . Ljungberg scored the only goal of the tie after just three minutes ; he had an opportunity to extend Arsenal 's lead in stoppage time , but hit the ball over from six yards . It was described by BBC Sport as the " most glaring miss of the match , if not the entire season . " Arsenal faced Blackburn Rovers in the semi @-@ final which was played on 16 April 2005 . Two goals from Van Persie and one from Pirès gave Arsenal a 3 – 0 win , in a match marred by Blackburn 's aggressive tactics . = = = Manchester United = = = Manchester United , the holders of the FA Cup , began their defence of the trophy with a home tie against non @-@ league Exeter City . United had made several first team changes and struggled to find a breakthrough in the tie . Even with the second half introductions of Paul Scholes and Cristiano Ronaldo , the visitors held on for a goalless draw . The match was replayed at Exeter 's home ground , St James Park on 19 January 2005 . Ronaldo scored the opening goal of the match in the ninth minute and Wayne Rooney added a second , three minutes from normal time . Manchester United 's opponents in the fourth round was Middlesbrough . Rooney scored twice in the team 's 3 – 0 victory – he lobbed the ball over goalkeeper Mark Schwarzer for his first goal and volleyed it for his second . Middlesbrough manager Steve McClaren credited Rooney 's performance afterwards and said he made the difference in the tie . Everton hosted Manchester United in the next round at Goodison Park . A goal apiece from Quinton Fortune and Ronaldo in either half ensured a 2 – 0 win . Southampton was Manchester United 's opponent in the sixth round . After two minutes at St Mary 's United took the lead ; a shot by Roy Keane near the penalty area hit Southampton 's Peter Crouch and deflected into the goal . Ronaldo scored United 's second and additional goals from Scholes meant they progressed into the last four of the competition ; the final score was 4 – 0 . In the semi @-@ final Manchester United faced Newcastle United at the Millennium Stadium . They took the lead in the 19th minute when Ruud van Nistelrooy scored , and Scholes extended the team 's advantage just before half time . Van Nistelrooy made it 3 – 0 in the 58th minute , before Shola Ameobi scored what proved a mere consolation a minute later , as Ronaldo added United 's fourth late on . = = Pre @-@ match = = The final marked the fifth meeting between the two clubs in the 2004 – 05 season . Despite finishing six points ahead of Manchester United in the league , Arsenal had lost both league fixtures between the clubs , as well as a League Cup fifth @-@ round tie , which was played out by the clubs ' fringe and reserve team players . Arsenal had won the season 's first encounter in the FA Community Shield , also at the Millennium Stadium , by a 3 – 1 scoreline . The clubs had met in an FA Cup final before – in 1979 , when Arsenal won 3 – 2 . Manchester United were appearing in their 17th FA Cup Final , their second in as many years , and had won the FA Cup on 11 of their previous 16 appearances ( including beating Milwall in the 2004 final ) . Two of these victories had yielded a domestic double ( in 1994 and 1996 ) and in 1999 they had won the FA Cup as part of a unique Treble , consisting of the cup , the Premier League and the UEFA Champions League . Arsenal were also appearing in their 17th Cup final – their fourth in five years . They had won the cup nine times previously , most recently in 2003 , when they beat Southampton in the final . Meetings between Arsenal and Manchester United were keenly contested during the 2000s and highly publicised by the media ; the cup final this season had added significance as neither club won the league after a decade of dominance , and it was their only chance of silverware . The emergence of Chelsea , who were crowned league champions in April , had presented a long @-@ term threat to Arsenal and Manchester United 's duopoly on English football , as they were financed by Russian billionaire Roman Abramovich . Chelsea were accused of " tapping @-@ up " Arsenal defender Ashley Cole in January , and were linked to Manchester United 's Rio Ferdinand . Wenger welcomed Chelsea 's emergence , describing them as the " third force " in English football , but he raised concerns over their conduct and what he perceived as artificial growth . Asked whether Chelsea could dominate for the foreseeable , Wenger said : " I feel yes , because they are a financially doped club . They have enhancement of performances through financial resources which are unlimited . For me , it 's a kind of doping because it 's not in any way linked to their resources . " Despite the absence of Thierry Henry , ruled out through injury , and Arsenal 's poor recent record against Manchester United , Wenger believed his team were more than capable of winning the match : " What is good in football is that it is not predictable . [ … ] You act now like it is a decade that we haven ’ t beaten Manchester United – it 's not true . It 's two games . " It was reported on the eve of the final that Philippe Senderos would start ahead of first @-@ teamer Sol Campbell . Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson dismissed suggestions that his team had been over physical in previous meetings against Arsenal . Referring back to the league fixture in October 2004 , he told reporters : " We committed three fouls on Reyes , for instance , but that hardly constitutes The Texas Chain Saw Massacre , does it ? There were six by them on Cristiano Ronaldo . " He questioned the character of Arsenal 's players after they lost their unbeaten record , and likened their protest to propaganda , as a way to disguise their crisis – " ... it was convenient for them to say they were kicked off the park . " United had struggled to score goals in the lead up to the final , and Ferguson stressed the importance of his team taking their chances . " Big games are usually decided that way . They are so close so that whoever gets in front has an advantage , " he said . = = = Planned protests = = = The build @-@ up to the final had focused upon many Manchester United fans ' discontent at their takeover by American businessman and sports tycoon Malcolm Glazer , and large demonstrations were planned inside and outside the Millennium Stadium . Despite this , the final was played in the rain and only a small group of around 100 supporters held protests and sang anti @-@ Glazer songs . The police were out in force but did not have any trouble to deal with . = = Match = = = = = Team selection = = = Wenger opted for a 4 – 5 – 1 formation , with Bergkamp playing as a lone striker . The absence of Henry also opened a place in midfield for Gilberto Silva , while José Antonio Reyes and Pirès were selected on the wings ahead of Ljungberg and Robin van Persie , who were both named as substitutes . As anticipated , Senderos 's form saw him selected at centre @-@ back ahead of Campbell , despite the England international 's return from injury . Ferguson had a defensive selection dilemma ahead of the final , with both of his starting full @-@ backs , Gabriel Heinze ( ankle ) and Gary Neville ( groin ) , having suffered injuries . Neville eventually recovered enough to make the substitutes ' bench , despite only playing in one of the team 's last five games , but Heinze missed the game entirely , Mikaël Silvestre taking his place at left @-@ back . Neville 's absence meant that John O 'Shea started at right @-@ back . Neville was joined on the bench by winger Ryan Giggs and goalkeeper Tim Howard ; Giggs ' omission was a surprise , and it meant that Darren Fletcher started on the right wing , while Ronaldo played on the left . Howard , on the other hand , had been competing for the number 1 jersey with Roy Carroll all season , and it was ultimately the Northern Irishman who was picked . Roy Keane was appearing in his seventh FA Cup Final having previously played in the 1991 , 1994 , 1995 , 1996 , 1999 and 2004 finals . This was the most number of finals for a player in the post @-@ war period ; by 2010 however , Ashley Cole had reached his eighth final . = = = Summary = = = = = = = First half = = = = Manchester United kicked the game off , and also fashioned the first chance of the game ; Ronaldo beat Lauren on the left wing to put over a cross , only for Scholes to head the ball over the crossbar after losing his marker . Two minutes later , a break from José Antonio Reyes had Carroll scampering across from his goal to meet the Spaniard , forcing Reyes wide enough to allow the United defence time to get back . Manchester United had the ball in the back of the net on 27 minutes , when Ferdinand turned in the rebound after Jens Lehmann saved from Rooney , but the assistant referee ruled that Ferdinand was offside . After a brief Arsenal attack , Silvestre played a long , diagonal ball to Van Nistelrooy on the right wing . The Dutch forward controlled the ball and then outpaced Cole to the goal line ; he then cut the ball back to Rooney , whose first @-@ time shot was turned over the bar by Lehmann . The consequent corner broke to Rooney on the edge of the penalty area , but his shot was deflected behind for another corner , which Scholes took . The England midfielder floated the ball over to the edge of the penalty area , where Rooney was waiting , only to volley it just over the bar . In the closing stages of the first half , Van Nistelrooy got his first shot on goal , turning Senderos only to send the ball trickling along the floor for Lehmann to save comfortably . The first half finished with a foul on Rooney , who had done well to break free of challenges from Cole , Vieira and Senderos , who eventually brought Rooney down . The English forward took the free kick himself , but it went over the bar to cheers from the Arsenal fans and the sound of the referee 's half @-@ time whistle . = = = = Second half = = = = Manchester United fashioned the first chance of the second half after just three minutes , when Rooney cut inside from the right along the face of the penalty area , but his left @-@ footed shot was blocked away for a corner kick . Soon after , Van Nistelrooy received the ball on the edge of the penalty area and held it up before playing a through @-@ ball to Keane , but the Irishman 's low cross was diverted behind by Kolo Touré before it reached Rooney . United then had their third chance in the space of five minutes when Ronaldo shot just wide from 25 yards , from the left corner of the penalty area . Throughout the match , Lauren committed several fouls on Ronaldo , and confronted the Portuguese winger early in the second half , before finally being booked for persistent fouling in the 62nd minute . Ronaldo took the free kick himself but put it just over the bar from 30 yards . In the 64th minute , Arsenal were awarded a free kick for an O 'Shea foul on Reyes ; Bergkamp took the kick , which was headed away by Ferdinand , but only as far as Pirès , whose side @-@ footed volley went over the bar . The free kick was to be Bergkamp 's last contribution to the final , as he was then substituted by Ljungberg in the 65th minute . United then went back downfield and Ronaldo took on Lauren , who dared not dive in for a tackle and risk a second yellow card . Ronaldo got past the Cameroonian full @-@ back and then chipped a cross into the penalty area , but Van Nistelrooy was unable to make enough contact with the ball to force his header on target . A minute later , Silvestre found Rooney with another diagonal pass ; Rooney attempted to drive in a low cross , but it ended up heading towards goal and came back off the foot of the post . Fletcher was first to the ball but he fired a shot across the face of the goal and out for a goal kick . With their very next attack , United sent Ronaldo away down the left wing again ; he sent over another cross , but it was again too far in front of Van Nistelrooy . Reyes received his first yellow card in the 76th minute , when he was late in tackling Silvestre after the French defender had played a backpass to Carroll . The break in play allowed Manchester United to make their first substitution , bringing on Fortune for O 'Shea , who appeared to be struggling with a calf injury . With six minutes left in normal time , United won a corner on the left hand side , which Ronaldo played short to Scholes . Scholes returned the ball to Ronaldo , who crossed it into the penalty area , where Keane was unmarked at the back post . The ball eventually broke to the United captain , who shot , only to see four Arsenal players between him and the goal , ready to block his effort behind for another corner . Lehmann came to meet the second corner kick , but missed the ball , allowing it to go all the way through to Van Nistelrooy ; the Dutchman headed the ball goalwards , but Ljungberg was on the line and headed it up onto the crossbar and away . Arsenal then made their second substitution , bringing on Van Persie in place of Cesc Fàbregas . As the match entered injury time at the end of the second half , Ronaldo made yet another run down the left wing , outpacing Lauren to Rooney 's through @-@ ball . The ball broke back to Rooney 30 yards from goal , but his shot went over the bar . The second half finished with a Wes Brown cross from the right wing that made its way across the penalty area to Ronaldo , but the Portuguese could only head the ball straight at Lehmann . = = = = Extra time = = = = Manchester United brought Giggs on at the start of extra time , the Welshman taking Fletcher 's place in the midfield . They immediately tried to play him in down the left wing , but the pass was over @-@ hit and went beyond Giggs . Arsenal finally got their first shot on target in the seventh minute of extra time , when a Van Persie free kick – awarded for a foul by Silvestre – forced a diving save from Carroll . Four minutes later , Manchester United appealed for a penalty kick when a cross from Giggs struck Cole , but replays showed that the ball hit the Arsenal full @-@ back in the midriff . United sustained their attack , and the ball came to Scholes in the penalty area , but his shot on the turn was well saved by Lehmann . The resultant corner was taken short by Scholes , before it was played back to him ; his cross found Van Nistelrooy unmarked in the area , but the Dutchman headed over the bar from the edge of the goal area . United then had another penalty shout when Giggs volleyed a long ball from Scholes into Touré 's body and up onto the Ivorian 's hand , but referee Rob Styles turned their claims down . Arsenal then brought on Edu to replace Pirès for the remaining 15 minutes . The second half of extra time began with yet another chance for Manchester United , this time constructed from a Giggs break down the left wing , but Van Nistelrooy failed in his attempt to back @-@ heel Giggs ' cross into the goal and the opportunity was wasted . Five minutes into the second half , Reyes committed another late tackle on Silvestre , for which he received a final warning from referee Styles . Reyes himself was then the victim of a late tackle by Scholes , who was shown a yellow card . The match threatened to descend into a mass brawl soon after , when Fortune caught Ljungberg in the face with a flailing arm and then committed a high tackle on Edu , provoking a reaction from the Arsenal players . A shoulder @-@ charge by Rooney on Cole resulted in an Arsenal free kick on the left wing ; Van Persie swung the ball over and it was only cleared as far as Ljungberg , but the Swede struck a shot with his shin and the ball spun wide . With a couple of minutes left in the extra period , Manchester United won a free kick on the left corner of the Arsenal penalty area when Vieira lazily tripped Ronaldo and received a booking , but Giggs ' cross from the free kick was headed away . Meanwhile , Manchester United 's substitute goalkeeper , Howard , was seen warming up behind the goal , suggesting that he was preparing to come on for Carroll in the event of a penalty shootout ; however , no substitution was made . The referee added two minutes of injury time at the end of extra time , during which time Manchester United won another free kick , but Scholes ' shot was straight at the Arsenal defensive wall . Then , with just seconds left in regulation time , Ronaldo made a break towards the Arsenal half , only to be cynically body @-@ checked by Reyes . Referee Styles made no hesitation and showed Reyes a second yellow card , making the Spaniard the second player to be sent off in an FA Cup Final , after Manchester United 's Kevin Moran in 1985 . The full @-@ time whistle went immediately after Reyes ' dismissal , and the match finished at 0 – 0 , making it the first FA Cup Final to result in a penalty shootout . = = = = Penalty shootout = = = = Van Nistelrooy took the first penalty for Manchester United , in front of the United fans , and sent Lehmann the wrong way to give United the early advantage . Lauren then converted the next penalty for Arsenal , before Scholes stepped up to take United 's second , only to see it saved by Lehmann , diving low to his right . The next six penalties were all scored – Ljungberg , Van Persie and Cole for Arsenal , Ronaldo , Rooney and Keane for Manchester United – leaving Vieira with the opportunity to win the FA Cup for his team . Although Carroll guessed the correct way to dive , Vieira 's kick was just out of his reach , giving Arsenal their 10th FA Cup . = = = Match details = = = = = = Statistics = = = = = Post @-@ match = = As the Arsenal players ran towards Vieira and Lehmann to celebrate , Ferguson and Keane were seen consoling various players and staff members . Mark Lawrenson , the BBC 's co @-@ commentator for the final , summarised to his counterpart John Motson : " Well , we must congratulate Arsenal on the way they took the penalties – they were excellent [ ... ] But I have to say over the course of the 120 minutes , Manchester United have been mugged . " Wenger conceded his opponents were the better side , but praised his team 's resolve , telling reporters : " It was important to score the first goal and with neither team scoring it remained tight for a long , long period . There were some times in the second half when we were a bit lucky but we defended very well and to keep a clean sheet is good . " He admitted his players had practiced taking penalties , but was quick to point out " you don 't score because of the practising – keeping your nerve is more important . " Lehmann , who had been side @-@ lined by Wenger during the course of the season , credited his teammates for scoring all five penalties , and described it as a " big mental achievement . " Cole called Arsenal 's win a " … great team performance , we didn 't have too many chances but we defended really well and battled really hard . " Henry , who sat out the final due to injury expressed sympathy for Manchester United , and recollected a similar experience from his early Arsenal career : " I know how they feel because we lost against Liverpool and did not deserve to lose . If your name is on the cup you win it . " Ferguson was proud of his team 's performance , but admitted their failure throughout the season to convert chances into goals , had cost them once more . Of the game , he continued : " In cup football , you need a break and we didn 't get one . We 've had luck in the past , so you understand it can happen . It 's not a nice experience but it 's one you have to accept . " Ferguson criticised the referee for failing to send Vieira off during extra @-@ time as he fouled Rooney , and labelled Arsenal as " boring " for deploying negative tactics . Keane , like his manager , rued the missed opportunities and said it was a small consolation : " We dominated but I 'm sure the Arsenal players won 't be too bothered about that – they 've got the winners ' medals and the cup and we haven 't . " Writing for The Daily Telegraph , pundit Alan Hansen felt the ease in which Manchester United dominated the final and Arsenal 's inability to vary tactics highlighted why Wenger needed to make changes in the close season . Hansen agreed with Ferguson that United 's lack of goal threat cost them on the day , but felt their future was rosier than Arsenal 's . Nonetheless , he was of the opinion that Chelsea manager José Mourinho had little to be concerned about , concluding his piece with the sentence : " A London club did come away from Cardiff as big winners but it was not Arsenal , it was Chelsea . " In the same newspaper , Paul Hayward praised the performances of Rooney and Ronaldo – " surely the best one @-@ club pairing of under @-@ 21s in world football , " while ex @-@ Arsenal player Alan Smith noted his former club 's win demonstrated how Wenger " for the first time , practically , in his nine @-@ year Highbury tenure , had set up his side with the opposition in mind . " Capturing United 's sombre mood , The Times football correspondent Matt Dickinson wrote : " The black shirts turned out not to be in protest at Glazer but a reflection of their mood after the first FA Cup Final to be decided by a penalty shoot @-@ out . " The match was broadcast live in the United Kingdom by both the BBC and Sky Sports , with BBC One providing the free @-@ to @-@ air coverage and Sky Sports 1 being the pay @-@ TV alternative . BBC One held the majority of the viewership , with a peak audience of 12 @.@ 8 million ( 67 @.@ 1 % viewing share ) , which made it the most @-@ watched final in nine years . The match itself was watched by 10 million viewers ( 61 % ) , and coverage of the final averaged at 7 @.@ 3 million ( 50 @.@ 5 % ) . Viewing figures compiled by The Guardian showed the BBC 's coverage was second only to ITV 's broadcast of the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final between Liverpool and A.C. Milan , which amassed 13 @.@ 9 million viewers . Global audience figures for the 2005 FA Cup Final totalled 484 million . = = Aftermath and legacy = = The 2005 final was Vieira 's last match as an Arsenal player ; he joined Juventus in the close season for a combined total fee of € 20 million . Wenger 's decision to sell his captain was made so the team could benefit from Fàbregas , who broke into the first eleven during the season . In later years , Wenger deviated from his usual counter @-@ attacking style , and imposed a fluent system , with less emphasis on physicality . The immediate seasons after Arsenal relocated to the Emirates Stadium in 2006 saw Wenger sell several experienced players , and integrate more young talent , as a means of fostering an identity with the club . Financing for the stadium however meant Arsenal prioritised its expenditure instead of the squad and trophies . Though Wenger managed to solidify the club ’ s position in the Premier League 's top four and secure the necessary funds to pay back its debtors , the 2005 Cup win represented Arsenal 's last silverware for nine years . In 2014 , he led Arsenal to a record @-@ equalling 11th FA Cup , and became the successful manager in the competition 's history a year later , as his side beat Aston Villa . Like Arsenal , Manchester United endured a period of transition after the final . The Glazer 's takeover of the club resulted in disaffected fans setting up F.C. United of Manchester , which , as of 2016 , has become the largest supporter @-@ owned football club in the United Kingdom . On the pitch , Manchester United began the 2005 – 06 season poorly ; they were eliminated in the group stages of the Champions League and the manager was booed at home after United lost to Blackburn Rovers . Journalist Henry Winter in December 2005 opined that Ferguson needed to resign , writing in his column : " Under Ferguson , United became football 's answer to the Magic Circle . But the magic now drains away and so , next summer , must Ferguson . " He stayed , however , and having already called time on Keane 's career at United , he began reinvigorating his squad , by signing defenders Nemanja Vidić and Patrice Evra . United returned to the Millennium Stadium eight months after the FA Cup loss , and beat Wigan Athletic to win the 2006 Football League Cup Final . Ferguson guided his team to their first League title in four years the following season , after stern competition from Chelsea , and won a further nine competitive honours until his retirement in 2013 . Kevin McCarra regards the final as a turning point in the rivalry between the two clubs : " ... Arsenal and United , who could barely be prised apart in 2005 , have since gone their separate ways . The signs of divergence were already apparent that afternoon . " The match is considered an example of Wenger setting his team up pragmatically and going against his ideals . Having later asserted he would never use the 4 – 5 – 1 system again , Wenger adopted the formation for Champions League matches and his approach resulted in Arsenal reaching the 2006 UEFA Champions League Final .
= Suriname at the 2008 Summer Olympics = Suriname sent a delegation of four people to compete at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing , China : two athletes ( Jurgen Themen and Kirsten Nieuwendam and two swimmers ( Gordon Touw Ngie Tjouw and Chinyere Pigot ) who participated in four distinct events . The appearance of Suriname at Beijing marked its tenth Olympic appearance , which included every Olympic games since the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City and excluded the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow . Its four athletes did not advance past the first round in each of their events . The Surinamese flag bearer in Beijing was not an athlete , but Anthony Nesty , the only medalist in Surinamese history ( as of the Beijing Olympics ) and the nation 's Olympic swimming coach . = = Background = = Up to and including its participation in the Beijing Games , Surinamese athletes participated in ten Olympic games , all of which were summer Games . The first case of a Surinamese athlete 's participation was at the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City , when it sent a single male athlete . Since then , Suriname 's athletes have participated in every Olympic games except the 1980 Summer Olympics in the Soviet Union . As of Beijing , the country had not sent more than seven athletes to any one Games . Prior to and including 2008 , one Surinamese athlete had won the two medals ever claimed by Surinamese athletes – Anthony Nesty , who won a gold medal in 1988 , and a bronze medal in 1992 , both in swimming events . No medals were won in Beijing . Although Nesty did not participate in any event at the Beijing Olympics , he was Suriname 's flag bearer at the ceremonies . He also served as the head coach for the Surinamese Olympic swim team , having served previously as associate head coach for the University of Florida swim team and , during the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens , the assistant coach for the Surinamese team . = = Athletics = = Then 22 @-@ year old Jurgen Themen appeared at the Olympics for the first time when he participated in the 100 meters dash in Beijing . He was the sole male Surinamese participant in track and field during the 2008 Olympics . Themen participated in the first heat during the August 14 qualification round , completing the event in 10 @.@ 61 seconds and ranking seventh of eight athletes . The leaders of Themen 's heat included Usain Bolt of Jamaica ( 10 @.@ 20 seconds ) and Daniel Bailey of Antigua and Barbuda ( 10 @.@ 24 seconds ) . Themen himself scored directly ahead of Vanuatu 's Moses Kamut ( 10 @.@ 81 seconds ) and directly behind Italy 's Fabio Cerutti ( 10 @.@ 49 seconds ) . All heats combined , Themen ranked 54 out of the 80 athletes who participated in the qualification round . He did not progress to quarterfinals . Then 16 @-@ year @-@ old student of Florida 's St. Thomas Aquinas High School Kirsten Nieuwendam participated in the Beijing Olympics on behalf of Suriname as its only female track and field athlete that year . Nieuwendam had not previously participated in any Olympic games . Nieuwendam participated in the first heat of the qualification round , which took place on August 18 . She completed her event in 24 @.@ 46 seconds , placing seventh out of the eight athletes in her heat , finishing behind Liberia 's Kia Davis ( 24 @.@ 31 seconds ) . Vida Anim of Ghana , the eighth competitor in the heat , never started her event . The leaders of Nieuwendam 's heat were Allyson Felix of the United States ( 23 @.@ 02 seconds ) and Susanthika Jayasinghe of Sri Lanka ( 23 @.@ 04 seconds ) . Out of the 48 athletes who competed in the qualification round , Nieuwendam ranked 44th . She did not progress to further rounds . Key Note – Ranks given for track events are within the athlete 's heat only Q = Qualified for the next round q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or , in field events , by position without achieving the qualifying target NR = National record N / A = Round not applicable for the event Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round Men Women = = Swimming = = Then 23 @-@ year @-@ old Gordon Touw Ngie Tjouw participated on Suriname 's behalf in the men 's 100 meters butterfly . His participation in Beijing marked his second Olympic appearance , as he had participated previously in men 's 100 meters butterfly at the Athenian 2004 Summer Olympics . He was the only male Surinamese swimmer participating in the Beijing games . During the August 14 preliminary round , Tjouw participated in the second heat . He completed his event in 54 @.@ 54 seconds , ranking third out of the seven athletes in the heat . Tjouw ranked directly behind Malaysia 's Daniel Bego ( 54 @.@ 38 seconds ) and directly ahead of Kazakhstan 's Rustam Khudiyev ( 54 @.@ 62 seconds ) . The leaders of the heat were Shaune Fraser of the Cayman Islands ( 54 @.@ 08 seconds ) and Bego . Overall , Tjouw ranked 55 out of the 66 athletes who participated in the event . He did not advance to later rounds . Paramaribo @-@ born swimmer Chinyere Pigot was the youngest athlete to participate in the Surinamese delegation at Beijing ; she was fifteen years old at the time of her performance , and the only female Surinamese swimmer in the delegation . Pigot has not previously appeared at any Olympic games . The preliminary round for the women 's 50 meters freestyle , the event in which she participated , took place on August 15 . Pigot was placed in the fifth heat . She completed her event in 27 @.@ 66 seconds , taking second in the heat ; Pigot fell behind Honduran athlete Sharon Paola Fajardo Sierra ( 27 @.@ 19 seconds ) but scored ahead of Nicaraguan Dalia Tórrez Zamora ( 27 @.@ 81 seconds ) . Out of the 92 athletes who participated in the preliminary round , Pigot ranked 54th . She did not advance to later rounds . Men Women
= Boulogne agreement = The Boulogne agreement was a document signed by a group of English magnates in 1308 , concerning the government of Edward II . After the death of Edward I in 1307 , discontent soon developed against the new king . This was partly due to lingering problems from the previous reign , but also related to issues with Edward II himself . Particularly his abandonment of the Scottish Wars and his patronage of the unpopular Piers Gaveston caused discontent . Drawn up in Boulogne @-@ sur @-@ Mer during the king 's nuptials , the document vaguely asserted the signatories ' duty to guard the rights of the Crown . Three months later , the agreement was the basis for another document , justifying opposition to the king . This latter document , the so @-@ called Declaration of 1308 , is notable for its use of the " doctrine of capacities " : the distinction between the person of the King and the institution of the Crown . The document today exists only in a 17th @-@ century transcript by the antiquarian William Dugdale . The Boulogne agreement was largely unknown to modern historians up until the 1960s , but it is now considered significant because it is the first documented expression of the conflict between king and nobility , which was to dominate so much of the reign of Edward II . Though historians agree on the document 's importance , there is still disagreement over its interpretation , particularly whether the signatories should be seen as oppositional or loyal to the king . = = Background = = Edward II succeeded as king of England on 7 July 1307 , on the death of his father Edward I. The expectations of the new king were high , and he initially enjoyed a good relationship with the leading magnates of the realm . There were , however , some issues of contention remaining from the reign of his father . Edward I 's incessant wars had put a great fiscal burden on the country , and his confrontational style had led to conflict with some of the leading lay and ecclesiastical lords . This had culminated in the drafting of the so @-@ called Remonstrances in 1297 , a set of complaints about royal government . By Edward I 's death in 1307 , most of these issued had been resolved . It was nevertheless in the interest of the leading men of the country to make sure that the new king did not act the way his father had , and ignored the opinions of his councillors . There were also certain personal issues regarding the new king that caused concern . Shortly before his death , Edward I had exiled Prince Edward 's favourite and possible lover Piers Gaveston , whom the king believed had too much influence over the prince . At his deathbed he had supposedly exhorted some of his closest followers – Henry de Lacy , Earl of Lincoln , Guy de Beauchamp , Earl of Warwick , Aymer de Valence , Earl of Pembroke and Robert Clifford – to keep watch over his son , and particularly to make sure that Gaveston did not return . One of Edward II 's first actions as king was nevertheless to recall Gaveston from exile . He also gave him the title of Earl of Cornwall – a title normally reserved for members of the royal family – thereby furthering the aggravation against the favourite . Another source of discontent was Edward II abandoning the Scottish Wars pursued by his father . This left the way open for Robert the Bruce to regain land the English had conquered , to the detriment of many English magnates . On 22 January 1308 , Edward II left England for France , leaving Gaveston behind as Regent . By the Treaty of Montreuil in 1299 , it had been agreed that Edward should marry Isabella , the daughter of Philippe IV of France . Accompanying the king were several great nobles , including Lincoln , Pembroke , Clifford , John de Warenne , Earl of Surrey and Humphrey de Bohun , Earl of Hereford . On 25 January Edward and Isabella were married at Boulogne @-@ sur @-@ Mer , and on 31 January Edward performed homage for the Duchy of Aquitaine , which the English king held of the French king . On that same day , the nobles mentioned above , with others , gathered to sign the document that has become known to history as the Boulogne agreement . = = Document and interpretation = = The document was signed and dated at Boulogne on the 31 January 1308 . At the top of the list of signatories was Antony Bek , Bishop of Durham and Patriarch of Jerusalem . He was followed by the four earls Lincoln , Pembroke , Surrey and Hereford , and five men of baronial families : Clifford , Payn Tybetot , Henry de Gray , John de Botetourt and John de Berwick . The document today exists in the Bodleian Library in Oxford , as a transcript made by the 17th @-@ century antiquarian William Dugdale . Dugdale 's transcript is believed to be based on an older document , which was probably lost in the Cotton library fire of 1731 . The text of the document is rather vague and noncommittal . The signatories were concerned with guarding the king 's honour and the rights of the Crown ( garder son honeur et les dreits de sa Corounne ) . There was also a promise to address and correct both the things that had been done against that honour and those rights , as well as the past and present oppression of the people ( les choses que sont feites avant ces houres countre soen honour et le droit de sa Coronne , et les oppressiouns que ount estre feit et uncore se fount de jour en jour a soen people ) . Nothing is said about what specifically these things were , but it must be assumed that the target was Gaveston . Bek was given the authority to excommunicate whoever broke the terms of the agreement . Because of the vague language of the document , there has been much scholarly debate over how it should be interpreted . John Maddicott saw the wording as a hostile warning to the new king to avoid the mistakes of his father , or face the consequences . J. R. S. Phillips , on the other hand , took the signatories to be positively inclined towards Edward II . There were others who were more intrinsic in their opposition to the king and Gaveston , primarily the Earl of Warwick . The purpose of the document , in Phillips view , was to present the king with a warning , and hopefully protect him against the more antagonistic members of the nobility . = = Aftermath and transmission = = The Boulogne agreement had little immediate impact , and is notable mostly for its influence on a later document presented in parliament in April that year . In the meanwhile , on 25 February , the king had been crowned . Before the coronation , the king had been forced to include an additional clause in his coronation oath . The king obliged himself to abide by the law , but this exact meaning of this promise was ambiguous . The clause referred to laws the people " shall have chosen " ( aura eslu ) , which left it unclear whether it also included future enactments . At the coronation ceremony that followed , Gaveston acted with such presumption and arrogance as to further alienate the leading magnates . The document from the April parliament , today referred to as the Declaration of 1308 , contained three articles and was presented by the Earl of Lincoln . The first article invoked the so @-@ called " doctrine of capacities " : that the subjects of the realm owed allegiance to the institution of the Crown , not to the person of the King . If the King abused his position , it was his subject 's duty to correct this , thereby upholding the pledge of the Boulogne agreement to protect the rights of the Crown . The second article was an attack on Gaveston – though he was not mentioned by name – implicitly demanding his renewed exile . The third article referred to the additional clause from the coronation oath . It was here taken to mean that the king had obliged himself to abide by any decisions made by his subjects ; past , present or future . The king initially held out against the opposition , but the earls also received support from Philippe IV , who was offended by Edward 's apparent preference of Gaveston over Isabella . On 18 May Edward agreed to once again send Gaveston into exile . Dugdale both transcribed the Boulogne agreement and made a reference to it , in a footnote in his 1675 Baronage of England . After this the document was absent from history writing for almost three centuries . Dugdale 's footnote was mentioned by certain historians , but it was not until 1965 that the document itself was again used as a source , when Noël Denholm @-@ Young quoted a few lines from it in his History and Heraldry : 1254 – 1310 . In 1972 , J. R. S. Phillips printed a complete transcription of the Boulogne agreement in his book Aymer de Valence , Earl of Pembroke 1307 – 1324 .
= H @-@ 58 ( Michigan county highway ) = H @-@ 58 is a county @-@ designated highway in the US state of Michigan that runs east – west for approximately 69 miles ( 111 km ) between the communities of Munising and Deer Park in the Upper Peninsula . The western section is routed through Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore , a national park on the southern shore of Lake Superior , and the adjacent Lake Superior State Forest in Alger County while connecting Munising to the communities of Van Meer and Melstrand . At Grand Marais , H @-@ 58 exits the national park and runs through town . The segment running east of Grand Marais to Deer Park in Luce County is a gravel road that connects to H @-@ 37 in Muskallonge Lake State Park . A roadway was present along parts of today 's H @-@ 58 by the late 1920s ; initially , this county road was gravel or earth between Munising and Kingston Corners and connected with other roads to Grand Marais . In the 1930s , another segment was built to connect to Deer Park and to fill in the gap between Kingston Corners and Grand Marais . The southwestern segment between Munising and Van Meer formed part of M @-@ 94 from 1929 until it was transferred back to county control in the early 1960s . The H @-@ 58 designation was created after the county @-@ designated highway system itself was formed in 1970 . Initially , only the section from Grand Marais to Deer Park was given the number ; the remainder was added in 1972 . The last sections to be paved in the 20th century were completed in 1974 . The National Park Service was required to build their own access road for the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore in the initial legislation that created the park . This requirement was rescinded by the United States Congress in 1998 , and the park service was authorized to fund improvements to H @-@ 58 instead . Paving projects were completed between 2006 and 2010 so that the entire length of H @-@ 58 in Alger County is now paved ; the section in Luce County is still a gravel road . = = Route description = = H @-@ 58 starts in Munising at an intersection with M @-@ 28 . The highway follows the eastern end of Munising Street through the eastern side of the city by the Neenah Paper Mill , then turns northeasterly . The roadway runs outside of , and parallel to , the southern boundary of the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore . The park visitors center , which is open year round , is located off H @-@ 58 on Sand Point Road at the west end of the park . The highway turns due east and runs through an intersection with H @-@ 13 ( Connors Road ) . Leaving town , H @-@ 58 becomes Munising – Van Meer – Shingleton Road and enters the national park . East of the intersection with Carmody Road , the county road passes to the south of the Pictured Rocks Golf and Country Club before meeting the intersection with H @-@ 11 ( Miners Castle Road ) . This latter road provides access to Miner 's Castle , a natural rock formation located on the shores of Lake Superior , and the Miners Falls . Further east , H @-@ 58 meets H @-@ 15 in Van Meer , site of the Bear Trap Inn and Bar . Munising – Van Meer – Shingleton Road turns south along H @-@ 15 , and H @-@ 58 turns northeast along Melstrand Road to the community of Melstrand . Melstrand is located outside of the national park boundaries in the Lake Superior State Forest . H @-@ 58 continues through " burned and cut areas , meadows , maturing second growth , and the haunting sounds of silence " in the state forest . H @-@ 58 reenters the national park and approaches more Pictured Rocks facilities like the Hurricane River Campground . The road then travels northward towards Buck Hill , which is near the intersection with the Adams Truck Trail ; at that intersection , there is a parking lot for snowmobiles . Past this point , the road is closed to vehicles during the winter months each year ; snow plows do not clear the snow from the roadway , allowing it to be used as a snowmobile trail . The area on each end of the park averages around 140 – 144 inches ( 360 – 370 cm ) of snowfall annually , while the National Park service says that this central section is higher . The road meanders through forest lands and fields as it continues northwesterly toward the Log Slide . This location gives motorists a chance to hike down to the lakeshore to see the Au Sable Point Lighthouse peeking above the trees to the east and the Grand Sable Dunes to the west . The American Motorcyclist Association said of this segment of the roadway that it is " so close to the beach and lake that [ one ] can smell it when [ he ] rides . " The lighthouse is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and can be accessed from the Hurricane River Campground . The roadway crosses the Hurricane River and turns southerly away from Lake Superior . H @-@ 58 turns back eastward near Grand Sable Lake , running between the north shore of the lake and the Grand Sable Dunes on the south shore of Lake Superior . At the intersection with William Hill and Newburg roads , H @-@ 58 makes a 90 ° curve and travels northward for about three @-@ quarters of a mile ( 1 @.@ 2 km ) . The road turns back eastward next to the Sable Falls parking lot . This lot also marks the eastern end of the segment of H @-@ 58 that road crews do not plow . The roadway exits the national park and runs to the community of Grand Marais . On the edge of town is the Woodland Township Park where hikers can walk along the beach to the base of the Grand Sable Dunes that form the east end of the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore . These dunes reach heights of up to 275 feet ( 84 m ) at a 35 ° incline . Hikers are advised to use the access points along H @-@ 58 to get to the dunes instead of attempting the climb up the face . H @-@ 58 meets M @-@ 77 in Grand Marais . This town is the location of a small harbor that was once the home of a lumber shipping port . H @-@ 58 turns south to run concurrently along M @-@ 77 for about two blocks before turning back eastward . The county road runs along the southern edge of the harbor past the township 's school and out of town . The pavement ends when the road leaves Alger County for Luce County . H @-@ 58 follows a gravel roadway through the forested northwestern corner of Luce County . The roadway turns northeasterly and runs closer to Lake Superior as it approaches Deer Park . The road also carries the County Road 407 ( CR 407 ) designation and the name Grand Marais Truck Trail . Near the Blind Sucker Flooding , a man @-@ made reservoir , the truck trail turns south to intersect Deer Park Road . H @-@ 58 turns east on Deer Park Road and runs between Rainy and Reedy lakes to the south and Lake Superior to the north . The east end of H @-@ 58 is at an intersection with H @-@ 37 near Muskallonge Lake State Park in Deer Park , north of Newberry . Deer Park is the location of a trio of resorts and remnants of a community that once included a sawmill , hotel and store . The state park is located on the shore of Muskallonge Lake and is visited by about 71 @,@ 000 people each year . = = History = = = = = Road origins = = = A county road along part of the route of H @-@ 58 was present at by at least 1927 ; the road ran east and northeasterly from Munising to Kingston Corners where it followed what is now Adams Trail east to M @-@ 77 . A second county road ran westward from Grand Marais . By 1929 , M @-@ 94 was rerouted through Alger County to follow Munising – Van Meer – Shingleton Road east from Munising to Van Meer and then south to Shingleton ; that routing followed what is now H @-@ 58 and H @-@ 15 . The section of county road between Van Meer and Melstrand was surfaced in gravel by 1936 with the remainder only an earthen road . By the end of the year , an earthen road was constructed east of Grand Marais to Deer Park . After the end of World War II , the gravel segment was extended north of Melstrand to the Buck Hill area , and the earthen road was extended between the Adams Trail and Grand Marais by way of Au Sable Point . East of Grand Marais , the roadway was improved with gravel to the county line . In late 1946 or early 1947 , the first two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) east of Grand Marais were paved ; additional sections in Luce County were improved to gravel . All of the earthen road segments of what is now H @-@ 58 were improved to gravel road by the middle of 1958 ; the section between Van Meer and Melstrand as well as a section east of Grand Marais were paved . In the early 1960s , M @-@ 94 was moved to follow M @-@ 28 between Munising and Shingleton . The section of Munising – Van Meer – Shingleton Road east of the junction with Connors Road was returned to county control by the middle of 1960 , and the remainder westward into Munising was turned over on November 7 , 1963 . In late 1961 , about three miles ( 4 @.@ 8 km ) was paved to the west of Grand Marais . The county @-@ designated highway system was created around October 5 , 1970 , and the section of H @-@ 58 was shown on state maps for the first time in 1971 . Initially , only the section between Grand Marais and Deer Park was marked as part of H @-@ 58 . Within two years , the remainder was marked as H @-@ 58 from Munising northeasterly to Grand Marais ; between Connors and Miners Castle roads was also a section of H @-@ 13 as the two designations were run concurrently together . In 1974 , the road was paved from Melstrand north to the Buck Hill area . The H @-@ 13 concurrency was removed in 2004 when the northern segment of H @-@ 13 along Miners Castle Road was redesignated H @-@ 11 . = = = Park service gets involved = = = The Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore was authorized on October 15 , 1966 , when President Lyndon Johnson signed into law the enabling legislation . The park was inaugurated on October 6 , 1972 , in ceremonies in Munising . In the original legislation that created the park was a mandate to build an access road along Lake Superior . When the National Park Service conducted environmental studies on such a road in the mid @-@ 1990s , they decided on a 13 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 21 km ) road called the Beaver Basin Rim Road between Twelvemile Beach and Legion Lake . Area residents opposed the plan , preferring that the federal government instead improve the existing H @-@ 58 . Representative Bart Stupak lobbied his colleagues in Congress in 1996 saying that building the new road would cost twice as much as improving the existing H @-@ 58 ; Stupak also introduced legislation to remove the construction mandate from the park . Because H @-@ 58 was under the jurisdiction of the county , and not the park , it was ineligible for park service funding . Appropriations legislation passed by Congress in 1998 allowed the park service to fund road improvements in the Pictured Rocks National Lakeshore for county @-@ maintained roads . Additional legislation reintroduced and sponsored by Stupak was also passed that removed the original road construction mandate from the park . On November 12 , 1998 , President Bill Clinton signed the legislation which cleared the last hurdles ; the service was prohibited from building that road and instead authorized to help the Alger County Road Commission ( ACRC ) improve H @-@ 58 . In 2005 , the Safe , Accountable , Flexible , Efficient Transportation Equity Act : A Legacy for Users budgeted $ 13 @.@ 3 million ( equivalent to $ 16 @.@ 8 million in 2015 ) for the paving and reconstruction project . The ACRC implemented a five @-@ stage plan to pave the remaining sections of the road between the Melstrand area and Grand Marais utilizing National Park Service funding . Plans were put into place by July 2006 to straighten some tight curves and realign the roadway in places . The commission designed the updated road for travel speeds of 40 mph ( 64 km / h ) " to maintain the nature of the road and the park setting . " One phase was divided into subsections to accommodate the bridge across the Hurricane River . Funding on the paving project between Buck Hill and the boundary of the national park was held up pending passage of a technical corrections bill by the US Senate . The original funding authorization specified that sections were being repaved ; instead they were being paved for the first time or realigned . A technical corrections bill solved the legal hurdles involved . The road commission used state matching grants from the Michigan Department of Transportation to complete the financing needed to pave the roadway . Local officials received the checks to pay for the projects at a ceremony in August 2008 . While the county completed a segment on their own in 2006 , the 2008 projects paved segments of the roadway outside of the national park boundaries from Buck Hill northwards . Construction in 2009 and 2010 completed the roadway inside the park boundaries , including a new bridge over the Hurricane River . The final section was dedicated at a ribbon @-@ cutting ceremony on October 15 , 2010 , which marked the official opening to traffic . Final work was continued through the end of that month to complete the Hurricane River Bridge . Since the road was completed , traffic has increased . After paving , the new road has reduced travel times between Munising and Grand Marais from 90 to 45 minutes . Not all residents have been happy with the updated H @-@ 58 ; thousands of nails have been scattered along the road , and have led to flat tires on many vehicles . Police said at the time they believed it was intentional , but had no motive for the vandalism . Since the thoroughfare has re @-@ opened , motorcyclists now frequent the highway , and a local group has named H @-@ 58 " one of the top five motorcycling roads in Upper Michigan " , and it has been promoted by the American Motorcyclist Association in their guidebooks . = = Major intersections = =
= Race Against Time : Searching for Hope in AIDS @-@ Ravaged Africa = Race Against Time : Searching for Hope in AIDS @-@ Ravaged Africa is a non @-@ fiction book written by Stephen Lewis for the Massey Lectures . Lewis wrote it in early to mid @-@ 2005 and House of Anansi Press released it as the lecture series began in October 2005 . Each of the book 's chapters was delivered as one lecture in a different Canadian city , beginning in Vancouver on October 18 and ending in Toronto on October 28 . The speeches were aired on CBC Radio One between November 7 and 11 . The author and orator , Stephen Lewis , was at that time the United Nations Special Envoy for HIV / AIDS in Africa and former Canadian ambassador to the United Nations . Although he wrote the book and lectures in his role as a concerned Canadian citizen , his criticism of the United Nations ( UN ) , international organizations , and other diplomats , including naming specific people , was called undiplomatic and led several reviewers to speculate whether he would be removed from his UN position . In the book and the lectures , Lewis argues that significant changes are required to meet the Millennium Development Goals in Africa by their 2015 deadline . Lewis explains the historical context of Africa since the 1980s , citing a succession of disastrous economic policies by international financial institutions that contributed to , rather than reduced , poverty . He connects the structural adjustment loans , with conditions of limited public spending on health and education infrastructure , to the uncontrolled spread of AIDS and subsequent food shortages as the disease infected much of the working @-@ age population . Lewis also addresses such issues as discrimination against women and primary education for children . To help alleviate problems , he ends with potential solutions which mainly require increased funding by G8 countries to levels beyond what they promise . Book reviewers found the criticisms constructive and the writing sincere . His style focuses less on numbers and statistics , and more on connecting decisions by UN officials and western diplomats to consequences on the ground in Africa . His eyewitness accounts are said to be candid and emotional . The book spent seven weeks at # 1 on The Globe and Mail 's Nonfiction Bestseller List . A second edition was released in June 2006 . The Canadian Booksellers Association awarded its Libris Award for non @-@ fiction book of the year to Race Against Time and its Author of the Year Award to Lewis in 2006 . = = Background = = At the time of publication , the author , Stephen Lewis , aged 67 and living in Toronto , worked as the United Nations Special Envoy for HIV / AIDS in Africa , a position he held since 2001 . Previously he worked as the Deputy Director of United Nations Children 's Fund ( 1994 – 99 ) , as the Canadian ambassador to the UN ( 1984 – 88 ) , and as leader of the Ontario New Democratic Party ( 1970 – 79 ) . After Lewis optimistically accepted the Special Envoy position he became increasingly distraught by the devastation he witnessed . Already a skilled orator , he became more vocal on the topic . He founded the Stephen Lewis Foundation , hosted Oprah Winfrey as she toured Africa , and was the subject of two award @-@ winning documentaries by The Nature of Things , entitled Race Against Time and The Value of Life . Meanwhile he was appointed as a Companion of the Order of Canada , awarded the Pearson Medal of Peace , and named Canadian of the Year ( 2003 ) by MacLean 's magazine . In 2005 , he was invited to deliver the annual series of Massey Lectures from which the book , Race Against Time , was adapted . He wrote the text in early to mid- 2005 and delivered the lecture series in October when the book was released . Lewis wrote the book , not as an employee of the UN , but as a citizen concerned with the world 's response to the AIDS challenge in Africa . = = Content = = The book consists of five chapters , from which the five lectures were derived : Context , Pandemic , Education , Women , and Solutions . Before these chapters are sections titled Preface and Acknowledgments , and afterwards a Glossary section . The book 's second edition contains an Afterword section written in May 2006 . In the Preface , written by Lewis in August 2005 , he states that his preferred genre is the spoken word and that the nature of the topic would not allow him to comprehensively cover every aspect . He justifies his writing by proclaiming himself a devotee to the United Nations and outlines the roles he has held with the organization since 1984 . In the first chapter , Lewis tells anecdotes of visits to Africa and other UN @-@ related events like , in 1986 , brokering the resolutions from the General Assembly 's 13th Special Session . He acknowledges colonialism and Cold War ideologues as historical influences on the African situation , but focuses on the effects of international finance institutions ' conditional loans since the late 1980s . In the second chapter Lewis discusses his history in Africa , beginning in the 1960s as an English teacher in Ghana . He contrasts Africa of the 1960s shedding colonial rule , optimistic in future prospects , with Africa of the 2000s struggling with AIDS and increasingly widespread hunger . He acknowledges the brain drain trend , noting " there are more Malawian doctors in Manchester [ England ] than in Malawi " . In the third chapter Lewis examines how the UN , World Bank , and the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) failed to fulfill promises of free access to primary education . In the instances where school entry fees were eliminated , additional fees ( e.g. fees for uniforms , books , exams , and registration ) had the same effect of limiting access . The fourth chapter elaborates on how women 's issues are ignored or dismissed at international conferences and by African governments . Lewis identifies the gender discrimination that occurs even within the UN organization , whose management staff was dominated by males . He links the World Bank and IMF conditions of low social spending on education and healthcare by governments of recipient countries to the rampant spread of AIDS in those same countries . The disease decimated Africa 's working age and farming population , leading to famine . He calls on the international financial institutions to pay " reparations " in the form of debt relief . Lewis concludes that dramatic changes are required to meet the Millennium Development Goals by 2015 . In the final chapter , he considers some potential measures that could help in Africa . He laments the shortfalls in funding by G8 countries , despite the continued renewed promises for full funding of Millennium Development Goal implementation . His proposed measures include : the expansion of the Jubilee Coalition to include cancellation of agricultural subsidies ; the amalgamation of UN Development Fund for Women , the UN Division for the Advancement of Women , and relevant portions of United Nations Population Fund into one UN agency funded to a similar level as UNICEF ; maintenance of the momentum on the World Health Organization 's ' three by five ' ( 3 million people treated by 2005 ) program ; addressing revenue shortfall in The Global Fund to Fight AIDS , Tuberculosis and Malaria through donations from private @-@ sector organizations that profit from Africa ( e.g. pharmaceutical companies ) ; creating an agency that can provide emergency food aid in a much shorter timeframe than current programs ; supporting Jeffrey Sachs ' Millennium Village Project ; investing in vaccine and microbicide research ; eliminating school fees for primary education ; using microcredit money pots for women to care for orphans ; planning for capacity replacement on a country @-@ by @-@ country , sector @-@ by @-@ sector basis . = = Style = = The writing style reflects the author 's intent to use the text for a lecture series . The narration addresses the audience while guiding it through explanations of the issues and anecdotal illustrations . Lewis ' charismatic , eloquent , and energetic oration style is reflected in the writing . The tone has been described as loud and persuasive . One reviewer called it " vintage Lewis – incisive criticism leavened with high @-@ blown rhetoric " . The book focuses more upon real @-@ world human experiences , rather than numbers and statistics , in discussing the effect of AIDS in sub @-@ Saharan Africa and the world 's response . Lewis ' eyewitness accounts are candid and vivid . For example , he recounts tours of hospitals and schools as he explains the dire straits of national health and education sectors , and he describes meetings with diplomats and staff from the UN , World Bank , and IMF as he explains their effect on foreign aid policies . The book is written from an idealistic perspective and , despite the anger and underlying sense of guilt , Lewis remains optimistic . While he was a professional diplomat , his memoir @-@ style reflections on specific people , such as Michel Camdessus , Carol Bellamy , and Thabo Mbeki were called undiplomatic . Despite the book 's undiplomatic style , Lewis retained his post as a UN Special Envoy until the term completed in December 2006 . = = Publication = = The book was released on October 18 as Lewis began the Massey lecture series in Vancouver . The second lecture took place in Winnipeg on the 20th , followed by Montreal on the 22nd , Halifax on the 26th , and the final one in Toronto two days later . The series was recorded then aired on CBC Radio One 's Ideas between November 7 and 11 . At each event Lewis fielded questions from the audience and participated in book signings . The publisher , House of Anansi Press , was on the last year of its contract with CBC to publish the Massey Lecture series ; facing a competitive bid from Penguin Books , Anansi aggressively promoted Race Against Time , with Lewis giving interviews to local media and attending receptions . CBC promoted the events nationally . Following an initial printing of 25 @,@ 000 copies of the book by Anansi , along with the audio CDs produced by CBC Audio , there was a second printing in June 2006 with a new Afterword section . = = Reception = = In the Canadian market , Race Against Time debuted at # 5 on The Globe and Mail 's Nonfiction Bestseller List on October 29 . It spent seven weeks at # 1 , and forty weeks in the top ten . Excerpts from the book were published in The Globe and Mail , The Montreal Gazette , and Alternatives Journal . At the Canadian Booksellers Association Libris Awards in June 2006 , the book won non @-@ fiction book of the year and Lewis won the Author of the Year Award . The book was short @-@ listed for the Pearson Writers ' Trust Prize and the Trillium Book Award . The book was positively received by reviewers . The prose has been called magnificent , lucid , eloquent , and passionate . Lewis ' emotional appeal has been called remarkably candid , sincere , powerful , and moving . Connecting the diplomatic and policy @-@ level work of the UN and World Bank with specific effects on the ground in Africa , and describing the problem of orphans , were among the strengths of the book . Lewis ' criticisms are constructive and , since they come from such an ardent multilateralist employed by the United Nations , authoritative . One reviewer questioned several of Lewis ' potential solutions as contributing to the same system that consistently fails to address its flaws . The same reviewer identified as the book 's weakness its political slant , which ignores corrupt or inefficient African governments and the realities of asking corporations and western governments to take steps against their self @-@ interest , like canceling agricultural subsidies in the case of governments and donating profits in the case of businesses . Several reviewers noted that the book could be used as an effective tool to educate about the HIV / AIDS crisis and the plight of the people of sub @-@ Saharan Africa . An article in The New York Times , in October 2005 , reported on the book 's criticism of South Africa 's government , singling out President Thabo Mbeki and Health Minister Manto Tshabalala @-@ Msimang . Lewis claimed that the South African programs were half @-@ hearted and confusing ; a spokesperson for the Health Ministry characterized Lewis as a biased and uninformed judge of South Africa 's situation , and countered that they are rapidly expanding treatment programs . In August 2006 , as a keynote speaker at the International AIDS Conference in Toronto , Lewis sustained his criticism , calling South Africa 's government " still obtuse , dilatory and negligent about rolling out treatment " .
= 2016 Milan – San Remo = The 107th edition of the Milan – San Remo cycling classic took place on Saturday , 19 March 2016 . It was the fourth of 28 races of the 2016 UCI World Tour ; the first one @-@ day race . It was also the first cycling monument of the season . It was won by Arnaud Démare in a sprint finish , ahead of Ben Swift ( Team Sky ) and Jürgen Roelandts ( Lotto – Soudal ) . The finish was disrupted by a crash involving Fernando Gaviria ( Etixx – Quick @-@ Step ) , causing several riders to take avoiding action , ruling them out of contention . A landslide on the road caused the race to be diverted for a length of 9 km ( 5 @.@ 6 mi ) . = = Route = = As one of the sports monuments , Milan – San Remo is among the highest @-@ rated races in professional cycling . The 2016 route was set to be 291 km ( 181 mi ) long . Generally considered a sprinters ' classic , the race ran from the Via della Chiesa Rossa in Milan to the traditional finish on San Remo 's Via Roma . The final part of the race included the climbs of the Cipressa and the Poggio , which usually proved decisive for the race outcome . Across the road , the riders also had to tackle the 35 km ( 22 mi ) climb of the Passo dello Turchino , although it was not considered to be a key point in the race . After the Turchino , the route followed the Aurelia road along the coast from Genoa all the way to the finish in San Remo . With a little over 50 km ( 31 mi ) left to go , the first of the coastal climbs started with the Capo Mele , the Capo Cervo and the Capo Berta , before meeting the final two climbs leading to the finish . A landslide on the morning of the race at a point 130 km ( 81 mi ) into the race caused the route to be slightly changed , with the riders taking a 9 km ( 5 @.@ 6 mi ) detour along the A10 highway , entering in Genova Voltri and exiting in Arenzano , rejoining the original course at that point . As a consequence , the race ran over a distance of 295 km ( 183 mi ) . = = Participating teams = = 25 teams were announced to take part in the race : all 18 World Tour teams were automatically invited ; seven continental teams were given wildcards – totalling 200 riders . As Moreno Hofland ( LottoNL – Jumbo ) was unable to start due to illness , 199 riders took part in the race . = = Pre @-@ race favourites = = The outgoing champion , John Degenkolb , missed Milan – San Remo after injuries sustained in an early @-@ season training camp in Spain . In his absence , 2014 winner Alexander Kristoff ( Team Katusha ) was tipped as the main favourite for the victory . Fabian Cancellara ( Trek – Segafredo ) was also rated highly in what would be his final appearance in the race , as he was a former winner and had shown strong form , winning Strade Bianche earlier in the season . World Champion Peter Sagan ( Tinkoff ) was also named as a race favourite , as he had shown good form , albeit still lacking a win in 2016 . He rode with bib number one in the absence of Degenkolb . Two riders came into Milan – San Remo with particular successes in hand , namely Michael Matthews ( Orica – BikeExchange ) , who had won two stages at Paris – Nice just a week earlier , while Greg van Avermaet ( BMC Racing Team ) had won the overall classification at Tirreno – Adriatico . Other favourites included Alejandro Valverde ( Movistar Team ) , Niccolo Bonifazio ( Trek – Segafredo ) , Ben Swift , Geraint Thomas and Michał Kwiatkowski ( all Team Sky ) , Nacer Bouhanni ( Cofidis ) , Zdeněk Štybar ( Etixx – Quick @-@ Step ) , Sacha Modolo ( Lampre – Merida ) , Tony Gallopin ( Lotto – Soudal ) , Arnaud Démare ( FDJ ) , Edvald Boasson Hagen ( Team Dimension Data ) and Simon Clarke ( Cannondale – Drapac ) . 2009 winner Mark Cavendish ( Team Dimension Data ) was also named as a favourite . Meanwhile , Astana named Vincenzo Nibali as their captain for the race , riding the race for the tenth time in his career . Another rider deemed a possible contender , Tom Dumoulin ( Giant – Alpecin ) , was ruled out of the race due to a flu . German sprinter André Greipel ( Lotto – Soudal ) missed the race as well after breaking three ribs at the Volta ao Algarve . = = Race report = = After the race started in Milan , a breakaway got clear after 14 km ( 8 @.@ 7 mi ) of racing , including Gediminas Bagdonas ( AG2R La Mondiale ) , Serghei Țvetcov ( Androni Giocattoli – Sidermec ) , Mirco Maestri ( Bardiani – CSF ) , Jan Barta ( Bora – Argon 18 ) , Adrian Kurek ( CCC – Sprandi – Polkowice ) , Roger Kluge ( IAM Cycling ) , Matteo Bono ( Lampre – Merida ) , Samuele Conti ( Wilier Triestina – Southeast ) , Maarten Tjallingii ( LottoNL – Jumbo ) , Andrea Peron ( Team Novo Nordisk ) and Marco Coledan ( Trek – Segafredo ) . The group had a maximum lead over the peloton of 10 : 35 minutes at the 50 km ( 31 mi ) mark . After that , Tinkoff and Orica – BikeExchange began to set a higher tempo in the pack and the lead was reduced to five minutes at the peak of the Turchino . As the leading group arrived at the first seaside climb of the Capo Mele , the gap had come down to 2 : 18 minutes . Meanwhile , the first crashes occurred in the field , with Julien Vermote ( Etixx – Quick @-@ Step ) and Federico Zurlo ( Lampre – Merida ) being the first victims . At the Capo Berta , the lead of the front group was around a minute , while Marco Haller ( Team Katusha ) crashed on the following descent , dropping out of the main field . Another accident occurred a little later . Michael Matthews and Peter Kennaugh ( Team Sky ) were the most prominent riders to go down , but both managed to get back into the field even with a growing pace set at the front . The breakaway group was caught with 25 km ( 16 mi ) to go . At the climb of the Cipressa , Giovanni Visconti ( Movistar Team ) and Ian Stannard ( Team Sky ) attacked and were joined by Daniel Oss ( BMC Racing Team ) , Matteo Montaguti ( AG2R La Mondiale ) , and Fabio Sabatini ( Etixx – Quick @-@ Step ) on the descent . Arnaud Démare crashed on the climb , but was able to reach the field again as it got back to the attacking group at the bottom of the Poggio . Team Katusha set the pace up the final climb , but Michał Kwiatkowski broke clear 6 km ( 3 @.@ 7 mi ) from the finish . Vincenzo Nibali chased after him on the descent and the group of favourites came back together at the run @-@ in to the finish , after Fabian Cancellara had put in an attack , marked by Matteo Trentin ( Etixx – Quick @-@ Step ) . At the 1 km ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) mark , Edvald Boasson Hagen started one last attack , but to no avail as the group approached the finish together . Shortly before the line , a touch of wheels led to a crash by Fernando Gaviria ( Etixx – Quick @-@ Step ) , which caused several riders to lose momentum , including Peter Sagan . In the following mass sprint , Arnaud Démare came out on top and won his first ever cycling monument , ahead of Ben Swift and Jürgen Roelandts ( Lotto – Soudal ) . Démare was the first Frenchman to win Milan – San Remo since Laurent Jalabert in 1995 , and the first Frenchman to win a monument race since Jalabert 's victory in the 1997 Giro di Lombardia . = = Post @-@ race = = Following the race , Démare expressed delight at his victory , saying : " There are days like this one in which everything works despite the occasional hiccup , like crashing at the bottom of the Cipressa . I made it across at the bottom of the Poggio and the entire way I felt fantastic . [ ... ] This is a big one and has been running for over a century . It 's extraordinary . I 'm extremely happy . " Second placed Swift on the other hand , was disappointed by missing out on a possible win : " Obviously , it 's quite disappointing to get second – so close to the win – but you have got to be happy to be back on the podium in a Monument . " Fernando Gaviria shed tears after his late fall , which he felt cost him a possible victory : " I am very sad about what happened . It was my fault , I was in a perfect position but then I lost my focus for two seconds , because I began thinking on how to sprint . I touched the wheel of the guy in front of me . That was enough to throw away all the hard work of the team . " Nacer Bouhanni in turn was furious after the finish . Some hundred metres before the finish line , he had been in a good position before his chain slipped off , taking away his chances . After crossing the line , he threw away his bike in anger . Two riders very disappointed with their results were Michael Matthews and Fabian Cancellara . Matthews crashed at high speed shortly before the Cipressa and arrived at the finish with a bandaged right elbow . He said : " Obviously I 'm devastated . [ ... ] This was everything , this was my world championships for the start of the season . [ ... ] I was really looking forward to making a good finale , it 's really unfortunate that a crash stopped me from doing that . " Cancellara , who was riding the event for the last time before retirement at the end of the 2016 season , was held up in Gaviria 's crash after having stayed in the leading group . He described his final kilometres as difficult , as he had been isolated from his teammates , saying that the other riders mainly attacked him and did not work with him . Another rider who was almost involved when Gaviria fell was Peter Sagan , who confirmed that the peloton had covered Cancellara in particular . He went on to describe the moment of Gaviria 's crash : " Then I got away with Boasson Hagen , Gaviria and someone else . Then with about 500 metres to go , Gaviria looked around because the group was coming up . He went down and I only just managed to avoid him . I stayed up but I lost a lot speed and never managed to get going again in the final metres . " One day after the race , both Matteo Tosatto ( Tinkoff ) and Eros Capecchi ( Astana ) accused Démare of having used the tow of his teamcar to rejoin the pack after his crash before the Cipressa climb . Démare rebuffed these allegations , saying that the race commissioners were right behind him and would have disqualified him , had he done something illegal . On 8 May 2016 , it became public that the Italian Cycling Federation was making inquiries into the accusations about Démare , with Tosatto saying that he had given written testimony to officials about the incident . = = Results = = ^ 1 — Top ten riders out of 180 finishers shown
= Yorkshire captaincy affair of 1927 = The Yorkshire captaincy affair of 1927 arose from a disagreement among members of Yorkshire County Cricket Club over the selection of a new captain to succeed the retired Major Arthur Lupton . The main issue was whether a professional cricketer should be appointed to the post . It was a tradition throughout English county cricket that captains should always be amateurs . At Yorkshire , a succession of amateur captains held office in the 1920s , on the grounds of their supposed leadership qualities , although they were not worth their place in the team as cricketers . None lasted long ; after Lupton 's departure some members felt it was time to appoint a more accomplished cricketer on a long @-@ term basis . The Yorkshire committee , prompted by the influential county president , Lord Hawke , approached Herbert Sutcliffe , one of the side 's leading professionals . After Sutcliffe 's provisional acceptance of the captaincy , controversy arose . Some members objected to the appointment on the traditional grounds that Sutcliffe was not an amateur ; others felt that if a professional was to be appointed , the post should be offered to the county 's senior professional , Wilfred Rhodes , who had been playing much longer than Sutcliffe . Rhodes himself was offended that he had not been approached . When Sutcliffe became aware of the controversy , he withdrew his acceptance . No offer was made to Rhodes , and the county subsequently appointed amateur William Worsley as captain . He was respected by the team but had little personal success , lasted for just two seasons , and was followed by two further short @-@ term leaders . In 1933 Brian Sellers , a more competent amateur , was appointed and became the long @-@ serving captain that Yorkshire had sought . = = Background = = In the 1920s , every English county cricket team had an amateur captain . Yorkshire had been led by amateurs since Lord Hawke took over the position in 1883 . Amateurs were usually from privileged backgrounds , while professionals were mainly from the working classes . Class distinctions pervaded the game , which was organised and administered by former and current amateurs . They wished to preserve leadership roles for members of the Establishment , in defiance of broader social changes that had reduced their influence in other sports . Administrators argued that amateurs were better captains as they were free from worries over employment . The Wisden editor believed that " the professional may have difficulty in enforcing discipline . He would naturally hesitate to suggest to his committee that this player or that should be dropped , and so be instrumental in depriving the man in question of some part of his livelihood . Further , feeling that an error of judgment would prejudice his standing with the committee , he might well hesitate to take risks . " In 1925 , Lord Hawke , then the Yorkshire president , expressing his hope that an amateur would always be available to captain the national side , had made the impromptu comment , " Pray God , no professional shall ever captain England . " His remarks were widely reported in the press and heavily criticised . This was to leave Hawke in an awkward situation in 1927 . By the end of the 1927 English cricket season , Yorkshire had had a succession of short @-@ term captains . Generally , these men were neither sufficiently good players nor leaders to merit a position in the team , but Yorkshire 's side was strong enough to include them in the interest of maintaining amateur leadership . Tactically , Yorkshire 's success came not from the captain but from the influence of leading professionals Wilfred Rhodes and Emmott Robinson . The captain 's primary role was the enforcement of discipline : maintaining an amicable attitude within the team during games and ensuring that umpires and opponents were respected . In the early 1920s , Yorkshire had been undisciplined on the field ; cricket correspondent Jim Kilburn wrote that they were in danger of becoming " social outcasts " , and E. W. Swanton commented that Yorkshire 's hostile attitude when fielding looked likely to jeopardise their relations with other teams . Matters came to a head in a match against Middlesex in 1924 at Sheffield . The crowd became very antagonistic and a Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) enquiry found that a Yorkshire player had incited the unrest . Further incidents against Surrey that season led the captain Geoffrey Wilson to resign , though he led the team to the County Championship in each of his three years in charge . His resignation was possibly prompted by the Yorkshire president , Lord Hawke , but Wilson did not like the belligerent nature of the team and found it difficult to handle Rhodes . Yorkshire appointed Major Arthur Lupton as captain , hoping that his experience in the army would allow him to exercise greater control than his predecessors had managed . Aged 46 , he was old for a cricketer . He had played once for Yorkshire in 1908 , but was no longer an effective batsman . He was very popular with the players , and managed to improve discipline but had little influence on team tactics . He left such matters to Rhodes and Robinson , to the point where several apocryphal stories emerged about his lack of control . In one story , Yorkshire had scored around 400 . Lupton , hoping to score some easy runs , came out of the amateur dressing room with his bat when a young professional touched his arm and said , " It 's all right , sir . Mr Rhodes has declared [ the innings over ] . " After three years in charge , Lupton resigned the captaincy at the end of 1927 . In their search for a successor , Yorkshire hoped to appoint a player with a better cricketing reputation who would serve for a longer term . = = Appointment of Sutcliffe = = = = = Initial approach = = = At the beginning of the 1927 season , Yorkshire secretary Frederick Toone approached Wilfred Rhodes to suggest that he should resign from his position as senior professional . Rhodes declined , prompted by his wife 's suspicion of a plot against him . This may have been an attempt by Yorkshire to clear the way for a new captain . Lord Hawke was in favour of appointing Herbert Sutcliffe , a professional who had opened the batting for Yorkshire since 1919 . In addition to Rhodes , other professionals on the side had debuted for Yorkshire earlier than Sutcliffe . However , Sutcliffe was unusual among professionals : he had received a commission in the British Army in the First World War , his appearance was always immaculate and when speaking he altered his accent to fit what he considered a better class of society . Such characteristics were more common among amateur cricketers , and Sutcliffe in many ways behaved like one . While not particularly popular with his team @-@ mates , he was respected . Hawke asked Sir Home Gordon , a cricket writer who had assisted Hawke with his autobiography , to sound out other counties to see if they would find Sutcliffe an acceptable captain if he played as an amateur — some players switched from amateur to professional , or vice versa , around this time . Sutcliffe was en route to South Africa with the MCC touring team , but was aware that Yorkshire were considering him as a replacement for Lupton . Sutcliffe 's election was confirmed at a meeting of the club 's governing committee on 2 November 1927 , which voted on two proposals sponsored by Hawke . The first , to give Sutcliffe amateur status , was defeated by 19 votes to 5 ; the second , to appoint him captain , was carried 13 – 11 . On 4 November , a Press Association correspondent informed Sutcliffe on board his ship that he had been appointed . Sutcliffe replied , " It is the biggest honour of my career ... I shall do my utmost to uphold the best traditions of Yorkshire and England cricket . " However , six days later , having arrived in Cape Town , he sent a telegram stating , " I have not yet received by mail an official offer from the Yorkshire authorities of the captaincy of the Yorkshire team next season . " = = = Reaction = = = Reports at the time said that Lord Hawke and Toone had denied all knowledge of the approach to Sutcliffe ; Hawke said he supported the committee but Home Gordon later recalled that Hawke seemed indecisive about the best course of action . In the opinion of cricket writer Alan Gibson , his predicament came from his earlier criticism of professional captaincy . Wisden said that " Yorkshire cricket circles were greatly perturbed by the announcement " . Most opposition to the appointment was based on objections to the idea of a professional captain . In the Yorkshire Post , several members of the county club wrote to express their opinions . Some claimed it was too great a burden for a professional to captain the team while also earning a living through the game and therefore being concerned with his personal performances . Others said that Yorkshire 's amateur leaders were not given enough opportunities to prove themselves before they were replaced . It was also argued that if a suitable amateur candidate was unavailable and a professional appointment unavoidable , Wilfred Rhodes was the senior professional and longest serving player . Rhodes , drawn into the argument , said that the team would have preferred an amateur captain ; he also stated that he had not been approached , which made him feel unappreciated . Other members wrote to support Sutcliffe 's selection , glad a professional was openly appointed ; they thought the team would be strengthened by the decision . At the beginning of December , one Yorkshire member , S. E. Grimshaw , conducted a poll : 2 @,@ 264 Yorkshire members were in favour of an amateur captain , while 444 wanted a professional . If an amateur could not be found , 2 @,@ 007 preferred Rhodes be captain , compared to 876 who supported Sutcliffe . = = = Withdrawal of offer = = = Following the members ' poll , Yorkshire sent a telegram to Sutcliffe in South Africa , asking him to withdraw his acceptance of the captaincy . Sutcliffe replied that he had now considered the offer and was appreciative but had to decline it . When news reached the Yorkshire committee on 18 December , they appointed William Worsley , who had refused the leadership in 1924 due to farming commitments . In the words of Wisden , " Happily the trouble was eventually settled to the satisfaction of all concerned . Sutcliffe declined the honour and , an invitation being extended to Captain Worsley , that gentleman stepped into the breach . " Lord Hawke sent a message which thanked Sutcliffe for " your loyalty to the club " . The Yorkshire Post also paid tribute to Sutcliffe and the way he handled himself , noting that while a conflict of opinion had been inevitable , it was " carried to unreasonable lengths " . Commenting on the affair , The Times expressed regret that Sutcliffe had felt obliged to turn down the leadership ; it noted that amateur captains were preferable in reminding people that cricket was only a game , but that there was nothing in principle to prevent a professional from performing the role . Of Sutcliffe , it said , " One would have liked to see him lead the side , and his general popularity , combined with his skill as a batsman , makes it probable that he would have been a success . However , half the value of a captain is gone if , before he takes up his duties , people begin to question whether he is the right man for the position , and Sutcliffe has been well @-@ advised to recognise this fact . " The newspaper also pointed out that it might have been difficult to choose a skipper from a group of professionals who considered themselves eligible for the role ; it added that Rhodes might have found it hard to captain the side as bowlers had historically struggled to be good leaders . = = Aftermath = = Worsley captained for just two seasons . He struggled with the demands of fielding , while his batting was disappointing . However , he was widely respected by the team . He was slightly more effective in his second season as leader , after which he retired . The next skipper , Alan Barber , although regarded as successful , captained for just one season . He was a more accomplished batsman and a great disciplinarian . However , he chose a career in teaching , limiting his availability , and resigned . The captain after that , Frank Greenwood , also did not hold the post long , resigning due to business commitments . Lord Hawke , writing in 1932 , noted there had been eight captains since he retired in 1910 . While six of them won the County Championship in their first season in charge , he stated that " it is not good for a side to be always changing its captain " . Only when Brian Sellers was appointed in 1933 did Yorkshire gain the leader they wanted . After skippering most games in 1932 during Greenwood 's frequent absences , he remained in the role until 1947 and was considered the best county captain of his time . When Leicestershire appointed Ewart Astill as their captain for the 1935 season , he became the first professional to lead any county on a regular basis since the 19th century . Yorkshire did not have a professional skipper in the 20th century until Vic Wilson in 1960 . Alan Gibson believed that Yorkshire erred in rejecting Sutcliffe . He further argued that , if appointed , Sutcliffe would have been made England Test captain in 1931 instead of Douglas Jardine and that he would have done a good job for several years . Sutcliffe later regretted withdrawing his acceptance . In later years , he told Bill Bowes that Jack Hobbs , Sutcliffe 's opening partner on the national side , should have been made England captain . According to Bowes , he said , " ' Lord Hawke lifted professional cricket from there to there ' ... raising his hand from knee to shoulder level . ' Professional cricketers lifted it to there , ' he continued , raising his hand above his head , ' — and even Lord Hawke wanted it back again . Jack Hobbs , for the sake of the professional cricketer , should have accepted . ' " Sutcliffe 's son Billy subsequently captained Yorkshire from 1956 to 1958 .
= Uherský Brod shooting = On 24 February 2015 , a mass shooting occurred at the Družba restaurant in the town of Uherský Brod , Czech Republic . Nine people were killed , including the gunman , 63 @-@ year @-@ old Zdeněk Kovář , who committed suicide after a standoff with police that lasted nearly two hours . In addition , one other person was injured . Uherský Brod is 260 kilometers ( 160 miles ) east @-@ southeast of the Czech capital Prague . The shooting was one of the two deadliest mass murders in the country 's peacetime history , alongside a 1973 vehicular rampage committed by Olga Hepnarová . The circumstances of the shooting led to an examination on the gun politics in the Czech Republic and police rules of engagement against active shooters . Czech media speculated that the rampage may have been triggered by an apparent attempt of the authorities to review Kovář 's mental state . = = Background = = Due to similarities between the perpetrators , the murders were compared by Czech media and experts to a mass murder that took place two years before in Frenštát pod Radhoštěm , another Moravian town lying 90 km northwards . In the attack , a 57 @-@ year @-@ old man , Antonín Blažek , attempted to blow up a block of flats after having been ordered to vacate his flat that had been foreclosed by creditors . He first blocked both exits from the building , and then removed and opened the main gas supply into the building 's corridor . Interrupted , Blažek set the gas on fire before the gas could spread throughout the whole building . The explosion and subsequent fire , however , were large enough to demolish part of the building , killing Blažek and five other people immediately and wounding eleven others , one of whom died on 17 February 2015 . Before the murders , Kovář 's family became worried about his mental state to the point that they contacted authorities in connection with his possession of gun license . Just four days before the murders , Kovář had received a police request to present a new health clearance under the threat of revoking his license . Before entering the Družba restaurant , Kovář visited at least two other venues . Those , however , had fewer customers , and Kovář left them immediately after entering . = = Murders = = Kovář entered the Družba building at about 12 : 30 pm , the restaurant 's busiest daylight time . Around 20 people were in the small restaurant at the time . Before he entered the restaurant itself , which was situated on the first floor , Petr Gabriel , who was rushing to the bathroom , got ahead of Kovář on stairs leading to an upper floor . Armed with a CZ 75B semi @-@ automatic pistol , which is manufactured in the town , and an Alfa 820 revolver , Kovář opened fire without any warning immediately after entering the restaurant , shooting his victims directly in the head . Eight died immediately or soon afterwards . One female victim , who was shot twice in the chest , managed to leave the restaurant , while Gabriel remained hidden in the restaurant 's bathroom . Eight other people escaped the building through the back door . Another customer , Jiří Nesázel , who took cover under a table , used a moment in which Kovář was reloading , and threw a chair at him , hitting him on the neck . This gave him an opportunity to run out through the front door with two other people . Authorities received the first distress call from a person who escaped from the restaurant at 12 : 38 pm , and the first police car reached the building at 12 : 47 pm . The policemen were armed with the standard equipment for Czech police officers : holstered pistols ( mostly with variants of CZ75 that was also used by Kovář ) , body armor , and a select @-@ fire rifle stored in car . The first two officers to arrive immediately entered the building with body armor on and guns drawn . Kovář , taking cover behind a bar opposite to the door , opened fire on the officers as soon as they entered . The police noted people lying on the ground and sitting on chairs between them and the shooter . Not knowing the status of the civilians , the police decided not to return fire , covered the exits , and waited for the arrival of a tactical unit . By this time , other police units as well as the first ambulance car had arrived , taking away the wounded female victim who had escaped . At 12 : 56 pm , Kovář called a Prima TV station crime news reporter , claiming that he was being harassed by multiple people and that he had hostages whom he threatened to kill . The journalist who spoke to the gunman called the police , who were already sending all available units to the location . A police negotiator contacted Kovář by phone at 13 : 07 . During negotiations , Kovář claimed to have hostages , although all of the people remaining inside were most likely already dead ( apart from Gabriel , who was hiding at the bathroom unbeknownst to Kovář ) . The hostage claim delayed police entry into the building . Kovář stopped communicating at about 14 : 00 p.m. After attempts to contact him failed , the tactical team breached the building at 14 : 23 p.m. Upon the team 's entry , Kovář immediately shot himself dead . Apart from stun grenades , the policemen did not fire a single shot . After securing the restaurant , the police let in a large number of medical personnel . The only person alive who remained inside the building was Gabriel , who had been hiding in the bathroom for the entire duration of the incident . = = Perpetrator and victims = = = = = Perpetrator = = = Zdeněk Kovář ( c . 1951 – 24 February 2015 ) was 63 years old at the time of his death and lived with his wife in a house not far from the scene of the murders . Neighbours described the couple as deranged , both possibly mentally ill , and known for loudness and verbal abuse of their neighbours . Kovář was the son of a worker in the local Česká zbrojovka Uherský Brod ( ČZUB ) firearms factory , the largest small arms manufacturer in the country . Formerly an electrician , he had been unemployed for at least ten years . Kovář had held a gun license since 2000 and legally owned both of the guns he used . = = = Victims = = = A total of eight people , excluding the gunman , died in the rampage . This included seven men , aged 27 to 66 , and one woman , aged 47 . Another woman , aged 37 , survived despite being shot twice in the chest . = = Aftermath = = As more information about Kovář 's notoriety among neighbors surfaced , focus of investigation shifted towards the circumstances under which he gained and retained gun license and firearms . In order to be granted a gun license in the Czech Republic , a person must pass a qualification exam , receive a health clearance by a general practitioner , who may require a further examination by a specialist , such as a psychological or psychiatric evaluation , and must pass a background check . According to Section 23 of the Czech Firearms Act , an applicant may not be granted a license if he has committed more than one misdemeanor against public order in the previous three years . Similarly , the law further makes gun license unaccessible to people with mental illnesses . The license must be renewed every five years ( every ten years for licenses issued after 1 July 2014 ) . The renewal requires the presentation of a new health clearance , while the police conduct a new background check . Kovář 's license was renewed in January 2015 . = = = Misdemeanors registry = = = Kovář applied for a gun license renewal in accordance with the law . According to Kovář 's brother @-@ in @-@ law , neighbors , and a local policeman who had repeated contacts with him , Kovář and his wife had committed misdemeanors against public order . The municipality of Uherský Brod , which deals with such misdemeanors , did not register them and thus Kovář had an apparently clean history . In turn , this satisfied the requirements and he had his license renewed . The renewal of his license was due to the fact that while there is a central registry of crimes and of traffic misdemeanors , no such registry exists for other misdemeanors in the Czech Republic . In the case where a non @-@ traffic misdemeanor is solved on the spot ( e.g. fining by a policeman ) , no record of it is made . Only when the investigated person or the police refuse to deal with the misdemeanor on the spot , is an administrative proceeding before a municipal misdemeanor committee initiated and if convicted , then a record of it is made by the municipality . The Czech government had made a decision to introduce a central registry for all misdemeanors in October 2014 , planning to have the system working within two years . As police are obliged to revoke a gun license when the licensee has committed more than one misdemeanor against public order in a period of three years , the central registry of misdemeanors might have allowed police to effectively revoke the license long before the murders . = = = Health clearance = = = At any time , the police may order a new health clearance inspection if they have a reasonable concern that the person is not healthy enough to continue holding their license . According to the Uherský Brod mayor Patrik Kunčar , Kovář 's family members tried to prevent Kovář from having the license renewed by pleading with his general practitioner not to grant him the necessary health clearance , since they felt threatened and considered him mentally unstable . Nevertheless , Kovář received clearance from his general practitioner and presented it as a part of his license renewal application on 19 January 2015 . After renewing the license in January , the police were contacted by an unspecified person who reported to them on Kovář 's mental state . The police subsequently contacted Kovář 's general practitioner , and psychiatrist , and on 17 February 2015 ordered a health reevaluation . He received the letter on 19 February 2015 , four days before the murders . Under the law , Kovář was obliged to present a new health clearance within a month or lose the license . Czech media has speculated that the apparent attempt of the authorities to review Kovář 's mental state may have triggered the rampage . A few days after the murders , the Ministry of Interior announced its deliberation about making the gun license registry accessible to psychiatrists in order to give them the ability to report to police possible changes of mental state of their patients having an impact on their eligibility to possess firearms . This was , however , rejected by psychiatric associations . They argued that psychiatrists ' main goal is to cure patients , and that potential patients may be more likely to avoid psychiatric treatment for fear of losing their gun license . = = = Police response = = = One of the main topics of debate after Kovář 's rampage became the way police dealt with him , especially whether the first two responding officers were , under the circumstances , supposed to immediately engage and neutralize the perpetrator , and whether the decision to wait for the arrival of the tactical unit was sound . The debate became more vocal after a cook , who managed to escape the rampage , claimed that she heard a slow series of single shots coming from the restaurant after the police had retreated . Another witness , who escaped unharmed , refuted this version of events , saying that shots were fired only during the initial ten minutes leading up to the point of police entry , with no shots heard thereafter . Police said the first responders decided not to engage because they saw civilians lying and sitting in the line of fire between them and the perpetrator ; they didn 't know their status , and the perpetrator had taken cover behind a bar with only his head and hand holding the pistol visible . According to the Chief of the Zlín Regional Police Department , Jaromír Tkadleček , the Uherský Brod district units present had enough manpower and equipment , including select @-@ fire rifles , to engage Kovář . However , they decided to withdraw due to the perpetrator 's claim of having hostages and stated intent to negotiate their release . Apart from local units , a special ordnance unit was called in from its regional headquarters in Zlín . It arrived about 30 minutes later . Because there are eight tactical teams covering fourteen Czech regions and none in Zlín , a tactical team from Brno was called in . The team 's fifteen members reached the restaurant by cars in 66 minutes , opting not to use their helicopter that has a capacity of six . Furthermore , a paramilitary anti @-@ terrorist police URNA unit was called from Prague . However , its helicopters didn 't arrive before the end of the standoff . According to Tkadleček , even if URNA had its headquarters directly in Uherský Brod , it would not have changed anything about the timing nor the manner in which the police engaged Kovář . Zlín region politicians announced they would call for the establishment of a local tactical team . Meanwhile , the Minister of Interior commented that the police were already in the process of hiring 4 @,@ 000 new officers ( about 10 % of its total manpower ) , thus reversing cuts enacted by previous governments . Experts further pointed out the necessity to provide more CQB training to policemen in small municipalities and at rural areas . This type of training had until that point been largely aimed and directed at police officers in large towns . On 10 March 2015 , weekly newspaper Respekt published more details of the police engagement . By chance , an emergency motorized police unit , which usually serve as immediate reinforcement to police officers in the field , was conducting exercises not far from Uherský Brod . The unit arrived within twenty minutes of the first emergency call . Heavily armed and well trained , their officer in charge gave order to immediately engage the perpetrator . Within a minute , the local police station chief arrived and ordered them to stand down , began securing the perimeter , gathering information , and preparing an engagement plan . Meanwhile , Kovář called the emergency line 158 and mentioned he had five unharmed hostages and was demanding the presence of TV Prima . The officer in charge ordered the policemen to stand down just as they were about to enter the building in order to start negotiating . At that time , he could not have been aware of the status of victims inside . Fifteen minutes later , the Zlín region police chief arrived . In total , the command over the operation was passed between five people within the initial 40 minutes . The fact that the police rules allow passing of command during engagement had been condemned a week earlier by Member of Parliament Stanislav Huml , who pointed out to the Czech firemen 's rules , according to which the first person in charge at the place of engagement remains in charge even if a general happens to come to join an operation afterwards . He noted that the passing of command requires briefing which not only leads to loss of time , but often also to subsequent mistakes . As of May 2015 , the only direct outcome of the inquiry into the police response to the shooting was lowering of wage of a dispatch officer , who advised the policemen on spot over the radio not to engage " so that nothing worse happens " . In June 2015 , two members of the Security Committee of the Czech Parliament visited Uherský Brod and talked to multiple witnesses . The MPs issued a report condemning handling of the situation by the police . Among other issues , the MPs criticized that policemen parked their cars and put bullet proof vests on within the shooting range of the attacker , initially failed to get information from the witnesses and only later during the intervention attempted to contact them , didn 't cover the back exit and thus potentially allowed the perpetrator to get out of the object and jeopardize other people . The police even let a helicopter land within the shooting range of the attacker . According to MPs , the police left much to be desired in regards of communication and most importantly , they wrongly decided to believe the perpetrator 's claim of having hostage even though the witnesses could have readily confirmed that everyone inside was most likely dead . The policemen didn 't seal the vicinity of the attack until 1 pm and used civilian phones in communication with superior officers instead of using either their own phones or radio transmitters . Minister of Interior Chovanec commented that the MPs failed to interview the policemen and thus didn 't get all the relevant information . = = = Gun politics = = = In one of the first reactions on the day of the murders , before knowing whether Kovář possessed the guns he used legally , Minister of Interior Milan Chovanec stated that it was up to debate whether " [ the society ] wants to have so many gun license holders " . Support for Chovanec 's comments was largely among members of parliament elected for the Communist Party . Others accused Chovanec of abusing the tragedy for his own political benefit . Some members of parliament , such as Miroslav Antl , Chairman of the Senate Constitutional Committee , commented that the licensing process is thorough enough , and pointed out that he considers carrying of concealed firearm as a necessity due to variety of reasons , especially in recent time also due to the rising threat of Islamist terrorist attacks . Roman Váňa , Chairman of the Parliamentary Security Committee and member of Chovanec 's own Social Democratic party , refused Chovanec 's argument , while some other members of parliament went in the opposite direction , claiming that there are too few armed people among the Czech population , since a single armed civilian might have stopped Kovář 's assault . The sentiment was shared also by , for example , Martin Koller , a former ambassador to Kuvait and Iraq , who said that an armed attacker may be stopped only by armed force , and who pointed out to a past well @-@ known Czech case of a machete attack and to the Charlie Hebdo shooting , stating that both might have ended quite differently had the victims been armed . MF Dnes pointed out that despite the steady rise of firearm ownership in the country since abolition of restrictive Communist legislation after the Velvet Revolution , the number of intentional homicide victims has been steadily falling since its peak in 1994 . During a press conference on 26 February 2015 , Chovanec introduced five areas that were to be scrutinized in connection with the Uherský Brod attack : the communication of national police with municipal authorities , possible changes in crisis plans , operational range of tactical teams , and enhanced training of policemen . Chovanec didn 't repeat his sentiment regarding the number of gun license holders , and instead specified that one of the issues to be analyzed will be the issuing and revocation of licenses under the existing legislation . = = Reactions = = Czech Minister of Interior Milan Chovanec said on Twitter that the shooting was not a terrorist incident but actions of a " crazed individual " . Czech Prime Minister Bohuslav Sobotka , who was on a trip to South Korea at the time , said in a statement , " I am shocked by the tragic attack that happened today in Uherský Brod . I would like to express my deepest sorrow and condolences to the families and relatives of the victims . " Uherský Brod mayor Patrik Kunčar also said , " I 'm shaken to the core by this incident . I could not have dreamed something like this could happen here , in a restaurant that I 'm so familiar with . " The day after the murders , hundreds of people gathered in front of the Družba restaurant and lit candles to honor the victims .
= Amar la Trama = Amar la Trama ( Loving the Plot ) is the ninth studio album by Uruguayan recording artist Jorge Drexler . It was released by Warner Music on March 16 , 2010 , after a four @-@ year gap since the release of his last album of original music . Drexler worked as co @-@ producer , along with Matías Cella and Carles Campi Campón . The themes of the songs are his personal feelings inspired by journeys to Uruguay and Spain , his global wanderings , and the universal wonder of everyday moments . The album received mostly positive reviews ; critics commended Drexler 's lyrics and his ability to perform live in front of a small audience during the recording sessions . The album entered the top five in Spain . The first single , " Una Canción Me Trajo Hasta Aquí " , also received praise . La Trama Circular , a DVD documentary about the recording sessions , is included on the standard edition of the album . On September 8 , 2010 , Amar la Trama received four nominations for the 11th Latin Grammy Awards . = = Background = = In 2005 , Jorge Drexler became the first Uruguayan to win an Academy Award for Best Original Song , for his composition " Al Otro lado del Río " from the film The Motorcycle Diaries . The following year , Drexler recorded and released 12 Segundos de Oscuridad ( Twelve Seconds of Darkness ) , an album that received a Grammy Award nomination . In 2008 , Cara B , a live album that includes his greatest hits along with cover versions of songs written by Leonard Cohen , Caetano Veloso , and Kiko Veneno , was released . Cara B also received a Grammy nomination . The same year , Drexler wrote the score for the film The City of Your Final Destination . During 2009 , Drexler worked with Colombian performer Shakira on the Spanish @-@ language versions of her singles " She Wolf " and " Did it Again " , and recorded Amar la Trama in Madrid , Spain . Drexler described the album as playful , without " the melancholy and anguish " of 12 Segundos . = = Recording = = Amar la Trama was recorded from November 1 – 4 , 2009 , at Cata Studios in Madrid , in a television studio in front of a small audience who were selected in an online contest . He chose this format to avoid the " coldness " of the recording studio . Drexler was the lead vocalist and played guitar , and was joined by a band composed of additional guitarists , a rhythm section , a horn section , backup vocalists , and auxiliary musicians . All the tracks recorded were written by the singer , with the exception of " I Don 't Worry About a Thing " , a song by Mose Allison , which featured American pianist Ben Sidran . Leonor Watling performed vocals on the track " Toque de Queda " ; Josemi Carmona is featured playing Spanish guitar on the song " Los Transeúntes " . Drexler said , " In recent years I 've realized that I sing better if I have an audience in front of me ; I have learned to communicate better that way . " The audience consisted of about 20 fans per session . This kept the musicians tense and alert ; " the concentration was so great that it was perceived in the air , a silence so intense that you can hear it on the album . " All the songs were available on the singer 's official website prior to the album 's release . The recording sessions were presented in the documentary La Trama Circular , directed by Ariel Hassan and Juan Aragonés . Drexler recorded the album with the working title of Mundo Abisal ( Nether World ) , which refers to the deep sea and the inner world of people . He eventually settled on Amar la Trama ( Loving the Plot ) because he has a passion for the plot , " the space between the beginning and end , to be completed , in which things happen . " The album cover is an original work by Manuel Rodríguez Arnabal . = = Music and lyrics = = On the album , Drexler was lyrically inspired by Madrid , where most of the songs were written . Drexler feels is a very optimistic album , since the title begins with the letter " a " , the same as in " affection " . The songs feature a completely different sound treatment , a departure from the " light electronica " of previous albums . Amar la Trama is the result of an artistic evolution originated with the recording of Cara B ; " with nine musicians playing and recording live on the album , I became interested in making music as in the past . " This new concept was explored with a trio of wind instruments and three percussionists , which brings great vitality and achieves bright and expansive sounds . The lyrics are very personal , and choose meaning over sonority . The first track , " Tres Mil Millones de Latidos " , is a song about existence that plays with the theme of identity , which is often present in Drexler 's lyrics . " Noctiluca " is a gift to his son , since " having a child is the best experience to lose the fear of feelings . " The inspiration for this song was a phosphorescent sea , lit by Noctiluca scintillans , that he observed at Cabo Polonio , Uruguay . = = Reception = = The album received mostly positive reviews . Jason Birchmeier of AllMusic said it was " nothing short of tremendous " and " excellent " . He praised Drexler 's writing abilities and his courage in recording an album in front of a live audience ; Birchmeier said that " Una Canción Me Trajo Hasta Aquí " , " Mundo Abisal " , and " La Trama y el Desenlace " were standouts worthy of special mention . Darío Vico of Rolling Stone gave the album a perfect score of five stars , naming the album a resounding success and a " big- bang curious emotional process . " Argentinian magazine , The Magazine , recognized Drexler as a " master " at designing memorable melodies , and maintaining a high literary level while writing lyrics . In her review for Billboard magazine , Judy Cantor @-@ Navas noted that the lyrics were " poetic " , and addressed familiar themes for the singer : fated encounters , global wanderings , the South American experience , and the universal wonder of everyday moments . She praised " Toque de Queda " , since " Drexler returns to his Southern roots musically and thematically . " Cantor commented that the first track , " Tres Mil Millones de Latidos " , seems " fuzzy " since the arrangement diverts attention from Drexler 's voice . Drexler received four nominations at the 11th Latin Grammy Awards , including Best Singer @-@ Songwriter Album for Amar la Trama , Best Long Form Video for La Trama Circular ( shared with Ariel Hassan ) , and Record of the Year and Song of the Year for the single " Una Canción Me Trajo Hasta Aquí " . The included DVD , La Trama Circular , was nominated for a Premio de la Música by the Sociedad General de Autores y Editores in Spain , for Best Musical Audiovisual Production . = = Track listing = = All songs written and composed by Jorge Drexler ( except where noted ) . = = Chart performance = = The album debuted and peaked at number 5 on the Spanish Album Charts on March 21 , 2010 , the highest debut of the week . Amar la Trama spent an additional week in the top ten and 26 weeks in the top 100 . = = Personnel = = Jorge Drexler – main performer , co @-@ producer , vocals , lyricist , guitar Matías Cella – producer , vocals Carles Campi Campón – co @-@ producer , autoharp , glockenspiel , omnichord , guitar , vocals Roc Albero – flugelhorn Borja Barrueta – lap steel guitar , drums , vocals Josemi Carmona – spanish guitar Ben Sidran – organ , vocals Josema Martín – marimba , vocals Sebastián Merlín – marimba , vocals Leo Sidran – marimba Ángela Cervantes – vocals Leonor Watling – vocals Xavi Lozano – vocals
= Russian monitor Perun = Perun ( Russian : Перун ) was an Uragan @-@ class monitor built for the Imperial Russian Navy in the mid @-@ 1860s . The design was based on the American Passaic @-@ class monitor , but was modified to suit Russian engines , guns and construction techniques . Spending her entire career with the Baltic Fleet , the ship was only active when the Gulf of Finland was not frozen , but very little is known about her service . Perun was struck from the Navy List in 1900 and became a pilot ship . Renamed Lotsiia ( Pilot ) in 1915 , the ship was damaged during the Kronstadt rebellion of 1921 and laid up afterwards . She was run aground by a flood three years later and then her wreck was scrapped . = = Description = = Perun was 201 feet ( 61 @.@ 3 m ) long overall , with a beam of 46 feet ( 14 @.@ 0 m ) and a draft of 10 @.@ 16 – 10 @.@ 84 feet ( 3 @.@ 1 – 3 @.@ 3 m ) . She displaced 1 @,@ 500 – 1 @,@ 600 long tons ( 1 @,@ 524 – 1 @,@ 626 t ) , and her crew numbered 8 officers and 88 enlisted men in 1865 . They numbered 10 officers and 100 crewmen 12 years later . The ship was fitted with a two @-@ cylinder , horizontal direct @-@ acting steam engine built by Carr and MacPherson of Saint Petersburg . It drove a single propeller using steam that was provided by two rectangular boilers . Specific information on the output of the ship 's engine has not survived , but it ranged between 340 – 500 indicated horsepower ( 254 – 373 kW ) for all the ships of this class . During Perun 's sea trials on 16 August 1865 , she reached a maximum speed of 6 @.@ 75 knots ( 12 @.@ 50 km / h ; 7 @.@ 77 mph ) . She carried a maximum of 190 long tons ( 193 t ) of coal , which gave her a theoretical endurance of 1 @,@ 440 nmi ( 2 @,@ 670 km ; 1 @,@ 660 mi ) at 6 knots ( 11 km / h ; 6 @.@ 9 mph ) . Perun was designed to be armed with a pair of nine @-@ inch ( 229 mm ) smoothbore muzzle @-@ loading guns purchased from Krupp of Germany and rifled in Russia , but the rifling project was seriously delayed and the ship was completed with nine @-@ inch smoothbores . These lacked the penetration power necessary to deal with ironclads and they were replaced by license @-@ built fifteen @-@ inch ( 380 mm ) smoothbore muzzle @-@ loading Rodman guns in 1867 – 68 . The Rodman guns were replaced around 1876 with the originally intended nine @-@ inch rifled guns . All of the wrought @-@ iron armor that was used in the Uragan @-@ class monitors was in 1 @-@ inch ( 25 mm ) plates , just as in the Passaic @-@ class ships . The side of the ship was entirely covered with three to five layers of armor plates , of which the three innermost plates extended 42 inches ( 1 @.@ 1 m ) below the waterline . This armor was backed by a wooden beam that had a maximum thickness of 36 inches ( 914 mm ) . The gun turret was protected by eleven layers of armor and the pilothouse above it had eight layers of armor . Curved plates six layers thick protected the base of the funnel up to a height of 7 feet ( 2 @.@ 1 m ) above the deck . Unlike their predecessors , the Uragans were built without deck armor to save weight . = = Career = = Construction of the ship began on 7 September 1863 at the Semiannikov & Poletika Shipyard in Saint Petersburg . Perun was laid down on 15 December 1863 and she was launched on 30 June 1864 . She entered service on 1 September 1865 and cost a total of 1 @,@ 142 @,@ 700 rubles , almost double her contract cost of 600 @,@ 000 rubles . The ship was assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion and she , and all of her sister ships except Latnik , made a port visit to Stockholm , Sweden in July – August 1865 while under the command of General Admiral Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich . She was present when the American warships Miantonomoh and Augusta visited Kronstadt in July – August 1866 . Sometime after Perun was completed , an armored ring , 5 inches ( 127 mm ) thick and 15 inches ( 381 mm ) tall , was fitted around the base of the turret to prevent splinters from jamming it . Later , an armored , outward @-@ curving bulwark was fitted around the top of the turret to protect any crewmen there . Three sponsons were later added , probably during the 1870s , to the upper portion of the turret . Each sponson , one above the gun ports and one on each side of the turret , mounted a light gun , probably a 1 @.@ 75 @-@ inch ( 44 mm ) Engstrem gun , for defense against torpedo boats . A fourth gun was mounted on a platform aft of the funnel when a hurricane deck was built between the funnel and the turret , also probably during the 1870s . Little is known about the ship 's career other than that she was laid up each winter when the Gulf of Finland froze . On 18 July 1875 , she was accidentally rammed by the ironclad Admiral Chichagov , but only suffered minor damage . Perun was reclassified as a coast defense ironclad on 13 February 1892 and turned over to the Port of Kronstadt for disposal on 6 July 1900 , although she was not stricken until 17 August . After she was stricken she was used as a pilot ship before being renamed Lotsiia ( Pilot ) in 1915 . During the 1921 Kronstadt rebellion , the ship was struck by artillery fire . She was laid up after the resulting fire badly damaged her . During a flood on 23 September 1924 , Lotsiia ran aground and was subsequently broken up for scrap .
= HMS Kempenfelt ( I18 ) = HMS Kempenfelt was a C @-@ class destroyer built for the Royal Navy in the early 1930s . A flotilla leader , she saw service in the Home Fleet before World War II and the ship made several deployments to Spanish waters during the Spanish Civil War , enforcing the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides of the conflict . Kempenfelt was transferred to the Royal Canadian Navy ( RCN ) in 1939 and renamed HMCS Assiniboine . During World War II , she served as a convoy escort in the battle of the Atlantic , sinking one German submarine by ramming , on anti @-@ submarine patrols during the invasion of Normandy , and was employed as a troop transport after VE Day for returning Canadian servicemen , before being decommissioned in mid @-@ 1945 . Assiniboine was sold for scrap in 1945 , but she ran aground while being towed to the breakers and was not broken up until 1952 . = = Design and construction = = Kempenfelt displaced 1 @,@ 390 long tons ( 1 @,@ 410 t ) at standard load and 1 @,@ 901 long tons ( 1 @,@ 932 t ) at deep load . The ship had an overall length of 329 feet ( 100 @.@ 3 m ) , a beam of 33 feet ( 10 @.@ 1 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 6 inches ( 3 @.@ 8 m ) . She was powered by Parsons geared steam turbines , driving two shafts , which developed a total of 36 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 27 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 36 knots ( 67 km / h ; 41 mph ) . Steam for the turbines was provided by three Yarrow water @-@ tube boilers . Kempenfelt carried a maximum of 473 long tons ( 481 t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 5 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 200 km ; 6 @,@ 300 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . The ship 's complement was 175 officers and men . The ship mounted four 45 @-@ calibre 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch Mark IX guns in single mounts , designated ' A ' , ' B ' , ' X ' , and ' Y ' from front to rear . For anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) defence , Kempenfelt had a single QF 3 @-@ inch 20 cwt AA gun between her funnels , and two 40 @-@ millimetre ( 1 @.@ 6 in ) QF 2 @-@ pounder Mk II AA guns mounted on the aft end of her forecastle deck . The 3 @-@ inch ( 76 mm ) AA gun was removed in 1936 and the 2 @-@ pounders were relocated to between the funnels . She was fitted with two above @-@ water quadruple torpedo tube mounts for 21 @-@ inch torpedoes . Three depth @-@ charge chutes were fitted , each with a capacity of two depth charges . After World War II began this was increased to 33 depth charges , delivered by one or two rails and two throwers . The changes made to Assiniboine 's armament during the war ( dates can only be roughly assigned ) were first the replacement of the ship 's rear torpedo tube mount by a 12 @-@ pounder AA gun and the 2 @-@ pounders were exchanged for quadruple Mark I mounts for the QF 0 @.@ 5 @-@ inch Vickers Mk III machine gun . Later , ' Y ' gun was also removed to allow her depth charge stowage to be increased to at least 60 depth charges . ' X ' gun was later removed and the 12 @-@ pounder was resited in its place to further increased her depth charge capacity . Later changes included fitting a split Hedgehog anti @-@ submarine spigot mortar on each side of ' A ' gun , exchanging her two quadruple .50 @-@ calibre Vickers machine guns mounted between her funnels for two Oerlikon 20 mm AA guns , and the addition of two Oerlikon guns to her searchlight platform . The ship 's director @-@ control tower and rangefinder above the bridge were removed in exchange for a Type 271 target indication radar . A Type 286 short @-@ range surface search radar was also added as was an HF / DF radio direction finder on a short mainmast . The ship was ordered on 15 July 1930 from J. Samuel White at Cowes under the 1929 Programme . Kempenfelt was laid down on 18 October 1930 , launched on 30 September 1931 , as the 2nd ship to carry the name , and completed on 30 May 1932 . Built as a flotilla leader , she displaced 15 long tons more than the rest of her class and carried an extra 30 personnel . These personnel formed the staff of the Captain ( D ) of the flotilla . = = Service = = Kempenfelt was assigned to the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla , of the Home Fleet , after her commissioning . The ship briefly mounted an experimental 5 @.@ 1 @-@ inch ( 130 mm ) gun on ' B ' mount for evaluation purposes during this time ; it was replaced by the standard 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch gun . She was based at Rosyth for most of the rest of 1932 , but visited the Mediterranean between January and March 1933 before returning home . The ship was given a refit at Devonport that ended in January 1934 . Shortly afterwards , Kempenfelt participated in the Home Fleet 's tour of the West Indies that ended in March . The ship visited various Scandinavian ports during the remainder of the year . She participated in King George V 's Silver Jubilee Fleet Review at Spithead on 16 July 1935 . Following the Italian invasion of Abyssinia , Kempenfelt was sent in August to the Red Sea with the other ships of the 2nd Flotilla to monitor Italian warship movements until April 1936 . She was given a brief refit at Devonport that lasted until June upon her return to the UK . During the first stages of the Spanish Civil War in late 1936 , the ship evacuated British nationals from several different Spanish ports . In December , Kempenfelt began a more thorough refit at Devonport that lasted until 10 April 1937 and returned to Spanish waters afterwards to intercept shipping carrying contraband goods to Spain and to protect British @-@ flagged ships . On 6 March , the ship and the destroyer Boreas , rescued survivors from the Nationalist heavy cruiser Baleares after she had been sunk by Republican destroyers during the Battle of Cape Palos . She was refitted at Chatham in May – June 1938 and made a number of port visits in Scandinavia the following month . Kempenfelt was transferred to the Portsmouth Local Flotilla and remained there until the war began in September 1939 . = = = Wartime service and transfer = = = The ship was transferred to the 18th Destroyer Flotilla , based at the Isle of Portland , where she escorted shipping and conducted anti @-@ submarine patrols . Kempenfelt had been purchased before the war began by the Canadian government , but it agreed to allow the British to retain her until the Royal Navy could compensate for her loss by requisitioning enough auxiliary anti @-@ submarine vessels . By the time that the British were ready to turn her over to the RCN , the ship was under repair after a collision and the hand over was delayed until 19 October . She was renamed Assiniboine and arrived at Halifax , Nova Scotia on 17 November . The ship had not yet been fitting with the steam heating necessary to operate in a Canadian winter and she was transferred to the Caribbean in exchange for the destroyer HMCS Saguenay . Assiniboine arrived at Kingston , Jamaica on 8 December . Assigned to the North America and West Indies Station , the highlight of the ship 's service in the Caribbean was the capture of the German blockade runner MV Hannover in the Mona Passage between the islands of Hispaniola and Puerto Rico on the night of 8 / 9 March 1940 . Initially intercepted by the light cruiser Dunedin , the crew of Hannover disabled their steering gear and set the ship on fire . Assiniboine took the burning ship under tow to prevent her from entering the waters of the neutral Dominican Republic while the cruiser sprayed water on the fire . The two ships swapped roles in the morning and the destroyer put some of her crew aboard Hannover to help Dunedin 's boarding party fight the fire while the cruiser towed the freighter to Kingston . Assiniboine arrived in Halifax on 31 March for a refit . After the completion of her refit , the ship escorted local convoys in and around Halifax until 15 January 1941 when she was transferred to Greenock and assigned to the 10th Escort Group of the Mid @-@ Ocean Escort Force that was based there . Assiniboine rescued survivors from SS Anchises on 28 February and was damaged in a collision with MV Lairdswood on 5 April . Her repairs were not completed until 22 May and she was transferred to St. John 's , Newfoundland in June to reinforce escort forces in the Western Atlantic . In early August , Assiniboine , her sister Restigouche and the ex @-@ American destroyer HMS Ripley , escorted the battleship Prince of Wales to Placentia Bay where Prime Minister Winston Churchill met President Franklin Roosevelt for the first time . Whilst escorting Convoy SC 94 in early August 1942 as part of Escort Group C1 , Assiniboine 's Type 286 radar spotted U @-@ 210 in a heavy fog on 6 August . The destroyer closed on the contact and briefly spotted the submarine twice before losing her in the fog . The submarine reappeared crossing the destroyer 's bow at a range of 50 yards ( 46 m ) , and both ships opened fire . The range was too close for Assiniboine 's 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch guns to engage , but her .50 @-@ calibre machine guns shot up the submarine 's deck and conning tower . This kept the Germans from manning their 88 @-@ millimetre ( 3 @.@ 5 in ) deck gun , but the 20 @-@ millimetre ( 0 @.@ 79 in ) flak gun was already manned and firing . The gun punched holes through the destroyer 's plating that set some petrol tanks on the deck afire and disabled ' A ' gun . It also claimed the only Canadian casualty during the engagement : Ordinary Seaman Kenneth " Wiley " Watson from Revelestoke , BC . The destroyer was unable to ram U @-@ 210 until the rear 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch gun hit the conning tower , killing the entire bridge crew and the .50 @-@ caliber machine guns were able to silence the flak gun . This caused Lieutenant Sorber , the senior surviving officer , to order the submarine to dive , but this meant that she had to hold a straight course while doing so . Assiniboine was able to take advantage of this and rammed U @-@ 210 abaft the conning tower whilst she was diving . This caused the electric motors to fail , damaged her propellers and led to water entering the submarine , as a result of which Sorber ordered the ballast tanks to be blown and the submarine abandoned . The destroyer rammed her again when U @-@ 210 resurfaced , dropped a pattern of depth charges set to detonate at shallow depth and hit her one more time with a 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch shell before the submarine finally sank . A number of survivors were rescued by Assiniboine and the British corvette Dianthus , before the former ship had to head home for repairs as she was taking on water below the waterline . She required nearly two months of repairs at Halifax and was assigned to Escort Group C3 when they were completed on 20 December . Whilst en route to Londonderry , Assiniboine dropped a shallow pattern of depth charges on a submarine contact and badly damaged her stern on 2 March 1943 . The ship was repaired at Liverpool between 7 March and 13 July and then assigned to Escort Group C1 . She continued her escort work until April 1944 when she began a refit at Shelburne , Nova Scotia . Upon its completion in July , Assiniboine was assigned to the Western Approaches Command . The following month , the 12th Support Group , including Assiniboine , engaged three German minesweepers on 12 August , without sinking any . She remained in British waters for the rest of the war ; the ship was damaged in a collision with SS Empire Bond on 14 February 1945 and was under repair until early March . Assiniboine returned to Canada in June and was briefly used as a troop transport before a boiler room fire on 4 July effectively ended her career . She was paid off on 8 August and placed on the disposal list . Whilst on tow to the breakers in Baltimore , she ran aground near East Point , Prince Edward Island . Attempts to get her off failed , and she was left to rust until eventually being broken up in place in 1952 . = = = Trans @-@ Atlantic convoys escorted = = =
= Yellow Star ( novel ) = Yellow Star is a 2006 biographical children 's novel by Jennifer Roy . Written in free verse , it depicts life through the eyes of a young Jewish girl whose family was forced into the Łódź Ghetto in 1939 during World War II . Roy tells the story of her aunt Syvia , who shared her childhood memories with Roy more than 50 years after the ghetto 's liberation . Roy added fictionalized dialogue , but did not otherwise alter the story . The book covers Syvia 's life as she grows from four and a half to ten years old in the ghetto . Syvia , her older sister Dora , and her younger cousin Isaac were three of only twelve children who survived . After the war , Syvia moved to the United States , married , and only much later told her story to Roy . Since its publication in 2006 , the book has received multiple awards , starred reviews , and other accolades , and has been made into a likewise well @-@ received audiobook . = = Background = = Yellow Star is the outgrowth of Sylvia Perlmutter Rozines ' recollections of life in the Łódź ghetto . Perlmutter Rozines , then Syvia Perlmutter , was a four and a half year old child when she and her relatives were confined to the ghetto in late 1939 . The ghetto was liberated the day before she turned 10 : more than half her life had been lived in the ghetto . The book relates the events of those five and a half years , as an adult Sylvia recalled them years later . The title derives from the yellow badge that Syvia was forced to wear. but nobody knows it . More than 50 years after the events described in the book , Perlmutter Rozines began telling her story to family members , starting with her son , Roy 's cousin Greg , who told Roy 's sister Julia , who told Roy . Roy tape recorded the conversations between herself and Perlmutter Rozines , and used those conversations as the basis for the book . Yellow Star is written in free verse , after Roy struggled with how to authentically express Perlmutter Rozines ' experiences to children in a way that did not seem stiff or detached . Roy cites Karen Hesse 's Newbery Medal -winning Out of the Dust as an inspiration for the book 's voice . Roy edited Perlmutter Rozines ' various recollections together into chronological order , and penned narrative introductions to each chapter describing the war 's events outside the ghetto . While the book is substantially based on Perlmutter Rozines ' recollections , it is classified as historical fiction since Roy included fictionalized dialogue . = = Plot = = In 1939 , the Nazis invaded Poland and forced that nation 's second @-@ largest community of Jews , 270 @,@ 000 strong , into one section of the city of Łódź , which they later walled off to form a ghetto . Before the invasion , Syvia and her family lived in Łódź . When her father heard rumors of the impending German invasion , the family traveled by buggy to Warsaw . The family was unable to find work or housing in Warsaw , so they returned to Lodz . When the Germans did invade , they forced Syvia 's family to relocate , along with other Łódź @-@ area Jews , into a segregated section of the city : a ghetto . The book relates Syvia 's explanations of what life in the ghetto is like : her friends , people around the ghetto , jobs , and her schedule . It relates how Syvia 's family is forced to sell her doll , leaving her with rags and buttons as her playthings . When the other Jewish children were sent to Chelmno , Syvia 's family smuggled the children from cellar to cellar . The book also relates tragic events : one of Syvia 's friends disappears , and another is killed and burned in an extermination camp . The ghetto is liberated one day shy of Syvia 's tenth birthday , on January 19 , 1945 . Syvia , her older sister Dora , and a younger cousin , Isaac , were three of only twelve children who survived . = = Aftermath = = An extensive " Author 's Note " details the fate of the people Syvia interacted with in the Ghetto , including how the survivors in her immediate family settled initially in Paris . Afterwards , she emigrated to the United States , Americanized her name , married David Rozines ( another Holocaust survivor ) , and settled in upstate New York as Sylvia Perlmutter Rozines . As of 2006 , Sylvia , now widowed , had moved to Maryland , and volunteers at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington , D.C. She gave a videotaped interview to the Shoah Foundation , which records the personal recollections of Holocaust survivors . = = Reception = = Yellow Star received starred reviews in Publishers Weekly and Booklist . The Publishers Weekly review commended the book for " the lyricism of the narrative , and Syvia 's credible childlike voice , maturing with each chapter , as she gains further understanding of the events around her " . Another reviewer praised the format , saying the " free @-@ verse format suits the young narrator and subject matter well " and concluding that " Readers searching for an accessible Holocaust novel will be absorbed by this haunting story based on true events " . Library Media Connection 's review praises Roy for her age @-@ appropriate language : " When Syvia witnesses the shooting of people in the street , author Jennifer Roy captures the fear of the moment without graphic descriptions " . Yellow Star was selected as a " fiction and poetry honor book " in the 2006 Boston Globe @-@ Horn Book Awards , an American Library Association Notable Children 's Book for Older Readers in April 2007 , and won the 2009 William Allen White Children 's Book Award , selected by vote of sixth- through eighth @-@ graders in Kansas . Yellow Star was made into an audiobook read by Christina Moore in 2007 . A Booklist review noted that " Moore 's ' vroom sput @-@ sput pop ' to mirror Nazi motorcycles , booming bomb sounds , and transition to a scratchy voice to reflect the youngster 's oncoming sickness more than make up for a few technical glitches , including evidence of page turning and distracting breathing sounds . " Roy , whose other works include children 's educational materials , hosts a variety of Yellow Star " Guides for Teachers and Book Groups " on her website .
= Corona Australis = Corona Australis or Corona Austrina is a constellation in the Southern Celestial Hemisphere . Its Latin name means " southern crown " , and it is the southern counterpart of Corona Borealis , the northern crown . One of the 48 constellations listed by the 2nd @-@ century astronomer Ptolemy , it remains one of the 88 modern constellations . The Ancient Greeks saw Corona Australis as a wreath rather than a crown and associated it with Sagittarius or Centaurus . Other cultures have likened the pattern to a turtle , ostrich nest , a tent , or even a hut belonging to a rock hyrax . Although fainter than its namesake , the oval- or horseshoe @-@ shaped pattern of its brighter stars renders it distinctive . Alpha and Beta Coronae Australis are the two brightest stars with an apparent magnitude of around 4 @.@ 1 . Epsilon Coronae Australis is the brightest example of a W Ursae Majoris variable in the southern sky . Lying alongside the Milky Way , Corona Australis contains one of the closest star @-@ forming regions to the Solar System — a dusty dark nebula known as the Corona Australis Molecular Cloud , lying about 430 light years away . Within it are stars at the earliest stages of their lifespan . The variable stars R and TY Coronae Australis light up parts of the nebula , which varies in brightness accordingly . = = Characteristics = = Corona Australis is a small constellation bordered by Sagittarius to the north , Scorpius to the west , Telescopium to the south , and Ara to the southwest . The three @-@ letter abbreviation for the constellation , as adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1922 , is ' CrA ' . The official constellation boundaries , as set by Eugène Delporte in 1930 , are defined by a polygon of four segments ( illustrated in infobox ) . In the equatorial coordinate system , the right ascension coordinates of these borders lie between 17h 58.3m and 19h 19.0m , while the declination coordinates are between − 36 @.@ 77 ° and − 45 @.@ 52 ° . Covering 128 square degrees , Corona Australis culminates at midnight around the 30th of June and ranks 80th in area . Only visible at latitudes south of 53 ° north , Corona Australis cannot be seen from the British Isles as it lies too far south , but it can be seen from southern Europe and readily from the southern United States . = = Notable features = = While not a bright constellation , Corona Australis is nonetheless distinctive due to its easily identifiable pattern of stars , which has been described as horseshoe- or oval @-@ shaped . Though it has no stars brighter than 4th magnitude , it still has 21 stars visible to the unaided eye ( brighter than magnitude 5 @.@ 5 ) . Nicolas Louis de Lacaille used the Greek letters Alpha through to Lambda to label the most prominent eleven stars in the constellation , designating two stars as Eta and omitting Iota altogether . Mu Coronae Australis , a yellow star of spectral type G5.5III and apparent magnitude 5 @.@ 21 , was labelled by Johann Elert Bode and retained by Benjamin Gould , who deemed it bright enough to warrant naming . = = = Stars = = = The only star in the constellation to have received a name is Alfecca Meridiana or Alpha CrA . The name combines the Arabic name of the constellation with the Latin for " southern " . In Arabic , Alfecca means " break " , and refers to the shape of both Corona Australis and Corona Borealis . Also called simply " Meridiana " , it is a white main sequence star located 130 light years away from Earth , with an apparent magnitude of 4 @.@ 10 and spectral type A2Va . A rapidly rotating star , it spins at almost 200 km per second at its equator , making a complete revolution in around 14 hours . Like the star Vega , it has excess infrared radiation , which indicates it may be ringed by a disk of dust . It is currently a main @-@ sequence star , but will eventually evolve into a white dwarf ; currently , it has a luminosity 31 times greater , and a radius and mass of 2 @.@ 3 times that of the Sun . Beta Coronae Australis is an orange giant 510 light years from Earth . Its spectral type is K0II , and it is of apparent magnitude 4 @.@ 11 . Since its formation , it has evolved from a B @-@ type star to a K @-@ type star . Its luminosity class places it as a bright giant ; its luminosity is 730 times that of the Sun , designating it one of the highest @-@ luminosity K0 @-@ type stars visible to the naked eye . 100 million years old , it has a radius of 43 solar radii ( R ☉ ) and a mass of between 4 @.@ 5 and 5 solar masses ( M ☉ ) . Alpha and Beta are so similar as to be indistinguishable in brightness to the naked eye . Some of the more prominent double stars include Gamma Coronae Australis — a pair of yellowish white stars 58 light years away from Earth , which orbit each other every 122 years . Widening since 1990 , the two stars can be seen as separate with a 100 mm aperture telescope ; they are separated by 1 @.@ 3 arcseconds at an angle of 61 degrees . They have a combined visual magnitude of 4 @.@ 2 ; each component is an F8V dwarf star with a magnitude of 5 @.@ 01 . Epsilon Coronae Australis is an eclipsing binary belonging to a class of stars known as W Ursae Majoris variables . These star systems are known as contact binaries as the component stars are so close together they touch . Varying by a quarter of a magnitude around an average apparent magnitude of 4 @.@ 83 every seven hours , the star system lies 98 light years away . Its spectral type is F4VFe @-@ 0 @.@ 8 + . At the southern end of the crown asterism are the stars Eta ¹ and Eta ² Coronae Australis , which form an optical double . Of magnitude 5 @.@ 1 and 5 @.@ 5 , they are separable with the naked eye and are both white . Kappa Coronae Australis is an easily resolved optical double — the components are of apparent magnitudes 6 @.@ 3 and 5 @.@ 7 and are 1700 and 490 light years away respectively . They appear at an angle of 359 degrees , separated by 21 @.@ 6 arcseconds . Kappa ² is actually the brighter of the pair and is more bluish white , with a spectral type of B9V , while Kappa ¹ is of spectral type A0III . Lying 202 light years away , Lambda Coronae Australis is a double splittable in small telescopes . The primary is a white star of spectral type A2Vn and magnitude of 5 @.@ 1 , while the companion star has a magnitude of 9 @.@ 7 . The two components are separated by 29 @.@ 2 arcseconds at an angle of 214 degrees . Zeta Coronae Australis is a rapidly rotating main sequence star with an apparent magnitude of 4 @.@ 8 , 221 @.@ 7 light years from Earth . The star has blurred lines in its hydrogen spectrum due to its rotation . Its spectral type is B9V . Theta Coronae Australis lies further to the west , a yellow giant of spectral type G8III and apparent magnitude 4 @.@ 62 . Corona Australis harbours RX J1856.5 @-@ 3754 , an isolated neutron star that is thought to lie 140 ( ± 40 ) parsecs , or 460 ( ± 130 ) light years , away , with a diameter of 14 km . It was once suspected to be a strange star , but this has been discounted . = = = Deep sky objects = = = In the north of the constellation is the Corona Australis Molecular Cloud , a dark molecular cloud with many embedded reflection nebulae , including NGC 6729 , NGC 6726 – 7 , and IC 4812 . A star @-@ forming region of around 7000 M ☉ , it contains Herbig – Haro objects ( protostars ) and some very young stars . About 430 light years ( 130 parsecs ) away , it is one of the closest star @-@ forming regions to the Solar System . The related NGC 6726 and 6727 , along with unrelated NGC 6729 , were first recorded by Johann Friedrich Julius Schmidt in 1865 . The Coronet cluster , about 554 light years ( 170 parsecs ) away at the edge of the Gould Belt , is also used in studying star and protoplanetary disk formation . R Coronae Australis is an irregular variable star ranging from magnitudes 9 @.@ 7 to 13 @.@ 9 . Blue @-@ white , it is of spectral type B5IIIpe . A very young star , it is still accumulating interstellar material . It is obscured by , and illuminates , the surrounding nebula , NGC 6729 , which brightens and darkens with it . The nebula is often compared to a comet for its appearance in a telescope , as its length is five times its width . S Coronae Australis is a G @-@ class dwarf in the same field as R and is a T Tauri star . Nearby , another young variable star , TY Coronae Australis , illuminates another nebula : reflection nebula NGC 6726 – 7 . TY Coronae Australis ranges irregularly between magnitudes 8 @.@ 7 and 12 @.@ 4 , and the brightness of the nebula varies with it . Blue @-@ white , it is of spectral type B8e . The largest young stars in the region , R , S , T , TY and VV Coronae Australis , are all ejecting jets of material which cause surrounding dust and gas to coalesce and form Herbig – Haro objects , many of which have been identified nearby . Lying adjacent to the nebulosity is the globular cluster known as NGC 6723 , which is actually in the neighbouring constellation of Sagittarius and is much much further away . Near Epsilon and Gamma Coronae Australis is Bernes 157 , a dark nebula and star forming region . It is a large nebula , 55 by 18 arcminutes , that possesses several stars around magnitude 13 . These stars have been dimmed by up to 8 magnitudes by its dust clouds . IC 1297 is a planetary nebula of apparent magnitude 10 @.@ 7 , which appears as a green @-@ hued roundish object in higher @-@ powered amateur instruments . The nebula surrounds the variable star RU Coronae Australis , which has an average apparent magnitude of 12 @.@ 9 and is a WC class Wolf – Rayet star . IC 1297 is small , at only 7 arcseconds in diameter ; it has been described as " a square with rounded edges " in the eyepiece , elongated in the north @-@ south direction . Descriptions of its color encompass blue , blue @-@ tinged green , and green @-@ tinged blue . Corona Australis ' location near the Milky Way means that galaxies are uncommonly seen . NGC 6768 is a magnitude 11 @.@ 2 object 35 ′ south of IC 1297 . It is made up of two galaxies merging , one of which is an elongated elliptical galaxy of classification E4 and the other a lenticular galaxy of classification S0 . IC 4808 is a galaxy of apparent magnitude 12 @.@ 9 located on the border of Corona Australis with the neighbouring constellation of Telescopium and 3 @.@ 9 degrees west @-@ southwest of Beta Sagittarii . However , amateur telescopes will only show a suggestion of its spiral structure . It is 1 @.@ 9 arcminutes by 0 @.@ 8 arcminutes . The central area of the galaxy does appear brighter in an amateur instrument , which shows it to be tilted northeast @-@ southwest . Southeast of Theta and southwest of Eta lies the open cluster ESO 281 @-@ SC24 , which is composed of the yellow 9th magnitude star GSC 7914 178 1 and five 10th to 11th magnitude stars . Halfway between Theta Coronae Australis and Theta Scorpii is the dense globular cluster NGC 6541 . Described as between magnitude 6 @.@ 3 and magnitude 6 @.@ 6 , it is visible in binoculars and small telescopes . Around 22000 light years away , it is around 100 light years in diameter . It is estimated to be around 14 billion years old . NGC 6541 appears 13 @.@ 1 arcminutes in diameter and is somewhat resolvable in large amateur instruments ; a 12 @-@ inch telescope reveals approximately 100 stars but the core remains unresolved . = = = Meteor showers = = = The Corona Australids are a meteor shower that takes place between 14 and 18 March each year , peaking around 16 March . This meteor shower does not have a high peak hourly rate . In 1953 and 1956 , observers noted a maximum of 6 meteors per hour and 4 meteors per hour respectively ; in 1955 the shower was " barely resolved " . However , in 1992 , astronomers detected a peak rate of 45 meteors per hour . The Corona Australids ' rate varies from year to year . At only six days , the shower 's duration is particularly short , and its meteoroids are small ; the stream is devoid of large meteoroids . The Corona Australids were first seen with the unaided eye in 1935 and first observed with radar in 1955 . Corona Australid meteors have an entry velocity of 45 kilometers per second . In 2006 , a shower originating near Beta Coronae Australis was designated as the Beta Coronae Australids . They appear in May , the same month as a nearby shower known as the May Microscopids , but the two showers have different trajectories and are unlikely to be related . = = History = = Corona Australis may have been recorded by ancient Mesopotamians in the MUL.APIN , as a constellation called MA.GUR ( " The Bark " ) . However , this constellation , adjacent to SUHUR.MASH ( " The Goat @-@ Fish " , modern Capricornus ) , may instead have been modern Epsilon Sagittarii . As a part of the southern sky , MA.GUR was one of the fifteen " stars of Ea " . In the 3rd century BC , the Greek didactic poet Aratus wrote of , but did not name the constellation , instead calling the two crowns Στεφάνοι ( Stephanoi ) . The Greek astronomer Ptolemy described the constellation in the 2nd century AD , though with the inclusion of Alpha Telescopii , since transferred to Telescopium . Ascribing 13 stars to the constellation , he named it Στεφάνος νοτιος ( Stephanos notios ) , " Southern Wreath " , while other authors associated it with either Sagittarius ( having fallen off his head ) or Centaurus ; with the former , it was called Corona Sagittarii . Similarly , the Romans called Corona Australis the " Golden Crown of Sagittarius " . It was known as Parvum Coelum ( " Canopy " , " Little Sky " ) in the 5th century . The 18th @-@ century French astronomer Jérôme Lalande gave it the names Sertum Australe ( " Southern Garland " ) and Orbiculus Capitis , while German poet and author Philippus Caesius called it Corolla ( " Little Crown " ) or Spira Australis ( " Southern Coil " ) , and linked it with the Crown of Eternal Life from the New Testament . Seventeenth @-@ century celestial cartographer Julius Schiller linked it to the Diadem of Solomon . Sometimes , Corona Australis was not the wreath of Sagittarius but arrows held in his hand . Corona Australis has been associated with the myth of Bacchus and Stimula . Jupiter had impregnated Stimula , causing Juno to become jealous . Juno convinced Stimula to ask Jupiter to appear in his full splendor , which the mortal woman could not handle , causing her to burn . After Bacchus , Stimula 's unborn child , became an adult and the god of wine , he honored his deceased mother by placing a wreath in the sky . In Chinese astronomy , the stars of Corona Australis are located within the Black Tortoise of the North ( 北方玄武 , Běi Fāng Xuán Wǔ ) . The constellation itself was known as ti 'en pieh ( " Heavenly Turtle " ) and during the Western Zhou period , marked the beginning of winter . However , precession over time has meant that the " Heavenly River " ( Milky Way ) became the more accurate marker to the ancient Chinese and hence supplanted the turtle in this role . Arabic names for Corona Australis include Al Ķubbah " the Tortoise " , Al Ĥibā " the Tent " or Al Udḥā al Na 'ām " the Ostrich Nest " . It was later given the name Al Iklīl al Janūbiyyah , which the European authors Chilmead , Riccioli and Caesius transliterated as Alachil Elgenubi , Elkleil Elgenubi and Aladil Algenubi respectively . The ǀXam speaking San people of South Africa knew the constellation as ≠ nabbe ta ! nu " house of branches " — owned originally by the Dassie ( rock hyrax ) , and the star pattern depicting people sitting in a semicircle around a fire . The indigenous Boorong people of northwestern Victoria saw it as Won , a boomerang thrown by Totyarguil ( Altair ) . The Aranda people of Central Australia saw Corona Australis as a coolamon carrying a baby , which was accidentally dropped to earth by a group of sky @-@ women dancing in the Milky Way . The impact of the coolamon created Gosses Bluff crater , 175 km west of Alice Springs . The Torres Strait Islanders saw Corona Australis as part of a larger constellation encompassing part of Sagittarius and the tip of Scorpius 's tail ; the Pleiades and Orion were also associated . This constellation was Tagai 's canoe , crewed by the Pleiades , called the Usiam , and Orion , called the Seg . The myth of Tagai says that he was in charge of this canoe , but his crewmen consumed all of the supplies onboard without asking permission . Enraged , Tagai bound the Usiam with a rope and tied them to the side of the boat , then threw them overboard . Scorpius 's tail represents a suckerfish , while Eta Sagittarii and Theta Coronae Australis mark the bottom of the canoe . On the island of Futuna , the figure of Corona Australis was called Tanuma and in the Tuamotus , it was called Na Kaua @-@ ki @-@ Tonga .
= Robert Peverell Hichens = Lieutenant Commander Robert Peverell Hichens DSO * DSC * * RNVR ( 2 March 1909 – 13 April 1943 ) was the most highly decorated officer of the Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve ( RNVR ) , being awarded two Distinguished Service Orders , three Distinguished Service Crosses and three Mentions in Despatches . He was also recommended for a Victoria Cross after being killed in action in April 1943 . Before the Second World War , Hichens was a keen sportsman who rowed for Magdalen College , Oxford , and competed in the Double sculls at the Henley Regatta . He also competed in International Fourteen sailing events and three times participated in the Fastnet race . On land he raced in hill climbing events in Somerset and also entered the 24 Hours of Le Mans race three times . During the Second World War , he rose in rank to become a lieutenant commander and commanded the 6th Motor Gun Boat Flotilla and later the 8th Motor Gun Boat Flotilla . = = Early life = = Robert Peverell Hichens was born 2 March 1909 , the son of Doctor Peverell Smythe Hichens and Constance Sawbridge Hichens . He spent his early life in Northampton , until the start of the Great War when his father — an officer in a Territorial Army unit of the Royal Army Medical Corps — was sent to France , and the rest of the family moved to St Mawes in Cornwall . It was when living in Cornwall that Hichens and his sister Loveday were taught how to sail , eventually sailing their dinghy Arethusa on Carrick Roads . = = = Education = = = In 1919 , following the Great War , the family returned to the Northampton area , and Hichens was sent to a prep school nearby until 1921 , when he was enrolled in Marlborough College . In 1922 , Hichens ' father , by now a consulting physician at Northampton General hospital , retired and the family moved to Guernsey in the Channel Islands , purchasing Havelet House just outside Saint Peter Port . Hichens entered Magdalen College , Oxford , to read law in 1927 . A keen sportsman , he started rowing and within six months was in the Magdalan second eight ; by the following year he made the first eight as stroke oarsman . In the Eights Week races ( the annual summer Head of the River Race at Oxford ) , when Hichens was at Magdalen , they came third in 1928 , sixth in 1929 and eighth in 1930 , which was the college 's lowest position in the race since 1876 . While at university he also joined the Officers Training Corps , receiving a commission as second lieutenant in the infantry on 2 June 1929 . In 1929 , the Hichens family had purchased Bodrennick House at Flushing , Cornwall , which they moved into in 1930 , after the death of Hichens ' father . = = = Married life = = = Robert Hichens met his future wife , Catherine Gilbert Enys of Flushing , Cornwall , in 1928 ; they were married at St Gluvias church , Penryn , Cornwall , in April 1931 . The following year he joined a firm of solicitors , Reginald Rodgers and son of Falmouth , Cornwall , as an articled clerk to be instructed as a solicitor . Hichens also trained in London with Mackrell 's of Bedford Square ; it was when working in London that he competed at the Henley Regatta in the Double sculls . In June 1933 , after his mother 's death , Hichens inherited half of his father 's estate and Bodrennick House , and at the same time completed his articles . He became a junior partner with Reginald Rodgers on 1 January 1934 . Robert and Catherine had two sons : Robert , born in 1932 , and Anthony , born in 1936 . = = = Competitive sailing = = = During this time Hichens had continued to sail ; he joined the Royal Cornish Yacht Club and started to race in International Fourteen events in his own dinghies called Venture and Venture II . He competed in the Fowey Regatta and the Prince of Wales Cup , coming fifth on the River Clyde in 1936 . He also entered the competition at Lowestoft in 1937 and at Falmouth in 1938 . Hichens had also taken up offshore yacht racing and was a member of the Royal Ocean Racing Club , competed three times in the Fastnet race , and crewed in the Channel race in June 1939 . = = = Motor racing = = = In 1935 , he purchased a 1 @.@ 4 litre Aston Martin touring car and a Riley which he used to compete in hill climbs at Beggers Roost in Somerset . Then in 1936 , he purchased a 2 @-@ litre Aston Martin Speed Model — one of six built for the Ulster TT and 24 Hours of Le Mans race that year . With assistance from Aston Martin he entered the car for the 1937 24 Hours of Le Mans , with Mortimer Morris @-@ Goodall as his co @-@ driver . They finished eleventh place overall but did win the Rudge Whitworth Cup . They competed again in the 1938 24 Hours of Le Mans but did not finish . They returned for the 1939 24 Hours of Le Mans where they finished twelfth . = = Second World War = = Robert Hichens applied to transfer from the Territorial Army to the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve ( RNVR ) in the summer of 1930 , and eventually transferred to the Royal Naval Volunteer Supplementary Reserve in 1936 , which was formed from yachtsmen sufficiently knowledgeable about the sea to be considered suitable for a commission . After the declaration of war he was ordered to join the training depot HMS King Alfred on 27 October 1939 , and after passing an interview and medical was promoted to sub lieutenant RNVR , completing his training in six weeks instead of the normal three months . = = = Phoney war and Dunkirk = = = Having completed training in December 1939 , he was promoted to lieutenant and appointed to HMS Halcycon , part of the 5th Minesweeping Flotilla and later the 4th Minesweeping Flotilla . He moved ship to HMS Niger in April 1940 , during the Phoney war period both flotillas were kept busy minesweeping in the North Sea and the only action seen was on 15 May 1940 , when HMS Hussar was holed by a German bomber . On 29 May 1940 , Hichens was informed that the British Expeditionary Force were being evacuated from Dunkirk in Operation Dynamo and that Niger would be leaving to assist . Arriving off Dunkirk on 31 May , Hichens organised the small boats and yachts used to evacuate the army from the Dunkirk jetty . When Niger was ordered home with a full complement of soldiers , Hichens asked to be left behind to continue with the evacuation . He was given permission but also informed he would have to find his own way home . Arriving back in Dover on the yacht Chico he rejoined Niger on 1 June . HMS Niger returned to Dunkirk another three times , Hichens once more went ashore to arrange the evacuation before the end of the operation . For his work on the beaches in the withdrawal of the Allied armies from Dunkirk , Hichens was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross ( DSC ) . = = = Coastal forces = = = Having asked for a transfer to Coastal Forces Hichens was sent to HMS Osprey at Portland for training on Motor Anti @-@ Submarine Boats ( MASB ) . He was appointed to his first command , MASB 16 , on 4 November 1940 , which he held until 18 November 1940 , when he was appointed commander of MASB 18 . His final MASB command was MASB 14 , which he took up 23 December 1940 . These boats were lightly armed with two twin Vickers .50 machine guns and depth charges and had a top speed of 40 knots . In January 1941 , Hichens was given a new command , Motor Gun Boat 64 , becoming the first RNVR officer to command a MGB , and the only RNVR crewed boat in the 6th MGB Flotilla . It was when in command of MGB 64 that Hichens got his nickname Hitch . As each boat needed to select a radio call sign , Hichens could not think of anything suitable and Lieutenant Arty Shaw suggested Hitch , which stuck and remained with him for the rest of his time with the coastal forces . The 6th MGB Flotilla was based at HMS Beehive in Felixstowe from April 1941 , where they were tasked to engage German E boats raiding east coast convoys . At this stage in the war MGBs were armed with a mixture of weapons , which could be Lewis machine guns , Vickers machine guns , Oerlikon 20 mm cannon or four barrelled Boulton Paul gun turrets . The armament was soon standardized with two twin Vickers .50 machine guns each side of the bridge , an Oerlikon 20 mm cannon mounted aft , and depth charges . The boats had a crew of 18 , consisting of two officers , two petty officers and 14 ratings . = = = Flotilla commander = = = When Robert Hichens was appointed senior officer in command of the 6th MGB Flotilla from September 1941 , he became the first RNVR officer to command a flotilla in the Second World War . Along with the new command came a promotion to lieutenant commander . As flotilla commander his first successful action took place the night of 19 / 20 November 1941 , when his flotilla was ordered to patrol 10 miles ( 16 km ) off the Hook of Holland to engage E boats returning to base . The flotilla engaged five E boats , causing damage to all five boats , damaging two severely and forcing them to disperse . One E boat was later found abandoned by the crew and boarded . This was the first E boat captured and Hichens ' crew obtained valuable information and equipment before the boat sank . For this action Hichens was awarded a Bar to his DSC , the citation noting his " ... [ c ] oolness skill and readiness when in action against enemy E boats sinking one and damaging others " . Other members of the flotilla were awarded one Distinguished Service Medal ( DSM ) and five others were Mentioned in Dispatches ( MID ) for the action . The flotilla 's second success was the night of 19 / 20 December 1941 , again in the North Sea off the Dutch coast , when two boats engaged two R boats and one E boat . They passed twice at high speed before losing contact , but twice during the night they located them and eventually carried out depth charge attacks . Both Hichens and the commander of the other boat received a MID for this action . The third major action Hichens was involved in during this period was the action during the night of 21 / 22 April 1942 , off Ostend , when they engaged six E boats , forcing the superior force to scatter and run for port after severely damaging one boat and causing slight damage to the others . After this action the E boats were moved to a safer harbour to operate from . Hichens was awarded a Distinguished Service Order ( DSO ) following this engagement . = = = 8th MGB Flotilla = = = Hichens was next appointed commander of the 8th MGB Flotilla . These new boats were armed with a twin Oerlikon mount aft , a QF 2 @-@ pounder Mark XIV forward , twin Lewis or later twin Vickers machine guns either side of the bridge and depth charges . The flotilla was moved to Dartmouth , Devon in July 1942 . The first action they were involved in was during the night of 14 / 15 July . Ordered to engage E Boats using Cherbourg as a base they found a convoy of naval trawlers escorting a small tanker . The flotilla engaged the two rear escort trawlers and carried out a depth charge attack . The tanker was last seen to be on fire as the flotilla reformed off Alderney . After this action Hichens was awarded a Bar to his DSO . Both the DSO and the Bar were presented during the same investiture at Buckingham Palace on 22 September 1942 , while other members of the flotilla were awarded a Conspicuous Gallantry Medal and four MIDs for the action . The flotilla was next in action during the night 29 / 30 July again off Ostend , when the flotilla in company with two Motor Torpedo Boats ( MTB ) engaged a convoy of three Flak trawlers and two merchant ships . One of the merchant ships was hit by torpedoes from the MTBs while the MGBs engaged the other by dropping depth charges . With those ships destroyed they then engaged the Flak trawlers . During the night 1 / 2 August , under orders to patrol north west of Guernsey , the flotilla again located enemy shipping . Following them towards the port of Cherbourg they silently passed a German torpedo boat lying at anchor , and located four E boats waiting to enter harbour . Having caught them by surprise they opened fire on the stationary boats and after a short engagement withdrew leaving two of the enemy boats on fire . For this action Hichens received a second MID , while other members of the flotilla were awarded a DSC , two DSMs and four MIDs . The flotilla was ordered back to Felixstowe in Autumn 1942 . Their first contact with the enemy was on the night 14 / 15 September when they engaged a small convoy off the Hook of Holland . They followed a convoy that was escorted by four Flak trawlers almost into harbour before inflicting considerable damage to it . For this , Hichens was awarded a second Bar to his DSC . Other members of the flotilla were awarded a DSC , two DSMs and a MID . Hichens , now the recipient of two DSOs , three DSCs and two MIDs , was offered promotion to commander in command of HMS Bee at Weymouth , Dorset and a training post ashore . Feeling unsuited for such a role , he declined and remained commander of the 8th MGB flotilla . = = = Casualties = = = Hichens lost the first boat under his command during the night action 2 / 3 October 1942 . Engaging four trawlers MGB 78 went in for a depth charge attack and was lost to enemy fire . Another boat , MGB 76 , was lost during the night of 5 / 6 October 1942 , when the flotilla was ambushed by two German torpedo boats and a number of E boats . The winter months of 1942 – 43 were uneventful , and Hichens started to write his unfinished account of the war . We fought them in Gunboats was published posthumously in 1944 . The flotilla , accompanied by four MTBs and escorting mine laying Motor Launches ( ML ) , were next in action over the night of 27 / 28 February 1943 . The mixed flotilla engaged a convoy escorted by two trawlers and a minesweeper , and lost MGB 79 to enemy fire . Hichens closed with the stricken boat , which was on fire , to remove the crew . They managed to rescue seven of the crew before being forced to withdraw under fire . Hichens ' own boat , MGB 77 , was also set on fire during the rescue . On the night of 12 / 13 April 1943 , the flotilla was ordered to escort mine laying MLs off the Dutch coast . Detecting two trawlers they engaged them leaving one on fire , but as they withdrew MGB 77 was hit , killing Hichens outright and wounding three others on the bridge . Hichens received a posthumous MID for these actions . = = Victoria Cross recommendation = = Hichens was recommended for the Victoria Cross for his actions during the night of 27 / 28 February . When informed by his commanding officer , Commander Kerr , of the intention to recommend him , Hichens requested that the recommendation be dropped as he now felt he had endangered two of the boats in the flotilla trying to rescue his friends . Kerr , respecting his views , dropped the recommendation , only for it to be resubmitted six weeks later after his death . The recommendation was endorsed by Commander Kerr , Admiral Lyon ( the Commander @-@ in @-@ chief at Nore ) and Rear Admiral Rogers ( the Flag officer in charge at Harwich ) . The recommendation was rejected by the Admiralty , citing the same reasons Hichens had himself given .
= Delayed gratification = Delayed gratification , or deferred gratification , is the ability to resist the temptation for an immediate reward and wait for a later reward . Generally , delayed gratification is associated with resisting a smaller but more immediate reward in order to receive a larger or more enduring reward later . A growing body of literature has linked the ability to delay gratification to a host of other positive outcomes , including academic success , physical health , psychological health , and social competence . A person 's ability to delay gratification relates to other similar skills such as patience , impulse control , self @-@ control and willpower , all of which are involved in self @-@ regulation . Broadly , self @-@ regulation encompasses a person 's capacity to adapt the self as necessary to meet demands of the environment . Delaying gratification is the reverse of delay discounting , which is " the preference for smaller immediate rewards over larger but delayed rewards " and refers to the " fact that the subjective value of reward decreases with increasing delay to its receipt . " It is theorized that the ability to delay rewards is under the control of the cognitive @-@ affective personality system ( CAPS ) . Several factors can affect a person 's ability to delay gratification . Cognitive strategies , such as the use of distracting or " cool " thoughts , can increase delay ability , as can neurological factors , such as strength of connections in the frontal @-@ striatal pathway . Behavioral researchers have focused on the contingencies that govern choices to delay reinforcement , and have studied how to manipulate those contingencies in order to lengthen delay . Age plays a role too ; children under 5 years old demonstrate a marked lack of delayed gratification ability and most commonly seek immediate gratification . A very small difference between males and females suggest that females may be better at delaying rewards . The ability to wait or seek immediate reinforcement is related to avoidance @-@ related behaviors such as procrastination , and to other clinical diagnoses such as anxiety , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and depression . Sigmund Freud , the father of psychoanalytic theory , discussed the ego 's role in balancing the immediate pleasure @-@ driven desires of the id with the morality @-@ driven choices of the superego . Funder and Block expanded psychoanalytic research on the topic , and found that impulsivity , or a lack of ego @-@ control , has a stronger effect on one 's ability to delay rewards if a reward is more desirable . Finally , environmental and social factors play a role ; for example , delay is affected by the self @-@ imposed or external nature of a reward contingency , by the degree of task engagement required during the delay , by early mother @-@ child relationship characteristics , by a person 's previous experiences with unreliable promises of rewards ( e.g. , in poverty ) , and by contemporary sociocultural expectations and paradigms . Research on animals comprises another body of literature describing delayed gratification characteristics that are not as easily tested in human samples , such as ecological factors affecting the skill . = = Background = = = = = The cognitive @-@ affective processing system = = = One well @-@ supported theory of self @-@ regulation , called the Cognitive @-@ affective personality system ( CAPS ) , suggests that delaying gratification results from an ability to use " cool " regulatory strategies ( i.e. , calm , controlled and cognitive strategies ) over " hot regulatory strategies ( i.e. , emotional , impulsive , automatic reactions ) , when faced with provocation . In " hot " processing , a person thinks intently about the object causing temptation , and especially about its most appealing elements , and is subsequently less able to resist the immediate reward . The use of cool strategies can translate to more control over behavior . Effective " cool " strategies involve distraction and restructuring the perception of the tempting stimulus to make it seem less appealing . For example , in one study of pre @-@ adolescent boys with behavioral problems , the boys showed a reduction in verbal and physical aggression when they used " cool " strategies , such as looking away or distracting themselves . The most effective type of distraction seems to be imagining another desirable reward , which takes attention away from the immediate temptations . = = = The Stanford marshmallow experiment = = = The seminal research on delayed gratification – the now @-@ famous " marshmallow experiment " – was conducted by Walter Mischel in the 1960s and 1970s at Stanford University . Mischel and his colleagues were interested in strategies that preschool children used to resist temptation . They presented four @-@ year @-@ olds with a marshmallow and told the children that they had two options : ( 1 ) ring a bell at any point to summon the experimenter and eat the marshmallow , or ( 2 ) wait until the experimenter returned ( about 15 minutes later ) , and earn two marshmallows . The message was : " small reward now , bigger reward later . " Some children broke down and ate the marshmallow , whereas others were able to delay gratification and earn the coveted two marshmallows . In follow @-@ up experiments , Mischel found that children were able to wait longer if they used certain " cool " distraction techniques ( covering their eyes , hiding under the desk , singing songs , or imagining pretzels instead of the marshmallow in front of them ) , or if they changed the way they thought about the marshmallow ( focusing on its similarity to a cotton ball , rather than on its gooey , delectable taste ) . The children who waited longer , when re @-@ evaluated as teenagers and adults , demonstrated a striking array of advantages over their peers . As teenagers , they had higher SAT scores , social competence , self @-@ assuredness and self @-@ worth , and were rated by their parents as more mature , better able to cope with stress , more likely to plan ahead , and more likely to use reason . They were less likely to have conduct disorders or high levels of impulsivity , aggressiveness and hyperactivity . As adults , the high delayers were less likely to have drug problems or other addictive behaviors , get divorced , or be overweight . Each minute that a preschooler was able to delay gratification translated to a .2 % reduction in Body Mass Index 30 years later . Each of these positive outcomes requires some ability to forgo short @-@ term reward in favor of a higher payoff in the future . The ability to delay gratification also appears to be a buffer against rejection sensitivity ( the tendency to be anxious when anticipating interpersonal rejection ) . In a 20 @-@ year follow @-@ up of the marshmallow experiment , individuals with vulnerability to high rejection sensitivity who had shown strong delay of gratification abilities as preschoolers had higher self @-@ esteem and self @-@ worth and more adaptive coping skills , in comparison to the individuals who had high rejection sensitivity but low delay of gratification as four @-@ year @-@ olds . These compelling longitudinal findings converge with other studies showing a similar pattern : The ability to resist temptation early in life translates to persistent benefits across settings . Forty years after the first marshmallow test studies , neuroimaging data has shed light on the neural correlates of delayed gratification . A team led by B. J. Casey , of Cornell University , recruited 59 of the original participants – who are now in their mid @-@ 40s – and gave them a delayed gratification task . Instead of resisting marshmallows , these adults were instructed to suppress responses to images of happy faces , but not to neutral or fearful faces . Those who had been high delayers as pre @-@ schoolers were more successful at controlling their impulses in response to the emotional faces ( i.e. , not pressing the button in response to happy faces ) , suggesting that the high delayers continued to show better ability to dampen or resist impulses . Casey and colleagues also scanned the brains of 26 participants using functional magnetic resonance imaging ( fMRI ) as they completed the task . The researchers hypothesized that high delayers would be more likely to use " cool " regulation strategies to control their responses , which would manifest as activation of the right prefrontal cortex , whereas low delayers would use " hot " strategies , which would activate the ventral striatum , an area also linked to addiction . Indeed , results showed this differential brain activity . This mirrors other fMRI research of delayed gratification conducted by Noah Shamosh and Jeremy Gray , of Yale University , demonstrating that individuals who chose larger delayed rewards over smaller immediate rewards ( in hypothetical situations ) showed greater brain activation in the anterior prefrontal cortex . = = Factors affecting one 's ability = = = = = Cognitive / neurological factors = = = The way that a person frames a situation heavily influences a decision 's outcome . Research on " hot " and " cool " strategies suggests that when children cognitively represent what they are waiting for as a real reward by focusing on the reward 's arousing , " hot " qualities ( taste , smell , sound , feel , etc . ) their self @-@ control and delay of gratification decreases , while directing attention to a symbol of the reward by focusing on its abstract , " cool " qualities ( shape , color , number , etc . ) , can enhance self @-@ control and increase the delay . Optimal self @-@ control and the longest delay to gratification can be achieved by directing attention to a competing item , especially the arousing , " hot " qualities of a competing item . For example , delays are increased when thinking about the taste and smell of popcorn while waiting to eat candy . This illustrates an individual 's ability to manipulate his / her cognitive representation of external stimuli for goal @-@ directed purposes . Delaying gratification is the same as controlling the impulse for immediate gratification , which requires cognitive control . The ventral striatum , located in the midbrain , is the part of the limbic system that is the reward center as well as a pleasure center . The limbic system will always react to the potential for instant pleasure . To override this instinct , the prefrontal cortex , which is also associated with reasoning and rational thought , must be active . The prefrontal cortex is also the part of the brain that determines the focus of a person 's attention , which enables a better framing that facilitates delayed gratification . During adolescence and early adulthood , the prefrontal cortex develops and matures to become more complicated and connected with the rest of the brain . Older children and adults find the deferment @-@ of @-@ gratification tasks easier than do young children for this reason . However , the relative ability to defer gratification remains stable throughout development . Children who can better control impulses grow up to be adults who also have better control . Practicing deferred gratification is quite beneficial to cognitive abilities throughout life . = = = Behavioral factors = = = Behaviorists focus on the acquisition and teaching of delayed gratification , and have developed therapeutic techniques for increasing ability to delay . Behavior analysts capitalize on the effective principles of reinforcement when shaping behavior by making rewards contingent on the person 's current behavior , which promotes learning a delay of gratification . It is important to note that for a behavior modification regimen to succeed , the reward must have some value to the participant . Without a reward that is meaningful , providing delayed or immediate gratification serves little purpose , as the reward is not a strong reinforcer of the desired behavior . Behavior theorists see delaying gratification as an adaptive skill . It has been shown that learning to delay gratification promotes positive social behavior , such as sharing and positive peer interactions . For example , students who learn to delay gratification are better able to complete their assigned activities . To put it simply , if someone undertakes an activity with the promise of a delayed reward after , the task 's completion becomes more likely . Behavioral researchers have found that a choice for instant versus delayed gratification is influenced by several factors including whether the reward is negative or positive reinforcement . A past study by Solnick et al . , focused on an experiment where the main concentrations were time added to both conditions and the preference of the participants with experiencing a loud noise for variable amounts of time : 15 , 30 , 60 , and 90 seconds . The buttons to turn off the noise were manipulated by one button turning off the noise for a short amount of time and the other turning the noise off for an extended time . The participants were found to be more willing to turn off the noise immediately for 90 seconds rather than turning it off for the 120 seconds after a 60 @-@ second delay was issued . Findings illustrate that participants chose not to delay their gratification for the relief of noise but rather instantly silence it for a shorter amount of time . = = = = Individual thresholds for delay = = = = In a 2011 study , researchers tested to see if people would willingly choose between instant and delayed gratification by offering them a set amount of ( hypothetical ) money that they could receive presently , or telling them they could wait a month for more money . Results suggested that willingness to delay gratification depended on the amount of money being offered , but also showed wide individual variation in the threshold of later reward that was motivating enough to forgo the immediate reward . The subjective value of a reward can also stem from the way one describes the potential reward . As prospect theory states , people are heavily loss @-@ averse . People tend to value a commodity more when it is considered to be something that can be lost or given up than when it is evaluated as a potential gain . = = = = Duration of time delay = = = = The duration of time until an eventual reward also affects participants ' choice of immediate or delayed gratification . A 2001 study demonstrated that if a reward will not be granted for an extensive amount of time , such as 180 – 300 months ( 15 – 25 years ) , the monetary amount of the reward is inconsequential ; instead , the bulk of the participants choose the immediate reward , even if their delayed reward would be quite large . Delayed gratification has its limits , and a delay can only be so long before it is judged to be not worth the effort it takes to wait . = = = = Behavioral training = = = = = = = = = Applications in classroom settings = = = = = In a Year 3 elementary classroom in South Wales a teacher was having difficulty keeping three girls on task during designated private study times . The teacher reached for aid from behavior analysts , and a delayed gratification behavior modification plan was put into place . The study gave limits on the amounts of questions the children could ask , and if they did not exceed the limit , they were given tokens for rewards . The token economy for rewards is an example of delayed gratification , by way of cool processing . Instead of having the girls focus on attention @-@ seeking behaviors that distracted the teacher and the students , the teacher had them focus on how many questions they had , and if they needed to ask for help from the teacher . They also focused on gaining tokens rather than focusing on the final reward , which increased their delays . By giving the children this goal and the promise of positive reinforcement for good behavior , the girls dropped their rate of question @-@ asking and attention @-@ seeking . = = = = = Applications to ADHD = = = = = Compared to neurotypical children , those with ADHD generally demonstrate greater impulsivity by being influenced by reward immediacy and quality more than by the frequency of reward and effort to obtain it . However , researchers have empirically shown that these impulsive behavior patterns can be changed through the implementation of a simple self @-@ control training procedure in which reinforcer immediacy competes with the frequency , quantity or saliency of the reward , and the delay is gradually increased . One study demonstrated that any verbal activity while waiting for reinforcement increases delay to gratification in participants with ADHD . In another study , 3 children diagnosed with ADHD and demonstrating impulsivity were trained to prefer reward rate and saliency more than immediacy through manipulation of the quality of the reinforcers and by systematically increasing the delay with a changing @-@ criterion design . Post @-@ assessment of the children illustrated that self @-@ control can transfer to untrained dimensions of reinforcement ; such as an increase in quality over immediacy preference due to direct training resulting in an increase in quantity over immediacy preference . = = = Across the lifespan = = = At birth , infants are unable to wait for their wants and needs to be met and exhibit a defining lack of impulse control . With age , developing children are able to retain impulsivity but also gain control over their immediate desires and are increasingly able to prolong gratification . Developmental psychologists study the progression of impulse control and delay of gratification over the lifespan , including deficiencies in development that are closely related to attention deficits and behavior problems . = = = = Effects of age = = = = Children under five years old display the least effective strategies for delaying gratification , such as looking at the reward and thinking about its arousing features . By 5 years old , most children are able to demonstrate better self @-@ control by recognizing the counter @-@ productivity of focusing on the reward . Five @-@ year @-@ olds often choose instead to actively distract themselves or even use self @-@ instructions to remind themselves of the contingency that waiting produces a reward of a greater value . Between 8 and 13 years old , children develop the cognitive ability to differentiate and employ abstract versus arousing thoughts in order to distract their minds from the reward and thereby increase the delay . Once delaying strategies are developed , the capacity to resist temptation is relatively stable throughout adulthood . Preschoolers ' performance on delayed gratification tasks correlates with their adolescent performance on tasks designed to measure similar constructs and processing , which parallels the corresponding development of willpower and the fronto @-@ striatal circuit ( neural pathways that connect the frontal lobe to other brain regions ) . Declines in self @-@ regulation and impulse control in old age predict corresponding declines in reward @-@ delaying strategies , specifically reduced temporal discounting due to a decrease in cooling strategies . = = = = Effects of gender = = = = Throughout 33 studies on gender differences , a small significant effect ( r = .06 ) has been found indicating that a base @-@ rate of 10 % more females are able to delay rewards than males , which is the typical percentage of difference found between the sexes on measures such as personality or social behavior . This effect may be related to the slight gender differences found in delay discounting ( i.e. , minimizing the value of a delayed reward ) and higher levels of impulsivity and inattention in boys . Further studies are needed to analyze if this minute difference begins at a certain age ( e.g. , puberty ) or if it has a stable magnitude throughout the lifespan . Some researchers suggest this gender difference may correspond with a mother 's tendency to sacrifice her wants and needs in order to meet those of her child more frequently than a father does . = = = Clinical factors = = = = = = = Contemporary clinical psychology perspectives = = = = Self @-@ control has been called the " master virtue " by clinical and social psychologists , suggesting that the ability to delay gratification plays a critical role in a person 's overall psychological adjustment . People with better ability to delay gratification report higher wellbeing , self @-@ esteem and openness to experience , as well as more productive ways of responding to anger and other provocations . Early delay ability has been shown to protect against the development of a variety of emotional vulnerabilities later in life , such as aggression and features of borderline personality disorder . Meanwhile , many maladaptive coping skills that characterize mental illness entail a difficulty delaying gratification . The tendency to choose short @-@ term rewards at the expense of longer @-@ term benefits permeates many forms of psychopathology . Externalizing disorders . Externalizing disorders ( i.e. , acting @-@ out disorders ) show a clearer link to delayed gratification , since they more directly involve deficits in impulse control . For example , attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD ) and aggressive behavior are associated with difficulty delaying gratification in children and adolescents , as are substance abuse , gambling , and other addictive behaviors in adolescents and adults . In a 2010 study , teenagers and young adults with stronger abilities to delay gratification were less likely to drink alcohol , or to smoke cigarettes or marijuana . Interestingly , a 2011 study found that the contrast in delayed gratification between children with and without ADHD was no longer significant after statistically controlling for IQ ( in other words , ADHD was not associated with delayed gratification above and beyond the influence of IQ ) . This may stem from the high correlation between intelligence and delayed gratification , and suggests that the tie between delayed gratification and ADHD could benefit from more investigation . Internalizing disorders . Difficulty delaying gratification also plays a role in internalizing disorders like anxiety and depression . A hallmark behavior in anxiety is avoidance of feared or anxiety @-@ provoking situations . By seeking the immediate relief that comes with avoidance , a person is succumbing to the pull of instant gratification over the larger reward from overcoming the fear and anxiety that caused the avoidance . Procrastination , which is often a reflection of anxiety , is a clear example : a person avoids a dreaded task by engaging in a more enjoyable immediate activity instead . Obsessive @-@ compulsive disorder ( OCD ) is a more jarring case of this anxiety @-@ related struggle to delay gratification ; someone with OCD is unable to resist compulsions that temporarily mitigate the torture of obsessive thoughts , even though these compulsions do not banish the obsessions in the long run . ( One experiment , however , did not find any significant differences between samples with OCD and healthy controls in delayed gratification , while finding substantially improved delayed gratification among those with Obsessive @-@ compulsive personality disorder . ) Depression is also associated with lower capacity to delay gratification , though the direction of cause and effect is not clear . A depressed person who has difficulty pushing him or herself to engage in previously enjoyed activities is ( deliberately or not ) prioritizing short @-@ term comfort and is demonstrating an impaired ability to delay gratification . There is evidence that individuals who engage in deliberate self @-@ harm ( i.e. , cut themselves ) are less able to tolerate emotional distress but are more able to tolerate physical pain . Thus it is argued that they injure themselves because they cannot delay gratification and need a way to end emotional pain quickly . A growing body of research suggests that self @-@ control is akin to a muscle that can be strengthened through practice . In other words , self @-@ control abilities are malleable , a fact that can be a source of hope for those who struggle with this skill . In psychotherapy , treatment for impulse @-@ control issues often involves teaching individuals to realize the downsides of acting on immediate urges and in turn to practice delaying gratification . In anxiety disorders , this process occurs through exposure to a feared situation – which is very uncomfortable at first , but eventually becomes tolerable and even trains a person 's mind and body that these situations are less threatening than originally feared . Exposure therapy is only effective if an individual can delay gratification and resist the urge to escape the situation early on . To shed insight on the tradeoff between short- and long @-@ term gains , therapists might also help individuals construct a pro @-@ con list of a certain behavior , with sections for short @-@ term and long @-@ term outcomes . For maladaptive coping behaviors such as self @-@ injury , substance use or avoidance , there are generally no long @-@ term pros . Meanwhile , abstinence from acting on a harmful urge ( i.e. , delayed gratification ) generally results in long @-@ term benefits . This realization can be a powerful impetus for change . = = = = Psychoanalytic drives and impulses = = = = Sigmund Freud viewed the struggle to delay gratification as a person 's efforts to overcome the instinctive , libidinal drive of the id . According to classic psychoanalytic theory , a person 's psyche is composed of the id , ego and superego . The id is driven by the pleasure principle : it wants physical pleasure , and it wants it now . The ego , operating under the reality principle , serves to moderate the id 's desire for instant gratification against the superego , which is guided by a person 's internalized sense of morality . According to psychoanalytic theory , a person with difficulty delaying gratification is plagued by intrapsychic conflict – the ego cannot adequately regulate the battle between the id and the superego – and experiences psychological distress , often in the form of anxiety or " neurosis . " Other psychoanalytic researchers describe a more nuanced , and less universally positive , view of delayed gratification . David C. Funder and Jack Block theorized that a person 's tendency to delay , or not delay , gratification is just one element of a broader construct called ego control , defined as a person 's ability to modulate or control impulses . Ego control " ranges from ego undercontrol at one end to ego overcontrol at the other , " according to Funder . These tendencies are thought to be relatively stable in each individual , such that someone who tends toward undercontrol will " grab whatever rewards are immediately available even at the cost of long @-@ term gain " and someone who tends toward overcontrol will " delay or even forgo pleasures even when they can be had without cost . " By this view , delay of gratification may be adaptive in certain settings , but inappropriate or even costly in other settings . Funder and Block draw a distinction between the ego @-@ control model , in which delayed gratification is seen as a general tendency to contain motivational impulses ( whether or not it is adaptive in a specific instance ) , and the ego @-@ resiliency model ( supported by Mischel 's research ) , in which delayed gratification is seen as a skill that arises only when it is adaptive . To tease apart these models , Funder and Block explored the association between ego control , ego resiliency , IQ and delayed gratification in adolescents . The adolescents had the choice between being paid $ 4 at each of six study sessions or delaying their payment until the last session , in which case they would also earn an addition $ 4 of " interest . " The results supported both models of delayed gratification . The teens ' tendency to delay gratification was indeed associated with IQ and with ego resiliency ( e.g. , higher delayers were rated as more responsible , consistent , likable , sympathetic , generous ; less hostile , moody , self @-@ indulgent , rebellious ) , but was also independently associated with ego control ( e.g. , higher delayers were rated as " tends toward over @-@ control of needs and impulses , " " favors conservative values in a number of areas . " . The researchers noted that individual differences in ego control ( i.e. , overall impulsivity ) may play a larger role in delayed gratification when the incentives are larger and more motivating . Writing in 1998 , Funder described delayed gratification as a " mixed bag . " He concluded : " Participants who exhibited the most delay were not just ' better ' at self @-@ control , but in a sense they seemed unable to avoid it . … Delayers are in general smart and well @-@ adjusted , but they also tend to be somewhat overcontrolled and unnecessarily inhibited . " = = = Environmental / social factors = = = = = = = Who 's in control = = = = Factors affecting one 's ability to delay gratification depend on whether the delay contingency is self @-@ imposed ( delay can be terminated at the will of the person waiting ) or externally imposed by another person , institution or circumstance . When the contingency is self @-@ imposed , the physical presence of the reward seems to aid in delaying gratification . On the other hand , when the delay is externally imposed , children are not able to wait as long when the reward is present , suggesting greater frustration under these circumstances . = = = = Task engagement = = = = Engaging in work or an assigned task can generate an effective distraction from a reward and enable a person to wait for a longer delay , as long as the reward is not being flaunted . Having the reward present during work ( and easily accessible ) creates a negative frustration — akin to teasing — rather than providing motivation . For example , a child who can see other children playing outside while finishing his / her homework will be less motivated to wait for his / her turn for recess . Another factor work and task engagement adds to the delay of gratification is that if the work is interesting and has some reinforcing quality inherent to it , then attention to the reward will reduce work productivity since it becomes a distraction to the work rather than a motivation to finish it . = = = = Mother @-@ child relationship = = = = The more positive emotions and behavior that a 12- to 24 @-@ month @-@ old toddler displays when coping with separation from a parent , the better s / he is 3 @.@ 5 years later at using cooling strategies in order to delay gratification . This suggests that the emotional skills and processes required for coping with social and interpersonal frustrations are similar to those utilized for coping with the aggravation of goal @-@ directed delay of gratification . Maternal attachment also influences the development of a child 's ability to delay gratification . An interaction has been found between a mother 's level of control and how close a child stays to the mother while exploring the environment . Children who have controlling mothers and explore their environment at a far distance from her are able to employ more cooling strategies and delay rewards longer . Similarly , children who stay close to a non @-@ controlling mothers also use more cool strategies and demonstrate longer delays . This suggests that some children of controlling mothers have better learned how to distract themselves from or effectively avoid intrusive stimuli , although additional effects on their emotional competency are speculated but unknown . A greater capacity to delay gratification by using effective attentional strategies is also seen in preschoolers whose mothers had been responsive and supportive during particularly stressful times of self @-@ regulation when the child was a toddler , indicating that maternal responsiveness during highly demanding times is crucial for the development of self @-@ regulation , self @-@ control and emotional competency . = = = = Reliability of gratification = = = = Researchers have investigated whether the reliability of the reward affects one 's ability to delay gratification . Reliability of the reward refers to how well the reward received matches what the person was expecting or promised in terms of quality and quantity . For example , researchers told children that they would receive better art supplies if they waited . After the children successfully waited for the reward , better supplies could not be " found " and so they had to use the crayons and stickers that were in poor shape . Comparing these children to ones who received their promised rewards reliably revealed different results on subsequent Marshmallow tests measuring delayed gratification . Children who had learned that the researcher 's promise was unreliable quickly succumbed to eating the marshmallow , waiting only an average of 3 minutes . Conversely , children who had learned that the researcher was reliable were able to wait an average of 12 minutes , with many of them waiting the full 15 minutes for the researcher to return in order to double the reward to two marshmallows . = = = = Social / cultural influences = = = = It is difficult to teach delayed gratification when children grow up expecting a large , instant reward for their years of schooling . Societal impacts and current media trends have had the effect of teaching people to expect instant gratification . The idea of waiting for a good job , earned through working from the bottom up , frequently upsets and frustrates emerging adults in today 's society . This desire for immediate gratification is not only found in workplaces , but also in interpersonal relationships . Current studies show that 45 % of marriages will end in divorce . Without the ability to delay gratification people are more apt to end relationships rather than work on them . Our society today makes it increasingly easy to receive instant gratification . " We have devalued the time we spend alone just thinking , but it 's that time for reflection that leads to the big ideas ... Multitasking is espoused and almost glorified in the United States , but it is dehumanizing us and making us less creative . " = = = Genetics and evolution = = = Evolutionary theory can argue against the selection of the deferred gratification trait since there are both costs and risks associated with delaying gratification behavior . One such cost is the basic opportunity cost associated with time spent waiting . While waiting , individuals lose time that could be used to find other food . Seeking high calorie food conveys a clear evolutionary advantage . There are also two risks associated with being patient . First , there is a risk that another animal might get to the food first , also known as an interruption risk . Second , there is the risk that the chance to get the reward will be cut short , perhaps by a predator , also known as a termination risk . These costs and risks create situations in which the fitness of the individual is threatened . There are several examples that show how reward delay occurs in the real world . For example , animals that eat fruit have the option of eating unripe fruit right away , or waiting , delaying gratification , until it becomes ripe . The interruption risk plays a part here , because if the individual forgoes the unripe fruit , there is a chance that another individual may come along and get to it first . Also , in extractive foraging , such as with nuts and shellfish , the outer shell creates a delay . However , animals that can store food and defer eating are more likely to survive during harsh conditions , and thus delaying gratification may also incur an evolutionary advantage . It is likely that there is a strong genetic component to deferred gratification , though no direct link has been established . Since many complex genetic interactions are necessary for neurons to perform the simplest tasks , it is hard to isolate one gene to study this behavior . For this same reason , multiple genes are likely responsible for deferred gratification . Further research is necessary to discover the genetic corollaries to delayed gratification . = = Animal studies = = Delayed gratification or deferred gratification is an animal behavior that can be linked to delay discounting , ecological factors , individual fitness , and neurobiological mechanisms . Research for this behavior has been conducted with animals such as capuchin monkeys , tamarins , marmosets , rats , and pigeons . = = = Delay discounting = = = When animals are faced with a choice to either wait for a reward , or receive a reward right away , the discounting of the reward is hyperbolic . As the length of time of waiting for a reward increases , the reward is discounted at a gradual rate . Empirical data have suggested that exponential discounting , rewards discounting at a constant rate per unit of waiting time , only occurs when there are random interruptions in foraging . Discounting can also be related to the risk sensitivity of animals . Rather than relating risk to delay , risk sensitivity acts as a function of delay discounting . In a study conducted by Haden and Platt , macaque monkeys were given the choice of a medium reward that they knew they would receive , versus a more risky choice . The riskier choice would reward the monkey with a large reward fifty percent of the time , and a small reward the other fifty percent . The ultimate payoff was the same , but the monkeys preferred the riskier choice . They speculated that the monkeys did not see their action as risky , but rather as a large , delayed reward . They reasoned that the monkeys viewed the large reward as certain : if they did not get the large reward the first time around , they would eventually get it , but at a longer delay . To test for this theory , they gave the same test while varying the time between the opportunities to choose a reward . They found that as the interval increased , the number of times that the monkeys chose the more risky reward decreased . While this occurred in macaque monkeys , the varying interval time did not affect pigeons ' choices in another study . This suggests that research looking into varying risk sensitivity of different species is needed . When provided a choice between a small , short delay reward , and a large , long delay reward , there is an impulsive preference for the former . Additionally , as the delay time for the small / short and large / long reward increases , there is a shift in preference toward the larger , delayed reward . This evidence only supports hyperbolic discounting , not exponential . = = = Ecological factors = = = Although predicting reward preference seems simple when using empirical models , there are a number of ecological factors that seem to affect the delayed gratification behavior of animals . In real world situations , " discounting makes sense because of the inherent uncertainty of future payoffs . " One study looked at how reward discounting is context specific . By differing the time and space between small and large rewards , they were able to test how these factors affected the decision making in tamarins and marmosets . They showed that tamarins will travel longer distances for larger food rewards , but will not wait as long as marmosets . Conversely , marmosets will wait longer , but will not travel as far . They then concluded that this discounting behavior directly correlates to the normal feeding behavior of species . The tamarins feed over large distances , looking for insects . Capturing and eating insects requires a quick and impulsive decision and action . The marmosets , on the other hand , eat tree sap , which takes more time to secrete , but does not require that the marmosets to cover large distances . The physiological similarities between humans and other animals , especially primates , have led to more comparative research between the two groups . Future research with animal models then can expand our own understanding of how people make decisions about instant versus delayed gratification in the real world .
= The Go @-@ Getter ( 2007 film ) = The Go @-@ Getter is a 2007 American independent road film directed and written by Martin Hynes . The film stars Lou Taylor Pucci , Zooey Deschanel , and Jena Malone . In the film , 19 @-@ year @-@ old Mercer ( Pucci ) steals a stranger 's car to embark on a road trip to find his estranged brother and tell him that their mother has died . He communicates with the car 's owner , Kate ( Deschanel ) , via her cell phone while he travels . The story was based partially on Hynes 's own experiences . After his mother died , and his marriage ended , he took a road trip of his own and wrote " different things , " some of which came together in the script for The Go @-@ Getter . Before production began , Hynes and three other crew members traveled to almost every location visited in the film to perform a test shoot , trying various filming styles and techniques . Filming took place between October and November 2005 in Oregon , Nevada , California , and Mexico . Singer and guitarist M. Ward provided most of the music for the film , complemented by songs from The Black Keys , Elliott Smith , The Replacements , and Animal Collective . The Go @-@ Getter debuted on January 22 , 2007 at the Sundance Film Festival and was given a limited theatrical release on June 6 , 2008 by Peace Arch Entertainment . Its run lasted just three days , and it grossed only US $ 11 @,@ 931 . Critics were divided in reaction to the film ; some praised the performances , the dialogue and the cinematography , while others thought it was unoriginal , forgettable , and poorly acted . = = Plot = = One ordinary day , 19 @-@ year @-@ old Mercer White ( Lou Taylor Pucci ) steals a Volvo station wagon from a car wash , and leaves Eugene , Oregon to find his estranged half @-@ brother Arlen , who is unaware that their mother has recently died . Soon after leaving , a cell phone in the car rings , and Mercer finds himself talking to the owner of the car , Kate ( Zooey Deschanel ) , who lends him her car on the condition that he calls regularly to describe his trip to her . Mercer travels to a bohemian pottery @-@ making commune in Shelter Cove , California where Arlen once lived , but learns that he moved to Reno , Nevada . He passes through Fallon , Nevada to meet up with the seductive Joely ( Jena Malone ) , his middle school crush . In Reno , they take ecstasy and almost have sex before Mercer resumes his search for Arlen . Later he finds himself on the set of a pornographic film , where the director ( Julio Oscar Mechoso ) tells him that Arlen left to work at a pet store in Sacramento , California . Joely asks Mercer if he can drive her cousin Buddy ( Colin Fickes ) and his friend Rid ( William Lee Scott ) to Mojave , California , where they are building their own car . While driving , Mercer finds Kate 's YMCA card in the trunk of her car and , now knowing what she looks like , describes a dream to her in which he , Joely , and Kate are dancing in a re @-@ enactment of Bande à part 's dance sequence . Not wanting to get sidetracked , he tries to leave the others behind in a motel room , but when Buddy threatens to steal the car , Mercer tells him that the car belongs to his girlfriend , and Buddy , Rid , and Joely leave without Mercer in Kate 's car . He hitchhikes to Mojave and finds the salvage yard where Buddy and Rid are working , and retrieves the car . Mercer talks to Kate while driving , imagining her sitting in the back seat of the car , but she hangs up in jealousy when he mentions Joely for the first time . He arrives in Sacramento and finds the pet store where Arlen worked . The owner ( Maura Tierney ) asks Mercer to sing in her children 's band , for which she plays as part of her probation . When he returns to the car , he finds somebody trying to break into it , only to discover that it is Kate . They spend the night at a hotel , but he leaves without her the next morning and catches a train to Los Angeles , California . With the help of a translator , he phones Arlen 's last residence and learns from a Hispanic woman that Arlen is working at a hotel in Ensenada , Mexico . Mercer finally meets Arlen ( Jsu Garcia ) at the hotel in Ensenada , but Arlen assumes Mercer is just there for money . Enraged , Mercer tackles his brother to the ground and gets kicked off the premises . Kate later finds a bloody Mercer sitting on the side of a road and takes him to a hotel . She tells him that she let him take her car because she was attracted to him , and they have sex . The next day Mercer meets with Arlen again , more amicably , and tells him that he and Kate are driving to Louisiana to spread his mother 's ashes . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = Writer @-@ director Martin Hynes referred to the film as " very uncomfortably autobiographical " . He had learned that his mother was diagnosed with cancer when making his 1999 film The Big Split . His marriage ended soon after his mother died , which Hynes saw as " a huge amount of loss " . After deciding that " I have to do less , " he took a road trip , spending much of his time writing as he traveled . He wrote " really different things " , some of which were pieced together and led to his script for The Go @-@ Getter , which he wrote in 2004 . Within six months of the script 's completion , producer Lucy Barzun Donnelly had raised the entire budget of the film without any actors attached at the time . Barzun Donnelly recommended to Hynes that he consider Lou Taylor Pucci for the lead role of Mercer , believing that he was " perfect " . Hynes watched Pucci 's 2005 film Thumbsucker and thought that " We 'd be so lucky to have him . " He contacted Pucci about the role but was leaving for Norway in less than a week to attend a friend 's wedding and wanted to meet with him before leaving . Pucci was in San Francisco on a press tour and Hynes flew from Los Angeles to have lunch with him . Hynes said of the meeting , " I think we really [ got ] each other , " and Pucci accepted the role a week later . Jena Malone signed on to portray Joely because she " loved the script " and was keen to play " a woman on the cusp of learning to toy with her [ ... ] sexual manipulation " ; she only later learned that Hynes had written the role with her in mind , having previously worked with her on the short film Al as in Al . Hynes said that Zooey Deschanel , Maura Tierney , and Bill Duke each joined the cast because they " read [ the script ] and really liked it " . He made a deliberate attempt to cast Deschanel and Malone against their previous types . He described Deschanel as a " glamour girl " and Malone as a sexually mature woman . = = = Filming = = = Four months before filming began , Hynes asked Barzun Donnelly to set US $ 20 @,@ 000 – 25 @,@ 000 aside from the film 's budget so that he could perform a test shoot . Hynes , cinematographer Byron Shah , a camera assistant , and a stand @-@ in for Mercer — as Pucci had not yet been cast — traveled to every location in the film except for Mexico . Over 2 @,@ 000 miles ( 3 @,@ 200 km ) , they shot 8 @,@ 000 feet ( 2 @,@ 400 m ) of film , testing different filters , lenses , film stocks , and shooting styles . Hynes wrote an 85 @-@ page shot list , " scop [ ing ] out " the entire film . He called the test shoot an " incredible boon " and remarked that " Not one frame of it ended up on the movie , but it paid for itself time and time again . " After returning to Los Angeles , he visited each of the locations ( including Mexico ) again with the principal and technical crews . Principal photography began in mid @-@ October 2005 and continued through November over a total period of 25 days . The film was shot in sequence , with production starting in Eugene , Oregon and then moving to Reno , Nevada and subsequently Ensenada , Mexico . Hynes called the filming " a high @-@ wire act the whole way " , and said that one of the biggest challenges was transporting the crew of 40 from Oregon to Mexico , sometimes changing locations twice a day with few hours of daylight . A crew member lost the project 's Filming Permit on the last day of shooting in Mexico , and filming at rush hour was halted by the police . Hynes took a smaller camera to film several blocks away from the original set , but the second assistant director soon arrived warning that the police were coming and that they would be taken to prison because they did not have the paperwork for filming . Hynes and the crew " scatter [ ed ] " , leaving Pucci alone further down the street , which Hynes claims is his strangest experience in the film industry . The crew later returned to Los Angeles to shoot final scenes and to commence post @-@ production . = = = Music = = = When searching for the film 's music , one of the producers suggested to Hynes that he go to a Bright Eyes concert . Singer and guitarist M. Ward opened the show as a supporting act , and Hynes recalled thinking , " Holy shit ! That 's the guy . That 's it . He 's perfect ! " Hynes sent an unsolicited script of the film to Ward , who read it and signed on to the project when there was no financing behind the film nor any actors attached . He told Hynes that any of his songs could be used in the film ; Hynes said that , in post @-@ production , he tested every one of Ward 's songs , including instrumental versions , in the final cut . In the beginning of the film , Mercer comes across a band ; Hynes had always intended for whichever song they were playing to become the overture of the film . Ward 's song " Vincent O 'Brien " became that overture , and described the continuous presence of Ward 's music as " a reminder of home " . He decided that when Joely entered " it was right to step away from Mercer 's sound — M. Ward — and [ convey ] that this movie has been overtaken by forces outside his control , " using The Black Keys ' " 10 A.M. Automatic " and " Keep Me " in addition to The Replacements ' " Color Me Impressed " . Hynes was able to obtain , at a low cost , " Banshee Beat " by Animal Collective and the late Elliott Smith 's song " Coast to Coast " , after writing a " heartfelt letter " to Smith 's mother and sister , his main estate holders . He also used " A Mighty Fortress Is Our God " by novelty singer Corn Mo at the insistence of Nick Offerman , who plays three minor roles in the film . The Portland Youth Jazz Orchestra All Stars plays Ward 's " One Life Away " as an " old @-@ timey instrumental " for one of Mercer 's dreams , an homage to a dancing sequence seen in Jean @-@ Luc Godard 's 1964 film Bande à part . For the closing credits , Ward and Zooey Deschanel recorded a duet cover of " When I Get to the Border " from Richard and Linda Thompson 's 1974 album I Want to See the Bright Lights Tonight . The pair found themselves " mutually charmed " , according to The New York Times ' Melena Ryzik , and bonded over similar musical interests . After Ward listened to Deschanel 's demos , they paired up and formed the band She & Him . Pitchfork Media reported in April 2007 of a future The Go @-@ Getter soundtrack to be released by Merge Records , including a 12 @-@ song tracklist , but Merge later claimed that it was never planning to release a soundtrack . = = Distribution = = = = = Theatrical release = = = The world premiere of The Go @-@ Getter was held on January 22 , 2007 at the Sundance Film Festival . The film was subsequently screened at the AFI Dallas International Film Festival , Waterfront Film Festival , Nantucket Film Festival , Hamburg Film Festival , Austin Film Festival , Stockholm International Film Festival , and the Prague Febiofest . Peace Arch Entertainment bought the film 's distribution rights and it was given a limited release on June 6 , 2008 in selective theatres in New York City , Santa Monica and Irvine , California , and Portland , Oregon . The film 's release was withdrawn on June 8 , its theatrical run lasting only three days . On its only open weekend , the film earned US $ 11 @,@ 931 across six locations with a per @-@ screen average of $ 2 @,@ 386 . The Go @-@ Getter placed 512th for the highest @-@ grossing films of 2008 and 375th for the year 's highest @-@ grossing opening weekends . = = = Home media = = = The Go @-@ Getter was released on DVD on October 21 , 2008 in Region 1 and in August 2008 in Region 4 . The region 1 disc includes an audio commentary with Martin Hynes , a " 20 Questions " featurette with the cast and crew , a voucher for the download of a She & Him song , and a digital copy of the film for use with portable video players . = = Reception = = Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 43 % of 23 collected reviews for the film were positive , with an average score of 5 @.@ 6 / 10 and the consensus that " The Go @-@ Getter features nice performances , but ultimately fails to carve its own path " . At Metacritic , which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics , the film received an average score of 69 , based on 12 reviews . Rolling Stone 's Peter Travers awarded the film 3 @.@ 5 out of 4 stars , commending the film for being " emotionally truthful , painfully funny and vibrantly alive " and labeling it " a near @-@ perfect road movie " . Stephen Holden of The New York Times believed that " Much of the dialogue is so quirky it sounds overheard instead of scripted " and called the cast " correspondingly spontaneous " . New York magazine 's chief film critic David Edelstein praised Hynes ' " talent for deadpan jaw @-@ droppers that aren 't self @-@ consciously quirky " , and thought that " In The Go @-@ Getter , filmmaking itself feels like Manifest Destiny . " Todd McCarthy , writing for Variety , was impressed by Pucci 's performance and Shah 's cinematography , calling the film " an unusually fresh @-@ feeling indie with a nice sense of style " . Lou Lumenick of the New York Post wrote that The Go @-@ Getter " breathes new life [ ... ] into the overworked indie road @-@ movie formula " , labeling Pucci as " charming " and the cinematography as " unusually nice " . The New York Press 's Mark Peikert thought that Deschanel made the film 's flaws " almost forgivable " , and that the film was " a feature @-@ length audition reel for Deschanel to finally get the roles she deserves " . New York Daily News critic Elizabeth Weitzman called Pucci " one of the best , and most overlooked , young actors around " and giving the film 4 out of 5 stars . Other reviews were less positive . The Los Angeles Times ' Carina Chocano felt that " despite flashes of genuine emotion [ The Go @-@ Getter ] eventually succumbs to its own tweeness " and that the " moments of beauty " were outweighed by " the mannered dialogue and hamstrung performances " . Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly graded the film as a C , saying that it " travels , but it doesn 't go anywhere " and likening Pucci to " a wan , passive Johnny Depp " . The Hollywood Reporter critic Frank Scheck praised the film 's " appealing performances , sun @-@ dappled cinematography and occasional witty dialogue " , but thought that it was " contrived and derivative " and " a little too pleased with itself " . The Globe and Mail 's Rick Groen called The Go @-@ Getter " a fairly well @-@ made picture that 's just been fairly well @-@ made too many times before , a knock @-@ off of a thousand other knock @-@ offs " . Gabriel Wilder of The Sydney Morning Herald felt that it was " hard to maintain interest in [ Mercer 's ] plight " because of Pucci 's underacting and thought that " the script isn 't so much quirky as incomplete " , referring to the film 's ending . With a rating of 2 @.@ 5 out of 4 , Maitland McDonagh wrote for TV Guide that the film is " too familiar to make any great impression " .
= Valeri Polyakov = Valeri Vladimirovich Polyakov ( Russian : Валерий Владимирович Поляков , born Valeri Ivanovich Korshunov on April 27 , 1942 ) is a Russian former cosmonaut . He is the holder of the record for the longest single spaceflight in human history , staying aboard the Mir space station for more than 14 months ( 437 days 18 hours ) during one trip . His combined space experience is more than 22 months . Selected as a cosmonaut in 1972 , Polyakov made his first flight into space aboard Soyuz TM @-@ 6 in 1988 . He returned to Earth 240 days later aboard TM @-@ 7 . Polyakov completed his second flight into space in 1994 – 1995 , spending 437 days in space between launching on Soyuz TM @-@ 18 and landing on TM @-@ 20 , setting the record for the longest time continuously spent in space by an individual in human history . = = Early life = = Polyakov was born in Tula , Tula Oblast , Russian SFSR on April 27 , 1942 . Born Valeri Ivanovich Korshunov , Polyakov legally changed his name after being adopted by his stepfather in 1957 . He was educated at the Tula Secondary School No. 4 , from which he graduated in 1959 . He enrolled in the I. M. Sechenov 1st Moscow Medical Institute , where he graduated with a doctoral degree . After , he enrolled in the Institute of Medical and Biological Problems , Ministry of Public Health , Moscow , where he specialized in astronautics medicine . Polyakov dedicated himself to the field of space medicine in 1964 after the flight of the first physician in space , Boris Yegorov , aboard Voskhod 1 . = = Cosmonaut career = = Polyakov was selected as a cosmonaut in Medical Group 3 on March 22 , 1972 . His first flight into space occurred on Soyuz TM @-@ 6 in 1988 . After staying aboard the Mir space station and conducting research for 240 days , Polyakov returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM @-@ 7 . Polyakov 's second spaceflight , the longest human spaceflight in history , began on January 8 , 1994 with the launch of the Soyuz TM @-@ 18 mission . He spent approximately 437 days aboard Mir conducting experiments and performing scientific research . During this flight , he completed just over 7 @,@ 000 orbits of the Earth . On January 9 , 1995 , after 366 days in space , Polyakov formally broke the spaceflight duration record previously set by Vladimir Titov and Musa Manarov six years earlier . He returned to Earth aboard Soyuz TM @-@ 20 on March 22 , 1995 . Upon landing , Polyakov opted not to be carried the few feet between the Soyuz capsule and a nearby lawn chair , instead walking the short distance . In doing so , he wished to prove that humans could be physically capable of working on the surface of Mars after a long @-@ duration transit phase . Polyakov volunteered for his 437 @-@ day flight to learn how the human body would respond to the micro @-@ gravity environment on long @-@ duration missions to Mars . Upon returning from his second spaceflight , Polyakov held the record for the most total time in space . This record , however , was later broken by Sergei Avdeyev and is currently held by Gennady Padalka . Data from Polyakov 's flight has been used by researchers to determine that humans are able to maintain a healthy mental state during long @-@ duration spaceflight just as they would on Earth . Polyakov underwent medical assessments before , during , and after the flight . He also underwent two follow @-@ up examinations six months after returning to Earth . When researchers compared the results of these medical exams , it was revealed that although there were no impairments of cognitive functions , Polyakov experienced a clear decline in mood as well as a feeling of increased workload during the first few weeks of spaceflight and return to Earth . However , Polyakov 's mood stabilized to pre @-@ flight levels between the second and fourteenth month of his mission . It was also revealed that Polyakov did not suffer from any prolonged performance impairments after returning to Earth . In light of these findings , researchers concluded that a stable mood and overall function could be maintained during extended duration spaceflights , such as manned missions to Mars . = = = Spaceflights = = = Soyuz TM @-@ 6 / Soyuz TM @-@ 7 – August 28 , 1988 to April 27 , 1989 – 240 days , 22 hours , 34 minutes Soyuz TM @-@ 18 / Soyuz TM @-@ 20 – January 8 , 1994 to March 22 , 1995 – 437 days , 17 hours , 58 minutes = = Personal life = = Polyakov retired from his position as a cosmonaut in June 1995 , with a total of just over 678 days in space . He participated in experiment SFINCSS @-@ 99 ( Simulation of Flight of International Crew on Space Station ) in 1999 . Polyakov is currently the Deputy Director of the Ministry of Public Health in Moscow , where he oversees the medical aspects of long @-@ duration space missions . He is a member of the Russian Chief Medical Commission , participating in the qualification and selection of cosmonauts . He also holds membership in the International Space Researcher 's Association and the International Academy of Astronautics . Polyakov is married and has one child . Since returning from space , Polyakov remained active in the discipline of international spaceflight , becoming a " cosmonaut @-@ investigator " for the United States , Austria , Germany , and France during their respective space science missions to the Mir space station . = = Legacy = = Polyakov has won several awards for his spaceflight and academic achievements , including the Hero of the Soviet Union / Russian Federation , Order of Lenin , Order of the Legion of Honour , and the Order of Parasat . He is a member of organizations related to astronautics , including the Russian Chief Medical Commission on cosmonauts ' certification . Polyakov holds the title of " Pilot @-@ Cosmonaut of the USSR " and has published several works pertaining to life sciences , medical aspects of space missions , and the results of research conducted on long @-@ duration spaceflights . Polyakov 's record for longest cumulative time in space of 678 days over two missions stood until surpassed in 1999 by cosmonaut Sergei Avdeyev with a total of 747 days in space during three different missions . = = Honours and awards = = Hero of the Russian Federation Hero of the Soviet Union Pilot @-@ Cosmonaut of the USSR Order of Lenin Medal " For Merit in Space Exploration " Order of Parasat ( Kazakhstan ) Officer of the Legion of Honour ( France ) Hero of the Republic of Afghanistan Order " The Sun of Liberty " ( Afghanistan )
= The Man from the Other Side = " The Man from the Other Side " is the 19th episode of the second season of the American science fiction drama television series Fringe . The episode follows the attempts of Thomas Jerome Newton , with the help of shapeshifters , to create a pathway between the two parallel universes , while the Fringe team 's Olivia Dunham , Peter Bishop , and Walter Bishop try to stop him . The episode was written by co @-@ executive producer Josh Singer and series story editor Ethan Gross , and directed by Jeffrey Hunt . It first aired on April 22 , 2010 in the United States to an estimated 5 @.@ 84 million viewers , helping Fox place second for the night . Television critics praised the episode for good pacing and a " heartbreaking " conclusion ; one writer noted it was " full of just about everything I look for from the show " . = = Plot = = Walter ( John Noble ) has prepared himself to reveal to Peter ( Joshua Jackson ) the truth — that he is from the parallel universe — when they are called to a case . Two teenagers were found dead , evidently killed by shapeshifter agents from the parallel universe . Exploring the nearby area , they find a third unformed shapeshifter which Walter takes to the lab to study . At the same time of the teenagers ' death , they find a carrier signal in the local television . With biotechnology corporation Massive Dynamic 's help , they determine that the signal emanated from the parallel universe during a brief moment that the two universes were in sync , and that the next point of synchronization would occur the next afternoon . Recalling Thomas Jerome Newton 's ( Sebastian Roché ) previous attempt to bring a building from the parallel universe into the prime , the Fringe team believes they must stop this next attempt . From the unformed shapeshifter , they learn of a name of its potential target , a doctor at a local hospital . They take the man into custody but find that he has yet to be harmed . Based on the need for three shapeshifters , Walter surmises that Newton is trying to use the same technology that he and William Bell had pioneered for crossing the universes , by placing three vibrational sources triangulated around the target . Walter begins to collect equipment to create interference with the vibrations to prevent the crossing . Another corpse is found , that of a bank manager that appears to have been killed by a shapeshifter . Realizing both men would have access to secured areas in their workplaces , they use these locations as two points on Netwon 's triangle . From this , they are able to identify two locations where the transfer will occur . Olivia ( Anna Torv ) , using the information Walter has told her in private about his own crossing , identifies a collapsed derelict bridge over the Charles River , where the water would absorb the energy of crossing over . The Fringe team converges on the bridge , where Newton has already started the process as the time of synchronization nears . As Olivia and the other FBI agent engage the two other shapeshifters in combat , Walter and Peter set up the interference device . Peter warns everyone , including Walter , back as he completes the interference device and the bridge , which still exists in the parallel universe , starts to appear with a man crossing it . The shockwave of its appearance disintegrates an FBI agent on the bridge with Peter but sends Peter flying back and knocks him out . Peter wakes in the hospital , learning from Olivia that they saw a man safely cross the bridge and taken by Newton . When Walter arrives to see Peter , Peter tells him he has realized the truth : because he , like the man on the bridge , was not affected by the same shockwave that killed the FBI agent , he must be from the parallel universe . Walter is unable to deny Peter 's accusations . The next day , Walter is devastated to learn that Peter has discharged himself and has disappeared . = = Production = = The episode was written by story editor Ethan Gross and co @-@ executive producer Josh Singer . It was Gross ' first full episode writing credit for the series . Singer had last co @-@ written the season 's sixteenth episode , " Peter " . Jeffrey Hunt served as the episode director , his first such credit for the series . Actors Ryan McDonald , Peter Bryant , Shawn MacDonald , and James Pizzinato guest starred in the episode . The episode 's opening scene featured the song " Tom Sawyer " by the Canadian rock band Rush . As with other Fringe episodes , Fox released a science lesson plan for grade school children focusing on the science seen in " The Man from the Other Side " , with the intention of having " students learn about bioelectricity , the study of how electromagnetic fields interact with tissues , with a focus on how the muscular system requires the use of electric potentials . " = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = On its initial American broadcast on April 22 , 2010 , the episode was watched by an estimated 5 @.@ 84 million viewers . It earned a 3 @.@ 6 / 6 ratings share among all households and a 2 @.@ 1 / 6 ratings share among adults aged 18 – 49 . While " The Man from the Other Side " had a 15 percent decrease from the previous week 's episode , Fringe and its lead @-@ in , Bones , helped Fox place second for the night despite competition from the other networks ' original programming . = = = Reviews = = = MTV 's Josh Wigler praised Jackson and Noble 's performances , and appreciated the show 's ability to " gross you out in progressively unique ways " . Noel Murray from The A.V. Club graded the episode with an A- , explaining it was " full of just about everything I look for from the show , " as it had a sequence focused on weird science , a great performance by Noble , and a " heartbreaking " ending . Ramsey Isler from IGN rated the episode 8 @.@ 6 / 10 , as he thought it " delivered action , suspense , mystery , and the final climax " to Peter discovering his origins , and it was " a great achievement that marks a big turning point for the series " . Like other critics , Isler also praised Jackson and Noble 's acting . Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly lauded Noble and Jackson 's performances , calling Peter 's change back to " the secretive , bitter , scurrilous character he was before the series started " a " wrenching daring move on the part of the show " . Tim Grierson of the magazine New York was worried that the hype surrounding Peter 's secret would not pay off , but believed " Happily , last night 's episode perfectly handled that anticipated plot point ... [ it ] turned out to be much better than could have been hoped " . Hitfix 's Ryan McGee found the possibility of Walternate being the aforementioned Secretary a " compelling idea , " and loved the shapeshifting embryos . McGee concluded his review with a focus on the main cast 's performances , " Joshua Jackson 's understated nature during his final scene with John Noble really paid off . Had he blown into straight histrionics , the scene wouldn 't have worked nearly as well . But playing it with controlled , eloquent , understated fury , he conveyed betrayal more than anger , which cut Walter even deeper than rage ever could . " UGO Networks critic Alex Zalben was unhappy the promotions for the episode revealed Peter discovering his secret , " By showing Peter 's revelation in the ' Next Week on Fringe ' and subsequent commercials advertising this week 's episode , [ the network ] totally , one hundred percent blew it . " Otherwise , Zalben believed it to be an " awesome episode " , and praised the shapeshifter visual effects . Jane Boursaw of AOL TV wrote , " This episode of Fringe had everything - a slimy embryo , a thrilling gunfight , nefarious shapeshifters , some alternate universe action , and yes , that heartbreaking drama we 've been waiting for all season . " Boursaw was slightly critical of Peter 's discovery , explaining the relationship was built up so much that she wished Peter 's subsequent estrangement had " turned [ ed ] out better " and had him stay with Walter .
= Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India = The Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties are sections of the Constitution of India that prescribe the fundamental obligations of the State to its citizens and the duties of the citizens to the State . These sections comprise a constitutional bill of rights for government policy @-@ making and the behavior and conduct of citizens . These sections are considered vital elements of the constitution , which was developed between 1947 and 1949 by the Constituent Assembly of India . The Fundamental Rights is defined as the basic human rights of all citizens . These rights , defined in Part III of the Constitution , apply irrespective of race , place of birth , religion , caste , creed or gender . They are enforceable by the courts , subject to specific restrictions . The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government . These provisions , set out in Part IV of the Constitution , are not enforceable by the courts , but the principles on which they are based are fundamental guidelines for governance that the State is expected to apply in framing and passing laws . The Fundamental Duties are defined as the moral obligations of all citizens to help promote a spirit of patriotism and to uphold the unity of India . These duties , set out in Part IV – A of the Constitution , concern individuals and the nation . Unlike the Directive Principles , they are enforceable by law . = = History = = The Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles had their origins in the Indian independence movement , which strove to achieve the values of liberty and social welfare as the goals of an independent Indian state . The development of constitutional rights in India was inspired by historical documents such as England 's Bill of Rights , the United States Bill of Rights and France 's Declaration of the Rights of Man . The demand for civil liberties formed an important part of the Indian independence movement , with one of the objectives of the Indian National Congress ( INC ) being to end discrimination between the British rulers and their Indian subjects . This demand was explicitly mentioned in resolutions adopted by the INC between 1917 and 1919 . The demands articulated in these resolutions included granting to Indians the rights to equality before law , free speech , trial by juries composed at least half of Indian members , political power , and equal terms for bearing arms as British citizens . The experiences of the First World War , the unsatisfactory Montague @-@ Chelmsford reforms of 1919 , and the rise to prominence of M. K. Gandhi in the Indian independence movement marked a change in the attitude of its leaders towards articulating demands for civil rights . The focus shifted from demanding equality of status between Indians and the British to assuring liberty for all Indians . The Commonwealth of India Bill , drafted by Annie Beasant in 1925 , specifically included demands for seven fundamental rights – individual liberty , freedom of conscience , free expression of opinion , freedom of assembly , non @-@ discrimination on the ground of sex , free elementary education and free use of public spaces . In 1927 , the INC resolved to set up a committee to draft a " Swaraj Constitution " for India based on a declaration of rights that would provide safeguards against oppression . The 11 @-@ member committee , led by Motilal Nehru , was constituted in 1928 . Its report made a number of recommendations , including proposing guaranteed fundamental rights to all Indians . These rights resembled those of the American Constitution and those adopted by post @-@ war European countries , and several of them were adopted from the 1925 Bill . Several of these provisions were later replicated in various parts of the Indian Constitution , including the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles . In 1931 , the Indian National Congress , at its Karachi session , adopted a resolution committing itself to the defence of civil rights and economic freedom , with the stated objectives of putting an end to exploitation , providing social security and implementing land reforms . Other new rights proposed by the resolution were the prohibition of State titles , universal adult franchise , abolition of capital punishment and freedom of movement . Drafted by Jawaharlal Nehru , the resolution , which later formed the basis for some of the Directive Principles , placed the primary responsibility of carrying out social reform on the State , and marked the increasing influence of socialism and Gandhian philosophy on the independence movement . The final phase of the Independence movement saw a reiteration of the socialist principles of the 1930s , along with an increased focus on minority rights – which had become an issue of major political concern by then – which were published in the Sapru Report in 1945 . The report , apart from stressing on protecting the rights of minorities , also sought to prescribe a " standard of conduct for the legislatures , government and the courts " . During the final stages of the British raj , the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India proposed a Constituent Assembly to draft a Constitution for India as part of the process of transfer of power . The Constituent Assembly of India , composed of indirectly elected representatives from the British provinces and Princely states , commenced its proceedings in December 1946 , and completed drafting the Constitution of India by November 1949 . According to the Cabinet Mission plan , the Assembly was to have an Advisory Committee to advise it on the nature and extent of fundamental rights , protection of minorities and administration of tribal areas . Accordingly , the Advisory Committee was constituted in January 1947 with 64 members , and from among these a twelve @-@ member sub @-@ committee on Fundamental Rights was appointed under the chairmanship of J.B. Kripalani in February 1947 . The sub @-@ committee drafted the Fundamental Rights and submitted its report to the Committee by April 1947 , and later that month the Committee placed it before the Assembly , which debated and discussed the rights over the course of the following year , adopting the drafts of most of them by December 1948 . The drafting of the Fundamental Rights was influenced by the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the U.N. General Assembly and the activities of the United Nations Human Rights Commission , as well as decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court in interpreting the Bill of Rights in the American Constitution . The Directive Principles , which were also drafted by the sub @-@ committee on Fundamental Rights , expounded the socialist precepts of the Indian independence movement , and were inspired by similar principles contained in the Irish Constitution . The Fundamental Duties were later added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 . = = Fundamental Rights = = The Fundamental Rights , embodied in Part III of the Constitution , guarantee civil rights to all Indians , and prevent the State from encroaching on individual liberty while simultaneously placing upon it an obligation to protect the citizens ' rights from encroachment by society . Seven fundamental rights were originally provided by the Constitution – right to equality , right to freedom , right against exploitation , right to freedom of religion , cultural and educational rights , right to property and right to constitutional remedies . However , the right to property was removed from Part III of the Constitution by the 44th Amendment in 1978 . The purpose of the Fundamental Rights is to preserve individual liberty and democratic principles based on equality of all members of society . Dr Ambedkar said that the responsibility of the legislature is not just to provide fundamental rights but also and rather more importantly , to safeguard them . They act as limitations on the powers of the legislature and executive , under Article 13 , and in case of any violation of these rights the Supreme Court of India and the High Courts of the states have the power to declare such legislative or executive action as unconstitutional and void . These rights are largely enforceable against the State , which as per the wide definition provided in Article 12 , includes not only the legislative and executive wings of the federal and state governments , but also local administrative authorities and other agencies and institutions which discharge public functions or are of a governmental character . However , there are certain rights – such as those in Articles 15 , 17 , 18 , 23 , 24 – that are also available against private individuals . Further , certain Fundamental Rights – including those under Articles 14 , 20 , 21 , 25 – apply to persons of any nationality upon Indian soil , while others – such as those under Articles 15 , 16 , 19 , 30 – are applicable only to citizens of India . The Fundamental Rights are not absolute and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of public interest . In the Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala case in 1973 , the Supreme Court , overruling a previous decision of 1967 , held that the Fundamental Rights could be amended , subject to judicial review in case such an amendment violated the basic structure of the Constitution . The Fundamental Rights can be enhanced , removed or otherwise altered through a constitutional amendment , passed by a two @-@ thirds majority of each House of Parliament . The imposition of a state of emergency may lead to a temporary suspension any of the Fundamental Rights , excluding Articles 20 and 21 , by order of the President . The President may , by order , suspend the right to constitutional remedies as well , thereby barring citizens from approaching the Supreme Court for the enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights , except Articles 20 and 21 , during the period of the emergency . Parliament may also restrict the application of the Fundamental Rights to members of the Indian Armed Forces and the police , in order to ensure proper discharge of their duties and the maintenance of discipline , by a law made under Article 33 . = = = Right to Equality = = = The Right to Equality is one of the chief guarantees of the Constitution . It is embodied in Articles 14 – 16 , which collectively encompass the general principles of equality before law and non @-@ discrimination , and Articles 17 – 18 which collectively further the philosophy of social equality . Article 14 guarantees equality before law as well as equal protection of the law to all persons within the territory of India . This includes the equal subjection of all persons to the authority of law , as well as equal treatment of persons in similar circumstances . The latter permits the State to classify persons for legitimate purposes , provided there is a reasonable basis for the same , meaning that the classification is required to be non @-@ arbitrary , based on a method of intelligible differentiation among those sought to be classified , as well as have a rational relation to the object sought to be achieved by the classification . Article 15 prohibits discrimination on the grounds only of religion , race , caste , sex , place of birth , or any of them . This right can be enforced against the State as well as private individuals , with regard to free access to places of public entertainment or places of public resort maintained partly or wholly out of State funds . However , the State is not precluded from making special provisions for women and children or any socially and educationally backward classes of citizens , including the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes . This exception has been provided since the classes of people mentioned therein are considered deprived and in need of special protection . Article 16 guarantees equality of opportunity in matters of public employment and prevents the State from discriminating against anyone in matters of employment on the grounds only of religion , race , caste , sex , descent , place of birth , place of residence or any of them . It creates exceptions for the implementation of measures of affirmative action for the benefit of any backward class of citizens in order to ensure adequate representation in public service , as well as reservation of an office of any religious institution for a person professing that particular religion . The practice of untouchability has been declared an offence punishable by law under Article 17 , and the Protection of Civil Rights Act , 1955 has been enacted by the Parliament to further this objective . Article 18 prohibits the State from conferring any titles other than military or academic distinctions , and the citizens of India cannot accept titles from a foreign state . Thus , Indian aristocratic titles and titles of nobility conferred by the British have been abolished . However , awards such as the Bharat Ratna have been held to be valid by the Supreme Court on the ground that they are merely decorations and cannot be used by the recipient as a title . = = = Right to Freedom = = = The Right to Freedom is covered in Articles 19 – 22 , with the view of guaranteeing individual rights that were considered vital by the framers of the Constitution , and these Articles also include certain restrictions that may be imposed by the State on individual liberty under specified conditions . Article 19 guarantees six freedoms in the nature of civil rights , which are available only to citizens of India . These include the freedom of speech and expression , freedom of assembly without arms , freedom of association , freedom of movement throughout the territory of India , freedom to reside and settle in any part of the country of India and the freedom to practise any profession . All these freedoms are subject to reasonable restrictions that may imposed on them by the State , listed under Article 19 itself . The grounds for imposing these restrictions vary according to the freedom sought to be restricted , and include national security , public order , decency and morality , contempt of court , incitement to offences , and defamation . The State is also empowered , in the interests of the general public to nationalise any trade , industry or service to the exclusion of the citizens . The freedoms guaranteed by Article 19 are further sought to be protected by Articles 20 – 22 . The scope of these articles , particularly with respect to the doctrine of due process , was heavily debated by the Constituent Assembly . It was argued , especially by Benegal Narsing Rau , that the incorporation of such a clause would hamper social legislation and cause procedural difficulties in maintaining order , and therefore it ought to be excluded from the Constitution altogether . The Constituent Assembly in 1948 eventually omitted the phrase " due process " in favour of " procedure established by law " . As a result , Article 21 , which prevents the encroachment of life or personal liberty by the State except in accordance with the procedure established by law , was , until 1978 , construed narrowly as being restricted to executive action . However , in 1978 , the Supreme Court in the case of Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India extended the protection of Article 21 to legislative action , holding that any law laying down a procedure must be just , fair and reasonable , and effectively reading due process into Article 21 . In the same case , the Supreme Court also ruled that " life " under Article 21 meant more than a mere " animal existence " ; it would include the right to live with human dignity and all other aspects which made life " meaningful , complete and worth living " . Subsequent judicial interpretation has broadened the scope of Article 21 to include within it a number of rights including those to livelihood , good health , clean environment , water , speedy trial and humanitarian treatment while imprisoned . The right to education at elementary level has been made one of the Fundamental Rights under Article 21A by the 86th Constitutional amendment of 2002 . Article 20 provides protection from conviction for offences in certain respects , including the rights against ex post facto laws , double jeopardy and freedom from self @-@ incrimination . Article 22 provides specific rights to arrested and detained persons , in particular the rights to be informed of the grounds of arrest , consult a lawyer of one 's own choice , be produced before a magistrate within 24 hours of the arrest , and the freedom not to be detained beyond that period without an order of the magistrate . The Constitution also authorizes the State to make laws providing for preventive detention , subject to certain other safeguards present in Article 22 . The provisions pertaining to preventive detention were discussed with skepticism and misgivings by the Constituent Assembly , and were reluctantly approved after a few amendments in 1949 . Article 22 provides that when a person is detained under any law of preventive detention , the State can detain such person without trial for only three months , and any detention for a longer period must be authorised by an Advisory Board . The person being detained also has the right to be informed about the grounds of detention , and be permitted to make a representation against it , at the earliest opportunity . = = = Right against Exploitation = = = The Right against Exploitation , contained in Articles 23 – 24 , lays down certain provisions to prevent exploitation of the weaker sections of the society by individuals or the State . Article 23 prohibits human trafficking , making it an offence punishable by law , and also prohibits forced labour or any act of compelling a person to work without wages where he was legally entitled not to work or to receive remuneration for it . However , it permits the State to impose compulsory service for public purposes , including conscription and community service . The Bonded Labour system ( Abolition ) Act , 1976 , has been enacted by Parliament to give effect to this Article . Article 24 prohibits the employment of children below the age of 14 years in factories , mines and other hazardous jobs . Parliament has enacted the Child Labour ( Prohibition and Regulation ) Act , 1986 , providing regulations for the abolition of , and penalties for employing , child labour , as well as provisions for rehabilitation of former child labourers . = = = Right to Freedom of Religion = = = The Right to Freedom of Religion , covered in Articles 25 – 28 , provides religious freedom to all citizens and ensures a secular state in India . According to the Constitution , there is no official State religion , and the State is required to treat all religions impartially and neutrally . Article 25 guarantees all persons the freedom of conscience and the right to preach , practice and propagate any religion of their choice . This right is , however , subject to public order , morality and health , and the power of the State to take measures for social welfare and reform . The right to propagate , however , does not include the right to convert another individual , since it would amount to an infringement of the other 's right to freedom of conscience . Article 26 guarantees all religious denominations and sects , subject to public order , morality and health , to manage their own affairs in matters of religion , set up institutions of their own for charitable or religious purposes , and own , acquire and manage property in accordance with law . These provisions do not derogate from the State 's power to acquire property belonging to a religious denomination . The State is also empowered to regulate any economic , political or other secular activity associated with religious practice . Article 27 guarantees that no person can be compelled to pay taxes for the promotion of any particular religion or religious institution . Article 28 prohibits religious instruction in a wholly State @-@ funded educational institution , and educational institutions receiving aid from the State cannot compel any of their members to receive religious instruction or attend religious worship without their ( or their guardian 's ) consent . = = = Cultural and Educational Rights = = = The Cultural and Educational rights , given in Articles 29 and 30 , are measures to protect the rights of cultural , linguistic and religious minorities , by enabling them to conserve their heritage and protecting them against discrimination . Article 29 grants any section of citizens having a distinct language , script culture of its own , the right to conserve and develop the same , and thus safeguards the rights of minorities by preventing the State from imposing any external culture on them . It also prohibits discrimination against any citizen for admission into any educational institutions maintained or aided by the State , on the grounds only of religion , race , caste , language or any of them . However , this is subject to reservation of a reasonable number of seats by the State for socially and educationally backward classes , as well as reservation of up to 50 percent of seats in any educational institution run by a minority community for citizens belonging to that community . Article 30 confers upon all religious and linguistic minorities the right to set up and administer educational institutions of their choice in order to preserve and develop their own culture , and prohibits the State , while granting aid , from discriminating against any institution on the basis of the fact that it is administered by a religious or cultural minority . The term " minority " , while not defined in the Constitution , has been interpreted by the Supreme Court to mean any community which numerically forms less than 50 % of the population of the state in which it seeks to avail the right under Article 30 . In order to claim the right , it is essential that the educational institution must have been established as well as administered by a religious or linguistic minority . Further , the right under Article 30 can be availed of even if the educational institution established does not confine itself to the teaching of the religion or language of the minority concerned , or a majority of students in that institution do not belong to such minority . This right is subject to the power of the State to impose reasonable regulations regarding educational standards , conditions of service of employees , fee structure , and the utilisation of any aid granted by it . = = = Right to Constitutional Remedies = = = The Right to Constitutional Remedies empowers citizens to approach the Supreme Court of India to seek enforcement , or protection against infringement , of their Fundamental Rights . Article 32 provides a guaranteed remedy , in the form of a Fundamental Right itself , for enforcement of all the other Fundamental Rights , and the Supreme Court is designated as the protector of these rights by the Constitution . The Supreme Court has been empowered to issue writs , namely habeas corpus , mandamus , prohibition , certiorari and quo warranto , for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights , while the High Courts have been empowered under Article 226 – which is not a Fundamental Right in itself – to issue these prerogative writs even in cases not involving the violation of Fundamental Rights . The Supreme Court has the jurisdiction to enforce the Fundamental Rights even against private bodies , and in case of any violation , award compensation as well to the affected individual . Exercise of jurisdiction by the Supreme Court can also be suo motu or on the basis of a public interest litigation . This right cannot be suspended , except under the provisions of Article 359 when a state of emergency is declared . = = Directive Principles of State Policy = = The Directive Principles of State Policy , embodied in Part IV of the Constitution , are directions given to the State to guide the establishment of an economic and social democracy , as proposed by the Preamble . They set forth the humanitarian and socialist instructions that were the aim of social revolution envisaged in India by the Constituent Assembly . The State is expected to keep these principles in mind while framing laws and policies , even though they are non @-@ justiciable in nature . The Directive Principles may be classified under the following categories : ideals that the State ought to strive towards achieving ; directions for the exercise of legislative and executive power ; and rights of the citizens which the State must aim towards securing . Despite being non @-@ justiciable , the Directive Principles act as a check on the State ; theorised as a yardstick in the hands of the electorate and the opposition to measure the performance of a government at the time of an election . Article 37 , while stating that the Directive Principles are not enforceable in any court of law , declares them to be " fundamental to the governance of the country " and imposes an obligation on the State to apply them in matters of legislation . Thus , they serve to emphasis the welfare state model of the Constitution and emphasise the positive duty of the State to promote the welfare of the people by affirming social , economic and political justice , as well as to fight income inequality and ensure individual dignity , as mandated by Article 38 . Article 39 lays down certain principles of policy to be followed by the State , including providing an adequate means of livelihood for all citizens , equal pay for equal work for men and women , proper working conditions , reduction of the concentration of wealth and means of production from the hands of a few , and distribution of community resources to " subserve the common good " . These clauses highlight the Constitutional objectives of building an egalitarian social order and establishing a welfare state , by bringing about a social revolution assisted by the State , and have been used to support the nationalisation of mineral resources as well as public utilities . Further , several legislation pertaining to agrarian reform and land tenure have been enacted by the federal and state governments , in order to ensure equitable distribution of land resources . Articles 41 – 43 mandate the State to endeavour to secure to all citizens the right to work , a living wage , social security , maternity relief , and a decent standard of living . These provisions aim at establishing a socialist state as envisaged in the Preamble . Article 43 also places upon the State the responsibility of promoting cottage industries , and the federal government has , in furtherance of this , established several Boards for the promotion of khadi , handlooms etc . , in coordination with the state governments . Article 39A requires the State to provide free legal aid to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are available to all citizens irrespective of economic or other disabilities . Article 43A mandates the State to work towards securing the participation of workers in the management of industries . The State , under Article 46 , is also mandated to promote the interests of and work for the economic uplift of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and protect them from discrimination and exploitation . Several enactments , including two Constitutional amendments , have been passed to give effect to this provision . Article 44 encourages the State to secure a uniform civil code for all citizens , by eliminating discrepancies between various personal laws currently in force in the country . However , this has remained a " dead letter " despite numerous reminders from the Supreme Court to implement the provision . Article 45 originally mandated the State to provide free and compulsory education to children between the ages of six and fourteen years , but after the 86th Amendment in 2002 , this has been converted into a Fundamental Right and replaced by an obligation upon the State to secure childhood care to all children below the age of six . Article 47 commits the State to raise the standard of living and improve public health , and prohibit the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs injurious to health . As a consequence , partial or total prohibition has been introduced in several states , but financial constraints have prevented its full @-@ fledged application . The State is also mandated by Article 48 to organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines by improving breeds and prohibiting slaughter of cattle . Article 48A mandates the State to protect the environment and safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country , while Article 49 places an obligation upon the State to ensure the preservation of monuments and objects of national importance . Article 50 requires the State to ensure the separation of judiciary from executive in public services , in order to ensure judicial independence , and federal legislation has been enacted to achieve this objective . The State , according to Article 51 , must also strive for the promotion of international peace and security , and Parliament has been empowered under Article 253 to make laws giving effect to international treaties . = = Fundamental Duties = = The Fundamental Duties of citizens were added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 , upon the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee that was constituted by the government earlier that year . Originally ten in number , the Fundamental Duties were increased to eleven by the 86th Amendment in 2002 , which added a duty on every parent or guardian to ensure that their child or ward was provided opportunities for education between the ages of six and fourteen years . The other Fundamental Duties obligate all citizens to respect the national symbols of India , including the Constitution , to cherish its heritage , preserve its composite culture and assist in its defense . They also obligate all Indians to promote the spirit of common brotherhood , protect the environment and public property , develop scientific temper , abjure violence , and strive towards excellence in all spheres of life . Citizens are morally obligated by the Constitution to perform these duties . However , like the Directive Principles , these are non @-@ justifiable , without any legal sanction in case of their violation or non @-@ compliance . There is reference to such duties in international instruments such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , and Article 51A brings the Indian Constitution into conformity with these treaties . The Fundamental Duties noted in the constitution are as follows : — It shall be the duty of every citizen of India — to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions , the National Flag and the National Anthem ; to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom ; to uphold and protect the sovereignty , unity and integrity of India ; to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so ; to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious , linguistic and regional or sectional diversities ; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women ; to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture ; to protect and improve the natural environment including forests , lakes , rivers and wild life , and to have compassion for living creatures ; to develop the scientific temper , humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform ; to safeguard public property and to abjure violence ; to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement ; who is a parent or guardian to provide opportunities for education to his child or ward , as the case may be , between the age of six and fourteen years = = Criticism and analysis = = Fewer children are now employed in hazardous environments , but their employment in non @-@ hazardous jobs , prevalently as domestic help , violates the spirit of the constitution in the eyes of many critics and human rights advocates . More than 16 @.@ 5 million children are in employment . India was ranked 88 out of 159 countries in 2005 , according to the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians . The year 1990 – 1991 was declared as the " Year of Social Justice " in the memory of B.R. Ambedkar . The government provides free textbooks to students belonging to scheduled castes and tribes pursuing medicine and engineering courses . During 2002 – 2003 , a sum of Rs . 4 @.@ 77 crore ( 47 @.@ 7 million ) was released for this purpose . In order to protect scheduled castes and tribes from discrimination , the government enacted the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe ( Prevention of Atrocities ) Act , 1989 , prescribing severe punishments for such actions . The Minimum Wages Act of 1948 empowers government to fix minimum wages for people working across the economic spectrum . The Consumer Protection Act of 1986 provides for the better protection of consumers . The Equal Remuneration Act of 1976 provides for equal pay for equal work for both men and women . The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana ( Universal Rural Employment Program ) was launched in 2001 to attain the objective of providing gainful employment for the rural poor . The program was implemented through the Panchayati Raj institutions . A system of elected village councils , known as Panchayati Raj covers almost all states and territories of India . One @-@ third of the total number of seats have been reserved for women in Panchayats at every level ; and in the case of Bihar , half the seats have been reserved for women . The judiciary has been separated from the executive " in all the states and territories except Jammu and Kashmir and Nagaland . " India 's foreign policy has been influenced by the Directive Principles . India supported the United Nations in peace @-@ keeping activities , with the Indian Army having participated in 37 UN peace @-@ keeping operations . The implementation of a uniform civil code for all citizens has not been achieved owing to widespread opposition from various religious groups and political parties . The Shah Bano case ( 1985 – 86 ) provoked a political firestorm in India when the Supreme Court ruled that Shah Bano , a Muslim woman who had been divorced by her husband in 1978 was entitled to receive alimony from her former husband under Indian law applicable for all Indian women . This decision evoked outrage in the Muslim community , which sought the application of the Muslim personal law and in response the Parliament passed the Muslim Women ( Protection of Rights on Divorce ) Act , 1986 overturning the Supreme Court 's verdict . This act provoked further outrage , as jurists , critics and politicians alleged that the fundamental right of equality for all citizens irrespective of religion or gender was being jettisoned to preserve the interests of distinct religious communities . The verdict and the legislation remain a source of heated debate , with many citing the issue as a prime example of the poor implementation of Fundamental Rights . = = Relationship between the Fundamental Rights , Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties = = The Directive Principles have been used to uphold the Constitutional validity of legislations in case of a conflict with the Fundamental Rights . Article 31C , added by the 25th Amendment in 1971 , provided that any law made to give effect to the Directive Principles in Article 39 ( b ) – ( c ) would not be invalid on the grounds that they derogated from the Fundamental Rights conferred by Articles 14 , 19 and 21 . The application of this article was sought to be extended to all the Directive Principles by the 42nd Amendment in 1976 , but the Supreme Court struck down the extension as void on the ground that it violated the basic structure of the Constitution . The Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles have also been used together in forming the basis of legislation for social welfare . The Supreme Court , after the judgement in the Kesavananda Bharati case , has adopted the view of the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles being complementary to each other , each supplementing the other 's role in aiming at the same goal of establishing a welfare state by means of social revolution . Similarly , the Supreme Court has used the Fundamental Duties to uphold the Constitutional validity of statutes which seeks to promote the objects laid out in the Fundamental Duties . These Duties have also been held to be obligatory for all citizens , subject to the State enforcing the same by means of a valid law . The Supreme Court has also issued directions to the State in this regard , with a view towards making the provisions effective and enabling a citizens to properly perform their duties .
= Earwig = Earwigs make up the insect order Dermaptera and are found throughout the Americas , Africa , Eurasia , Australia and New Zealand . With about 2 @,@ 000 species in 12 families , they are one of the smaller insect orders . Earwigs have characteristic cerci , a pair of forceps @-@ like pincers on their abdomen , and membranous wings folded underneath short forewings , hence the scientific order name , " skin wings . " Some groups are tiny parasites on mammals and lack the typical pincers . Earwigs rarely use their flying ability . Earwigs are mostly nocturnal and often hide in small , moist crevices during the day , and are active at night , feeding on a wide variety of insects and plants . Damage to foliage , flowers , and various crops is commonly blamed on earwigs , especially the common earwig Forficula auricularia . Earwigs have five molts in the year before they become adults . Many earwig species display maternal care , which is uncommon among insects . Female earwigs may care for their eggs , and even after they have hatched as nymphs will continue to watch over offspring until their second molt . As the nymphs molt , sexual dimorphism such as differences in pincer shapes begins to show . Some earwig specimen fossils are in the extinct suborders Archidermaptera or Eodermaptera , the former dating to the Late Triassic and the latter to the Middle Jurassic . Many orders of insect have been theorized to be closely related to earwigs , though the icebugs of Grylloblattaria are most likely . = = Etymology = = The scientific name for the order , " Dermaptera " , is Greek in origin , stemming from the words derma , meaning skin , and pteron ( plural ptera ) , wing . It was coined by Charles De Geer in 1773 . The common term , earwig , is derived from the Old English ēare , which means " ear " , and wicga , which means " insect " , or literally , " beetle " . Entomologists suggest that the origin of the name is a reference to the appearance of the hindwings , which are unique and distinctive among insects , and resemble a human ear when unfolded . The name is more popularly thought to be related to the old wives ' tale that earwigs burrowed into the brains of humans through the ear and laid their eggs there . Earwigs are not known to purposefully climb into external ear canals , but there have been anecdotal reports of earwigs being found in the ear . " To earwig " is a slang verb meaning either " to attempt to influence by persistent confidential argument or talk " or " to eavesdrop " . = = Distribution = = Earwigs are abundant and can be found throughout the Americas and Eurasia . The common earwig was introduced into North America in 1907 from Europe , but tends to be more common in the southern and southwestern parts of the United States . The only native species of earwig found in the north of the United States is the spine @-@ tailed earwig ( Doru aculeatum ) , found as far north as Canada , where it hides in the leaf axils of emerging plants in southern Ontario wetlands . However , other families can be found in North America , including Forficulidae ( Doru and Forficula being found there ) , Labiidae , Anisolabididae , and Labiduridae . Few earwigs survive winter outdoors in cold climates . They can be found in tight crevices in woodland , fields and gardens . Out of about 1 @,@ 800 species , about 25 occur in North America , 45 in Europe ( including 7 in Great Britain ) , and 60 in Australia . = = Morphology = = Most earwigs are flattened ( which allows them to fit inside tight crevices , such as under bark ) with an elongated body generally 7 – 50 millimetres ( 0 @.@ 28 – 1 @.@ 97 in ) long . The largest certainly extant species is the Australian giant earwig ( Titanolabis colossea ) which is approximately 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) long , while the possibly extinct Saint Helena earwig ( Labidura herculeana ) reached 78 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) . Earwigs are characterized by the cerci , or the pair of forceps @-@ like pincers on their abdomen ; male earwigs generally have more curved pincers than females . These pincers are used to capture prey , defend themselves and fold their wings under the short tegmina . The antennae are thread @-@ like with at least 10 segments or more . The forewings are short oblong leathery plates used to cover the hindwings like the elytra of a beetle , rather than to fly . Most species have short and leather @-@ like forewings with very thin hindwings , though species in the former suborders Arixeniina and Hemimerina ( epizoic species , sometimes considered as ectoparasites ) are wingless and blind with filiform segmented cerci ( today these are both included merely as families in the suborder Neodermaptera ) . The hindwing is a very thin membrane that expands like a fan , radiating from one point folded under the forewing . Even though most earwigs have wings and are capable of flight , they are rarely seen in flight . These wings are unique in venation and in the pattern of folding that requires the use of the cerci . = = = Internal = = = The neuroendocrine system is typical of insects . There is a brain , a subesophageal ganglion , three thoracic ganglia , and six abdominal ganglia . Strong neuron connections connect the neurohemal corpora cardiaca to the brain and frontal ganglion , where the closely related median corpus allatum produces juvenile hormone III in close proximity to the neurohemal dorsal arota . The digestive system of earwigs is like all other insects , consisting of a fore- , mid- , and hindgut , but earwigs lack gastric caecae which are specialized for digestion in many species of insect . Long , slender ( extratory ) malpighian tubules can be found between the junction of the mid- and hind gut . The reproductive system of females consist of paired ovaries , lateral oviducts , spermatheca , and a genital chamber . The lateral ducts are where the eggs leave the body , while the spermatheca is where sperm is stored . Unlike other insects , the gonopore , or genital opening is behind the seventh abdominal segment . The ovaries are primitive in that they are polytrophic ( the nurse cells and oocytes alternate along the length of the ovariole ) . In some species these long ovarioles branch off the lateral duct , while in others , short ovarioles appear around the duct . = = Life cycle and reproduction = = Earwigs are hemimetabolous , meaning they undergo incomplete metamorphosis , developing through a series of 4 to 6 molts . The developmental stages between molts are called instars . Earwigs live for about a year from hatching . They start mating in the autumn , and can be found together in the autumn and winter . The male and female will live in a chamber in debris , crevices , or soil 2 @.@ 5 mm deep . After mating , the sperm may remain in the female for months before the eggs are fertilized . From midwinter to early spring , the male will leave , or be driven out by the female . Afterward the female will begin to lay 20 to 80 pearly white eggs in 2 days . Some earwigs , those parasitic in the suborders Arixeniina and Hemimerina , are viviparous ( give birth to live young ) ; they would be fed by a sort of placenta . When first laid , the eggs are white or cream @-@ colored and oval @-@ shaped , but right before hatching they become kidney @-@ shaped and brown . Each egg is approximately 1 mm ( 0 @.@ 04 in ) tall and 0 @.@ 8 mm ( 0 @.@ 03 in ) wide . Earwigs are among the few non @-@ social insect species that show maternal care . The mother will pay close attention to the needs of her eggs , such as warmth and protection , though studies have shown that the mother does not pay attention to the eggs as she collects them . The mother has been shown to pick up wax balls by accident , but they would eventually be rejected as they do not have the proper scent . The mother will also vigorously defend the eggs from predators , not eating unless an egg goes bad . Another distinct maternal care unique to earwigs is that the mother continuously cleans the eggs to protect them from fungi . Studies have found that the urge to clean the eggs persists for days after they are removed ; when the eggs were replaced after hatching , the mother continued to clean them for up to 3 months . The eggs hatch in about 7 days . The mother may assist the nymphs in hatching . When the nymphs hatch , they eat the egg casing and continue to live with the mother . The nymphs look similar to their parents , only smaller , and will nest under their mother and she will continue to protect them until their second molt . The nymphs feed on food regurgitated by the mother , and on their own molts . If the mother dies before the nymphs are ready to leave , the nymphs may eat her . After five to six instars , the nymphs will molt into adults . The male 's forceps will become curved , while the females ' forceps remain straight . They will also develop their natural color , which can be anything from a light brown ( as in the Tawny earwig ) to a dark black ( as in the Ringlegged earwig ) . In species of winged earwigs , the wings will start to develop at this time . The forewings of an earwig are sclerotized to serve as protection for the membranous hindwings . = = Behavior = = Most earwigs are nocturnal and inhabit small crevices , living in small amounts of debris , in various forms such as bark and fallen logs . Species have been found to be blind and living in caves , or cavernicolous ; reported to be found on the island of Hawaii and in South Africa . Food typically consist of a wide array of living and dead plant and animal matter . For protection from predators , the species Doru taeniatum of earwigs can squirt foul @-@ smelling yellow liquid in the form of jets from scent glands on the dorsal side of the third and fourth abdominal segment . It aims the discharges by revolving the abdomen , a maneuver that enables it simultaneously to use its pincers in defense . = = Ecology = = Earwigs are mostly scavengers , but some are omnivorous or predatory . The abdomen of the earwig is flexible and muscular . It is capable of maneuvering as well as opening and closing the forceps . The forceps are used for a variety of purposes . In some species , the forceps have been observed in use for holding prey , and in copulation . The forceps tend to be more curved in males than in females . The common earwig is an omnivore , eating plants and ripe fruit as well as actively hunting arthropods . To a large extent , this species is also a scavenger , feeding on decaying plant and animal matter if given the chance . Observed prey include largely plant lice , but also large insects such as bluebottle flies and woolly aphids . Plants that they feed on typically include clover , dahlias , zinnias , butterfly bush , hollyhock , lettuce , cauliflower , strawberry , blackberry , sunflowers , celery , peaches , plums , grapes , potatoes , roses , seedling beans and beets , and tender grass shoots and roots ; they have also been known to eat corn silk , damaging the corn . Species of the suborders Arixeniina and Hemimerina are generally considered epizoic , or living on the outside of other animals , mainly mammals . In the Arixeniina , family Arixeniidae , species of the genus Arixenia are normally found deep in the skin folds and gular pouch of Malaysian hairless bulldog bats ( Cheiromeles torquatus ) , apparently feeding on bats ' body or glandular secretions . On the other hand , species in the genus Xeniaria ( still of the suborder Arixeniina ) are believed to feed on the guano and possibly the guanophilous arthropods in the bat 's nest , where it has been found . Hemimerina includes Araeomerus found in the nest of Long @-@ tailed pouch rats ( Beamys ) , and Hemimerus which are found on Giant Cricetomys rats . Earwigs are generally nocturnal , and typically hide in small , dark , and often moist areas in the daytime . They can usually be seen on household walls and ceilings . Interaction with earwigs at this time results in a defensive free @-@ fall to the ground followed by a scramble to a nearby cleft or crevice . During the summer they can be found around damp areas such as near sinks and in bathrooms . Earwigs tend to gather in shady cracks or openings or anywhere that they can remain concealed during daylight . Some people erroneously believe that earwigs burrow into people 's ears ; that is mostly a myth , although earwigs may crawl into ears and some can bite , as other insects do . Picnic tables , compost and waste bins , patios , lawn furniture , window frames , or anything with minute spaces ( even artichoke blossoms ) can potentially harbour them . = = = Predators and parasites = = = Earwigs are regularly preyed upon by birds , and like many other insect species they are prey for insectivorous mammals , amphibians , lizards , centipedes , assassin bugs , and spiders . European naturalists have observed bats preying upon earwigs . Their primary insect predators are parasitic species of Tachinidae , or tachinid flies , whose larvae are endoparasites . One species of tachinid fly , Triarthria setipennis , has been demonstrated to be successful as a biological control of earwigs for almost a century . Another tachinid fly and parasite of earwigs , Ocytata pallipes , has shown promise as a biological control agent as well . The common predatory wasp , the yellow jacket ( Vespula maculifrons ) , preys upon earwigs when abundant . A small species of roundworm , Mermis nigrescens , is known to occasionally parasitize earwigs that have consumed roundworm eggs with plant matter . At least 26 species of parasitic fungus from the order Laboulbeniales have been found on earwigs . The eggs and nymphs are also cannibalized by other earwigs . A species of tyroglyphoid mite , Histiostoma polypori ( Histiostomatidae , Astigmata ) , are observed on common earwigs , sometimes in great densities ; however , this mite feeds on earwig cadavers and not its live earwig transportation . Hippolyte Lucas observed scarlet acarine mites on European earwigs . = = Evolution = = The fossil record of the Dermaptera starts in the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic period about 208 million years ago in England and Australia , and comprises about 70 specimens in the extinct suborder Archidermaptera . Some of the traits believed by neontologists to belong to modern earwigs are not found in the earliest fossils , but adults had five @-@ segmented tarsi ( the final segment of the leg ) , well developed ovipositors , veined tegmina ( forewings ) and long segmented cerci ; in fact the pincers would not have been curled or used as they are now . The theorized stem group of the Dermaptera are the Protelytroptera . These insects , which resemble modern Blattodea , or cockroaches owing to shell @-@ like forewings and the large , unequal anal fan , are known from the Permian of North America , Europe and Australia . There are no fossils from the Triassic when the morphological changes from Protelytroptera to Dermaptera took place . The most likely , and most closely resembling , related order of insects is Grylloblattaria , theorized by Giles in 1963 . However , other arguments have been made by other authors linking them to Phasmida , Embioptera , Plecoptera , and Dictyoptera . Archidermaptera is believed to be sister to the remaining earwig groups , the extinct Eodermaptera and the living suborder Neodermaptera ( = former suborders Forficulina , Hemimerina , and Arixeniina ) . The extinct suborders have tarsi with five segments ( unlike the three found in Neodermaptera ) as well as unsegmented cerci . No fossil Hemimeridae and Arixeniidae are known . Species in Hemimeridae were at one time in their own order , Diploglassata , Dermodermaptera , or Hemimerina . Like most other epizoic species , there is no fossil record , but they are probably no older than late Tertiary . Some evidence of early evolutionary history is the structure of the antennal heart , a separate circulatory organ consisting of two ampullae , or vesicles , that are attached to the frontal cuticle to the bases of the antennae . These features have not been found in other insects . An independent organ exists for each antenna , consisting of an ampulla , attached to the frontal cuticle medial to the antenna base and forming a thin @-@ walled sac with a valved ostium on its ventral side . They pump blood by elastic connective tissue , rather than muscle . Molecular studies suggest that this order is the sister to Plecoptera or to Ephemeroptera . = = Taxonomy = = = = = Distinguishing characteristics = = = The characteristics which distinguish the order Dermaptera from other insect orders are : General body shape : Elongate ; dorso @-@ ventrally flattened . Head : Prognathous . Antennae are segmented . Biting @-@ type mouthparts . Ocelli absent . Compound eyes in most species , reduced or absent in some taxa . Appendages : Two pairs of wings normally present . The forewings are modified into short smooth , veinless tegmina . Hindwings are membranous and semicircular with veins radiating outwards . Abdomen : Cerci are unsegmented and resemble forceps . The ovipositor in females is reduced or absent . The overwhelming majority of earwig species are in Forficulina , grouped into nine families of 180 genera , including Forficula auricularia , the common European Earwig . Species within Forficulina are free @-@ living , have functional wings and are not parasites . The cerci are unsegmented and modified into large , forceps @-@ like structures . The first epizoic species of earwig was discovered by a London taxidermist on the body of a Malaysian hairless bulldog bat in 1909 , then described by Karl Jordan . By the 1950s , the two suborders Arixeniina and Hemimerina had been added to Dermaptera . Arixeniina represents two genera , Arixenia and Xeniaria , with a total of five species in them . As with Hemimerina , they are blind and wingless , with filiform segmented cerci . Hemimerina are viviparous ectoparasites , preferring the fur of African rodents in either Cricetomys or Beamys genera . Hemimerina also has two genera , Hemimerus and Araeomerus , with a total of 11 species . = = = Phylogeny = = = Dermaptera ( = Euplecoptera , Euplexoptera , or Forficulida ) is relatively small compared to the other orders of Insecta , with only about 2 @,@ 000 species , 3 suborders and 15 families , including the extinct suborders Archidermaptera and Eodermaptera with their extinct families Protodiplatyidae , Dermapteridae , Semenoviolidae , and Turanodermatidae . The phylogeny of the Dermaptera is still debated . The extant Dermaptera appear to be monophyletic and there is support for the monophyly of the families Forficulidae , Chelisochidae , Labiduridae and Anisolabididae , however evidence has supported the conclusion that the former suborder Forficulina was paraphyletic through the exclusion of Hemimerina and Arixeniina which should instead be nested within the Forficulina . Thus , these former suborders were eliminated in the most recent higher classification . The following is from Engel & Haas ( 2007 ) : Suborder Archidermaptera † Protodiplatyidae † Dermapteridae † Suborder Eodermaptera † Semenoviolidae † Turanodermatidae † Suborder Neodermaptera Anisolabididae Apachyidae Chelisochidae Diplatyidae Spongiphoridae Forficulidae Karschiellidae Labiduridae Labiidae Pygidicranidae Hemimeridae = = Relationship with humans = = Earwigs are fairly abundant and are found in many areas around the world . There is no evidence that they transmit diseases to humans or other animals . Their pincers are commonly believed to be dangerous , but in reality , even the curved pincers of males cause little or no harm to humans . It is a common myth that earwigs crawl into the human ear and lay eggs in the brain . There is a debate whether earwigs are harmful or beneficial to crops , as they eat both the insects eating the foliage ( such as aphids ) and the foliage itself , though it would take a large population to do considerable damage . The common earwig eats a wide variety of plants , and also a wide variety of foliage including the leaves and petals . They have been known to cause economic losses in fruit and vegetable crops . Some examples are the flowers , hops , red raspberries , and corn crops in Germany , and in the south of France , earwigs have been observed feeding on peaches and apricots . The earwigs attacked mature plants and made cup @-@ shaped bite marks 3 – 11 mm ( 0 @.@ 12 – 0 @.@ 43 in ) in diameter . = = In literature and folklore = = Robert Herrick in Hesperides describes a feast attended by queen Titania through writing : " Beards of mice , a newt 's stew 'd thigh , A bloated Earwig and a fly : " Thomas Hood discusses the belief of Earwig 's finding shelter in the human in the poem Love Lane by saying the following : " ' Tis vain to talk of hopes and fears And hope the least reply to wing , From any maid that stops her ears In dread of ear @-@ wigs creeping in ! " In rural England the Earwig is called " battle @-@ twig , " which is present in Baron Tennyson 's poem The Spinster 's Sweet @-@ Arts : " ' Twur as bad as battle @-@ twig ' ere i ' my oan blue chamber to me . "
= California Chrome = California Chrome ( foaled February 18 , 2011 ) is an American Thoroughbred racehorse . Winner of the 2014 Kentucky Derby and the Preakness Stakes , he was named the 2014 American Horse of the Year . After a difficult 2015 season , he returned to form in 2016 and won the Dubai World Cup . He is currently the all time leading North American horse in earnings won . Bred in California , the chestnut @-@ colored horse was named for his flashy white markings , called " chrome " by horse aficionados . He was bred and originally owned by Perry Martin from Yuba City , California , and Steve Coburn of Topaz Lake , Nevada , who named their partnership DAP Racing , standing for " Dumb Ass Partners " — a tongue @-@ in @-@ cheek response to a passerby who questioned their wisdom in purchasing California Chrome 's dam , Love the Chase . In 2015 , Coburn sold his minority share to Taylor Made Farm , and a new ownership group , California Chrome , LLC , was formed . The horse is trained by the father – son team of Art and Alan Sherman . Dedicated fans — called " Chromies " — actively supported California Chrome , who has been called " the people 's horse " . As a two @-@ year @-@ old , the horse ran inconsistently until being paired with the jockey Victor Espinoza . The rapport that developed between Espinoza and California Chrome led to a six @-@ win streak in 2013 – 2014 . After winning the San Felipe Stakes and Santa Anita Derby , California Chrome was the morning line favorite for the Kentucky Derby . Critics downplayed his chances of winning , but were proven wrong when California Chrome won by 1 3 ⁄ 4 lengths even though Espinoza eased him for the final 70 yards ( 64 m ) . In the Preakness , he fended off two strong challengers in the homestretch and won by 1 1 ⁄ 2 lengths . He then shipped to Belmont Park with hopes of winning the Triple Crown in the 2014 Belmont Stakes . In that race , California Chrome was stepped on by the horse next to him at the start , tearing some tissue from his right front heel . With no one aware of his injury until the race was over , he finished fourth in a dead heat with Wicked Strong . After healing and pasture rest , he returned to racing in September then ran in the 2014 Breeders ' Cup Classic , finishing a respectable third , only a neck behind the winner , Bayern . California Chrome returned to his winning form in his first start on a turf course in the Hollywood Derby in late November , becoming the only horse in the United States with Grade I wins in 2014 on both dirt and turf tracks . He won many accolades and awards for the season : The California State Legislature unanimously passed a resolution recognizing his outstanding performance , and the city of Fresno proclaimed October 11 , 2014 , as " California Chrome Day " . He won the 2014 Secretariat Vox Populi Award , his Kentucky Derby win was awarded the NTRA " Moment of the Year " , and he won Eclipse Awards for American Champion Three @-@ Year @-@ Old Male Horse and American Horse of the Year . California Chrome 's 2015 season was tumultuous . He began the year with second @-@ place finishes in the San Antonio Stakes and Dubai World Cup . He then shipped from Dubai to the United Kingdom to train for the Prince of Wales 's Stakes at Royal Ascot , but was scratched a few days prior to the race due to a hoof bruise . Upon returning to the US in July 2015 , he was diagnosed with bruising on his cannon bones , which ended his 2015 season . Shortly thereafter , Coburn sold his ownership interest , and in the same week , Art Sherman announced that the horse would return to racing in 2016 . After a rest of several months at Taylor Made , he returned to training with Sherman at Los Alamitos Race Course and began his 2016 season by winning the Grade II San Pasqual Stakes at Santa Anita Park . He then was shipped to Dubai , where he won a second prep race and the 2016 Dubai World Cup . On July 23 , he won the San Diego Handicap in preparation for the Pacific Classic in August . = = Background = = California Chrome was foaled on February 18 , 2011 , near Coalinga , California , at Harris Farms , the horse breeding division of the Harris Ranch . He is a chestnut with four white stockings and a blaze . At four years old , he stood 16 hands ( 64 inches , 163 cm ) tall . As a foal , he was nicknamed " Junior " because of his resemblance to his sire , Lucky Pulpit . Lucky Pulpit had won three races , placed in several graded stakes races , and hit the board in 13 of his 22 starts . However , a viral respiratory infection damaged his breathing and limited him to racing over short distances . California Chrome 's dam is Love the Chase , and he was her first foal . She was purchased for $ 30 @,@ 000 as a two @-@ year @-@ old by an agent for a horse ownership group called the Blinkers On Racing Stable . As a two- and three @-@ year @-@ old filly , she was often so anxious in the saddling paddock , that she was , in effect , losing races before she ever got to the starting gate . She ran six times and won on her fourth try in a February 2009 maiden claiming race at Golden Gate Fields . After her win , Steve Coburn and Perry Martin became her owners , ran her two more times , then retired her later that year . They hoped she would become a good broodmare , as she had a promising pedigree . When she retired , it was discovered that she had raced with a breathing problem — an entrapped epiglottis that restricted her air intake , but which could be corrected with surgery . As of 2015 , she had given birth to four foals , the two fillies and a colt , all full siblings to California Chrome . After California Chrome became a Kentucky Derby contender , Martin and Coburn turned down an offer of $ 2 @.@ 1 million for Love the Chase . = = = Ownership = = = California Chrome was bred by Perry Martin of Yuba City , California , and Steve Coburn of Topaz Lake , Nevada . Their wives , Denise Martin and Carolyn Coburn , were closely involved with the partnership , though not listed as owners on official records kept by Equibase . Perry Martin held a 70 % share in the horse and was the managing owner . Coburn owned a 30 % interest in the horse and sold his share to Taylor Made Farm in July 2015 . Originally , the two couples each owned a five percent share in Love the Chase through membership in the Blinkers On Racing Stable . When Blinkers On Racing Stable dissolved the Love the Chase syndicate , both shareholders wanted to buy the filly , so they formed a partnership and paid $ 8 @,@ 000 for her . A casual observer , knowing Love the Chase 's modest race record , remarked that only a " dumb ass " would buy her , so Coburn and Martin named their racing operation DAP Racing , for " Dumb Ass Partners " . They created a caricature of a buck @-@ toothed donkey to adorn the back of their racing silks , and put the initials " DAP " on California Chrome 's blinker hood and the left front of the jockey 's silks . The Martins and the Coburns had in common a fondness for California Chrome , but otherwise very different personalities and backgrounds . The Martins seldom talked to the press . Melissa Hoppert of The New York Times described them as the " quiet thinkers , " noting that Perry Martin planned the mating of Lucky Pulpit to Love the Chase , mapped out a " Road to the Derby " racing plan for California Chrome , and promoted use of a nasal strip for the horse 's races . Originally from Chicago , they moved to California in 1987 , where Perry Martin was employed as a metallurgist by the Air Force and Denise briefly job shadowed a racehorse trainer in the Sacramento area . Today they own and operate Martin Testing Laboratories ( MTL ) , which tests high @-@ reliability items such as automobile airbags and medical equipment . By contrast , Hoppert characterized the more outgoing Coburns as the " public relations arm " of the partnership . Steve Coburn , characterized by the media as " loquacious " , described himself and his wife Carolyn as " just everyday people " . He is a press operator for a company that makes magnetic strips , and Carolyn Coburn retired from a career working in payroll in the health care industry . Carolyn introduced Steve to horse racing , and when he was looking for a tax write @-@ off she encouraged him to buy into a racing syndicate instead of purchasing a small airplane . Taylor Made Farm , who purchased Coburn 's share in California Chrome is headed by Duncan Taylor , the president and CEO of the family @-@ owned farm . Ben Taylor is the vice president of the company 's Taylor Made Stallions division . The brothers of the Taylor family have been the sole the owners of the corporation since 1986 . They were raised in the horse business , learning from their father and grandfather . They formed Taylor Made Sales Agency in 1976 , when Duncan was 19 , offering boarding for mares shipped into Kentucky . They expanded to sales consignments and then built their own facility on 120 acres owned by their father in Nicholasville , Kentucky . The farm now is 1 @,@ 600 acres today . By early 2016 , his ownership was officially listed as " California Chrome , LLC " . Perry and Denise Martin were described as the " majority owners " by the Daily Racing Form , and Frank Taylor of Taylor Made said that both the Martins and Taylor Made had each sold " a few " shares in the stallion to " select breeders who would support the horse " = = = Early years = = = Harris Farms , where California Chrome was bred , foaled , and lived until the age of two , had previously nurtured champions such as two @-@ time Breeders ' Cup Classic winner Tiznow . In 2010 Love the Chase was bred to the Harris Farms stallion Lucky Pulpit . CNN reported that the stud fee for the breeding was $ 2 @,@ 000 . Steve Coburn said he had a dream three weeks before California Chrome 's birth that the foal would be a colt with four white feet and a blaze . California Chrome was relatively large for a newborn horse , weighing 137 pounds ( 62 kg ) , and active , " running circles around Momma " within two hours of birth . Love the Chase suffered a uterine laceration while foaling , and was placed on an IV due to internal bleeding . The mare and foal were stall @-@ bound together for over a month . She was kept on a catheter that administered anti @-@ bleeding medication , and the farm staff checked her two to three times a day . Because people gave the colt extra attention and affection when they cared for his dam , he imprinted on humans as well as his mother . As a result , California Chrome became very people @-@ focused , a trait that has served him well in race training . The Martins and Coburns chose California Chrome 's official name in 2013 at Brewsters Bar & Grill in Galt , California , a town halfway between their two homes . Each of the four wrote a potential name on pieces of paper and asked a waitress to draw them out of Coburn 's cowboy hat . They submitted the names to The Jockey Club ranked in the order drawn . California Chrome , Coburn 's choice , was first drawn , and the registry accepted the name . The word " chrome " comes from slang for a horse with flashy white markings . The colt was started under saddle by Harris Farms ' trainer Per Antonsen , who described him as a " smart horse " who was " really nice to work with " . = = = Sherman Training Stables = = = Perry Martin considered California Chrome a Derby contender even before the colt raced . When the colt was ready to enter race training at age two , Martin asked Steve Sherman , who had trained horses for Martin at Golden Gate Fields , to recommend a trainer based in the highly competitive southern California area . Steve suggested his father , Art , who had an " old school " reputation for patience with young Thoroughbreds and a small racing stable of about 15 horses , which allowed each animal to be given individualized attention . Art Sherman liked the enthusiasm of Martin and Coburn , but when Martin emailed a " Road to the Kentucky Derby " plan outlining which races California Chrome should run , Sherman was dubious . Later , Sherman 's son Alan stated , " [ Martin ] mapped out a trail for this horse ; it 's actually worked to a ' T ' , so it 's kinda amazing . " Art Sherman downplays his role in training California Chrome , saying " This horse is my California rock star . I 'm just his manager . " Sherman 's first exposure to a Kentucky Derby horse was in 1955 , when at the age of 18 he worked for Rex Ellsworth and was the exercise rider of that year 's Kentucky Derby winner Swaps . He was a professional jockey from 1957 until 1979 , when he turned to training racehorses . California Chrome was the first Kentucky Derby prospect that Sherman had trained . Art Sherman 's assistant is his son , Alan , who is also a licensed trainer . Rather than run a separate stable like his brother Steve , Alan has worked with his father since 1991 . He does most of the hands @-@ on day @-@ to @-@ day work with California Chrome and stayed with him throughout most of his travels when Art returned to California to oversee the rest of the stable . Unlike many high @-@ end California Thoroughbred trainers , who usually are headquartered at Santa Anita Park , the Shermans kept horses at Hollywood Park , but when it closed in December 2013 , Los Alamitos Race Course picked up some of the Thoroughbred races and racing trainers who had stabled horses there , including Sherman Training Stables . The success of California Chrome , who was conditioned there over the track that had been recently expanded to accommodate longer races , created good publicity for Los Alamitos . = = = Behavior = = = Observers commented that California Chrome appears to be a very intelligent horse , as he expresses curiosity about everything around him . He has certain idiosyncrasies , including a fondness for one specific brand of horse cookies . He has a tendency to perform a flehmen response for no obvious reason , particularly when he is being bathed , prompting the press to claim that he is " smiling " . He will deliberately stop and put his ears forward to " pose " for cameras when he hears them clicking . As Alan Sherman explained , " He 's a ham , he loves the cameras " ; and exercise rider Willie Delgado gave him an additional nickname , " Vogue " . Besides his frequent flehmen response , he was also noted for having publicly " studdish " behavior in conjunction with winning races , notably in the paddock before the Kentucky Derby and Preakness , and the day after the Hollywood Derby . As Sherman stated , " He 's ... a stallion , and he 'll let you know it every once in a while . " Another unusual behavior is that he would not walk forward out of horse vans designed for a forward exit ; he would only back out . On the track , California Chrome has the ability to use tactical speed at nearly any point in a race . Early in California Chrome 's career he tended to be slow out of the starting gate ; if he had to wait too long for the start he sometimes expressed anxiety by rocking from side to side , preventing him from being oriented straight forward when the gate opened . He overcame this problem by the end of the 2014 season , and learned to break quickly . He generally did not run well on the inside or in close quarters ; two of his worst finishes were in races where he had the number one post position , and his fourth @-@ place performance in the Belmont Stakes was attributed to both his injury at the start and the number two draw . However , he won a 2016 prep race at Meydan Racecourse from the number one post . When outside and in the clear , he usually wins . = = Racing history = = = = = 2013 : Two @-@ year @-@ old season = = = California Chrome 's first start was in a maiden race at Hollywood Park in April 2013 , where he placed second by a length . Three weeks later , he won a maiden race by 2 3 ⁄ 4 lengths . In both races , he was ridden by Alberto Delgado . About a month later , California Chrome was entered in the Willard L. Proctor Memorial Stakes . He was one of four horses assigned to carry 120 pounds ( 54 kg ) , the highest impost given by the handicapper . Alberto Delgado was out with a broken ankle , so Corey Nakatani was his rider . The colt was second for the first three furlongs but finished fifth in a field of nine . His next two races were at Del Mar racetrack . Delgado returned as his jockey , and California Chrome scored his second career win in the Graduation Stakes , a race limited to California @-@ bred horses , prevailing by 2 3 ⁄ 4 lengths . He carried the same weight over the same distance as his previous race , but this time he wore blinkers and ran on Lasix for the first time in his career . Next was his first graded stakes race , the seven @-@ furlong , Grade I Del Mar Futurity . He ran strongly , but finished sixth after he got caught in traffic in a field of 11 horses and was accidentally hit in the face by another jockey 's whip . Two months later , California Chrome ran in the Golden State Juvenile Stakes held November 1 at Santa Anita Park , and at 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) , was the longest race he had run . He was assigned the number 1 post position and had to wait for all the other horses to load . He became anxious , reared in the gate , was last out , struggled throughout the race , and again finished sixth . Sherman 's public assessment of California Chrome 's poor performances was that he was still growing and learning how to be a racehorse . But several things began to change . In the fall of 2013 , Alberto 's younger brother , Willie Delgado , an experienced rider and trainer whose career in Maryland was in the doldrums , moved to California and within a couple of months became the horse 's morning exercise rider . At roughly the same time , Alberto was taken off the horse as jockey . In December , California Chrome began wearing a new type of horseshoe . He had developed low heels , and his farrier , Judd Fisher , found that a particular style of glued @-@ on horseshoe with a durable , hardrim pad that raised a horse 's heels was suitable for fixing the problem . Instead of gluing it on , Fisher custom @-@ drilled holes into the shoe so it could be nailed to the horse 's feet in the manner of a traditional metal shoe . According to Fisher , nailing on the shoes raised the soles of the horse 's feet a little bit farther off the ground . It may have been a contributing factor to California Chrome 's subsequent series of wins . Aside from that issue , Sherman described the horse 's hooves as generally healthy . Hollywood Park hosted California Chrome 's final race of 2013 , the King Glorious Stakes on December 22 . He had a lighter impost of 119 pounds ( 54 kg ) , a shorter distance of seven furlongs , and a new jockey , Victor Espinoza . California Chrome won the race by 6 1 ⁄ 4 lengths , becoming the final stakes winner at Hollywood Park Racetrack , which held its last races that day . Sherman was pleased with Espinoza 's riding , and Espinoza was impressed in turn with California Chrome . Alan Sherman later said that it was after this race that he began to think that California Chrome could be a Kentucky Derby contender . = = = 2014 : Three @-@ year @-@ old season = = = California Chrome began 2014 with the California Cup Derby on January 25 . Espinoza returned as his jockey . California Chrome was slow coming out of the gate but quickly moved up to third , took the lead coming into the homestretch , and won by 5 1 ⁄ 2 lengths . Sherman noted that it was the second consecutive race where the horse pulled clear and won by a decisive margin , stating , " It 's like the light bulb has gone on . " California Chrome 's first graded stakes win was the March 8 Grade II San Felipe Stakes . Espinoza tried a different riding tactic and let the horse go to the lead right out of the gate . California Chrome led most of the way , and after Espinoza gave him one tap on the shoulder with the whip , the horse pulled away from the field at the top of the homestretch and won by 7 1 ⁄ 2 lengths . Alan Sherman said , " My jaw dropped " , while Art Sherman joked , " I 'm glad I 'm training at Los Alamitos , because he looked like a 350 [ yard ] horse coming out of the gate " ; a reference to Quarter Horse racing sprint distances . Espinoza remarked , " I wanted to let him enjoy his race , " later adding , " I wanted to see if he [ could ] go wire to wire ... that was the day I found out how much he loves to run . " The San Felipe was California Chrome 's first win in a race open to all three @-@ year @-@ olds , not just California @-@ breds , and earned him 50 points in the Road to the Kentucky Derby system . California Chrome 's first Grade I win was the Santa Anita Derby on April 8 . California Chrome was at the front of the field by the quarter pole and went on to win the $ 1 million race by 5 1 ⁄ 4 lengths . Prior to the race , his owners had turned down a $ 6 million offer for a 51 % controlling interest in the colt that would have mandated putting the horse with a different trainer . Coburn later explained , " This isn 't about the money , this is about the dream . " California Chrome 's time of 1 : 47 @.@ 52 earned him a Beyer Speed Figure of 107 , the fastest for any horse in the Road to the Kentucky Derby 's final prep races of 2014 . It was also the second fastest time in the history of the Santa Anita Derby ; the only horses to run faster were Lucky Debonair , Sham , and Indian Charlie , who hold a three @-@ way tie for the record at 1 : 47 : 00 . The decisive win made him an early favorite to win the 2014 Kentucky Derby and raised speculation that he had the talent to win the Triple Crown . California Chrome 's four consecutive wins had a combined victory margin of 24 1 ⁄ 4 lengths . After the Santa Anita Derby , Sherman began to describe the colt as " my Swaps " . Of his growing popularity , Denise Martin commented , " He 's not just our horse anymore ; he 's ... the people 's horse . " = = = = Kentucky Derby = = = = Prior to 2014 , only three California @-@ bred horses had won the Kentucky Derby : Morvich in 1922 , Swaps in 1955 , and Decidedly in 1962 . Besides Swaps , other horses to win both the Santa Anita Derby and the Kentucky Derby were I 'll Have Another ( 2012 ) , Sunday Silence ( 1989 ) , Winning Colors ( 1988 ) , Affirmed ( 1978 ) , Majestic Prince ( 1969 ) , Lucky Debonair ( 1965 ) , Determine ( 1954 ) , and Hill Gail ( 1952 ) . ( 1952 ) Steve Coburn predicted a win : " I 'm not being cocky , just positive " , he said . Prior to the May 3 race , rival trainer Bob Baffert compared California Chrome favorably to War Emblem . Trainer D. Wayne Lukas , who had no entries in the 2014 Derby , told a reporter that he intended to bet on the horse and commented , " He 's looked like the real deal ... I like everything about him . " On the other hand , Dallas Stewart , trainer of rival Commanding Curve , dismissed California Chrome 's chances due to his pedigree and the supposed lack of competition in his prior races . Others doubted his ability because the colt had never raced outside California . In contrast to the critics , reports surfaced that the owners had turned down a new offer of $ 10 million . The colt arrived at Churchill Downs in Louisville , Kentucky , on April 28 , 2014 , and was one of the last Derby contenders to arrive . He was flown in from California , his first time on a plane , and traveled quietly . Once the plane landed , however , his travel idiosyncrasy was discovered by the waiting press when he refused to be unloaded until he was turned around and backed down the ramp ; Alan Sherman explained later that this was also his typical manner of egress from ground @-@ based transportation . Upon arrival at Churchill Downs , the horses entered in the Kentucky Derby each were given a special saddle cloth to wear while exercising on the track , identifying them as Derby contenders and including their name . The one given to California Chrome contained a typographical error , with California misspelled as " Califorina " . He wore it the first day and then the track management obtained one with the correct spelling . Critics commented that bringing the horse in late and not giving him a full workout on the track was a mistake , but Sherman 's strategy was backed by Lukas . In the days leading up to the race , California Chrome galloped on the track , was walked in the saddling paddock , and schooled at the starting gate . Willie Delgado later remarked that the horse did not particularly like that particular track , saying " he never actually felt comfortable on it . " California Chrome 's connections drew post position five for the Derby . He was the morning line favorite at odds of 5 – 2 . The press suggested that the number five spot , relatively close to the inside rail , could be a problem owing to the " speed horses " that would go to the front early in the race , surrounding him on both sides , especially if the colt was slow out of the gate . Espinoza countered by pointing out that he won the 2002 Kentucky Derby on War Emblem from the same post position . In the race , California Chrome had a clean start and could have taken the lead , but Espinoza kept him behind two speed horses and only moved him to the front at the final turn when other horses began to tire . In the homestretch , he opened up a lead of five lengths before Espinoza eased him the last 70 yards of the race , narrowing his winning margin to 1 3 ⁄ 4 lengths . Sherman later explained that Espinoza slowing the colt down at the finish was " saving something for the next one " , a reference to the Preakness Stakes to come two weeks later . The winning time of 2 : 03 @.@ 66 was relatively slow for a Kentucky Derby , but Sherman described Espinoza 's ride as " picture perfect " . This win was Espinoza 's second Derby victory , and 77 @-@ year @-@ old Sherman became the oldest trainer to ever win the race . In a post @-@ race press interview , Sherman said he had visited Swaps ' grave at the Kentucky Derby Museum prior to the Derby and prayed for success . Trainer Dale Romans , who had asserted that California Chrome had no chance to win , said , " I was very , very wrong ... We might have just seen a super horse and a super trainer . You don 't fake your way to the winner 's circle at the Kentucky Derby . " = = = = Preakness Stakes = = = = California Chrome shipped on May 12 to Baltimore to run in the 2014 Preakness Stakes on May 17 . On the plane were the other two Derby competitors to enter the Preakness : Ride On Curlin and General a Rod . Once on the ground , their van had a police escort from the airport to Pimlico Race Course . When California Chrome arrived at Pimlico , the management at that track welcomed him with two saddlecloths for his workouts , one with the " Califorina " misspelling and the other with the correct spelling ; Just as at Churchill Downs , the colt exercised on the Pimlico track but had no timed workouts . Delgado compared the long and narrow Pimlico oval favorably to their home track at Los Alamitos . Sherman did not like having the horse race again with only a two @-@ week break , but was confident because California Chrome had gained back weight he had lost running the Derby , plus another 35 pounds ( 16 kg ) . News stories continued to question the colt 's ability , noting the relatively slow pace of the Derby and the low Beyer Speed Figure of 97 earned in his win . One trainer said , " California Chrome has to prove again he 's the best 3 @-@ year @-@ old . " The horse was assigned the number three post position in a field of ten horses , and was the morning line odds @-@ on favorite at 3 – 5 . Followers noted that Secretariat had also run the 1973 Preakness Stakes from the number three post . The Thursday before the race , California Chrome was observed coughing after his morning gallop , prompting speculation about his health . He had a small blister in his throat , which he also had prior to the Kentucky Derby , both times treated with a glycerine throat wash . The intense press attention paid to the relatively minor issue was dismissively dubbed " throat @-@ gate " by sportswriter Bill Dwyre of the Los Angeles Times . On race day , California Chrome made a clean start from the gate , was close to the front through the backstretch , made his bid for the lead at the far turn , and was first by the top of the stretch . The second @-@ place finisher was Ride on Curlin , who made a strong move late in the race to finish 1 1 ⁄ 2 lengths behind California Chrome . Both held off a challenge from Social Inclusion , who tired and finished third . General a Rod was fourth . The winning time was 1 : 54 : 84 , earning a Beyer Speed Figure of 105 . Social Inclusion 's owner , Ron Sanchez , said , " He 's the real deal ... My horse came to challenge him , but he found another engine . He was gone . " Espinoza 's ride was described as " flawless " , and the press noted the special affinity between the horse and jockey . California Chrome became the only California @-@ bred horse ever to win both the Kentucky Derby and the Preakness . The press considered the Preakness to be the horse 's strongest victory to date . Baffert , who had won the first two legs of the Triple Crown with Silver Charm ( 1997 ) , Real Quiet ( 1998 ) , and War Emblem ( 2002 ) , sent three different horses against California Chrome , and after Bayern had finished second to last in the Preakness , said , " I 'm done chasing him , " adding , " he 's super the real deal . " In post @-@ race interviews , Coburn stated that California Chrome had become " America 's Horse " . = = = = Belmont Stakes = = = = The day after the Preakness , a new round of minor press excitement , dubbed " nasalgate " , erupted when Sherman commented that Martin might not let California Chrome run in the Belmont Stakes if the New York Racing Association ( NYRA ) did not allow the horse to wear a nasal strip as he had in his previous six races . Nasal strips are not considered performance @-@ enhancing , but may reduce airway resistance , lower the risk of exercise @-@ induced pulmonary hemorrhage ( EIPH ) , and aid post @-@ race recovery . Sherman submitted a formal request for permission to use them , and the following day , the NYRA approved the use of nasal strips for all horses on New York tracks , thus resolving the matter . California Chrome shipped to New York on May 20 in a semi @-@ trailer horse van together with Ride On Curlin . They had a police escort through New York City from the Throgs Neck Bridge to Belmont Park . The press reported that Art Sherman believed the misspelled saddle cloths at the Derby and Preakness were a good luck charm , and that he specifically asked Belmont Park for another misspelled cloth along with a properly spelled version . The first week California Chrome spent at the Belmont track was generally uneventful , other than galloping past an opossum that wandered onto the track the morning of May 23 . The horse paid little attention to it , but the press pounced on the story ; the animal was labeled " Dumb @-@ Ass Possum " , and someone created a Twitter account for the creature . Delgado commented , " I can tell you he loves this track , and I don 't see him ( having ) any problem getting a mile and a half . " On May 31 , Espinoza arrived to give the colt a short workout known as a " breeze " . Horse and jockey were greeted by a large contingent of fans and press at about 6 : 30 a.m. , and ran a " sharp " half @-@ mile ( 0 @.@ 80 km ) officially clocked at 47 @.@ 69 seconds . A clocker for the Daily Racing Form stated , " He 's going to be tough to beat . I think we 're going to have a Triple Crown winner . " Eleven horses entered the Belmont Stakes on June 7 , and California Chrome drew post position 2 , the same post position as Secretariat in the 1973 Belmont . Ride On Curlin and General a Rod also entered ; they were the only other horses besides California Chrome to contest all three legs of the Triple Crown . Four entries had run in Kentucky Derby but skipped the Preakness , and there were four " New Shooters " who had not run in either of the previous Triple Crown races , including Tonalist and Matterhorn , who each wound up playing a major role in the race . Anticipating the possibility of a Triple Crown champion , several people connected to the last three Triple Crown winners came to the Belmont , including 92 @-@ year @-@ old Penny Chenery , owner of Secretariat ; Patrice Wolfson , who co @-@ owned Affirmed ; and some of Seattle Slew 's connections — trainer Billy Turner and co @-@ owner Jim Hill . The jockeys of the three past Triple Crown winners , Steve Cauthen , Jean Cruguet , and Ron Turcotte , also attended . Cauthen , jockey of Affirmed , stated , " This horse has got a great chance of pulling it off , " but added , " you never know , that 's why they have to run the race . " On race day California Chrome did not break boldly . Espinoza later explained something felt " off " and he held the horse back a bit instead of going to the lead . When asked to move to the front , the horse did not unleash his usual burst of speed . Immediately following the race , Espinoza said " He was just a little bit empty today " . Tonalist won the race , and California Chrome finished fourth in a dead heat with Wicked Strong . Initial post @-@ race analysts criticized Espinoza for not taking the horse to the front early on , but noticed that California Chrome had had some blood on his right front heel . After the race , review of photos taken at the start showed that the horse next to him , Matterhorn , moved too far to the left and stepped on California Chrome 's heel as both horses broke from the gate . As a result , California Chrome had run the race with a " chunk " of tissue taken out of his right front heel and a small cut on his tendon . The tendon injury was superficial , but the heel injury may have been a factor in his loss . Sherman explained that he knew that something was not right when he saw the horse throw his head up in the homestretch , and speculated later that the sand and dirt of the racetrack caused pain in the open wound . The following day , Sherman assured the press that both injuries would heal . Coburn generated controversy after the race , when he said the current Triple Crown system allowed " the coward 's way out " because fresh horses who had not run in the Kentucky Derby or Preakness Stakes could challenge horses who contested all three legs . Sherman downplayed the outburst , saying , " [ Coburn ] was at the heat of the moment ... Sometimes the emotions get in front of you . " Two days later , Coburn apologized , saying he wanted to congratulate the owners of Tonalist and adding , " I wanted so much for [ California Chrome ] to win the Triple Crown for the people of America . " Steve Haskin of Blood @-@ Horse magazine summarized the race stating , " when I think back ... the one image that will last forever will be of an exhausted colt walking back through the tunnel with a bloodstained foot , his head down and breathing hard , and every vein protruding from his sweat @-@ soaked body . He had given every ounce of himself , and with it all , still was beaten only 1 3 ⁄ 4 lengths . " California Chrome returned to Los Alamitos , where Sherman 's crew treated the wound for about 10 days . After that , they sent California Chrome to Harris Farms where he was turned out on pasture . By early July , his foot was fully healed , he had gained weight , and Sherman was pleased enough with his recovery that he brought the colt back to Los Alamitos to resume training on July 17 , two weeks earlier than anticipated . = = = = Remainder of 2014 season = = = = California Chrome was the top @-@ ranked three @-@ year @-@ old in the nation by the NTRA in its post @-@ race poll of June 9 , 2014 , in spite of his Belmont loss , and was fifth @-@ ranked among American horses of all ages . In the June 12 World 's Best Racehorse Rankings , published by the International Federation of Horseracing Authorities , he was ranked fifth in the world , one point behind the only American @-@ based horse rated higher , Santa Anita Handicap winner Game On Dude , who was tied for third . California Chrome raced next in the September 20 Pennsylvania Derby at Parx Racing . He was the favorite , but drew the inside number 1 post position . Kentucky Derby rivals Candy Boy and Tapiture also entered . Bayern , who had a poor performance in the Preakness Stakes but later won the Haskell Invitational , was the second favorite . Parx provided significant financial incentives to any horse entering who previously won a triple crown race or other selected Grade I races , so California Chrome 's connections earned $ 200 @,@ 000 simply for having him start . Trapped on the rail , first by a speed horse in the initial stages of the race , and again on the far turn by a challenger who faded in the stretch , California Chrome was unable to gain momentum and finished sixth . Bayern had a clean trip , leading wire to wire , and won by 5 3 ⁄ 4 lengths . Espinoza explained , " I never really had a chance to let him run the way he had been running . " The next race was the Breeders ' Cup Classic on November 1 . Because many leading older horses retired in 2014 , most of the main contenders for the 2014 Classic were the three year olds : in addition to California Chrome , former foes Bayern , Candy Boy and Tonalist entered . His chief rival was considered to be the then @-@ undefeated American Champion Two @-@ Year @-@ Old Colt , Shared Belief , a gelding who missed the Triple Crown series due to hoof problems ; the two had never faced each other . California Chrome was 4 @-@ 1 on the morning line , second favorite to Shared Belief . In the race , Bayern bumped into Shared Belief at the start , then took the lead for the duration of the race . California Chrome was clear of traffic , maintained third place for most of the race , was closing at the end , and finished a very close third , only a neck behind winner Bayern , who won by a nose over second @-@ place finisher Toast of New York . Shared Belief was fourth . Post race analysis noted that California Chrome stayed on the outside throughout the race , and actually ran 44 feet farther than the winner . Sherman spoke in positive terms of the horse 's finish , stating " My horse ran his eyeballs out . He was right there , right down to the money . I thought it was a great effort . He came back strong . " Espinoza was less enthusiastic : " On the backstretch I thought I had a chance to win ... The last sixteenth [ California Chrome ] was digging as hard as he could , but getting just a little tired . I wish he had one more race . It was a little too much for him today . " Coburn visited the colt the following day and stated , " He was full of himself . I think he thought he won . And if the race had been just a little bit longer , I believe he would have . " Later in the month California Chrome shipped to Del Mar , and following workouts on the turf course Sherman entered him in the Hollywood Derby on November 29 . It was his first start on a grass race track . Sherman believed that California Chrome would do well running on grass , and it also would open up a variety of potential races to enter in 2015 . He was the morning line favorite , with his toughest competitor viewed as Lexie Lou , a filly who defeated colts to win Canada 's equivalent of the Kentucky Derby , the Queen 's Plate . California Chrome won handily by two lengths and the Canadian filly was second . With the win , California Chrome earned four Grade I wins for the year , and was the only horse in the United States to have Grade I wins in 2014 on both dirt and turf tracks . Espinoza summed up the race by saying , " he 's back . " = = = 2015 : Four @-@ year @-@ old season = = = California Chrome had a tumultuous four @-@ year @-@ old season . Martin originally intended for California Chrome to be retired to stud at the end of the year . The horse began 2015 at Santa Anita in the San Antonio Stakes on February 7 , a return matchup with Shared Belief , whose traffic problems in the Classic prevented a true match against California Chrome . Art Sherman and Shared Belief 's trainer , Jerry Hollendorfer , were longtime friends and rivals from the Northern California racing circuit and each anticipated the rivalry between their two horses . Said Sherman , " I just want both of us to be at the head of the stretch with no excuses and then it 's who gets to the wire first . " Shared Belief went off as the favorite and although California Chrome took the lead by the 3 ⁄ 4 pole , Shared Belief edged him in the final sixteenth and won , with California Chrome second by a length and a half . California Chrome next shipped to Meydan Racecourse for the Dubai World Cup on March 28 , where he needed to run at night , under artificial lighting , and without Lasix . He went off as the favorite , but finished second to the Irish @-@ bred longshot Prince Bishop , owned by Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum of Godolphin Racing . Sherman noted that his horse ran wide on the turns , but said , " He tried every inch of the way . There 's nothing wrong with finishing second in this type of a race . " After the Dubai World Cup , California Chrome was shipped to Rae Guest 's Newmarket stables in England to prepare for Royal Ascot week in June . The decision to go to England was made by Perry Martin , against the wishes of both Coburn and Sherman . Martin explained , " I was trying to think in terms of what 's best for the horse . It was my decision to send him to Newmarket . It 's a beautiful place , with trees and pastures for gallops ... It 's good for his mind . I know Art didn 't take the decision well . But he 'll be okay . " The horse 's exercise rider in England , Robbie Mills , who was acquainted with the Shermans and advised them to stable the horse with Guest , stated that California Chrome was making a good transition from the flat dirt tracks of the United States to the undulating turf gallops of England . The horse was pointed to the Prince of Wales 's Stakes at Royal Ascot , with European jockey William Buick , who rode Prince Bishop in Dubai , tapped to ride . The day before the race , the horse was scratched because of a bruised hoof that was draining pus . Guest stated , " he 's been X @-@ rayed and there 's no damage . " Martin wanted to run him in Chicago 's Arlington Million in August , and the requirements of quarantine upon his return to the United States combined with the setback to his training foreclosed any other UK start . Upon California Chrome 's return to the US in early July , a veterinary radiograph revealed he had bruising on his cannon bones that would require at least three months to heal , effectively ending his four @-@ year @-@ old season . The veterinarians at Rood and Riddle Veterinary Hospital in Kentucky explained , " California Chrome 's x @-@ rays showed all of his joints to be remarkably clean . He has the early signs of bruising to the bottom of the cannon bones ... The return rate for horses with this problem is very high ... we found that recovery rate was 95 % after giving time in the paddock to heal . " On July 15 , the racing press reported that Steve Coburn sold his 30 % interest in the horse to Taylor Made Farm of Nicholasville , Kentucky , but that the abrupt end to the 2015 season opened the door to racing the horse for an additional year . Duncan Taylor of Taylor Made Farms said , " You won 't find many horses of his quality that made 18 starts in 23 months . He 's just now getting his first break from training . " On July 19 , Art Sherman announced that after California Chrome had paddock rest at Taylor Made Farm , the horse would ship back to Sherman 's and prepare to race in 2016 . On October 13 , California Chrome returned to Sherman 's barn . He finished the year being named Champion California @-@ bred Older Male . = = = 2016 : Five @-@ year @-@ old season = = = Martin 's plans for the horse in 2016 included a return to the Dubai World Cup , and ultimately another try at the Breeders ' Cup Classic . Sherman 's barn had a new exercise rider for the horse , Dihigi Gladney , a former bull rider and ex @-@ jockey who grew up in Watts , who also runs a pony ride concession at Santa Anita . Beginning at the San Pasqual Stakes , the purple and green DAP silks were replaced with a new silver @-@ gray design representing the California Chrome , LLC partnership that now owned the horse . Martin stated that his goal for the horse was to become the leading money @-@ winning horse of all time . California Chrome 's 2016 season began with the San Pasqual Stakes on January 9 . He faced a seven @-@ horse field that included a former rival from the Derby trail , Hoppertunity , and older foes Imperative and Hard Aces . Stalking the front runner until the final turn , he took the lead in the homestretch and won by 1 1 ⁄ 2 lengths . Sherman said of his modest margin of victory , " He could 've opened up turning for home , but Victor put the full nelson on him . It was just what we needed . " Espinoza , back on California Chrome after winning the Triple Crown with American Pharoah , said , " He 's one of the best horses I 've ever been on . I am so proud of him . American Pharoah and California Chrome are too hard to compare , so I won 't . " The win boosted his lifetime earnings to $ 6 @,@ 442 @,@ 650 , breaking the previous record held by Tiznow as the highest @-@ earning California @-@ bred racehorse in history . He shipped to Dubai shortly after the San Pasqual to acclimate to the area , the same training tactics used by the trainers of Curlin . He was entered into a 2 @,@ 000 metres ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) handicap race on February 25 , where he drew the number one post position and was assigned a career @-@ high weight of 60 kilograms ( 130 lb ) , an impost 7 @.@ 5 kilograms ( 17 lb ) more than any other horse in the eight @-@ horse field . Alan Sherman , who accompanied the horse to Dubai and conditioned him there , was unconcerned , noting that Gladney weighed 150 pounds ( 68 kg ) . He handily won by two lengths . Entering the 2016 Dubai World Cup , California Chrome had the number 11 post position in an international field of 12 . He faced both old American rivals in Hoppertunity and Candy Boy , as well as three younger horses who had challenged American Pharoah the previous year , Keen Ice , Frosted and Mubtaahij . The horse stayed wide and had a clear trip the entire race , took the lead 300 metres ( 980 ft ) out and won by 3 3 ⁄ 4 lengths . The race took a dramatic turn when Espinoza ’ s saddle began to slip backwards in the homestretch , and after the race he said , “ I just kept looking forward and thinking ' where 's the wire ? It was not coming fast enough . " The purse money for the victory made him the all @-@ time leading North American horse in earnings won . Martin commented that the horse had to pass three horses from Japan to become the all @-@ time world ’ s money leader , but declared , " I believe we 'll do that before the end of the year . " Upon his return to the United States , California Chrome was turned out for a month at Taylor Made Farm , then resumed training with Sherman . On July 23 , the horse was entered in the San Diego Handicap where he faced Dortmund , who had finished third in the 2015 Kentucky Derby to American Pharoah . California Chrome tracked behind Dortmund until the far turn , then moved to the front . Dortmund fought back and the two dueled down the stretch , with California Chrome prevailing by half a length . Noting that his horse had carried five pounds more than Dortmund , Espinoza said , " I have a lot of respect for Dortmund and he made me run hard ... When we came down the stretch , I was concerned . This horse was carrying a lot of weight . That was the challenge , but he was a runner all the way today . " = = Awards and honors = = California Chrome won many honors in 2014 . A concurrent resolution was introduced in the California State Assembly recognizing the " outstanding performance of California Chrome " and all of his connections including not only his owners and trainers , but also Willie Delgado and groom Raul Rodriguez . The resolution passed both chambers of the legislature unanimously on August 14 . It was the first time that the California Legislature had honored a racehorse . The city of Fresno proclaimed October 11 , 2014 , as " California Chrome Day " . In March 2015 , the Los Angeles Sports Council ranked California Chrome 's Kentucky Derby and Preakness wins third at the LA Sports Awards ' Sports Moment of 2014 , behind only the Los Angeles Kings Stanley Cup win and Clayton Kershaw 's Cy Young and National League MVP Awards . California Chrome won the Secretariat Vox Populi Award given each year to recognize " the horse whose popularity and racing excellence best resounded with the American public and gained recognition for Thoroughbred racing . " His Kentucky Derby win was named the NTRA " Moment of the Year " . At the Eclipse Awards , he was named American Horse of the Year and American Champion Three @-@ Year @-@ Old Male Horse . He was the second California @-@ bred to win Horse of the Year , the first since Tiznow , the first three @-@ year @-@ old to be Horse of the Year since Rachel Alexandra , and the first Kentucky Derby winner since Charismatic . The California Thoroughbred Breeders ' Association gave California Chrome and his connections multiple honors , naming him the 2014 California @-@ bred Horse of the Year , Champion Cal @-@ bred Three @-@ Year @-@ Old and Turf Champion . Lucky Pulpit was named Champion Sire , Love the Chase was Champion Broodmare , Martin and Coburn were named Champion Breeders , and Sherman was named Trainer of the year . 2016 saw the inauguration of the California Chrome Stakes , a 1 1 ⁄ 16 mile race with an introductory purse of $ 150 @,@ 000 for three @-@ year @-@ olds at Los Alamitos . The track created the race in recognition of the horse being stabled there as a home base since the beginning of 2014 . = = Fans and publicity = = = = = " Chromies " = = = An enthusiastic fan base supporting California Chrome became visible at the Santa Anita Derby , when someone invited the horse 's supporters to join the owners in the winner 's circle and over 100 people crammed into the area , including one woman dressed entirely in metallic foil . Coburn told CNN of a supporter who had a jackass tattooed on his shoulder . An unofficial Twitter account for the horse , @ CalChrome , was started by a 37 @-@ year @-@ old fan from Florida , Shawn LaFata , had over 12 @,@ 000 followers by Belmont week . The New York Times noted the enthusiasm of the fans , who used the hashtag # Chromies on Twitter . LaFata believes the word " Chromies " first appeared on @ CalChrome eight nights before the Kentucky Derby . The humble origins of the horse and the people around him played a role in his popularity , as did the horse 's people @-@ focused attitude . Supporters appeared to be further motivated by the continuing doubts raised by industry experts about California Chrome 's ability . The horse had nationwide appeal , but California Chrome 's core fan base was centered in the Central Valley of California ; the Sacramento television market ranked sixth in the nation for television viewership on Preakness day , and third in the nation on Belmont day . Prior to the Belmont , singer – songwriter team Templeton Thompson and Sam Gay wrote and recorded a song titled " Bring it on Home , Chrome " and a rap video featuring an elementary school children was released on YouTube . Even after his Belmont loss , Harris Farms fielded many calls daily from fans wanting to visit the horse while he had a break from racing in June and July 2014 . In contrast to his admirers , California Chrome 's image was somewhat diminished by the criticism that followed Coburn 's post @-@ Belmont comments . Additional negative press occurred when Martin turned down an offer to bring California Chrome to parade in the paddock at Del Mar on the day of the Pacific Classic . NPR 's Frank Deford had little patience with the horse 's story exemplifying the American dream ; DeFord felt that the horse 's victories would have little impact on the popularity of horse racing , which he viewed as " a sport that is struggling against time and culture " due to the prevalence of other types of gambling and the reduced impact of horses in the daily lives of most people . Overall , the press the horse received was viewed as giving a needed boost to the sport . Jockey and sports analyst Gary Stevens noted prior to the Belmont , " I haven 't heard Thoroughbred horse racing mentioned on CNN for a long time , and it was right at the top of the hour ... He 's brought us mainstream again for the first time in a lot of years . " Post @-@ Belmont press analysis contended that California Chrome was the most popular Thoroughbred in America since Zenyatta . In December , when the horse was selected as the winner of the Secretariat Vox Populi Award , Coburn said , " We have always said Chrome is the ' People 's Horse ' and we are thrilled that the public feels the same way we do about him . " In announcing the Moment of the Year , Keith Chamblin of NTRA stated , " the fans reminded us that nothing trumps an awesome performance by a legendary horse . " = = = Marketing = = = Prior to the 2014 Belmont Stakes , California Chrome 's owners filed a patent application to trademark his name for use on athletic apparel , and hired two talent agencies to help with marketing and sponsorships . Following the " nasalgate " story , fans began to appear wearing human nasal strips or purple band @-@ aids across their noses . Working with the intellectual property attorney who had brokered deals for Smarty Jones , California Chrome 's owners gained an endorsement deal with GlaxoSmithKline , manufacturer of the human Breathe Right nasal strips . On Belmont day , GlaxoSmithKline gave away 50 @,@ 000 of the strips at Belmont Park . Santa Anita , which simulcast the race , ran its own promotion , giving fans at that track purple nasal strips with the word " Chrome " on the front . On June 2 , the Skechers shoe company announced a sponsorship deal where the company 's logo appeared on assorted items worn by the horse and his handlers , the company used California Chrome 's image in its marketing , and ran a half page ad featuring the horse in the Wall Street Journal at the end of June 2014 . = = Statistics = = * Odds not available = = Pedigree = = California Chrome has been described as a throwback to horses with toughness and soundness . His sire , Lucky Pulpit , and his dam , Love the Chase , each had relatively undistinguished racing careers , but their ancestors were successful on the track , and some were well known for stamina over distance . Lucky Pulpit was sired by Pulpit , who is credited with 63 stakes winners and particularly known for his son Tapit . 1992 Belmont Stakes and Breeders ' Cup Classic winner A. P. Indy is the sire of Pulpit , and in 2015 , California Chrome became the all @-@ time leading earner from the A. P. Indy sire line . The sire line of these stallions traces to Bold Ruler , considered one of the greatest North American sires of the 20th century , and ultimately to the Darley Arabian through Eclipse . A. P. Indy was by 1977 Triple Crown winner Seattle Slew , and is a grandson of Secretariat on his dam 's side , bringing a second cross to Bold Ruler into the pedigree . Pulpit is a grandson of Mr. Prospector on his dam 's side , a line believed to cross well with Seattle Slew 's breeding . Pulpit 's maternal granddam , Narrate , carries lines to Bold Ruler and to 1964 Kentucky Derby winner Northern Dancer . Lucky Pulpit 's dam , Lucky Soph , is a half @-@ sister to the dam of Unbridled 's Song and also a granddaughter of Caro , who sired 1988 Kentucky Derby winner Winning Colors . Princequillo , who was noted for his stamina , appears several times in Lucky Pulpit 's pedigree . Love the Chase comes from old and respected stock , and California Chrome was the fifth Kentucky Derby winner produced from this mare line . Her sire , Not for Love , was by Mr. Prospector and out of a daughter of Northern Dancer . Northern Dancer appears again on the distaff side of Love the Chase 's pedigree . Her granddam , Chase the Dream , was sired by the 1968 Epsom Derby winner Sir Ivor . Vaguely Noble , winner of the 1968 Prix de l 'Arc de Triomphe , is one of Chase the Dream 's grandsires . She traces to Princequillo and to the UK @-@ bred Ribot , viewed by some as the greatest racehorse of his generation . Love the Chase has two crosses to the mare Numbered Account , who produced several Grade I stakes winners and was the American Champion Two @-@ Year @-@ Old Filly in 1971 . Numbered Account was a daughter of Buckpasser , who earned five Eclipse Awards between 1965 and 1967 , and was inducted to the Horse Racing Hall of Fame in 1970 . The Buckpasser line has been considered another good bloodline to crossbreed with descendants of Seattle Slew . Numbered Account was also a granddaughter of Swaps , and traces to La Troienne and War Admiral on both sides of her pedigree . Love the Chase 's tail @-@ female line is one of the oldest in North America . Through a mare named Selima , foaled in 1745 , who was by the Godolphin Arabian and imported to the Province of Maryland between 1750 and 1752 . The line probably traces to Thoroughbred family 21 , which began with the Moonah Barb Mare , who was imported from Barbary to England in utero about 1700 . California Chrome has relatively little inbreeding ; he is 4 × 3 to Mr Prospector , meaning that this ancestor appears once in the third and once in the fourth generations of his pedigree . He is also 4 × 4 to Numbered Account and 4 × 5 to Northern Dancer . indicates inbreeding
= Dragon Quest III = Dragon Quest III : The Seeds of Salvation , known in Japan as Dragon Quest III : Soshite Densetsu e ... ( ドラゴンクエストIII そして伝説へ … , Doragon Kuesuto Surī - Soshite Densetsu e ... , Dragon Quest III : And thus into Legend ... ) and previously released as Dragon Warrior III in North America , is a role @-@ playing video game developed by Chunsoft and published by Enix ( now Square Enix ) . It is the third installment in the Dragon Quest series ( known as Dragon Warrior in North America at the time of its original release ) and the first released for the Family Computer ( Famicom ) in Japan and later for the Nintendo Entertainment System ( NES ) in North America . The game saw an enhanced remake for the Super Famicom ( the Japanese version of the Super NES ) in 1996 and the Game Boy Color in 2001 , and a port to mobile phones and the Wii in 2009 and 2011 . A version of the game for Android and iOS was released in Japan on September 25 , 2014 , and worldwide on December 4 , 2014 as Dragon Quest III : The Seeds of Salvation . It was the first time the game was given an official English subtitle . The first three Dragon Quest games are part of the same story , and Dragon Warrior III is the first game chronologically , as well as the third game that features the hero Erdrick ( Loto in the Japanese releases and recent localizations ) . The story follows " the Hero " who is tasked with saving the world from the archfiend Baramos . Gathering a group of companions into a party , the Hero must travel the world , stopping at various towns and locations , and find his way to the Demon Lord Baramos 's lair . = = Gameplay = = Dragon Quest III is noted for greatly expanding upon the gameplay of the original Dragon Quest and Dragon Quest II . The game uses basic role @-@ playing video game conventions such as leveling up by gaining experience points and equipping items . Battle is turn @-@ based like the other games in the series , though the remakes incorporate various interface changes from later titles . These include simpler door opening , a bag to store items instead of keeping them at a bank , quick item sorting with " Tidy Item " and " Tidy Bag " command , and a " Full HP " command to automate the process of casting healing and status restoring spells . And while earlier Dragon Quest games were non @-@ linear in structure , Dragon Quest III featured an even more open @-@ world experience . It also allowed the player to freely swap characters in and out of their party , and introduced the day / night cycle in which certain items , characters , and quests are only accessible at specific times of day . = = = Classes = = = Dragon Quest III features a class system , in which each character has a certain class . At the start of the game , the player begins as a single male or female hero , but is able to recruit members at the local tavern . While the Hero always keeps the Hero class , the other characters can choose to be any of the following of either gender : Soldier ( Warrior in the GBC version ) , Fighter , Pilgrim ( Cleric ) , Wizard ( Mage ) , Merchant ( Dealer ) , Goof @-@ Off ( Jester ) , Sage , and Thief which was available only in the later versions . The choice of class greatly affects the character 's stats and spells he or she can learn . Furthermore , upon reaching experience Level 20 , a character has the option of changing classes at the temple of Dhama , found halfway through the game . A character who changes classes has their stats halved and restarts at experience Level 1 , retaining their spells and , in the remakes , their personality . This allows a player to create a character that knows Wizard spells , but has the defense of a Soldier . Unlike most Dragon Quest parties , aside from the Hero , the party is not made up of characters involved in the story . Although only four characters can be in the party at a time , extra members of the party can be kept at the tavern , allowing room for new recruits . Another innovation is an arena where the player can place bets on the outcome of monster battles in order to win more gold . In the remakes , after selecting a character , the player can change the character 's starting abilities with five magical seeds , given at the tavern . Also , each character has a personality trait which affects the growth rate of their abilities . The Hero 's personality is determined by the player 's choices and actions during a dream sequence at the start of the game , while other characters ' personalities are determined by their status at the end of the character generation process . Most personalities are available to both male and female characters , while a few are exclusive to male or female characters . A character 's personality can be temporarily changed by equipping certain accessories , or permanently changed by using certain consumable books . = = Story = = = = = Setting = = = The game starts in the castle town of Aliahan . Like the rest of the Dragon Quest worlds , this castle is set in a medieval time period , complete with knights and magicians . The party explores several caves , ruins , and castles during the adventure . The geography of Dragon Quest III largely corresponds to the actual geography of Earth , and many towns correspond to their real @-@ world cultures , including " Romaly " for Rome , " Portoga " for Portugal , " Assaram " near present @-@ day Iraq ( derived from " as @-@ salamu alaykum " ) , " Jipang " for Japan and even a " New Town " in eastern North America that experiences a revolution against an overbearing ruler . = = = Plot = = = Dragon Quest III is set many years before the original Dragon Warrior in a world separate from the first two games . A wicked fiend named Baramos threatens to destroy the world . The story revolves around the Hero , son or daughter ( the player can choose to be either male or female , with few gameplay changes ) of the legendary warrior Ortega . On his or her sixteenth birthday , the Hero ( from here on referred to as " he " for the sake of convenience ) is summoned to the castle and is given by the King of Aliahan the challenge to rid the world of the evil archfiend Baramos , which Ortega attempted in the past but seemingly perished in a volcano . The Hero then is able to recruit up to three traveling companions to help fight Baramos . The Hero leaves his home country of Aliahan to travel the world and complete his father 's quest to defeat Baramos . A major portion of the adventure is the quest to acquire the last two of the three keys needed to open doors throughout the game . After saving two people of the town of Baharata from the rogue Kandar and stealing back the King of Romaly 's crown , the Hero receives Black Pepper , which he then trades for a sailing ship at Portoga . With the ship , the Hero acquires the Final Key and the six mystical orbs which are used to revive the legendary bird Ramia . Ramia allows the Hero and his party to travel to Baramos ' castle , which is surrounded by mountains . After defeating Baramos in a ferocious battle and returning to Aliahan , the Hero 's celebration is cut off as Zoma , Baramos 's master and the game 's true villain , reveals his existence . He attacks and opens a pit to the Dark World , which the Hero jumps into . The Dark World is in fact Alefgard ( of the previous installments of the series ) , where the Hero must acquire several of the artifacts that were collected in the original Dragon Quest , including the Sun Stone and the Rain Staff . Rubiss , a legendary sage , has been turned to stone and is rescued by the Hero , and the Hero receives the Sacred Amulet in return . These items , as in the original game , create the Rainbow Bridge which leads the Hero to Zoma 's castle for the final confrontation . Along the way , the Hero briefly reunites with Ortega as he is slain by Zoma 's monsters , then continues on to defeat the revived Baramos , now turned into the powerful Baramos Bomus and later into the skeletal Baramos Gonus . With the Ball of Light given by the Dragon Queen , the Hero defeats Zoma and frees Alefgard , but Zoma boasts that evil will eventually return to the land and the Hero will not live long enough to stop it . For his or her bravery , the Hero receives the title of Loto ( Erdrick ) . The Hero later vanishes from Alefgard , leaving his sword and armor to be passed down throughout the ages so that his descendants can continue to protect the world from evil . = = Development = = As with the other main games in the Dragon Quest series , Dragon Quest III 's scenario was designed by Yuji Horii , whereas the artwork was done by Akira Toriyama , of Dragon Ball fame . Koichi Sugiyama composed all the music for Dragon Quest III . Chunsoft president Koichi Nakamura , co @-@ creator of Dragon Quest , stated he contributed about " 10 % " of the games programming . The game was released a year after the original , a longer period of development than its predecessor , and reflected the ever lengthening game development process of the series . Yuji Horii , in a 1989 interview , said that developers had perfected the series ' game structure in Dragon Quest III , and this was reflected by the transition from one character 's quest to a party of heroes . The password system used on the first two Dragon Quest titles was dropped in favor of a save slot due in part to Horii 's dislike of the long codes that players needed to memorize or record . Horii had a policy of removing any features from his games that had been used elsewhere , which turned out to be unworkable during Dragon Quest IIIs development when the games world map concept was used first by another game maker in Mirai Shinwa Jarvas , but Horii 's team was too far into development to change anything . Horii also preferred a silent protagonist to make the player feel like they have become the main character , but at one point in the story , Horii was forced to make the hero shout , " Leave him to us ! Run ! Quick ! " = = = Remakes = = = The Super Famicom version , released in late 1996 , during the last days of the Super NES in North America , was never brought to North America , due to Enix America Corporation 's closure in 1995 . By the time Enix of America returned , the SNES had been discontinued in North America . In 2009 , it was unofficially translated into English . However , the next remake , for the Game Boy Color , was released in both Japan and the US . The Game Boy Color version is based on the Super Famicom version . For the North American release of the Dragon Quest III Game Boy Color remake , Enix decided to give the packaging an anime feel , due to fan demand on Enix 's message boards . Both remake versions of Dragon Quest III offer many new features and changes . The game received a new translation , incorporating many adult elements that were cut from its original American release , and becoming the first Game Boy Color RPG with a " Teen " rating . It was also the largest Game Boy Color game released in North America , with 32 Mb ROM and 256Kb of save @-@ state SRAM on one cartridge . A new class , the Thief , was added to the roster in each of the remakes . Many of the names of the classes were changed in the English localization of the Game Boy Color version , such as Soldier to Warrior . Also , in the new versions was the ability to change into the Jester class at Dhama , which was not allowed in the original . New mini @-@ games were added to the remakes , including Pachisi ( called Suguroku in Japan / Treasures and Trapdoors as of the Dragon Quest V Remake ) , which is a giant board game style adventure from which the player can win items . This game is based on Horii 's series Itadaki Street . The Mini Medal system , which lets players collect hidden medals to gain new items , seen in later Dragon Quest games ( it originated in Dragon Quest IV ) , was added . Another medal system , Monster Medals , lets players collect medals from fallen enemies , was added in Game Boy Color remake , and two players could trade Monster Medals via a Game Link Cable . Two bonus dungeons become available after the main quest is over . The remakes feature updated graphics . An overhauled introduction for the game was made , similar to the one in the original Dragon Quest III , which included Ortega 's battle with the Dragon Queen . Monster and attack animation in battles were added , a feature first introduced in Dragon Quest VI . A personality system was added to the remakes of Dragon Quest III . A pre @-@ game sequence in which the player answers moral dilemmas similar to that in Ultima IV determines the Hero 's personality . The personality of the other members of the party is determined by the stat @-@ raising seeds that the player gives them during the character generation process . Personalities determine which stats increase when a character levels up . The personalities may be changed by use of special items and books . It was announced in May 2011 that Square Enix will be releasing Dragon Quest III in Japan , as both the Famicom and Super Famicom ports as part of the September released of Dragon Quest 25th Anniversary Commemoration Famicom & Super Famicom Dragon Quest I & II & III for the Wii . A quick save feature was added to this version of the game , allowing for pauses at any time , but the save file is deleted upon resuming . = = = Music = = = Koichi Sugiyama composed and directed the music for the game . Dragon Quest III 's music is featured on Dragon Quest Game Music Super Collection Vol . 1 , Dragon Quest Game Music Super Collection Vol . 2 , and Dragon Quest Game Music Super Collection Vol . 3 , each album a compilation of music from the first six Dragon Quest games . This game 's music has also been featured on other Dragon Quest compilation albums , such as Dragon Quest on Piano Vol . II , which was released in 1990 , and Dragon Quest Best Songs Selection ~ Loula ~ , released in 1993 . A compilation album of Dragon Quest III 's music was put on Dragon Quest III ~ And into the Legend … ~ Remix Symphonic Suite and was published by Sony Records in 1996 . In 2011 Sugiyama played a concert focused on Dragon Quest III in his " Family Classic Concert " series he has done for many years , playing fifteen of the games songs . All songs written and composed by Koichi Sugiyama . = = Reception = = = = = Sales = = = Dragon Quest III sold over one million copies on the first day with almost 300 arrests for truancy among students absent from school to purchase the game , and 3 @.@ 8 million copies total in Japan . In Japan , the Super Famicom remake sold 1 @.@ 4 million units , with nearly 720 @,@ 000 units sold in 1996 alone . The Game Boy Color version sold a lower 604 @,@ 000 copies in Japan by the end of 2001 . However , together , with the sales of the remakes , Dragon Quest III is the most successful title in the series and one of the best selling role @-@ playing games in Japan . As of November 2010 , Japan mobile phone version was downloaded more than 1 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 times . Wii Dragon Quest Collection sold 403 @,@ 953 copies in 2011 . = = = Reviews = = = A survey conducted by the magazine Famitsu in early 2006 among its readers placed Dragon Quest III as the third most favorite game of all time , being preceded by only Final Fantasy X and Final Fantasy VII , It is often mistakenly thought that in 1988 the game 's success caused the Japanese government to outlaw further releases of Dragon Quest games on school days . In truth , Enix themselves decided to hold off the release of future Dragon Quest games until weekends . The North American release of Dragon Quest III did not meet nearly as much success . Considered an improvement over the first two games , Dragon Quest III " kept the same ugly graphical style and clumsy interface " , explained Kurt Kalata of Gamasutra . The North American release 's poor sales are partly due to the fact that the game was released after the release of 16 @-@ bit gaming systems , making it seem archaic to gamers . Critics found the new day / night system and the addition of an in @-@ game bank praiseworthy . Its reputation has risen in America since its release , primarily due to its gameplay innovations , leading Nintendo Power to list it as number 176 on their Top 200 Games list . IGN later listed it as the 96th best Nintendo Entertainment System game . GamesRadar ranked it the 17th best NES game ever made . The staff chose it over the other Dragon Warrior titles due to its job system which they felt had depth and was influential to video games . The Game Boy Color remake received very good reviews from critics . GameSpot gave the Game Boy Color version a " good " 7 @.@ 6 / 10 , saying that " DWIII is a worthy port of its old NES ancestor , but its firm grounding in the RPG old @-@ school means that only the hard @-@ core need apply . " Nintendo Power gave the remake a 4 / 5 , while IGN gave the game a perfect 10 / 10 . = = Manga = = The manga series , Dragon Quest Retsuden : Roto no Monshō ( ドラゴンクエスト列伝ロトの紋章 ? , Dragon Quest Saga : Roto 's Emblem ) , was written by Chiaki Kawamata and Junji Koyanagi with artwork by Kamui Fujiwara and was published inMonthly Shōnen Gangan from 1991 through 1997 . The series was later compiled into for 21 volumes published by Enix ; in 1994 it was released on CD and was released on December 11 , 2009 on the PlayStation Portable as part of manga distribution library . In 1996 an anime movie based on the manga was released on video cassette . A sequel series , Dragon Quest Retsuden : Roto no Monshō ~ Monshō o Tsugumono @-@ tachi e ~ ( ドラゴンクエスト列伝ロトの紋章～紋章を継ぐ者達へ～ ? , Dragon Quest Retsuden : Roto no Monshō - To the Children Who Inherit the Emblem ) , published by Square Enix started in 2005 and is still ongoing ; as of December 2012 , fifteen volumes have been released . The first four volumes were written by Jun Eishima and all the rest volumes written by Takashi Umemura . All of them have been supervised by Yuji Horii with artwork done by Kamui Fujiwara . Dragon Quest Retsuden : Roto no Monshō is meant to take place between Dragon Quest III and Dragon Quest . After monsters possessed the Carmen 's king for seven years , the kingdom fell to the hordes of evil . The only survivors were Prince Arus and an army General 's daughter , Lunafrea . Meanwhile , in the Kingdom of Loran , a child by the name of is born with the name Jagan per the orders of Demon Lord Imagine . As Loto 's descendant , Arus , along with Lunafrea , set out to defeat the monsters and restore peace to the world . Dragon Quest Retsuden : Roto no Monshō ~ Monshō o Tsugumono @-@ tachi e ~ takes place 25 years after the events in Dragon Quest Retsuden : Roto no Monshō . The world is once again in chaos and a young boy , Arosu ( アロス ) , sets out gathering companions to once again save the world from evil . Dragon Quest Retsuden : Roto no Monshō was popular in Japan , it has sold 18 million in Japan . Its sequel Dragon Quest Retsuden : Roto no Monshō - To the Children Who Inherit the Emblem has also sold well in Japan . For the week of August 26 through September 1 , 2008 , volume 7 was ranked 9th in Japan having sold 59 @,@ 540 copies . For the week of February 24 through March 2 , 2009 , volume 8 was ranked 19th in Japan having sold 76 @,@ 801 copies . For the week of October 26 through November 1 , 2009 , volume 9 was ranked 16th in Japan having sold 40 @,@ 492 copies for a total of 60 @,@ 467 .
= The Boat Race 1913 = The 70th Boat Race took place on 13 March 1913 . Held annually , the Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the previous year 's race . The two crews contained a total of five medallists from the 1912 Summer Olympics . Umpired by former Cambridge rower Frederick I. Pitman , Oxford won this year 's race by three @-@ quarters of a length in a time of 20 minutes 53 seconds . The victory took the overall record in the event to 39 – 30 in their favour . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities ; it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and , as of 2014 , broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having won the 1912 race by six lengths , and led overall with 38 victories to Cambridge 's 30 ( excluding the " dead heat " of 1877 ) . Oxford 's coaches were H. R. Barker ( who rowed for the Dark Blues in the 1908 and 1909 races ) , G. C. Bourne who had rowed for the university in the 1882 and 1883 races , Harcourt Gilbey Gold ( Dark Blue president for the 1900 race and four @-@ time Blue ) , and Alister Kirby ( who rowed for Cambridge four times between 1906 and 1909 ) . Cambridge were coached by John Houghton Gibbon who rowed for the Light Blues in the 1899 and 1900 races . For the tenth year the umpire was old Etonian Frederick I. Pitman who rowed for Cambridge in the 1884 , 1885 and 1886 races . To avoid Holy Week , the race was scheduled earlier than normal , on 13 March 1913 . Two old Etonians , G. E. Tower and C. E. V. Buxton joined the Cambridge crew , along with W. M. Askwith . The Light Blues ' practice was disrupted , first losing Askwith suffering from a boil , and then , late in the build @-@ up the race , losing both E. L. Showell Rogers and L. A. Pattinson to injury and " indigestion " respectively nine days before the race . Askwith was fit enough to return and according to author and former Oxford rower George Drinkwater , " the crew were well together when they came to the post " . Of the Oxford crew , Drinkwater noted that " the crew went easily and comfortably from the first day " yet " lacked essential balance " . = = Crews = = The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 6 @.@ 375 lb ( 78 @.@ 9 kg ) , 1 @.@ 875 pounds ( 0 @.@ 9 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Cambridge 's crew included two rowers with Boat Race experience in Sidney Swann and Ralph Shove , the former making his third appearance in the event . The Oxford crew saw five participants return , including Leslie Wormald and cox Henry Wells who were both taking part in their third race . Edgar Burgess , Swann , Wormald and Ewart Horsfall had all won gold medals in the men 's eight at the 1912 Summer Olympics , rowing for Leander Club . They defeated New College in the final for whom Dark Blue Arthur Wiggins rowed . = = Race = = Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . Umpire Pitman started the race at 4 : 38 p.m. in conditions described by former author and former Oxford rower George Drinkwater as " almost perfect " but with a " modest " tide . Despite Oxford out @-@ rating their opponents from the start , Cambridge took an early lead and were half a length ahead after the first minute . Although the bend in the river was against them , the Light Blues continued to slowly gain and were just clear by the Mile Post . A spurt from Oxford closed the gap and by Harrods Furniture Depository the lead was down to half a length . Taking advantage of the bend in the river , the Light Blues pulled away again and were nearly clear by the time the crews passed below Hammersmith Bridge . They extended the lead to be a quarter @-@ length clear by The Doves pub , and then a half @-@ length clear by Craven Steps . Rowing into increasing wind , Cambridge began to tire and Oxford closed the gap . The Cambridge stroke G. E. Tower spurted again just before Barnes Bridge and led by a length and a quarter at the bridge . The crews began to steer closer to one another , eventually causing each cox to give way to avoid the foul . By the time the boats passed Mortlake Brewery they were level , and despite a final push from Cambridge , Oxford drove on , passing the finishing post rating 37 strokes per minute . They won by three @-@ quarters of a length in a time of 20 minutes 53 seconds . It was the narrowest winning margin since the 1896 race , and Oxford 's fifth consecutive victory , taking the overall record in the event to 39 – 30 in their favour .
= Dragon Ball = Dragon Ball ( Japanese : ドラゴンボール , Hepburn : Doragon Bōru ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Akira Toriyama . It was originally serialized in Weekly Shōnen Jump from 1984 to 1995 , with the 519 individual chapters published into 42 tankōbon volumes by Shueisha . Dragon Ball was initially inspired by the classical Chinese novel Journey to the West . The series follows the adventures of the protagonist , Goku , from his childhood through adulthood as he trains in martial arts and explores the world in search of the seven orbs known as the Dragon Balls , which summon a wish @-@ granting dragon when gathered . Along his journey , Goku makes several friends and battles a wide variety of villains , many of whom also seek the Dragon Balls . The 42 tankōbon have been adapted into two anime series produced by Toei Animation : Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z , which together were broadcast in Japan from 1986 to 1996 . Additionally , the studio has developed nineteen animated feature films and three television specials , as well as a third anime series titled Dragon Ball GT . From 2009 to 2015 , a revised , faster @-@ paced version of Dragon Ball Z aired in Japan under the title Dragon Ball Kai , in which most of the original version 's footage not featured in the manga is removed . A fifth anime series titled Dragon Ball Super began airing in Japan on July 5 , 2015 . Several companies have developed various types of merchandising based on the series leading to a large media franchise that includes films , both animated and live @-@ action , collectible trading card games , numerous action figures , along with several collections of soundtracks and a large number of video games . The manga series was licensed for an English @-@ language release in North America by Viz Media , in the United Kingdom by Gollancz Manga , and Australia and New Zealand by Madman Entertainment . The entire anime series was licensed by Funimation for an English @-@ language release in the United States , although the series has not always been dubbed by the same studio . There have been many films of the franchise including the first live @-@ action film adaptation being produced in 1989 in Taiwan . In 2002 , 20th Century Fox acquired the rights to produce an American @-@ made live @-@ action film titled Dragonball Evolution that was received negatively by critics and fans ; the movie was released on April 10 , 2009 in the United States . Since its release , Dragon Ball has become one of the most successful manga and anime series of all time . The manga 's 42 volumes have sold over 156 million copies in Japan and more than 230 million copies worldwide , making it the third best @-@ selling manga series in history . Reviewers have praised the art , characterization , and humor of the story . It is widely regarded as one of the greatest manga series ever made , with many manga artists such as Eiichiro Oda ( One Piece ) , Masashi Kishimoto ( Naruto ) , Tite Kubo ( Bleach ) , Hiro Mashima ( Rave Master , Fairy Tail ) and Kentaro Yabuki ( Black Cat ) citing Dragon Ball as a source of inspiration for their own now popular works . The anime , particularly Dragon Ball Z , is also highly popular in various countries and was arguably one of the most influential in boosting the popularity of Japanese animation in Western culture . = = Plot summary = = The series begins with a monkey @-@ tailed boy named Goku befriending a teenage girl named Bulma , whom he accompanies to find the seven Dragon Balls ( ドラゴンボール , Doragon Bōru ) , which summon the dragon Shenlong to grant the user one wish . The journey leads them to the desert bandit Yamcha , who later becomes an ally ; Chi @-@ Chi , whom Goku unknowingly agrees to marry ; and Pilaf , an impish man who seeks the Dragon Balls to fulfill his desire to rule the world . Goku then undergoes rigorous training regimes under the martial arts master Kame @-@ Sen 'nin in order to fight in the Tenkaichi Budōkai ( 天下一武道会 , " Strongest Under the Heavens Martial Arts Tournament " ) . A monk named Kuririn becomes his training partner and rival , but they soon become best friends . After the tournament , Goku searches for the Dragon Ball his grandfather left him and almost single @-@ handedly defeats the Red Ribbon Army and their hired assassin Taopaipai . Thereafter Goku reunites with his friends to defeat the fortuneteller Baba Uranai 's fighters and have her locate the last Dragon Ball to revive a friend killed by Taopaipai . At the Tenkaichi Budōkai three years later Goku and his allies oppose Kame @-@ Sen 'nin 's rival and Taopaipai 's brother , Tsuru @-@ Sen 'nin , and his students Tenshinhan and Chaozu . Kuririn is killed after the tournament and Goku tracks down and is defeated by his killer , Piccolo Daimao . The samurai Yajirobe takes Goku to the hermit Karin , where he receives healing and a power boost . Meanwhile , Piccolo fights Kame @-@ Sen 'nin and Chaozu , leading to both their deaths , and uses the Dragon Balls to regain his youth before destroying Shenlong . Goku then kills Piccolo Daimao , who , just before dying , spawns his son / reincarnation Piccolo . Karin then directs Goku to Kami @-@ sama , the original creator of the Dragon Balls , to restore Shenlong and revive his slain friends . Goku trains under Kami for the next three years , once again reuniting with his friends at the Tenkaichi Budōkai , where he narrowly wins against Piccolo before leaving with Chi @-@ Chi to keep his promise to marry her . Five years later , Goku is a young adult and father to his son Gohan , when Raditz arrives on Earth , identifies Goku as his younger brother ' Kakarrot ' and reveals to him that they are members of a nearly extinct extraterrestrial race called the Saiyans ( サイヤ人 , Saiya @-@ jin ) , who sent Goku to conquer Earth for them , until he suffered a severe head injury and lost all memory of his mission . Goku refuses to continue the mission , sides with Piccolo , and sacrifices his life to defeat Raditz . In the afterlife Goku trains under the North Kaiō until he is revived by the Dragon Balls to save the Earth from the invading Nappa and Vegeta . In the battle Yamcha , Chaozu , Tenshinhan , and Piccolo are killed , and the Dragon Balls cease to exist . Kuririn and the galactic tyrant Freeza learn of another set of Dragon Balls on planet Namek ( ナメック星 , Namekku @-@ sei ) , whereupon Bulma , Gohan , and Kuririn search for them to revive their friends and subsequently the Earth 's Dragon Balls , leading to several battles with Freeza 's minions and Vegeta , the latter standing alongside the heroes to fight the Ginyu Force , a team of mercenaries . The long battle with Freeza himself comes to a close when Goku transforms into a Super Saiyan ( 超サイヤ人 , Sūpā Saiya @-@ jin ) of legends and defeats him . A group of Androids ( 人造人間 , Jinzōningen , " Artificial Humans " ) created by a member of the former Red Ribbon Army , Doctor Gero , appear three years later , seeking revenge against Goku . During this time , an evil life form called Cell also emerges and , after absorbing two of the Androids to achieve his " perfect form , " holds his own fighting tournament to challenge the protagonists . After Goku sacrifices his own life to no avail , Gohan avenges his father by defeating Cell . Seven years later , Goku , briefly revived for one day , and his allies are drawn into a fight against Majin Boo . After numerous battles , including destruction and re @-@ creation of the Earth , Goku destroys Boo with a Genki @-@ Dama ( a sphere of pure energy drawn from all intelligent beings on Earth ) and wishes for him to be reincarnated as a " good person . " Ten years later , at another Tenkaichi Budōkai , Goku meets Boo 's human reincarnation , Oob . Leaving their match unfinished , Goku departs with Oob to train him to be Earth 's new guardian . = = Production = = Akira Toriyama loosely modeled Dragon Ball on the classic Chinese novel Journey to the West ; but also redeveloped it from his 1983 one @-@ shot manga Dragon Boy . He has said that the fighting was influenced from movies by famous martial arts actor Jackie Chan , as he wanted to create a story with the basic theme of Journey to the West , but with " a little kung fu . " Since it was serialized in a shōnen magazine , he added the idea of the Dragon Balls to give it a game @-@ like activity of gathering something , without thinking of what the characters would wish for . With Goku being Sun Wukong , Bulma as Xuanzang , Oolong as Zhu Bajie and Yamcha being Sha Wujing , he originally thought it would last about a year or end once the Dragon Balls were collected . Toriyama stated that although the stories are purposefully easy to understand , he specifically aimed Dragon Ball at readers older than those of his previous serial Dr. Slump . He also wanted to break from the Western influences common in Dr. Slump , deliberately going for Chinese scenery , referencing Chinese buildings and photographs of China his wife had bought . The island where the Tenkaichi Budōkai is held is modeled after Bali , which he , his wife and assistant visited in mid @-@ 1985 , and for the area around Bobbidi 's spaceship he consulted photos of Africa . It was when the Tenkaichi Budōkai martial arts tournament began that Dragon Ball truly became popular , having recalled the races and tournaments in Dr. Slump . Anticipating that readers would expect Goku to win the tournaments , Toriyama had him lose the first two while planning an eventual victory . He said that Muscle Tower in the Red Ribbon Army storyline was inspired by the video game Spartan X , in which enemies tended to appear very fast . He then created Piccolo Daimao as a truly evil villain , and as a result called that arc the most interesting to draw . Once Goku and company had become the strongest on Earth , they turned to extraterrestrial opponents including the Saiyans . Freeza , who forcibly took over planets to resell them , was created around the time of the Japanese economic bubble and was inspired by real estate speculators , whom Toriyama called the " worst kind of people . " Finding the escalating enemies difficult , he created the Ginyu Force to add more balance to the series . He added time travel next , but said he had a hard time with it , only thinking of what to do that week and having to discuss it with his second editor Yu Kondo . After Cell 's death , Toriyama intended for Gohan to replace Goku as the series ' protagonist , but felt the character was not suited for the role and changed his mind . Going against the normal convention that the strongest characters should be the largest in terms of physical size , he designed many of Dragon Ball 's most powerful characters with small statures , including the protagonist , Goku . When creating a character , his process is to first come up with their face and body type , and then the clothes while thinking of the world they inhabit and if the fighters can move around in them . Toriyama said that he did not plan the details of the story , resulting in strange occurrences and discrepancies later in the series , including changing the colors of the characters mid @-@ story and few characters having screen tone because he found it difficult to use . Toriyama later explained the he had Goku grow up as a means to make drawing fight scenes easier , even though his first editor Kazuhiko Torishima was initially against it because it was rare to have the main character of a manga series change drastically . When including fights in the manga , Toriyama had the characters go to uninhabited locations to avoid difficulties in drawing residents and destroyed buildings . While he personally dislikes the idea of naming fighting techniques , Torishima at the time felt it would be better , so Toriyama proceeded to create names for all of the techniques , except for the series ' signature Kamehameha ( かめはめ波 , lit . " Kamehame Wave " ) which his wife came up with when he was indecisive about what it should be called . In order to advance the story quickly by having characters travel without inconvenience , he created the flying cloud Kinto @-@ un ( 筋斗雲 , lit . " Somersault Cloud " ) , then gave most fighters the flying technique Bukū @-@ jutsu ( 舞空術 , lit . " Air Dance Technique " ) , and finally granted Goku the teleportation ability Shunkan Idō ( 瞬間移動 , lit . " Instant Teleport " ) . Once he came up with the idea of the Super Saiyan , he felt the only way to show Goku 's massive power up was to have him transform . Initially he was concerned that the facial expression looked like that of a villain , but felt since the transformation was brought about by anger it was acceptable . While talking to his long @-@ time friend and fellow manga artist Masakazu Katsura about how there was nothing stronger than a Super Saiyan , Katsura suggested having two characters " fuse " together , leading to the creation of the Fusion ( フュージョン , Fyūjon ) technique . Since the completion of Dragon Ball , Toriyama has continued to add to its story , mostly background information on its universe , through guidebooks published by Shueisha . During the second half of the series , Toriyama has said that he had become more interested in coming up with the story than actually drawing it , and that the battles became more intense with him simplifying the lines . He also said he would get letters from readers complaining that the art had become " too square " , so he intentionally made it more so . In 2013 , he stated that because Dragon Ball is an action manga the most important aspect is the sense of speed , so he did not draw very elaborate , going so far as to suggest one could say that he was not interested in the art . He also once said that his goal for the series was to tell an " unconventional and contradictory " story . In 2013 , commenting on Dragon Ball 's global success , Toriyama said , " Frankly , I don 't quite understand why it happened . While the manga was being serialized , the only thing I wanted as I kept drawing was to make Japanese boys happy . " , " The role of my manga is to be a work of entertainment through and through . I dare say I don 't care even if [ my works ] have left nothing behind , as long as they have entertained their readers . " = = Media = = = = = Manga = = = Written and illustrated by Akira Toriyama , Dragon Ball was serialized in the manga anthology Weekly Shōnen Jump from November 20 , 1984 to May 23 , 1995 , when Toriyama grew exhausted and felt he needed a break from drawing . The 519 individual chapters were published into 42 tankōbon volumes by Shueisha from September 10 , 1985 through August 4 , 1995 . In 2002 , the chapters were re @-@ released in a collection of 34 kanzenban volumes , which included a slightly rewritten ending , new covers , and color artwork from its Weekly Shōnen Jump run . The February 2013 issue of V Jump , which was released in December 2012 , announced that parts of the manga will be fully colored and re @-@ released in 2013 . Twenty volumes , beginning from chapter 195 and grouped by story arcs , were released between February 4 , 2013 and July 4 , 2014 . The Dragon Ball manga is licensed for release in English in North America by Viz Media . Viz originally released volumes 17 through 42 ( chapters 195 through 519 ) under the title " Dragon Ball Z " to mimic the name of the anime series adapted from those volumes , feeling it would reduce the potential for confusion by its readers . They initially released both series chapter by chapter in a monthly comic book format starting in 1998 , and later began collecting them in graphic novels in 2000 . In 2000 , while releasing Dragon Ball in the monthly format , Viz began to censor the series in response to complaints by parents . They argued that when there are parental complaints , major chain stores stop selling the series , so to keep wide distribution , they made some " concessions " . They assured that all changes were done with approval by Toriyama and Shueisha , with Toriyama making suggestions himself : such as to obscure Goku 's genitals with objects , rather than " neuter him " . A fan petition that garnered over 10 @,@ 000 signatures was created , and a year later , Viz announced they would stop censoring the series and instead increased its " rating " to 13 and up , and reprinted the first 3 graphic novels . " Dragon Ball Z " , from Trunk 's appearance to chapter 226 , was published in Viz 's monthly magazine Shonen Jump from its debut issue in January 2003 to April 2005 . Later , the first ten collected volumes of both series were re @-@ released from March to May 2003 under their " Shonen Jump " imprint , with Dragon Ball being completed on August 3 , 2004 and Dragon Ball Z finishing on June 6 , 2006 . However , when releasing the last few volumes of Dragon Ball Z , the company began to censor the series again ; translating the sound effects of gunshots to " zap " and changing the few sexual references . In June 2008 , Viz began re @-@ releasing the two series in a wideban format called " Viz Big Edition , " which collects three individual volumes into a single large volume . These editions are on higher quality paper and include some of the original Weekly Shōnen Jump color pages , however , they include new censorship not in the 2003 releases . On November 3 , 2008 , the first volumes of both series were released in hardcover " Collector 's Editions . " Viz began releasing new 3 @-@ in @-@ 1 volumes of Dragon Ball , similar to their " Viz Big Edition " , with volume one released on June 4 , 2013 . This version uses the Japanese kanzenban covers and marks the first time in English that the entire series is being released under the Dragon Ball name . They serialized chapter 195 to 245 of the fully colored version of the manga in their digital anthology Weekly Shonen Jump from February 2013 to February 2014 . They began publishing Dragon Ball Full Color Edition into large printed volumes on February 4 , 2014 . The manga has also been licensed in other English @-@ speaking countries , distributed in the same Viz format of separating it into Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z. The United Kingdom 's release of the manga has been through different distributors . From August 2005 to November 2007 , Gollancz Manga an imprint of the Orion Publishing Group released the 16 volumes of Dragon Ball and the first 4 of Dragon Ball Z. Viz would release the books after Gollancz and expand to digital sales on the Nook in August 2013 . In Australia and New Zealand , Madman Entertainment has released all 16 volumes of the Dragon Ball manga and the 9 " Viz Big " volumes of Dragon Ball Z. = = = = Spin @-@ offs and crossovers = = = = Toriyama also created a short series , Neko Majin , that became a self @-@ parody of Dragon Ball . First appearing in August 1999 , the eight chapter series was released sporadically in Weekly Shōnen Jump and Monthly Shōnen Jump until it was completed in 2005 . These chapters were compiled into one kanzenban volume for release on April 4 , 2005 . In 2006 , in celebration of the 30th anniversary of Kochira Katsushika @-@ ku Kameari Kōen @-@ mae Hashutsujo ( or Kochikame ) , a special manga titled Super Kochikame ( 超こち亀 , Chō Kochikame ) was released on September 15 . It included characters from the series appearing in special crossover chapters of other well @-@ known manga . The chapter " This is the Police Station in front of Dragon Park on Planet Namek " ( こちらナメック星ドラゴン公園前派出所 , Kochira Namekku @-@ sei Dragon Kōen @-@ mae Hashutsujo ) was a Dragon Ball crossover by Toriyama and Kochikame author Osamu Akimoto . That same year , Toriyama teamed up with Eiichiro Oda to create a single crossover chapter of Dragon Ball and One Piece . Entitled Cross Epoch , the chapter was published in the December 25 , 2006 issue of Weekly Shōnen Jump and the April 2011 issue of English Shonen Jump . The final chapter of Toriyama 's 2013 manga series Jaco the Galactic Patrolman revealed that it is set before Dragon Ball , with several characters making appearances . Jaco 's collected volumes contain a bonus Dragon Ball chapter depicting Goku 's mother . Jaco and the bonus chapter were both published in Viz 's digital English Weekly Shonen Jump . A colored spin @-@ off manga titled Dragon Ball SD and written by Naho Ōishi has been published in Shueisha 's Saikyō Jump magazine since its debut issue released in December 2010 . The manga is a condensed retelling of Goku 's various adventures as a child , with many details changed , in a super deformed art style , hence the title . It has been collected into four volumes , with the first being released on April 4 , 2013 , the second on April 4 , 2014 , the third on December 4 , 2014 , and the fourth on February 4 , 2016 . Dragon Ball : Episode of Bardock is a three @-@ chapter manga , once again penned by Naho Ōishi , that was published in the monthly magazine V Jump from August and October 2011 . This manga is a sequel to the 1990 TV special Bardock – The Father of Goku with some key details changed . As the title indicates the manga 's story revolves around Bardock , Goku 's father , who in this special is featured in a scenario in which he did not die at the hands of Freeza and gets to fight his enemy as a Super Saiyan . = = = Anime series = = = = = = = Dragon Ball = = = = Toei Animation produced an anime television series based on the first 194 manga chapters , also titled Dragon Ball . The series premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on February 26 , 1986 and ran until April 12 , 1989 , lasting 153 episodes . = = = = Dragon Ball Z = = = = Instead of continuing the anime as Dragon Ball , Toei Animation decided to carry on with their adaptation under a new name and asked Akira Toriyama to come up with the title . Dragon Ball Z ( ドラゴンボールZ ( ゼット ) , Doragon Bōru Zetto , commonly abbreviated as DBZ ) picks up five years after the first series left off and adapts the final 325 chapters of the manga . It premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on April 26 , 1989 , taking over its predecessor 's time slot , and ran for 291 episodes until its conclusion on January 31 , 1996 . = = = = Dragon Ball GT = = = = Dragon Ball GT ( ドラゴンボールGT ( ジーティー ) , Doragon Bōru Jī Tī , G ( rand ) T ( ouring ) ) premiered on Fuji TV on February 2 , 1996 and ran until November 19 , 1997 for 64 episodes . Unlike the first two anime series , it is not based on Akira Toriyama 's original Dragon Ball manga , being created by Toei Animation as a sequel to the series or as Toriyama called it , a " grand side story of the original Dragon Ball " . Toriyama designed the main cast , the spaceship used in the show , the design of three planets , and came up with the title and logo . In addition to this , Toriyama also oversaw production of the series , just as he had for the Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z anime . = = = = Dragon Ball Kai = = = = In February 2009 , Toei Animation announced that it would begin broadcasting a revised version of Dragon Ball Z as part of the series ' 20th anniversary celebrations . The series premiered on Fuji TV in Japan on April 5 , 2009 , under the name Dragon Ball Kai ( ドラゴンボール改 , Doragon Bōru Kai , lit . " Dragon Ball Revised " ) , with the episodes remastered for HDTV , featuring updated opening and ending sequences , and a rerecording of the vocal tracks by most of the original cast . The footage was also re @-@ edited to more closely follow the manga , resulting in a faster @-@ moving story , and damaged frames removed . As such , it is a new version of Dragon Ball Z created from the original footage . Some shots were also remade from scratch in order to fix cropping and continuity issues . The majority of the international versions , including Funimation Entertainment 's English dub , are titled Dragon Ball Z Kai . = = = = Dragon Ball Super = = = = On April 28 , 2015 , Toei Animation announced Dragon Ball Super ( ドラゴンボール超 , Doragon Bōru Sūpā ) , the first all @-@ new Dragon Ball television series to be released in 18 years . It debuted on July 5 and will run as a weekly series at 9 : 00 am on Fuji TV on Sundays . Masako Nozawa reprised her roles as Goku , Gohan , and Goten . Most of the original cast reprise their roles as well . Kouichi Yamadera and Masakazu Morita also reprise their roles , as Beerus and Whis , respectively . The story of the anime is set six months after the defeat of Majin Boo , when the Earth has become peaceful once again . Akira Toriyama is credited as the original creator , as well for " original story & character design concepts . " It will also be adapted into companion manga . = = = Films = = = = = = = Anime = = = = Nineteen animated theatrical films based on the Dragon Ball series have been released in Japan . The first three films are based on the original Dragon Ball anime series . The remaining films include fifteen Dragon Ball Z films and one tenth anniversary special ( also based on the first anime series ) . However , the films are generally either alternate re @-@ tellings of certain story arcs or extra side @-@ stories that do not correlate with the same timeline as the series . The exception being Dragon Ball Z : Battle of Gods and Dragon Ball Z : Resurrection ' F ' released in 2013 and 2015 respectively , these films being the first to have original creator Akira Toriyama deeply involved in their production . = = = = Live @-@ action = = = = An unofficial live @-@ action Mandarin Chinese film adaptation of the series , Dragon Ball : The Magic Begins , was released in Taiwan in 1989 . In December 1990 , the unofficial live @-@ action Korean film Dragon Ball : Ssawora Son Goku , Igyeora Son Goku was released . 20th Century Fox acquired feature film rights to the Dragon Ball franchise in March 2002 and began production on an American live @-@ action film entitled Dragonball Evolution . Directed by James Wong and produced by Stephen Chow , it was released in the United States on April 10 , 2009 . = = = TV Specials and other animations = = = Three television specials based on the series were aired on Fuji TV in Japan . The first , The One True Final Battle ~ The Z Warrior Who Challenged Freeza -- Son Goku 's Father ~ , renamed Bardock – The Father of Goku by Funimation , was shown on October 17 , 1990 . The second special , The Hopeless Resistance ! ! Gohan and Trunks -- The Two Remaining Super Warriors , renamed The History of Trunks by Funimation , is based on a special chapter of the original manga and aired on March 24 , 1993 . Goku Side Story ! The Four Star Ball is a Badge of Courage , renamed A Hero 's Legacy by Funimation , aired on March 26 , 1997 . A two @-@ part hour @-@ long crossover special between Dragon Ball Z , One Piece and Toriko , referred to as Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Super Collaboration Special ! ! aired on April 7 , 2013 . A two @-@ episode original video animation ( OVA ) titled Dragon Ball Z Side Story : Plan to Eradicate the Saiyans was created in 1993 as strategy guides for the Famicom video game of the same name . A remake titled Dragon Ball : Plan to Eradicate the Super Saiyans was created as a bonus feature for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game Dragon Ball : Raging Blast 2 , which was released on November 11 , 2010 . The short film Dragon Ball : Yo ! Son Goku and His Friends Return ! ! was created for the Jump Super Anime Tour , which celebrated Weekly Shōnen Jump 's 40th anniversary , and debuted on November 24 , 2008 . A short animated adaptation of Naho Ōishi 's Bardock spinoff manga , Dragon Ball : Episode of Bardock , was shown on December 17 – 18 , 2011 at the Jump Festa 2012 event . = = = Video games = = = The Dragon Ball franchise has spawned multiple video games across various genres and platforms . Earlier games of the series included a system of card battling and were released for the Nintendo Entertainment System following the storyline of the series . Starting Super Nintendo Entertainment System , the Mega Drive / Genesis , the Sega Saturn and the PlayStation , most of the games were from the fighting genre or RPG ( Role Playing Game ) , including the series Super Butoden . The first Dragon Ball game to be released in the United States was Dragon Ball GT : Final Bout for the PlayStation in 1997 . For the PlayStation 2 and PlayStation Portable games the characters were redone in 3D cel @-@ shaded graphics . These games included the Dragon Ball Z : Budokai series and the Dragon Ball Z : Budokai Tenkaichi series . Dragon Ball Z : Burst Limit was the first game of the franchise developed for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 . Dragon Ball Xenoverse was the first game of the franchise developed for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One . A massively multiplayer online role @-@ playing game called Dragon Ball Online was available in Korea , Hong Kong and Taiwan until the servers were shut down in 2013 . = = = Soundtracks = = = Myriad soundtracks were released in the anime , movies and the games . The music for the first two anime Dragon Ball and Z and its films was composed by Shunsuke Kikuchi , while the music from GT was composed by Akihito Tokunaga and the music from Kai was composed by Kenji Yamamoto and Norihito Sumitomo . For the first anime , the soundtracks released were Dragon Ball : Music Collection in 1985 and Dragon Ball : Complete Song Collection in 1991 , although they were reissued in 2007 and 2003 , respectively . For the second anime , the soundtrack series released were Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection Series . It was produced and released by Columbia Records of Japan from July 21 , 1989 to March 20 , 1996 the show 's entire lifespan . On September 20 , 2006 Columbia re @-@ released the Hit Song Collection on their Animex 1300 series . Other CDs released are compilations , video games and films soundtracks as well as music from the English versions . = = = Companion books = = = There have been numerous companion books to the Dragon Ball franchise . Chief among these are the Daizenshuu ( 大全集 ) series , comprising seven hardback main volumes and three supplemental softcover volumes , covering the manga and the first two anime series and their theatrical films . The first of these , Dragon Ball : The Complete Illustrations ( Daizenshuu volume 1 ) , first published in Japan in 1995 , is the only one that was released in English , being printed in 2008 by Viz Media . It contains all 264 colored illustrations Akira Toriyama drew for the Weekly Shōnen Jump magazines ' covers , bonus giveaways and specials , and all the covers for the 42 tankōbon . It also includes an interview with Toriyama on his work process . The remainder have never been released in English , and all are now out of print in Japan . From February 4 to May 9 , 2013 , condensed versions of the Daizenshuu with some updated information were released as the four @-@ volume Chōzenshū ( 超全集 ) series . For Dragon Ball GT , the Dragon Ball GT Perfect Files were released in May and December 1997 by Shueisha 's Jump Comics Selection imprint . They include series information , illustration galleries , behind @-@ the @-@ scenes information , and more . They were out of print for many years , but were re @-@ released in April 2006 ( accompanying the Japanese DVD release of Dragon Ball GT ) and this edition is still in print . Coinciding with the 34 @-@ volume kanzenban re @-@ release of the manga , and the release of the entire series on DVD for the first time in Japan , four new guidebooks were released in 2003 and 2004 . Dragon Ball Landmark and Dragon Ball Forever cover the manga , using volume numbers for story points that reference the kanzenban release , while Dragon Ball : Tenkaichi Densetsu ( ドラゴンボール天下一伝説 ) and Dragon Ball Z : Son Goku Densetsu ( ドラゴンボールZ 孫悟空伝説 ) cover the Dragon Ball and Dragon Ball Z anime , respectively . Much of the material in these books is reused from the earlier Daizenshuu volumes , but they include new textual material including substantial interviews with the creator , cast and production staff of the series . Son Goku Densetsu in particular showcases previously @-@ unpublished design sketches of Goku 's father Bardock , drawn by character designer Katsuyoshi Nakatsuru prior to creator Akira Toriyama 's revisions that resulted in the final version . Following the release of Dragon Ball Kai in Japan , four new guidebooks were released : the two @-@ volume Dragon Ball : Super Exciting Guide ( ドラゴンボール超エキサイティングガイド ) in 2009 , covering the manga , and two @-@ volume Dragon Ball : Extreme Battle Collection ( ドラゴンボール極限バトルコレクション ) in 2010 , covering the anime series . Despite the TV series airing during this time being Kai , the Extreme Battle Collection books reference the earlier Z series in content and episode numbers . These books also include new question @-@ and @-@ answer sessions with Akira Toriyama , revealing a few new details about the world and characters of the series . 2010 also saw the release of a new artbook , Dragon Ball : Anime Illustrations Guide - The Golden Warrior ( ドラゴンボールアニメイラスト集「黄金の戦士」 ) ; a sort of anime @-@ counterpart to the manga @-@ oriented Complete Illustrations , it showcases anime @-@ original illustrations and includes interviews with the three principal character designers for the anime . Each of the Japanese " Dragon Box " DVD releases of the series and movies , which were released from 2003 to 2006 , as well as the Blu @-@ ray boxed sets of Dragon Ball Kai , released 2009 to 2011 , come with a Dragon Book guide that contains details about the content therein . Each also contains a new interview with a member of the cast or staff of the series . These books have been reproduced textually for Funimation 's release of the Dragon Ball Z Dragon Box sets from 2009 to 2011 . = = = Collectible cards = = = Collectible cards based on the Dragon Ball , Dragon Ball Z , and Dragon Ball GT series have been released by Bandai . These cards feature various scenes from the manga and anime stills , plus exclusive artwork from all three series . Bandai released the first set in the United States in July 2008 . = = Reception = = = = = Manga = = = Dragon Ball is one of the most popular manga series of all time , and it continues to enjoy high readership today . By 2000 , more than 126 million copies of its tankōbon volumes had been sold in Japan alone . By 2012 , this number had grown to pass 156 million in Japan and 230 million worldwide , making it the second best @-@ selling Weekly Shōnen Jump manga of all time . Dragon Ball is credited as one of the main reasons for the period when manga circulation was at its highest in the mid @-@ 1980s and mid @-@ 1990s . For the 10th anniversary of the Japan Media Arts Festival in 2006 , Japanese fans voted Dragon Ball the third greatest manga of all time . In a survey conducted by Oricon in 2007 among 1 @,@ 000 people , Son Goku , the main character of the franchise , ranked first place as the " Strongest Manga Character of All Time . " Goku 's journey and his ever growing strength resulted in the character winning " the admiration of young boys everywhere " . Manga artists , such as One Piece creator Eiichiro Oda and Naruto creator Masashi Kishimoto , have stated that Goku inspired their series ' main protagonists as well as series structure . Manga critic Jason Thompson stated in 2011 that " Dragon Ball is by far the most influential shonen manga of the last 30 years , and today , almost every Shonen Jump artist lists it as one of their favorites and lifts from it in various ways . " He says the series " turns from a gag / adventure manga to an nearly @-@ pure fighting manga " , and its basic formula of " lots of martial arts , lots of training sequences , a few jokes " became the model for other shōnen series , such as Naruto . Thompson also called Toriyama 's art influential and cited it as a reason for the series ' popularity . James S. Yadao , author of The Rough Guide to Manga , claims that the first several chapters of Dragon Ball " play out much like Saiyuki with Dr. Slump @-@ like humour built in " and that Dr. Slump , Toriyama 's previous manga , has a clear early influence on the series . He feels the series " established its unique identity " after the first occasion when Goku 's group disbands and he trains under Kame @-@ sen 'nin , when the story develops " a far more action @-@ packed , sinister tone " with " wilder " battles with aerial and spiritual elements and an increased death count , while humor still makes an occasional appearance . Yadao claims that an art shift occurs when the characters " lose the rounded , innocent look that he established in Dr. Slump and gain sharper angles that leap off the page with their energy and intensity . " Animerica felt the series had " worldwide appeal " , using dramatic pacing and over @-@ the @-@ top martial arts action to " maintain tension levels and keep a crippler crossface hold on the audience 's attention spans " . In Little Boy : The Art of Japan 's Exploding Subculture , Takashi Murakami commented that Dragon Ball 's " never @-@ ending cyclical narrative moves forward plausibly , seamlessly , and with great finesse . " Ridwan Khan from Animefringe.com commented that the manga had a " chubby " art style , but as the series continued the characters got more refined , leaner , and more muscular . Khan prefers the manga over the slow pacing of the anime counterparts . Allen Divers of Anime News Network praised the story and humor of the manga as being very good at conveying all of the characters ' personalities . Divers also called Viz 's translation one of the best of all the English editions of the series due to its faithfulness to the original Japanese . D. Aviva Rothschild of Rationalmagic.com remarked the first manga volume as " a superior humor title " . They praised Goku 's innocence and Bulma 's insistence as one of the funniest parts of the series . The content of the manga has been controversial in United States . In November 1999 , Toys " R " Us removed Viz 's Dragon Ball from their stores nationwide when a Dallas parent complained the series had " borderline soft porn " after he bought them for his four @-@ year @-@ old son . Commenting on the issue , Susan J. Napier explained it as a difference in culture . After the ban , Viz reluctantly began to censor the series to keep wide distribution . However , in 2001 , after releasing three volumes censored , Viz announced Dragon Ball would be uncensored and reprinted due to fan reactions . In October 2009 , Wicomico County Public Schools in Maryland banned the Dragon Ball manga from their school district because it " depicts nudity , sexual contact between children and sexual innuendo among adults and children . " = = = Anime = = = The anime adaptations have also been very well @-@ received and are better known in the Western world than the manga , with Anime News Network saying " Few anime series have mainstreamed it the way Dragon Ball Z has . To a certain generation of television consumers its characters are as well known as any in the animated realm , and for many it was the first step into the wilderness of anime fandom . " In 2000 , satellite TV channel Animax together with Brutus , a men 's lifestyle magazine , and Tsutaya , Japan 's largest video rental chain , conducted a poll among 200 @,@ 000 fans on the top anime series , with Dragon Ball coming in fourth . TV Asahi conducted two polls in 2005 on the Top 100 Anime , Dragon Ball came in second in the nationwide survey conducted with multiple age @-@ groups and in third in the online poll . On several occasions the Dragon Ball anime has topped Japan 's DVD sales . Carl Kimlinger of Anime News Network summed up Dragon Ball as " an action @-@ packed tale told with rare humor and something even rarer — a genuine sense of adventure . " Both Kimlinger and colleague Theron Martin noted Funimation 's reputation for drastic alterations of the script , but praised the dub . However , some critics and most fans of the Japanese version have been more critical with Funimation 's English dub and script of Dragon Ball Z over the years . Jeffrey Harris IGN criticized the voices including how Freeza 's appearance combined with the feminine English voice left fans confused about Freeza 's gender . Carlos Ross of T.H.E.M. Anime Reviews considered the series ' characters to be different from stereotypical stock characters and noted that they undergo much more development . Despite praising Dragon Ball Z for its cast of characters , they criticized it for having long and repetitive fights . Dragon Ball Z is well @-@ known , and often criticized , for its long , repetitive , dragged @-@ out fights that span several episodes , with Martin commenting " DBZ practically turned drawing out fights into an art form . " However , Jason Thompson of io9 explained that this comes from the fact that the anime was being created alongside the manga . Dragon Ball Z was listed as the 78th best animated show in IGN 's Top 100 Animated Series , and was also listed as the 50th greatest cartoon in Wizard magazine 's Top 100 Greatest Cartoons list . Harris commented that Dragon Ball GT " is downright repellent " , mentioning that the material and characters had lost their novelty and fun . He also criticized the GT character designs of Trunks and Vegeta as being goofy . Zac Bertschy of Anime News Network also gave negative comments about GT , mentioning that the fights from the series were " a very simple childish exercise " and that many other anime were superior . The plot of Dragon Ball GT has also been criticized for giving a formula that was already used in its predecessors . The first episode of Dragon Ball Z Kai earned a viewer ratings percentage of 11 @.@ 3 , ahead of One Piece and behind Crayon Shin @-@ chan . Although following episodes had lower ratings , Kai was among the top 10 anime in viewer ratings every week in Japan for most of its run .
= The Boat Race 1893 = The 50th Boat Race took place on 22 March 1893 . The Boat Race is an annual side @-@ by @-@ side rowing race between crews from the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge along the River Thames . Oxford went into the event as reigning champions having won the previous year 's race . In a race umpired by former rower Frank Willan , Oxford won by a length and a quarter in a time of 18 minutes 45 seconds which was , at the time , the fastest in the history of the event . It was their fourth consecutive victory and took the overall record to 27 – 22 in their favour . = = Background = = The Boat Race is a side @-@ by @-@ side rowing competition between the boat clubs of University of Oxford ( sometimes referred to as the " Dark Blues " ) and the University of Cambridge ( sometimes referred to as the " Light Blues " ) . The race was first held in 1829 , and since 1845 has taken place on the 4 @.@ 2 @-@ mile ( 6 @.@ 8 km ) Championship Course on the River Thames in southwest London . The rivalry is a major point of honour between the two universities ; as of 2014 it is followed throughout the United Kingdom and broadcast worldwide . Oxford went into the race as reigning champions , having beaten Cambridge by two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths in the previous year 's race , and held the overall lead , with 26 victories to Cambridge 's 22 . Oxford 's coaches were G. C. Bourne ( who rowed for Oxford in the 1882 and 1883 races ) , Tom Cottingham Edwards @-@ Moss ( who rowed for the Dark Blues from 1875 to 1878 ) and Douglas McLean ( an Oxford Blue five times between 1883 and 1887 ) . Cambridge were coached by R. C. Lehmann ( former president of the Cambridge Union Society and captain of the 1st Trinity Boat Club ; although he had rowed in the trials eights for Cambridge , he was never selected for the Blue boat ) . The umpire for the race for the fifth year in a row was Frank Willan who won the event four consecutive times , rowing for Oxford in the 1866 , 1867 , 1868 and 1869 races . According to author Wadham Peacock , Barnes Bridge was undergoing repair which had jeopardised the running of the race . It was also one of only a few occasions where the race was not held on a Saturday . = = Crews = = The Oxford crew weighed an average of 12 st 3 @.@ 125 lb ( 77 @.@ 4 kg ) , 3 @.@ 125 pounds ( 1 @.@ 4 kg ) per rower more than their opponents . Cambridge saw two rowers with Boat Race experience return , including Graham Campbell Kerr and Charles Thurstan Fogg @-@ Elliot . Six of the Light Blues had matriculated at Trinity College . The Oxford boat contained five former Blues including William Fletcher who was participating in his fourth Boat Race . Four of the Dark Blues were studying at Magdalen College . All of the competitors in the race were registered as British . Although Oxford had four members of the previous year 's race available , Fletcher was injured in practice and Vivian Nickalls was unwell . Cambridge 's crew was considered to be powerful but technically deficient . = = Race = = Cambridge won the toss and elected to start from the Surrey station , handing the Middlesex side of the river to Oxford . With a good spring tide and a light breeze from the east , umpire Willan started the race at 4 : 35 p.m. , with the Light Blues outrating their opponents at 40 strokes per minute , and taking an early lead . Oxford drew level and moved ahead , holding a length 's lead by the Mile Post . With the advantage of the river 's course to Cambridge , by Hammersmith Bridge the lead had been cut to half a length and at The Doves pub ( almost 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) along the course ) , the crews were once again level . Along Chiswick , despite a higher stroke rate , Cambridge failed to move ahead and showed signs of tiredness , and Oxford began to move away again . By Barnes Bridge they were a length @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half clear , but encountered difficult water there as a temporary dam that had been constructed created an eddy . Cambridge took advantage to reduce the deficit and pushed all the way to the finishing post , but Oxford won by one @-@ and @-@ a @-@ quarter lengths . It was their fourth consecutive victory and in a time of 18 minutes 45 seconds , the fastest in the history of the event .
= Ventidius Cumanus = Ventidius Cumanus ( fl . 1st century AD ) was the Roman procurator of Iudaea Province from AD 48 to c . AD 52 . A disagreement between the surviving sources , the Jewish historian Josephus and the Roman Tacitus , makes it unclear whether his authority was over some or all of the province . Cumanus ' time in office was marked by disputes between his troops and the Jewish population . Ventidius Cumanus failed to respond to an anti @-@ Jewish murder in Samaritan territory which led to the violent conflict between Jews and Samaritans . Following an investigation by the governor of Syria , Gaius Ummidius Durmius Quadratus , Cumanus was sent to Rome for a hearing before the Emperor Claudius , who held him responsible for the violence and sentenced him to exile . = = Procuratorship of Iudaea = = Nothing is known about Cumanus before he was appointed procurator of Iudaea in 48 , in succession to Tiberius Julius Alexander . = = = Scope of Authority = = = Josephus , the main source for Cumanus ' career , presents him as governing the whole of Iudaea until 52 , when he was succeeded by Marcus Antonius Felix . However , Tacitus states that Felix was already governing Samaria before 52 , while Cumanus had authority over Galilee to the north ( see map ) . Tacitus does not mention who controlled other areas of the province . This conflict has led historians to take a number of positions on political arrangements in the province . Some have argued that Josephus ' greater knowledge of Jewish affairs justifies favouring his account . M. Aberbach believes that there was a division of power , but that Tacitus reversed the governors ' areas of authority and that Cumanus actually governed the south and Felix the north ; this fits better with Josephus , who describes Cumanus as active in Jerusalem and nearby . Another suggestion is that part of the province was transferred to Felix after disturbances under Cumanus ' rule . = = = Roman @-@ Jewish conflict = = = Under Alexander , the province of Iudaea had enjoyed a period of relative peace , but that proved to be transient , as Cumanus ' governorship was marked by a series of serious public disturbances . Trouble started while Jewish pilgrims were gathered in Jerusalem for the Passover feast . Cumanus , following the precedent set by earlier governors , assembled a detachment of Roman soldiers on the roof of the Temple portico to maintain order among the crowds , but one caused chaos by exposing himself to the Jews in the courtyard while calling out insults . Some of the Jews brought their complaints to Cumanus , but others began to retaliate by hurling stones at the soldiers . Some openly accused Cumanus of being responsible for the provocation – a sign that relations between governor and provincials may already have been poor . Finding himself unable to calm the angry crowd , Cumanus called for fully armed reinforcements , who assembled either in the Temple courtyard or on the roof of the Antonia Fortress , overlooking the Temple . In the ensuing stampede , according to Josephus ' estimates , between twenty and thirty thousand people were crushed to death . These numbers may be exaggerated , but the loss of life was substantial ; the feast , says Josephus , " became the cause of mourning to the whole nation " . Further unrest was triggered when an Imperial slave named Stephanus was robbed while travelling near Beth @-@ horon . Troops sent by Cumanus to arrest the leading men of the nearby villages began plundering the area . One of them , finding a copy of the Torah , destroyed it in view of the villagers while shouting blasphemies . Angered by this insult to God and to the Jewish religion , a crowd of Jews confronted Cumanus at Caesarea Maritima , demanding that the guilty party should be punished . This time the governor acted decisively and ordered that the soldier responsible should be beheaded in front of his accusers , temporarily restoring the calm . = = = Jewish @-@ Samaritan conflict = = = The events that would cost Cumanus his office began with the murder of one or more Galilean pilgrims who had been travelling through Samaria on their way to Jerusalem . A Galilean embassy asked Cumanus to investigate but received little attention ; Josephus alleges that he had been bribed by the Samaritans to turn a blind eye . The result was that a crowd of Jews decided to take the law into their own hands . Under the leadership of two Zealots , Eleazar and Alexander , they invaded Samaria and began a massacre . Cumanus led most of his troops against the militants , killing many and taking others prisoner , and the Jewish leaders from Jerusalem were subsequently able to calm most of the others , but a state of guerrilla warfare persisted . Meanwhile , two separate embassies had been dispatched to Tyre to appeal to Ummidius Caius Quadratus , who as legate of Syria had some authority over the lower @-@ ranking procurator of Iudaea . One , from the Samaritans , protested the Jewish attacks on Samaritan villages . The Jewish counter @-@ embassy held the Samaritans responsible for the violence and accused Cumanus of siding with them . Agreeing to investigate , Quadratus proceeded in 52 to Iudaea , where he had all of Cumanus ' Jewish prisoners crucified and ordered the beheading of several other Jews and Samaritans who had been involved in the fighting . Perhaps after hearing a case against Cumanus in Iudaea , Quadratus sent him , along with several Jewish and Samaritan leaders including the High Priest Ananias , to plead their cases in Rome before the Emperor Claudius . At the hearing , several of Claudius ' influential freedmen officials took the side of Cumanus . However , the Jews were supported by Agrippa II , a friend of Claudius whose father , Agrippa I , had been the last king of Iudaea before the province was placed under Roman procurators . Whether influenced by court politics or not , Claudius decided in favour of the Jewish side . The Samaritan leaders were executed and Cumanus was sent into exile . Felix succeeded him as procurator of Iudaea . Cumanus ' life and career after his banishment are unknown . = = = Ancient = = = Josephus , War 2 @.@ 223 @-@ 247 Josephus , Antiquities 20 @.@ 103 @-@ 137 Tacitus , Annals 12 @.@ 54 = = = Modern = = = Aberbach , M. ( July 1949 ) . " The Conflicting Accounts of Josephus and Tacitus concerning Cumanus ' and Felix ' Terms of Office " . Jewish Quarterly Review ( University of Pennsylvania Press ) 40 ( 1 ) : 1 – 14 @.@ doi : 10 @.@ 2307 / 1453002 . JSTOR 1453002 . Schürer , Emil ( 1973 ) . The History of the Jewish People in the Age of Jesus Christ : Volume I. revised and edited by Geza Vermes , Fergus Millar and Matthew Black ( revised English ed . ) . Edinburgh : T & T Clark. pp. 458 – 460 . ISBN 0 @-@ 567 @-@ 02242 @-@ 0 . Smallwood , E. Mary ( 1981 ) . The Jews Under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian : A Study in Political Relations ( 2nd ed . ) . Leiden : E. J. Brill. pp. 263 – 269 . ISBN 90 @-@ 04 @-@ 06403 @-@ 6 .
= Ince Blundell Hall = For the building with a similar name in Cheshire see Ince Hall Ince Blundell Hall is a former country house near the village of Ince Blundell , in the Metropolitan Borough of Sefton , Merseyside , England . It was built between 1720 and 1750 for Robert Blundell , the lord of the manor , and was designed by Henry Sephton , a local mason @-@ architect . Robert 's son , Henry , was a collector of paintings and antiquities , and he built impressive structures in the grounds of the hall in which to house them . In the 19th century the estate passed to the Weld family . Thomas Weld Blundell modernised and expanded the house , and built an adjoining chapel . In the 1960s the house and estate were sold again , and have since been run as a nursing home by the Canonesses of St. Augustine of the Mercy of Jesus . The hall is Georgian in style , and consists of a main block with a service block linked at a right @-@ angle to its rear . The hall is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II * listed building . Some of the buildings associated with the hall are also designated at this grade ; these are the Pantheon and the Garden Temple , both of which were built by Henry Blundell for his collection of statues , the chapel , and a building known as the Old Hall . In the garden and grounds of the hall are nine structures listed at Grade II ; these include the stables , a monument , a sundial , gateways and a lodge , and the base of a medieval wayside cross . = = History = = The manor of Ince Blundell was held by the Blundell family from the 12th century . The first documentation of the name of Blundell at the site is that of Richard Blundell in 1212 . Following the Reformation the Blundells retained their Catholic faith and suffered from the consequent disadvantages and dangers . Nevertheless , by legal transactions and advantageous marriages the Blundell family acquired more possessions ; by the end of the 18th century they held 15 manors together with other property , some of it as far away as Liverpool and Preston . The present house was built by Robert Blundell ( 1700 – 73 ) who inherited the estate in 1711 . Building began in about 1720 , and it was finished by 1750 . The house was designed by Henry Sephton , who was the " leading mason @-@ architect in the area " at that time . In 1761 Robert Blundell moved from the house to Liverpool , and the estate passed to his eldest son , Henry ( 1724 – 1810 ) . Henry then started to extend the house by adding what he described as " a large body of offices " at right @-@ angles to the main block , and he did this " without the help of a Wyat ( sic ) or any architect " . In the grounds he designed and built a stable block and greenhouses , created a kitchen garden , and landscaped the park , which included a lake and a ha @-@ ha . He built a wall around the perimeter of the estate , and designed one , and possibly two , of the gateways . Henry Blundell was a collector , first of paintings and later of statues and antiquities , the collection amounting to over 500 items . In order to house them at Ince Blundell , he constructed a series of buildings in the grounds of the hall . Initially he kept his collection in a series of greenhouses , but in about 1790 – 92 he built the Garden Temple , a building in Classical style . This was followed in about 1802 – 05 by a more impressive building , the Pantheon , its design based on the Pantheon in Rome . When Henry died in 1810 , the hall passed to his son , Charles . He died childless in 1837 , and the estate passed to Thomas Weld , a cousin . He took the name of Thomas Weld Blundell , and restored , refurnished and redecorated the hall . In the mid @-@ 19th century a large bay window was added to the west side of the Drawing Room , and a new Dining Room was built at the east end . Ceilings were raised , and interior decoration was carried out by the firm of Crace . Weld Blundell added a new vestibule to connect the Gallery , the Dining Room , and the Pantheon . The portico of the Pantheon became the new main entrance to the hall , and the Pantheon itself the reception hall . What had been the original chapel became the organ loft of a new large two @-@ storey chapel designed by J. J. Scoles . During the Second World War the hall , its buildings and park were used by the War Office and the Admiralty , and additional buildings were erected . Five parachute bombs fell near the hall , one of them blowing out all the windows in the garden front . By 1960 the estate was " seriously dilapidated " , and it was decided to sell the hall and the surrounding land . The farms went to the sitting tenants , and the chapel , which had been used as a parish church since 1947 , was given to the Archdiocese of Liverpool . The hall was bought by the Canonesses of St. Augustine of the Mercy of Jesus , who adapted it for use as a nursing home . It was officially opened as such on 27 May 1961 by the Rt Revd John Heenan , who was at that time the Archbishop of Liverpool . Much work had to be done to make the building fit for its new purpose , including making it weather @-@ proof , installing central heating , a lift , and a washbasin in each bedroom . A new entrance was created at the back of the hall , with access for wheelchairs . The former Gallery was converted into a chapel for the use of staff and residents . Henry Blundell 's wing is used partly to provide services for the hall , and partly by the sisters as a convent . The sisters and staff of the hall continue to provide nursing and other care for the elderly . = = Architecture = = = = = Exterior = = = Ince Blundell Hall is in Georgian style . It is constructed in brick with sandstone dressings , and has an L @-@ shaped plan . The main block faces southeast ; it is in two storeys with an attic , and has a front of nine bays . Richard Pollard and Nikolaus Pevsner describe the front as being in late English Baroque style , and consider that it was " evidently inspired " by the front of Buckingham Palace , London . Between the upper storey and the attic is an entablature with a cornice and a panelled parapet . The central three bays project forward , the lower storeys are flanked by pairs of giant pilasters , and at the sides of the central doorway are giant columns . There are more pilasters at the ends of the building , and in the central three bays of the attic . All the pilasters and columns are Corinthian in style . The windows are sashes and are surrounded by architraves . The ground floor windows in the central bays have segmental heads with keystones , and those in the outer bays have friezes and pediments carried on consoles . Below the upper floor windows are panelled aprons and consoles . The central doorway has a segmental head and a keystone carved with the Blundell arms . At the corners of the front are quoins . To the right of the main block is a 19th @-@ century single @-@ storey wing with five bays , the central three of which are canted . Behind is a single @-@ storey block , linking the main block to the service block , which is at right angles to the rear . The service block is Henry Blundell 's " offices " , and is in Palladian style . It faces southwest , is in two storeys , and has a seven @-@ bay front , plus a three @-@ storey three @-@ bay pavilion to the right . The central three bays of the service block project forward under a pediment . Above the central porch is a Diocletian window . There is a clock in the gable , and over the pediment is a cupola carried on Tuscan columns . The windows are sashes with wedge lintels . The central bay of the pavilion is round @-@ headed and recessed , and its windows are a mixture of Diocletian , tripartite , and oculi . = = = Interior = = = When the house was first built , the main entrance was through the centre of the southeast face , which led into an entrance hall . Following the alterations carried out by Weld Blundell in the 19th century , the portico of the Pantheon became the new main entrance . When the house was converted into a nursing home , a new entrance was created at the rear . At the time the Weld Blundell family moved from the house , the entrance hall was used as a Library , the Drawing Room was to the left , and a Billiard Room to the right . To the right of this was the Dining Room , and behind it was the Gallery . The Billiard Room has become the Music Room , the former Library is a lounge for the residents , and the former Gallery is the chapel for the staff and residents . The interior of the house has retained much of the decoration carried out by Crace . The ceiling contains Rococo plasterwork dating from about 1750 depicting symbols relating to music and hunting , together with representations of learning and cultivation . On the walls are paintings by Crace . Pollard and Pevsner refer to these as being " delicately pretty Raphaelesque decoration " . The former Entrance Hall is " small , simple and sober " , and the Staircase Hall behind it is " not a grand space at all " . The Dining Room , also decorated by Crace , contains oak panelling on the walls , and painted panels in the ceiling . The oak fireplace replaces the original marble fireplace that was removed when the Weld Blundell family left the house . There is also a scheme of Crace decoration in the former Gallery . = = Associated structures = = = = = Pantheon = = = The Pantheon is at the angle between the main block and the service block . It is built in stone with a lead dome and has a circular plan . On the southeast side is an Ionic portico with four columns , a frieze , and a cornice . On the exterior are niches and panels with reliefs . Inside is an Ionic pilastrade , a frieze decorated with triglyphs and roundels , and niches for statues , four of which are in the shape of Venetian windows . The interior of the dome is coffered , and it has a central glazed oculus , which is the only source of lighting for the building . = = = Garden Temple = = = The Garden Temple , which is in the form of a temple , stands in the grounds to the south of the hall . It was probably designed by William Everard , and it was restored in about 2000 . The building is mainly in stuccoed brick with stone dressings , and has a hipped roof . On the front is a Tuscan portico with four columns , reliefs , and busts , and in the pediment is a mask . The frieze contains a Latin inscription , which translates as " In this place it is summer and winter all year round " , referring to the fact that the building was heated by air from external fireplaces . Behind the portico is a three @-@ bay palistrade , and a central entrance flanked by niches and with a relief above . Inside there are recesses for statues , two in the shape of Venetian windows . Some Roman masks and relief panels have been set into the walls . = = = Old Hall = = = Despite its name , this was not the previous hall , as the present hall was built on the site of the older hall . Its original purpose is unknown , and in the 19th century it was used for drying hops . The building stands in the grounds to the southwest of the hall . It is in brick with stone dressings , and has a roof partly of stone @-@ slate and partly of slate . The building has three storeys and a front of five irregular bays . The windows are mullioned , and the entrances have quoins and large lintels with slight Tudor arches . = = = Church of the Holy Family = = = The church is at right angles to the north end of the service block . It was originally the family chapel , and has since been used as a Roman Catholic parish church . It was built in 1858 – 60 and designed by J. J. Scoles . The church is in brick with stone dressings and has a slate roof . The exterior is relatively plain , but the interior is elaborately decorated , some of which may have been executed by Crace ; there are also paintings by Gebhard Flatz . = = = Stables = = = The stables are in the grounds to the southwest of the hall . They were built in about 1800 – 14 , and are in brick with stone dressings and a hipped slate roof . The stables are in two storeys and have a nine @-@ bay front , the central three bays projecting forward under a pedimented gable . In the centre is a recessed round @-@ headed entrance with angle pilasters , an archivolt , and a keystone . Above this is a Diocletian window . Elsewhere the windows in the ground floor are sashes with wedge lintels , and those in the upper storey are oculi . There are more round @-@ headed recesses in the end bays , and a 20th @-@ century garage to the north . = = = Garden structures = = = In the garden to the south of the main block is a monument in the form of a marble Tuscan column on a stone plinth . It carries an eagle , and dates from the early 19th century . To the southwest of the hall is a sundial dated 1741 . This consists of a stone baluster , and its metal plate is missing . Further to the southwest is an octagonal structure built into the wall of the kitchen garden . It is in stuccoed brick with a slate roof , and has a round @-@ headed entrance and a keystone decorated with an acanthus . This flanked by recesses , and there are more recesses inside . Also within the grounds of the hall is the base of a medieval wayside cross , which is a scheduled monument . = = = Gates and lodge = = = The most impressive entrance to the grounds is the Lion Gate on the A565 road to the south of the hall . It was designed by Henry Blundell in the 1770s , its Baroque style design copied from a gateway in the background of one of his paintings , the Marriage of Bacchus and Ariadne by Sebastiano Ricci . The gate is constructed in sandstone and consists of a central round @-@ arched entrance and two flat @-@ headed pedestrian entrances . The central entrance is in Doric style with columns , and an entablature with a triglyph frieze including bucrania and rosettes . On the top is a broken pediment containing a cartouche and an urn decorated with ram 's heads and festoons . The pedestrian entrances have rusticated surrounds . Above one is a statue of a lion , and above the other is a lioness . The entrances contain cast iron gates . The East Gate dates from the 1770s , and was probably also designed by Henry Blundell . It has a round @-@ headed central entrance and flat @-@ headed pedestrian entrances , and is simpler than the Lion Gate . The central entrance is flanked by Ionic pilasters , there is a fluted frieze with a decorated central panel , and a pediment . Above the pedestrian entrances are tented caps decorated with festoons and rosettes . The West Lodge , also on the A565 road , is to the north of the Lion Gate . Dating from the middle of the 19th century it is in French Renaissance style , built in brick with stone dressings and a slate roof . The lodge has three bays , the central lodge with two storeys , and the outer lodges with one storey and attics . The central bay is flanked by pilasters , and has a round @-@ headed entrance with archivolts , a keystone , and decorated spandrels . The windows are round @-@ headed sashes ; there is a pair above the entrance , and one in each of the outer bays . In the attics are dormers with ball finials . The outer bays have hipped roofs , the central bay has a pyramidal roof , and all have spike finials . The simplest entrance is the Northeast Gate , dating from the 1770s , consisting of a pair of gate piers with later gates . The rusticated piers are in stone and have moulded caps and flattened ball finials . = = Appraisal = = Ince Blundell Hall is described by Pollard and Pevsner as a " splendid Georgian house " , although they consider Blundell 's service block is " a rather plodding Palladian affair " . The hall was designated a Grade II * listed building on 11 October 1968 . Grade II * is the middle of the three grades of listing and is applied to " particularly important buildings of more than special interest " . Also listed at this grade are the Pantheon , the Garden Temple , the Old Hall , and the Church of the Holy Family , along with the park and garden surrounding the hall . Other structures are listed at Grade II , the lowest grade , which is applied to " buildings of national importance and special interest " . These are the stables , the column carrying an eagle , the sundial , the octagonal structure , the Lion Gate , the East Gate , the West Lodge , the Northeast Gate , and the base of the wayside cross .
= National Front ( France ) = The National Front ( French : Front national , French pronunciation : [ fʁɔ ̃ na.sjɔ.nal ] , FN ) is a socially conservative , nationalist political party in France . Its major policies include economic protectionism , a zero tolerance approach to law and order issues , and opposition to immigration . A eurosceptic party , the FN has opposed the European Union since its creation in 1993 . Most political commentators place the FN on the right to far right but party representatives reject this and suggest other ways of looking at the left – right axis . The party was founded in 1972 to unify a variety of French nationalist movements of the time . Jean @-@ Marie Le Pen was the party 's first leader and the undisputed centre of the party from its start until his resignation in 2011 . Marine Le Pen , his daughter , was elected as the current leader . While the party struggled as a marginal force for its first ten years , since 1984 it has been the major force of French nationalism . The 2002 presidential election was the first in France to include a National Front candidate in the run @-@ off , after Jean @-@ Marie Le Pen beat the Socialist candidate in the first round . In the run @-@ off , he finished a distant second to Jacques Chirac . Due to the French electoral system , the party 's representation in public office has been limited , despite its significant share of the vote . While her father was nicknamed the " Devil of the Republic " by mainstream media , Marine Le Pen pursued a policy of " de @-@ demonization " of the party by softening its image . She endeavoured to extract it from its far @-@ right cultural roots , and to normalize it by giving it a culture of government , expelling controversial members like her father , who was suspended , and then expelled by his own party in 2015 after he referred , once again , to the Nazi gas chambers as " a point of detail of the history of the Second World War " ; he later set up the Blue , White and Red Rally . Since her election as the leader of the party in 2011 , the popularity of the FN continued to grow apace : the party won several municipalities at the 2014 municipal elections ; it became the first French party at the 2014 European elections with 25 % of the votes ; and again in the last departmental elections in France . They , once again , came out in 1st place in the last regional elections with a historic result of nearly 28 % of the votes . Marine Le Pen would lead the first round of the 2017 presidential elections , according to various polls . As of 2015 , the FN has established itself as one of the largest political forces in France . = = Background = = The FN springs from a right @-@ wing tradition in France that dates back to the French Revolution of 1789 , and the party rejects both the revolution and its legacy . One of the primary progenitors of the party was the Action Française , founded at the end of the 19th century , and its descendants in the Restauration Nationale , a pro @-@ monarchy group that supports the claim of the Count of Paris to the French throne . More recently , the party drew from the Poujadism of the 1950s , which started out as an anti @-@ tax movement without relations to the right @-@ wing , but included among its parliamentary deputies " proto @-@ nationalists " such as Jean @-@ Marie Le Pen . Another conflict that is part of the party 's background was the Algerian War ( many frontistes , including Le Pen , were directly involved in the war ) , and the right @-@ wing dismay over the decision by French President Charles de Gaulle to abandon his promise of holding on to French Algeria . In the 1965 presidential election , Le Pen unsuccessfully attempted to consolidate the right @-@ wing vote around the right @-@ wing presidential candidate Jean @-@ Louis Tixier @-@ Vignancour . During the late 1960s and early 1970s , the French far @-@ right consisted mainly of small extreme movements such as Occident , Groupe Union Défense ( GUD ) , and the Ordre Nouveau ( ON ) . = = History = = = = = Early years ( 1972 – 1981 ) = = = While the ON had competed in some local elections since 1970 , at its second congress in June 1972 it decided to establish a new political party to contest the 1973 legislative elections . The party was launched on 5 October 1972 under the name National Front for French Unity ( Front national pour l 'unité française ) , or Front National . In order to create a broad movement , the ON sought to model the new party ( as it earlier had sought to model itself ) on the more established Italian Social Movement ( MSI ) , which at the time appeared to establish a broad coalition for the Italian right . The FN adopted a French version of the MSI tricolour flame as its logo . It wanted to unite the various French far @-@ right currents , and brought together Le Pen 's nationalist group , Roger Holeindre 's Party of French Unity , Georges Bidault 's Justice and Liberty movement , former Poujadists , Algerian War veterans , and some monarchists , among others . Le Pen was chosen to be the first president of the party , as he was untainted with the militant public image of the ON and was a relatively moderate figure on the far @-@ right . The National Front fared poorly in the 1973 legislative elections , receiving 0 @.@ 5 % of the national vote ( although Le Pen won 5 % in his Paris constituency ) . In 1973 the party created a youth movement , the Front national de la jeunesse ( National Front of the Youth , FNJ ) . The rhetoric used in the campaign stressed old far @-@ right themes and was largely uninspiring to the electorate at the time . Otherwise , its official program at this point was relatively moderate , differing little from the mainstream right . Le Pen sought the " total fusion " of the currents in the party , and warned against crude activism . The more radical elements of the ON were not persuaded , and reverted to hard activism . They were banned from the party later that year . Le Pen soon became the undisputed leader of the party , although this cost it many leading members and much of its militant base . In the 1974 presidential election , Le Pen failed to find a mobilising theme for his campaign . Many of its major issues , such as anti @-@ communism , were shared by most of the mainstream right . Other FN issues included calls for increased French birth rates , immigration reduction ( although this was downplayed ) , establishment of a professional army , abrogation of the Évian Accords , and generally the creation of a " French and European renaissance . " Despite being the only nationalist candidate , he failed to gain the support of a united far @-@ right , as the various groups either rallied behind other candidates or called for voter abstention . The campaign further lost ground when the Revolutionary Communist League published a denunciation of Le Pen 's alleged involvement in torture during his time in Algeria . In his first presidential election , Le Pen gained only 0 @.@ 8 % of the national vote . = = = = FN – PFN rivalry = = = = Following the 1974 election , the FN was obscured by the appearance of the Party of New Forces ( PFN ) , founded by FN dissidents ( largely from the ON ) . Their competition weakened both parties throughout the 1970s . During the same time , the FN gained several new groups of supporters , including François Duprat and his " revolutionary nationalists " , Jean @-@ Pierre Stirbois and his " solidarists " , the Nouvelle Droite , and Bernard Anthony . Following the death of Duprat in a bomb attack , the revolutionary nationalists left the party , while Stirbois became Le Pen 's deputy as his solidarists effectively ousted the neo @-@ fascist tendency in the party leadership . The far @-@ right was marginalised altogether in the 1978 legislative elections , although the PFN was better off . For the first election for the European Parliament in 1979 , the PFN had become part of an attempt to build a " Euro @-@ Right " alliance of European far @-@ right parties , and was in the end the only one of the two that contested the election . It fielded Jean @-@ Louis Tixier @-@ Vignancour as its primary candidate , while Le Pen called for voter abstention . For the 1981 presidential election , both Le Pen and Pascal Gauchon of the PFN declared their intentions to run . However , an increased requirement on support by elected officials had been introduced for the election , which left both Le Pen and Gauchon unable to stand for the election . ( In France , parties have to secure support from a specific number of elected officials , from a specific number of departments , in order to be eligible to run for election . In 1976 , the number of required elected officials was increased fivefold , and the number of departments threefold . ) The election was won by François Mitterrand of the Socialist Party ( PS ) , which gave the political left national power for the first time in the Fifth Republic ; he then dissolved the National Assembly to call a snap legislative election . The PS attained its best ever result with an absolute majority in the 1981 legislative election . This " socialist takeover " led to a radicalisation in centre @-@ right , anti @-@ communist , and anti @-@ socialist voters . With only three weeks to prepare its campaign , the FN fielded only a limited number of candidates and won only 0 @.@ 2 % of the national vote . The PFN was even worse off , and the election marked the effective end of competition from the party . = = = Electoral breakthrough ( 1982 – 1988 ) = = = While the French party system had been dominated by polarisation and competition between the clear @-@ cut ideological alternatives of two political blocs in the 1970s , the two blocs had largely moved towards the centre by the mid @-@ 1980s . This led many voters to perceive the blocs as more or less indistinguishable , in turn inciting them to seek out to new political alternatives . By October 1982 , Le Pen supported the prospect of deals with the mainstream right , provided that the FN did not have to soften its position on key issues . In the 1983 municipal elections , the centre @-@ right Rally for the Republic ( RPR ) and centrist Union for French Democracy ( UDF ) formed alliances with the FN in a number of towns . The most notable result came in the 20th arrondissement of Paris , where Le Pen was elected to the local council with 11 % of the vote . Later by @-@ elections kept media attention on the party , and it was for the first time allowed to pose as a viable component of the broader right . In a by @-@ election in Dreux in October , the FN won 17 % of the vote . With the choice of defeat to the political left or dealing with the FN , the local RPR and UDF , to a minor national sensation , agreed to form an alliance with the FN , and together won the second round with 55 % of the vote . The events in Dreux were a monumental factor for the rise of the FN . Le Pen protested the media boycott against his party by sending letters to President Mitterrand in mid @-@ 1982 . After some letter exchanges , Mitterrand instructed the heads of the main television channels to give equitable coverage to the FN . In January 1984 , the party made its first appearance in a monthly poll of political popularity , in which 9 % of respondents held a " positive opinion " of the FN and some support for Le Pen . The next month , Le Pen was for the first time invited to a prime @-@ time television interview program , which he himself later deemed " the hour that changed everything " . The 1984 European elections in June came as a shock , as the FN won 11 % of the vote and ten seats . Notably , the election used proportional representation and had a low level of importance , which played to the party 's advantage . The FN made inroads in constituencies of both the right and left , and finished second in a number of towns . While many Socialists had arguably exploited the party in order to divide the right , Mitterrand later conceded that he had underestimated Le Pen . By July , 17 % of opinion poll respondents held a positive opinion of the FN . By the early 1980s , the FN featured a mosaic of ideological tendencies and attracted figures who were previously resistant to the party . The party managed to draw supporters from the mainstream right , including some high @-@ profile defectors from the RPR , UDF , and National Centre of Independents and Peasants ( CNIP ) . In the 1984 European elections , eleven of the 81 FN candidates came from these parties , and the party 's list also included an Arab and a Jew ( although in unwinnable positions ) . Former collaborators were also accepted in the party , as Le Pen urged the need for " reconciliation " , arguing that forty years after the war the only important question was whether or not " they wish to serve their country " . The FN won 8 @.@ 7 % overall support in the 1985 cantonal elections , and over 30 % in some areas . For the 1986 legislative elections the FN took advantage of a new proportional representation system that had been imposed by Mitterrand in order to moderate a foreseeable defeat for his PS . In the election , the FN won 9 @.@ 8 % of the vote and 35 seats in the National Assembly . Many of its seats could be filled by a new wave of respectable political operatives , notables , who had joined the party after its 1984 success . The RPR won a majority with smaller centre @-@ right parties , and thus avoided the need to deal with the FN . Although it was unable to exercise any real political influence , the party could project an image of political legitimacy . The party 's time in the National Assembly effectively came to an end when Jacques Chirac reinstated the two @-@ round system of majority voting for the next election . In the regional elections held on the same day , it won 137 seats , and gained representation in 21 of the 22 French regional councils . The RPR depended on FN support to win presidencies in some regional councils , and the FN won vice @-@ presidential posts in four regions . = = = Consolidation ( 1988 – 1995 ) = = = Le Pen 's campaign for the upcoming presidential election unofficially began in the months following the 1986 election . To promote his statesmanship credentials , he made trips to South East Asia , the United States , and Africa . The management of the formal campaign , launched in April 1987 , was entrusted to Bruno Mégret , one of the new notables . With his entourage , Le Pen traversed France for the entire period and , helped by Mégret , employed an American @-@ style campaign . Le Pen 's presidential campaign was highly successful ; no candidates came close to rival his ability to excite audiences at rallies and boost ratings at television appearances . Using a populist tone , Le Pen presented himself as the representative of the people against the " gang of four " ( RPR , UDF , PS , Communist Party ) , while the central theme of his campaign was " national preference " . In the 1988 presidential election , Le Pen won an unprecedented 14 @.@ 4 % of the vote , and double the votes from 1984 . The FN was hurt in the snap 1988 legislative elections by the return two @-@ ballot majority voting , by the limited campaign period , and by the departure of many notables . In the election the party retained its 9 @.@ 8 % support from the previous legislative election , but was reduced to a single seat in the National Assembly . Following some anti @-@ Semitic comments made by Le Pen and the FN newspaper National Hebdo in the late 1980s , some valuable FN politicians left the party . Other quarrels soon also left the party without its remaining member of the National Assembly . In November 1988 , general secretary Jean @-@ Pierre Stirbois , who , together with his wife Marie @-@ France , had been instrumental in the FN 's early electoral successes , died in a car accident , leaving Bruno Mégret as the unrivalled de facto FN deputy leader . The FN only got 5 % in the 1988 cantonal elections , while the RPR announced it would reject any alliance with the FN , now including at local level . In the 1989 European elections , the FN held on to its ten seats as it won 11 @.@ 7 % of the vote . In the wake of FN electoral success , the immigration debate , growing concerns over Islamic fundamentalism , and the fatwa against Salman Rushdie by Ayatollah Khomeini , the 1989 affaire du foulard was the first major test of the relations between the values of the French Republic and Islam . Following the event , surveys found that French public opinion was largely negative towards Islam . In a 1989 legislative by @-@ election in Dreux , FN candidate Marie @-@ France Stirbois , campaigning on an anti @-@ Islamism platform , returned a symbolic FN presence to the National Assembly . By the early 1990s , some mainstream politicians began employing anti @-@ immigration rhetoric . In the first round of the 1993 legislative elections the FN soared to 12 @.@ 7 % of the overall vote , but did not win a single seat due to the nature of the electoral system ( if the election had used proportional representation , it would have won 64 seats ) . In the 1995 presidential election , Le Pen rose slightly to 15 % of the vote . = = = = 1995 municipal elections = = = = The FN won an absolute majority ( and thus the mayorship ) in three cities in the 1995 municipal elections : Toulon , Marignane , and Orange . ( It had won a mayorship only once before , in the small town of Saint @-@ Gilles @-@ du @-@ Gard in 1989 . ) Le Pen then declared that his party would implement its " national preference " policy , with the risk of provoking the central government and being at odds with the laws of the Republic . The FN pursued interventionist policies with regards to the new cultural complexion of their towns by directly influencing artistic events , cinema schedules , and library holdings , as well as cutting or halting subsidies for multicultural associations . The party won Vitrolles , its fourth town , in a 1997 by @-@ election , where similar policies were pursued . Vitrolles ' new mayor Catherine Mégret ( fr ) ( who ran in place of her husband Bruno ) went further in one significant measure , introducing a special 5 @,@ 000 franc allowance for babies born to at least one parent of French ( or EU ) nationality . The measure was ruled illegal by a court , also giving her a suspended prison sentence , a fine , and a two @-@ year ban from public office . = = = Turmoil , split of MNR ( 1997 – 2002 ) = = = In the 1997 legislative elections the FN polled its best @-@ ever result with 15 @.@ 3 % support in metropolitan France , confirming its position as the third most important political force in France . It also showed that the party had become established enough to compete without its leader , who decided not to run to focus on the 2002 presidential election . Although it won only one seat in the National Assembly ( Toulon ) , thanks to a good communication director , it advanced to the second round in 132 constituencies . The FN was arguably more influential now than it had been in 1986 with its 35 seats . While Bruno Mégret and Bruno Gollnisch , in an unusual display of dissent , favoured tactical cooperation with a weakened centre @-@ right following the left 's victory , Le Pen rejected any such compromise . In the tenth FN national congress in 1997 , Mégret stepped up his position in the party as its rising star and a potential leader following Le Pen . Le Pen however refused to designate Mégret as his successor @-@ elect , and instead made his wife Jany the leader of the FN list for the upcoming European election . Mégret and his faction left the FN in January 1999 and founded the National Republican Movement ( MNR ) , effectively splitting the FN in half at most levels . Many of those who joined the new MNR had joined the FN in the mid @-@ 1980s , in part from the Nouvelle Droite , with a vision of building bridges to the parliamentary right . Many had also been particularly influential in intellectualising the FN 's policies on immigration , identity and " national preference " , and , following the split , Le Pen denounced them as " extremist " and " racist " . Support for the parties was almost equal in the 1999 European election , as the FN polled its lowest national score since 1984 with just 5 @.@ 7 % , and the MNR won 3 @.@ 3 % . The effects of the split , and competition from more moderate nationalists , had left their combined support lower than the FN result in 1984 . = = = 2002 presidential election = = = For the 2002 presidential election , opinion polls had predicted a run @-@ off between incumbent President Chirac and PS candidate Lionel Jospin . The shock was thus great when Le Pen unexpectedly beat Jospin ( by 0 @.@ 7 % ) in the first round . This resulted in the first presidential run @-@ off since 1969 without a leftist candidate , and the first ever with a candidate of the far @-@ right . To Le Pen 's advantage , the election campaign had increasingly focused on law and order issues , helped by media attention on a number of violent incidents . Jospin had also been weakened due to the competition between an exceptional number of leftist parties . Nevertheless , Chirac did not even have to campaign in the second round , as widespread anti @-@ Le Pen protests from the media and public opinion culminated on May Day , with an estimated 1 @.@ 5 million demonstrators across France . Chirac also refused to debate with Le Pen , and the traditional televised debate was cancelled . In the end , Chirac won the presidential run @-@ off with an unprecedented 82 @.@ 2 % of the vote and with 71 % of his votes — according to polls — cast simply " to block Le Pen " . Following the presidential election , the main centre @-@ right parties merged to form the broad @-@ based Union for a Popular Movement ( UMP ) . The FN failed to hold on to Le Pen 's support for the 2002 legislative elections , in which it got 11 @.@ 3 % of the vote . It nevertheless outpolled Mégret 's MNR , which won a mere 1 @.@ 1 % support , even though it had fielded the same number of candidates . = = = Late 2000s decline = = = A new electoral system of two @-@ round voting had been introduced for the 2004 regional elections , in part in an attempt to reduce the FN 's influence in regional councils . The FN won 15 @.@ 1 % of the vote in metropolitan France , almost the same as in 1998 , but its number of councillors was almost halved due to the new electoral system . For the 2004 European elections too , a new system less favourable to the FN had been introduced . The party regained some of its strength from 1999 , earning 9 @.@ 8 % of the vote and seven seats . For the 2007 presidential election , Le Pen and Mégret agreed to join forces . Le Pen came fourth in the election with 11 % of the vote , and the party won no seats in the legislative election of the same year . The party 's 4 @.@ 3 % support was the lowest score since the 1981 election and only one candidate , Marine Le Pen in Pas de Calais , reached the runoff ( where she was defeated by the Socialist incumbent ) . These electoral defeats partly accounted for the party 's financial problems . Le Pen announced the sale of the FN headquarters in Saint @-@ Cloud , Le Paquebot , and of his personal armoured car . Twenty permanent employees of the FN were also dismissed in 2008 . In the 2010 regional elections the FN appeared to have re @-@ emerged on the political scene after surprisingly winning almost 12 % of the overall vote and 118 seats . = = = Marine Le Pen ( 2011 – present ) = = = Jean @-@ Marie Le Pen announced in September 2008 that he would retire as FN president in 2010 . Le Pen 's daughter Marine Le Pen and FN executive vice @-@ president Bruno Gollnisch campaigned for the presidency to succeed Le Pen , with Marine 's candidacy backed by her father . On 15 January 2011 , it was announced that Marine Le Pen had received the two @-@ thirds vote needed to become the new leader of the FN . She sought to transform the FN into a mainstream party by softening its xenophobic image . Opinion polls showed the party 's popularity increase under Marine Le Pen , and in the 2011 cantonal elections the party won 15 % of the overall vote ( up from 4 @.@ 5 % in 2008 ) . However , due to the French electoral system , the party only won 2 of the 2 @,@ 026 seats up for election . For the 2012 presidential election , opinion polls showed Marine Le Pen as a serious challenger , with a few polls even suggesting that she could win the first round of the election . In the event , Le Pen came third in the first round , scoring 17 @.@ 9 % – the best showing ever for the FN . In the 2012 legislative election , the National Front won two seats ; Gilbert Collard and Marion Maréchal @-@ Le Pen . In two polls about presidential favourites in April and May 2013 , Marine le Pen polled ahead of president François Hollande but behind Nicolas Sarkozy . = = = = 2014 – 15 electoral successes = = = = In the municipal elections held on 23 and 30 March 2014 , lists officially supported by National Front won mayoralties in 12 cities : Beaucaire , Cogolin , Fréjus , Hayange , Hénin @-@ Beaumont , Le Luc , Le Pontet , Mantes @-@ la @-@ Ville , Marseille 7th sector , Villers @-@ Cotterêts , Béziers and Camaret @-@ sur @-@ Aigues . Following the municipal elections , the National Front has , in cities of over 1 @,@ 000 inhabitants , 1 @,@ 546 and 459 councilors at two different levels of local government . The international media described the results as " historic " , and " impressive " , although the International Business Times suggested that " hopes for real political power remain a fantasy " for the National Front . The National Front received 4 @,@ 712 @,@ 461 votes in the 2014 European Parliament election , finishing first with 24 @.@ 86 % of the vote and 24 of France 's 74 seats . " It was the first time the anti @-@ immigrant , anti @-@ EU party had won a nationwide election in its four @-@ decade history . " The party 's success came as a shock in France and the EU . The next year , the National Front went on to win another victory in the first round of the 2015 regional elections on December 6 , placing first in 6 of the 13 newly redrawn regions and emerging ahead of both major establishment parties overall . In Nord @-@ Pas @-@ de @-@ Calais @-@ Picardie , Marine Le Pen won 40 @.@ 6 % of the vote . = = Political profile = = The party 's ideology has been broadly described by scholars such as Shields as authoritarian , nationalist , and populist The FN has changed considerably since its foundation , as it has pursued the principles of modernisation and pragmatism , adapting to the changing political climate . At the same time , its message has increasingly influenced mainstream political parties , although the FN too has moved somewhat closer towards the centre @-@ right . While some have denounced its policies as " fascist " , some features that are integral to historical ( and generic ) fascism are absent in the party and others are prominent . = = = Law and order = = = In 2002 , Jean @-@ Marie Le Pen campaigned on a law @-@ and @-@ order platform of zero tolerance , harsher sentencing , increased prison capacity , and a referendum on re @-@ introducing the death penalty . In its 2001 program , the party linked the breakdown of law and order to immigration , deeming immigration a " mortal threat to civil peace in France . " = = = Immigration = = = In the early years of the FN , immigration policy was only a minor issue for the party , although it did call for immigration to be reduced . Themes of exclusion of non @-@ European immigrants was largely brought into the party in 1978 , with the arrival of Jean @-@ Pierre Stirbois and his " solidarist " group . The topic subsequently became increasingly important in the early 1980s . In more recent popular and even academic press , the party 's program has often been reduced to the single issue of immigration . The party opposes immigration , particularly Muslim immigration from North Africa , West Africa and the Middle East . Over the years , and especially since the 1999 split , the FN has cultivated a more moderate image on issues of immigration and Islam , at least compared to some of the proposals of Mégret 's MNR or Philippe de Villiers 's Movement for France . It no longer expressly supports the systematic repatriation of legal immigrants , although it supports Islamophobic activities as well as the deportation of illegal , criminal , or unemployed immigrants . Since becoming leader of the party in 2011 , Marine Le Pen has focused mostly on the perceived threat against the secular value system of the French Republic . She has criticised Muslims , for what she perceives as their alleged intents to impose their own values on the country . Following the Arab Spring rebellions in several countries , she has been active in campaigning on halting the migration to Europe of Tunisian and Libyan immigrants . = = = Economy = = = At the end of the 1970s , Le Pen refurbished his party 's appeal , by breaking away from the anticapitalist heritage of Poujadism . He instead made an unambiguous commitment to popular capitalism , and started espousing an extremely market liberal and antistatist program . Issues included lower taxes , reducing state intervention , and dissolving the bureaucracy . Some scholars have even considered that the FN 's 1978 program may be regarded as " Reaganite before Reagan " . The party 's economic policy shifted from the 1980s to the 1990s from neoliberalism to protectionism . This should be seen within the framework of a changed international environment , from a battle between the Free World and communism , to one between nationalism and globalization . During the 1980s , Jean @-@ Marie Le Pen complained about the rising number of " social parasites " , and called for deregulation , tax cuts , and the phasing @-@ out of the welfare state . As the party gained growing support from the economically vulnerable , it converted towards politics of social welfare and economic protectionism . This was part of its shift away from its former claim of being the " social , popular and national right " to its claim of being " neither right nor left – French ! " Increasingly , the party 's program became an amalgam of free market and welfarist policies , which some political commentators have claimed are left @-@ wing economic policies . Under her leadership , Marine Le Pen has been more clear in her support for protectionism , while she has criticised globalism and capitalism for certain industries . She has been characterised as a proponent of letting the government take care of health , education , transportation , banking and energy . = = = Foreign policy = = = From the 1980s to the 1990s , the party 's policy shifted from favouring the European Union to turning against it . In 2002 , Jean @-@ Marie Le Pen campaigned on pulling France out of the EU and re @-@ introducing the franc as national currency . In the early 2000s the party denounced the Schengen , Maastricht , and Amsterdam treaties as foundations for " a supranational entity spelling the end of France . " In 2004 , the party criticised the EU as " the last stage on the road to world government " , likening it to a " puppet of the New World Order . " It also proposed breaking all institutional ties back to the Treaty of Rome , while it returned to supporting a common European currency to rival the United States dollar . Further , it rejected the possible accession of Turkey to the EU . The FN was also one of several parties that backed France 's 2005 rejection of the Treaty for a European Constitution . In other issues , Le Pen opposed the invasions of Iraq , led by the United States , both in the 1991 Gulf War and the 2003 Iraq War . He visited Saddam Hussein in Baghdad in 1990 , and subsequently considered him a friend . Marine Le Pen has advocated that France should leave the euro ( along with Spain , Greece and Portugal ) . She also wants to reintroduce customs borders and has campaigned against allowing dual citizenship . During both the 2010 – 2011 Ivorian crisis and the 2011 Libyan civil war , she opposed the French military involvements . She has recast the party 's image towards Israel , after affirming Israel 's right to secure itself from terrorism , and criticising the leadership of Iran . = = = = Russia and Ukraine = = = = Marine Le Pen described Russian President Vladimir Putin as a " defender of the Christian heritage of European civilisation . " The National Front considers that Ukraine has been subjugated by the United States , through the Ukrainian crisis . The National Front denounces anti @-@ Russian feelings in Eastern Europe and the submission of Western Europe to NATO 's interests in the region . Marine Le Pen is very critical against the threats of sanctions directed by the international community against Russia : " European countries should seek a solution through diplomacy rather than making threats that could lead to an escalation . " She argues that the United States are leading a new Cold War against Russia . She sees no other solution for peace in Ukraine than to organize a kind of federation that would allow each region to have a large degree of autonomy . She thinks Ukraine should be sovereign and free as any other nations . Luke Harding wrote in The Guardian that the National Front 's MEPs were a " pro @-@ Russian bloc . " In 2014 , the Nouvel Observateur said that the Russian government considered the National Front " capable of seizing power in France and changing the course of European history in Moscow 's favour . " According to the French media , party leaders had frequent contact with Russian ambassador Alexander Orlov and Marine Le Pen made multiple trips to Moscow . In May 2015 , one of her advisers , Emmanuel Leroy , attended an event in Donetsk marking the " independence " of the self @-@ proclaimed Donetsk People 's Republic . = = = = = Russian bank loan = = = = = In November 2014 , Marine Le Pen confirmed that the party had received a € 9 million loan from the First Czech Russian Bank ( FCRB ) in Moscow to the National Front . Senior FN officials from the party 's political bureau informed Mediapart that this was the first installment of a € 40 million loan , although Marine Le Pen has disputed this . The Independent said the loans " take Moscow 's attempt to influence the internal politics of the EU to a new level . " Reinhard Bütikofer stated , " It 's remarkable that a political party from the motherland of freedom can be funded by Putin 's sphere - the largest European enemy of freedom . " Marine Le Pen argued that it was not a donation from the Russian government but a loan from a private Russian bank because no other bank would give her a loan . This loan is meant to prepare future electoral campaigns and to be repaid progressively . Marine Le Pen has publicly disclosed all the rejection letters that French banks have sent to her concerning her loan requests . Since November 2014 , she insists that if a French bank agrees to give her a loan , she would break her contract with the FCBR , but she has not received any other counter @-@ propositions . Le Pen accused the banks of collusion with the current government In April 2015 , a Russian hacker group published texts and emails between Timur Prokopenko , a member of Putin 's administration , and Konstantin Rykov , a former Duma deputy with ties to France , discussing Russian financial support to the National Front in exchange for its support of Russia 's annexation of Crimea . = = = = View on Nazi history and relations with Jewish groups = = = = In 2005 , Jean @-@ Marie Le Pen wrote in the far @-@ right weekly magazine Rivarol that the German occupation of France " was not particularly inhumane , even if there were a few blunders , inevitable in a country of [ 220 @,@ 000 square miles ] " and in 1987 referred to the Nazi gas chambers as " a point of detail of the history of the Second World War . " He has repeated the latter claim several times . Also in 2004 , Bruno Gollnisch said " I do not question the existence of concentration camps but historians could discuss the number of deaths . As to the existence of gas chambers , it is up to historians to speak their minds " ( de se déterminer ) . Jean @-@ Marie Le Pen received fines for this sentence , Bruno Gollnisch was found not guilty by the courts of cassation . The current leader of the party , Marine Le Pen distanced herself for a time from the party machine in protest against her father 's comment . During the 2012 presidential elections , Marine Le Pen sought the support of Jewish people in France , as her father did in 1988 when he went to see the World Jewish Congress . = = International relations = = The FN has been part of several groups in the European Parliament . The first group it helped co @-@ establish was the European Right after the 1984 election , which also consisted of the Italian Social Movement ( MSI ) , its early inspiration , and the Greek National Political Union . Following the 1989 election , it teamed up with the German Republicans and the Belgian Vlaams Blok in a new European Right group , while the MSI left due to the Germans ' arrival . As the MSI evolved into the National Alliance , it chose to distance itself from the FN . From 1999 to 2001 , the FN was a member of the Technical Group of Independents . In 2007 , it was part of the short @-@ lived Identity , Tradition , Sovereignty group . Between the mentioned groups , the party sat among the non @-@ affiliated Non @-@ Inscrits . Currently , it leads the Europe of Nations and Freedom group , which also includes the Freedom Party of Austria , Polish Congress of the New Right , Italian Northern League , Vlaams Belang , the German AfD , the Dutch Freedom Party , a former member of the UK Independence Party and a former member of Romania 's Conservative Party . They 're also part of the Movement for a Europe of Nations and Freedom since 2014 . During Jean @-@ Marie Le Pen 's presidency , the party has also been active in establishing extra @-@ parliamentary confederations . During the FN 's 1997 national congress , the FN established the loose Euronat group , which consisted of a variety of European right @-@ wing parties . Having failed to cooperate in the European Parliament , Le Pen sought in the mid @-@ 1990s to initiate contacts with other far @-@ right parties , including from non @-@ EU countries . The FN drew most support in Central and Eastern Europe , and Le Pen visited the Turkish Welfare Party . The significant Freedom Party of Austria ( FPÖ ) refused to join the efforts , as Jörg Haider sought to distance himself from Le Pen , and later attempted to build a separate group . In 2009 , the FN joined the Alliance of European National Movements , it left the alliance since . Along with some other European parties , the FN in 2010 visited Japan 's Issuikai movement and the Yasukuni Shrine . At a conference in 2011 , the two new leaders of the FN and the FPÖ , Marine Le Pen and Heinz @-@ Christian Strache , announced deeper cooperation between their parties . Pursuing her de @-@ demonization policy , Marine Le Pen as new president of the National Front joined the European Alliance for Freedom in October 2011 . A pan @-@ European sovereigntist platform founded late 2010 and recognized by the European Parliament . The EAF has individual members linked to the Austrian Freedom Party of Heinz @-@ Christian Strache , the British UK Independence Party of Nigel Farage , and other movements such as the Sweden Democrats , Vlaams Belang ( Belgian Flanders ) and from Malta , Germany ( Bürger in Wut ) , Slovakia ( Slovak National Party ) , etc . During her visit to the United States , Marine Le Pen met two US Republican members of the U.S House of Representatives associated with the Tea Party movement , Joe Walsh , who is known for his strong Islamophobic stance , and three @-@ time presidential candidate Ron Paul , whom Le Pen complimented for his stance on the gold standard . Apart from the party 's cooperations in the Europe of Nations and Freedom parliamentary group and its European party MENL , the FN also cooperates with Giorgia Meloni 's Fratelli d 'Italia and Czech Republic 's SPD . = = Leadership = = = = = Party leaders = = = Jean @-@ Marie Le Pen ( 1972 – 2011 ) Marine Le Pen ( 2011 – present ) = = = Vice presidents = = = The party has had five vice presidents since 12 July 2012 ( against three previously ) . Alain Jamet , 1st vice president ( 2011 – present ) Louis Aliot , in charge of training and demonstrations ( 2011 – present ) Marie @-@ Christine Arnautu , in charge of social affairs ( 2011 – present ) Jean @-@ François Jalkh , in charge of elections and electoral litigations ( 2012 – present ) Florian Philippot , in charge of strategy and communication ( 2012 – present ) Steeve Briois , in charge of local executives and supervision ( 2014 – present ) = = = General secretaries = = = Jean @-@ Pierre Stirbois ( 1981 – 1988 ) Carl Lang ( 1988 – 1995 ) Bruno Gollnisch ( 1995 – 2005 ) Louis Aliot ( 2005 – 2010 ) Jean @-@ François Jalkh ( 2010 – 2011 : interim period during the internal campaign ) Steeve Briois ( 2011 – 2014 ) = = Election results = = The National Front was a marginal party from 1973 , the first election it participated in , until its breakthrough in the 1984 European elections , where it won 11 % of the vote and ten MEPs . Following this election , the party 's support mostly ranged from around 10 to 15 % , although it saw a drop to around 5 % in some late 2000s elections . Since 2010 , the party 's support seems to have increased towards its former heights . The party managed to advance to the final round of the presidential elections in 2002 , although it failed to attract much more support after the initial first round vote . = = = National Assembly = = = = = = Presidential = = = = = = Regional councils = = = = = = European Parliament = = = = = = In French = = = Bertrand Joly , Nationalistes et Conservateurs en France , 1885 @-@ 1902 ( Les Indes Savantes , 2008 ) Winock , Michel ( dir . ) , Histoire de l 'extrême droite en France ( 1993 )
= Not My Life = Not My Life is a 2011 American independent documentary film about human trafficking and contemporary slavery . The film was written , produced , and directed by Robert Bilheimer , who had been asked to make the film by Antonio Maria Costa , executive director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime . Bilheimer planned Not My Life as the second installment in a trilogy , the first being A Closer Walk and the third being the unproduced Take Me Home . The title Not My Life came from a June 2009 interview with Molly Melching , founder of Tostan , who said that many people deny the reality of contemporary slavery because it is an uncomfortable truth , saying , " No , this is not my life . " Filming of Not My Life took four years to complete , and documented human trafficking in 13 countries : Albania , Brazil , Cambodia , Egypt , Ghana , Guatemala , India , Italy , Nepal , Romania , Senegal , Uganda , and the United States . The first and last scenes of the film take place in Ghana , and show children who are forced to fish in Lake Volta for 14 hours a day . The film also depicts sex trafficking victims , some of whom are only five or six years old . Fifty people are interviewed in the film , including investigative journalist Paul Radu of Bucharest , Katherine Chon of the Polaris Project , and Iana Matei of Reaching Out Romania . Don Brewster of Agape International Missions says that all of the girls they have rescued from child sex tourism in Cambodia identify Americans as the clients who were the most abusive to them . The film was dedicated to Richard Young , its cinematographer and co @-@ director , after he died in December 2010 . It had its premiere the following month at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York City . The narration was completely rerecorded in 2011 , replacing Ashley Judd 's voice with that of Glenn Close . The version of the film that was aired by CNN International as part of the CNN Freedom Project was shorter than the version shown at the premiere . In 2014 , a re @-@ edited version of the film was released . Not My Life addresses many forms of slavery , including the military use of children in Uganda , involuntary servitude in the United States , forced begging and garbage picking in India , sex trafficking in Europe and Southeast Asia , and other kinds of child abuse . The film also focuses on the people and organizations engaged in working against human trafficking . The film asserts that most victims of human trafficking are children . Actress Lucy Liu said that people who watch Not My Life " will be shocked to find [ human trafficking ] is happening in America . " Lucy Popescu of CineVue criticized the film for focusing on the victims , arguing that the perpetrators of trafficking should have been dealt with more prominently . Not My Life was named Best World Documentary at the Harlem International Film Festival in September 2012 . = = Themes = = Not My Life is a documentary film about human trafficking and contemporary slavery . It addresses many forms of slavery , including the military use of children in Uganda , involuntary servitude in the United States , unfree labor in Ghana , forced begging and garbage picking in India , sex trafficking in Europe and Southeast Asia , and other kinds of child abuse . The focus of the film is on trafficking victims , especially women and children , the latter of whom are often betrayed by adults that they trust . The film also focuses on the people and organizations engaged in working against human trafficking , including members of the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI ) , Free the Slaves , Girls Educational and Mentoring Services ( GEMS ) , International Justice Mission ( IJM ) , the Somaly Mam Foundation , Terre des hommes , Tostan , UNICEF , United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime ( UNODC ) , and the United States Department of State ( US DoS ) . Not My Life has been called " a cautionary tale " . It depicts the commodification of millions of people and identifies the practices of traffickers as undermining international economics , security , sustainability and health . Not My Life calls attention to the fact that , in the United States , the sentencing for human trafficking is less severe than for drug trafficking . The film indicates a relationship between contemporary slavery and globalization . It asserts that most human trafficking victims are children , although the filmmakers have recognized the fact that millions of adults are also trafficked . The film depicts human trafficking as a matter of good and evil , provides interviews with survivors of human trafficking , and presents analysis from anti @-@ trafficking advocates . Throughout the film , Robert Bilheimer encourages viewers to personally combat human trafficking . Bilheimer was sparing in his use of statistics in the film , feeling that overloading viewers with figures might numb them to the issues . According to Nancy Keefe Rhodes of Stone Canoe , a U.S. literary journal , the film 's audiences are likely to have the preconception that human trafficking is not slavery in the same sense that the Atlantic slave trade was , and many people believe that slavery was abolished a long time ago with such instruments as the U.S. Emancipation Proclamation and Thirteenth Amendment . Rhodes writes that society now uses the word " slavery " in modern contexts only as a metaphor , so that references to actual contemporary slavery can be dismissed as hyperbole , and she describes the film 's goal as to " reclaim the original term [ slavery ] and convince us that what is happening now is what happened then : highly organized and pervasive , intentional , highly profitable and ... fully as coercive and wantonly cruel . " Rhodes says that the word " slavery " has started to be used in its original sense again in recent years , but that audiences ' views on contemporary slavery are nonetheless influenced by the slave @-@ like imagery in such films as Hustle & Flow ( 2005 ) and Black Snake Moan ( 2007 ) . The Academy Award @-@ winning Hustle & Flow portrays a pimp as the hero , while Black Snake Moan features Christina Ricci as a young nymphomaniac ; the marketing for Black Snake Moan centered on evocative , sexualized slave imagery , including a scantily @-@ clad Ricci in chains . According to Rhodes , Bilheimer " rescue [ s ] modern slaves from representation as exotic creatures , to restore their humanity " and allow audiences to relate to them . For this purpose , Bilheimer tells stories of individuals in the context of their communities and families . While Bilheimer had previously done extensive social justice work with religious organizations , he did not proselytize in the film , despite the many opportunities the film afforded him to do so . = = Contents = = Fifty people are interviewed in Not My Life , including Katherine Chon of the Polaris Project , investigative journalist Paul Radu of Bucharest , Vincent Tournecuillert of Terre des hommes , Iana Matei of Reaching Out Romania , UNICEF Director of Programmes Nicholas Alipui , Susan Bissell of UNICEF 's Child Protection Section , Antonio Maria Costa of UNODC , Somaly Mam of the Somaly Mam Foundation , Molly Melching of Tostan in Senegal , and Suzanne Mubarak , who was First Lady of Egypt at the time . The sex trafficking victims shown in the film include children as young as five and six years old . Not My Life begins with a black screen on which the words " Human trafficking is slavery " appear in white . A sequence filmed in Ghana follows , showing children who are forced to fish in Lake Volta for 14 hours a day . Many of the children die as a result of the working conditions . A 10 @-@ year @-@ old boy swims through the murky water towards the camera , looking into it , and holds his breath underwater while trying to unsnarl a fishing net . Next , Senegalese talibes , Muslim boys who attend Quranic schools , appear . There are approximately 50 @,@ 000 talibes in Senegal who are forced to beg on the streets to make money for their teachers ; children who do not meet their quotas are beaten . Many of these children suffer from skin and stomach diseases because of their diet of spoiled food — one demonstrates his diseased hands to the camera , only for an adult to pull him away by the ear . The film then moves to India and depicts children , mostly wearing flip @-@ flops , illegally sorting through hazardous waste in Ghazipur and New Delhi landfills . Romani families are shown in Central and Eastern Europe , and the narration indicates that Romani boys are often trafficked for the purpose of forced child begging , and that Romani girls are regularly trafficked as child prostitutes . The narrator says that the profits of human trafficking " are built on the backs and in the beds of our planet 's youth . " In Zoha Prison in Romania , there are interviews with traffickers serving prison sentences that the film suggested were too short in light of the severity of the crime of human trafficking . The typical sentence for this crime is six or seven years , while the sentence for trafficking in drugs is normally twenty years . Two Romanian traffickers , Traian and Ovidiu , attest to having starved , punched , and kicked the girls they trafficked . Ovidiu recounts a story , in an interview filmed in February 2007 , about kidnapping a prostitute and selling her for sex when he was 14 . He expresses no remorse for these actions . The sentences served by Traian and Ovidiu were short enough that , by the time the film was released , they were no longer in prison . Ana , a girl they trafficked , is also interviewed in the film , saying that she lost a tooth in one of her beatings . She describes being pregnant at the time , but not telling this to her captors because of fears for the unborn child 's safety . Radu is interviewed in this portion of the film , as is Tournecuillert , who speaks about his experiences in Albania , where he heard about the sex trafficking of girls and how some of the girls would be shot or burned to death as a warning to the other girls . He describes how Albanian girls are often rounded up to be sexually trafficked in Italy . He further explains that , normally , before they leave Albania , the traffickers kill one of the girls in front of the others — usually by burning or shooting — to demonstrate what will happen to others who try to escape . Matei adds that , for the sake of amusement , some of the girls would be buried alive with only their heads remaining above ground . Eugenia Bonetti , a nun , speaks about her work helping girls escape from slavery in Italy . Another interview is with a Wichita , Kansas woman named Angie who was prostituted with another girl , Melissa , in the American Midwest when they were teenagers . Angie recounts how they were expected to have sex with truck drivers and steal their money . She describes an incident when , after Melissa found pictures of a man 's grandchildren in his wallet , they realized he was old enough to be their own grandfather . " I wanted to die , " she says , close to tears . Outside the film , Bilheimer said that Angie 's trafficker expected her to engage in forty sex acts a night , and threatened to kill her if she refused . " It 's not just truck drivers , " FBI agent Mike Beaver says . " We 're seeing them purchased and abused by both white collar and blue collar individuals . " This statement segues into a Washington , D.C. , scene wherein two girls in their early teens are shown by a curb on K Street , changing into prostitutes ' attire . Angie was rescued during Operation Stormy Nights , an anti @-@ human @-@ trafficking operation carried out by the FBI , in 2004 . Bilheimer said that , while there is no way of being certain how many girls like Angie are being sexually trafficked in the U.S. , " diligent people out there have arrived at a bare minimum figure of ... one hundred thousand girls , eight to fifteen [ performing ] ten sex acts a day " adding up to " a billion unpunished crimes of sexual violence on an annual basis . " Another American victim of sexual trafficking , Sheila White , describes an incident in 2003 when she was beaten up next to the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey . She says that nobody even asked her if she needed help . White eventually escaped from being trafficked and went on to work with GEMS to raise awareness on the issue in New York . In 2012 , after the film was released , Barack Obama , President of the United States , recognized White 's work and told her story during a speech to the Clinton Global Initiative . The next scenes in the film depict child labour in Nepal , and indicate that child workers in the textile industry are commonly targeted by sex traffickers . A brothel raid in India , led by Balkrishna Acharya of the Rescue Foundation in Mumbai , is then shown . Ten young girls are rescued from a four @-@ by @-@ three @-@ foot closet and a crawl space . The madam reacts furiously , perceiving the raid as taking away her livelihood . Then , the trafficking of children into the sex industry is depicted in Cambodia . Some scenes take place in Svay Pak , Phnom Penh , one of the cheapest sex tourism destinations in the Mekong Delta . Women of the Somaly Mam Foundation are depicted working with girls who have been sexually trafficked . A large number of these girls are pictured one by one , each child fading into the next against the backdrop of a doorway . An interview with one of the Somaly Mam Foundation workers , Sophea Chhun , reveals that her daughter , Sokny , was kidnapped in 2008 at age 23 . " Most likely Sokny too was sold , " Chhun says , claiming that " the police treated it like she wasn 't important " — perhaps , she suggests , because Sokny was an adopted child . Don Brewster of Agape International Missions is interviewed , and says that all of the girls they have rescued from child sex tourism in Cambodia identify Americans as the clients who were the most abusive to them . Bilheimer agreed with this assertion in an interview outside the film . In Guatemala City , Guatemalan trafficker Efrain Ortiz is shown being arrested , and the film indicates that he was later given a prison sentence of 95 years . Ortiz had two sons he had been using for waste collection and five daughters he had been committing incest with . Bilheimer accompanies IJM representatives Pablo Villeda , Amy Roth , and Gary Haugen as they and the local police arrest Ortiz ; he is charged with exploitation of children and violence against women . Ortiz looks surprised as he is handcuffed . Haugen , President of IJM , went on to be named a Trafficking in Persons ( TIP ) Hero in the 2012 US DoS TIP Report . Grace Akallo , a Ugandan woman who was once abducted by Joseph Kony to be used as a child soldier in the Lord 's Resistance Army ( LRA ) , is interviewed , saying that " this kind of evil must be stopped . " She was forced to kill another girl as part of her initiation into the LRA , a very common practice among armies that employ child soldiers . The film states that she was ultimately rehabilitated and became a mother . Bishop Desmond Tutu , who Bilheimer had previously interviewed for The Cry of Reason , appears towards the end of the film , saying , " Each of us has the capacity to be a saint . " Bilheimer included Tutu in Not My Life because he felt that audiences might be in need of pastoral counseling after watching the film . The final scene of Not My Life returns to the boy holding his breath underwater in Ghana . His name is revealed to be Etse , and it is stated that he and six other trafficking victims shown in the film have been rescued . Some of the last words in the film are spoken by Brazilian human rights advocate Leo Sakomoto : " I can 't see a good life while there are people living like animals . Not because I 'm a good person , not because it 's my duty , but because they are human — like me . " = = Production = = = = = Background = = = The project that became Not My Life was initiated by the executive director of the UNODC , Antonio Maria Costa , who wanted to commission a film that would " bring the issue of modern slavery to the attention of public opinion , globally — especially the well @-@ meaning , law @-@ abiding and God @-@ fearing people who do not believe something so horrible is happening in their own neighborhood . " With this goal in mind , Costa approached Worldwide Documentaries , an East Bloomfield , New York @-@ based organization that had produced two films with which he was familiar : The Cry of Reason , which documents internal resistance to South African apartheid by way of Beyers Naudé 's story ; and A Closer Walk , which is about the epidemiology of HIV / AIDS . Costa e @-@ mailed Bilheimer , Director of Worldwide Documentaries , asking him to create the film he envisioned . Costa said that he choose Bilheimer because the director had developed a " solid reputation [ for ] addressing difficult topics ... combining artistic talent , a philosophical view about development and a humanitarian sentiment about what to do about the issues . " Bilheimer accepted Costa 's proposition , and subsequently wrote , produced , and directed Not My Life as an independent film . Bilheimer , who had received an Academy Award nomination for The Cry of Reason , said that " the unrelenting , unpunished , and craven exploitation of millions of human beings for labor , sex , and hundreds of sub @-@ categories thereof is simply the most appalling and damaging expression of so @-@ called human civilization we have ever seen . " Bilheimer 's wife , Heidi Ostertag , is Worldwide Documentaries ' Senior Producer , and she co @-@ produced Not My Life with him . She said that she found making a film about human trafficking difficult because " people do not want to talk about this issue . " Bilheimer found that the connections he had made during the production of A Closer Walk were also useful when producing Not My Life because the poor and the outcast are at the greatest risk of both HIV / AIDS and human trafficking ; there is , for this reason , much overlap between the groups victimized by these two afflictions . Bilheimer attempted to fashion the film in such a way that every part of it would illustrate a statement made by Abraham Lincoln : " If slavery is not wrong , nothing is wrong . " When making this film , Bilheimer held that a contemporary abolitionist movement did not yet exist . He described his purpose in creating the film as to raise awareness and initiate such a movement . He also wished to communicate to his audiences that not all human trafficking is sexual . Traffickers " commit unspeakable , wanton acts of violence against their fellow human beings , " he said , " and are rarely punished for their crimes . " Production of Not My Life was supported by the United Nations Global Initiative to Fight Human Trafficking ( UN.GIFT ) , UNICEF , and UNODC , providing Worldwide Documentaries with $ 1 million in funding secured by Costa . = = = Filming = = = Bilheimer said that the level of cruelty he saw in shooting Not My Life was greater than anything he had seen when documenting apartheid in South Africa for The Cry of Reason . Bilheimer attested to becoming more aware of the global extent of human trafficking as he went about making Not My Life . The film 's title came from a June 2009 interview with Molly Melching , founder of Tostan , an organization dedicated to human rights education operating in ten African countries . As Bilheimer and Melching spoke in Thiès , Senegal , discussing how people often deny the reality of contemporary slavery because it is an uncomfortable truth , Melching said , " People can say , ' No , this is not my life . ' But my life can change . Let 's change together . " Filming of Not My Life took place over four years in Africa , Asia , Europe , and North and South America documenting human trafficking in thirteen countries : Albania , Brazil , Cambodia , Egypt , Ghana , Guatemala , India , Italy , Nepal , Romania , Senegal , Uganda , and the United States . Shooting in Ghana took place over four 18 @-@ hour days , during which the film crew had to travel over washboard roads in Land Rovers and did not sleep . Filming in Svay Pak took place in March 2010 , and shooting in Abusir , Egypt took place the following month . In Guatemala , Bilheimer facilitated the arrest of trafficker Ortiz by renting a car for the police to use , in order to film the arrest as part of Not My Life . Bilheimer said that , during the making of the film , he and his crew were surprised to discover that traffickers employ similar methods of intimidation across the globe , " almost as if there were ... unwritten bylaws and tactics ... The lies are the same . " = = = Editing = = = Susan Tedeschi , Derek Trucks , and Dave Brubeck performed the theme song for Not My Life , Bob Dylan 's " Lord Protect My Child " , which was produced by Chris Brubeck . After the initial screenings in early 2011 , the film went through a series of revisions , taking into account information gathered from more than thirty screenings for focus groups . Later that year , the narration was completely rerecorded ; Bilheimer replaced Ashley Judd 's voice with that of Glenn Close , who had previously worked with him on A Closer Walk . The version of the film that was aired by CNN International was shorter than the version shown at the premiere . An even shorter version , only 30 minutes long , was created with school audiences in mind . Content relating to the Egyptian mixed @-@ sex schools instituted by Suzanne Mubarak was gathered , but Bilheimer eventually removed much of this content from the film because the Arab Spring made the information in this portion of the film outdated , despite the continued existence of most of these schools . Much of the interview with Molly Melching was removed as well . During the editing of Not My Life , Bilheimer cut the interview with Tutu , but later re @-@ added a single quotation . In this interview , Bilheimer told Tutu about meeting normally reasonable , compassionate women who , when speaking about human traffickers , say things like " Hang him up by his balls and then cut ' em off ! " Tutu , head of the truth and reconciliation commission , surprised Bilheimer with his response , saying that " these people have committed monstrous acts , " but that , according to Christianity , traffickers can still be redeemed and become saints . As had occurred with Bilheimer 's previous film , A Closer Walk , Not My Life had several preview screenings before its official release . The United States Agency for International Development ( USAID ) hosted a preview screening at the Willard InterContinental Washington in September 2009 as part of a day @-@ long symposium on human trafficking . A preview screening in Egypt , including the material shot in that country that was later removed , took place in December 2010 at the International Forum against Human Trafficking in Luxor . Later that month , on December 15 , the film 's cinematographer and co @-@ director Richard Young died . Not My Life was subsequently dedicated to him . Bilheimer said that Young had believed in the film far more than he himself had . = = Release = = The film had its official premiere in Alice Tully Hall at the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in New York City on January 19 , 2011 . Melanne Verveer , United States Ambassador @-@ at @-@ Large for Global Women 's Issues , gave a speech , saying , " Each and every one of us is called to act . I hope that tonight each of us will make their own commitment . " Additional screenings were held in Los Angeles and Chicago later that month . That October , Not My Life had its international premiere in London . CNN International aired the film in two parts a few days later as part of the CNN Freedom Project . The Swedish premiere was attended by Crown Princess Victoria . Bilheimer recognized that people combatting human trafficking are in need of resources , so he considered various options with respect to the intellectual property of Not My Life , ultimately deciding to release the film at charge in addition to selling licenses for unlimited private screenings . On November 1 , an 83 @-@ minute version of the film was released on DVD by Worldwide Documentaries , which also began digitally distributing the film and selling the unlimited licenses . LexisNexis , the governments of Arizona and Minnesota , and the U.S. Fund for UNICEF all purchased licenses . The latter organization planned to use the film as part of an anti @-@ human @-@ trafficking campaign . Not My Life was screened at the 2012 UNIS @-@ UN Conference in New York City , the theme of which was human exploitation . Segments from the film were included in " Can You Walk Away ? " , a 2012 exhibition on contemporary slavery at President Lincoln 's Cottage at the Soldiers ' Home in Washington , DC . A hotel chain presented the film to its staff in London in preparation for the 2012 Summer Olympics to raise awareness about the types of human trafficking that might take place in conjunction with the events . Bilheimer initiated an Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign in 2012 to allow local organizations opposing human trafficking to screen the film . That same year , he expressed a willingness to release fifteen @-@ minute excerpts from the film to help its message reach more people . In a 2012 interview , Bilheimer said that he considered A Closer Walk and Not My Life to be the first two installments in a trilogy ; he intended to make an environmental film called Take Me Home as the third installment . As of 2013 , however , the Worldwide Documentaries website stated that Bilheimer was considering different subjects for his next film , including poverty in the United States , the aftermath of the 2010 Haiti earthquake , and posttraumatic stress disorder among U.S. Army veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan . Bilheimer said in 2013 that Not My Life " is not a perfect film by any means , but it is having an impact . " He said that he would like to be moving on to a new film project , but that he would continue promoting Not My Life because he thought it could help combat human trafficking . Throughout 2013 , the World Affairs Councils of America hosted Not My Life screenings in a variety of cities across the United States , funded by the Carlson Family Foundation . That same year , the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency gave Worldwide Documentaries a grant to do anti @-@ human trafficking work over a three @-@ year period . Not My Life was screened at the Mexican film festival Oaxaca FilmFest in November 2012 ; BORDEReview in Warsaw , Poland , in May 2013 ; and the Pasadena International Film & New Media Festival in February 2014 . In May 2014 , the Somaly Mam Foundation released a statement that Somaly had resigned from her leadership of the organization as a result of investigations regarding allegations about her personal history . The following month , Bilheimer released a statement in response , saying that he had re @-@ edited the film in order to remove the scenes depicting Somaly and that the new version would be available shortly . Bilheimer wrote that " the storytelling in the Cambodia segment of Not My Life remains intact and is still very moving , with an even sharper focus , now , on the girls themselves . " In this statement , Bilheimer requested that people screening previous versions of the film tell their audiences that the presence of Somaly in the film is understandably a distraction , that the film is not primarily about Somaly but rather about the millions of children in slavery in the world , and that this focus is what is most important about the film . For the 2014 re @-@ release of the film , Bilheimer added new content relating to India , including an interview with Kailash Satyarthi , founder of the non @-@ governmental organization Bachpan Bachao Andolan which opposes child labor . This content emphasizes that there are more human trafficking victims in India than in any other country in the world . The new version of the film , which was co @-@ produced with the Delhi @-@ based Riverbank Studios , was 56 minutes long and premiered at the India International Centre in New Delhi on June 26 . Satyarthi was one of the panelists in a panel discussion accompanying the screening , as was Indian filmmaker Mike Pandey , who had managed Riverbank Studios ' side of the co @-@ production . The film was scheduled to air on Doordarshan ( DD ) in Hindi three days later . In July , Bilheimer called his continued work on the film " a labor of love " and said that " far too much silence still surrounds the issue " of human trafficking . = = Reception = = At the USAID preview screening , actress Lucy Liu , who has worked with MTV EXIT and produced the documentary film Redlight , said that people who watch Not My Life " will be shocked to find [ human trafficking ] is happening in America " ; she said that there were 80 @,@ 000 women being sexually assaulted daily and she called human trafficking the " cannibalization of the planet 's youth . " According to UN.GIFT , before Not My Life , there was " no single communication tool that effectively depict [ ed ] the problem as a whole for a mass audience . " Susan Bissell , UNICEF 's Child Protection Section chief , agreed with this assertion , and said that the film " takes a close look at the underlying causality that so many other filmmakers have missed [ and ] it will change the way we see our lives , in some very fundamental ways . " She also said that Not My Life is an important documentary because it brings attention to underreported forms of abuse . A reviewer from Medical News Today praised the film for " raising awareness and speaking about taboo subjects , " arguing that these activities " are critical to empower families , communities , and governments to speak out honestly and take action against abuses . " Lucy Popescu of CineVue called the film " a powerful indictment of the global trade in human beings and the abuse of vulnerable people , " but criticized the film for focusing on human trafficking victims , arguing that the perpetrators should have been dealt with more prominently . She commended Bilheimer on the few interviews with traffickers that he did include , but she condemned as inadequate the " only passing reference to the thousands of men who engage in sexual tourism , like those who travel to Cambodia to ' buy ' traumatized children who they can then abuse for weeks at a time . " Popescu also called the film " simplistic " , arguing that it should have more clearly expressed that sex trafficking victims are not able to provide legitimate consent for sexual activity because they are afraid that their lives might be in danger if they do not comply . John Rash of the Star Tribune called the film " a cacophony of concerned voices speaking about a modern @-@ day scourge . " Rash praised the film for its global scope , but suggested that this geographical breadth allows American audiences to ignore the fact that the trafficking of children is prevalent in the United States and not just in other countries . Not My Life was named Best World Documentary at the Harlem International Film Festival in September 2012 . Nancy Keefe Rhodes of Stone Canoe called it a " highly @-@ distilled ... remarkable film , " describing Bilheimer as " committed to strong story @-@ telling and film @-@ as @-@ craft . " She commends Bilheimer on alternating between American sequences and scenes in other countries , allowing " the experiences of young women with whom an American audience may more readily identify [ to ] become one among many woven into the fabric of global trafficking . " Tripurari Sharan , Director General of DD , said that his organization was pleased to air the film and hoped that doing so would bring about greater awareness across India about human trafficking in the country . He called the film " both an eye @-@ opener and a profoundly moving call to action " .
= Ike Altgens = James William " Ike " Altgens ( / ˈɑːlt.ɡənz / ; April 28 , 1919 – December 12 , 1995 ) was an American photojournalist and field reporter for the Associated Press ( AP ) based in Dallas , Texas . Altgens began his career with the AP as a teenager and , following a stint with the United States Coast Guard , worked his way into a senior position with the AP Dallas bureau . While on assignment for the AP on November 22 , 1963 , Altgens made two historic photographs during the assassination of President John F. Kennedy , including the image of Jacqueline Kennedy and Secret Service agent Clint Hill on the presidential limousine that would be reproduced on the front pages of newspapers around the world . Seconds earlier , Altgens made a photograph that became controversial , leading people in the United States and elsewhere to question whether accused assassin Lee Harvey Oswald was visible in the doorway of the Texas School Book Depository as the gunshots were fired . Altgens worked briefly as a film actor and model during his 40 @-@ year career with the AP , then did advertising work until he retired altogether . Both Altgens and his wife were in their seventies when they died in 1995 , at about the same time , in their Dallas home . = = Early life and career = = Dallas native Ike Altgens was orphaned as a child and raised by a widowed aunt . In 1938 , shortly after graduating from North Dallas High School , he was hired by the Associated Press . Altgens began his career at age 19 by doing odd jobs and writing the occasional sports story ; by 1940 , he had demonstrated an aptitude for photography and was assigned to work in the wirephoto office . His career was interrupted when he served in the United States Coast Guard during World War II , though he was able to moonlight as a radio broadcaster . Following his return to Dallas , he married Clara B. Halliburton in July 1944 , and went back to work with the AP the following year . He also attended night classes at Southern Methodist University , earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in speech with a minor in journalism . By 1959 , Altgens had found additional work as an actor and model in motion pictures , television and print advertising . Credited as James Altgens , he portrayed Secretary Lloyd Patterson in the low @-@ budget science fiction thriller Beyond the Time Barrier ( 1960 ) ; his role included the film 's final line of dialogue : " Gentlemen , we have got a lot to think about . " Altgens ' brief acting career also included a role as a witness in Free , White and 21 ( 1963 ) , and as a witness ( though not portraying himself ) in The Trial of Lee Harvey Oswald ( 1964 ) . Altgens photographed President Kennedy for the AP in 1961 at Perrin Air Force Base . Kennedy and former President Dwight D. Eisenhower were traveling to Bonham , Texas , in November to attend the funeral of Sam Rayburn , three @-@ time Speaker of the United States House of Representatives . Earlier that day , Altgens was the only photojournalist to climb up to the 29th floor of the Mercantile National Bank Building to report on the rescue of a young girl from a burning elevator . = = Assassination of President Kennedy = = = = = Photojournalist = = = On November 22 , 1963 , Altgens was assigned to work in the Associated Press offices in Dallas as the photo editor . He asked instead to go to the railroad overcrossing where Elm , Main and Commerce Streets converge to photograph the motorcade that would take President Kennedy from Love Field to the Dallas Trade Mart , where Kennedy was to deliver an address . Since that was not originally his assignment , Altgens took his personal camera , a 35mm Nikkorex @-@ F single lens reflex camera with a 105mm telephoto lens , rather than the motor @-@ driven camera usually used for news events . " This meant that what I took , I had to make sure it was good — I didn 't have time for second chances . " Altgens tried to find a good camera angle on the overcrossing , but was turned away by uniformed officers who said it was private property ; he moved to a location within Dealey Plaza instead . He made photographs of the motorcade on Main Street as it approached Houston Street , then got a close @-@ up as the presidential limousine turned right onto Houston . Afterwards , he ran across the grass toward the south curb along Elm Street , and stopped across from the Plaza 's north colonnade . As he snapped his first photograph from that spot , simultaneous to Zapruder film frame 255 , he heard a " burst of noise " , but did not recall having any reaction at that point since he thought the sound came from a firecracker . = = = Witness to history = = = Moments later , as Altgens prepared for a second photograph along Elm Street , he heard a blast that he recognized as gunfire and saw the President had been struck in the head . Altgens would later write that his camera was focused and ready , " but when JFK 's head exploded , sending substance in my direction , I virtually became paralyzed " and failed to press the trigger . " To have a President shot to death right in front of you and keep your cool and do what you 're supposed to do — I 'm not real sure that the most seasoned photographers would be able to do it . ... [ But ] there is no excuse for this . I should have made the picture that I was set up to make . And I didn 't do it . " Altgens ' next photograph showed the First Lady with her hand on the vehicle 's trunk lid and Secret Service agent Clint Hill standing on the bumper behind her as the driver had begun to accelerate . Mrs. Kennedy testified the following June that " there were pictures later on of me climbing out the back . But I don 't remember that at all . " It was this photograph , reproduced on the front pages of newspapers around the world , that would lead Hill to write in his 2013 book that he " would forever be known as the Secret Service agent who jumped on the back of the car . " After the gunshots ended , Altgens saw what he would later describe as " Secret Service men , uniformed policemen with drawn guns racing up this little incline " between Elm Street and the railroad tracks , and he crossed the street into the " utter confusion " to see if he could get a picture of someone in custody . When they came back without a suspect , Altgens hurried back to the AP offices in the Dallas Morning News building on Houston Street to file his report and have the film developed . His first phone call , from the AP wirephoto office to the news office , led to one of the first bulletins sent to the world : DALLAS , NOV . 22 ( AP ) – PRESIDENT KENNEDY WAS SHOT TODAY JUST AS HIS MOTORCADE LEFT DOWNTOWN DALLAS . MRS. KENNEDY JUMPED UP AND GRABBED MR. KENNEDY . SHE CRIED , " OH , NO ! " THE MOTORCADE SPED ON . Once his pictures had been distributed via the wirephoto network , Altgens was sent to Parkland Memorial Hospital along with a second photographer . Both stayed at Parkland until Kennedy 's body was taken by hearse to Air Force One at Love Field . Altgens returned to Dealey Plaza to make photographs for diagramming the assassination site , then was sent to Dallas City Hall to retrieve some photos made by another AP photographer of Oswald in custody . This was " the first and only time " he would see the suspect , and Altgens thought Oswald looked like " they had put him through the interrogation wringer . " = = = The man resembling Lee Harvey Oswald = = = Ten days after Kennedy was assassinated , the Associated Press in Dallas reported that Altgens ' first photograph along Elm Street had captured the attention of people " here and abroad " who noticed that one of the men standing in the main doorway to the book depository looked like Lee Harvey Oswald . If true , " it would seem to prove that he was not the Kennedy assassin " because he would not have had time to get there from the sixth floor . The AP report quoted depository superintendent Roy Truly , who identified another employee , Billy Lovelady , as the man in the image . The report also noted that the FBI had already investigated the photograph and had also identified Lovelady . On May 24 , 1964 , six months after the shooting , the New York Herald Tribune reported that Altgens — the man responsible for " probably the most controversial photograph of the decade " and one of a handful of people standing near the motorcade when Kennedy was shot — had not been questioned either by the FBI or by the Warren Commission . The next day , a column appearing in Chicago 's American made the same observation . FBI investigators interviewed Altgens eight days later , on June 2 , 1964 . By the time his testimony for the Warren Commission was taken on July 22 , Altgens was aware of the individual who resembled Oswald ; Lovelady had been interviewed for the Herald Tribune article , and Altgens testified that he too had been contacted but , because he had had no assignments involving any depository employees either before or since the assassination , " naturally I had no information " to share . Several depository employees were interviewed for the Commission in an effort to determine the identity of the man in the depository doorway ; hearings included testimony from five people who said Lovelady was either sitting or standing on the entrance steps , and from three others ( including Lovelady ) who identified him in Altgens ' photograph . His supervisor signed an affidavit stating that Lovelady was sitting on the steps as the motorcade passed by . Ultimately , the Commission decided that Oswald was not in the doorway . In 1978 , the House Select Committee on Assassinations studied several still and motion images , including an enhanced version of the Altgens photograph , in the scope of its investigation . The Committee also concluded that Lovelady was the man pictured in the depository doorway . Fifty years after the photo was first published , the official conclusions were still being argued by academics and conspiracy theorists . Texas journalist Jim Marrs , who had previously noted that most researchers were " ready to concede that the man may have been Lovelady " , wrote in 2013 that there was a " growing resistance to this admission . " = = = Recollections of a witness = = = Two AP dispatches featuring Altgens were issued on November 22 , 1963 . He initially reported hearing two shots , but thought someone had been " shooting fireworks " . Altgens himself wrote , " At first I thought the shots came from the opposite side of the street . ... I did not know until later where the shots came from . I was on the opposite side of the President 's car from the gunman . He might have hit me . " Altgens said he was told by the AP 's Los Angeles photo editor that , had the shot gone " just a bit to the left ... you would have been the victim . " In 1964 , testifying for the Warren Commission , Altgens was asked about the gunfire and whether he knew its source . He answered that he had not been keeping track of the number of gunshots fired in Dealey Plaza . " I mean , who counts fireworks explosions ? ... I could vouch for number one , and I can vouch for the last shot , but I cannot tell you how many shots were in between . " Kennedy 's wounds suggested to Altgens that the final shot " came from the opposite side , meaning in the direction of this depository building , but at no time did I know for certain where the shot came from . " When CBS television interviewed him in 1967 , Altgens said it was obvious to him that the head shot came from behind Kennedy 's limousine " because it caused him to bolt forward , dislodging him from this depression in the seat cushion " . He added that the commotion across the street after the shooting " seemed rather strange ... because knowing that the shot came from behind , this fellow had to really move in order to get over into the knoll area . " = = = Trial of Clay Shaw = = = District Attorney Jim Garrison subpoenaed Altgens to appear in New Orleans , Louisiana , for the 1969 trial of businessman Clay Shaw on charges of conspiring to kill Kennedy . A check for US $ 300 was sent to cover the airfare , but Altgens did not want to go ; he thought Garrison 's actions were " self @-@ aggrandizement . " Altgens and former Texas Governor John Connally met by chance in Houston a short time later . Connally told Altgens that he too had been called to testify and sent money for airfare , but he decided to cash the check and spend the money . Connally suggested that Altgens do the same . Altgens later learned that neither he nor Connally would be called after all . = = Later life = = = = = Pictures of the Pain = = = Starting in 1984 , Altgens shared personal details and reminiscences in letters and telephone conversations for the book Pictures of the Pain : Photography and the Assassination of President Kennedy ( 1994 ) . Altgens had retired from the AP in 1979 after more than 40 years , rather than accept a transfer to a different bureau . He spent his later years working on display advertising for the Ford Motor Company and answering repeated requests for interviews made by assassination researchers . Though these researchers failed to convince him that the Warren Commission 's conclusion — that Oswald , acting alone , killed Kennedy — was wrong , he conceded that " there will always be some controversy about details surrounding the site and shooting of the president . " = = = " Reporters Remember 11 @-@ 22 @-@ 63 " = = = In November 1993 , Altgens took part in " Reporters Remember 11 @-@ 22 @-@ 63 " at Southern Methodist University in Dallas . Broadcast on C @-@ SPAN as Journalists Remember the JFK Assassination , the panel discussion featured members of the press who spoke of their experiences on the day 30 years earlier that JFK was killed . As he introduced Altgens , moderator Hugh Aynesworth recalled the picture that " became very controversial " because of the man " that looked like Oswald " . Among his reminiscences , Altgens recalled having seen " no blood on the right @-@ hand side of [ Kennedy 's ] face ; there was no blood on the front of his face . But there was a tremendous amount of blood on the left @-@ hand side and at the back of the head . " That suggested to him , he continued , that if there was gunfire from any direction other than the rear , " there would be evidence in that particular area " . He also remembered , when seeing Jackie Kennedy on the trunk of the limousine , thinking that she " was scared out of her mind and she was looking for a way to escape . " = = = No More Silence = = = Altgens was one of 49 eyewitnesses interviewed for the 1998 book No More Silence : An Oral History of the Assassination of President Kennedy . He recalled having been contacted by Billy Lovelady , who wanted a copy of Altgens ' first photograph along Elm Street . Altgens was met by Lovelady 's wife , who told him her husband would never agree to be interviewed . The couple had moved several times , she explained , but still suffered break @-@ ins by people who wanted the shirt Lovelady wore when Kennedy was shot . Altgens also recalled having told FBI agents that , had he been left alone on the overpass , he might have had better pictures for investigators . " By being up there , I would have been able to show the sniper . " = = Death = = On December 12 , 1995 , Ike and Clara Altgens were found dead in separate rooms in their home in Dallas . A Houston Chronicle article quoted a nephew , Dallas attorney Ron Grant , as saying his Aunt Clara " had been very ill for some time with heart trouble and many other problems . Both of them had had the flu for some time . " In addition , the Dallas Morning News said police were looking into the possibility that carbon monoxide poisoning from a faulty furnace played a role in their deaths . Altgens was survived by three nephews ; his wife by two sisters .
= Wind power = Wind power is the use of air flow through wind turbines to mechanically power generators for electricity . Wind power , as an alternative to burning fossil fuels , is plentiful , renewable , widely distributed , clean , produces no greenhouse gas emissions during operation , uses no water , and uses little land . The net effects on the environment are far less problematic than those of nonrenewable power sources . Wind farms consist of many individual wind turbines which are connected to the electric power transmission network . Onshore wind is an inexpensive source of electricity , competitive with or in many places cheaper than coal or gas plants . Offshore wind is steadier and stronger than on land , and offshore farms have less visual impact , but construction and maintenance costs are considerably higher . Small onshore wind farms can feed some energy into the grid or provide electricity to isolated off @-@ grid locations . Wind power gives variable power which is very consistent from year to year but which has significant variation over shorter time scales . It is therefore used in conjunction with other electric power sources to give a reliable supply . As the proportion of wind power in a region increases , a need to upgrade the grid , and a lowered ability to supplant conventional production can occur . Power management techniques such as having excess capacity , geographically distributed turbines , dispatchable backing sources , sufficient hydroelectric power , exporting and importing power to neighboring areas , using vehicle @-@ to @-@ grid strategies or reducing demand when wind production is low , can in many cases overcome these problems . In addition , weather forecasting permits the electricity network to be readied for the predictable variations in production that occur . As of 2015 , Denmark generates 40 % of its electricity from wind , and at least 83 other countries around the world are using wind power to supply their electricity grids . In 2014 global wind power capacity expanded 16 % to 369 @,@ 553 MW . Yearly wind energy production is also growing rapidly and has reached around 4 % of worldwide electricity usage , 11 @.@ 4 % in the EU . = = History = = Wind power has been used as long as humans have put sails into the wind . For more than two millennia wind @-@ powered machines have ground grain and pumped water . Wind power was widely available and not confined to the banks of fast @-@ flowing streams , or later , requiring sources of fuel . Wind @-@ powered pumps drained the polders of the Netherlands , and in arid regions such as the American mid @-@ west or the Australian outback , wind pumps provided water for live stock and steam engines . The first windmill used for the production of electricity was built in Scotland in July 1887 by Prof James Blyth of Anderson 's College , Glasgow ( the precursor of Strathclyde University ) . Blyth 's 10 m high , cloth @-@ sailed wind turbine was installed in the garden of his holiday cottage at Marykirk in Kincardineshire and was used to charge accumulators developed by the Frenchman Camille Alphonse Faure , to power the lighting in the cottage , thus making it the first house in the world to have its electricity supplied by wind power . Blyth offered the surplus electricity to the people of Marykirk for lighting the main street , however , they turned down the offer as they thought electricity was " the work of the devil . " Although he later built a wind turbine to supply emergency power to the local Lunatic Asylum , Infirmary and Dispensary of Montrose the invention never really caught on as the technology was not considered to be economically viable . Across the Atlantic , in Cleveland , Ohio a larger and heavily engineered machine was designed and constructed in the winter of 1887 – 1888 by Charles F. Brush , this was built by his engineering company at his home and operated from 1886 until 1900 . The Brush wind turbine had a rotor 17 m ( 56 foot ) in diameter and was mounted on an 18 m ( 60 foot ) tower . Although large by today 's standards , the machine was only rated at 12 kW . The connected dynamo was used either to charge a bank of batteries or to operate up to 100 incandescent light bulbs , three arc lamps , and various motors in Brush 's laboratory . With the development of electric power , wind power found new applications in lighting buildings remote from centrally @-@ generated power . Throughout the 20th century parallel paths developed small wind stations suitable for farms or residences , and larger utility @-@ scale wind generators that could be connected to electricity grids for remote use of power . Today wind powered generators operate in every size range between tiny stations for battery charging at isolated residences , up to near @-@ gigawatt sized offshore wind farms that provide electricity to national electrical networks . = = Wind farms = = A wind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same location used for production of electricity . A large wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind turbines distributed over an extended area , but the land between the turbines may be used for agricultural or other purposes . For example , Gansu Wind Farm , the largest wind farm in the world , has several thousand turbines . A wind farm may also be located offshore . Almost all large wind turbines have the same design — a horizontal axis wind turbine having an upwind rotor with three blades , attached to a nacelle on top of a tall tubular tower . In a wind farm , individual turbines are interconnected with a medium voltage ( often 34 @.@ 5 kV ) , power collection system and communications network . In general , a distance of 7D ( 7 × Rotor Diameter of the Wind Turbine ) is set between each turbine in a fully developed wind farm . At a substation , this medium @-@ voltage electric current is increased in voltage with a transformer for connection to the high voltage electric power transmission system . = = = Generator characteristics and stability = = = Induction generators , which were often used for wind power projects in the 1980s and 1990s , require reactive power for excitation so substations used in wind @-@ power collection systems include substantial capacitor banks for power factor correction . Different types of wind turbine generators behave differently during transmission grid disturbances , so extensive modelling of the dynamic electromechanical characteristics of a new wind farm is required by transmission system operators to ensure predictable stable behaviour during system faults . In particular , induction generators cannot support the system voltage during faults , unlike steam or hydro turbine @-@ driven synchronous generators . Today these generators aren 't used any more in modern turbines . Instead today most turbines use variable speed generators combined with partial- or full @-@ scale power converter between the turbine generator and the collector system , which generally have more desirable properties for grid interconnection and have Low voltage ride through @-@ capabilities . Modern concepts use either doubly fed machines with partial @-@ scale converters or squirrel @-@ cage induction generators or synchronous generators ( both permanently and electrically excited ) with full scale converters . Transmission systems operators will supply a wind farm developer with a grid code to specify the requirements for interconnection to the transmission grid . This will include power factor , constancy of frequency and dynamic behaviour of the wind farm turbines during a system fault . = = = Offshore wind power = = = Offshore wind power refers to the construction of wind farms in large bodies of water to generate electricity . These installations can utilize the more frequent and powerful winds that are available in these locations and have less aesthetic impact on the landscape than land based projects . However , the construction and the maintenance costs are considerably higher . Siemens and Vestas are the leading turbine suppliers for offshore wind power . DONG Energy , Vattenfall and E.ON are the leading offshore operators . As of October 2010 , 3 @.@ 16 GW of offshore wind power capacity was operational , mainly in Northern Europe . According to BTM Consult , more than 16 GW of additional capacity will be installed before the end of 2014 and the UK and Germany will become the two leading markets . Offshore wind power capacity is expected to reach a total of 75 GW worldwide by 2020 , with significant contributions from China and the US . In 2012 , 1 @,@ 662 turbines at 55 offshore wind farms in 10 European countries produced 18 TWh , enough to power almost five million households . As of August 2013 the London Array in the United Kingdom is the largest offshore wind farm in the world at 630 MW . This is followed by Gwynt y Môr ( 576 MW ) , also in the UK . = = = Collection and transmission network = = = In a wind farm , individual turbines are interconnected with a medium voltage ( usually 34 @.@ 5 kV ) power collection system and communications network . At a substation , this medium @-@ voltage electric current is increased in voltage with a transformer for connection to the high voltage electric power transmission system . A transmission line is required to bring the generated power to ( often remote ) markets . For an off @-@ shore station this may require a submarine cable . Construction of a new high @-@ voltage line may be too costly for the wind resource alone , but wind sites may take advantage of lines installed for conventionally fueled generation . One of the biggest current challenges to wind power grid integration in the United States is the necessity of developing new transmission lines to carry power from wind farms , usually in remote lowly populated states in the middle of the country due to availability of wind , to high load locations , usually on the coasts where population density is higher . The current transmission lines in remote locations were not designed for the transport of large amounts of energy . As transmission lines become longer the losses associated with power transmission increase , as modes of losses at lower lengths are exacerbated and new modes of losses are no longer negligible as the length is increased , making it harder to transport large loads over large distances . However , resistance from state and local governments makes it difficult to construct new transmission lines . Multi state power transmission projects are discouraged by states with cheap electricity rates for fear that exporting their cheap power will lead to increased rates . A 2005 energy law gave the Energy Department authority to approve transmission projects states refused to act on , but after an attempt to use this authority , the Senate declared the department was being overly aggressive in doing so . Another problem is that wind companies find out after the fact that the transmission capacity of a new farm is below the generation capacity , largely because federal utility rules to encourage renewable energy installation allow feeder lines to meet only minimum standards . These are important issues that need to be solved , as when the transmission capacity does not meet the generation capacity , wind farms are forced to produce below their full potential or stop running all together , in a process known as curtailment . While this leads to potential renewable generation left untapped , it prevents possible grid overload or risk to reliable service . = = Wind power capacity and production = = Worldwide there are now over two hundred thousand wind turbines operating , with a total nameplate capacity of 432 @,@ 000 MW as of end 2015 . The European Union alone passed some 100 @,@ 000 MW nameplate capacity in September 2012 , while the United States surpassed 75 @,@ 000 MW in 2015 and China 's grid connected capacity passed 145 @,@ 000 MW in 2015 . World wind generation capacity more than quadrupled between 2000 and 2006 , doubling about every three years . The United States pioneered wind farms and led the world in installed capacity in the 1980s and into the 1990s . In 1997 installed capacity in Germany surpassed the U.S. and led until once again overtaken by the U.S. in 2008 . China has been rapidly expanding its wind installations in the late 2000s and passed the U.S. in 2010 to become the world leader . As of 2011 , 83 countries around the world were using wind power on a commercial basis . Wind power capacity has expanded rapidly to 336 GW in June 2014 , and wind energy production was around 4 % of total worldwide electricity usage , and growing rapidly . The actual amount of electricity that wind is able to generate is calculated by multiplying the nameplate capacity by the capacity factor , which varies according to equipment and location . Estimates of the capacity factors for wind installations are in the range of 35 % to 44 % . Europe accounted for 48 % of the world total wind power generation capacity in 2009 . In 2010 , Spain became Europe 's leading producer of wind energy , achieving 42 @,@ 976 GWh . Germany held the top spot in Europe in terms of installed capacity , with a total of 27 @,@ 215 MW as of 31 December 2010 . In 2015 wind power constituted 15 @.@ 6 % of all installed power generation capacity in the EU and it generates around 11 @.@ 4 % of its power . = = = Growth trends = = = After setting new records in 2014 , the wind power industry surprised many observers with another record breaking year in 2015 , chalking up 22 % annual market growth and passing the 60 GW mark for the first time in a single year ; and this after having broken the 50 GW mark for the first time in 2014 . In 2015 , close to half of all new wind power was added outside of the traditional markets in Europe and North America . This was largely from new construction in China and India . Global Wind Energy Council ( GWEC ) figures show that 2015 recorded an increase of installed capacity of more than 63 GW , taking the total installed wind energy capacity to 432 @.@ 9 GW , up from 74 GW in 2006 . In terms of economic value , the wind energy sector has become one of the important players in the energy markets , with the total investments reaching US $ 329bn ( € 296.6bn ) , an increase of 4 % over 2014 . Although the wind power industry was affected by the global financial crisis in 2009 and 2010 , GWEC predicts that the installed capacity of wind power will be 792 @.@ 1 GW by the end of 2020 and 4 @,@ 042 GW by end of 2050 . The increased commissioning of wind power is being accompanied by record low prices for forthcoming renewable electricity . In some cases , wind onshore is already the cheapest electricity generation option and costs are continuing to decline . The contracted prices for wind onshore for the next few years are now as low as 30 USD / MWh . In the EU in 2015 , 44 % of all new generating capacity was wind power ; while in the same period net fossil fuel power capacity decreased . = = = Capacity factor = = = Since wind speed is not constant , a wind farm 's annual energy production is never as much as the sum of the generator nameplate ratings multiplied by the total hours in a year . The ratio of actual productivity in a year to this theoretical maximum is called the capacity factor . Typical capacity factors are 15 – 50 % ; values at the upper end of the range are achieved in favourable sites and are due to wind turbine design improvements . Online data is available for some locations , and the capacity factor can be calculated from the yearly output . For example , the German nationwide average wind power capacity factor over all of 2012 was just under 17 @.@ 5 % ( 45867 GW · h / yr / ( 29 @.@ 9 GW × 24 × 366 ) = 0 @.@ 1746 ) , and the capacity factor for Scottish wind farms averaged 24 % between 2008 and 2010 . Unlike fueled generating plants , the capacity factor is affected by several parameters , including the variability of the wind at the site and the size of the generator relative to the turbine 's swept area . A small generator would be cheaper and achieve a higher capacity factor but would produce less electricity ( and thus less profit ) in high winds . Conversely , a large generator would cost more but generate little extra power and , depending on the type , may stall out at low wind speed . Thus an optimum capacity factor of around 40 – 50 % would be aimed for . A 2008 study released by the U.S. Department of Energy noted that the capacity factor of new wind installations was increasing as the technology improves , and projected further improvements for future capacity factors . In 2010 , the department estimated the capacity factor of new wind turbines in 2010 to be 45 % . The annual average capacity factor for wind generation in the US has varied between 29 @.@ 8 % and 34 @.@ 0 % during the period 2010 – 2015 . = = = Penetration = = = Wind energy penetration is the fraction of energy produced by wind compared with the total generation . There is no generally accepted maximum level of wind penetration . The limit for a particular grid will depend on the existing generating plants , pricing mechanisms , capacity for energy storage , demand management and other factors . An interconnected electricity grid will already include reserve generating and transmission capacity to allow for equipment failures . This reserve capacity can also serve to compensate for the varying power generation produced by wind stations . Studies have indicated that 20 % of the total annual electrical energy consumption may be incorporated with minimal difficulty . These studies have been for locations with geographically dispersed wind farms , some degree of dispatchable energy or hydropower with storage capacity , demand management , and interconnected to a large grid area enabling the export of electricity when needed . Beyond the 20 % level , there are few technical limits , but the economic implications become more significant . Electrical utilities continue to study the effects of large scale penetration of wind generation on system stability and economics . A wind energy penetration figure can be specified for different durations of time , but is often quoted annually . To obtain 100 % from wind annually requires substantial long term storage or substantial interconnection to other systems which may already have substantial storage . On a monthly , weekly , daily , or hourly basis — or less — wind might supply as much as or more than 100 % of current use , with the rest stored or exported . Seasonal industry might then take advantage of high wind and low usage times such as at night when wind output can exceed normal demand . Such industry might include production of silicon , aluminum , steel , or of natural gas , and hydrogen , and using future long term storage to facilitate 100 % energy from variable renewable energy . Homes can also be programmed to accept extra electricity on demand , for example by remotely turning up water heater thermostats . In Australia , the state of South Australia generates around half of the nation 's wind power capacity . By the end of 2011 wind power in South Australia , championed by Premier ( and Climate Change Minister ) Mike Rann , reached 26 % of the State 's electricity generation , edging out coal for the first time . At this stage South Australia , with only 7 @.@ 2 % of Australia 's population , had 54 % of Australia 's installed capacity . = = = Variability = = = Electricity generated from wind power can be highly variable at several different timescales : hourly , daily , or seasonally . Annual variation also exists , but is not as significant . Because instantaneous electrical generation and consumption must remain in balance to maintain grid stability , this variability can present substantial challenges to incorporating large amounts of wind power into a grid system . Intermittency and the non @-@ dispatchable nature of wind energy production can raise costs for regulation , incremental operating reserve , and ( at high penetration levels ) could require an increase in the already existing energy demand management , load shedding , storage solutions or system interconnection with HVDC cables . Fluctuations in load and allowance for failure of large fossil @-@ fuel generating units require reserve capacity that can also compensate for variability of wind generation . Wind power is variable , and during low wind periods it must be replaced by other power sources . Transmission networks presently cope with outages of other generation plants and daily changes in electrical demand , but the variability of intermittent power sources such as wind power , are unlike those of conventional power generation plants which , when scheduled to be operating , may be able to deliver their nameplate capacity around 95 % of the time . Presently , grid systems with large wind penetration require a small increase in the frequency of usage of natural gas spinning reserve power plants to prevent a loss of electricity in the event that conditions are not favorable for power production from the wind . At lower wind power grid penetration , this is less of an issue . GE has installed a prototype wind turbine with onboard battery similar to that of an electric car , equivalent of 1 minute of production . Despite the small capacity , it is enough to guarantee that power output complies with forecast for 15 minutes , as the battery is used to eliminate the difference rather than provide full output . The increased predictability can be used to take wind power penetration from 20 to 30 or 40 per cent . The battery cost can be retrieved by selling burst power on demand and reducing backup needs from gas plants . A report on Denmark 's wind power noted that their wind power network provided less than 1 % of average demand on 54 days during the year 2002 . Wind power advocates argue that these periods of low wind can be dealt with by simply restarting existing power stations that have been held in readiness , or interlinking with HVDC . Electrical grids with slow @-@ responding thermal power plants and without ties to networks with hydroelectric generation may have to limit the use of wind power . According to a 2007 Stanford University study published in the Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology , interconnecting ten or more wind farms can allow an average of 33 % of the total energy produced ( i.e. about 8 % of total nameplate capacity ) to be used as reliable , baseload electric power which can be relied on to handle peak loads , as long as minimum criteria are met for wind speed and turbine height . Conversely , on particularly windy days , even with penetration levels of 16 % , wind power generation can surpass all other electricity sources in a country . In Spain , in the early hours of 16 April 2012 wind power production reached the highest percentage of electricity production till then , at 60 @.@ 46 % of the total demand . In Denmark , which had power market penetration of 30 % in 2013 , over 90 hours , wind power generated 100 % of the country 's power , peaking at 122 % of the country 's demand at 2 am on 28 October . A 2006 International Energy Agency forum presented costs for managing intermittency as a function of wind @-@ energy 's share of total capacity for several countries , as shown in the table on the right . Three reports on the wind variability in the UK issued in 2009 , generally agree that variability of wind needs to be taken into account , but it does not make the grid unmanageable . The additional costs , which are modest , can be quantified . The combination of diversifying variable renewables by type and location , forecasting their variation , and integrating them with dispatchable renewables , flexible fueled generators , and demand response can create a power system that has the potential to meet power supply needs reliably . Integrating ever @-@ higher levels of renewables is being successfully demonstrated in the real world : In 2009 , eight American and three European authorities , writing in the leading electrical engineers ' professional journal , didn 't find " a credible and firm technical limit to the amount of wind energy that can be accommodated by electricity grids " . In fact , not one of more than 200 international studies , nor official studies for the eastern and western U.S. regions , nor the International Energy Agency , has found major costs or technical barriers to reliably integrating up to 30 % variable renewable supplies into the grid , and in some studies much more . – Reinventing Fire Solar power tends to be complementary to wind . On daily to weekly timescales , high pressure areas tend to bring clear skies and low surface winds , whereas low pressure areas tend to be windier and cloudier . On seasonal timescales , solar energy peaks in summer , whereas in many areas wind energy is lower in summer and higher in winter . Thus the intermittencies of wind and solar power tend to cancel each other somewhat . In 2007 the Institute for Solar Energy Supply Technology of the University of Kassel pilot @-@ tested a combined power plant linking solar , wind , biogas and hydrostorage to provide load @-@ following power around the clock and throughout the year , entirely from renewable sources . = = = Predictability = = = Wind power forecasting methods are used , but predictability of any particular wind farm is low for short @-@ term operation . For any particular generator there is an 80 % chance that wind output will change less than 10 % in an hour and a 40 % chance that it will change 10 % or more in 5 hours . However , studies by Graham Sinden ( 2009 ) suggest that , in practice , the variations in thousands of wind turbines , spread out over several different sites and wind regimes , are smoothed . As the distance between sites increases , the correlation between wind speeds measured at those sites , decreases . Thus , while the output from a single turbine can vary greatly and rapidly as local wind speeds vary , as more turbines are connected over larger and larger areas the average power output becomes less variable and more predictable . Wind power hardly ever suffers major technical failures , since failures of individual wind turbines have hardly any effect on overall power , so that the distributed wind power is reliable and predictable , whereas conventional generators , while far less variable , can suffer major unpredictable outages . = = = Energy storage = = = Main article : Grid energy storage . See also : List of energy storage projects . Typically , conventional hydroelectricity complements wind power very well . When the wind is blowing strongly , nearby hydroelectric stations can temporarily hold back their water . When the wind drops they can , provided they have the generation capacity , rapidly increase production to compensate . This gives a very even overall power supply and virtually no loss of energy and uses no more water . Alternatively , where a suitable head of water is not available , pumped @-@ storage hydroelectricity or other forms of grid energy storage such as compressed air energy storage and thermal energy storage can store energy developed by high @-@ wind periods and release it when needed . The type of storage needed depends on the wind penetration level – low penetration requires daily storage , and high penetration requires both short and long term storage – as long as a month or more . Stored energy increases the economic value of wind energy since it can be shifted to displace higher cost generation during peak demand periods . The potential revenue from this arbitrage can offset the cost and losses of storage ; the cost of storage may add 25 % to the cost of any wind energy stored but it is not envisaged that this would apply to a large proportion of wind energy generated . For example , in the UK , the 1 @.@ 7 GW Dinorwig pumped @-@ storage plant evens out electrical demand peaks , and allows base @-@ load suppliers to run their plants more efficiently . Although pumped @-@ storage power systems are only about 75 % efficient , and have high installation costs , their low running costs and ability to reduce the required electrical base @-@ load can save both fuel and total electrical generation costs . In particular geographic regions , peak wind speeds may not coincide with peak demand for electrical power . In the U.S. states of California and Texas , for example , hot days in summer may have low wind speed and high electrical demand due to the use of air conditioning . Some utilities subsidize the purchase of geothermal heat pumps by their customers , to reduce electricity demand during the summer months by making air conditioning up to 70 % more efficient ; widespread adoption of this technology would better match electricity demand to wind availability in areas with hot summers and low summer winds . A possible future option may be to interconnect widely dispersed geographic areas with an HVDC " super grid " . In the U.S. it is estimated that to upgrade the transmission system to take in planned or potential renewables would cost at least $ 60 billion , while the society value of added windpower would be more than that cost . Germany has an installed capacity of wind and solar that can exceed daily demand , and has been exporting peak power to neighboring countries , with exports which amounted to some 14 @.@ 7 billion kilowatt hours in 2012 . A more practical solution is the installation of thirty days storage capacity able to supply 80 % of demand , which will become necessary when most of Europe 's energy is obtained from wind power and solar power . Just as the EU requires member countries to maintain 90 days strategic reserves of oil it can be expected that countries will provide electricity storage , instead of expecting to use their neighbors for net metering . = = = Capacity credit , fuel savings and energy payback = = = The capacity credit of wind is estimated by determining the capacity of conventional plants displaced by wind power , whilst maintaining the same degree of system security . According to the American Wind Energy Association , production of wind power in the United States in 2015 avoided consumption of 73 billion gallons of water and reduced CO2 emissions by 132 million metric tons , while providing $ 7 @.@ 3 billion in public health savings . The energy needed to build a wind farm divided into the total output over its life , Energy Return on Energy Invested , of wind power varies but averages about 20 – 25 . Thus , the energy payback time is typically around one year . = = Economics = = Wind turbines reached grid parity ( the point at which the cost of wind power matches traditional sources ) in some areas of Europe in the mid @-@ 2000s , and in the US around the same time . Falling prices continue to drive the levelized cost down and it has been suggested that it has reached general grid parity in Europe in 2010 , and will reach the same point in the US around 2016 due to an expected reduction in capital costs of about 12 % . = = = Electricity cost and trends = = = Wind power is capital intensive , but has no fuel costs . The price of wind power is therefore much more stable than the volatile prices of fossil fuel sources . The marginal cost of wind energy once a station is constructed is usually less than 1 @-@ cent per kW · h . However , the estimated average cost per unit of electricity must incorporate the cost of construction of the turbine and transmission facilities , borrowed funds , return to investors ( including cost of risk ) , estimated annual production , and other components , averaged over the projected useful life of the equipment , which may be in excess of twenty years . Energy cost estimates are highly dependent on these assumptions so published cost figures can differ substantially . In 2004 , wind energy cost a fifth of what it did in the 1980s , and some expected that downward trend to continue as larger multi @-@ megawatt turbines were mass @-@ produced . In 2012 capital costs for wind turbines were substantially lower than 2008 – 2010 but still above 2002 levels . A 2011 report from the American Wind Energy Association stated , " Wind 's costs have dropped over the past two years , in the range of 5 to 6 cents per kilowatt @-@ hour recently .... about 2 cents cheaper than coal @-@ fired electricity , and more projects were financed through debt arrangements than tax equity structures last year .... winning more mainstream acceptance from Wall Street 's banks .... Equipment makers can also deliver products in the same year that they are ordered instead of waiting up to three years as was the case in previous cycles .... 5 @,@ 600 MW of new installed capacity is under construction in the United States , more than double the number at this point in 2010 . Thirty @-@ five percent of all new power generation built in the United States since 2005 has come from wind , more than new gas and coal plants combined , as power providers are increasingly enticed to wind as a convenient hedge against unpredictable commodity price moves . " A British Wind Energy Association report gives an average generation cost of onshore wind power of around 3 @.@ 2 pence ( between US 5 and 6 cents ) per kW · h ( 2005 ) . Cost per unit of energy produced was estimated in 2006 to be 5 to 6 percent above the cost of new generating capacity in the US for coal and natural gas : wind cost was estimated at $ 55 @.@ 80 per MW · h , coal at $ 53 @.@ 10 / MW · h and natural gas at $ 52 @.@ 50 . Similar comparative results with natural gas were obtained in a governmental study in the UK in 2011 . In 2011 power from wind turbines could be already cheaper than fossil or nuclear plants ; it is also expected that wind power will be the cheapest form of energy generation in the future . The presence of wind energy , even when subsidised , can reduce costs for consumers ( € 5 billion / yr in Germany ) by reducing the marginal price , by minimising the use of expensive peaking power plants . An 2012 EU study shows base cost of onshore wind power similar to coal , when subsidies and externalities are disregarded . Wind power has some of the lowest external costs . In February 2013 Bloomberg New Energy Finance ( BNEF ) reported that the cost of generating electricity from new wind farms is cheaper than new coal or new baseload gas plants . When including the current Australian federal government carbon pricing scheme their modeling gives costs ( in Australian dollars ) of $ 80 / MWh for new wind farms , $ 143 / MWh for new coal plants and $ 116 / MWh for new baseload gas plants . The modeling also shows that " even without a carbon price ( the most efficient way to reduce economy @-@ wide emissions ) wind energy is 14 % cheaper than new coal and 18 % cheaper than new gas . " Part of the higher costs for new coal plants is due to high financial lending costs because of " the reputational damage of emissions @-@ intensive investments " . The expense of gas fired plants is partly due to " export market " effects on local prices . Costs of production from coal fired plants built in " the 1970s and 1980s " are cheaper than renewable energy sources because of depreciation . In 2015 BNEF calculated LCOE prices per MWh energy in new powerplants ( excluding carbon costs ) : $ 85 for onshore wind ( $ 175 for offshore ) , $ 66 – 75 for coal in the Americas ( $ 82 – 105 in Europe ) , gas $ 80 – 100 . A 2014 study showed unsubsidized LCOE costs between $ 37 – 81 , depending on region . A 2014 US DOE report showed that in some cases power purchase agreement prices for wind power had dropped to record lows of $ 23 @.@ 5 / MWh . The cost has reduced as wind turbine technology has improved . There are now longer and lighter wind turbine blades , improvements in turbine performance and increased power generation efficiency . Also , wind project capital and maintenance costs have continued to decline . For example , the wind industry in the USA in early 2014 were able to produce more power at lower cost by using taller wind turbines with longer blades , capturing the faster winds at higher elevations . This has opened up new opportunities and in Indiana , Michigan , and Ohio , the price of power from wind turbines built 300 feet to 400 feet above the ground can now compete with conventional fossil fuels like coal . Prices have fallen to about 4 cents per kilowatt @-@ hour in some cases and utilities have been increasing the amount of wind energy in their portfolio , saying it is their cheapest option . A number of initiatives are working to reduce costs of electricity from offshore wind . One example is the Carbon Trust Offshore Wind Accelerator , a joint industry project , involving nine offshore wind developers , which aims to reduce the cost of offshore wind by 10 % by 2015 . It has been suggested that innovation at scale could deliver 25 % cost reduction in offshore wind by 2020 . Henrik Stiesdal , former Chief Technical Officer at Siemens Wind Power , has stated that by 2025 energy from offshore wind will be one of the cheapest , scalable solutions in the UK , compared to other renewables and fossil fuel energy sources , if the true cost to society is factored into the cost of energy equation . He calculates the cost at that time to be 43 EUR / MWh for onshore , and 72 EUR / MWh for offshore wind . = = = Incentives and community benefits = = = The U.S. wind industry generates tens of thousands of jobs and billions of dollars of economic activity . Wind projects provide local taxes , or payments in lieu of taxes and strengthen the economy of rural communities by providing income to farmers with wind turbines on their land . Wind energy in many jurisdictions receives financial or other support to encourage its development . Wind energy benefits from subsidies in many jurisdictions , either to increase its attractiveness , or to compensate for subsidies received by other forms of production which have significant negative externalities . In the US , wind power receives a production tax credit ( PTC ) of 1 @.@ 5 ¢ / kWh in 1993 dollars for each kW · h produced , for the first ten years ; at 2 @.@ 2 cents per kW · h in 2012 , the credit was renewed on 2 January 2012 , to include construction begun in 2013 . A 30 % tax credit can be applied instead of receiving the PTC . Another tax benefit is accelerated depreciation . Many American states also provide incentives , such as exemption from property tax , mandated purchases , and additional markets for " green credits " . The Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008 contains extensions of credits for wind , including microturbines . Countries such as Canada and Germany also provide incentives for wind turbine construction , such as tax credits or minimum purchase prices for wind generation , with assured grid access ( sometimes referred to as feed @-@ in tariffs ) . These feed @-@ in tariffs are typically set well above average electricity prices . In December 2013 U.S. Senator Lamar Alexander and other Republican senators argued that the " wind energy production tax credit should be allowed to expire at the end of 2013 " and it expired 1 January 2014 for new installations . Secondary market forces also provide incentives for businesses to use wind @-@ generated power , even if there is a premium price for the electricity . For example , socially responsible manufacturers pay utility companies a premium that goes to subsidize and build new wind power infrastructure . Companies use wind @-@ generated power , and in return they can claim that they are undertaking strong " green " efforts . In the US the organization Green @-@ e monitors business compliance with these renewable energy credits . = = Small @-@ scale wind power = = Small @-@ scale wind power is the name given to wind generation systems with the capacity to produce up to 50 kW of electrical power . Isolated communities , that may otherwise rely on diesel generators , may use wind turbines as an alternative . Individuals may purchase these systems to reduce or eliminate their dependence on grid electricity for economic reasons , or to reduce their carbon footprint . Wind turbines have been used for household electricity generation in conjunction with battery storage over many decades in remote areas . Recent examples of small @-@ scale wind power projects in an urban setting can be found in New York City , where , since 2009 , a number of building projects have capped their roofs with Gorlov @-@ type helical wind turbines . Although the energy they generate is small compared to the buildings ' overall consumption , they help to reinforce the building 's ' green ' credentials in ways that " showing people your high @-@ tech boiler " can not , with some of the projects also receiving the direct support of the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority . Grid @-@ connected domestic wind turbines may use grid energy storage , thus replacing purchased electricity with locally produced power when available . The surplus power produced by domestic microgenerators can , in some jurisdictions , be fed into the network and sold to the utility company , producing a retail credit for the microgenerators ' owners to offset their energy costs . Off @-@ grid system users can either adapt to intermittent power or use batteries , photovoltaic or diesel systems to supplement the wind turbine . Equipment such as parking meters , traffic warning signs , street lighting , or wireless Internet gateways may be powered by a small wind turbine , possibly combined with a photovoltaic system , that charges a small battery replacing the need for a connection to the power grid . A Carbon Trust study into the potential of small @-@ scale wind energy in the UK , published in 2010 , found that small wind turbines could provide up to 1 @.@ 5 terawatt hours ( TW · h ) per year of electricity ( 0 @.@ 4 % of total UK electricity consumption ) , saving 0 @.@ 6 million tonnes of carbon dioxide ( Mt CO2 ) emission savings . This is based on the assumption that 10 % of households would install turbines at costs competitive with grid electricity , around 12 pence ( US 19 cents ) a kW · h . A report prepared for the UK 's government @-@ sponsored Energy Saving Trust in 2006 , found that home power generators of various kinds could provide 30 to 40 % of the country 's electricity needs by 2050 . Distributed generation from renewable resources is increasing as a consequence of the increased awareness of climate change . The electronic interfaces required to connect renewable generation units with the utility system can include additional functions , such as the active filtering to enhance the power quality . = = Environmental effects = = The environmental impact of wind power when compared to the environmental impacts of fossil fuels , is relatively minor . According to the IPCC , in assessments of the life @-@ cycle global warming potential of energy sources , wind turbines have a median value of between 12 and 11 ( gCO2eq / kWh ) depending on whether off- or onshore turbines are being assessed . Compared with other low carbon power sources , wind turbines have some of the lowest global warming potential per unit of electrical energy generated . While a wind farm may cover a large area of land , many land uses such as agriculture are compatible with it , as only small areas of turbine foundations and infrastructure are made unavailable for use . There are reports of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines as there are around other artificial structures . The scale of the ecological impact may or may not be significant , depending on specific circumstances . Prevention and mitigation of wildlife fatalities , and protection of peat bogs , affect the siting and operation of wind turbines . Wind turbines generate some noise . At a residential distance of 300 metres ( 980 ft ) this may be around 45 dB , which is slightly louder than a refrigerator . At 1 @.@ 5 km ( 1 mi ) distance they become inaudible . There are anecdotal reports of negative health effects from noise on people who live very close to wind turbines . Peer @-@ reviewed research has generally not supported these claims . Aesthetic aspects of wind turbines and resulting changes of the visual landscape are significant . Conflicts arise especially in scenic and heritage protected landscapes . = = Politics = = = = = Central government = = = Nuclear power and fossil fuels are subsidized by many governments , and wind power and other forms of renewable energy are also often subsidized . For example , a 2009 study by the Environmental Law Institute assessed the size and structure of U.S. energy subsidies over the 2002 – 2008 period . The study estimated that subsidies to fossil @-@ fuel based sources amounted to approximately $ 72 billion over this period and subsidies to renewable fuel sources totalled $ 29 billion . In the United States , the federal government has paid US $ 74 billion for energy subsidies to support R & D for nuclear power ( $ 50 billion ) and fossil fuels ( $ 24 billion ) from 1973 to 2003 . During this same time frame , renewable energy technologies and energy efficiency received a total of US $ 26 billion . It has been suggested that a subsidy shift would help to level the playing field and support growing energy sectors , namely solar power , wind power , and biofuels . History shows that no energy sector was developed without subsidies . According to the International Energy Agency ( IEA ) ( 2011 ) , energy subsidies artificially lower the price of energy paid by consumers , raise the price received by producers or lower the cost of production . " Fossil fuels subsidies costs generally outweigh the benefits . Subsidies to renewables and low @-@ carbon energy technologies can bring long @-@ term economic and environmental benefits " . In November 2011 , an IEA report entitled Deploying Renewables 2011 said " subsidies in green energy technologies that were not yet competitive are justified in order to give an incentive to investing into technologies with clear environmental and energy security benefits " . The IEA 's report disagreed with claims that renewable energy technologies are only viable through costly subsidies and not able to produce energy reliably to meet demand . In the U.S. , the wind power industry has recently increased its lobbying efforts considerably , spending about $ 5 million in 2009 after years of relative obscurity in Washington . By comparison , the U.S. nuclear industry alone spent over $ 650 million on its lobbying efforts and campaign contributions during a single ten @-@ year period ending in 2008 . Following the 2011 Japanese nuclear accidents , Germany 's federal government is working on a new plan for increasing energy efficiency and renewable energy commercialization , with a particular focus on offshore wind farms . Under the plan , large wind turbines will be erected far away from the coastlines , where the wind blows more consistently than it does on land , and where the enormous turbines won 't bother the inhabitants . The plan aims to decrease Germany 's dependence on energy derived from coal and nuclear power plants . = = = Public opinion = = = Surveys of public attitudes across Europe and in many other countries show strong public support for wind power . About 80 % of EU citizens support wind power . In Germany , where wind power has gained very high social acceptance , hundreds of thousands of people have invested in citizens ' wind farms across the country and thousands of small and medium @-@ sized enterprises are running successful businesses in a new sector that in 2008 employed 90 @,@ 000 people and generated 8 % of Germany 's electricity . Although wind power is a popular form of energy generation , the construction of wind farms is not universally welcomed , often for aesthetic reasons . In Spain , with some exceptions , there has been little opposition to the installation of inland wind parks . However , the projects to build offshore parks have been more controversial . In particular , the proposal of building the biggest offshore wind power production facility in the world in southwestern Spain in the coast of Cádiz , on the spot of the 1805 Battle of Trafalgar has been met with strong opposition who fear for tourism and fisheries in the area , and because the area is a war grave . In a survey conducted by Angus Reid Strategies in October 2007 , 89 per cent of respondents said that using renewable energy sources like wind or solar power was positive for Canada , because these sources were better for the environment . Only 4 per cent considered using renewable sources as negative since they can be unreliable and expensive . According to a Saint Consulting survey in April 2007 , wind power was the alternative energy source most likely to gain public support for future development in Canada , with only 16 % opposed to this type of energy . By contrast , 3 out of 4 Canadians opposed nuclear power developments . A 2003 survey of residents living around Scotland 's 10 existing wind farms found high levels of community acceptance and strong support for wind power , with much support from those who lived closest to the wind farms . The results of this survey support those of an earlier Scottish Executive survey ' Public attitudes to the Environment in Scotland 2002 ' , which found that the Scottish public would prefer the majority of their electricity to come from renewables , and which rated wind power as the cleanest source of renewable energy . A survey conducted in 2005 showed that 74 % of people in Scotland agree that wind farms are necessary to meet current and future energy needs . When people were asked the same question in a Scottish renewables study conducted in 2010 , 78 % agreed . The increase is significant as there were twice as many wind farms in 2010 as there were in 2005 . The 2010 survey also showed that 52 % disagreed with the statement that wind farms are " ugly and a blot on the landscape " . 59 % agreed that wind farms were necessary and that how they looked was unimportant . Regarding tourism , query responders consider power pylons , cell phone towers , quarries and plantations more negatively than wind farms . Scotland is planning to obtain 100 % of electricity from renewable sources by 2020 . In other cases there is direct community ownership of wind farm projects . The hundreds of thousands of people who have become involved in Germany 's small and medium @-@ sized wind farms demonstrate such support there . This 2010 Harris Poll reflects the strong support for wind power in Germany , other European countries , and the U.S. = = = Community = = = Many wind power companies work with local communities to reduce environmental and other concerns associated with particular wind farms . In other cases there is direct community ownership of wind farm projects . Appropriate government consultation , planning and approval procedures also help to minimize environmental risks . Some may still object to wind farms but , according to The Australia Institute , their concerns should be weighed against the need to address the threats posed by climate change and the opinions of the broader community . In America , wind projects are reported to boost local tax bases , helping to pay for schools , roads and hospitals . Wind projects also revitalize the economy of rural communities by providing steady income to farmers and other landowners . In the UK , both the National Trust and the Campaign to Protect Rural England have expressed concerns about the effects on the rural landscape caused by inappropriately sited wind turbines and wind farms . Some wind farms have become tourist attractions . The Whitelee Wind Farm Visitor Centre has an exhibition room , a learning hub , a café with a viewing deck and also a shop . It is run by the Glasgow Science Centre . In Denmark , a loss @-@ of @-@ value scheme gives people the right to claim compensation for loss of value of their property if it is caused by proximity to a wind turbine . The loss must be at least 1 % of the property 's value . Despite this general support for the concept of wind power in the public at large , local opposition often exists and has delayed or aborted a number of projects . For example , there are concerns that some installations can negatively affect TV and radio reception and Doppler weather radar , as well as produce excessive sound and vibration levels leading to a decrease in property values . Potential broadcast @-@ reception solutions include predictive interference modeling as a component of site selection . A study of 50 @,@ 000 home sales near wind turbines found no statistical evidence that prices were affected . While aesthetic issues are subjective and some find wind farms pleasant and optimistic , or symbols of energy independence and local prosperity , protest groups are often formed to attempt to block new wind power sites for various reasons . This type of opposition is often described as NIMBYism , but research carried out in 2009 found that there is little evidence to support the belief that residents only object to renewable power facilities such as wind turbines as a result of a " Not in my Back Yard " attitude . = = Turbine design = = Main articles : Wind turbine and Wind turbine design . See also : Wind turbine aerodynamics . Wind turbines are devices that convert the wind 's kinetic energy into electrical power . The result of over a millennium of windmill development and modern engineering , today 's wind turbines are manufactured in a wide range of horizontal axis and vertical axis types . The smallest turbines are used for applications such as battery charging for auxiliary power . Slightly larger turbines can be used for making small contributions to a domestic power supply while selling unused power back to the utility supplier via the electrical grid . Arrays of large turbines , known as wind farms , have become an increasingly important source of renewable energy and are used in many countries as part of a strategy to reduce their reliance on fossil fuels . Wind turbine design is the process of defining the form and specifications of a wind turbine to extract energy from the wind . A wind turbine installation consists of the necessary systems needed to capture the wind 's energy , point the turbine into the wind , convert mechanical rotation into electrical power , and other systems to start , stop , and control the turbine . In 1919 the German physicist Albert Betz showed that for a hypothetical ideal wind @-@ energy extraction machine , the fundamental laws of conservation of mass and energy allowed no more than 16 / 27 ( 59 @.@ 3 % ) of the kinetic energy of the wind to be captured . This Betz limit can be approached in modern turbine designs , which may reach 70 to 80 % of the theoretical Betz limit . The aerodynamics of a wind turbine are not straightforward . The air flow at the blades is not the same as the airflow far away from the turbine . The very nature of the way in which energy is extracted from the air also causes air to be deflected by the turbine . In addition the aerodynamics of a wind turbine at the rotor surface exhibit phenomena that are rarely seen in other aerodynamic fields . The shape and dimensions of the blades of the wind turbine are determined by the aerodynamic performance required to efficiently extract energy from the wind , and by the strength required to resist the forces on the blade . In addition to the aerodynamic design of the blades , the design of a complete wind power system must also address the design of the installation 's rotor hub , nacelle , tower structure , generator , controls , and foundation . Further design factors must also be considered when integrating wind turbines into electrical power grids . = = Wind energy = = Wind energy is the kinetic energy of air in motion , also called wind . Total wind energy flowing through an imaginary surface with area A during the time t is : <formula> where ρ is the density of air ; v is the wind speed ; Avt is the volume of air passing through A ( which is considered perpendicular to the direction of the wind ) ; Avtρ is therefore the mass m passing through " A " . Note that ½ ρv2 is the kinetic energy of the moving air per unit volume . Power is energy per unit time , so the wind power incident on A ( e.g. equal to the rotor area of a wind turbine ) is : <formula> Wind power in an open air stream is thus proportional to the third power of the wind speed ; the available power increases eightfold when the wind speed doubles . Wind turbines for grid electricity therefore need to be especially efficient at greater wind speeds . Wind is the movement of air across the surface of the Earth , affected by areas of high pressure and of low pressure . The global wind kinetic energy averaged approximately 1 @.@ 50 MJ / m2 over the period from 1979 to 2010 , 1 @.@ 31 MJ / m2 in the Northern Hemisphere with 1 @.@ 70 MJ / m2 in the Southern Hemisphere . The atmosphere acts as a thermal engine , absorbing heat at higher temperatures , releasing heat at lower temperatures . The process is responsible for production of wind kinetic energy at a rate of 2 @.@ 46 W / m2 sustaining thus the circulation of the atmosphere against frictional dissipation . A global 1 km2 map of wind resources is housed at http : / / irena.masdar.ac.ae / ? map = 103 , based on calculations by the Technical University of Denmark . The total amount of economically extractable power available from the wind is considerably more than present human power use from all sources . Axel Kleidon of the Max Planck Institute in Germany , carried out a " top down " calculation on how much wind energy there is , starting with the incoming solar radiation that drives the winds by creating temperature differences in the atmosphere . He concluded that somewhere between 18 TW and 68 TW could be extracted . Cristina Archer and Mark Z. Jacobson presented a " bottom @-@ up " estimate , which unlike Kleidon 's are based on actual measurements of wind speeds , and found that there is 1700 TW of wind power at an altitude of 100 metres over land and sea . Of this , " between 72 and 170 TW could be extracted in a practical and cost @-@ competitive manner " . They later estimated 80 TW . However research at Harvard University estimates 1 Watt / m2 on average and 2 – 10 MW / km2 capacity for large scale wind farms , suggesting that these estimates of total global wind resources are too high by a factor of about 4 . The strength of wind varies , and an average value for a given location does not alone indicate the amount of energy a wind turbine could produce there . To assess prospective wind power sites a probability distribution function is often fit to the observed wind speed data . Different locations will have different wind speed distributions . The Weibull model closely mirrors the actual distribution of hourly / ten @-@ minute wind speeds at many locations . The Weibull factor is often close to 2 and therefore a Rayleigh distribution can be used as a less accurate , but simpler model . = = Gallery = =
= History of the National Hockey League = The history of the National Hockey League begins with the end of its predecessor league , the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) , in 1917 . After unsuccessfully attempting to resolve disputes with Eddie Livingstone , owner of the Toronto Blueshirts , executives of the three other NHA franchises suspended the NHA , and formed the National Hockey League ( NHL ) , replacing the Livingstone team with a temporary team in Toronto , the Arenas . The NHL 's first quarter @-@ century saw the league compete against two rival major leagues — the Pacific Coast Hockey Association and Western Canada Hockey League — for players and the Stanley Cup . The NHL first expanded into the United States in 1924 with the founding of the Boston Bruins , and by 1926 consisted of ten teams in Ontario , Quebec , the Great Lakes region , and the Northeastern United States . At the same time , the NHL emerged as the only major league and the sole competitor for the Stanley Cup ; in 1947 , the NHL completed a deal with the Stanley Cup trustees to gain full control of the Cup . The NHL 's footprint spread across Canada as Foster Hewitt 's radio broadcasts were heard coast @-@ to @-@ coast starting in 1933 . The Great Depression and World War II reduced the league to six teams , later known as the " Original Six " , by 1942 . Maurice Richard became the first player to score 50 goals in a season in 1944 – 45 , and ten years later , Richard was suspended for assaulting a linesman , leading to the Richard Riot . Gordie Howe made his debut in 1946 , and retired 35 seasons later as the NHL 's all @-@ time leader in goals and points . " China Clipper " Larry Kwong becomes the first non @-@ white player in the league , breaking the NHL colour barrier in 1948 , when he played for the New York Rangers . Willie O 'Ree broke the NHL 's black colour barrier when he suited up for the Bruins in 1958 . In 1959 , Jacques Plante became the first goaltender to regularly use a mask for protection . The Original Six era ended in 1967 when the NHL doubled in size by adding six new expansion teams . The six existing teams were formed into the newly created East Division , while the expansion teams were formed into the West Division . The NHL continued to expand , adding another six teams , to total 18 by 1974 . This continued expansion was partially brought about by the NHL 's attempts to compete with the World Hockey Association , which operated from 1972 until 1979 and sought to compete with the NHL for markets and players . Bobby Hull was the most famous player to defect to the rival league , signing a $ 2 @.@ 75 million contract with the Winnipeg Jets . The NHL became involved in international play in the mid @-@ 1970s , starting with the Summit Series in 1972 which pitted the top Canadian players of the NHL against the top players in the Soviet Union , which was won by Canada with four wins , three losses , and a tie . Eventually , Soviet @-@ Bloc players streamed into the NHL with the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989 . When the WHA ceased operations in 1979 , the NHL absorbed four of the league 's teams , which brought the NHL to 21 teams , a figure that remained constant until the San Jose Sharks were added as an expansion franchise in 1991 . Since then , the league has grown from 22 teams in 1992 to 30 today as the NHL spread its footprint across the United States . The league has withstood major labour conflicts in 1994 – 95 and 2004 – 05 , the latter of which saw the entire 2004 – 05 NHL season canceled , the first time in North American history that a league has canceled an entire season in a labour dispute . Wayne Gretzky passed Gordie Howe as the NHL 's all @-@ time leading scorer in 1994 when he scored his 802nd career goal . Mario Lemieux overcame non @-@ Hodgkin lymphoma to finish his NHL career with over 1 @,@ 700 points and two Stanley Cup championships . Increased use of defence @-@ focused systems helped cause scoring to fall in the late 1990s , leading some to argue that the NHL 's talent pool had been diluted by 1990s expansion . In 1998 , the NHL began awarding teams a single point for losing in overtime , hoping to reduce the number of tie games ; after the 2004 – 05 lockout , it eliminated the tie altogether , introducing the shootout to ensure that each game has a winner . = = Background and founding = = The first attempts to regulate competitive ice hockey matches came in the late 1880s . Before then , teams competed in tournaments and infrequent challenge contests that prevailed in the Canadian sports world at the time . In 1887 , four clubs from Montreal formed the Amateur Hockey Association of Canada ( AHAC ) and developed a structured schedule . In 1892 , Lord Stanley donated the Stanley Cup to be symbolic of the Canadian championship and appointed Philip Dansken Ross and Sheriff John Sweetland as its trustees . It was awarded to the AHAC champion Montreal Hockey Club and thereafter awarded to the league champions , or to any pre @-@ approved team that won it in a challenge . In 1904 , the International Hockey League ( IHL ) , based around Lake Michigan , was created as the first fully professional league , which lasted for two seasons . In recruiting players , the IHL caused an " Athletic War " that drained amateur clubs of top players , most noticeably in the Ontario Hockey Association ( OHA ) . In the 1905 – 06 season , the Eastern Canada Amateur Hockey Association ( ECAHA ) was formed , which mixed paid and amateur players in its rosters , which led to the demise of the IHL . Bidding wars for players led many ECAHA teams to lose money , and it eventually folded on November 25 , 1909 . As a result of the dissolution of the ECAHA , two leagues were formed — the Canadian Hockey Association ( CHA ) and the National Hockey Association ( NHA ) . Since the NHA 's owners were notable , wealthy businessmen , the CHA did not complete a season , as the NHA easily recruited the top players , and interest in the CHA teams faded . By 1914 , the rival Pacific Coast Hockey Association ( PCHA ) league was launched and the NHA champion would play off each season against the PCHA champion for the Stanley Cup , ending the challenge era . The National Hockey League came into existence with the suspension of the NHA in 1917 . After unsuccessfully resolving disputes with Eddie Livingstone , owner of the Toronto Blueshirts , executives of the three other NHA franchises — the Montreal Canadiens , Montreal Wanderers and Ottawa Senators — suspended the NHA , and formed the NHL , replacing Livingstone 's team with a temporary team in Toronto , the Arenas . While new , the NHL was a continuation of the NHA . The NHL adopted the NHA 's constitution , its rules , playing with six men to a side rather than the then @-@ traditional seven and the NHA 's split @-@ season schedule . The owners originally intended the NHL to only operate for one season . However , the NHA was suspended permanently in 1918 and ceased to be an organisation in 1920 . In 1921 , the NHA championship trophy O 'Brien Cup was adopted as the championship trophy of the NHL . = = 1917 – 1942 : Founding = = = = = Early years = = = One of the NHL 's first superstars was the prolific goal @-@ scorer Joe Malone , who scored 44 goals in 20 games in the NHL 's first season , of which five were netted on the NHL 's opening night . He also set the record for the most goals in a game that season , with seven . Six games into the season , the Montreal Wanderers were forced to permanently withdraw from the league , as a fire left them without an arena . In the 1918 – 19 season , the Montreal Canadiens faced the Seattle Metropolitans of the PCHA for the Stanley Cup amid the Spanish influenza pandemic . The series was called off after five games when numerous players became ill ; one , Joe Hall of the Canadiens , died a few weeks later . During the early 1920s , the NHL faced competition for players from two other major leagues : the PCHA and the Western Canada Hockey League ( WCHL ) . As a result , ice hockey players were among the best paid athletes in North America . By the mid @-@ 1920s , the NHL emerged as the sole major league in North America ; the PCHA and WCHL having merged in 1924 , only to disband two years later . The Victoria Cougars are the last non @-@ NHL team to win and challenge the Stanley Cup , having defeated the Canadiens in 1925 , and lost to the Montreal Maroons in 1926 , respectively . The NHL continued to expand , adding the Maroons and its first American team , the Boston Bruins in 1924 , getting up to 10 teams by 1926 . Defence dominated the NHL , and in the 1928 – 29 season , Canadiens goaltender George Hainsworth set what remains a league record with 22 shutouts in 44 games . In response , the NHL began to allow forward passing in the offensive zone , which caused the offense to increase by approximately 2 @.@ 5 times ; to stem the tide , the NHL introduced the offside rule , which prevents offensive players to enter the opponent 's zone before the puck crosses the " blue line " . Livingstone continued to press claims in court throughout the 1920s , going as far as the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in London , England . In early 1927 , the Toronto franchise was sold to Conn Smythe , who renamed it to the Maple Leafs , and successfully promised to win the Stanley Cup in five years . He built the Maple Leaf Gardens , which included radio broadcaster Foster Hewitt 's famous broadcast booth , affectionately referred to as a " gondola " . On December 13 , 1933 , Eddie Shore charged Ace Bailey causing a severe skull fracture , following what Shore thought was a check from Bailey , but was actually made by King Clancy . Despite the grim prognosis ( newspapers printed his obituary ) , Bailey survived , but never played a game . The Maple Leafs hosted the Ace Bailey All @-@ Star Benefit Game , which raised over $ 20 @,@ 000 for Bailey and his family . = = = Great Depression = = = While Conn Smythe was able to successfully build a new arena , numerous other teams experienced financial difficulties . With the folding of the Philadelphia Quakers ( originally the Pittsburgh Pirates ) and the St. Louis Eagles ( originally the Ottawa Senators ) , the NHL was reduced to eight teams starting in the 1935 – 36 season . The Montreal Canadiens narrowly escaped a move to Cleveland , Ohio , before a syndicate of Montreal businessmen bought the team . Montreal 's financial troubles forced them to sell popular player Howie Morenz . When Morenz scored against the Canadiens on the last day of the 1935 season , Montreal fans voiced their opinion , giving him a standing ovation . Morenz was eventually re @-@ acquired by Montreal , and on January 28 , 1937 , Morenz 's skate became caught in the ice during a play . He suffered a broken leg in four places , and died on March 8 of a coronary embolism ; 50 @,@ 000 people filed past Morenz 's casket at centre ice of the Montreal Forum to pay their last respects . A benefit game held in November 1937 raised $ 20 @,@ 000 for Morenz 's family as the NHL All @-@ Stars defeated the Montreal Canadiens 6 – 5 . In the mid @-@ 1930s , Chicago Black Hawks owner and staunch American nationalist Frederic McLaughlin commanded his general manager to compile a team of only American players ; at the time , Taffy Abel was the only American @-@ born player who was a regular player in the league . With eight out of 14 players Americans , the Black Hawks won only 14 of 48 games . In the playoffs , however , the Hawks upset the Canadiens , New York Americans , and the Maple Leafs to become the only team in NHL history to win the Stanley Cup despite a losing regular @-@ season record . In the 1942 Stanley Cup Finals , the heavily favoured Toronto Maple Leafs were facing an upset , having fallen 3 – 0 in the seven @-@ game series to the fifth @-@ place Detroit Red Wings . Toronto rebounded , and won the next four games to capture the Stanley Cup , becoming the first of four teams in the NHL to come back from a 3 – 0 series deficit and the only team to accomplish that in the Stanley Cup Finals . Prior to the 1938 – 39 season , the Montreal Maroons folded due to financial difficulties , while the New York Americans suffered a similar fate prior to the 1942 – 43 season . With the league reduced to six teams , the " Original Six " era began . The league was nearly reduced to five teams before the following season , as World War II had ravaged the rosters of many teams to such an extent that teams battled each other for players . With only five returning players from the previous season , New York Rangers general manager Lester Patrick suggested suspending his team 's play for the duration of the war but was persuaded otherwise . = = 1942 – 1967 : Original Six = = = = = Post @-@ war period = = = In February 1943 , league President Frank Calder collapsed during a meeting , dying shortly after . Red Dutton agreed to take over as president after receiving assurances from the league that the Brooklyn franchise he had operated would resume play after the war . When the other team owners reneged on this promise in 1946 , Dutton resigned as league president . With Dutton 's recommendation , Clarence Campbell was named president of the NHL in 1946 . He remained in that role until his retirement in 1977 . For the first 21 years of his presidency , the same six teams ( located in Boston , Chicago , Detroit , Montreal , New York , and Toronto ) competed for the Stanley Cup and that period has been called the " golden age of hockey " . The NHL featured increasingly intense rivalries coupled with rule innovations that opened up the game . The first official All @-@ Star Game took place at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto on October 13 , 1947 to raise money for the newly created NHL Pension Society . The NHL All @-@ Stars defeated the Toronto Maple Leafs 4 – 3 and raised C $ 25 @,@ 000 for the pension fund . The 1940s Canadiens were led by the " Punch line " of Elmer Lach , Toe Blake and Maurice " Rocket " Richard . In 1944 – 45 , Lach , Richard and Blake finished first , second and third in the NHL 's scoring race with 80 , 73 and 67 points respectively . It was Richard who became the focus of the media and fans as he attempted to score 50 goals in a 50 @-@ game season , a feat no other player had accomplished in league history . Richard scored his 50th goal in Boston at 17 : 45 of the third period of Montreal 's final game of the season . On March 13 , 1948 , Larry Kwong , the " China Clipper " , becomes the first non @-@ white player in the NHL , breaking the colour barrier . He suited up for the New York Rangers against the Montreal Canadiens at the Montreal Forum . In March 1955 , Richard was suspended for the remainder of the season , including the playoffs , after he received a match penalty for slashing Boston 's Hal Laycoe then punching a linesman who attempted to intervene . The suspension touched off a wave of anger towards league president Clarence Campbell , who was warned not to attend a scheduled game in Montreal after receiving numerous death threats , mainly from French @-@ Canadians accusing him of anti @-@ French bias . Campbell dismissed the warnings , and attended the March 17 game as planned . His presence at the game was perceived by many fans as a provocation and he was booed and pelted with eggs and fruit . An hour into the game , a fan lobbed a tear @-@ gas bomb in Campbell 's direction , and firefighters decided to clear the building . Fans leaving the game and a growing mob of angry demonstrators rioted outside of the Montreal Forum , which became known as l 'affaire Richard , or the Richard Riot . Richard became the first player to score 500 career goals on October 19 , 1957 . He retired in 1960 as an eight @-@ time Stanley Cup champion , as well as the NHL 's all @-@ time leading scorer with 544 goals . In the fall of 1951 , Maple Leafs owner Conn Smythe watched special television feeds of games in an attempt to determine whether it would be a suitable medium for broadcasting hockey games . Television already had its detractors within the NHL , especially in Campbell . In 1952 , even though only 10 % of Canadians owned a television set , the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation ( CBC ) began televising games . On November 1 , 1952 , Hockey Night in Canada was first broadcast on television , with Foster Hewitt calling the action between the Leafs and Bruins at Maple Leaf Gardens . The broadcasts quickly became the highest @-@ rated show on Canadian television . Campbell feared televised hockey would cause people to stop attending games in person , but Smythe felt the opposite . CBS first broadcast hockey games in the United States in the 1956 – 57 season as an experiment . Amazed with the initial popularity of the broadcasts , it inaugurated a 21 @-@ game package of games the following year . The NHL itself adapted to be viewer @-@ friendly . In 1949 , the league mandated that the ice surface be painted white to make the puck easier to see . On January 18 , 1958 , Willie O 'Ree joined the Bruins as an injury call @-@ up for a game in Montreal . In doing so he became the first black player in the NHL . Clint Benedict was the first goaltender to wear facial protection , donning it in 1930 to protect a broken nose . He quickly abandoned his mask as its design interfered with his vision . Twenty @-@ nine years later , on November 1 , 1959 , in a game against New York Rangers Jacques Plante made the goaltender mask a permanent fixture in hockey . The first players ' union was formed February 12 , 1957 by Red Wings player Ted Lindsay who had sat on the board of the NHL 's Pension Society since 1952 . Lindsay and his fellow players were upset by the league 's refusal to let them view the books related to the pension fund . The league claimed that it could not contribute more than it did but the players on the Pension Committee suspected otherwise . The idea quickly gained popularity and when the union 's founding was announced publicly , nearly every NHL player had signed up . Led by Alan Eagleson , the National Hockey League Players ' Association ( NHLPA ) was formed in 1967 and it quickly received acceptance from the owners . = = = Dynasties = = = The Original Six era was a period of dynasties . The Toronto Maple Leafs won the Stanley Cup five times between 1944 – 45 and 1950 – 51 . In the 1951 Stanley Cup Finals , the Maple Leafs defeated the Canadiens four games to one in the only final in NHL history when all games were decided in overtime . Beginning in 1948 – 49 , the Red Wings won seven consecutive regular season titles , a feat that no other team has accomplished . During that time , the Wings won four Stanley Cups . It was during the 1952 Stanley Cup Finals that the Legend of the Octopus was created . Brothers Pete and Jerry Cusimano brought a dead octopus to the Detroit Olympia for the fourth game of the finals . They hoped that the octopus would inspire Detroit to an eighth game victory . Detroit went on to defeat Montreal 3 – 0 and the tradition was born . The Red Wings faced the Canadiens in the Stanley Cup Finals in three consecutive seasons between 1954 and 1956 . Detroit won the first two match @-@ ups , but Montreal captured the 1956 Stanley Cup , ending one dynasty and starting another . The Canadiens won five consecutive championships between 1956 and 1960 , a feat no other team has duplicated . The Original Six era ended with the 1967 Stanley Cup Finals between the two @-@ time defending champion Canadiens , and the Maple Leafs . The Maple Leafs finished the era by winning the Cup four times between 1962 and 1967 , their 1967 championship is the last Maple Leafs title to date . The Chicago Blackhawks , who won in 1961 , are the only other team to win the Stanley Cup during this period . = = 1967 – 1992 : Expansion era = = = = = Expansion years = = = In 1963 , Rangers governor William Jennings introduced to his peers the idea of expanding the league to the American West Coast by adding two new teams for the 1964 – 65 season . While the governors did not agree to the proposal , the topic of expansion came up every time the owners met from then on out . In 1965 , it was decided to expand by six teams , doubling the size of the NHL . In February 1966 , the governors met and decided to award franchises to Los Angeles , Minnesota , Philadelphia , Pittsburgh , Oakland and St. Louis . The league rejected bids from Baltimore , Buffalo and Vancouver . In Canada , there was widespread outrage over the denial of an expansion team to Vancouver in 1967 ; three years later , the NHL awarded a franchise to Vancouver , which formerly played in the Western Hockey League , for the 1970 – 71 season , along with the Buffalo Sabres . On January 13 , 1968 , North Stars ' rookie Bill Masterton became the first , and to date , only player to die as a result of injuries suffered during an NHL game . Early in a game against Oakland , Masterton was checked hard by two players causing him to flip over backwards and land on his head . Masterton was rushed to hospital with massive head injuries , and died there two days later . The National Hockey League Writers Association presented the league with the Bill Masterton Memorial Trophy later in the season . Following Masterton 's death , players slowly began wearing helmets , and starting in the 1979 – 80 season , the league mandated all players entering the league wear them . In the 1968 – 69 season , third @-@ year defenceman Bobby Orr scored 21 goals to set an NHL record for goals by a defenceman en route to winning his first of eight consecutive Norris Trophies as the league 's top defenceman . At the same time , Orr 's teammate , Phil Esposito , became the first player in league history to score 100 points in a season , finishing with 126 points . A gifted scorer , Orr revolutionized defencemen 's impact on the offensive part of the game , as blue @-@ liners began to be judged on how well they created goals in addition to how well they prevented them . Orr twice won the Art Ross Trophy as the NHL 's leading scorer , the only defenceman in NHL history to do so . Chronic knee problems plagued Orr throughout his career ; he played 12 seasons in the NHL before injuries forced his retirement in 1978 . Orr finished with 270 goals and 915 points in 657 games , and he won the Hart Memorial Trophy as league Most Valuable Player thrice . The 1970 – 71 NHL season was the 54th season of the National Hockey League . Two new teams , the Buffalo Sabres and Vancouver Canucks made their debuts and were both put into the East Division . The Chicago Black Hawks were moved to the West Division . The Montreal Canadiens won the Stanley Cup by beating the Black Hawks in seven games in the finals . The 1970s were associated with aggressive , and often violent play . Known as the " Broad Street Bullies " , the Philadelphia Flyers are the most famous example of this mindset . The Flyers established league records for penalty minutes — Dave " the Hammer " Schultz ' total of 472 in 1974 – 75 remains a league record . They captured the 1974 Stanley Cup , becoming the first expansion team to win the league championship . = = = World Hockey Association = = = In 1972 , the NHL faced competition from the newly formed World Hockey Association ( WHA ) . The WHA lured many players away from the NHL . The WHA 's biggest coup was to lure Bobby Hull from the Black Hawks to play for the Winnipeg Jets . He signed a $ 2 @.@ 75 million contract , and lent instant credibility to the new league . After Hull signed , several other players quickly followed suit and the NHL suddenly found itself in a war for talent . By the time the 1972 – 73 WHA season began , 67 players had switched from the NHL to the WHA . The NHL also found itself competing with the WHA for markets . Initially , the league had no intention to expand past 14 teams , but the threat the WHA represented caused the league to change its plans . The league hastily announced the creation of the New York Islanders and Atlanta Flames as 1972 expansion teams . Following the 1972 – 73 season , the NHL announced it was further expanding to 18 @-@ teams for the 1974 – 75 season , adding the Kansas City Scouts and Washington Capitals . In just eight years , the NHL had tripled in size to 18 teams . By 1976 , both leagues were dealing with serious financial problems . Talk of a merger between the NHL and the WHA was growing . In 1976 , for the first time in four decades , the NHL approved franchise relocations ; the Scouts moved after just two years in Kansas City to Denver to become the Colorado Rockies , while the California Golden Seals became the Cleveland Barons . Two years later , after failed overtures about merging the Barons with Washington and Vancouver , the Barons merged with the Minnesota North Stars , reducing the NHL to 17 teams for 1978 – 79 . The move towards a merger picked up in 1977 when John Ziegler succeeded Clarence Campbell as NHL president . The WHA folded following the 1978 – 79 season , while the Edmonton Oilers , Hartford Whalers , Quebec Nordiques and Winnipeg Jets joined the NHL as expansion teams , which brought the league up to 21 teams , a constant until 1991 . The merger brought Gordie Howe back to the NHL for one final season in 1979 – 80 , during which he brought his NHL career total to 801 goals and 1 @,@ 850 points . It was also the last season for the Atlanta Flames . The team averaged only 9 @,@ 800 fans in attendance and lost over $ 2 million . They were sold for a record $ 16 million , and relocated north to become the Calgary Flames in 1980 – 81 . Two years later , the Rockies were sold for $ 30 million , and left Denver to become the New Jersey Devils for the 1982 – 83 season . = = = More dynasties = = = Although the league expanded from six to 21 teams , dynasties still prevailed in the NHL . The Montreal Canadiens won four consecutive Stanley Cups starting in 1975 @-@ 76 . In 1980 , the New York Islanders won their first of four consecutive Stanley Cups . The Islanders dominated both the regular season and the playoffs with the likes of Billy Smith , Mike Bossy , Denis Potvin , and Bryan Trottier . In 1981 , Bossy became the first player to score 50 goals in 50 games since Maurice Richard accomplished that feat in 1945 . In 1982 – 83 , the Edmonton Oilers won the regular season championship . The Oilers were led by Wayne Gretzky , who remained with the Oilers when they joined the NHL in 1979 . He scored 137 points in 1979 – 80 and won the first of nine Hart Trophies as the NHL 's most valuable player . Over the next several seasons , Gretzky established new highs in goals scored in a season , with 92 in the 1981 – 82 season ; in assists , with 163 in the 1985 – 86 ; and in total points , with 215 in 1985 – 86 . Gretzky also set the record for scoring 50 goals in the fewest number of games , achieving the mark in 39 games . The Islanders and Oilers met in the Finals as New York swept Edmonton for their last Stanley Cup . The following season , the Oilers and Islanders met again in the playoffs . The Oilers won the rematch in five games , marking the start of another dynasty . Led by Gretzky and Mark Messier , the Oilers won five Stanley Cup championships between 1984 and 1990 . On August 9 , 1988 , Oilers owner Peter Pocklington , in financial trouble , traded Gretzky to the Los Angeles Kings . Gretzky 's trade to the Kings popularized ice hockey in the United States . With the Kings , Gretzky broke Gordie Howe 's record for the most career points . Mario Lemieux led Pittsburgh to Stanley Cups in 1990 – 91 and 1991 – 92 . A gifted forward , he won six Art Ross Trophies as the league 's leading scorer and he scored 199 points in 1988 – 89 , becoming the second highest single @-@ season point scorer behind Gretzky . Lemieux 's career was plagued by health issues , including non @-@ Hodgkin lymphoma , and he retired in 1997 . In 2000 he returned and finished his NHL career in 2006 with more than 1 @,@ 700 points . = = = Fall of the Iron Curtain = = = The NHL became first involved in international play in the mid @-@ 1970s , starting with the Summit Series in 1972 which pitted the top Canadian players of the NHL against the top players in the Soviet Union . With the eight @-@ game series tied at three wins apiece and a tie , Paul Henderson scooped up a rebound and put it past Soviet goaltender Vladislav Tretiak with 34 seconds left in the eighth and final game to score the series @-@ winning goal . While European @-@ born players were a part of the NHL since its founding , it was still rare to see them in the NHL until 1980 , although the WHA employed a number of them . Borje Salming was the first European star in the NHL and Finns Jari Kurri and Esa Tikkanen helped lead the Oilers dynasty of the 1980s . The WHA opened the door , and players slowly joined the NHL , but those behind the Iron Curtain were restricted from following suit . In 1980 , Peter Stastny , his wife , and his brother Anton secretly fled Czechoslovakia with the aid of Nordiques owner Marcel Aubut . The Stastnys ' defection made international headlines , and contributed to the first wave of Europeans ' entrance into the NHL . Hoping that they would one day be permitted to play in the NHL , teams drafted Soviet players in the 1980s , 27 in all by the 1988 draft ; however , defection was the only way such players could play in the NHL . Shortly before the end of the 1988 – 89 regular season , Flames general manager Cliff Fletcher announced that he had reached an agreement with Soviet authorities that allowed Sergei Pryakhin to play in North America . It was the first time a member of the Soviet national team was permitted to leave the Soviet Union . Shortly after , Soviet players began to flood into the NHL . Teams anticipated that there would be an influx of Soviet players in the 1990s , as 18 Soviets were selected in the 1989 NHL Entry Draft . = = 1992 – present : Modern era = = = = = Southward expansion ( 1992 @-@ 2000 ) = = = The 21 @-@ team era ended in 1990 , when the league revealed ambitious plans to double league revenues from $ 400 million within a decade and bring the NHL to 28 franchises during that period . The NHL quickly announced three new teams : The San Jose Sharks , who began play in the 1991 – 92 season , and the Ottawa Senators and Tampa Bay Lightning , who followed a year later . The Lightning made NHL history when goaltender Manon Rheaume played a period of an exhibition game , September 23 , 1992 . In doing so , Rheaume became the first woman to play in an NHL game . One year later , the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim and Florida Panthers began play as the NHL 's 25th and 26th franchises respectively . The two new franchises were granted as part of the NHL 's attempts at regaining a network television presence by expanding throughout the American south . The NHL 's southward push continued in 1993 as the Minnesota North Stars moved to Dallas , Texas to become the Dallas Stars . In 1994 , the players were locked out by the owners because of a lack of a Collective Bargaining Agreement ( CBA ) . The 1994 – 95 NHL lockout lasted 104 days and resulted in the season 's being shortened from a planned 84 games to 48 . The owners insisted on a salary cap , changes to free agency and arbitration in the hopes of limiting escalating salaries , the union instead proposed a luxury tax system . Just as the entire season seemed to be lost , an 11th @-@ hour deal was agreed on . The owners failed to achieve a full salary cap but the deal was initially hailed as a win for the owners . The deal was not enough to save two teams in Canada 's smallest NHL markets . The revenue disparity between large and small market teams , exacerbated by the falling value of the Canadian Dollar , forced the Quebec Nordiques to move to Denver and become the Colorado Avalanche in 1995 ; the Winnipeg Jets relocated to Phoenix , Arizona , becoming the Coyotes , the next year . The Hartford Whalers followed , moving to Greensboro , NC and becoming the Carolina Hurricanes in 1997 . The NHL continued its expansion into cities in the Southern United States . In 1998 , the Nashville Predators joined the league , followed by the Atlanta Thrashers the following year . To further market their players , the NHL decided to have its players play in the Winter Olympics , starting in 1998 , at the Nagano Games . In 2000 , the league added two franchises , boosting the total number to 30 . The NHL returned to Minnesota with the Wild and added the Blue Jackets in Columbus , Ohio . = = = 2004 – 05 lockout = = = By 2004 , the owners were claiming that player salaries had grown far faster than revenues , and that the league as a whole lost over US $ 300 million in 2002 – 03 . As a result , on September 15 , 2004 Gary Bettman announced that the owners again locked the players out before the start of the 2004 – 05 season . On February 16 , 2005 , Bettman announced the cancellation of the entire season . As with the 1994 – 95 lockout , the owners were again demanding a salary cap , which the players were unwilling to consider until the season was on the verge of being lost . The season 's cancellation led to a revolt within the union . NHLPA president Trevor Linden and senior director Ted Saskin took charge of negotiations from executive director Bob Goodenow . By early July , the two sides had agreed to a new collective bargaining agreement . The deal featured a hard salary cap , linked to a fixed percentage of league revenues and a 24 % rollback on salaries . = = = 21st century = = = Hoping to reduce the number of tie games during the regular season , the NHL decided that beginning in the 1999 – 2000 season , in any game tied after regulation time , both teams would be guaranteed one point , while the team that won in overtime would earn a second point . The Edmonton Oilers hosted the NHL 's first regular season outdoor hockey game , the Heritage Classic on November 22 , 2003 . The game against the Canadiens was held at Commonwealth Stadium before a then @-@ record crowd of 57 @,@ 167 fans who endured temperatures as low as − 18 degrees Celsius ( 0 degrees Fahrenheit ) . In the 2005 – 06 season , the NHL eliminated tie games , as the shootout was introduced to decide all regular season games tied after the five @-@ minute overtime period . The shootout was one of several rule changes made in 2005 , as the league attempted to open the game up after the lockout . One of the most controversial changes was the league 's zero @-@ tolerance policy on obstruction penalties . The league hoped that the game could be opened up if it cracked down on " clutching and grabbing " . The tighter regulations have met with numerous complaints about the legitimacy of some calls , that players are diving to draw penalties , and that officials are not calling enough penalties . The changes initially led to a sharp increase in scoring . Teams combined to score 6 @.@ 1 goals per game in 2005 – 06 , more than a full goal per game higher than in the 2003 – 04 season . This represented the highest increase in offence since 1929 – 30 . However , scoring has rapidly declined since , approaching pre @-@ lockout totals in 2007 – 08 . In the 2005 – 06 season , rookies Alexander Ovechkin and Sidney Crosby began their careers . In their first three seasons , they each won both the Art Ross and Hart trophies ; Crosby in 2007 , and Ovechkin in 2008 . The success of the Heritage Classic led to the scheduling of more outdoor games . The Sabres hosted the 2008 NHL Winter Classic on New Year 's Day 2008 , losing to the Pittsburgh Penguins in a shootout before a crowd of 71 @,@ 217 at Ralph Wilson Stadium . The second Winter Classic was held January 1 , 2009 at Wrigley Field in Chicago between the Blackhawks and Red Wings . The third NHL Winter Classic was held in Fenway Park on January 1 , 2010 , between the Boston Bruins and the Philadelphia Flyers . The home team Bruins won . Two clubs still experienced financial problems , however . The Phoenix Coyotes eventually filed for bankruptcy in May 2009 . The league then took control over the team later that year in order to stabilize the club 's operations , with the hopes of eventually reselling it to a new owner who would be committed to stay in the Phoenix market . The league did not find a satisfactory buyer for the Coyotes until 2013 . The financially struggling Atlanta Thrashers were eventually sold to True North Sports and Entertainment in 2011 , who then relocated the team to Winnipeg , a stark reversal of the league 's Southward expansion more than a decade earlier . The NHL again entered lockout in 2012 , cancelling the first 526 games , about 43 % of the season , until at least December 30 , 2012 . Just after 5 am on January 6 , 2013 , after approximately 16 continuous hours of negotiating , the NHL and the player 's union reached a tentative deal on a new collective bargaining agreement to end the lockout . The first games of the season were held on January 19 . = = Timeline = =
= Nadia Ali = Nadia Ali ( Urdu : نادیہ علی , born 3 August 1980 ) is a Pakistani American singer and songwriter . Ali gained prominence in 2001 as the frontwoman and songwriter of the band iiO after their first debut single " Rapture " reached No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart . The song also charted across several countries in Europe . Their 2006 single , " Is It Love ? " , reached the top of the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play Chart . After embarking on a solo career in 2005 , Ali became a vocalist in electronic dance music . She released her debut album Embers in 2009 . Three singles from the album reached the top @-@ ten of the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play Chart , including the No. 1 hit , " Love Story " . In 2010 , she released a remix compilation titled Queen of Clubs Trilogy to mark her decade @-@ long career as a singer . " Rapture " was re @-@ released as the only single from the compilation and the song was once again a chart success in Europe . Ali released the single " Pressure " with Starkillers and Alex Kenji in 2011 , which became a club and festival anthem and received an International Dance Music Award . In 2012 , she collaborated with BT and Arty on the single " Must Be The Love " = = Life and career = = = = = 1980 – 2005 : Early life and iiO = = = Nadia Ali was born in Tripoli , Libya to Pakistani parents in 1980 . The family relocated when she was five years old and she was subsequently raised in Queens , New York . Ali started working in the New York offices of Versace when she was 17 . A colleague from Versace introduced her to producer Markus Moser , who was looking for a female @-@ singer ( or " chanteuse " ) to collaborate on some of his original productions for a girl group in Germany . The two teamed up with Moser working on production , while Ali wrote the lyrics and vocals for the songs . Her first song was the single " Rapture " , which she wrote in 30 minutes based on an encounter with an Australian nightclub patron . A demo of the song was first played at the New York club Twilo in 2001 and received early support from influential DJ Pete Tong who played the demo on his show on BBC Radio 1 . The song eventually became an Ibiza favourite after support from prominent D.J.s such as Sasha , Danny Tenaglia and Sander Kleinenberg during the summer season . Released in late 2001 by Ministry of Sound , the single became a commercial success peaking at No. 2 on UK Singles Chart and Billboard 's Hot Dance Club Play Chart , while charting in several countries in Europe . The success of " Rapture " , Ali said , caused the formation of iiO as the music they were initially working on was quite different from dance music and were asked to come up with a project name to promote the single . They originally named themselves Vaiio after the Sony VAIO laptop Ali used to write the lyrics on . The duo toured internationally and released several more singles , including " At the End " , " Runaway " , " Smooth " , and " Kiss You " . Their first studio album , Poetica followed in 2005 . Ali left the group in 2005 to pursue a solo career , while Moser continued to release iiO material featuring her on vocals . Most notably , these releases include the 2006 single " Is It Love ? " , which reached No. 1 in America on the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play Chart , the 2007 remix album Reconstruction Time : The Best Of iiO Remixed and the 2011 studio album Exit 110 . = = = 2006 – 09 : Embers = = = Ali started working on her debut solo album soon after leaving iiO , a process which took her four years . Her first solo release was the 2006 single , " Who is Watching ? " , a collaboration with Dutch DJ Armin van Buuren , which appeared on his album Shivers . This was followed by " Something to Lose " in 2006 , a duet with singer Rosko , produced by John Creamer & Stephane K and released by Ultra Records . The track was licensed to Roger Sanchez 's Release Yourself , Vol . 5 , as well as Sharam Tayebi of Deep Dish for his Global Underground debut Dubai . In June 2008 , she released " Crash and Burn " , the first single from her solo album . The single became a club success peaking at No. 6 on Billboard 's Hot Dance Club Play Chart . She released the second single , " Love Story " from the as @-@ yet untitled album in February 2009 . It topped Billboard Hot Dance Club Play Chart in April 2009 and was nominated for the Best Progressive / House Track at the 2010 International Dance Music Awards at the Winter Music Conference . Ali was featured on MTV Iggy in March 2009 , where she recorded three live acoustic videos , performing " Rapture " , " Crash and Burn " and " Love Story " . The third single " Fine Print " was released in July 2009 . Ali announced that the single preceded the release of her debut solo album Embers . The single peaked at No. 4 on Billboard 's Hot Dance Club Play Chart . Embers was released in September 2009 . Co @-@ produced by Sultan & Ned Shepard , Alex Sayz and Scott Fritz , Ali self @-@ released the album on her own label , Smile in Bed Records . Embers generally received positive reviews , Chase Gran from About.com called it a " well rounded , gourmet album with impressive songs " . Gail Navarro from Racket magazine complimented Ali on her songwriting saying , " It wasn ’ t just her sultry sound mixed in together with that enchanting singing voice ; her songwriting got me hook , line and sinker " . Speaking about the self @-@ release of the album , she has cited her creative independence and the pressure of deadlines as the main reasons why she created her own record label . Ali released two collaborations in 2009 , the first " Better Run " with Tocadisco was released on his album TOCA 128 @.@ 0 FM and " 12 Wives In Tehran " with Serge Devant was released on his album Wanderer . = = = 2010 – 11 : Queen of Clubs Trilogy = = = Ali 's first release in 2010 was the track " Try " , a collaboration with German producer Schiller , chosen as the lead single from his album Atemlos , the music video premiered on YouTube in February 2010 . In April 2010 , Ali released " Fantasy " , the fourth single from Embers . The track was chosen as a single by her fans after a poll conducted by Ali on her Facebook page . The music video for " Fantasy " was set to the Morgan Page remix , which served as a prologue to Ali 's next project ; Queen of Clubs Trilogy : The Best of Nadia Ali Remixed . The package was broken into three releases : Ruby Edition ( August 2010 ) , Onyx Edition ( October 2010 ) and Diamond Edition ( December 2010 ) . It featured collaborations with , and remixes by , Armin van Buuren , Gareth Emery and Avicii amongst several other prominent DJs and producers . I think the fact that it ( electronic dance music ) is mostly male dominated makes females stand out that much more if they are driven enough . I believe anything is possible with hard work . – Nadia Ali With a decade @-@ long career , MTV described Ali as one of the " enduring empresses " of electronic dance music and the Queen of Clubs Trilogy as " aptly titled " . Noted for being the " definitive " and " unmistakable " voice of dance music , she is said to have " enriched " and " invigorated " the genre . Ali has gone on to become an oft @-@ requested collaborator by DJs and producers . She was praised for acquiring notability in a male and DJ @-@ dominated genre where vocalists serve as supporting acts . She said this was a double @-@ edged sword as she was also treated as competition by DJs . In December 2010 , she received her first Grammy nomination when the Morgan Page remix of " Fantasy " was nominated in the Best Remixed Recording , Non @-@ Classical category . Her first track with iiO , " Rapture " was re @-@ released as a single from Queen of Clubs Trilogy with remixes by Tristan Garner , Gareth Emery and Avicii . A new music video for the track was shot based on the " Queen of Clubs " theme and released on 24 January 2011 . The song peaked at No. 3 on the Romanian Top 100 chart , while charting in other European countries . Throughout 2010 , Ali 's collaborations with DJs and producers were released . These included remixes of her upcoming collaboration " That Day " with Dresden and Johnston , which were released on compilation albums . The next , " The Notice " with Swiss duo Chris Reece was released on 13 July . Ali was featured on the track " Feels So Good " on Armin van Buuren 's fourth album Mirage . Released as the fifth single from the album , the song was voted as the Best Trance Track at the 27th International Dance Music Awards . During 2011 , Ali announced the release of collaborations with several DJs and producers . The first of these was " Call My Name " with the duo Sultan & Ned Shepard , released by Harem Records on 9 February . " Call My Name " was a club success , charting at No. 5 on Billboard Hot Dance Club Play Chart . The second track " Pressure " , a collaboration with Starkillers and Alex Kenji was released on 15 February by Spinnin ' Records . The Alesso remix of " Pressure " became a club and festival anthem and received support from notable DJs such as Armin van Buuren , Tiesto , Swedish House Mafia and Calvin Harris and was voted the Best Progressive House Track at the 27th International Dance Music Awards . In April , iiO released the studio album Exit 110 , which featured Ali on vocals . On 23 May , her next collaboration , " Free To Go " with Alex Sayz was released by Zouk Recordings . She was featured on Sander van Doorn 's second studio album Eleve11 on the track " Rolling the Dice " , a collaboration between van Doorn , Sidney Samson and her . Her next release was the single " Believe It " with the German duo Spencer & Hill , which was released on 3 October by Wall Recordings . She collaborated once again with Starkillers on the single " Keep It Coming " , which was released on 26 December by Spinnin ' Records . = = = 2012 – 15 = = = As of February 2010 , Ali had begun working on her second studio album . A music video for the lead single from the album , " When It Rains " , was released on her YouTube channel in August 2011 . In May 2012 , Ali announced her move to Los Angeles citing the need for a change after spending 26 years in New York City . Her first release in 2012 was " This Is Your Life " , the fourth single from Swiss DJ EDX 's album On the Edge . That was followed by " Carry Me " , a collaboration with Morgan Page , the fourth single from his third studio album , In the Air . Her next release was " Must Be the Love " , the lead single from BT 's ninth studio album A Song Across Wires , which was a collaboration between him , Arty and Ali . In 2012 , she also pre @-@ announced her album " Phoenix " , which , as of September 2015 , had not shipped . In December 2012 , Ali announced her engagement to her fiancé , whom she married in October 2013 . In January 2014 , Ali released an acoustic cover of The Police song " Roxanne " as a free download . In September 2015 , Ali released the single " All In My Head " , a collaboration with PANG ! . The release was her first single as a lead artist since 2011 . = = Musical style and influences = = Ali is perhaps best known for her characteristic voice and vocal abilities . Reema Kumari Jadeja from MOBO described her work as " masterfully encapsulating euphoric and melancholic , Ali ’ s signature music style sees Eastern mystique caressed with intelligent electronica and fortified with soul " . The songs on Embers were likened to Madonna 's work in her prime and a " modern re @-@ interpretation " of Stevie Nicks . Billboard praised her voice for having " too much life on its own " . Ali has been influenced by an eclectic mix of artists , which she credits to her Eastern background and upbringing in Queens . She listed alternative , folk , and Pakistani music as her biggest influences . Some of her vocal and songwriting influences , she said , were Stevie Nicks , Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan , Madonna , Sade and Bono . Her debut album was noted for a blend of electronica , acoustic and Middle Eastern melodies . She has been praised for her songwriting , describing personal experiences with people , which " hit a powerful and striking chord " with the listener . = = Discography = = Studio albums Embers ( 2009 ) Compilations Queen of Clubs Trilogy : Ruby Edition ( 2010 ) Queen of Clubs Trilogy : Onyx Edition ( 2010 ) Queen of Clubs Trilogy : Diamond Edition ( 2010 ) = = Awards = =
= SMS Lübeck = SMS Lübeck ( " His Majesty 's Ship Lübeck " ) was the fourth of seven Bremen @-@ class cruisers of the Imperial German Navy , named after the city of Lübeck . She was begun by AG Vulcan Stettin in Stettin in 1903 , launched in March 1904 and commissioned in April 1905 . Armed with a main battery of ten 10 @.@ 5 cm ( 4 @.@ 1 in ) guns and two 45 cm ( 18 in ) torpedo tubes , Lübeck was capable of a top speed of 22 @.@ 5 knots ( 41 @.@ 7 km / h ; 25 @.@ 9 mph ) . Lübeck served with the High Seas Fleet for the first decade of her career , and after the outbreak of World War I in August 1914 , she was transferred to the Baltic Sea to defend Germany 's coast from potential Russian attacks . She saw extensive service in the first three years of the war , during which time she participated in the seizure of Libau and was attacked by Allied submarines on two occasions . She struck a mine in 1916 but was repaired ; in 1917 , she was withdrawn for secondary duties . She survived the war , and was ceded to the British as a war prize in 1920 , and subsequently broken up for scrap . = = Construction = = Lübeck was ordered under the contract name Ersatz Mercur and was laid down at the AG Vulcan shipyard in Stettin in 1903 and launched on 26 March 1904 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the High Seas Fleet on 26 April 1905 . The ship was 111 @.@ 1 meters ( 365 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 13 @.@ 3 m ( 44 ft ) and a draft of 5 @.@ 4 m ( 18 ft ) forward . She displaced 3 @,@ 661 t ( 3 @,@ 603 long tons ; 4 @,@ 036 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two Parsons steam turbines , designed to give 11 @,@ 500 shaft horsepower ( 8 @,@ 600 kW ) for a top speed of 22 @.@ 5 knots ( 41 @.@ 7 km / h ; 25 @.@ 9 mph ) . She was the first warship in the German Navy to be equipped with turbine propulsion . The engines were powered by ten coal @-@ fired Marine @-@ type water @-@ tube boilers . Lübeck carried up to 860 tonnes ( 850 long tons ) of coal , which gave her a range of 3 @,@ 800 nautical miles ( 7 @,@ 000 km ; 4 @,@ 400 mi ) at 12 knots ( 22 km / h ; 14 mph ) , a shorter range than her sisters , due to her less efficient turbines . She had a crew of 14 officers and 274 – 287 enlisted men . The ship was armed with ten 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 40 guns in single mounts . Two were placed side by side forward on the forecastle , six were located amidships , three on either side , and two were placed side by side aft . The guns could engage targets out to 12 @,@ 200 m ( 40 @,@ 000 ft ) . They were supplied with 1 @,@ 500 rounds of ammunition , for 150 shells per gun . She was also equipped with two 50 cm ( 19 @.@ 7 in ) torpedo tubes with four torpedoes , mounted on the deck . She was also fitted to carry fifty naval mines . The ship was protected by an armored deck that was up to 80 mm ( 3 @.@ 1 in ) thick . The conning tower had 100 mm ( 3 @.@ 9 in ) thick sides , and the guns were protected by 50 mm ( 2 @.@ 0 in ) thick shields . = = Service history = = After her commissioning , Lübeck was assigned to the High Seas Fleet . She served with the fleet until 1914 and the outbreak of World War I. She was then relegated to service as a coastal defense vessel in the Baltic . As the Central Powers prepared to launch the Gorlice – Tarnów Offensive in early May 1915 , the extreme left flank of the German Army was ordered to launch a diversionary attack on 27 April . Lübeck was assigned to the naval support for the attack ; on the first day of the attack , she and the cruiser Thetis shelled the port of Libau . Ten days later , the Army was poised to seize Libau , and so requested naval support for the attack . Lübeck and several other cruisers and torpedo boats covered the assault on the city and patrolled to ensure no Russian naval forces attempted to intervene . Rear Admiral Hopman , the commander of the reconnaissance forces in the Baltic , conducted a major assault on Libau , in conjunction with an attempt by the German Army to seize the city . The attack took place on 7 May . Lübeck joined the armored cruisers Prinz Heinrich , Roon , and Prinz Adalbert , the elderly coast defense ship Beowulf , and the light cruisers Augsburg and Thetis . They were escorted by a number of destroyers , torpedo boats , and minesweepers . The IV Scouting Group of the High Seas Fleet was detached from the North Sea to provide cover for the operation . The bombardment went as planned , though the destroyer V107 struck a mine in Libau 's harbor , which blew off her bow and destroyed the ship . German ground forces were successful in their assault however , and took the city . A week later , on 14 May , Lübeck was to lay a minefield off the Gulf of Finland with Augsburg , but Russian submarines in the area convinced the Germans to cancel the operation . On 1 July , the minelayer SMS Albatross , escorted by the cruisers Lübeck , Roon , and Augsburg and seven destroyers , laid a minefield north of Bogskär . While returning to port , the flotilla separated into two sections ; Augsburg , Albatross , and three destroyers made for Rixhöft while the remainder of the unit went to Libau . Augsburg and Albatross were intercepted by a powerful Russian squadron commanded by Rear Admiral Bakhirev , consisting of three armored and two light cruisers . Commodore Johannes von Karpf , the flotilla commander , ordered the slower Albatross to steam for neutral Swedish waters and recalled Roon and Lübeck . Albatross was grounded off Gotland and Augsburg escaped , and the Russian squadron briefly engaged Roon before both sides broke contact . Upon being informed of the situation , Hopman sortied with Prinz Heinrich and Prinz Adalbert to support von Karpf . While en route , the cruisers encountered the British submarine E9 , which scored a hit on Prinz Adalbert . Hopman broke off the operation and returned to port with the damaged cruiser . On 9 August , Lübeck was attacked by the Russian submarine Gepard outside the Irben Strait at the entrance to the Gulf of Riga . Gepard fired a spread of five torpedoes at a range of 1 @,@ 200 m ( 3 @,@ 900 ft ) , but Lübeck successfully evaded them . On 6 November , Lübeck again came under attack from an Allied submarine ; on this occasion , it was the British HMS E8 . Again , Lübeck managed to evade the torpedoes and escape undamaged . The Allies finally had success against the ship on 13 January 1916 , when a Russian mine damaged Lübeck ; she nevertheless returned to port and was repaired . At the same time , she and her sister Bremen were rearmed with two 15 cm SK L / 45 and six 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 45 guns . A new bow was fitted and her funnels were replaced with new models . In 1917 , she was withdrawn from front @-@ line service and employed as a training ship , as well as a target ship . Lübeck served in this capacity until the end of the war in November 1918 . Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles , the ship was surrendered to the British as a war prize . She was formally ceded on 3 September 1920 under the name P ; the British in turn sold her for scrapping in 1922 , and she was dismantled in Germany over the following year .
= Naem = Naem ( Thai : แหนม , pronounced [ nɛ ̌ ːm ] , also referred to as nham , naem moo , naem maw , and chin som ) is a pork sausage in Thai cuisine . It is a fermented food that has a sour flavor . It typically has a short shelf life , and is often eaten in raw form after the fermentation process has occurred . It is a popular food in Thai cuisine , and different regions of Thailand have various preferred flavors , including variations of sour and spicy . Naem is used as an ingredient in various dishes and is also served as a side dish . Naem contains 185 kilocalories per a serving size of 100 grams ( 3 @.@ 5 oz ) and contains a significant amount of protein , has a moderate amount of fat and minor carbohydrate content . Parasites and enteropathogenic bacteria have been found in samples of naem , and lactic acid formed during its fermentation inhibits the growth of Salmonella . Lactobacillus curvatus use in the product has been proven to prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria in naem . It is sometimes treated with irradiation . The bacterial content in Thai sour pork products is regulated . = = Overview = = Naem is a red @-@ colored , semi @-@ dry lactic @-@ fermented pork sausage in Thai cuisine prepared using minced raw pork and pork skin , significant amounts of cooked sticky rice , chili peppers , garlic , sugar , salt and potassium nitrate . Minced beef is sometimes used in its preparation . After the mix is prepared , it is encased in banana leaves , synthetic sausage casings or tubular plastic bags and left to ferment for three to five days . Naem has a sour quality to it due to the fermentation , in which lactic acid bacteria and yeasts grow within the sausage . The lactic acid bacteria and yeasts expand by feeding upon the rice and sugar , and the use of salt prevents the meat from rotting . Naem typically has a short shelf life , which can be extended through refrigeration . The sausage can be time @-@ consuming and labor @-@ intensive to prepare . In Thailand , it is typically stored at room temperature , which gives it a shelf life of around one week . It is also produced in areas of Southeast Asia that are near Thailand . Naem is often consumed raw , ( after fermentation has occurred ) , and is often accompanied with shallot , ginger , bird ’ s eye chili peppers and spring onions . It is used as an ingredient in various dishes such as naem fried with eggs , Naem khao and Naem phat wun sen sai khai , and is also consumed as a side dish and as a condiment . The cooking of naem significantly changes its flavor . = = Prominence = = Naem has been described as " one of the popular meat products of the country prepared from ground pork " and as " one of the most popular traditional Thai fermented meat products " . = = Varieties = = Naem mo in northern Thailand may be fermented in a clay pot . Different regions of Thailand have different preferred flavors : northern and northeastern pork is a little bit sour , central is sour and southern is spicy . = = Use in dishes = = Dishes prepared with naem include naem fried with eggs , and naem fried rice . Naem phat wun sen sai khai is a dish prepared with naem , glass noodles and eggs , among other ingredients such as spring onions and red pepper . Naem khao is a salad dish in Lao cuisine prepared using Lao fermented pork sausage , rice , coconut , peanuts , mint , cilantro , fish sauce and lemon juice . The naem and rice are formed into balls , deep @-@ fried , and then served broken atop the various ingredients . A restaurant named " Serenade " in Bangkok , Thailand purveys a dish called the " McNaem " , which consists of a duck egg wrapped in naem that is fried and then plated atop a dish with risotto , slaw , shiitake mushrooms , herbs and cooked sea scallops atop crushed garlic . There are many applications of sour pork with different flavors such as phat phet naem ( Thai : ผัดเผ ็ ดแหนม ) , tom kha naem ( Thai : ต ้ มข ่ าแหนม ) , ho mok naem ( Thai : ห ่ อหมกแหนม ) , and naem priao wan ( Thai : แหนมเปรี ้ ยวหวาน ) . Dishes prepared with naem = = Nutritional content = = Per a serving size of 100 grams ( 3 @.@ 5 oz ) , Naem has 185 kilocalories , 20 @.@ 2 grams ( 0 @.@ 71 oz ) protein , 9 @.@ 9 grams ( 0 @.@ 35 oz ) fat and 3 @.@ 6 grams ( 0 @.@ 13 oz ) carbohydrate . Per the work " Industrialization of Thai Nham " by Warawut Krusong of the King Mongkut 's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang in Bangkok , Thailand , vitamins B1 and B2 , ferric iron and phosphorus were present in naem , but the quantities were unspecified . = = Microbiology = = Naem has on occasion been contaminated with parasites such as Taenia solium and Trichinella spiralis and enteropathogenic bacteria such as coliform bacteria and Salmonella . It has been demonstrated that Salmonella growth is inhibited by the formation of lactic acid during the fermentation process . Use of the starter culture Lactobacillus curvatus has been demonstrated to prevent " the outgrowth of pathogenic bacteria " in naem . Naem is sometimes treated with irradiation . = = = Regulations on bacterial content = = = The bacterial content in Thai sour pork products is regulated . There should not be more than 0 @.@ 1 grams ( 0 @.@ 0035 oz ) of Escherichia coli O157 : H7 , Staphylococcus aureus not more than 0 @.@ 1 grams ( 0 @.@ 0035 oz ) , Yersinia enterocolitica not more than 0 @.@ 1 grams ( 0 @.@ 0035 oz ) , Listeria monocytogenes not more than 0 @.@ 1 grams ( 0 @.@ 0035 oz ) , Clostridium perfringens not more than 0 @.@ 1 grams ( 0 @.@ 0035 oz ) , Fungi less than 10colony per gram , Trichinellaspiralis less than 100 grams ( 3 @.@ 5 oz ) . If any of these bacteria exist at higher levels than described above it may cause sickness .
= Typhoon Helen ( 1972 ) = Typhoon Helen was the most destructive tropical cyclone to strike Japan during the 1972 Pacific typhoon season . Originating from a tropical disturbance on September 11 near the Northern Mariana Islands , Helen gradually intensified as it moved northwestward . By September 14 , it reached typhoon strength and soon turned northeast towards Japan . Accelerating due to a trough over the East China Sea , Helen rapidly approached the country and made landfall near Cape Kushimoto as a Category 3 equivalent typhoon on the Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale . Later that day , a weakened Helen emerged into the Sea of Japan . After merging with an upper @-@ level low , the storm transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on September 19 and was last noted two days later after moving through southern Hokkaido . In Japan , Typhoon Helen produced torrential rain , peaking at 790 mm ( 31 in ) in Hokkaido , and damaging winds that caused widespread damage . A total of 4 @,@ 213 homes were destroyed and another 146 @,@ 547 were damaged as a result of flash flooding and landslides . Numerous vessels ran aground due to rough seas associated with the storm , including several thousand ton cargo freighters . In all , 87 fatalities and $ 102 million in damage was attributed to Typhoon Helen . = = Meteorological history = = In early September 1972 , a tropical disturbance developed within a near @-@ equatorial trough near the Northern Mariana Islands . On September 11 , the Japan Meteorological Agency ( JMA ) began monitoring this system as a tropical depression shortly after moving through the island chain . Initially , the system tracked southwestward before turning northwestward along the edge of a ridge . On September 13 , a United States Air Force reconnaissance plane flew into the system and found that it had intensified into a tropical storm . At this time , the Joint Typhoon Warning Center ( JTWC ) began monitoring the newly named Tropical Storm Helen . Additionally , the Philippine Atmospheric , Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration began warning on the system , assigning it the local name Paring . The following day , Helen attained typhoon status as it turned northward . Subsequently , a deepening trough over the East China Sea caused the typhoon to turn north @-@ northeastward and accelerate . During the afternoon of September 16 , a reconnaissance plane recorded flight @-@ level winds of 185 km / h ( 115 mph ) . Around this time , surface winds were estimated to be the same , making Helen a Category 3 equivalent on the Saffir – Simpson Hurricane Scale . Later that day , the storm made landfall near Cape Kushimoto . In Shionomisaki Lighthouse , just west of where the center of Helen passed , a barometric pressure of 955 mbar ( hPa ; 28 @.@ 26 inHg ) was recorded , the lowest in relation to the storm . As the system neared Hokkaido , it slowed down and began a multi @-@ day anticyclonic loop . During this period , it merged with an upper @-@ level low and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on September 19 . The remnants of Helen then tracked across southern Hokkaido before dissipating just east of the island on September 21 . = = Impact = = Prior to the typhoon 's arrival , officials in Japan warned residents of heavy rains . The Japanese National Railways network suspended service to areas threatened by the storm , stranding numerous people . By September 18 , approximately one sixth of the railway service was canceled or delayed . Throughout the main island of Honshu , areas within 110 km ( 70 mi ) of the storm 's center experienced winds in excess of 120 km / h ( 75 mph ) , leading to considerable disruptions to air , sea , and land travel . The highest gust was measured at 181 km / h ( 112 mph ) in Sumoto . These winds caused a city @-@ wide power outage in Tsu , Mie and scattered outages in Nagoya . Over a substantial portion of the country , the storm produced torrential rains that triggered deadly flash floods . Peak rainfall in Honshu and Hokkaido reached 580 mm ( 23 in ) and 790 mm ( 31 in ) , respectively . In Shikoku , ten people died after a landslide destroyed nine homes in Kōchi City . Across Japan , a total of 4 @,@ 213 homes were destroyed and another 146 @,@ 547 were damaged , leaving at least 3 @,@ 000 people homeless . Roads and bridges sustained extensive damage , with large stretches being washed out . According to police in Tokyo , 140 bridges sustained damage . In Higashimatsuyama , a tornado spawned by Helen destroyed eight homes . Large swells from the storm caused large vessels to wash ashore , including a 9 @,@ 000 ton freighter in Ise Bay . Twenty @-@ four fishermen drowned off the coast of Hachijō @-@ jima after two vessels sank . Throughout Japan , 322 ships were either damaged or ran aground due to the storm . Including offshore , Helen killed 85 people in Japan . Along the east coast of South Korea , these swells resulted in two fatalities . On September 17 , the Japanese military was mobilized to assist in relief efforts . In all , 87 fatalities , 158 injuries and $ 102 million in damage was attributed to Typhoon Helen , making it the most destructive tropical cyclone to strike Japan in 1972 .
= Kenji Ito = Kenji Ito ( 伊藤賢治 , Itō Kenji , born July 5 , 1968 ) , also known by the nickname Itoken ( イトケン ) , is a Japanese video game composer and musician . He is best known for his work on the Mana and SaGa series , though he has worked on over 30 video games throughout his career as well as composed or arranged music for over 15 other albums , concerts , and plays . He learned to play several instruments at a young age , and joined Square directly out of college as a composer in 1990 at the advice of a professor . He worked there for over a decade , composing many of his best @-@ known scores . In 2001 , he left Square to become a freelance composer , but has since continued to collaborate with the company . Since leaving Square , Ito has composed soundtracks to over a dozen games , and has branched out into composition and production of music for plays and albums for other performers . Ito 's work has been performed in a concert dedicated to his pieces as well as general video game music events , and he has played the piano in additional concerts . Pieces of his from the SaGa and Mana series have been arranged as piano solos and published in sheet music books . = = Biography = = = = = Early life = = = Born in Tokyo , Japan , on July 5 , 1968 , Ito became interested in music at the age of four . He began to learn to play the piano , becoming interested in it after hearing piano music coming from a classroom he passed by daily with his mother . He was also interested in Electone music , but was discouraged from learning it by a piano teacher . By the time he began composing at the age of ten , he had learned to play alto saxophone , clarinet , and piano , and was interested in becoming a singer / songwriter . When he was close to graduating from college , he decided to pursue a career in composing music ; when he asked a professor for advice , the professor recommended becoming a video game music composer , given the recent success in Japan of Dragon Quest III . During March 1990 , after applying to several video game companies including HAL Laboratory , Ito began working at Square . = = = Career = = = His first project was a co @-@ effort that same year between himself and Nobuo Uematsu for the Game Boy title Final Fantasy Legend II ( SaGa 2 ) . It led the following year to the first album release of his music , All Sounds of SaGa , which was a combination album of The Final Fantasy Legend , Final Fantasy Legend II , and Final Fantasy Legend III ; all of Ito 's work on Legend II appeared on the album . Shortly after in 1991 , he composed his first solo work , the soundtrack for Final Fantasy Adventure ( Seiken Densetsu ) , another Game Boy title . He then returned to the SaGa series for the next few years , composing the soundtracks to the Super Famicom 's Romancing SaGa , Romancing SaGa 2 , and Romancing SaGa 3 . These soundtracks sparked Ito 's first arranged albums ; the first game was arranged in a French musical style by Masaaki Mizuguchi , while the other two were arranged by Ryou Fukui and Taro Iwashiro , respectively , into orchestral pieces . Ito was originally scheduled to continue on with the Mana series and compose the soundtrack to Seiken Densetsu 2 ( Secret of Mana ) , but was forced to hand the project off to Hiroki Kikuta as his first score due to the demand on his time for scoring Romancing SaGa . 1995 marked the first time since he started composing that he worked on a title outside of the Mana or SaGa series ; he composed the music for Koi wa Balance and was a member of an eight @-@ person team for Tobal No. 1 . He returned to the SaGa series in 1997 with SaGa Frontier , and finished out the decade with Chocobo Racing and Chocobo 's Dungeon 2 ; for Chocobo Racing he only arranged previous works from the Chocobo and Final Fantasy series , and contributed only a few tracks to Chocobo 's Dungeon 2 . He left Square in 2001 to become a freelance composer . He has said that this move was in order to give him the flexibility to work on more than just video game music . The first work that Ito composed after leaving Square was the soundtrack to Culdcept II , which he regards as his best work . He attributes this feeling both to the fact that it was his first freelance piece and that he handled all aspects of the music production , from composition through arrangement and sound production . From there he returned to working with Square and the Mana series with the remake of his second soundtrack , Final Fantasy Adventure , into the soundtrack of Sword of Mana . It was an act he would repeat two years later for Square , now Square Enix , with the remake of Romancing SaGa , Romancing SaGa : Minstrel Song . He has since returned to the Mana series twice , with the soundtracks to Children of Mana and Dawn of Mana . All of the video game soundtracks that he has composed since the third expansion pack for Cross Gate in 2004 have been with the assistance of other composers except for 2007 's Hero Must Die , though during those years he has branched out from video games into composing and producing albums and singles for performers as well as composing music for plays and concerts . He has also released an album of piano pieces that he has composed ; only two of the eight tracks are from his video game works . = = Legacy = = Ito performed piano live during the September 22 , 2006 Press Start 2006 -Symphony of Games- live concert , at which several of his pieces were performed by an orchestra . This concert followed an August 26 , 2006 concert Manami Kiyota x Kenji Ito Collaboration Live in which he played the piano for songs composed by him for the event and sung by Manami Kiyota ; he has also played the piano at concerts given by The Black Mages , a band composed of current or former Square musicians , before they expanded to include a full @-@ time pianist . Music composed by Ito has also been performed at the Extra -Hyper Game Music Event 2007 and Christmas Live 2008 " gentleecho -prelude- " concerts . Music composed by Ito was performed at a concert devoted to his music on February 21 , 2009 titled " gentle echo meeting " at the Uchisaiwaicho Hall in Chiyoda , Tokyo . A group of five musicians performed eight of his songs , interspersed with performances by Ito and discussions about his music between himself and Masahiro Sakurai . The event began as a concert due to Ito 's wish to host one based on his music , but after the space the organizing company , Harmonics International , rented turned out to be run by a high school classmate of Ito , at the classmate 's insistence the discussions of Ito 's music were added to the program . Music from the original soundtracks of Dawn of Mana and Sword of Mana has been arranged for the piano and published by DOREMI Music Publishing . Two compilation books of music from the series as a whole have also been published as Seiken Densetsu Best Collection Piano Solo Sheet Music first and second editions , with the first edition including tracks by Ito from Final Fantasy Adventure while the second added tracks he composed from Dawn of Mana . All songs in each book have been rewritten by Asako Niwa as beginning to intermediate level piano solos , though they are meant to sound as much like the originals as possible . Additionally , KMP Music Publishing has published a book of the piano music included in the Sword of Mana soundtrack album , which Ito arranged from his original compositions . DOREMI Music Publishing also published music from the original soundtracks of some of the SaGa games that Ito composed as piano sheet music book ; music from Romancing SaGa 3 , Romancing SaGa Minstrel Song , and SaGa Frontier were written by Asako Niwa for piano solos of beginning to intermediate difficulty . = = Musical style and influences = = Ito 's music is mainly inspired by images from the game rather than outside influences ; however , he never played the games themselves . The only video games that he plays are sports games ; he has only seen up to the introductory movie for most of the role @-@ playing games that he has written music for . While many of his pieces are orchestral , he enjoys working in a recording studio and enjoys composing " normal songs " as much as his orchestral works . His favorite video game music from other composers include the music from Star Fox , Dragon Quest , Final Fantasy , Wizardry and Nobunaga 's Ambition . Non @-@ video game music that has inspired him includes Japanese popular music and soundtracks to anime works , as well as easy listening music such as Paul Mauriat or Richard Clayderman , especially string music . These influences have led him to wish to create music " that you can listen to while you relax " . He also wishes to expand his compositions outside of video game music and into ballads . = = Works = = = = = Video games = = = Composition Arrangement Mabinogi ( 2008 ) Super Smash Bros. Brawl ( 2008 ) – with many others SaGa 2 : Hihou Densetsu ( 2009 ) Ar tonelico 3 Hymmnos Concert album ( 2010 ) – with many others Deathsmiles Arranged Album ( 2010 ) – with many others Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U ( 2014 ) – with many others = = = Other = = = Composition Arrangement " Ai no Sumika " ~ " Hyouhaku no Toki / Komoro Nikki -Touson no Fuyuko " Stage Music Collection ~ ( 1999 ) – album by Kyoko Fujimoto Hyouhaku no Toki / Touson to Fuyuko ( 2001 ) – concert Katakoi ( 2002 ) – single by Muneyuki Satoh Soredemo Kisetsu wa ( 2002 ) – single by Muneyuki Satoh Tougenkyo -Masashi Sada Chromatic Harmonica Music Collection- ( 2002 ) – album by Etsuko Kitani Mirai ( 2003 ) – album by Yusuke Matsumoto
= Timbaland = Timothy Zachery " Timbaland " Mosley ( born March 10 , 1972 ) is an American record producer , singer , songwriter , rapper and DJ . Timbaland 's first full credit production work was in 1996 on Ginuwine ... the Bachelor for R & B singer Ginuwine . After further work on Aaliyah 's 1996 album One in a Million and Missy Elliott 's 1997 album Supa Dupa Fly , Timbaland became a prominent producer for R & B and hip hop artists . As a rapper he initially released several albums with fellow rapper Magoo , followed by his debut solo album Tim 's Bio in 1998 . In 2002 , Timbaland produced the hit single " Cry Me a River " for Justin Timberlake , going on to produce most of Timberlake 's subsequent LPs such as FutureSex / LoveSounds and The 20 / 20 Experience and their respective hit singles . A Timbaland @-@ owned imprint label , Mosley Music Group , featured artists such as Nelly Furtado , whose Timbaland @-@ produced album Loose ( 2006 ) was a commercial and critical success . In 2007 , Timbaland released a solo album , Shock Value , which was followed by Shock Value II in 2009 . Aside from the aforementioned artists , Timbaland 's production credits from the 2000s forward include work with Jay Z , Nas , Ludacris , Bubba Sparxxx , Madonna , Rihanna , OneRepublic , Brandy , Drake , Rick Ross and others . As a songwriter he has written as of 2014 , 85 UK hits and 99 hits Stateside . = = Early life = = Timothy Zachery Mosley was born on March 10 , 1972 in Norfolk , Virginia , the son of Latrice , who ran a homeless shelter , and Garland Mosley , an Amtrak employee . He graduated from Salem High School of Virginia Beach , Virginia . During his time as a DJ , he was known as " DJ Tim " or " DJ Timmy Tim " . His brother , Sebastian , is reportedly around nine years younger . His sister Courtney Rashon is a makeup artist and author from New Jersey . While attending high school , Timbaland began a long @-@ term collaboration with rapper Melvin Barcliff , who performed under the name of Magoo . The teenage Mosley also joined the production ensemble S.B.I. ( which stood for ' Surrounded By Idiots ' ) which also featured Neptunes producer Pharrell . Mosley was also high school friends with Terrence and Gene Thorton , who would go on to be known as Pusha T and Malice of the rap group Clipse . In 1986 , when Timbaland was 14 years old , he was accidentally shot by a co @-@ worker at the local Red Lobster restaurant and was partially paralyzed for nine months . During this time , he began to learn how to DJ using his left hand . Singer and rapper Missy Elliott heard his material and began working with him . She and her R & B group Sista auditioned for DeVante Swing , a producer and member of the successful R & B act Jodeci . DeVante signed Sista to his Swing Mob record label and Elliott brought Mosley and Barcliff along with her to New York , where Swing Mob was based . It was DeVante who renamed the young producer Timbaland , after the Timberland brand of construction boots . He and Magoo became part of SCI Zakys School stable of Swing Mob signees known as " Da Bassment " crew , joining artists such as R & B singer Ginuwine , male vocal group Playa ( Smoke E. Digglera , Static Major and Digital Black ) , and the girl group Sugah . Timbaland did production work on a number of projects with DeVante , including the 1995 Jodeci LP The Show , The After @-@ Party , The Hotel , and Sista ’ s ( unreleased ) début LP 4 All the Sistas Around da World . Elliott began receiving recognition as a songwriter for artists such as R & B girl group 702 and MC Lyte . Due to Timbaland 's connection with her , he was often contacted to produce remixes of her songs . = = Career = = = = = 1994 – 2002 : Focus on production work and Tim 's Bio : Life from da Bassment = = = Timbaland began his producing career for R & B acts . In the mid @-@ 1990s , he produced a few songs for R & B acts such as Jodeci and Sista . In 1996 , he made his mainstream breakthrough by producing the majority of both Aaliyah 's second album One in a Million and Ginuwine 's debut album Ginuwine ... the Bachelor . This included the major hit singles " If Your Girl Only Knew " by Aaliyah and " Pony " by Ginuwine . While Timbaland was initially producing for R & B artists , his trademark sound was very much rooted in hip @-@ hop with its fast @-@ paced nature and clear drum breaks . He was taking a hip @-@ hop sound and applying it to R & B , and in this way his sound was instrumental in blurring the distinction between hip @-@ hop and R & B production . In 1997 , he fully produced Supa Dupa Fly , the debut album of Missy Elliott , who had been a childhood friend of Mosley . In this album Timbaland continued with his now trademark electronic production style , but since Missy frequently rapped the music was considered hip @-@ hop . Also in 1997 , he released his first album with his partner Magoo , Welcome to Our World , also a hip @-@ hop album . In the late 1990s , his hip @-@ hop production sound would become very influential and common as he produced for many high profile hip @-@ hop artists including Jay @-@ Z , Nas , and The LOX . In 1999 , he scored a major hit with Jay Z and rap group UGK with the hit " Big Pimpin ' " . He also fully produced Missy 's second album in 1999 , Da Real World . Still Timbaland in this period produced primarily for R & B artists . He continued to produce for Ginuwine and Aaliyah , as well as contributing significantly to albums by Xscape , Nicole , Playa , and Total . He remixed Usher 's major hit " You Make Me Wanna " . In the early 2000s Timbaland produced songs including Ludacris ' " Roll Out ( My Business ) " , Jay @-@ Z 's " Hola ' Hovito " , Petey Pablo 's " Raise Up " , and Beck 's cover of David Bowie 's " Diamond Dogs " during this period . He also contributed three songs , all eventually released as singles , to Aaliyah ’ s self @-@ titled third album , the exotic lead single " We Need a Resolution " ( featuring himself rapping a verse ) , " More than a Woman " , and the ballad " I Care 4 U " . He also makes an appearance in Aaliyah 's single " Try Again " , which he also produced and co @-@ wrote . Timbaland & Magoo ’ s second album together was slated for release in November 2000 . Indecent Proposal was to feature appearances by Beck , Aaliyah , as well as new Timbaland protégés — some from his new Beat Club Records imprint--Ms . Jade , Kiley Dean , Sebastian ( Timbaland 's brother ) , Petey Pablo , and Tweet ( who was a member of Sugah during the Swing Mob days ) . The album was delayed for an entire year , finally released in November 2001 . It was a commercial disappointment . Beck ’ s vocals for the track " I Am Music " were not included on the last version , which instead featured Timbaland singing along Steve " Static " Garrett of Playa and Aaliyah . The first release on Beat Club was the début album by Bubba Sparxxx in September 2001 , Dark Days , Bright Nights . The loss of Aaliyah deeply affected Timbaland . In a phone call to the MTV show Total Request Live , Timbaland said : She was like blood , and I lost blood . Me and her together had this chemistry . I kinda lost half of my creativity to her . It 's hard for me to talk to the fans now . Beyond the music , she was a brilliant person , the [ most special ] person I ever met . = = = 2003 – 05 : Production work for pop recording artists = = = Timbaland contributed three tracks to Tweet 's debut album , Southern Hummingbird , and produced most of Missy Elliott 's fourth and fifth LPs , Under Construction and This Is Not A Test ! . He also produced tracks for artists such as Lil ' Kim ( " The Jump Off " ) and southern rapper Pastor Troy during this period . Collaborating with fellow producer Scott Storch , Timbaland also worked on a number of tracks on former * NSYNC lead singer Justin Timberlake ’ s solo debut , Justified , including the song " Cry Me a River " . Late in 2003 , Timbaland delivered the second Bubba Sparxxx album , Deliverance , and the third Timbaland & Magoo album , Under Construction , Part II Both albums were released to little fanfare or acclaim even though Deliverance was praised by reviews and embraced by the internet community . In 2004 Timbaland produced singles for LL Cool J , Xzibit , Fatman Scoop , and Jay Z , and he produced the bulk of Brandy ’ s fourth album , Afrodisiac . Timbaland co @-@ wrote two tracks ( Exodus ' 04 and Let Me Give You My Love ) and produced three tracks of the American @-@ Japanese Pop star Hikaru Utada ’ s debut English album , Exodus . He continued working on tracks for Tweet and for Elliott ’ s sixth album , The Cookbook : " Joy ( feat . Mike Jones ) " , and " Partytime " and continued to expand his reach with production for The Game and Jennifer Lopez ( " He 'll Be Back " from her fourth studio album , Rebirth ) . = = = 2006 – 07 : Loose , Future / Sounds and Shock Value = = = Timbaland started a new label , Mosley Music Group along with old friend and legendary Australian music producer John Servedio , also known as his stage name ' ServidSounds ' who helped Timbaland bring in some talent from his former Beat Club Records label . On the new label were Nelly Furtado , Keri Hilson , and rapper D.O.E .. In 2006 he produced Justin Timberlake 's second solo studio album FutureSex / LoveSounds . His vocals feature on the songs " SexyBack " , " Sexy Ladies " , " Chop Me Up " , " What Goes Around ... Comes Around " and on the prelude to " My Love " entitled " Let Me Talk to You . " Timbaland provided vocals on several singles : The Pussycat Dolls 's " Wait a Minute " , Nelly Furtado 's " Promiscuous " , " Ice Box " by Omarion and Justin Timberlake 's " SexyBack " . In an interview published in August 2006 in the UK Timbaland revealed he was working on a new LP by Jay Z and that he had worked on tracks with Coldplay ’ s Chris Martin . Timbaland worked on seven songs for Björk ’ s 2007 album , Volta , including " Earth Intruders " , " Hope " , and " Innocence " and he later worked on tracks for the new Duran Duran album , Red Carpet Massacre , including one featuring his frequent collaborator Justin Timberlake . Later in the year , Timbaland produced songs for Bone Thugs @-@ n @-@ Harmony 's LP , Strength & Loyalty and the song " Ayo Technology " on 50 Cent ’ s album Curtis . Timbaland also produced most of the tracks on Ashlee Simpson 's third CD , Bittersweet World , including the song " Outta My Head ( Ay Ya Ya ) " . On April 3 , 2007 , Timbaland released a collaboration album featuring artists including 50 Cent , Dr. Dre , Elton John , Fall Out Boy , Nelly Furtado , Missy Elliott , and others called Timbaland Presents Shock Value . A rivalry flared up between Timbaland and record producer Scott Storch in early 2007 . The tension initially started on the single " Give It to Me " , when Timbaland anonymously backlashed Storch : " I 'm a real producer and you [ ' re ] just the piano man " . In an interview , Timbaland confirmed that he was talking about Storch . The dispute partly stemmed from controversy regarding writing credits for Timberlake 's " Cry Me a River " . = = = 2008 : Focus on other projects = = = Timbaland helped produce many albums for various artists in 2008 , including Madonna 's Hard Candy , Ashlee Simpson 's Bittersweet World , Keri Hilson 's In A Perfect World , Flo Rida 's Mail On Sunday , Letoya Luckett 's Lady Love , Lindsay Lohan 's Spirit in the Dark , Chris Cornell 's Scream , JoJo 's All I Want Is Everything , Nicole Scherzinger 's Her Name is Nicole , Missy Elliott 's Block Party , Matt Pokora 's MP3 , Keithian 's Dirrty Pop , The Pussycat Dolls 's Doll Domination , Busta Rhymes 's B.O.M.B , Lisa Maffia 's Miss Boss , Teairra Mari 's Pressed For Time , Jennifer Hudson 's début album , Dima Bilan 's Believe , Samantha Jade 's My Name Is Samantha Jade , New Kids on the Block 's The Block , and Keshia Chanté 's Night & Day . Timbaland produced the Russian entry the Eurovision Song Contest 2008 , Believe by Dima Bilan , which was co @-@ written by Bilan and Jim Beanz . The song then won the contest when it was held in Belgrade , Serbia in May 2008 . In February 2008 the first ' Fashion against AIDS ' collection -an initiative of ' Designers against AIDS ' and sold in H & M stores in 28 countries- was launched , for which Timbaland designed a T @-@ shirt print , posed for the campaign and spoke out in a video , to help raise HIV / AIDS awareness among urban youth and to advocate safe sex . On February 8 , 2008 , it was announced that Timbaland would be releasing an album exclusively for Verizon Wireless 's V CAST cell phone service and was designated its very first " Mobile Producer in Residence . " Timbaland was to be joined by Mosley Music Group / Zone 4 singer / songwriter Keri Hilson to begin work on the mobile album ’ s first track aboard the fully equipped Mobile Recording Studio . The only track to surface so far is Garry Barry Larry Harry " Get It Girl " . In Timbaland 's first effort within the video game industry , he worked with Rockstar Games to produce Beaterator , a music mixing game for the PlayStation Portable , PlayStation Network , and iOS released in the September 2009 . = = = 2009 – 10 : Shock Value II and burglary case = = = Timbaland spoke to MTV 's Shaheem Reid back in July 2008 to confirm that he was working on the follow @-@ up to his platinum selling Shock Value . At the time he confirmed that he had one track with Madonna which although recorded for her album Hard Candy it had not been used and could end up on this album instead . He was insistent that he would also collaborate with Jordin Sparks , Beyoncé , Rihanna , Jonas Brothers , Miley Cyrus and T.I. However , none of these collaborations ( except Miley Cyrus ) made it to the final tracklist . He also said that alongside T @-@ Pain who would definitely appear , he hoped to get Jay @-@ Z on board , although he ultimately failed to do so . Timbaland began working on the sequel to Shock Value in July 2008 . In March 2009 , he filed a lawsuit against his label , Blackground Records , alleging that they attempted to blackball him after he decided to move from music performance into production . In September 2009 , Timbaland announced that Shock Value II will be released on November 23 , in Europe and November 24 , in North America . However , it was pushed back to December 8 , preceded by the first single which features a new recording artist named SoShy entitled " Morning After Dark " . New featured guest appearances on the album include DJ Felli Fel , Justin Timberlake , JoJo , Bran 'Nu , Drake , Chad Kroeger , Sebastian , Miley Cyrus , Nelly Furtado , Katy Perry , Esthero , The Fray , Jet , Daughtry , OneRepublic , Keri Hilson , Attitude and D.O.E .. Ultimately Madonna , Jonas Brothers , Rihanna , Usher , Jay Z , Beyoncé , Kanye West , Linkin Park , The All @-@ American Rejects , Paramore , Gucci Mane , T @-@ Pain , T.I. and Akon never appeared on Shock Value II . Shock Value II is infamous for its use of over @-@ the @-@ top vocal effects . Despite charting low , Timbaland has had three top forty singles to date . " Morning After Dark " featuring SoShy and Nelly Furtado is the lead single from Timbaland 's third studio album . The song was written by Tim Mosley , Jerome Harmon , Deborah Epstein , Michelle Bell , Keri Hilson , Nelly Furtado , James Washington , John Maultsby and produced by Timbaland and Jroc . The single premiered on October 16 , 2009 , on Ryan Seacrest 's KIIS @-@ FM radio show , On @-@ Air with Ryan Seacrest with Timbaland describing it as the kick @-@ off song from the project . Following her performance , the song was sent for radio adds on May 25 . The song peaked in the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100 . With this success , the song became Sparks ' fifth consecutive top 20 hit and third nonconsecutive top 10 hit . On May 24 , Sparks headed to Europe to begin promotion for the single . " Say Something " featuring Canadian rapper Drake was released to US iTunes on November 3 , 2009 . It was officially sent to U.S. radio on 5 January 2010 . It is the album 's second single and reached number 23 on the Hot 100 , making it the second most successful single on the album . " Carry Out " featuring Justin Timberlake is the third single from the album but was initially only released in the U.S. It was sent to US radio on December 1 , 2009 . It is the most successful single on the album , peaking at number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The music video premiered on February 18 , 2010 . It was released as the third UK single on 26 April 2010 . " If We Ever Meet Again " featuring Katy Perry is the album 's fourth single . The music video premiered on January 18 , 2010 . In the UK , it was released February 15 , 2010 . Timbaland produced Chris Cornell 's 2009 album Scream . Shakira was asked to record vocals on the song " Give It Up to Me " to be included on Timbaland 's forthcoming album but it was placed on her third studio album She Wolf and released as the second US single instead . One of the songs Timbaland had produced for Beyoncé 's 2008 album I Am ... Sasha Fierce was reworked by Keri Hilson and Jay Z for Shock Value II but not included . He was a guest host of WWE 's Raw on December 28 , 2009 . Timbaland appeared on the 25 March 2010 episode ( titled " Blowback " ) of FlashForward as an evidence agent . His songs " Morning After Dark " and " Symphony " appear on the video game Def Jam : Underground . In April 2010 , a feud arose between the producer and R & B singer Ginuwine , after Timbaland failed to make an appearance at the singer 's music video shoot of " Get Involved " . Later in April , Timbaland released a new single featuring T @-@ Pain and Billy Blue titled " Talk That " . In June 2010 , when questioned by RWD magazine about the UK music scene he made the bold claim to be the inspiration for the dub @-@ step music scene . “ The UK scene ... they ’ re always telling me that I started it . You have Dub @-@ bass ... ” . When questioned further about it he went on to say : " It ’ s funny cos they went back to some of my old music that really created that sound and just , instead of going fast , they went slow with more bass . " In August 2010 , a " possible suicide attempt " APB was put out for Timbaland after his home was burgled . When his family were unable to contact him , they called 911 and a manhunt began . Police eventually found his car and brought him back home , where paramedics examined him , before declaring he was not a threat to himself . When questioned , Timbaland said he only took a drive to think about the burglary , as he thought the possible thief could have been someone close whom he trusted . = = = 2010 – present : Textbook Timbo and recent activities = = = In 2010 , Timbaland split with longtime label Blackground Records , but stayed with Interscope Records . Later in the year , Timbaland was featured on the deluxe edition of Chris Brown 's album , F.A.M.E. , producing the songs " Paper , Scissors , Rock " ( feat . Big Sean ) and the Japan @-@ only bonus track , " Talk Ya Ear Off " . Timbaland was also featured on David Guetta 's LP , Nothing But the Beat , on " I Just Wanna F. " with Dev and Afrojack . Timbaland also worked with teen star Demi Lovato ; he produced and had a small feature in her song " All Night Long " on Lovato 's Unbroken album . In November 2010 , Timbaland announced that he would be releasing a new song every Thursday , called Timbo Thursdays ; a copy of the initiative shown by artists such as Kanye West ( via G.O.O.D. Fridays ) , and Swizz Beatz ( via Monster Mondays ) . In an interview with Rap @-@ Up.com Timbaland stated , “ So , my brother told me Kanye is puttin ' out a new song every Friday called G.O.O.D. Fridays , Swizz got Mondays , I don 't know if they are on Twitter but can you hit them up , and tell them reserve that Thursday for Timbo the king baby . We ’ ll call it Timbo Thursday , cool ? ” On January 13 , 2011 , Timbaland began his Timbaland Thursdays free music initiative , with the first song released being " Take Ur Clothes Off " , featuring Missy Elliott . Keri Hilson revealed that the songs that Timbaland was releasing through the initiative come deep from within his vast back catalogue , so there was a good chance that she would be featured on at least one of the records . In early 2011 , he stopped the weekly free music as he spent time in South Africa , and wanted to help produce tracks for his brother , Sebastian . The first official single from Shock Value III , " Pass at Me " featuring Cuban rapper Pitbull , with uncredited production by French DJ David Guetta , was released on September 13 , 2011 , after having been previously used to promote a book titled Culo . The album 's second single , " Break Ya Back " featuring American singer Dev , was released on April 17 , 2012 . For the fourth installment in the Step Up franchise , Step Up Revolution , Timbaland released a track called " Hands In the Air " , which features American singer Ne @-@ Yo . On January 30 , 2013 , Timbaland signed to Jay @-@ Z 's label Roc Nation . Later that year , Timbaland would serve as the main producer of Justin Timberlake 's recent LP , The 20 / 20 Experience , including the album 's singles : " Suit & Tie " and " Mirrors " . Timbaland also produced Beyoncé 's song " Grown Woman " which was featured in her Pepsi commercial and 2013 tour , The Mrs. Carter Show World Tour , and the song " I Don 't Have To Sleep to Dream " on Cher 's 2013 album Closer to the Truth . In August 2013 , Timbaland revealed that he was working on a project featuring unreleased material by Michael Jackson , with a lead single called " Love Never Felt So Good " . On September 24 , 2013 , Timbaland collaborated with T.I. for his new co @-@ produced Indonesian artist , AGNEZ MO , in her song titled Coke Bottle . The premiere launch event of the single became a worldwide trending topic on Twitter . On November 15 , 2013 , Timbaland revealed his new single for his fourth album , Opera Noir , called " Know Bout Me " featuring Drake , Jay @-@ Z , and James Fauntleroy . By 2014 , it was originally announced that both Timbaland and Missy Elliott would be an essential component per production of Kat Dahlia 's debut album , My Garden , however neither of the duo 's contributions saw the light of day . On January 7 , 2015 , Timbaland received production credit for his involvement with the musical score of Lee Daniels and Danny Strong 's television project Empire , which premiered on FOX . Constructively , Timbaland and his team , including Jim Beanz , Raphael Saadiq , and others , compose the series ' songs based on material given to them by the show 's writing team per each episode . In February 2016 , Timbaland regrouped with Missy Elliott once more to produce the track " Somebody Else Will " for longtime associate Tweet , taken from her third studio album Charlene . In June 2016 , Timbaland and Andy Rubinhas teamed up with SubPac , a Los Angeles @-@ based startup that has created a wearable device set to redefine entertainment through new immersive physical @-@ sound technology . = = Plagiarism accusations = = In January 2007 , several news sources reported that Timbaland was alleged to have plagiarized several elements ( both motifs and samples ) in the song " Do It " on the 2006 album Loose by Nelly Furtado without giving credit or compensation . The song itself was released as the fifth North American single from Loose in July 2007 . Timbaland 's legal troubles continued . In lieu of a copyright lawsuit over the song " Throw It on Me " from his Shock Value album , Timbaland and David Cortopassi , the composer of " Spazz " , a song originally recorded by The Elastik Band and released by ATCO / Atlantic and EMI , reached a settlement agreement in July 2009 . The terms of the settlement remained undisclosed at the time . " Spazz " , noted as being " one of the most tasteless records ever made " , was initially banned by radio stations and even pulled mid @-@ stream while on air when first released in 1967 , with the DJ even apologizing to his listeners for playing the record . In January 2014 , the Swiss newspaper Basler Zeitung revealed another plagiarism case concerning the track " Versus " by Jay @-@ Z , which was produced by Timbaland . The track 's instrumental is very similar to , if not directly sampled from " On the Way " by Swiss musician Bruno Spoerri . According to Swiss newspaper Tages Anzeiger , the plagiarism case was settled by March 2015 . Jay Z and Timbaland were to pay 50 % from the song 's revenue to Spoerri as royalties for the music , with Jay @-@ Z retaining 50 % for the lyrics . = = Discography = = Solo albums Tim 's Bio : Life from da Bassment ( 1998 ) Shock Value ( 2007 ) Shock Value II ( 2009 ) Opera Noir ( 2016 ) Timbaland & Magoo albums Welcome to Our World ( 1997 ) Indecent Proposal ( 2001 ) Under Construction , Part II ( 2003 ) = = Awards and nominations = =
= Cornwallis in India = British General Charles Cornwallis , the 2nd Earl Cornwallis , was appointed in February 1786 to serve as both Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of British India and Governor of the Presidency of Fort William , also known as the Bengal Presidency . Based in Calcutta , he oversaw the consolidation of British control over much of peninsular India , setting the stage for the British Raj . He was also instrumental in enacting administrative and legal reforms that fundamentally altered civil administration and land management practices in India . According to historian Jerry Dupont , Cornwallis was responsible for " laying the foundation for British rule throughout India and setting standards for the services , courts , and revenue collection that remained remarkably unaltered almost to the end of the British era . " He was raised to the title of Marquess Cornwallis in 1792 as recognition for his performance in the Third Anglo @-@ Mysore War , in which he extracted significant concessions from the Mysorean ruler , Tipu Sultan . He returned to England in 1793 , and was subsequently engaged in a variety of administrative and diplomatic postings until 1798 , when he was posted to the Kingdom of Ireland as Lord Lieutenant and Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief , similar to his leadership posts in India . After returning from Ireland in 1801 , he was again posted to India . He arrived in July 1805 , and died the same October in Ghazipur . Cornwallis was buried at Ghazipur , and is memorialised throughout India . = = Background = = Lord Charles Cornwallis was a British army officer , civil administrator , and diplomat . His career was primarily military in nature , including a series of well @-@ known campaigns during the War of American Independence from 1776 to 1781 that culminated in his surrender at Yorktown . Following his return to England in 1782 he was prevented by his parole from further participation in the war , and financial demands eventually caused him to seek a position of greater pay than the half @-@ pay that military officers received when not in service . = = = India in the 1780s = = = The area encompassed by modern India was significantly fractured following the decline of the Mughal Empire in the first half of the 18th century . European colonial outposts , from countries including Denmark , Portugal , France , and the Dutch Republic , dotted both the Coromandel ( east ) and Malabar ( west ) coasts of the subcontinent , although many of these had been established with the formal permission of a local ruler ( which was sometimes secured by force of arms ) . The Kingdom of Travancore dominated the southern tip , the Kingdom of Mysore held sway over the centre of the peninsula , and the Maratha Empire , a confederation of loosely allied principalities , dominated the northern reaches from Calcutta to Bombay . Although there were significant British presences at Bombay and Madras , each governed by a separate presidency , the Bengal region , including Calcutta , had come under the direct rule of the British East India Company in 1757 , with authority to levy taxes , and its presidency dominated the others . Its civil head , the Governor @-@ General of Fort William , ranked ahead of those of Madras and Bombay . Cornwallis quickly established himself as a transformational leader . British colonial administration was dominated in the 1760s and 1770s by Warren Hastings , the first man to hold the title of Governor @-@ General . The military arm of the East India Company was directed during the Seven Years ' War and the Second Anglo @-@ Mysore War by General Eyre Coote , who died in 1783 during the later stages of the war with Mysore . Company policy , as implemented by Hastings , had involved the company in intrigues and shifting alliances involving France , Mysore , the Marathas , and factions within those and other local territories . = = Appointment = = Cornwallis was first considered for a posting to India during the ministry of the Earl of Shelburne in the spring of 1782 . Shelburne asked Cornwallis if he wanted to go to India as governor general , an idea Cornwallis viewed with favour , as it provided employment without risking his parole status . However , Shelburne was a weak leader , and was turned out of power in early 1783 , replaced by a coalition government dominated by men Cornwallis ( and King George ) disliked , Charles James Fox and Lord North . Cornwallis , who normally avoided politics ( in spite of holding a seat in the House of Lords ) , became more vocal in opposition to the Fox @-@ North ministry , hoping his support would be repaid by the next government . With the ascendancy of William Pitt the Younger to power in December 1783 , doors to new positions were opened to the earl . Pitt first offered him the Lord Lieutenancy of Ireland , which he politely refused . He also made it clear that , were he posted to India , he would want the supreme military command in addition to civil control . When informed that Pitt was agreeable to this demand , he went through a period of soul @-@ searching , torn between the conflicting demands of family and country . This , however , was not the only troubling issue . When Parliament took up consideration of assignments in India in August 1784 , it was only prepared to offer one of the two posts , which he again refused to consider . Passed over for other military postings , Pitt placated him with the post of Constable of the Tower . After refusing another inadequate entreaty from Pitt to take a post in India in February 1785 , Cornwallis 's demand for both posts were finally met a year later , on 23 February 1786 . Departing London in May , he arrived at Madras on 22 August 1786 , after " a most prosperous and expeditious passage " , and at Calcutta on 12 September . Although he was accorded a welcome suitable to his rank , the acting governor @-@ general , John Macpherson , was unhappy at being replaced . He attempted to reserve for his own use the Government House , which was normally reserved for the governor @-@ general . Cornwallis , after having his oaths of office administered , immediately announced his intention to occupy the residence . = = Administrative reforms = = Cornwallis was charged by the directors of the British East India Company to overhaul and reform its administration in India . The company had historically paid its functionaries ( revenue collectors , traders , and administrators ) in India relatively little , but allowed them to engage in trade for themselves , including the use of company shipping for the purpose . As long as the company was profitable , this open door to corruption and graft at the company 's expense was overlooked . However , the rise of manufacturing in Britain led to a collapse of prices for textiles and other goods from India , and the company 's involvement in wars on the subcontinent had also been expensive . By the time Cornwallis arrived the company was losing money . Its employees , however , continued to profit personally , without caring whether or not the company made money . Cornwallis sought to change this practice , first by refusing to engage in such dealing himself , and second , by securing pay increases for the company 's functionaries while denying them their personal trading privileges . Another area of reform that Cornwallis implemented was the reduction of nepotism and political favouritism as means for advancement and positions within the company . Seeking instead to advance the company 's interests , he sought out and promoted individuals on the basis of merit , even refusing requests by the Prince of Wales to assist individuals in the latter 's good graces . = = Judicial reforms = = Prior to the earl 's arrival , judicial and police powers in territories controlled by the company were a confusion of differing standards that were also either inconsistently or arbitrarily applied . Part of Cornwallis 's work was the introduction of criminal and judicial regulations that to a significant degree still underpin the Indian judicial system . Indian cities , much like British cities of the time , were poorly policed , and crime was widespread . Different penal and civil codes were applied to Hindus and Muslims , and the codification of these codes in different languages meant that it was virtually impossible for justice to be properly and consistently applied . Much of the criminal justice system in Bengal remained in the hands of the nawab , the nominal local ruler of the company 's territory . Furthermore , individuals with powerful political connections in their community often were able to act with impunity , since no one suffering at their hands was likely to press charges for fear of retribution . Hastings had several times made changes to policing and the administration of justice , but none of these had had a significant impact on the problem . Cornwallis received critical assistance from others in his effort to introduce legal reforms . William Jones , an expert on languages , translated existing Hindu and Muslim penal codes into English so that they could be evaluated and applied by English @-@ speaking judges . Cornwallis began in 1787 by giving limited criminal judicial powers to the company 's revenue collectors , who already also served as civil magistrates . He also required them to report regularly on detention times and sentences given . In 1790 the company took over the administration of justice from the nawab , and Cornwallis introduced a system of circuit courts with a superior court that met in Calcutta and had the power of review over circuit court decisions . Judges were drawn from the company 's European employees . These reforms also included changes to the penal codes to begin harmonising the different codes then in use . By the time of his departure in 1793 his work on the penal code , known in India as the Cornwallis Code , was substantially complete . One consequence of the Cornwallis Code was that it , in effect , institutionalised racism in the legal system . Cornwallis , in a manner not uncommon at the time , believed that well @-@ bred gentlemen of European extraction were superior to others , including those that were the product of mixed relationships in India . Of the latter , he wrote " as on account of their colour & extraction they are considered in this country as inferior to Europeans , I am of opinion that those of them who possess the best abilities could not command that authority and respect which is necessary in the due discharge of the duty of an officer . " In 1791 he issued an order that " No person , the son of a Native Indian , shall henceforward be appointed by this Court to Employment in the Civil , Military , or Marine Service of the Company . " Cornwallis 's biographers , the Wickwires , also observe that this institutionalisation of the British as an elite class simply added another layer on top of the complex status hierarchy of caste and religion that existed in India at the time . Cornwallis could not have formalised these policies without the ( tacit or explicit ) agreement of the company 's directors and employees . Cornwallis 's attituted toward the lower classes did , however , include a benevolent and somewhat paternalistic desire to improve their condition . He introduced legislation to protect native weavers who were sometimes forced into working at starvation wages by unscrupulous company employees , outlawed child slavery , and established in 1791 a Sanskrit college for Hindus that is now the Government Sanskrit College in Benares . He also established a mint in Calcutta that , in addition to benefiting the poor by providing a reliable standard currency , was a forerunner India 's modern currency . = = The Permanent Settlement = = The Company 's acquisition of the territories of Bengal in the 1760s led to its decisions to collect taxes as high as 89 % of land produce in the area as a means of reducing investment capital directed toward India . A variety of taxation schemes were implemented in the following years , none of which produced satisfactory results , and many of which left too much power over the natives in the hands of the tax collectors , or zamindars . The company 's directors gave Cornwallis the task of coming up with a taxation scheme that would meet the company 's objectives without being an undue burden on the working men of its territories . John Shore ( who went on to succeed Cornwallis as Governor @-@ General ) and Charles Grant , two men he came to trust implicitly , were the most important contributors to what is now called the Permanent Settlement . The essence of the arrangement they came up with in the summer of 1789 was that the zamindars would effectively become hereditary landholders , paying the company tax based on the value of the land . Shore and Cornwallis disagreed on the term of the scheme , with Shore arguing for a ten @-@ year time limit on the arrangement , while Cornwallis argued for a truly permanent scheme . Cornwallis prevailed , noting that many of the company 's English revenue collectors , as well as others knowledgeable of company finance and taxation , supported permanency . In 1790 the proposal was sent to London , where the company directors approved the plan in 1792 . Cornwallis began implementing the regulations in 1793 . Critics of the Permanent Settlement objected to its permanency , claimed that the company was forgoing revenue , and that Cornwallis and others advocating it misunderstood the historic nature of the zamindars . The Wickwires note that Cornwallis relied extensively on advice not only from John Shore , who had extensive experience in India prior to Cornwallis 's arrival , but also from the revenue collectors in the various districts , who were almost uniformly in favour of a permanent settlement with the zamindars . He was also clear on the need to protect the ryots ( land tenants ) from the excesses of the zamindars , writing , " It is immaterial to government what individual possessed the land , provided he cultivates it , protects the ryots , and pays the public revenue . " = = Penang and Nepal = = Cornwallis 's predecessor , John Macpherson , had authorised negotiations with the sultan of Kedah for the establishment of a company trading post on the island of Penang . Captain Francis Light , a trader familiar with the East Indies , negotiated an agreement in which the sultan , who was surrounded by powerful adversaries , received a share of the trade profits and a defensive military alliance in exchange for Penang . Captain Light made representations to the sultan that the company had agreed to these terms , and occupied the island in August 1786 . Cornwallis , concerned that the military aspects of the agreement might draw the company into conflicts with the sultan 's adversaries or the Dutch , withheld approval of the agreement and requested the company 's directors to decide the issue . When the company refused the military alliance , the sultan began blockading the island , renamed Prince of Wales Island by Light , and started in 1790 to accumulate troops with the view toward forcibly evicting the British . Cornwallis 's brother William , then with the Royal Navy in the area , sailed from Penang to pick up troops in India for its defence . Captain Light , however , routed the sultan 's forces in April 1791 before those reinforcements arrived . An agreement was then signed in which the company paid the sultan an annual stipend for the use of Penang . The fort that Captain Light constructed to protect Penang 's principal town , George Town , became known as Fort Cornwallis in the earl 's honour . In 1792 , King Rana Bahadur Shah of Nepal , with whom the company had established trade relations , requested military assistance . Shah had been expanding his territory militarily by taking over smaller adjacent principalities , but a 1791 invasion of Tibet was met with a stiff Chinese response . Cornwallis declined the king 's request , sending instead Colonel William Kirkpatrick to mediate the dispute . Kirkpatrick was the first Englishman to see Nepal ; by the time he reached Kathmandu in 1793 , the parties had already resolved their dispute . = = War with Mysore = = Immediately after the signing of the Treaty of Mangalore in 1784 , ending the Second Anglo @-@ Mysore War , Tipu Sultan , the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore , restated his hatred for the British , declaring that he would seek to renew conflict with them . Cornwallis , upon his arrival in India , took steps to modify or abrogate agreements with the Maratha Empire and with the Nizam of Hyderabad ( both of whom had territories on Mysore 's northern border ) that he saw as problematic with respect to the provisions of the 1784 treaty . He did assure them that if France became involved in conflict against their territories that the company would assist them . Pursuant to this policy , he refused to send company troops to assist the Marathas and the Nizam in their war with Mysore to recover previously lost territories . = = = Early campaigns = = = Tensions between Tipu and the Nizam and the British were raised when , in 1788 , the East India Company gained control over the Circar of Guntur , the southernmost of the Northern Circars , pursuant to an earlier agreement with the Nizam . In exchange , the company agreed to station some of its troops with the Hyderabadi army . By 1789 , tensions between Tipu and his neighbors and vassals to Mysore 's west , including the Kingdom of Travancore , also rose noticeably . Travancore , listed in the 1784 treaty as a British ally , acquired from the Dutch East India Company two forts located within the territory of Cochin , a Mysorean vassal state . The Dutch had never paid tribute to anyone for these forts since gaining control of them , but the fact that they were within Cochin 's bounds was sufficient for Tipu to dispute Travancore 's claim . He began massing troops at Coimbatore and making threatening gestures toward Dharma Raja of Travancore . British authorities in Madras warned Tipu that acts of aggression against Travancore would be met with a British response , and Cornwallis began urging John Holland , the governor of Madras , to begin military preparations . On December 29 , 1789 , Tipu attacked Travancore 's defenses . Hollond , however , was not a military man , and rather than acting with vigour , he temporised and attempted negotiation with Tipu . He was replaced in early 1790 by General William Medows , to whom Cornwallis gave the authority for a military campaign against Mysore . Cornwallis began negotiating with the Marathas and the Nizam for their support , since the British forces in India were significantly lacking in cavalry , one of Tipu 's strengths . The Marathas and the Nizam both had significant cavalry forces , and they were interested in recovering territories lost to Mysore in earlier conflicts . However , they were too weak to attack Mysore individually , and did not trust each other , so they preferred to wait until it was clear the British were committed to act against Mysore . Medows ' campaign in 1790 was a limited success . He occupied the Coimbatore district against minimal opposition , but a forceful counterattack by Tipu reduced the British holdings to Coimbatore itself and a few other outposts . Tipu had also descended to the coastal plain , where he plowed through the Carnatic and even met with the French at Pondicherry in a fruitless attempt to draw them into the conflict . By September 1790 the British allies were taking the field , but still did not want to face Tipu 's strong force without significant British support . Consequently , Cornwallis decided to personally take control of the main British force from Medows . In early February 1791 he began a campaign that was squarely targeted at Mysore 's capital , Seringapatam . = = = First campaign against Seringapatam = = = One of the largest issues confronting Cornwallis in managing the army was its diversity . In addition to British Army and East India Company European forces , there were German troops from Hanover , and a large number of native sepoys from a diversity of cultural backgrounds , speaking different languages and having varied religious and dietary requirements . In order to meet the needs of this patchwork of forces , the army was followed by a number of camp followers that was unusually large by comparison to typical European or North American armies , further increasing the need for reliable supply . The army he took over from General Medows had 15 @,@ 000 troops and 60 @,@ 000 camp followers . He permitted the artist Robert Home to accompany the army on its campaign ; the resulting artwork is one of the legacies of the campaign . Cornwallis was sensitive to the fact that Tipu was likely to deny the invading army access to local forage and provisions , and made arrangements for a large supply of provisions , and arranged for the use of elephants to assist in the movement of the army 's siege equipment . He also encouraged the Marathas and the Nizam to step up their advances to join his army as quickly as possible , so that he could take advantage of their cavalry . Cornwallis departed Velhout , near Madras , on 5 February , reaching Vellore on 11 February . After several days of rest , the army set out with the apparent intention of crossing the Eastern Ghats directly west of Vellore . However , this was a feint , and Cornwallis turned the army north , and instead crossed the mountains at Muglee . Tipu , who had taken steps to defend the more southerly passes , had not defended this one , and the army met no resistance . In fact , it met no significant resistance until it neared Bangalore , one of the strongest fortresses in eastern Mysore . On 5 March , Colonel John Floyd , leader of the British cavalry , was lured into a trap set by Tipu that cost the army 70 men and 250 valuable horses . Cornwallis brushed off the loss , and proceeded to besiege Bangalore . On 7 March the city 's walls were breached , and the city was stormed through the opening , sending its defenders scurrying . Cornwallis gained control of the whole city except its fortress , which was stormed on the night of 21 March after its walls were breached . Tipu , from his camps outside the city , offered only weak resistance , ineffectually attempting to impede the siege works and assist the besieged fortress during the final assault . After securing Bangalore , Cornwallis began to move against Tipu , who retreated toward Seringapatam . The lack of cavalry , however , hampered the British effort , so Cornwallis ordered the army north to make junction with the nizam 's troops . When they finally met about 60 miles ( 97 km ) from Bangalore , Cornwallis described Teige Wunt 's cavalry as " extremely defective in almost every point of military discipline " , and their presence in the army ultimately presented more difficulties than assistance . Instead of acting as flanking companies and foraging on their own , they preferred to remain with the main army and consume its provisions . This forced Cornwallis to alter the army 's route again to join with a supply train carrying additional provisions . The army returned to Bangalore on 28 April , and then set out for Seringapatam . The march was significantly slowed by early monsoon rains that turned the march into a muddy mess . In spite of appeals by Cornwallis to Teige Wunt , the nizam 's men continued to consume provisions , and the army 's provisions began to run short . Tipu retreated before the army , employing scorched earth tactics to deny his enemy provisions . Baggage was left behind as draft animals died , and the army , including its officers , were on half rations . The rains flooded the Kaveri River , which was difficult to cross even under favourable conditions , and which separated the army from a British force under Robert Abercromby that was waiting on the far side of Seringapatam for Cornwallis 's arrival . On 13 May , near the village of Arakere , about 10 miles ( 16 km ) below Seringapatam , Tipu decided to offer battle from a position on nearby heights . In the ensuing battle , complicated by the rains , Cornwallis prevailed , routing Tipu 's forces , which retreated into Seringapatam . Following the battle , Cornwallis made the difficult decision to retreat , as the army 's supply situation had become so desperate that a siege would have been impossible , even if he could have joined with Abercromby 's troops . A hoped @-@ for junction with Marathan troops also seemed unlikely , as Tipu had successfully prevented communication and intelligence of their position from reaching Cornwallis , and the most recent reports placed them some distance off . After ordering Abercromby to retreat on 21 May , Cornwallis ordered his siege train destroyed , and began to retreat toward Bangalore on 26 May . That very day , he was met by an advance company of the Marathan army . The next day that army , totalling some 40 @,@ 000 cavalry , joined with his . The Marathan army was well @-@ provisioned , so they were able to relieve some of the British army 's stresses , although the prices they charged for their provisions were exorbitant . The combined army reached Bangalore on 11 July . Tipu took advantage of the retreat to make a concerted attack on Coimbatore , which fell after a lengthy siege in November . = = = Second campaign against Seringapatam = = = The armies of Purseram Bhow and Teige Wunt then left the grand army to pursue territorial gains in Mysore 's northern territories . Whereas the earl 's younger brother , Commodore William Cornwallis , was engaged in the naval Battle of Tellicherry , Cornwallis spent the remainder of 1791 securing his supply lines to Madras , and clearing the way to Seringapatam . To this end he laid siege to Nundydroog in November and Savendroog in December , both of which fell after unexpectedly modest efforts . He also ordered a massive supply operation to ensure that adequate supplies and pay for his army and those of the allies would be available . Spies were sent to infiltrate Tipu 's camps , and he began to receive more reliable reports of the latter 's troop strengths and disposition . The relations between Cornwallis and the allies were difficult . The Mahrattan military leaders , Purseram Bhow and Hurry Punt , had to be bribed to stay with the army , and Cornwallis reported the Hyderabadi forces to be more of a hindrance than a help ; one British observer wrote that they were a " disorderly rabble " and " not very creditable to the state of military discipline at Hyderabad . " On 25 January , Cornwallis moved from Savendroog toward Seringapatam , while Abercromby again advanced from the Malabar coast . Although Tipu 's men harassed the column , they did not impede its progress , and it reached the Mysorean capital on 5 February . Cornwallis established a chain of outposts to protect the supply line from Bangalore , and planned an attack for that night , even though Abercromby had not yet arrived . Cornwallis responded with a night @-@ time attack to dislodge Tipu from his lines . After a somewhat confused battle , Tipu 's forces were flanked , he retreated into the city , and Cornwallis began siege operations . On 12 February Abercromby arrived with the Bombay army , and the noose began to tighten around Tipu . By 23 February , Tipu began making overtures for peace talks , and hostilities were suspended the next day when he agreed to preliminary terms . Among the preliminary terms that Cornwallis insisted on was the Tipu surrender two of his sons as hostages as a guarantee for his execution of the agreed terms . On 26 February his two young sons were formally delivered to Cornwallis amid great ceremony and gun salutes by both sides . Cornwallis , who was not interested in significantly extending the company 's territory , or in turning most of Mysore over to the Mahrattas and Hyderabad , negotiated a division of one half of Mysorean territory , to be divided by the allies , in which the company 's acquisition would improve its defenses . He later wrote , " If we had taken Seringapatam and killed Tippoo , [ ... ] we must either have given that capital to the Marattas ( a dangerous boon ) or have set up some miserable pageant of our own , to be supported by the Company 's troops and treasures , and to be plundered by its servants . " The territories taken deprived Mysore of much of its coastline ; Mysore was also obligated to pay some of the allied war costs . On 18 March 1792 Tipu agreed to the terms and signed the Treaty of Seringapatam , ending hostilities . = = Departure = = The difficulties of the military campaigns took a great physical toll on Cornwallis , and he sought to return to England . John Shore , his replacement , did not arrive until March 1793 , and Cornwallis remained until August to assist in the transition . He also oversaw the capture of the French outpost at Pondicherry following the arrival of news that war had again broken out in Europe . On 14 August 1793 , without ceremony , he quietly sailed from Calcutta for Madras , and on 10 October he finally sailed for England on board the Swallow . = = After India = = Scholar P.J. Marshall explains that the British public were able to follow the Third Mysore War in newspapers " in much greater detail than would have been the case for any previous war in India . " Thus , when Cornwallis returned victorious from India , he was celebrated well beyond Parliamentary and Company circles . He was raised to Marquess , but was also celebrated publicly through commissioned portraits and statues ; published books , songs and poems ; and even purchasable medallions and tea trays . This was the first time a military victory in India at the expense of a non @-@ European enemy garnered such public praise . While there would be many more bumps along the way , such widespread enthusiasm marked a turning point towards British acceptance of an overseas empire of conquest . Cornwallis was immediately asked to return to India . One reform that Cornwallis had been unable to achieve was the harmonisation of pay and rank between the military forces of the company and those of the Crown . Company officers of a given rank were generally paid better than those of a comparable rank in the Crown forces , and proposals to merge their pay scales were met with resistance that bordered on mutiny . The company directors asked Cornwallis to deal with this ; he refused . After serving for several years as the Master of the Ordnance , he was asked by Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger to serve as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland as well as its Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief after the Irish Rebellion of 1798 broke out . While the rebellion was mostly put down before his arrival , he oversaw the mopping of the remaining pockets of rebellion , and successfully defeated a French invasion intended to foment further rebellious activity . He then worked to secure the passage by the Irish Parliament of the 1800 Act of Union , which joined the Kingdom of Ireland and the Kingdom of Great Britain into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . He resigned his posts when the king refused to support Catholic emancipation , which he viewed as a key element for securing an enduring peace in Ireland . He was then engaged by the king in diplomatic efforts in Europe . Cornwallis led the British diplomatic team whose negotiations with Napoleon resulted in the 1802 Treaty of Amiens , with Cornwallis signing the treaty on behalf of King George . = = Return to India = = In the years since he left India , the company 's reach and control over the country had increased significantly , mainly under the governorship of Lord Mornington . Wellesley had decisively defeated Tipu in 1799 , and gained control , direct and indirect , over most of southern India . In 1803 the company came into conflict with the Marathas , and Mornington began extending the company 's reach further into the northern territories . His liberal spending and aggressive methods for dealing with the Marathas were not appreciated by the company 's directors , and following military setbacks in 1804 and allegations of improprieties , the directors decided to replace him . On 7 January 1805 Cornwallis was again appointed to the positions of Governor General and Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of India ; he described that after a difficult passage , he reached Madras on 19 July , and on 30 July he resumed his duties . William Hickey wrote that Cornwallis had become " a wreck of what he had been when formerly in Bengal " , and another aide noted that " his constitution was less equal to contend against the effects of this climate " . In spite of declining health and mental faculties , Cornwallis began a trip by boat to visit army outposts northwest of Calcutta . On the journey he wrote to General Gerard Lake , then commanding the forces in the war with the Marathas , insisting that peace be made . However , he never received Lake 's answer . When Cornwallis reached Ghazipur on 27 September , he was too ill to proceed further , and he died there a week later , on 5 October 1805 . = = Legacy = = Biographers Franklin and Mary Wickwire note that Cornwallis 's attitudes towards governance presaged the idea of responsible government that took hold in the United Kingdom in the 19th century . Later British administrators and the Indian Civil Service adopted his ideas of service by example , and service for the overall benefit of the population . Historian Marguerite Wilbur called the era of Cornwallis and Mornington the Golden Age of British rule in India . Cornwallis 's grave at Ghazipur is marked by a mausoleum whose construction was begun in 1809 . Memorials were also erected in his honour in Bombay , Madras , and in Saint Paul 's Cathedral in London . In Calcutta , when Mornington greatly expanded the government facilities , the Town Hall included a statuary hall . In 1803 , a sculpture begun by John Bacon and finished by his son John Bacon , Jr. was erected there in Cornwallis 's honour . The sculpture now stands in the Victoria Memorial .
= SMS Prinzess Wilhelm = SMS Prinzess Wilhelm ( " His Majesty 's Ship Princess Wilhelm " ) was a protected cruiser of the German Imperial Navy ( Kaiserliche Marine ) . She was the second Irene @-@ class cruiser ; her only sister ship was SMS Irene . Prinzess Wilhelm was laid down in 1886 at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel , launched in September 1887 , and commissioned into the fleet in November 1889 . As built , the ship was armed with a main battery of fourteen 15 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 in ) guns and had a top speed of 18 knots ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) . In 1895 , Prinzess Wilhelm was deployed to East Asian waters , where she frequently served as the flagship of the East Asia Cruiser Division . She was one of the three ships that participated in the seizure of Kiaochou Bay under the command of Rear Admiral Otto von Diederichs . She subsequently was present in the Philippines in the immediate aftermath of the Battle of Manila Bay between American and Spanish squadrons during the Spanish – American War in 1898 . Prinzess Wilhelm returned to Germany in 1899 and was modernized in 1899 – 1903 . She was reduced to a mine hulk in February 1914 and ultimately broken up for scrap in 1922 . = = Design = = Prinzess Wilhelm was the second protected cruiser built by the German navy . She was ordered under the contract name " Ersatz Ariadne " and was laid down at the Germaniawerft shipyard in Kiel in 1886 . She was launched on 22 September 1887 , after which fitting @-@ out work commenced . She was commissioned into the German navy on 13 November 1889 . The ship was 103 @.@ 7 meters ( 340 ft ) long overall and had a beam of 14 @.@ 2 m ( 47 ft ) and a draft of 6 @.@ 74 m ( 22 @.@ 1 ft ) forward . She displaced 5 @,@ 027 t ( 4 @,@ 948 long tons ; 5 @,@ 541 short tons ) at full combat load . Her propulsion system consisted of two horizontal AG Germania 2 @-@ cylinder double @-@ expansion steam engines powered by four coal @-@ fired cylindrical double @-@ boilers . These provided a top speed of 18 kn ( 33 km / h ; 21 mph ) and a range of approximately 2 @,@ 490 nautical miles ( 4 @,@ 610 km ; 2 @,@ 870 mi ) at 9 kn ( 17 km / h ; 10 mph ) . She had a crew of 28 officers and 337 enlisted men . The ship was armed with four 15 cm K L / 30 guns in single pedestal mounts , supplied with 400 rounds of ammunition in total . They had a range of 8 @,@ 500 m ( 27 @,@ 900 ft ) . Prinzess Wilhelm also carried ten shorter @-@ barreled 15 cm K L / 22 guns in single mounts . These guns had a much shorter range , at 5 @,@ 400 m ( 17 @,@ 700 ft ) . The gun armament was rounded out by six 3 @.@ 7 cm revolver cannon . She was also equipped with three 35 cm ( 14 in ) torpedo tubes with eight torpedoes , two launchers were mounted on the deck and the third was in the bow , below the waterline . In 1893 , the ship was modernized in Wilhelmshaven in 1903 ; work lasted until 1905 . The ship 's armament was significantly improved ; the four L / 30 guns were replaced with a new model with an increased range of 10 @,@ 000 m ( 33 @,@ 000 ft ) . Eight 10 @.@ 5 cm SK L / 35 quick @-@ firing ( QF ) guns were installed in place of the L / 22 guns , and six 5 cm SK L / 10 QF guns were added . = = Service history = = In the first maneuvers of 1890 , the newly commissioned Prinzess Wilhelm operated as the opposing force with several old corvettes . In September 1892 , the ship was sent to Genoa to represent Germany in the 400th anniversary of the voyage of Christopher Columbus . She was the only German ship sent to the ceremonies , a result of cooling relations between Germany and Italy at the time . In the 1894 autumn maneuvers , Prinzess Wilhelm served as the flagship of a reconnaissance flotilla . In January 1895 , Prinzess Wilhelm was dispatched to Asian to reinforce the Cruiser Division stationed there . After she joined her sister Irene in East Asian waters , the Division was reinforced with the rebuilt old ironclad Kaiser , the light cruiser Cormoran , the corvette Arcona , and the gunboat Iltis . In June 1896 , Alfred von Tirpitz took command of the Cruiser Division . By November , Prinzess Wilhelm was in bad need of maintenance , as engine problems limited her to half @-@ speed . In June 1897 , Rear Admiral Otto von Diederichs arrived in Asia to take command of the Cruiser Division ; Prinzess Wilhelm , Irene , and Arcona were in Chefoo conducting gunnery training . Diederichs , aboard Kaiser , joined the rest of the Division in Chefoo at the end of the month . There , he held a series of ceremonial visits with the captains of each of his ships . On 1 July , Diederichs boarded Prinzess Wilhelm to make a visit to the Chinese capital at Peking . There , he attempted to negotiate with the Chinese government to acquire a permanent naval base for the Cruiser Division . Diederichs , who sought the port of Kiaochou , was unsuccessful in his attempt , and so he returned to Prinzess Wilhelm on 11 July . While leaving Peking , he examined the Taku Forts that guarded the entrance to Peking . Diederichs returned to the Division on 16 July , after which he conducted a tour of Asian ports with the entire Division . = = = Seizure of Kiaochou = = = In October , Diederichs planned to rotate his ships through repair facilities in the region for periodic maintenance ; Prinzess Wilhelm was scheduled to dock in Shanghai . He requested permission to take Prinzess Wilhelm and Kaiser to Kiaochou for autumn gunnery training and to leave Prinzess Wilhelm stationed there during the winter , which was denied . Diederichs was able to make use of the murder of a pair of German priests on 6 November in Shangtung , however , to justify his move against Kiaochou . At the time , the only ships available for the attack were Prinzess Wilhelm and Kaiser . Cormoran joined the two ships after a few days , and by 10 November , the ships were ready . Prinzess Wilhelm left port on the 11th , to rendezvous with Kaiser and Cormoran at sea . On the night 12 November , the three ships met and formed into line ; the attack was scheduled to begin on the morning of 14 November with a bombardment from the warships . The crews of Prinzess Wilhelm and Kaiser were to form a landing party to seize the harbor . The flotilla arrived on the morning of the 13th . The following morning , the landing party of some 700 officers and men was landed on the main pier in the harbor . The Chinese were caught completely by surprise , and the Germans secured their objectives within two hours ; Diederichs convinced the Chinese commander , General Chang , to withdraw from Kiaochou . The Imperial flag was raised in the town and Prinzess Wilhelm fired a 21 @-@ gun salute . The landing party remained in Kiaochou to garrison the port , and several 3 @.@ 7 cm guns were removed from the ships to provide artillery to the force . Diederichs requested reinforcements from Germany , and the Kaiser authorized a second Division to deploy to the East Asia station . The unit was therefore reorganized as the East Asia Squadron ; Prinzess Wilhelm was assigned to the I Division of the Squadron . On 27 November , Diederichs was promoted to Vice Admiral for his success in seizing Kiaochou , and given command of the new Squadron . Chinese forces converged on the port by the end of the month . Prinzess Wilhelm and Kaiser moved into the harbor to provide artillery support . General Chang , who had been placed under house arrest , was discovered to have been attempting to subvert the German occupation ; Dierderichs therefore placed him under arrest aboard Prinzess Wilhelm . A brief skirmish ensued , which quickly resulted in a Chinese rout . On 8 January , a force of 50 men from Prinzess Wilhelm 's crew was sent to Chi @-@ mo to defend against Chinese raids in the area . = = = The Philippines during the Spanish – American War = = = In the Spring of 1898 , Prince Heinrich arrived in Asia . While awaiting his arrival , Diederichs planned to rotate his ships through dockyards for periodic maintenance . On 4 May , Diederichs made Prinzess Wilhelm his flagship and sent Kaiser to Nagasaki and followed the next day , after Prince Heinrich reached Kiaochou . The Spanish – American War had broken out on 25 April and Commodore George Dewey had defeated the Spanish squadron at the Battle of Manila Bay on 1 May . Diederichs planned to use the crisis as an opportunity to seize another base for the Squadron in Asia . Upon arriving in Nagasaki , Diederichs learned the shipyard had not yet completed repairs to Kaiser , and so was unable to refit Prinzess Wilhelm for some time . He therefore ordered Kaiserin Augusta to meet him in Nagasaki , which he would use as his temporary flagship . Prinzess Wilhelm and Kaiser were to rejoin Diederichs once their repairs were completed . On 20 June , Prinzess Wilhelm arrived in the Philippines ; Diederichs now had a force of five warships : Prinzess Wilhelm , Kaiser , Irene , Kaiserin Augusta , and Cormoran . After her arrival , Prinzess Wilhelm proceeded to Mariveles to replenish her coal supplies and receive new crewmen from the transport Darmstadt . On 9 August , the American squadron in the Bay ordered the neutral warships in the harbor to leave the bombardment zone , and so Prinzess Wilhelm and the other German ships went to Mariveles . Following the fall of the city , most of the German ships departed the Philippines ; only Prinzess Wilhelm remained on station to protect German nationals in the islands . She was replaced by Arcona in October . In mid @-@ November , Kaiser ran aground and had to go into drydock for repairs ; Diederichs therefore made Prinzess Wilhelm his flagship . The ship remained in Asia for only a few more months , returning to European waters in 1899 . = = = Fate = = = After returning to Germany in 1899 , she went into drydock at the Imperial Dockyard in Wilhelmshaven for modernization ; work lasted until 1902 . She was stricken from the naval register on 17 February 1914 and used as a mine hulk . She was initially based in Danzig , but later moved to Kiel and Wilhelmshaven . On 26 November 1921 , Prinzess Wilhelm was sold for 909 @,@ 000 Marks . She was broken up the following year in Wilhelmshaven .
= Ratchet & Clank ( 2002 video game ) = Ratchet & Clank is a 2002 3D platform video game developed by Insomniac Games and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for the PlayStation 2 . Ratchet & Clank is the first game in the Ratchet & Clank series and precedes Ratchet & Clank : Going Commando . The game follows the anthropomorphic character Ratchet meeting the robot Clank on his home planet . Clank discovers that the villainous Chairman Drek of the Blarg race plans to create a new planet for his species , destroying other planets in the process . Clank convinces Ratchet to help him in his mission to gain the help of the famous superhero Captain Qwark . The game offers a wide range of weapons and gadgets that the player must use to defeat numerous enemies and solve puzzles on a variety of different planets in the fictional " Solana " galaxy . The game also includes several mini @-@ games , such as racing or hacking , which the player must complete to proceed . The game was positively received by critics , who praised the graphics and variety of gameplay , along with the comic and humorous style to the sci @-@ fi story . = = Gameplay = = In Ratchet & Clank , the main playable character is Ratchet , whom the player controls from a third @-@ person perspective , though a first person mode to view the player 's surroundings is available . The player traverses diverse environments with a large collection of unusual gadgets and weapons , using them to defeat enemies and pass obstacles . Up to 36 weapons and gadgets can be bought or found in the game . The player begins the game with only two weapons : the " OmniWrench 8000 " , a standard melee weapon with a variety of uses such as interacting with puzzles in the environment , and the Bomb Glove , a short @-@ range grenade thrower . As missions are completed across the game 's various planets , more weapons and gadgets become available , including the Blaster , an automatic pistol ; the Pyrocitor , a flamethrower ; and the Suck Cannon , a vacuum gun , which sucks up smaller enemies and converts them into projectiles . Weapons are either found , or can be bought with bolts , the game 's form of currency . The OmniWrench remains the standard melee weapon for close combat , with its own button , as all other weapons assume the role of secondary weaponry and can only be equipped one at a time , though all weapons can be carried in the player 's inventory . Bolts can be found in crates , along with ammo , or dropped from defeated enemies . The player also needs to buy ammo for most weapons , but a small number can function without the need for ammo . Vendors , which sell weapons and ammo , are situated at strategic points throughout levels . After completing the game , the player may choose to enter " challenge mode " , in which the game 's difficulty level rises considerably , but all bolts and weapons acquired the first time are carried through . There is also the option to buy " gold weapons " , more powerful versions of existing weapons . The game 's health system , Nanotech , starts at four health bubbles equivalent to be able to take four hits , but upgrades can be purchased , giving the player a total of eight hit points . Normally , Clank rides on Ratchet 's back , acting as a jet @-@ pack or similar device . Occasionally , however , Clank becomes a playable character when Ratchet is unable to explore certain areas . Clank can control " Gadgebots " , smaller robots similar to Clank , who perform certain actions for him . Racing , in the form of hoverboard races , appears in the game . Some racing missions are necessary to progress in the game , while others are optional . One level of space combat and a level of flying through the air shooting tankers is also present . Mini @-@ games to unlock doors , extend bridges , or elevate platforms appear in most levels . = = Plot = = On the desolate planet of Quartu , a mysterious factory is busy churning out mechanical soldiers . A flaw in the manufacturing instructions produces XJ @-@ 0461 , a small , self @-@ aware robot who quickly discovers the factory 's true purpose . He steals a ship and tries to escape , but is soon shot down over the desert planet of Veldin . Ratchet , a young Lombax ( a cat @-@ like alien ) who lives alone , investigates the crash site and rescues XJ @-@ 0461 , whom he nicknames " Clank " . Clank reveals that he was created by the Blarg , an alien race led by the corrupt Chairman Drek . Having ruined their home planet of Orxon through uncontrolled industrialization , the Blarg intend to create a new homeworld by systematically harvesting large portions of other planets , killing their inhabitants . Ratchet offers to help him as long as Clank agrees to serve as the ignition system for his ship , which Clank accepts . Shortly after takeoff , the duo is shot down over Novalis , which has already fallen to the Blarg . After getting another ship from the Novalian chairman , they travel to several different planets looking for information on the whereabouts of legendary space ranger Captain Qwark , who Clank believes is their only hope to stop Drek . They trace him to a racetrack on Rilgar , where Qwark offers to train them as rangers at his private compound on Umbris . After surviving a deadly obstacle course , Qwark reveals that he works for Drek , and leaves them to die in a pit holding a deadly Blargian Snagglebeast , which they manage to kill . Ratchet , who had always mistrusted Qwark , blames Clank for being naive , to which Clank responds by calling him a coward for putting his personal feelings ahead of the galaxy 's survival . Despite their mutual distrust , the two continue to fight the Blarg , forcing Drek to send Qwark to destroy them with his personal warship . Following a brutal dogfight in an asteroid belt , Qwark is defeated and Ratchet and Clank patch up their friendship . With his new planet nearly complete , Drek orders the destruction of Hoven so that he can move it into the planet 's ideal orbit . The duo successfully destroy the warhead built for this purpose , so Drek unveils his ultimate weapon : the Deplanetizer , a laser capable of reducing a planet to molecules . Learning that his new target is Ratchet 's home of Veldin , the two heroes sabotage his fleet and confront the Chairman himself on the surface . Drek admits that he was responsible for Orxon 's ecological destruction , which he engineered to force the Blarg to settle on his artificial planet for inflated prices , and that he intends to repeat the process over and over again until the entire galaxy is destroyed . Ratchet launches Drek into space , killing him when he collides with his new planet , and then destroys it with the Deplanetizer . The planetary fragments raining down upon Veldin knock both Clank and Ratchet off the platform , but Clank grabs a ledge in an attempt to save them both , injuring his arm in the process . He is unable to pull himself and Ratchet up to safety , but manages to break their fall using his thruster @-@ pack . Although the initial purpose of their partnership is done , Ratchet and Clank set aside their differences and Ratchet takes Clank home with him to fix his arm , ultimately strengthening their bond and friendship . In a post @-@ credits scene , Ratchet and Clank ( whose arm has been repaired ) watch an informercial featuring the now @-@ disgraced Qwark , who advertises a product to improve one 's hygiene , which he demonstrates , but this greatly disgusts the duo . Clank immediately turns off the television , ending the game . = = Development and release = = After finishing work on the Spyro the Dragon series , Insomniac originally intended to launch a game codenamed I5 ( Insomniac game # 5 ) for the PlayStation 2 . The developers , however , were never enthusiastic about it , and the idea was dropped after six months . Ratchet & Clank was based on an idea by Brian Hastings , which would feature a space @-@ traveling reptile alien who would collect various weapons as he progressed through the game ; Ratchet 's final form was decided upon after Insomniac considered a space lizard with a tail and various terrestrial creatures , including dogs and rats ; feline features stood out to the developers because of the associated sense of agility . Another early idea was to have a number of small robots attached to Ratchet , which would perform different functions . However , Insomniac realized that having the three robots was both complicated and created confusion about Ratchet 's appearance , leading them to have only one robot , Clank . Very little was cut for the final product , apart from a few weapons and gadgets that " just weren 't fun " . Shortly after changing the game from I5 to Ratchet & Clank , Naughty Dog asked Insomniac if they would be interested in sharing the game technology used in Naughty Dog 's Jak and Daxter : The Precursor Legacy , asking that Insomniac in turn share with them any improvements that were made . Insomniac agreed , resulting in most of the Ratchet & Clank engine technology being developed in @-@ house by Insomniac , but some very important renderers were those developed by Naughty Dog . Looking back on the agreement , Ted Price said that " Naughty Dog 's generosity gave us a huge leg up and allowed us to draw the enormous vistas in the game . " Some years later , Ted Price clarified Insomniac 's stance on engine technology while obliquely mentioning the shared renderers : " We 've always developed all our own technology . It 's been a little frustrating in the past for us to hear people say , ' Oh yeah , the Insomniac game is running on the Naughty Dog engine . ' People assumed that we were using Naughty Dog 's engine for Ratchet , and that was not true . We shared some technology with Naughty Dog way back when , and that was great , but we are a company that puts stock in developing specialized technology and we will continue to do so . " -- Ted Price , Independent PlayStation Magazine , September 2006 Pre @-@ production of the game began in late March 2001 , with a team of approximately 35 people . The game went into production in November 2001 , and by the end of the project , the team had grown to 45 . The game was first released in North America on November 4 , 2002 , and then in Australia on November 6 , 2002 . It was later released in PAL regions on November 8 , 2002 , and in Japan on December 3 , 2002 . In November 2003 , Sony added Ratchet & Clank to their Greatest hits series of games for the PlayStation 2 when Ratchet & Clank : Going Commando was released at that time , and the game was similarly added to Sony 's Platinum Range used in the PAL region on August 22 , 2003 . The game was added to Japan 's The Best range on July 3 , 2003 ; it was also the only game to be bundled with the PlayStation 2 in Japan . = = Reception = = Ratchet & Clank was met with positive reviews from critics upon release . After playing a preview of the game , GameSpot described it as having " excellent graphics , varied gameplay , and tight control [ s ] " . The game 's use of weapons , rather than simple melee attacks , was cited as one of the main features that made it stand out from other platform games ; Computer and Video Games said that " Going berserk with your giant ratchet [ ... ] is seriously satisfying [ ... ] Every time you thump an enemy with the hefty tool , it looks , sounds and feels remarkably solid . [ ... ] What 's more , the same can be said for all the other weapons you collect and use over the course of your intergalactic adventure " . GameSpot noted that the player does not need to follow the same paths multiple times , as was common in platformers at the time . Gameplanet said that it was " Quite simply the best platform game on the PS2 right now and possibly the best on any format ! " Reviewers praised the game 's graphics , specifically pointing out the character and background designs as being high @-@ quality for PS2 games of the time . GameSpy called the graphics " mind @-@ blowing " , and GameSpot praised the game 's smooth frame rate . GameZone noted the animation of Ratchet , praising the details in his animation . Reviewers found that the game 's voice overs and other audio elements were generally well @-@ done . IGN commented on the game 's artificial intelligence , saying that it was not as well @-@ done as that of Jak and Daxter : The Precursor Legacy , but still " purposefully comic and somewhat sophisticated " in others . Gameplanet felt that the game 's levels were well laid @-@ out . Criticism was aimed at the game 's camera angles , which Eurogamer felt were " idiotic " at times , giving the example of boss fights in which the camera centers on the boss rather than being freely movable . Allgame found that it was hard to form an emotional bond with Ratchet & Clank 's main characters , saying that Ratchet is " your typical teenager [ ... ] who desires nothing more than excitement and adventure " and that Clank is " the stereotypical intellectual ; stuffy and almost prudish to a fault " , feeling instead that the characters of Jak and Daxter from Jak and Daxter : The Precursor Legacy were " infinitely more likeable . " Some criticisms were also aimed at the story , with GameSpy saying that the game became predictable , boring , and " just bland " . Reviewers also noted that the first half of the game was " yawn inducing " , but once the player reaches planet Rilgar , it becomes much more intense and difficult ; GamePro found that the player does not " engage a single thought process " for the first parts of the game . = = = Legacy = = = In June 2014 , it was announced that the game would be re @-@ imagined for the PlayStation 4 , with the intention of remaking the original game as if Insomniac Games were to make the game again today . It has also been confirmed that the re @-@ imagining will tie @-@ in with the upcoming film . The game was originally planned to be released on the PlayStation 4 in 2015 , but was delayed along with the film to April 12 , 2016 .
= Revelations ( The X @-@ Files ) = " Revelations " is the eleventh episode of the third season of the science fiction television series The X @-@ Files . It premiered on the Fox network on December 15 , 1995 . It was written by Kim Newton and directed by David Nutter . The episode is a " Monster @-@ of @-@ the @-@ Week " story , unconnected to the series ' wider mythology . " Revelations " earned a Nielsen household rating of 10 , being watched by 15 @.@ 25 million people in its initial broadcast . The episode received mixed to positive reviews . The show centers on FBI special agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) who work on cases linked to the paranormal , called X @-@ Files . Mulder is a believer in the paranormal , while the skeptical Scully has been assigned to debunk his work . In this episode , Mulder and Scully investigate a case where fake stigmatics are being murdered . When a boy shows signs of being a real stigmatic , Mulder and Scully attempt to protect him , fearing that he will be the latest victim . " Revelations " became a minor storyline milestone for the series with the exploration of Scully 's faith as a devout Roman Catholic . Throughout the remainder of the series , her Catholic faith served as a cornerstone , although at times a contradiction to her otherwise rigid skepticism of the paranormal . Furthermore , while Mulder is usually the believer and Scully is usually the skeptic , " Revelations " features a role reversal with Scully becoming the believer and Mulder becoming the skeptic , a move that Duchovny called " a refreshing change of pace . " = = Plot = = A minister fakes stigmatic injuries to his hands during a sermon . Afterwards , he is visited by a white @-@ haired man named Simon Gates , who strangles him — his hands smoking while he does so . Agents Fox Mulder ( David Duchovny ) and Dana Scully ( Gillian Anderson ) investigate the case . Mulder says that the priest was the eleventh fake stigmatic who has been killed over the past three years in a series of international murders . Meanwhile , at an elementary school in Loveland , Ohio , a boy , Kevin Kryder starts bleeding from the palms of his hands . The agents arrive and meet with a social worker , who claims that Kevin has suffered injuries before and that his father was institutionalized , adding that Kevin was in danger from evil forces . The agents visit Kevin 's father , who claims that his son is the chosen one and that evil forces will come to kill him as part of a great war between good and evil . Kevin is abducted by a strange @-@ looking bald man . Kevin 's mother recognizes the man 's description as that of Owen Jarvis , who had done yard work for the family in the past . Owen claims to be Kevin 's guardian angel . By the time the agents arrive , Kevin is gone . Owen claims he was asked by God to protect Kevin and criticizes Scully for her faith not being as strong as his . Owen jumps out the window and escapes . Kevin arrives at his home and is pursued by Gates , who kills Owen when he arrives to protect him . Scully performs an autopsy and finds that Owen 's corpse is not decaying , reminding her of " incorruptibles " that she learned about in Catechism . Mulder tells Scully to not let her faith cloud her judgment . Scully finds that handprints on Owen 's neck belong to Simon Gates , a rich and powerful executive . Kevin travels with his mother in a car which breaks down . Gates arrives offering to help fix the car , and Kevin , who appears in two places at once , is able to distract him and help them escape . However , Kevin 's mother , hurt by Gates , runs the car into a ditch , dying as a result . Scully tells Kevin she 'll protect him . They bring him to a hotel where Scully finds an additional wound on Kevin 's side . Scully becomes upset at Mulder for his unwillingness to accept the possibility of a miracle . As they talk , Gates breaks into the bathroom , kidnapping Kevin by prying an opening in the barred window . Scully returns to see Kevin 's father but finds him heavily drugged . Scully theorizes that Gates has brought Kevin to a recycling plant he owns in Jerusalem , Ohio . Mulder thinks that he has headed to the airport , as a man matching Gates ' description was reported headed there . Mulder thinks Scully believes that she 's been chosen to protect Kevin . Scully arrives at the recycling plant where Gates tells Kevin that he must die for the ' New Age ' to come . Gates attempts to jump into a paper shredding machine with Kevin , but Kevin grabs onto the side as Gates falls into the shredder . Scully is able to pull Kevin to safety . Two days later , Scully and Kevin say goodbye . Kevin tells Scully he 'll see her again . Scully goes to the confessional for the first time in years , wondering if God is speaking , but no one is listening . = = Production = = " Revelations " was written by Kim Newton , who would go on to write one further episode of The X @-@ Files : the third season 's " Quagmire " . The episode was directed by David Nutter and would be his final episode of The X @-@ Files . Nutter decided that , after the episode , he wished to pursue different things and that the series was in excellent hands with fellow directors Rob Bowman and Kim Manners . Actor Kenneth Welsh appears in the episode as the demonic Simon Gates . Welsh had previously appeared with Duchovny in the critically acclaimed 1990 serial drama Twin Peaks . The episode features a role reversal with Dana Scully the believer and Fox Mulder the skeptic , which David Duchovny called " a refreshing change of pace . " Nutter said that dealing with faith permitted the show 's creators to further delve into Scully 's character . The episode was the first to discuss Scully 's faith in @-@ depth . Series creator Chris Carter later emphasized that the theme of the episode was more on personal belief rather than organized religion , noting , " [ The episode ] deals with faith , not religion with a capital ' R ' or Catholicism with a capital ' C ' " . The producers for the series were cautious about presenting an overtly religious episode of the series for fear of " pissing certain people off " , but , according to Carter , the show " handled it in such a way as to make it about miracle belief , or lack of belief . " According to co @-@ producer Paul Rabwin the episode had script problems and went through several rewrites while the episode was still in production . The producers felt it was difficult to sell the concept of religious magic and having Kevin appear in two places at once . The episode went through a detailed editing process , which including additional tweaks to the script . These changes required actor Kevin Zegers to be flown back to Vancouver to film additional scenes . The producers claimed to be in awe by the way the episode turned out after all the additional work had been done . Several of the scenes were altered or cut during post @-@ production . The producers were unhappy with the voice of the priest in the final scene , resulting in them using a new vocal track in post @-@ production . A scene with Kevin 's father speaking in tongues — as well as quoting the famous " Klaatu barada nikto " line from The Day the Earth Stood Still — was cut in the final edit of the episode . = = Reception = = " Revelations " premiered on the Fox network on December 15 , 1995 . This episode earned a Nielsen rating of 10 , with a 17 share , meaning that roughly 10 percent of all television @-@ equipped households , and 17 percent of households watching television , were tuned in to the episode . This totaled 15 @.@ 25 million viewers . Critical reception to the episode was moderately positive . Zack Handlen from The A.V. Club gave the episode a B + and wrote positively of Scully 's portrayal , noting " Really , this works best as a Scully episode . I prefer Darin Morgan 's version of the character [ ... ] , but I doubt that version could support a full episode about God in the same way that this more searching , and lost , Scully does . " However , Handlen was critical of some of the religious aspects of the episode , noting that " If there 's a Christian God in the X @-@ Files universe , doesn 't that trump just about everything else that Mulder and Scully have spent their time on ? ... There are too many implications here for the show to support , and while it doesn 't destroy the episode , it does make it difficult for me to back it as fully as I 'd like to . " John Keegan from Critical Myth gave the episode a 7 out of 10 rating , noting " Overall , this episode highlights Scully and her faith , and in the process , manages to presage many of the future plot developments for the series and her character . The spiritual war at the foundation of the series mythology is reflected in a situation that speaks directly to Scully and her upbringing , and though some of the religious metaphors are heavy @-@ handed , it works well enough . " Entertainment Weekly gave the episode a B + and wrote positively of the episode 's " inventiveness , " which " derives from its choice of the most mainstream paranormality of all — Christianity . " The review also wrote positively of the Mulder @-@ Scully role reversal , calling the change " always welcome " . Paula Vitaris from Cinefantastique gave the episode a moderately positive review and awarded it two @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half stars out of four . She noted that " Scully 's search to reconcile her religious beliefs and her scientific training makes for powerful drama , and Gillian Anderson is up to the challenge . " Vitaris , however , criticized elements of the plot , most notably the " un @-@ saintly " quality of Kevin and Kevin 's lack of emotion after his mother is killed . Furthermore , she called the ending " a real mess " . Not all reviews were positive . Robert Shearman and Lars Pearson , in their book Wanting to Believe : A Critical Guide to The X @-@ Files , Millennium & The Lone Gunmen , rated the episode two stars out of five , and called it a " peculiarly bloodless episode " . The two wrote that many of the traits possessed by Kevin were only helpful in certain isolated scenes , such as the ability to bilocate . Shearman and Pearson concluded that the show should " take a serious subject by all means , but then take the subject seriously . " Director David Nutter was pleased with the finished product . He was most notably happy with Anderson 's acting , saying that she delivered a sparkling performance , particularly in the final scene . He also stated " I really love working with Gillian . She 's got such an ability to emote and give from the inside . " Actor Michael Berryman has said that this was his favorite role in his career and credits it for reversing typecasting that always put him in the role of the monster .
= Erschallet , ihr Lieder , erklinget , ihr Saiten ! BWV 172 = Erschallet , ihr Lieder , erklinget , ihr Saiten ! , BWV 172 , is a church cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach , composed in Weimar in 1714 for Pentecost Sunday . Bach led the first performance on 20 May 1714 in the Schlosskirche , the court chapel in the ducal Schloss . Erschallet , ihr Lieder is an early work in a genre to which he later contributed complete cantata cycles for all occasions of the liturgical year . The title , pronounced [ ˌɛɐ ̯ ˈʃalət iːɐ ̯ ˈliːdɐ ɛɐ ̯ ˈklɪŋət iːɐ ̯ ˈzaɪ ̯ tn ̩ ] , translates as " Ring out , you songs ; sound , you strings ! " Bach was appointed Konzertmeister in Weimar in the spring of 1714 , a position that called for the performance of a church cantata each month . He composed Erschallet , ihr Lieder as the third cantata in the series , to a text probably written by court poet Salomon Franck . The text reflects different aspects of the Holy Spirit . The librettist included a quotation from the day 's prescribed Gospel reading in the only recitative , and for the closing chorale he used a stanza from Philipp Nicolai 's hymn " Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern " ( 1599 ) . The work is in six movements , and scored for four vocal soloists , four @-@ part choir , three trumpets , timpani , oboe , bassoon and a string orchestra of two violins , two violas , and basso continuo . The orchestra for the holiday occasion is festive compared to the two works previously composed in Weimar . The cantata opens with a chorus , followed by the recitative , in which words spoken by Jesus are sung by the bass as the vox Christi ( voice of Christ ) . A bass aria with trumpets addresses the Trinity , and a tenor aria then describes the Spirit that was present at the Creation . This is followed by an intimate duet of the Soul ( soprano ) and the Spirit ( alto ) , to which an oboe plays the ornamented melody of Martin Luther 's hymn " Komm , Heiliger Geist , Herre Gott " and a solo cello provides the bass line . The theme of intimacy between God and Man is developed further in the following chorale , after which Bach specified an unusual repeat of the opening chorus . While Bach served as Thomaskantor – director of church music – in Leipzig from 1723 , he performed the cantata several times , sometimes in a different key and with changes in the scoring . Musicologists agree that he loved the cantata 's Gospel text , " If ye love me ... " , and the Pentecost hymn used in the duet , setting both the text and the hymn several times . John Eliot Gardiner writes that Bach " particularly valued " this cantata . It contains features that he used again in later compositions of cantatas , oratorios and his masses , for example movements with three trumpets and timpani in a triple meter for festive occasions , and duets as a symbol of God and man . = = Background = = Bach is known as a prolific composer of cantatas . When he assumed the position as Thomaskantor ( director of church music ) in Leipzig in 1723 , he began the project to write church cantatas for the occasions of the liturgical year – Sundays and feast days – a project that he pursued for three years . Bach was appointed organist and chamber musician in Weimar at the court of the co @-@ reigning dukes in Saxe @-@ Weimar , Wilhelm Ernst and his nephew Ernst August on 25 June 1708 . He had composed sacred cantatas before , some during his tenure in Mühlhausen from 1706 to 1708 . Most were written for special occasions and were based mainly on biblical texts and hymns . Examples include : Aus der Tiefen rufe ich , Herr , zu dir , BWV 131 ; the early chorale cantata Christ lag in Todes Banden , BWV 4 for Easter ; Gott ist mein König , BWV 71 , to celebrate the inauguration of the new city council on 4 February 1708 ; and the Actus Tragicus for a funeral . In Weimar , Bach first concentrated on the organ , composing major works for the instrument , including the Orgelbüchlein , the Toccata and Fugue in D minor , BWV 565 , and the Prelude and Fugue in E major , BWV 566 . Christoph Wolff suggests that Bach may have studied musical material belonging to the Hofkapelle , ( " court capelle " or court orchestra ) , and that he copied and studied works by Johann Philipp Krieger , Christoph Graupner , Georg Philipp Telemann , Marco Giuseppe Peranda and Johann David Heinichen in the period from 1711 to 1713 . In early 1713 Bach composed his first cantatas in the new style that included recitatives and arias : the so @-@ called Hunting Cantata , BWV 208 , as a homage cantata for Christian , Duke of Saxe @-@ Weissenfels , celebrated on 23 February , and possibly the church cantata for Sexagesima ( the second Sunday before Lent ) Gleichwie der Regen und Schnee vom Himmel fällt , BWV 18 , on a text by Erdmann Neumeister . In 1713 , he was asked to apply for the position of music director of the Marktkirche in Halle , succeeding Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow . Zachow had taught the young George Frideric Handel , and composed many church cantatas in the new style , adopting recitatives and arias from the Italian opera . Bach was successful in his application for the position , but declined after Duke Wilhelm Ernst increased his salary and offered him a promotion . Bach was promoted to Konzertmeister on 2 March 1714 , an honour that entailed performing a church cantata monthly in the Schlosskirche : With the appointment , he received the title Konzertmeister and new privileges : " das praedicat eines Concert @-@ Meisters mit angezeigtem Rang nach dem Vice @-@ Capellmeister ... dargegen Er Monatlich neüe Stücke ufführen , und zu solchen Proben die Capell Musici uf sein Verlangen zu erscheinen schuldig ... gehalten seyn sollen " ( the title of a concert master , next in rank to the vice chapel master ... for which he is to perform new pieces each month , and the chapel musicians shall be under a duty to attend such rehearsals as he may require ) . Circumstances were favourable : Bach enjoyed a " congenial and intimate " space in the court chapel , called Himmelsburg ( Heaven 's Castle ) , and a professional group of musicians in the court capelle . He was inspired by a collaboration with the court poet Salomon Franck , who provided the texts for most of his church cantatas , capturing a " pure , straightforward theological message " in " elegant poetic language " . The first two cantatas Bach composed in Weimar based on Franck 's texts were Himmelskönig , sei willkommen , BWV 182 , for Palm Sunday , which coincided with the Annunciation that year , and Weinen , Klagen , Sorgen , Zagen , BWV 12 for Jubilate Sunday . One month after Erschallet , ihr Lieder , Bach performed Ich hatte viel Bekümmernis , BWV 21 , on the third Sunday after Trinity , again on a text by Franck . Erschallet , ihr Lieder , the third cantata in this series , is the first cantata for a feast day . = = Occasion and words = = Erschallet , ihr Lieder is the third of the Weimar cantatas . It was the first composed for a feast day , Pentecost Sunday ( Whit Sunday ) , Pentecost being a high holiday along with Christmas and Easter . The prescribed readings for the feast day are taken from the Acts of the Apostles , on the Holy Spirit ( Acts 2 : 1 – 13 ) , and from the Gospel of John , in which Jesus announces the Spirit who will teach , in his Farewell discourse ( John 14 : 23 – 31 ) . As in many Bach cantatas , the libretto is compiled from Bible text , contemporary poetry and chorale . The poetry is attributed to Salomon Franck , although the verses are not included in his printed editions . Several of Bach 's early stylistic mannerisms appear here , such as a biblical quotation in a recitative second movement rather than in a first choral movement , arias following each other without a recitative in between , and dialogue in a duet . Franck 's text shows elements of early Pietism : the expression of extreme feelings , for example " O seligste Zeiten ! " ( O most blessed times ) in the opening chorus , and a " mystical demeanour " , for example in the duet of the Soul and the Spirit united . In the middle section of the first movement , Franck paraphrases the Gospel text , which says in verse 23 that God wants to dwell with man , to " Gott will sich die Seelen zu Tempeln bereiten " ( God Himself shall prepare our souls for His temple , more literally : " God wants to prepare [ our ] souls to become his temples " ) . The words for the recitative are the quotation of verse 23 from the Gospel of John , " Wer mich liebet , der wird mein Wort halten " ( Whoever loves Me will keep My Word , and My Father will love him , and We will come to him and make Our dwelling with him ) . Movement 3 addresses the Trinity and movement 4 the Spirit that was present at the Creation . Movement 5 is a duet of the Soul and the Spirit , underlined by an instrumental quote from Martin Luther 's Pentecost hymn " Komm , Heiliger Geist , Herre Gott " , which is based on the Latin hymn " Veni Sancte Spiritus , reple tuorum corda fidelium " . Movement 6 is a chorale , verse four of Philipp Nicolai 's hymn " Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern " . Nicolai 's " Geistlich Brautlied " ( Spiritual bridal song ) continues the theme of unity between Soul and Spirit . = = Performances and theme = = With Bach 's appointment to concert master and his regular monthly cantata compositions , he achieved permission to hold rehearsals in the church , to ensure high performance standards : " the rehearsing of the pieces at the home [ of the capellmeister ] has been changed , and it is ordered that it must always take place at the Kirchen @-@ Capelle [ the music gallery in the palace church ] , and this is also to be observed by the Capellmeister " . The orchestra at his disposition consisted of the members of the court cappelle , three leaders , five singers and seven instrumentalists , augmented on demand by military musicians , town musicians and choristers from a gymnasium . Bach conducted the first performance of Erschallet , ihr Lieder on 20 May 1714 . His son Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach remembered that he often conducted and played first violin : " he played the violin cleanly and penetratingly , and thus kept the orchestra in better order than he could have done with the harpsichord " . The parts for the first performance are lost , but the score and performing material for later performances have survived . Bach performed the cantata again , possibly in Köthen between 1717 and 1722 , and several times as Thomaskantor in Leipzig . For the performance on 28 May 1724 , he changed the instrumentation slightly and transposed the work from C major to D major . He reverted to C major for a performance on 13 May 1731 . An organ part for a later performance of movement 5 is extant . John Eliot Gardiner remarked that Bach " particularly valued " this cantata , and that it set " a pattern for his later approaches to the Pentecostal theme " . Bach set the Gospel text of the recitative in a choral movement in other cantatas for Pentecost – Wer mich liebet , der wird mein Wort halten , BWV 59 , and Wer mich liebet , der wird mein Wort halten , BWV 74 . = = Scoring and structure = = In the Weimar version , Bach scored the cantata four vocal soloists ( soprano ( S ) , alto ( A ) , tenor ( T ) and bass ) ( B ) , a four @-@ part choir , and an orchestra of three trumpets ( Tr ) , timpani ( Ti ) , recorder ( Fl ) or flauto traverso ( Ft ) , oboe d 'amore ( Oa ) , two violins ( Vl ) , two violas ( Va ) , bassoon ( Fg ) , cello ( Vc ) , and basso continuo ( Bc ) . It is a festive , rich instrumentation for the holiday , whereas the previous two cantatas in Weimar had not employed brass instruments . Bach used the French string orchestra with two viola parts , as in most cantatas until 1715 , when he started to prefer the Italian scoring with one viola . In Weimar , a recorder or flauto traverso doubled the first violin an octave higher ; in the first Leipzig performance it was a flauto traverso . A part for obbligato organ ( Org ) replacing oboe and cello in movement 5 was adopted in an even later performance . The work is about 25 minutes long . In the Weimar version and the 1724 version , Bach requested a repeat of the opening chorus , by adding after the chorale Chorus repetatur ab initio . In the following table of the movements , the scoring follows the Weimar version of the Neue Bach @-@ Ausgabe , and the abbreviations for voices and instruments the list of Bach cantatas . The keys are given for the Weimar version . The time signature is provided using the symbol for common time ( 4 / 4 ) . = = Music = = The cantata text does not tell a story but reflects different aspects of the Holy Spirit , celebrated on Pentecost . It begins with general praise , then concentrates on one line from the Gospel , addresses the Holy Trinity , refers to the Spirit that was present at the Creation , shows a dialogue between the Soul and the Spirit , and concludes with a stanza from Nicolai 's hymn which picks up the topic of unity between God ( Spirit ) and man , as shown in the dialogue . The text thus proceeds from general to more and more personal and intimate reflection . John Eliot Gardiner , who conducted all Bach 's church cantatas in 2000 , placed the Pentecostal cantatas in the middle of the project , which he saw as a " year @-@ long exploration of his cantatas in their seasonal context " . He described Pentecost as " the culmination of those ' great fifty days ' which follow the Resurrection , a watershed marking the completion of Jesus ' work on earth and the coming of the Holy Spirit " , and commented that Bach " comes up with music of unalloyed optimism and exuberance in celebration of ... the miraculous ignition of the divine Pentecostal spark which allows human beings to communicate across the language barrier " . Regarding Erschallet , ihr Lieder , the first cantata written for the occasion , he observed that Bach reflects the " stages in the evolving relationship of God with man " , both by scoring and by his choice of keys . In the Weimar first version , the key of the first movements is C major , lowered to A minor ( a third lower ) in the fourth , lowered further to F major ( again a third lower ) in the fifth and sixth . The scoring is majestic , with three trumpets and timpani in movement 1 and three trumpets again in movement 3 , reduced to strings in movement 4 and to single instruments in movement 5 . = = = 1 = = = " Erschallet , ihr Lieder " ( literally : sound , you songs ) is a festive concerto , marked Coro by Bach . Words and music are possibly based on an earlier lost secular Glückwunschkantate ( congratulatory cantata ) . A printing of Franck 's works contains a cantata for New Year 's Day , Erschallet nun wieder , glückwünschende Lieder ( Sound again , congratulating songs ) that may have served as a model . The movement is in da capo form : the first section is repeated after a contrasting middle section . It is scored for three " choirs " : one of trumpets , another of strings and bassoon , and a four @-@ part chorus . The number three , symbolizing the Trinity , appears again in the 3 / 8 time signature and in the use of three trumpets . The first part opens with trumpet fanfares , alternating with flowing coloraturas in the strings . The voices enter as a third homophonic choir . They repeat the first measure of the fanfare motif on the word " Erschallet " ( resound ! ) , as the trumpets echo the motif . The voices repeat the motif from the second measure of the fanfare on " ihr Lieder " , and the trumpets echo it again . The chorus repeats measures 3 and 4 on " erklinget , ihr Saiten " , commanding the strings to play . As a culmination , the first syllable of " seligste Zeiten " ( most blessed times ) is held on a seventh chord ( first in measure 53 ) , during which the instruments play their motifs . In the middle section in A minor the trumpets rest while the other instruments play colla parte with the voices . Polyphonic imitation expands on the idea that God will prepare the souls to be his temples . The first sequence progresses from the lowest to the highest voice , with entrances after two or three measures . The highest voice begins the second sequence , and the other voices enter in closer succession , one or two measures apart . Gardiner interprets the polyphony as " conjuring before us the elegant tracery of those ' temples ' which God promises to make of our souls " . The first part is repeated as da capo . The movement is comparable to the opening of Tönet , ihr Pauken ! Erschallet , Trompeten ! BWV 214 ( Resound , ye drums ! Ring out , ye trumpets ! ) composed in 1733 on another text calling instruments to sound , which Bach later used with a different text to open his Christmas Oratorio . Bach used a festive scoring with three trumpets in triple meter in his 1733 Missa for the court in Dresden , in the Gloria , in contrast to the preceding Kyrie . = = = 2 = = = The cantata 's only recitative quotes one line from the Gospel reading of the day : " Wer mich liebet , der wird mein Wort halten " ( Whoever loves Me will keep My Word [ , and My Father will love him , and We will come to him and make Our dwelling with him ] ) . Bach reflects Jesus ' promise to " make Our dwelling with him " in melismatic lines in counterpoint with motifs in the cello similar to motifs in movement 5 . He assigned the words of Jesus to the bass as the vox Christi ( voice of Christ ) . He illustrates the final rest in God by ending the solo line on a whole note low C , the lowest note he demanded of a soloist . The musicologist Julian Mincham describes the vocal line : The initial bars of melody are warm and quietly authoritative , but at the mention of dwelling with Him the movement takes on a very different character . The bass line becomes enlivened with little leaps of delight ... The singer 's last note is a bottom d ( c in the transposed version ) several notes lower than a bass 's accepted range . ... when achieved it is an arresting sound , confirming the rock @-@ like certainty of the promise that we shall eventually reside with God . = = = 3 = = = The first aria , addressing the Trinity , " Heiligste Dreieinigkeit " ( Holiest Trinity ) , is accompanied by a choir of three trumpets and basso continuo , a rare combination that expresses the idea of the words . The trumpet is a symbol of a ruler . The three trumpets sometimes play in unison , to further illustrate the Trinity . The theme is composed of the three notes of the major chord . The aria is in three sections . Bach wrote an aria accompanied by only an obbligato brass instrument again in his Missa ( Kyrie and Gloria in B minor ) , composed in 1733 for the court in Dresden and much later integrated into his Mass in B minor . The bass aria Quoniam tu solus sanctus , reflecting God 's holiness and majesty , is set for corno da caccia , two bassoons and basso continuo . When he assembled the complete mass , he used an aria with only woodwinds to reflect the Holy Spirit in Et in Spiritum Sanctum , also a movement with many symbols of the Trinity . = = = 4 = = = The second aria , for tenor , " O Seelenparadies " ( O paradise of the soul ) , also contains three sections and a triple meter , but in contrast to the previous movement , describes in continuous waves of the unison strings the Spirit that was present at the Creation , worded O Seelenparadies , das Gottes Geist durchwehet , der bei der Schöpfung blies ( O paradise of the soul , fanned by the Spirit of God , which blew at creation ) . Alfred Dürr wrote that the music " conveys the impression of release from all earthly gravity " . = = = 5 = = = The last solo movement , titled Aria , " Komm , laß mich nicht länger warten " ( Come , do not keep me waiting longer ) , consists of a dialogue between the Soul and the Holy Spirit , and takes a form close to a love lyric . The part of the Spirit is assigned to the alto , while similar duets of the Soul and Jesus in later cantatas are set for soprano and bass – for example in Ich hatte viel Bekümmernis , BWV 21 and Wachet auf , ruft uns die Stimme , BWV 140 . Bach set the text in a complex structure uniting two singers , a solo oboe and a solo cello . The soprano and alto sing of their unity in " neo @-@ erotic " or " overtly erotic / Pietistic " language : " I shall die , if I have to be without you " the one ; " I am yours , and you are mine ! " the other . The cello provides an intricate counterpoint throughout , which Albert Schweitzer describes as " a motif of purified happiness " . The voices and the cello form a trio , another symbol of the Trinity . The musicologist Anne Leahy of the Dublin Institute of Technology notes that Bach had possibly stanza 3 in mind , which speaks of love , and used the instrument which is named after love . The oboe d 'amore plays the richly ornamented melody of the Pentecost hymn " Komm , Heiliger Geist , Herre Gott " ( " Come , Holy Spirit , Lord God , fill with the goodness of Your grace the hearts , wills , and minds of Your faithful . Ignite Your burning love in them " . ) Bach set this hymn , which seems close to his heart , twice in his Great Eighteen Chorale Preludes , as BWV 651 and BWV 652 . Bach used duets again when he composed in 1733 his Missa ( Kyrie and Gloria in B minor ) for the court in Dresden , which he later integrated into his Mass in B minor . He wrote two duets movements in the style of contemporary operatic love duets and placed two of them in the centre of each part of the Missa : Christe eleison for two sopranos in the centre of the Kyrie , Domine Deus in the centre of the symmetrical structure of the Gloria . When he compiled the Mass in B minor , he chose another duet Et in unum Dominum Jesum Christum for the Credo , scored for soprano and alto , as in Erschallet , ihr Lieder . = = = 6 = = = The text of the concluding chorale is taken from Nicolai 's " Geistlich Brautlied " ( Spiritual bridal song ) " Wie schön leuchtet der Morgenstern " , continuing the theme of unity between Soul and Spirit . " Von Gott kömmt mir ein Freudenschein " ( A joyful radiance reaches me from God ) is illustrated by a violin part added to the four @-@ part choir . The text ends with the words : Nimm mich freundlich In dein ' Arme , daß ich warme Werd ' von Gnaden ! Auf dein Wort komm ' ich geladen . ( Take me like a friend / in your arms , so that I may become warm / with your grace / To your word I come invited . ) Until 1724 the opening chorus was repeated after the chorale , marked " chorus repetatur ab initio " in the manuscript . Gardiner describes the cantata as " evidently ... a work which he particularly valued " , adding : " he comes up with music of unalloyed optimism and exuberance in celebration of the first gifts of newly @-@ awakened nature , as well as the miraculous ignition of the divine Pentecostal spark which allows human beings to communicate across the language barrier . " Dürr comments : All the various changes he made show how much trouble Bach took over a work which – as the number of documented performances ( at least four ) suggests – he seems to have particularly loved . = = Publication = = The cantata was published by Breitkopf & Härtel in 1888 in volume 35 of the first complete edition of Bach 's works by the Bach Gesellschaft , edited by Alfred Dörffel . In the Neue Bach @-@ Ausgabe , the second complete edition of Bach 's works , in the historical @-@ critical edition , Dietrich Kilian edited both the reconstructed Weimar version ( 1959 ) and the first Leipzig version ( 1960 ) in volume 13 , adding the critical report in 1960 . = = Selected recordings = = The sortable table shows excerpts of the selection on the Bach @-@ Cantatas website . Choirs and orchestras are roughly grouped : Large choirs ( red background ) : Boys ( choir of all male voices ) Medium @-@ size choirs , such as Vocal ensemble Large orchestras ( red background ) : Symphony Chamber orchestra Orchestra on period instruments ( green background )
= Fotos y Recuerdos = " Fotos y Recuerdos " ( English : Pictures and Memories ) is a song recorded by American recording artist Selena for her fourth studio album , Amor Prohibido ( 1994 ) . It was released by EMI Latin in January 1995 , as the fourth single . A cover version of the Pretenders ' 1983 single " Back on the Chain Gang " , " Fotos y Recuerdos " was written by Chrissie Hynde with Spanish @-@ language lyrics by Ricky Vela . Lyrically , the song describes a lonely female protagonist who " kisses the photo of her [ lover ] each night before falling asleep . " " Fotos y Recuerdos " is a Rock en Español song with influences of dance pop and house music . The song garnered acclaim from music critics , who called it an improvement over the Pretenders ' original version . The song peaked at number one on the United States Billboard Hot Latin Songs chart for seven consecutive weeks , her fourth successive number one song . " Fotos y Recuerdos " also peaked at number one on the Regional Mexican Airplay chart , her second consecutive number one . " Fotos y Recuerdos " became Selena 's first posthumous number one song , following the shooting death of the singer in March 1995 . The recording became the second @-@ most successful Latin single of 1995 and ranks as the twentieth best Hot Latin Songs chart single of all @-@ time . Many musicians have since recorded the song and released it on their respective albums including Dominican salsa singer Jose Alberto " El Canario " and Mexican pop singer Paulina Rubio . = = Inspiration , production and songwriting controversy = = While flying back from New York , A.B. Quintanilla — the brother @-@ producer of Selena — heard the Pretenders ' 1983 single " Back on the Chain Gang " on the radio . At the time , A.B. was having a nervous breakdown after realizing he was running out of materials to record for Selena 's fourth studio album , Amor Prohibido ( 1994 ) . He likened the idea of reworking " Back on the Chain Gang " into a Spanish @-@ language cumbia song . Keyboardist of the group , Ricky Vela wrote the Spanish lyrics into a cumbia @-@ style that A.B. envisioned for the recording . The Amor Prohibido album was pressed for a release date of March 13 , 1994 , and was halted for distribution due to the copyrighting issues with " Fotos y Recuerdos " . Vela retold in a 2002 interview how he was awaken by Selena and A.B. because they did not have the clearance for " Fotos y Recuerdos " . Singer @-@ songwriter Chrissie Hynde 's music producers reported the song to Hynde who did not allow Selena to continue with " Fotos y Recuerdos " until she received an English @-@ language writing of the song . It was only after Vela re @-@ wrote the song into English that Hynde gave Selena the clearance for the recording . Musicologist James Perone , noticed how the song was the shortest track off of Amor Prohibido . He further wrote how Vela " stripped some of the edge off of Hynde 's text but retained the basic premise of [ " Back on the Chain Gang " ] " Perone found A.B. ' s arrangement to be " an example of [ his ] universal Latin approach " . = = Music , theme and lyrics = = " Fotos y Recuerdos " is a mid @-@ tempo cumbia and rock song with influences of dance pop and house music . Cary Darling of the The Buffalo News noticed the mixture of house and ranchera music in " Fotos y Recuerdos " . Author and contributor to The New York Times , Joe Nick Patoski found the song to use the same melody of the Pretenders ' new wave sound . Author Lori Beth Rodriguez , also found similarities between the Pretenders ' mainstream sound and " Fotos y Recuerdos " but noticed how the song enchoed a cumbia undertone with " lyrics [ that ] are similar in theme , yet different from those in the original English version . " The song features a synth @-@ driven violin , ostinatish @-@ percussion , and a steel drum under a cumbia beat . Perone found the song to have " small hints " of music found in Jamacia , Cuba , and Trinidad and Tobago . BuzzFeed contributor Brian Galindo , called the song " upbeat and dancy " . Written in the key of D minor , the beat is set in common time and moves at a moderate 90 beats per minute . Rebecca Thatcher of the Austin American @-@ Statesman , found the lyrical content of " Fotos y Recuerdos " to be a " lilting ode to a lost love " . Lyrically , the song describes a lonely female protagonist who " kisses the photo of her [ lover ] each night before falling asleep . " = = Critical reception = = " Fotos y Recuerdos " garnered acclaim from music critics , who called it an improvement over the Pretenders ' original version , and called it one of Selena 's most well @-@ known recordings . According to author Pat Bar @-@ Harrison , it was one of Selena 's most successful United States singles . Writing for the San Antonio Express @-@ News , Ramiro Burr called " Fotos y Recuerdos " an " interesting cover " . The York Dispatch believed the song " outshines " all other tracks on the Amor Prohibido album . Author Ed Morales believed the song " has a lot of personality " . Don McLeese of the Austin American @-@ Statesman wrote how the song became a popular radio song in South Texas and believed it to be one of her signature songs . Musicologist Frank Hoffman , called it a " hard @-@ edge rock " song . The Monitor editor Jon LaFollette , wrote differently ; calling the song a " simultaneous effort to celebrate multiculturalism " in a way to " grow her bank account " . Nonetheless , he listed the song as part of his " key tracks " for the Amor Prohibido album . Zach Quintance , also from The Monitor , wrote how readers of the newspaper chose Selena 's 1994 single " No Me Queda Más " and " Fotos y Recuerdos " ; citing that " fans loved the feeling and musicianship in those two songs . " Federico Martinez of La Prensa , called the song an " enduring hit " . Since its release , the song has been included on many music critics " best of Selena songs " list including the BuzzFeed ( at number six ) , and Latina ( at number eleveen ) . = = Chart history = = " Fotos y Recuerdos " was released in the week of January 28 , 1995 , serving as the fourth single released from Amor Prohibido . The track debuted on the U.S. Hot Latin Songs chart at number 29 on February 4 , 1995 . In its second week , the song jumped to number 12 , receiving airpower honors . As a result , it subsequently debuted on the U.S. Regional Mexican Airplay chart at number ten . " Fotos y Recuerdos " rose to number two on the Hot Latin Songs and Regional Mexican Airplay charts , trailing Grupo Bronco 's " Que No Me Olivde " by 557 Nielsen points on February 18 , 1995 . In the following week , " Fotos y Recuerdos " remained at number two on the Hot Latin Songs chart , while the single fell to number four on the Regional Mexican Airplay chart . In its fifth week , the song reclaimed the second position on the Regional Mexican Airplay chart , while remaining at number two for a third consecutive week on the Hot Latin Songs chart . Staying at number two for its fourth consecutive week on the Hot Latin Songs chart , " Fotos y Recuerdos " fell to number three on the Regional Mexican Airplay chart . The song fell to number three on the Hot Latin Songs chart , while it remained at number three on the Regional Mexican Airplay chart on March 18 , 1995 . Selena was shot and killed by Yolanda Saldívar , her friend and former manager of the singer 's Selena Etc. clothing boutiques , on March 31 , 1995 . At the time of her death , " Fotos y Recuerdos " was positioned at number four on the Hot Latin Songs chart . In the week following the singer 's death , " Fotos y Recuerdos " peaked at number one on the Hot Latin Songs ( her fourth consecutive ) and Regional Mexican Airplay chart , her second consecutive . According to disc jockeys , " Fotos y Recuerdos " was the most requested song in South Texas throughout April of that year . In its second week atop the Hot Latin Songs and Regional Mexican Airplay charts , " Fotos y Recuerdos " debuted at number twelve on the U.S. Latin Pop Airplay chart . After two consecutive weeks at number one , " Fotos y Recuerdos " was dethrowned on the Regional Mexican Airplay chart by La Mafia 's " Toma Mi Amor " . After spending seven consecutive weeks atop the Hot Latin Songs chart , " Fotos y Recuerdos " was displaced by Mexican group Los Bukis ' single " Te Amo Mama " . " Fotos y Recuerdos " ended 1995 as the second most successful Latin single . Billboard magazine began monitoring digital downloads of Latin songs beginning with the week ending January 23 , 2010 . " Fotos y Recuerdos " made its debut on the Latin Pop Digital Songs chart following the twentieth anniversary of the singer 's death ; positioned at number 19 . Over at the Regional Mexican Digital Songs chart , the song debuted and peaked at number 14 . = = Cover versions = = Dominican salsa singer Jose Alberto " El Canario " covered the song for the tribute album Familia RMM Recordando a Selena ( 1996 ) . Mexican mariachi group Banda El Grullo recorded the track for their album 30 Números 1 en Banda . Mexican group Liberación recorded the song for the tribute album Mexico Recuerda a Selena ( 2005 ) . Mexican singer Gerardo Williams covered the song for his album Nuevas Voces de América . Mexican pop singer Paulina Rubio performed and recorded " Fotos y Recuerdos " for the live televised tribute concert Selena ¡ VIVE ! in April 2005 . Michael Clark of the Houston Chronicle wrote that Rubio used her " sex appeal " while performing the song . Ramiro Burr of the San Antonio Express @-@ News called Rubio 's version a " techno / hip @-@ hop number " . Rubio performed " Fotos y Recuerdos " once more during her tour in Texas that same year . = = Credits and personnel = = Credits adapted from Amor Prohibido liner notes . = = Charts = =
= Rose ( Doctor Who ) = " Rose " is the opening episode of the first series of the revived British science fiction television programme Doctor Who . The episode was directed by Keith Boak and written by Russell T Davies who was also one of the three executive producers . It was first broadcast in the UK on BBC One on 26 March 2005 . " Rose " was the first Doctor Who episode to air since the Doctor Who television film in 1996 . The plot involves Rose Tyler meeting the Doctor , a time @-@ travelling alien Time Lord . She first encounters him in the department store where she works , while being attacked by Autons – living plastic in the guise of shop window mannequins . Rose and the Doctor uncover and defeat a plot by the alien Nestene Consciousness , which aimed to take over the Earth using the living plastic , after which she accepts the Doctor 's offer to travel through time and space with him in his time machine , the TARDIS . The episode marked the debut of Christopher Eccleston , the ninth actor to play the Doctor since the programme started in 1963 , and Billie Piper as Rose Tyler , the Doctor 's companion . Being the first episode of the revived series , several lead characters were introduced ; Camille Coduri as Jackie Tyler , and Noel Clarke as Mickey Smith . Viewers did not see the Doctor character regenerate from a previous incarnation ; regeneration being a plot device in which the character of the Doctor changes body and identity . Russell T Davies felt it would be clearer for the viewer to begin the series with the new actor in place rather than show the previous actor regenerating . " Rose " began filming in Cardiff , the headquarters of BBC Wales , in July 2004 , with some location scenes shot in London . " Rose " was viewed by 10 @.@ 81 million viewers in the UK , the most viewed Doctor Who episode since The Creature from the Pit in 1979 ( making it the first episode in over 25 years ) ; and received positive reviews from critics , though there were some criticisms of its use of humour . = = Plot = = Rose Tyler ( Billie Piper ) , a 19 @-@ year @-@ old shop assistant is being chased by mannequins in the basement of Henrik 's , the department store where she works . She is rescued by the Doctor ( Christopher Eccleston ) who destroys the building with an explosion . The next day , the Doctor visits Rose at her home where he is attacked by a plastic mannequin arm which he and Rose subdue . Rose investigates the Doctor and meets Clive ( Mark Benton ) , who has been tracking the Doctor 's appearances throughout history . Clive tells Rose the Doctor is dangerous , and that if he 's there , something bad is about to happen . While Rose is talking to Clive , her boyfriend Mickey Smith ( Noel Clarke ) is kidnapped by a wheelie bin and replaced with a plastic doppelgänger . The fake Mickey takes Rose to lunch and attempts to question her about the Doctor , but the Doctor shows up and beheads the doppelgänger . The Doctor takes Rose and the plastic head to the TARDIS and attempts to use the head to locate the controlling signal . With the head connected , the TARDIS takes them to the London Eye . The Doctor explains to Rose that the fake Mickey was an Auton , controlled by a signal from the Nestene Consciousness . He has a vial of anti @-@ plastic that can be used to destroy the Nestene if necessary . Realising that the transmitter is the London Eye itself , Rose and the Doctor descend underneath it to stop the Nestene Consciousness . They find Mickey , tied up but alive , and the Doctor speaks to the Nestene Consciousness . He tries to negotiate with it , but the Consciousness blames the Doctor for the destruction of its planet during the Time War . The Consciousness activates all the Autons at a shopping arcade , where several shoppers are shot and killed , including Clive . The Doctor is also held down by a pair of Autons , but Rose rescues him and the anti @-@ plastic drops into the vat where the Nestene Consciousness resides , killing it . With the Consciousness dead , the Autons all collapse . The Doctor uses the TARDIS to take Mickey and Rose home , then persuades Rose to join him as his new companion . = = = Continuity = = = Both the Autons and the Nestene Consciousness first appeared in the serial Spearhead from Space ( 1970 ) , and then reappeared in Terror of the Autons . This story introduces The Shadow Proclamation , an intergalactic police force mentioned several times in the revived series and eventually seen in " The Stolen Earth " . This is the first mention of the Time War , which would be one of the running threads throughout the series . = = Production = = = = = Background and casting = = = Doctor Who originally ran from 1963 to 1989 , when it was cancelled after its twenty @-@ sixth season . Television producer Russell T Davies had been lobbying the BBC in an attempt to revive the show from the late 1990s , and reached the discussion phase in 2002 . It was announced in September 2003 that Doctor Who was returning and would be produced by BBC Wales via a BBC press release . The format of the programme was changed to 45 @-@ minute episodes , lightening the pace . Davies was inspired by American series such as Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Smallville , in particular by using Buffy 's structure of season @-@ long story arcs around a " Big Bad " villain . It was announced in March 2004 that Christopher Eccleston would be playing the Doctor . Jane Tranter , BBC Controller of Drama Commissioning , stated that casting an actor of Eccleston 's reputation signaled " our intention to take Doctor Who into the 21st century , as well as retaining its core traditional values — to be surprising , edgy and eccentric . " Eccleston is the ninth actor to play the Doctor since the programme started in 1963 . New actors are able to take over the role through a plot device of regeneration , in which the character of the Doctor changes body and identity ; this having been introduced in 1966 . Russell T Davies decided to begin the revived series with a new Doctor rather than show the regeneration , as he believed it was " madness " to start with someone and then change him before the audience could build a relationship with him . Davies wanted to initially approach the revival as a " new programme " . Eccleston 's character is more " down @-@ to @-@ earth " than previous Doctors ; Davies referred to him as " stripped down " , while still having " fun and humour " . Eccleston 's costume of a battered leather jacket was in Davies ' original pitch , but the clothing also went with Eccleston 's desire not to have clothes dominating his time on the show . The Ninth Doctor 's clothes do not dominate him , but rather create a simple silhouette and an " action man " vibe . Billie Piper 's casting as Rose Tyler was announced in May 2004 . According to executive producer Julie Gardner , former pop star Piper " fits the bill perfectly " as a " unique , dynamic partner for Christopher Eccleston " . Davies described Rose as " the ordinary person who stumbles into something extraordinary and finds herself their equal . " Camille Coduri and Noel Clarke were also cast to play Rose 's mother and boyfriend respectively ; Davies wanted to include these characters to " make her real " and to " give her a life " . Rose 's family is also working @-@ class , which had rarely been seen in companions on the show prior to " Rose " . = = = Writing and filming = = = The episode name had gradually been shortened ; in Davies 's pitch it had been called Rose meets the Doctor , and the journey begins , on his contract as Rose Meets The Doctor , but finally shortened to Rose . Also changed from Davies 's original pitch were the names of the supporting characters : Judy Tyler became Jackie Tyler , and Muggsy Smith became Mickey Smith . Davies had trouble coming up with how Mickey was supposed to be captured by the Nestene while waiting for Rose in the car , and finally realised he could be lured by a plastic wheelie bin . He commented that such instances of the ordinary being made scary made Doctor Who unique . Davies had to take out " oblique " references to the Autons being like terrorists , as the Eye was once a target of a terrorist attack . The entrance of the Doctor was something much debated ; Tranter and other members of the production team wanted it to be more dramatic , but the scene was never reshot . Davies remarked that it reflects Rose 's point of view , whereas a more dramatic entrance would reflect the audience 's excitement at the Doctor coming back . The scene in which the Auton arm attacks in the Tyler 's flat was originally much longer , but was revised . The episode originally underran by several minutes , and a scene with the Doctor and Rose walking was added a month or so later . Davies wanted the Doctor to realise that Rose has something to offer to his cause . Their holding hands while running was meant to signify that they were a team , despite him not asking her yet , and they were not to question their relationship . The episode was intended to be presented from Rose 's point @-@ of @-@ view . For audience identification purposes , Davies wanted the alien menace to be easily mistaken as human , so that it was possible for Rose to mistake the aliens for humans . Davies felt that there was no need to create a new monster , as the Autons met these criteria . The Auton sequences were difficult to film because the costumes were uncomfortable for the actors ; which meant that frequent breaks from filming were needed . Computer @-@ generated imagery ( CGI ) was used in post @-@ production to cover up the zipper on the back of the necks of the Auton costumes . Davies wanted to recreate the scene of the Autons breaking out of shop windows from their first appearance in Spearhead from Space , although he had the budget to actually smash the glass instead of just cutting around it like in Spearhead . The episode was storyboarded by artist Anthony Williams . Davies offered Edgar Wright the opportunity to direct the episode , but Wright was forced to decline , as he was still working on Shaun of the Dead . Instead , the episode was directed by Keith Boak . " Rose " began filming in July 2004 , as part of the first production block alongside episodes four and five . The first five days were spent filming in London , while the rest was filmed in Cardiff . The production team was given permission to add more lights to the London Eye . For the scene in which the Doctor and Rose are running through London , careful timing was undertaken by the production team because they wanted a London bus to travel behind them , but this had to be accomplished by waiting for a bus to come . In other scenes filmed in Cardiff , a London bus and a van of the London Evening Standard drove by to give the illusion of London . The exterior of Rose 's council estate was filmed at a London estate as well as a Cardiff one in other scenes . Mickey 's flat is the same set as the Tyler 's , just redecorated . The production team sought to film the Cardiff scenes in secrecy , but the day before they began the Cardiff Council issued a press release naming the streets where they would be filming . The Autons ' attack during the climax was filmed on Working Street , Cardiff from 20 to 22 July 2004 @.@ with scenes set around major London landmarks like the London Eye being the exception . Henrik 's , where Rose works , is actually the department store Howells , and the pizza restaurant is La Fosse . It took the production team a while to find a restaurant that would require minimal set dressing but would be willing to close for a day . The street where Rose joins the Doctor is St David 's Market , while service tunnels in the basement of a hospital in Cardiff were used for the basement of Henrik 's where Rose is menaced by Autons . Studio filming mainly took place from August to October 2004 . The area underneath the London Eye where the Doctor and Rose confront the Nestene Consciousness was filmed in an unused paper mill in Grangetown , Cardiff . It underwent steam cleaning because there were such high health and safety concerns . They were only permitted to film for three days , which required that some of the sequence be cut : originally , there was to be another Auton Mickey involved . Special effects producer Mike Tucker was reminded of the James Bond film The Man with the Golden Gun when reading the scene in which the Nestene 's lair is blown up , and sought to display it as a major effect . The production team built a one @-@ sixth scale model of the warehouse where the explosions were filmed . Tucker did a model explosion for the destruction of Henrik 's as well , although that was only for the roof ; the rest was done by CGI . The production team considered doing the explosion practically , but that would have been too expensive . In the original script , Rose 's first experience of seeing the TARDIS interior was shared with the audience . Director Keith Boak , however , wanted her to exit and run around the TARDIS before entering again , at which point the interior would be revealed to the audience . This change was eventually embraced by the executive producers . Davies remarked that he originally wanted to take Rose and the audience inside the TARDIS in all one shot , but this was not a feasible with the budget . This effect would later be accomplished in the 2012 Christmas special , " The Snowmen " . = = Broadcast = = = = = Pre @-@ broadcast leak = = = On 8 March 2005 , Reuters reported that a copy of the episode had been leaked onto the Internet , and was being widely traded via the BitTorrent file sharing protocol . The leaked episode did not contain the new arrangement of the theme tune by Murray Gold . The leak was ultimately traced to a third party company in Canada which had a legitimate preview copy . The employee responsible was fired by the company and the BBC considered further legal action . = = = Broadcast and ratings = = = " Rose " was first broadcast in the United Kingdom on 26 March 2005 on BBC One , and was the first Doctor Who episode to air since the Doctor Who television film in 1996 . Unofficial overnight viewing figures from the Broadcasters ' Audience Research Board showed that the episode attracted an average of 9 @.@ 9 million viewers — 43 @.@ 2 % of the available television audience — over the course of the evening . At its peak , it had 10 @.@ 5 million viewers , a 44 @.@ 3 % share . The final figure for the episode , including video recordings watched within a week of transmission , was 10 @.@ 81 million , third for BBC One that week and seventh across all channels . In some regions , the first few minutes of the original BBC broadcast of this episode on 26 March were marred by the accidental mixing of a few seconds of sound from Graham Norton hosting Strictly Dance Fever . Internationally , " Rose " was first transmitted on CBC in Canada on 5 April 2005 , debuting to strong ratings of 986 @,@ 000 viewers . In Australia , it was broadcast on 21 May 2005 on ABC to 1 @.@ 11 million viewers . " Rose " was first broadcast in the United States on the Sci @-@ Fi Channel on 17 March 2006 . It was aired back @-@ to @-@ back with the following episode " The End of the World " ; Davies had originally wanted to air the first two episodes together in the UK , but the request was given to the BBC too close to transmission . The US premiere was watched by 1 @.@ 58 million viewers . On 30 March , four days after the episode was originally broadcast in the UK , the BBC announced that another full series had been commissioned . On the same day , the BBC released a statement , apparently from Eccleston , saying that he would be leaving the role at Christmas , for fear of being typecast . The BBC later revealed this was not an official statement from Eccleston , whom they had failed to contact before responding to press questions after the story broke ; the mis @-@ quote was re @-@ used in other media . Eccleston later said , " They handled it very badly , but they issued an apology and I dropped it " in an 2010 interview . David Tennant was called a " hot favourite " to replace Eccleston , when it was announced that Eccleston was leaving , BBC said that they were in talks with Tennant ; the bookmakers ' odds were at 1 / 10 , with William Hill refusing to take any bets on who would act a new Doctor . A BBC spokesman said that they had " hoped , rather than expected " that Eccleston would continue in the role . = = = Reception = = = " Rose " received positive reviews and was seen as a successful relaunch to the programme . Harry Venning of The Stage praised Davies ' script , particularly for taking it seriously and making it scary . He was pleased with Piper 's acting and Rose , who proved to be more independent than her predecessors . However , he felt that Eccleston was " the show 's biggest disappointment " as he seemed unsuited to a fantasy role . Digital Spy 's Dek Hogan stated that production values had increased from the classic series , and praised the acting and characters of Eccleston , Piper , and Clarke . However , he felt that some of the humour — such as the wheelie bin burping after it consumes Mickey — was not as enjoyable as an adult . The Sydney Morning Herald reviewer Robin Oliver praised Davies for " [ taking ] an adult approach to one of television 's most famous characters " and " [ overriding ] the cash @-@ strapped production values of the past to make his new doctor competitive in a high @-@ tech market " . Kay McFadden of The Seattle Times described the revival as " superb " and " intelligent and well @-@ done " . Daily Mail writer Michael Hanlon said that " As a fan I really hope this new series succeeds . It 's lively , well filmed and the special effects are up to scratch . There is humour , a vital ingredient if the new series is to be a success . " He also felt that everything necessary for Doctor Who was present in " Rose " . However , Stephen Brook of The Guardian said that it was " pitched at its youngest ever audience " , and also felt that the episode had an " overdose on humour " . Retrospective reviews have also been positive . Patrick Mulkern of Radio Times gave " Rose " four out of five stars in 2013 , particularly praising Rose 's fleshed @-@ out life and how it welcomed in new viewers . While he noted " minor gripes " and felt the Autons ' destruction was toned @-@ down , he praised the direction and the performances and called it " a blinding success " . The A.V. Club reviewer Alasdair Wilkins gave the episode a grade of a B , also noting how important it was that Rose 's world was shown first . He felt that some effects already seemed dated in 2013 and Jackie and Mickey were one @-@ dimensional , but the episode succeeded above all else , especially in developing Rose and the Doctor 's relationship and pointing out that Doctor Who is dangerous . In 2013 , Ben Lawrence of The Daily Telegraph named " Rose " as one of the top ten Doctor Who stories set in the contemporary time . = = = Reviews = = = " Rose " reviews at Outpost Gallifrey " Rose " reviews at The Doctor Who Ratings Guide
= Chester Cathedral = Chester Cathedral is a Church of England cathedral and the mother church of the Diocese of Chester . It is located in the city of Chester , Cheshire , England . The cathedral ( formerly the abbey church of a Benedictine monastery , dedicated to Saint Werburgh ) is dedicated to Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary . Since 1541 it has been the seat of the Bishop of Chester . The cathedral is a Grade I listed building , and part of a heritage site that also includes the former monastic buildings to the north , which are also listed Grade I. The cathedral , typical of English cathedrals in having been modified many times , dates from between 1093 and the early 16th century , although the site itself may have been used for Christian worship since Roman times . All the major styles of English medieval architecture , from Norman to Perpendicular , are represented in the present building . The cathedral and former monastic buildings were extensively restored during the 19th century ( amidst some controversy ) , and a free @-@ standing bell @-@ tower was added in the 20th century . The buildings are a major tourist attraction in Chester . In addition to holding services for Christian worship , the cathedral is used as a venue for concerts and exhibitions . = = History = = The city of Chester was an important Roman stronghold . There may have been a Christian basilica on the site of the present cathedral in the late Roman era , while Chester was controlled by Legio XX Valeria Victrix . Legend holds that the basilica was dedicated to St Paul and Saint Peter . This is supported by evidence that in Saxon times the dedication of an early chapel on this site was changed from Saint Peter to Saint Werburgh . During the Dark Ages Barloc of Norbury , a Catholic Celtic saint and hermit , was venerated at Chester Cathedral with a feast day on 10 September . He is known to history mainly through the hagiography of the Secgan Manuscript ; he also occurs in a litany in the Tanner of the Bodleian Library , Oxford . In the 10th century , St Werburgh 's remains were brought to Chester , and 907 AD her shrine was placed in the church . It is thought that Æthelfleda turned the church into a college of secular canons , and that it was given a charter by King Edgar in 968 . The collegiate church , as it was then , was restored in 1057 by Leofric , Earl of Mercia and Lady Godiva . This church was razed to the ground around 1090 , with the secular canons evicted , and no known trace of it remains . In 1093 a Benedictine abbey was established on the site by Hugh Lupus , Earl of Chester , with the assistance of St Anselm and other monks from Bec in Normandy . The earliest surviving parts of the structure date from that time . The abbey church was not at that time the cathedral of Chester ; from 1075 to 1082 the cathedral of the diocese was the nearby church of St John the Baptist , after which the see was transferred to Coventry . In 1538 , during the dissolution of the monasteries , the monastery was disbanded and the shrine of Saint Werburgh was desecrated . In 1541 St Werburgh 's abbey became a cathedral of the Church of England , by order of Henry VIII . At the same time , the dedication was changed to Christ and the Blessed Virgin . The last abbot of St Werburgh ’ s Abbey , Thomas Clarke , became the first dean of the new cathedral , at the head of a secular chapter . Although little trace of the 10th @-@ century church has been discovered , save possibly some Saxon masonry found during a 1997 excavation of the nave , there is much evidence of the monastery of 1093 . This work in the Norman style may be seen in the northwest tower , the north transept and in remaining parts of the monastic buildings . The abbey church , beginning with the Lady Chapel at the eastern end , was extensively rebuilt in Gothic style during the 13th and 14th centuries . At the time of the dissolution of the monasteries , the cloister , the central tower , a new south transept , the large west window and a new entrance porch to the south had just been built in the Perpendicular style , and the southwest tower of the façade had been begun . The west front was given a Tudor entrance , but the tower was never completed . In 1636 the space beneath the south west tower became a bishop 's consistory court . It was furnished as such at that time , and is now a unique survival in England , hearing its last case , that of an attempted suicide of a priest , in the 1930s . Until 1881 , the south transept , which is unusually large , also took on a separate function as an independent ecclesiastical entity : the parish church of St Oswald . Although the 17th century saw additions to the furnishings and fittings , there was no further building work for several centuries . By the 19th century , the building was badly in need of restoration . The present homogeneous appearance that the cathedral presents from many exterior angles is largely the work of Victorian restorers , particularly George Gilbert Scott . The 20th century has seen continued maintenance and restoration . In 1922 , the Chester War Memorial was installed in the cathedral grounds and dedicated to the fallen soldiers of the First World War and later the Second World War . In 1973 – 75 a detached belfry , designed by George Pace , was erected in the grounds of the cathedral . In 2005 a new Song School was added to the cathedral . During the 2000s , the cathedral library was refurbished and relocated . It was officially reopened in September 2007 . The cathedral and the former monastic buildings were designated as Grade I listed buildings on 28 July 1955 . = = Architecture = = = = = Cathedral = = = = = = = Plan = = = = Chester Cathedral has an east @-@ west axis , common to many cathedrals , with the chancel at the eastern end , and the façade to the west . The plan is cruciform , with a central tower ( as is usual in English monastic churches ) , but is asymmetrical , having a small transept on the north side remaining from an earlier building , and an unusually large south transept . As the plan shows , the asymmetry extends to the west front , where the north tower remains from the Norman building , and the south tower is of the early 16th century . At the eastern end , the symmetrical arrangement of the aisles was lost when the end of the south aisle was demolished and rebuilt in an apsidal shape . The nave , choir and south transept have wide aisles on either side , and are lit by clerestory windows and large multi @-@ light windows in each of the three cliff @-@ like ends . To the north of the cathedral are monastic buildings , including the cloister , refectory and a rectangular chapter house . The façade of the building is abutted on the north by later buildings . = = = = External appearance = = = = LIke the cathedrals of Carlisle , Lichfield and Worcester , Chester Cathedral is built of New Red Sandstone , in this case Keuper Sandstone from the Cheshire Basin . The stone lends itself to detailed carving , but is also friable , easily eroded by rain and wind , and is badly affected by pollution . With the other red sandstone buildings , Chester is one of the most heavily restored of England 's cathedrals . The restoration , which included much refacing and many new details , took place mainly in the 19th century . Because the south transept is similar in dimension to the nave and choir , views of the building from the south @-@ east and south @-@ west give the impression of a building balanced around a central axis , with its tower as the hub . The tower is of the late 15th century Perpendicular style , but its four large battlemented turrets are the work of the restoration architect George Gilbert Scott . With its rhythmic arrangement of large , traceried windows , pinnacles , battlements and buttresses , the exterior of Chester Cathedral from the south presents a fairly homogeneous character , which is an unusual feature as England 's cathedrals are in general noted for their stylistic diversity . Close examination reveals window tracery of several building stages from the 13th to the early 16th century . The richness of the 13th @-@ century tracery is accentuated by the presence of ornate , crocketted drip @-@ mouldings around the windows ; those around the perpendicular windows are of simpler form . The façade of the cathedral is dominated by a large deeply recessed eight @-@ light window in the Perpendicular style , above a recessed doorway set in a screen @-@ like porch designed , probably by Seth and George Derwall , in the early 1500s . This porch formed part of the same late 15th @-@ century building programme as the south transept , central and southwest towers , and cloister . Neither of the west towers was completed . To the north is the lower stage of a Norman tower , while to the south is the lower stage of a tower designed and begun , probably by Seth and George Derwall , in 1508 , but left incomplete following the dissolution of the monastery in 1538 . The cathedral 's façade is abutted on the north by a Victorian building housing the education centre and largely obscured from view by the building previously used as the King 's School , which is now a branch of Barclays Bank . The door of the west front is not used as the normal entrance to the cathedral , which is through the southwest porch which is in an ornate Tudor style . = = = = Interior = = = = The interior of Chester Cathedral gives a warm and mellow appearance because of the pinkish colour of the sandstone . The proportions appear spacious because the view from the west end of the nave to the east end is unimpeded by a pulpitum and the nave , although not long , is both wide and high compared with many of England 's cathedrals . The piers of the nave and choir are widely spaced , those of the nave carrying only the clerestory of large windows with no triforium gallery . The proportions are made possible partly because the ornate stellar vault , like that at York Minster , is of wood , not stone . = = = = Norman remnants = = = = The present building , dating from around 1283 to 1537 , mostly replaced the earlier monastic church founded in 1093 which was built in the Norman style . It is believed that the newer church was built around the older one . That the few remaining parts of the Norman church are of small proportions , while the height and width of the Gothic church are generous would seem to confirm this belief . Aspects of the design of the Norman interior are still visible in the north transept , which retains wall arcading and a broadly moulded arch leading to the sacristy , which was formerly a chapel . The transept has retained an early 16th @-@ century coffered ceiling with decorated bosses , two of which are carved with the arms of Henry VIII and Cardinal Wolsey . The north west tower is also of Norman construction . It serves as the baptistry and houses a black marble font , consisting of a bowl on a large baluster dating from 1697 . The lower part of the north wall of the nave is also from the Norman building , but can only be viewed from the cloister because the interior has been decorated with mosaic . = = = = Early English = = = = The Early English Gothic chapter house , built between 1230 and 1265 , is rectangular and opens off a " charming " vestibule leading from the north transept . The chapter house has grouped windows of simple untraceried form . Alec Clifton @-@ Taylor describes the exterior of this building as a " modest but rather elegant example of composition in lancets " while Nikolaus Pevsner says of the interior " It is a wonderfully noble room " which is the " aesthetic climax of the cathedral " . To the north of the chapter house is the slype , also Early English in style , and the warming room , which contains two large former fireplaces . The monastic refectory to the north of the cloister is of about the same date as the chapter house . The Lady Chapel to the eastern end of the choir dates from between 1265 and 1290 . It is of three bays , and contains the Shrine of St Werburgh , dating from the 14th century . The vault of the Lady Chapel is the only one in the cathedral that is of stone . It is decorated with carved roof bosses representing the Trinity , the Madonna and Child , and the murder of Thomas Becket . The chapel also has a sedilia and a piscina . = = = = Decorated Gothic = = = = The choir , of five bays , was built between 1283 and 1315 to the design of Richard Lenginour , and is an early example of Decorated Gothic architecture . The piers have strongly modelled attached shafts , supporting deeply moulded arches . There is a triforium gallery with four cusped arches to each bay . The sexpartite vault , which is a 19th @-@ century restoration , is supported by clusters of three shafts which spring from energetic figurative corbels . The overall effect is robust , and contrasts with the delicacy of the pinnacled choir stalls , the tracery of the windows and the rich decoration of the vault which was carried out by the ecclesiastical designers , Clayton and Bell . The choir stalls , dating from about 1380 , are one of the glories of the cathedral . The aisles of the choir previously both extended on either side of the Lady Chapel . The south aisle was shortened in about 1870 by George Gilbert Scott , and given an apsidal east end , becoming the chapel of St Erasmus . The eastern end of the north aisle contains the chapel of St Werburgh . The nave of six bays , and the large , aisled south transept were begun in about 1323 , probably to the design of Nicholas de Derneford . There are a number of windows containing fine Flowing Decorated tracery of this period . The work ceased in 1375 , in which year there was a severe outbreak of plague in England . The building of the nave was recommenced in 1485 , more than 150 years after it was begun . The architect was probably William Rediche . Remarkably , for an English medieval architect , he maintained the original form , changing only the details . The nave was roofed with a stellar vault rather like that of the Lady Chapel at Ely and the choir at York Minster , both of which date from the 1370s . Like that at York , the vault is of wood , imitating stone . = = = = Perpendicular Gothic = = = = From about 1493 until 1525 the architect appears to have been Seth Derwall , succeeded by George Derwall until 1537 . Seth Derwall completed the south transept to a Perpendicular Gothic design , as seen in the transomed windows of the clerestory . He also built the central tower , southwest porch and cloisters . Work commenced on the south west tower in 1508 , but it had not risen above the roofline at the time of the dissolution of the monasteries , and has never been completed . The central tower , rising to 127 feet ( 39 m ) , is a “ lantern tower ” with large windows letting light into the crossing . Its external appearance has been altered by the addition of four battlemented turrets by George Gilbert Scott in the 19th century . = = = Former monastic buildings = = = The Perpendicular Gothic cloister is entered from the cathedral through a Norman doorway in the north aisle . The cloister is part of the building programme that commenced in the 1490s and is probably the work of Seth Derwall . The south wall of the cloister , dating from the later part of the Norman period , forms the north wall of the nave of the cathedral , and includes blind arcading . Among the earliest remaining structures on the site is an undercroft off the west range of the cloisters , which dates from the early 12th century , and which was originally used by the monks for storing food . It consists of two naves with groin vaults and short round piers with round scalloped capitals . Leading from the south of the undercroft is the abbot 's passage which dates from around 1150 and consists of two bays with rib @-@ vaulting . Above the abbot 's passage , approached by a stairway from the west cloister , is St Anselm 's Chapel which also dates from the 12th century . It is in three bays and has a 19th century Gothic @-@ style plaster vault . The chancel is in one bay and was remodelled in the early 17th century . The screen , altar rails , holy table and plaster ceiling of the chancel date from the 17th century . The north range of the cloister gives access to a refectory , built by Simon de Whitchurch in the 13th century . It contains an Early English pulpit , approached by a staircase with an ascending arcade . The only other similar pulpit in England is in Beaulieu Abbey . = = = Restoration = = = By the 19th century the fabric of the building had become badly weathered , with Charles Hiatt writing that " the surface rot of the very perishable red sandstone , of which the cathedral was built , was positively unsightly " and that the " whole place previous to restoration struck one as woebegone and neglected ; it perpetually seemed to hover on the verge of collapse , and yet was without a trace of the romance of the average ruin " . Between 1818 and 1820 the architect Thomas Harrison restored the south transept , adding corner turrets . This part of the building served until 1881 as the parish church of St Oswald , and it was ecclesiastically separate . From 1844 R. C. Hussey carried out a limited restoration including work on the south side of the nave . The most extensive restoration was carried out by the Gothic Revival architect , George Gilbert Scott , who between 1868 and 1876 " almost entirely re @-@ cased " the cathedral . The current building is acknowledged to be mainly the product of this Victorian restoration commissioned by the Dean , John Saul Howson . In addition to extensive additions and alterations to the body of the church , Scott remodelled the tower , adding turrets and crenellations . Scott chose sandstone from the quarries at Runcorn for his restoration work . In addition to the restoration of the fabric of the building , Scott designed internal fittings such as the choir screen to replace those destroyed during the Civil War . He built the fan vault of the south porch , renewed the wooden vault of the choir and added a great many decorative features to the interior . Scott 's restorations were not without their critics and caused much debate in architectural circles . Scott claimed to have archaeological evidence for his work , but the Liverpool architect , Samuel Huggins argued in an 1868 address to the Liverpool Architectural Society , that the alterations were less like restoration and more like rebuilding . One of the larger changes was to shorten the south aisle and restyle it as an apse . The changes also proposed the addition of a spire above the existing tower , but this proposal was later rejected . Samuel 's further paper of 1871 entitled On so @-@ called restorations of our cathedral and abbey churches compelled the Dean to attempt to answer the criticism . The debate contributed to the establishment of the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings . Later in the century , from 1882 , Arthur Blomfield and his son Charles made further additions and modifications , including restoring and reinstating the Shrine of St Werburgh . More work was carried out in the 20th century by Giles Gilbert Scott between 1891 and 1913 , and by F. H. Crossley in 1939 . = = = Bell tower = = = Towards the end of 1963 the cathedral bells , which were housed in the central tower , were in need of an overhaul and ringing was suspended . In 1965 the Dean asked George Pace , architect to York Minster , to prepare specifications for a new bell frame and for electrification of the clock and tolling mechanism . Due to structural difficulties and the cost of replacing the bells in the central tower it was advised that consideration should be given to building a detached bell and clock tower in the southeast corner of the churchyard . It was decided to proceed with that plan , and in 1969 an announcement was made that the first detached cathedral bell tower was to be erected since the building of the campanile at Chichester Cathedral in the 15th century . In February 1969 , nine of the ten bells in the central tower were removed to be recast by John Taylor & Co as a ring of twelve bells with a flat sixth . The new bells were cast in 1973 . Work on the new bell @-@ tower began in February 1973 . Two old bells dating from 1606 and 1626 were left in the tower . On 26 February 1975 the bells were rung for the first time to celebrate the wedding of a member of the Grosvenor family . The official opening on 25 June 1975 was performed by the Duke of Gloucester . The belfry is known as the Dean Addleshaw Tower , after the dean of the cathedral responsible for its construction . The tower is built in concrete , faced with sandstone at its base . It is the first detached bell tower to be built for a cathedral in this country since the Reformation . Between the bell tower and the south transept is a garden in remembrance of the Cheshire Regiment ( originally the 22nd Regiment of Foot ) . = = Fittings and glass = = The treasures of Chester Cathedral are its rare fittings , specifically its choir stalls and the 17th @-@ century furnishing of the bishop ’ s consistory court in the south tower , which is a unique survival . = = = Choir stalls = = = The choir stalls date from about 1380 . They have high , spiky , closely set canopies , with crocketed arches and spirelets . The stall ends have poppyheads and are rich with figurative carving . The stalls include 48 misericords , all but five of which are original , depicting a variety of subjects , some humorous and some grotesque . Pevsner states that they are " one of the finest sets in the country " , while Alec Clifton @-@ Taylor calls them “ exquisite ” and says of the misericords that “ for delicacy and grace they surpass even those at Lincoln and Beverley ” . = = = Organ = = = In 1844 , an organ by Gray & Davison of London was installed in the cathedral , replacing an instrument with parts dating back to 1626 . The organ was rebuilt and enlarged by Whiteley Bros of Chester in 1876 , to include harmonic flutes and reeds by Cavaillé @-@ Coll . It was later moved to its present position at the front of the north transept . In 1910 William Hill and Son of London extensively rebuilt and revoiced the organ , replacing the Cavaillé @-@ Coll reeds with new pipes of their own . The choir division of the organ was enlarged and moved behind the choirstalls on the south side . The instrument was again overhauled by Rushworth and Dreaper of Liverpool in 1969 , when a new mechanism and some new pipework made to a design by the organist , Roger Fisher , was installed . Since 1991 the organ has been in the care of David Wells of Liverpool . = = = Stained glass = = = See Gallery below Chester suffered badly at the hands of the Parliamentary troops . As a consequence , its stained glass dates mainly from the 19th and 20th centuries and has representative examples the significant trends in stained glass design from the 1850s onwards . Of the earlier Victorian firms , William Wailes is the best represented , in the south aisle ( 1862 ) , as well as Hardman & Co. and Michael Connor . Glass from the High Victorian period is well represented by two leading London firms , Clayton and Bell and Heaton , Butler and Bayne . The Aesthetic style is represented by Charles Eamer Kempe . Early 20th century windows include several commemorating those who died in World War I. There are also several notable modern windows , the most recent being the refectory window of 2001 by Ros Grimshaw which depicts the Creation . The eight @-@ light Perpendicular window of the west end contains mid @-@ 20th century glass representing the Holy Family and Saints , by W. T. Carter Shapland . Three modern windows in the south aisle , designed and made by Alan Younger to replace windows damaged in the Second World War . They were donated by the 6th Duke of Westminster to celebrate the 900th anniversary of the cathedral and contain the dates 1092 and 1992 to reflect the theme of " continuity and change " . = = Tour of features = = = = = Nave = = = The west end of the nave is dominated by an eight @-@ light window in the Perpendicular Gothic style which almost fills the upper part of the west wall . It contains stained glass designed by W. T. Carter Shapland dating from 1961 and depicts the Holy Family in the middle two lights , flanked by the northern saints Werburgh , Oswald , Aidan , Chad and Wilfrid , and Queen Ethelfleda . The stone nave pulpit was designed by the restorer R. C. Hussey and the lectern , dated 1876 , is by Skidmore . The mosaic floor of the tower bay was designed by Dean Howson and executed by Burke and Co . The same firm installed the mosaics which decorate the wall of the north aisle , depicting the patriarchs and prophets Abraham , Moses , David and Elijah . They were designed by J. R. Clayton of Clayton and Bell , and date from 1883 to 86 . Monuments in the nave include those to Roger Barnston , dated 1838 , by John Blayney , to Bishop Stratford , dated 1708 , to Bishop Hall who died in 1668 , to Edmund Entwistle , dated 1712 , to John and Thomas Wainwright who died respectively in 1686 and 1720 , to Robert Bickerstaff who died in 1841 by Blayney , to Dean Smith who died in 1787 by Thomas Banks , and to Sir William Mainwaring , dated 1671 . = = = Choir = = = The most famous feature of the choir is the set of choir stalls , dating from about 1380 , and described above . The lectern , in the form of a wooden eagle , symbol of John the Evangelist , dates from the first half of the 17th century . The candlesticks also date from the 17th century and are by Censore of Bologna who died in 1662 . With these exceptions , most of the decoration and the fittings of the choir date from the 19th century and are in keeping with the Gothic Revival promoted by the Oxford Movement and Augustus Welby Pugin . The restored vault of the choir is typical of the period , having been designed by Scott and decorated and gilded by Clayton and Bell . The choir is entered through a screen designed by George Gilbert Scott , with gates made by Skidmore . The rood was designed by Scott , and was made by F. Stuflesser . The bishop ’ s throne or “ cathedra ” was designed by Scott to complement the choir stalls . It was constructed by Farmer and Brindley in 1876 . The reredos and the floor mosaic date from 1876 , and were designed by J. R. Clayton . The east window has tracery of an elegant Decorated Gothic design which is filled with stained glass of 1884 by Heaton , Butler and Bayne . = = = Lady Chapel = = = The 13th @-@ century Lady Chapel contains the stone shrine of Saint Werburgh which dates from the 14th century and which used to contain her relics . The shrine , of similar red sandstone as the cathedral , has a base pierced with deep niches . The upper part takes the form of a miniature chapel containing statuettes . During the dissolution of the monasteries it was dismantled . Some of the parts were found during the 1873 restoration of the cathedral and the shrine was reassembled in 1888 by Blomfield . A carving of St Werburgh by Joseph Pyrz was added in 1993 . Also in the chapel are a sedilia and a piscina . The stained glass of 1859 , is by William Wailes . The chapel contains a monument to Archdeacon Francis Wrangham , made by Hardman & Co. and dating from 1846 . In 1555 , George Marsh , Martyr stood trial here accused of heresy . = = = North choir aisle = = = The north choir aisle has a stone screen by R. C. Hussey and an iron gate dated 1558 that came from Guadalajara . At the east end of the aisle is the chapel of St Werburgh which has a vault of two bays , and an east window depicting the Nativity by Michael O 'Connor , dated 1857 . Other stained glass windows in the north aisle are by William Wailes , by Heaton , Butler and Bayne , and by Clayton and Bell . The chapel contains a piscina dating from the 14th century , and monuments to Bishop Graham dated 1867 , and to William Bispham who died in 1685 , Other monuments in the north aisle include a tablet to Bishop Jacobson , dated 1887 , by Boehm to a design by Blomfield . = = = North transept , sacristy and chapter house = = = The small Norman transept has clerestory windows containing stained glass by William Wailes , installed in 1853 . The sacristy , of 1200 , has an east window depicting St Anselm , and designed by A. K. Nicholson . In the north transept is a freestanding tombchest monument to Bishop Pearson who died in 1686 , designed by Arthur Blomfield and carved by Nicholas Earp , with a recumbent effigy by Matthew Noble . Other monuments in the transept include one to Samuel Peploe , dating from about 1784 , by Joseph Nollekens . The wall monuments include cenotaphs to members of the Cheshire ( Earl of Chester 's ) Yeomanry killed in the Boer War and in the First and Second World Wars . At the corner of the transept with the north aisle is a 17th @-@ century Tree of Jesse carved in whale ivory . A niche contains a rare example of a " cobweb picture " , painted on the web of a caterpillar . Originating in the Austrian Tyrol , it depicts Mary and the Christ @-@ Child , and is based on a painting by Lucas Cranach the Elder . The chapter house has stained glass in its east window by Heaton , Butler and Bayne and grisaille windows in the north and south walls , dated 1882 – 83 , by Blomfield . It contains an oak cope cupboard from the late 13th century . The front of the chapter house was rebuilt to a design by Hussey . = = = South choir aisle = = = The south aisle was shortened in about 1870 by Scott , and given an apsidal east end , becoming the chapel of St Erasmus . The stained glass in the apse window is dated 1872 and is by Clayton and Bell . Below this is a mosaic designed by J. R. Clayton and made by Salviati , and a fresco painting by Clayton and Bell , dated 1874 . Elsewhere the stained glass in the aisle is by Wailes , and by Hardman & Co. to a design by Pugin . The aisle contains the tomb of Ranulf Higdon , a monk at St Werburgh 's Abbey in the 12th century who wrote a major work of history entitled Polychronicon , a monument to Thomas Brassey ( a civil engineering contractor who died in 1870 ) , designed by Blomfield and made by Wagmuller , a monument to Bishop Peploe who died in 1752 , and three painted monuments by a member of the Randle Holme family . = = = South transept = = = The south transept , formerly the parish church of St Oswald contains a piscina and sedilia in the south wall . On the east wall are four chapels , each with a reredos , two of which were designed by Giles Gilbert Scott , one by Kempe and the other by his successor , W. E. Tower . The south window is dated 1887 and was made by Heaton , Butler and Bayne to a design by R. C. Hussey . Other stained glass in the transept is by Clayton and Bell , by C. E. Kempe and by Powell . The monuments include those to George Ogden who died in 1781 , by Hayward , to Anne Matthews who died in 1793 , by Thomas Banks , to John Philips Buchanan who died at Waterloo in 1815 , to the first Duke of Westminster , designed by C. J. Blomfield , and two memorial plaques to members of the Egerton family . On the wall of the southwest crossing pier are monuments which include a cenotaph to the casualties in HMS Chester in the Battle of Jutland in 1916 who included the 16 @-@ year @-@ old John Cornwell VC . The west wall of the south transept has many memorials , including cenotaphs to the Cheshire Regiment , the Royal Air Force and the Free Czech Forces . = = = Cloisters and refectory = = = The cloisters were restored in the 20th century , and the stained glass windows contain the images of some 130 saints . The cloister garth contains a modern sculpture entitled The water of life by Stephen Broadbent . The refectory roof is dated 1939 and was designed by F. H. Crossley . The east window with reticulated tracery was designed by Giles Gilbert Scott and is dated 1913 . The stained glass in the west window , depicting the Creation , was designed by Ros Grimshaw and installed in 2001 to celebrate the Millennium . On the refectory 's west wall there is a tapestry depicting Elymas being struck with blindness which was woven at Mortlake in the 17th century from a cartoon by Raphael . The heraldic paintings on the north wall represent the arms of the Earls of Chester . = = = Library = = = A library has been present since the time of St Werburgh 's Abbey , and following the dissolution of the monasteries it became the cathedral library . It continued to grow over the centuries , but by the 19th century it had become neglected . Between 1867 and 1885 it was enlarged and in the 1890s new bookcases were added . A further reorganisation took place in the 1920s but by the 1980s the contents were contained in five separate sites around the cathedral . A programme of repair and re @-@ cataloguing of the contents was instituted . During the 2000s more work was carried out and the refurbished library , housed in three rooms , opened in 2007 . The library is available for research and for organised visits by groups . = = Ministry = = = = = Chapter = = = Dean – The Very Revd Dr Gordon McPhate ( since 7 September 2002 installation ) Vice @-@ Dean – The Revd Canon Peter Howell @-@ Jones ( since 25 September 2011 installation ) Canon Precentor & Sacrist – The Revd Canon Jeremy Dussek ( since 13 September 2014 installation ) Canon Chancellor & Canon Librarian – The Revd Canon Jane Brooke ( since 11 September 2010 installation ) Residentiary Canon ( part @-@ time ) – The Revd Canon Dr Peter Jenner ( since 2012 ) = = = = Services = = = = The cathedral is a place of Christian worship , with two services held daily , and four or five each Sunday . There is Holy Communion each day , and Choral Evensong each day except Wednesday . = = = Music = = = The Director of Music is Philip Rushforth and the Assistant Director of Music is Benjamin Chewter ; they are assisted by an Assistant Organist , Geoffrey Woollatt . There are lunchtime organ recitals weekly on Thursday . The monthly program of music is available on the cathedral 's website . The hymn @-@ writer William Cooke ( 1821 – 1894 ) was a canon of Chester . = = = = Organists = = = = The earliest recorded appointment of an organist is of John Brycheley in 1541 . Notable organists include the composers Robert White and John Sanders , conductor George Guest and the recording artist Roger Fisher . = = = = Choirs = = = = The choral tradition at Chester is 900 years old , dating from the foundation of the Bendedictine monastery . In 1741 Handel heard the first recital of his Messiah at Chester . There are usually eight choral services in the cathedral each week . Chester has a cathedral choir of male lay clerks , choral scholars , and boy and girl choristers . They rehearse in the Song School , built on the site of the former Monks ' Dormitory . In addition to singing at services , the choir perform in concerts , tour abroad , and make recording on CDs . There is no choir school at Chester , so the choristers come from local schools . There is also a mixed choir of adults , the Nave Choir , which sings Compline on Sunday evenings and in other services . This choir also takes part in concerts , and undertakes tours . Having been founded during the 1860s , it is the longest @-@ running voluntary cathedral choir in Britain . = = = Activities = = = Apart from services , a variety of events such as concerts , recitals , exhibitions and tours are held at the cathedral . There are weekly lunchtime organ recitals each Thursday , and concerts by the Chester Cathedral Nave Choir . The cathedral and precinct are open to visits both by individuals and by groups . The former Refectory of the abbey is used as a café . The Refectory , the Cloister Room , the Chapter House , and the Vestibule can be hired for meetings , receptions and other purposes . = = Burials = = Hugh d 'Avranches , 1st Earl of Chester ( c . 1047 - 27 July 1101 ) , first in the cemetery of Saint Werberg , reburied in the Chapter House Ranulf le Meschin , 3rd Earl of Chester ( 1070 − 1129 ) Ranulf de Blondeville , 6th Earl of Chester ( 1170 – 1232 ) Ranulf Higden Chronicler ( c . 1280 – 1364 ) John Pearson ( bishop ) , Bishop of Chester ( 1673 – 1686 ) Samuel Peploe ( bishop ) , Bishop of Chester ( 1725 – 1752 ) John Graham ( bishop ) , Bishop of Chester ( 1845 – 1865 ) – in the cemetery George Clarke of Hyde , Former Colonial Governor of New York , America between 1736 and 1743 Frederick Phillips , A wealthy landowner from New York , America , who was loyal to the British Colonial Government and forced to quit his estates . = = Gallery = =
= Screams of Silence : The Story of Brenda Q = " Screams of Silence : The Story of Brenda Q " is the third episode of the tenth season of the animated comedy series Family Guy . It originally aired on October 30 , 2011 in the United States on Fox . The episode follows Griffin family neighbor Glenn Quagmire 's sister , Brenda , as she struggles with physical and mental abuse at the hands of her boyfriend , and eventual fiancé , Jeff . Quagmire , along with his neighbors , Peter and Joe , seek to relieve Brenda from her anguish , and soon decide to murder him , in order to prevent her from being harmed any further . The episode was written by Alec Sulkin and directed by Dominic Bianchi . This episode generated significant controversy from various media organizations and critics for its portrayal of domestic violence , which , unusually for Family Guy , is portrayed in a serious manner , and received mixed critical reviews . An estimated 5 @.@ 97 million homes viewed the episode in its original airing according to Nielsen ratings . The episode featured a guest performance by Kaitlin Olson along with several recurring guest voice actors for the series . = = Plot = = Peter decides to go fishing with Quagmire and Joe , but when Quagmire fails to show up , they decide to try to find him at his house . After entering his home , they discover that he has hanged himself in a fit of autoerotic asphyxiation . Attempting to save his life , they take him to the hospital , where they discover that he is in a coma . Peter invites Quagmire 's sister , Brenda , to visit him at the hospital , and she manages to wake up her brother . Brenda also brings along Jeff Fecalman , her loud , thuggish and abusive boyfriend , who terrorizes her throughout the night to the dismay of Quagmire and his neighbors . After a horrible night , Quagmire approaches Lois about talking to Brenda about leaving Jeff . At lunch , Lois and Brenda begin talking about the situation , and requests that Brenda remove her sunglasses , revealing a bruise over her eye . Upon seeing this , Lois tries to convince Brenda to leave Jeff , but Brenda only tries to justify Jeff 's treatment of her , much to Lois ' disgust . Later , at the bar , Peter , Quagmire and Joe discuss the matter , asking if the police can solve the situation . Joe then suggests that the group have an intervention with Brenda , where Quagmire confesses that the sister he knew growing up no longer exists , and he wants her back . The two then embrace each other by hugging , until Jeff enters the intervention , causing Quagmire to tell him that Brenda has agreed to leave him . Frightened by Jeff , Brenda reveals that the two are engaged , and that she is pregnant . Later that evening , Peter , Quagmire and Joe begin discussing possibly killing Jeff , with Joe ( as a police officer ) , against the idea saying that it doesn 't matter , while Quagmire says that it does and explains that people like Jeff never change . Joe explains to Quagmire that he could get sent to jail if he killed Jeff and is still against the idea but when the trio see Jeff beat Brenda for simply changing the channel on Quagmire 's TV , he renounces his reluctance and agrees to murder him . The three decide to talk Jeff into a hunting trip in an attempt to kill him , and make it look like an accident . Having expected it , however , Jeff reveals his own gun , and knocks Peter and Joe out so that he can kill Quagmire in another part of the woods . Once there , Quagmire talks Jeff into fighting him instead , during which Quagmire is seemingly strangled to death . Jeff then goes to dig a grave to put Quagmire 's body in , until he sees Quagmire , alive and well , behind the wheel of Peter 's car . Quagmire reveals that he chokes himself everyday and kills Jeff by running him over , smashing his head into a tree with Peter 's car . Peter , Joe and Quagmire return home the next day , and present Brenda with a forged note from Jeff stating that he has decided to leave her . As Brenda breaks down in tears over Jeff , Peter notes that he wishes he could kill someone else and gets an idea about Mort before the episode ends . = = Production and development = = The episode was written by series regular , and executive producer , Alec Sulkin , who previously wrote the Family Guy , Star Wars parody " Blue Harvest " , as well as " Stew @-@ Roids " , and the final installment of the Stewie Griffin : The Untold Story series . The episode was directed by series regular Dominic Bianchi , who previously directed the series 's landmark 150th episode " Brian & Stewie " . Series regulars Peter Shin and James Purdum served as supervising director , with Andrew Goldberg , Alex Carter , Spencer Porter , and Elaine Ko serving as staff writers for the episode . Composer Walter Murphy , who has worked on the series since its inception , returned to compose the music for " Screams of Silence : The Story of Brenda Q " . In addition to the regular cast , actress Kaitlin Olson guest starred in the episode as Brenda Quagmire , making her the second cast member from It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia to appear on a Seth MacFarlane show , after Glenn Howerton on The Cleveland Show , a spinoff of Family Guy . Recurring guest voice actress Alexandra Breckenridge , writers Gary Janetti and Alec Sulkin , actress Jennifer Tilly , actor Patrick Warburton , and writer John Viener made minor appearances throughout the episode . Recurring guest voice actor Ralph Garman provided the voice of Jeff , Brenda 's abusive boyfriend . = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = " Screams of Silence : The Story of Brenda Q " was broadcast on October 30 , 2011 , as a part of an animated television night on Fox , and was preceded by The Simpsons and the series premiere of the animated series Allen Gregory , and followed by Family Guy creator and executive producer Seth MacFarlane 's spin @-@ off , The Cleveland Show . It was watched by 5 @.@ 97 million viewers , according to Nielsen ratings , despite airing simultaneously with Desperate Housewives on ABC , The Amazing Race on CBS and Sunday Night Football on NBC . The episode also acquired a 3 @.@ 2 / 7 rating in the 18 – 49 demographic group , beating Allen Gregory and The Cleveland Show in addition to significantly edging out both shows in total viewership . The episode 's ratings decreased significantly from the previous episode , " Seahorse Seashell Party " . In the UK , the episode achieved 1 @.@ 26 million views during its debut on BBC Three . = = = Critical reception and controversy = = = This episode received negative reviews . Kevin McFarland of The A.V. Club wrote of the episode , " A serious episode of Family Guy cripples the show ’ s strengths . " McFarland also wrote , " while other shows , even the procedurals with grisly murders , are playing around in Halloween specials , Family Guy went for an episode about domestic abuse that wrote off any chance that comedy could save it if things took a wrong turn . " He went on to criticize it for its tone , noting " An episode like this only works if the bits of comedy surrounding the serious plot create contrast to the darker main story , but they weren 't here . " McFarland praised Kaitlin Olson 's portrayal of Brenda , however , stating " Olson got some laughs out of just how deep Brenda ’ s denial went , finding every possible excuse to blame herself and exonerate Jeff . It made her endearing and easily likeable , every bit the opposite from Olson 's place in the rogue ’ s gallery of misanthropy on It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia . " He ended his review by comparing it to the fellow Fox animation series The Simpsons , noting , " The Simpsons managed to find the right blend with Sideshow Bob episodes , or in the aching sadness of Homer and Marge 's marriage , but as has been said ad infinitum , Family Guy hasn 't mastered that combination in the same way as the original . " He graded the episode as C + . Terron R. Moore of Ology gave the episode a slightly more positive review , writing , " " The Story Of Brenda Q " , judging by only the title , could have been a Lifetime movie in the Seth MacFarlane fashion or anything else than a typical episode of the show , but it was pretty much a typical episode of the show . " He continued , " it 's pretty much an episode where someone on the Family Guy writing staff needed a new way to get out a bunch of pent @-@ up misogyny and anger . " He gave the episode a grade of seven out of ten . Reaction to the episode by news media organizations was extremely negative and caused controversy , criticizing the episode for its portrayal of domestic violence . A. J. Hammer of Showbiz Tonight said of the episode , " Like so many other people , I was just shocked by what I saw on Family Guy last night , " and continued , " It was really just a depressing half hour of television . " In the same interview , Hammer asked television host Wendy Walsh of The Doctors about the storyline , to which she responded , " The main theme of the show was about this poor ' stupid ' woman who was too dumb to leave her relationship . And domestic violence is far more complicated than that . We 're watching someone rationalize a domestic violence relationship and this is the kind of thought process that actually goes on in real life . It ’ s not satire anymore . " Nando Di Fino of Mediaite also complained that the episode may have gone too far , and compared it to previous episodes in the series that had been banned from airing on television , noting , " The show has dipped into sensitive material before , and Fox has actually refused to air two episodes — one dealing with abortion , the other with heavy Jewish themes . Sunday night 's episode , if reaction to it can be used as a good measure , may have been better joining those two episodes in exile . " Whitney Jefferson of Jezebel , a website centered on women 's issues , also strongly criticized the episode for its storyline involving Brenda and her boyfriend , Jeff : " Personally , I 'm way beyond being offended by the show — I 've long been numbed to shock @-@ value offensiveness — and had stopped watching years ago anyhow . But being a sucker for a Halloween @-@ themed episodes , I tuned in to Fox 's " Animation Domination " comedy block last night . What I saw was seriously awful . " Jefferson ended her review of the episode by stating that the show was " Definitely the scariest Halloween special we 've ever seen . "
= Richard Swinefield = Richard Swinefield ( or Richard de Swinfield ; died 15 March 1317 ) was a medieval Bishop of Hereford , England . He earned a doctor of divinity degree as well as holding a number of ecclesiastical offices , including Archdeacon of London , before being named bishop . While bishop , he worked to secure the canonisation of Thomas de Cantilupe , his predecessor , whom he had worked for previously . Although he was active in his diocese , he spent little time in politics . He died in 1317 , and was buried in Hereford Cathedral where a memorial to his memory still stands . = = Rise in the Church = = Swinefield 's last name may come from Swingfield located near Folkestone , Kent . His father was Stephen of Swinfield , who died in 1282 , and his brother Stephen remained a layman . Other information about his family and upbringing is unknown , nor is his day or year of birth . He earned a doctor of divinity degree , but the location of his university studies is unknown . By 1264 Swinefield was a member of the household of Thomas de Cantilupe , who went on to become Bishop of Hereford in 1275 . Swinefield held the prebend of Hampton in the diocese of Hereford , before 1279 and held that prebend until his election as bishop . Shortly after 17 April 1280 he was named Archdeacon of London , having previously held an unknown prebend in the diocese of London . = = Episcopate = = Swinefield was elected to the see of Hereford , or bishopric , on 1 October 1282 . The election was confirmed by John Peckham , the Archbishop of Canterbury on 31 December 1282 , and Swinefield was given custody of the spiritualities and temporalities , or the ecclesiastical and lay income producing properties , of the see by 8 January 1293 . He was consecrated on 7 March 1283 . During Swinefield 's time as bishop , he was not involved in politics , and spent most of his time in his diocese . He rarely attended Parliament , usually excusing himself on the grounds of urgent diocesan business or his own bad health . He inherited a number of lawsuits from his predecessor , which he managed to settle . Swinefield also resolved a dispute over the boundary between the diocese of Hereford and the diocese of St Asaph , a Welsh bishopric , with the settlement being not entirely to the Welsh bishop 's liking . The town of Hereford also had disagreements with Swinefield , and on one occasion the bishop threatened excommunication against the town unless they submitted . Swinefield was concerned to ensure that his clergy were well treated . He worked to ensure that churches within his diocese were not misappropriated through the granting of custody to unworthy candidates , as well as trying to keep order in the monasteries . His main efforts though went toward securing the canonisation of his predecessor Thomas de Cantilupe . This did not however take place until 1320 , after Swinefield 's death . = = Death and legacy = = Swinefield died on 15 March 1317 , and was buried in Hereford Cathedral , where a memorial in the transept 's north wall shows Swinefield dressed as a bishop and holding a building . Two of his nephews were given offices within the diocese , with John given the precentorship in Hereford Cathedral , and Gilbert made the chancellor there . Another possible relative was Richard Swinfield , who also held a prebend in the diocese . A record of Swinefield 's expenses as bishop has survived for the years 1289 and 1290 . The accounts offer a rare glimpse of the organisation and expenses of a major household in the time period . During the 296 days covered by the record , his household moved 81 times , with 38 of these stops associated with him visiting his diocese during April through June . The record also shows that he supported two scholars at Oxford University . The record has been printed a number of times , including by the Camden Society in 1853 though 1855 .
= Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor ( 806 ) = The Abbasid invasion of Asia Minor in 806 was the largest operation ever launched by the Abbasid Caliphate against the Byzantine Empire . The expedition was commanded in person by the Abbasid Caliph Harun al @-@ Rashid ( reigned 786 – 809 ) , who wished to retaliate for the Byzantine successes in the Caliphate 's frontier region in the previous year and impress Abbasid might upon the Byzantine emperor , Nikephoros I ( r . 802 – 811 ) . The huge Abbasid army , according to Arab sources numbering more than 135 @,@ 000 men , raided across Cappadocia unopposed , capturing several towns and fortresses , most notably Herakleia , and forcing Nikephoros to seek peace in exchange for tribute . Following Harun 's departure , however , Nikephoros violated the terms of the treaty and reoccupied the frontier forts he had been forced to abandon . Harun 's preoccupation with a rebellion in Khurasan , and his death three years later , prohibited a reprisal on a similar scale . Moreover , the Abbasid civil war that began after 809 and the Byzantine preoccupation with the Bulgars contributed to a cessation of large @-@ scale Arab – Byzantine conflict for two decades . = = Background = = Following the deposition of Byzantine empress Irene of Athens in October 802 and the accession of Nikephoros I in her place , a more violent phase in the long history of the Arab – Byzantine Wars began . Following a series of destructive annual raids across Asia Minor by the Abbasid Caliphate , Irene seems to have secured a truce with the Caliph Harun al @-@ Rashid in 798 in exchange for the annual payment of tribute , repeating the terms agreed for a three @-@ year truce after Harun 's first large @-@ scale campaign in 782 . Nikephoros , on the other hand , was more warlike — a Syriac source records that when he learned of Nikephoros 's accession , a Byzantine renegade warned the Arab governor of Upper Mesopotamia to " throw away his silk and put on his armour " . In addition , he was determined to refill the imperial treasury by , among other measures , ceasing the tribute . Harun retaliated at once , launching a raid under his son al @-@ Qasim in spring 803 . Nikephoros could not respond to this , as he faced a large @-@ scale revolt of the Byzantine army of Asia Minor under its commander @-@ in @-@ chief , Bardanes Tourkos . After disposing of Bardanes , Nikephoros assembled his army and marched out to meet a second , larger invasion under the Caliph himself . After Harun raided the frontier region , the two armies confronted one another for two months in central Asia Minor , but it did not come to a battle ; Nikephoros and Harun exchanged letters , until the Emperor arranged for a withdrawal and a truce for the remainder of the year in exchange for a one @-@ off payment of tribute . In the next year , 804 , an Abbasid force under Ibrahim ibn Jibril crossed the Taurus Mountains into Asia Minor . Nikephoros set out to confront the Arabs , but was surprised and heavily defeated at the Battle of Krasos , where he barely escaped with his own life . Preoccupied with trouble in Khurasan , Harun once more accepted tribute and made peace . An exchange of prisoners was also arranged and took place during the winter at the border of the two empires on the Lamos river in Cilicia : some 3 @,@ 700 Muslims were exchanged for the Byzantines taken captive in the previous years . Harun then departed for Khurasan , leaving al @-@ Qasim to watch over the Byzantine frontier . Nikephoros used the opportunity in the spring to rebuild the destroyed walls of the towns of Safsaf , Thebasa , and Ancyra , and that summer , he launched the first Byzantine raid in two decades against the Arab frontier districts ( thughur ) in Cilicia . The Byzantine army raided the territory surrounding the fortresses of Mopsuestia and Anazarbus and took prisoners as it went . The garrison of Mopsuestia attacked the Byzantine force and recovered most of the prisoners and spoils , but the Byzantines marched on to Tarsus , which had been refortified and repopulated on Harun 's orders in 786 to strengthen the Muslim hold on Cilicia . The city fell and the entire garrison was taken captive . At the same time , another Byzantine force raided the Upper Mesopotamian thughur and unsuccessfully besieged the fortress of Melitene , while a Byzantine @-@ instigated rebellion against the local Arab garrison began in Cyprus . This sudden resumption of Byzantine offensive activity greatly alarmed Harun . In addition , he received reports that Nikephoros was planning similar attacks for the next year , which this time would aim at the full reoccupation of these frontier territories . As the historian Warren Treadgold writes , if the Byzantines had been successful in this endeavour , " garrisoning Tarsus and Melitene would have partly blocked the main Arab invasion routes across the Taurus into the Byzantine heartland , to the Byzantines ' great benefit " . On the other hand , Nikephoros was certainly aware of the huge superiority of the Caliphate in men and resources , and it is more likely that he intended this campaign simply as a show of strength and a test of his enemy 's resolve . = = The campaign = = Having settled matters in Khurasan , Harun returned to the west in November 805 and prepared a huge retaliatory expedition for 806 , drawing men from Syria , Palestine , Persia , and Egypt . According to al @-@ Tabari , his army numbered 135 @,@ 000 regular troops and additional volunteers and freebooters . These numbers — and the even more fantastic claims of the Byzantine chronicler Theophanes the Confessor of 300 @,@ 000 men — are easily the largest ever recorded for the entire Abbasid era and far more than the estimated strength of the entire Byzantine army . Although they are certainly exaggerated , they are nevertheless indicative of the size of the Abbasid force . At the same time , a naval force under his admiral Humayd ibn Ma 'yuf al @-@ Hajuri was prepared to raid Cyprus . The huge invasion army departed Harun 's residence of Raqqa in northern Syria on 11 June 806 , with the Caliph at its head , allegedly wearing a cap with the inscription " Warrior for the Faith and Pilgrim " ( in Arabic , " ghazi , hajj " ) . The Abbasids crossed Cilicia , where Harun ordered Tarsus to be rebuilt , and entered Byzantine Cappadocia through the Cilician Gates . Harun marched to Tyana , which at the time seems to have been abandoned . There , he began to establish his base of operations , ordering ' Uqbah ibn Ja 'far al @-@ Khuza 'i to refortify the town and erect a mosque . Harun 's lieutenant Abdallah ibn Malik al @-@ Khuza 'i took Sideropalos , from where Harun 's cousin Dawud ibn ' Isa ibn Musa with half the Abbasid army , some 70 @,@ 000 men according to al @-@ Tabari , was sent to devastate Cappadocia . Another of Harun 's generals , Sharahil ibn Ma 'n ibn Za 'ida captured the so @-@ called " Fortress of the Slavs " ( Hisn al @-@ Saqalibah ) and the recently rebuilt town of Thebasa , while Yazid ibn Makhlad captured the " Fort of the Willow " ( al @-@ Safsaf ) and Malakopea . Andrasos was captured and Kyzistra was placed under siege , while raiders reached as far as Ancyra , which they did not capture . Harun himself with the other half of his forces went west and captured Herakleia after a month @-@ long siege in August or September . The city was plundered and razed , and its inhabitants enslaved and deported to the Caliphate . At the same time , on Cyprus , Humayd ravaged the island and took some 16 @,@ 000 Cypriots , including the archbishop , captive to Syria , where they were sold as slaves . Nikephoros , outnumbered and threatened by the Bulgars in his rear , could not resist the Abbasid onslaught . He campaigned himself at the head of his army and seemingly won a few minor engagements against isolated detachments , but stayed well clear of the main Abbasid forces . In the end , with the harrowing possibility of the Arabs wintering on Byzantine soil in Tyana , he sent three clerics as ambassadors : Michael , the bishop of Synnada , Peter the abbot of the monastery of Goulaion , and Gregory , the steward of the metropolis of Amastris . Harun agreed to terms , which included an annual tribute ( 30 @,@ 000 gold nomismata , according to Theophanes , 50 @,@ 000 according to al @-@ Tabari ) , but in addition , the Emperor and his son and heir , Staurakios , were to pay a humiliating personal poll @-@ tax ( jizya ) of three gold coins each to the Caliph ( four and two respectively , in Tabari 's version ) , thereby acknowledging themselves as the Caliph 's subjects . In addition , Nikephoros promised not to rebuild the dismantled forts . Rashid then recalled his forces from their various sieges and evacuated Byzantine territory . = = Aftermath = = The agreement of peace terms was followed by a surprisingly friendly exchange between the two rulers , related by al @-@ Tabari : Nikephoros asked Harun to send him a girl from Herakleia , one of the candidate brides for his son Staurakios , and for some perfume . According to Tabari , Harun " ordered the slave girl to be sought out ; she was brought back , adorned with finery and installed on a seat in the tent in which he himself was lodging . The slave girl and the tent , together with its contents , vessels and fittings , were handed over to Nikephoros 's envoy . He also sent to Nikephoros the perfume which he had requested , and he further sent to him dates , dishes of jellied sweets , raisins and healing drugs . " Nikephoros returned the favour by dispatching a horse laden with 50 @,@ 000 silver coins , 100 satin garments , 200 garments of fine brocade , 12 falcons , four hunting dogs , and three more horses . But as soon as the Arabs had withdrawn , the Emperor again restored the frontier forts and thereafter ceased the payment of tribute . Theophanes records that Harun unexpectedly returned and seized Thebasa in retaliation , but this is not corroborated elsewhere . The Arabs did launch a series of retaliatory raids in the next year , but the spring raid under Yazid ibn Makhlad al @-@ Hubayri al @-@ Fazari was heavily defeated , with Yazid himself falling in the field . The larger summer raid under Harthama ibn A 'yan was met by Nikephoros in person , and after an indecisive battle both sides retreated . The Byzantines raided the region of Marash in return , while in late summer Humayd launched a major naval raid , which pillaged Rhodes and reached as far as the Peloponnese , where it fomented a rebellion among the local Slavs . On his return , however , Humayd lost several ships to a storm , and on the Peloponnese , the Slavic revolt was put down after failing to capture Patras . The failure of the year 's Abbasid efforts was compounded by another revolt in Khurasan , which forced Harun to depart again for the East . The Caliph concluded a new truce , and another prisoner exchange was held at the Lamos in 808 . Nikephoros was thus left with his gains , both the restored frontier fortifications and the cessation of tribute , intact . = = Impact = = Harun 's massive expedition achieved remarkably little in material terms . Despite the sack of Herakleia , which is given prominent treatment in Arab sources , no permanent result was achieved , as Nikephoros was quick to violate the terms of the truce . If Harun had taken the advice offered by some of his lieutenants and proceeded further west to sack major cities , he could have inflicted long @-@ lasting damage on Byzantium . As it was , the Caliph was content with a show of force that would intimidate Nikephoros and prevent him from repeating the offensive of 805 . In this regard , the Abbasid campaign was certainly a success : after 806 , the Byzantine ruler abandoned whatever expansionist plans he may have had for the eastern border and focused his energy on his fiscal reforms , the recovery of the Balkans , and his wars there against the Bulgars . Nikephoros 's efforts would end tragically in the disastrous Battle of Pliska in 811 , but following Harun 's death on 24 March 809 , the Caliphate was riven by a civil war between his sons al @-@ Amin ( r . 809 – 813 ) and al @-@ Ma 'mun ( r . 813 – 833 ) , and was not able to exploit the Byzantine reversals . Indeed , the 806 campaign and the ineffectual raids of 807 mark the last major , centrally organized , Abbasid expeditions against Byzantium for over twenty years . Only after the accession of Theophilos ( r . 829 – 842 ) and his confrontations with al @-@ Ma 'mun and al @-@ Mu 'tasim ( r . 833 – 842 ) would large @-@ scale cross @-@ border operations between the two empires resume . The longest @-@ lasting impact of Harun 's campaign is found in literature . Among the Arabs , several legends , related by al @-@ Masudi , were associated with it . The Ottoman Turks also placed great importance on Harun 's battles with the Byzantines . Influenced by the events of Harun 's 782 campaign , Evliya Çelebi has the Caliph besieging Constantinople twice : the first time Harun withdrew , after securing as much land as an oxhide could cover and building a fortress there ( an imitation of the tale of Queen Dido ) and in the second Harun had Nikephoros hanged from the Hagia Sophia . To commemorate his successful campaign , Harun also built a victory monument about 8 kilometres ( 5 @.@ 0 mi ) west of Raqqa , his principal residence . Known as Hiraqla in local tradition , apparently after Herakleia , it comprises a square structure with sides 100 metres ( 330 ft ) long , surrounded by a circular wall of some 500 metres ( 1 @,@ 600 ft ) in diameter , pierced by four gates in the cardinal directions . The main structure , built from stone taken from churches demolished on Harun 's orders in 806 – 807 , has four vaulted halls on the ground floor , and ramps leading to an upper storey , which was left incomplete due to Harun 's departure for Khurasan and subsequent death .
= The Little Shop of Horrors = The Little Shop of Horrors is a 1960 American black comedy horror film directed by Roger Corman . Written by Charles B. Griffith , the film is a farce about an inadequate florist 's assistant who cultivates a plant that feeds on human flesh and blood . The film 's concept is thought to be based on a 1932 story called " Green Thoughts " , by John Collier , about a man @-@ eating plant . However , Dennis McDougal in Jack Nicholson 's biography suggests that Charles B. Griffith may have been influenced by Arthur C. Clarke 's sci @-@ fi short story ' The Reluctant Orchid ' . The film stars Jonathan Haze , Jackie Joseph , Mel Welles and Dick Miller , all of whom had worked for Corman on previous films . Produced under the title The Passionate People Eater , the film employs an original style of humor , combining black comedy with farce and incorporating Jewish humor and elements of spoof . The Little Shop of Horrors was shot on a budget of $ 30 @,@ 000 in two days utilizing sets that had been left standing from A Bucket of Blood . The film slowly gained a cult following through word of mouth when it was distributed as the B movie in a double feature with Mario Bava 's Black Sunday and eventually with The Last Woman on Earth . The film 's popularity increased with local television broadcasts , in addition to the presence of a young Jack Nicholson , whose small role in the film has been prominently promoted on home video releases of the film . The movie was the basis for an Off Broadway musical , Little Shop of Horrors , which was made into a 1986 feature film and enjoyed a Broadway revival , all of which have attracted attention to the 1960 film . = = Plot = = On Los Angeles 's skid row , penny @-@ pinching Gravis Mushnick ( Mel Welles ) owns a florist shop which is staffed by him and his two employees , the sweet but simple Audrey Fulquard ( Jackie Joseph ) and clumsy Seymour Krelboyne ( Jonathan Haze ) . Although the rundown shop gets little business , there are some repeat customers ; for instance , Mrs. Siddie Shiva ( Leola Wendorff ) shops almost daily for flower arrangements for her many relatives ' funerals . Another regular customer is Burson Fouch ( Dick Miller ) , who eats the plants he buys for lunch . When Seymour fouls up the arrangement of Dr. Farb ( John Shaner ) , a sadistic dentist , Mushnick fires him . Hoping Mushnick will change his mind , Seymour tells him about a special plant that he crossbred from a butterwort and a Venus flytrap . Bashfully , Seymour admits that he named the plant " Audrey Jr . " , a revelation that delights the real Audrey . From the apartment he shares with his hypochondriac mother , Winifred ( Myrtle Vail ) , Seymour fetches his odd @-@ looking , potted plant , but Mushnick is unimpressed by its sickly , drooping look . However , when Fouch suggests that Audrey Jr . ' s uniqueness might attract people from all over the world to see it , Mushnick gives Seymour one week to revive it . Seymour has already discovered that the usual kinds of plant food do not nourish his strange hybrid and that every night at sunset the plant 's leaves open up . When Seymour accidentally pricks his finger on another thorny plant , Audrey Jr. opens wider , eventually causing Seymour to discover that the plant craves blood . After that , each night Seymour nurses his creation with blood from his fingers . Although he feels increasingly listless , Audrey Jr. begins to grow and the shop 's revenues increase due to the curious customers who are lured in to see the plant . The plant ( voiced by writer Charles B. Griffith ) develops the ability to speak and demands that Seymour feed him . Now anemic and not knowing what to feed the plant , Seymour takes a walk along a railroad track . When he carelessly throws a rock to vent his frustration , he inadvertently knocks out a man who falls on the track and is run over by a train . Miserably guilt @-@ ridden but resourceful , Seymour collects the body parts and feeds them to Audrey Jr . Meanwhile , at a restaurant , Mushnick discovers he has no money with him , and when he returns to the shop to get some cash , he secretly observes Seymour feeding the plant . Although Mushnick intends to tell the police , he procrastinates by the next day when he sees the line of people waiting to spend money at his shop . When Seymour later arrives that morning suffering a toothache , Mushnick sends Seymour to Dr. Farb , who tries to remove several of his teeth without anesthetic to get even with Seymour for ruining Farb 's flowers . Grabbing a sharp tool , Seymour fights back and accidentally stabs and kills Farb . Seymour is horrified that he has now murdered twice and after posing as a dentist to avoid the suspicion of Farb 's masochistic patient Wilbur Force ( Jack Nicholson ) , Seymour feeds Farb 's body to Audrey Jr . The unexplained disappearance of the two men attract the attention of the police and Mushnick finds himself questioned by Det . Joe Fink ( Wally Campo ) and his assistant Sgt. Frank Stoolie ( Jack Warford ) ( take @-@ offs of Dragnet characters Joe Friday and Frank Smith , ) . Although Mushnick acts suspiciously nervous , Fink and Stoolie conclude that he knows nothing . Audrey Jr . , which has grown several feet tall , is beginning to bud , as is the relationship between Seymour and Audrey ( whom Seymour invites on a date ) . When a representative of the Society of Silent Flower Observers of Southern California comes to the shop to check out the plant , she announces that Seymour will soon receive a trophy from them and that she will return when the plant 's buds open . While Seymour is on a date with Audrey , Mushnick stays at the shop to see that Audrey Jr. eats no one else . After trading barbs with the plant when Audrey awakens and requests to be fed , Mushnick finds himself at the mercy of a robber ( Charles B. Griffith ) who believes that the huge crowd he had observed attending the shop indicated the presence of a large amount of money . To save his own life , Mushnick tricks the robber into thinking that the money is at the bottom of the plant who then eats him . Not only does the monstrous plant 's growth increase with this latest meal , but its intelligence and abilities do as well . It intimidates Mr. Mushnick , who is now more terrified than ever , but not so much that he will pass up on the money the plant is bringing in as an attraction . After he is forced to damage his relationship with Audrey to keep her from discovering the plant 's nature , an angry Seymour confronts the plant asserting he will no longer do its bidding just because it orders him . The plant then employs hypnosis on the feckless lad and commands him to bring it more food . He wanders the night streets aimlessly until pursued by a rather aggressively persistent high @-@ end call girl , Leonora Clyde ( Meri Welles ) , intent on making a score . Believing him harmless , she flirts with him to no avail until he inadvertently knocks her out with a rock and carries her back to feed Audrey Jr . Still lacking clues about the mysterious disappearances of the two men , Fink and Stoolie attend a special sunset celebration at the shop during which Seymour is to be presented with the trophy and Audrey Jr . ' s buds are expected to open . As the attendees look on , four buds open and inside each flower is the face of one of the plant 's victims . As the crowd breaks out in shock and fright , Fink and Stoolie realize Seymour is their culprit who flees from the shop with the police and Mushnick in hot pursuit . Managing to lose them in a junk yard filled with sinks and toilets , Seymour eventually makes his way back to Mushnick 's shop . Audrey Jr. screams , " Feed me ! " Seymour curses the plant for ruining his life . He grabs a kitchen knife and climbs into Audrey Jr . ' s maw , saying , " I 'll feed you like you never been fed before ! " Later that evening , Audrey , Winifred , Mushnick , Fink , and Stoolie return to the shop where they discover that Audrey Jr. has begun to wither and die . As Winifred laments over how her son used to be such a good boy , one final bud opens to reveal the face of Seymour , which pitifully moans , " I didn 't mean it ! " before drooping over — apparently ending the life of Audrey , Jr . = = Cast = = Jonathan Haze as Seymour Krelboyne Jackie Joseph as Audrey Fulquard Mel Welles as Gravis Mushnick Dick Miller as Burson Fouch Myrtle Vail as Winifred Krelboyne Tammy Windsor as Shirley Toby Michaels as Shirley 's friend Leola Wendorff as Mrs. Siddie Shiva Lynn Storey as Mrs. Hortense Fishtwanger Wally Campo as Detective Sergeant Joe Fink / Narrator Jack Warford as Detective Frank Stoolie Meri Welles as Leonora Clyde ( credited as Merri Welles ) John Shaner as Dr. Phoebus Farb Jack Nicholson as Wilbur Force Dodie Drake as Waitress Charles B. Griffith as Voice of Audrey Junior , Kloy , drunk dental patient , screaming patient , flower shop robber = = Development = = The Little Shop of Horrors was developed when director Roger Corman was given temporary access to sets that had been left standing from a previous film . Corman decided to use the sets in a film made in the last two days before the sets were torn down . Corman initially planned to develop a story involving a private investigator . In the initial version of the story , the character that eventually became Audrey would have been referred to as " Oriole Plove " . Actress Nancy Kulp was a leading candidate for the part . The characters that eventually became Seymour and Winifred Krelboyne were named " Irish Eye " and " Iris Eye . " Actor Mel Welles was scheduled to play a character named " Draco Cardala " , Jonathan Haze was scheduled to play " Archie Aroma , " and Jack Nicholson would have played a character named " Jocko " . Charles B. Griffith wanted to write a horror @-@ themed comedy film . According to Mel Welles , Corman was not impressed by the box office performance of A Bucket of Blood , and had to be persuaded to direct another comedy . Corman later claimed he was interested because of A Bucket of Blood and said the development process was similar to that of the earlier film , when he and Griffith were inspired by visiting various coffee houses . Corman : We tried a similar approach for The Little Shop of Horrors , dropping in and out of various downtown dives . We ended up at a place where Sally Kellerman ( before she became a star ) was working as a waitress , and as Chuck and I vied with each other , trying to top each other ’ s sardonic or subversive ideas , appealing to Sally as a referee , she sat down at the table with us , and the three of us worked out the rest of the story together . The first screenplay Griffith wrote was Cardula , a Dracula @-@ themed story involving a vampire music critic . After Corman rejected the idea , Griffith says he wrote a screenplay titled Gluttony , in which the protagonist was " a salad chef in a restaurant who would wind up cooking customers and stuff like that , you know ? We couldn ’ t do that though because of the code at the time . So I said , “ How about a man @-@ eating plant ? ” , and Roger said , “ Okay . ” By that time , we were both drunk . " Jackie Joseph later recalled " at first they told me it was a detective movie ; then , while I was flying back [ to make the movie ] , I think they wrote a whole new movie , more in the horror genre . I think over a weekend they rewrote it . " The screenplay was written under the title The Passionate People Eater . Welles stated , " The reason that The Little Shop of Horrors worked is because it was a love project . It was our love project . " = = Production = = The film was partially cast with stock actors that Corman had used in previous films . Writer Charles B. Griffith portrays several small roles . Griffith 's father appeared as a dental patient , and his grandmother , Myrtle Vail appeared as Seymour 's hypochondriac mother . Dick Miller , who had starred as the protagonist of A Bucket of Blood was offered the role of Seymour , but turned it down , instead taking the smaller role of Burson Fouch . The cast rehearsed for three weeks before filming began . Principal photography of The Little Shop of Horrors was shot in two days and one night . It had been rumored that the film 's shooting schedule was based on a bet that Corman could not complete a film within that time . However , this claim has been denied by Mel Welles . According to Joseph , Corman shot the film quickly in order to beat changing industry rules that would have prevented producers from " buying out " an actor 's performance in perpetuity . On January 1 , 1960 , new rules were to go into effect requiring producers to pay all actors residuals for all future releases of their work . This meant that Corman 's B @-@ movie business model would be permanently changed and he would not be able to produce low @-@ budget movies in the same way . Before these rules went into effect , Corman decided to shoot one last film and scheduled it to happen the last week in December 1959 . Interiors were shot with three cameras in wide , lingering master shots in single takes . Welles states that Corman " had two camera crews on the set — that 's why the picture , from a cinematic standpoint , is really not very well done . The two camera crews were pointed in opposite directions so that we got both angles , and then other shots were ' picked up ' to use in between , to make it flow . It was a pretty fixed set and it was done sort of like a sitcom is done today , so it wasn 't very difficult . " At the time of shooting , Jack Nicholson had appeared in two films , and had worked with Roger Corman as the lead in The Cry Baby Killer . According to Nicholson , " I went in to the shoot knowing I had to be very quirky because Roger originally hadn 't wanted me . In other words , I couldn 't play it straight . So I just did a lot of weird shit that I thought would make it funny . " According to Dick Miller , all of the dialogue between his character and Mel Welles was ad @-@ libbed . During a scene in which writer Charles B. Griffith played a robber , Griffith remembers that " When [ Welles ] and I forgot my lines , I improvised a little , but then I was the writer . I was allowed to . " However , Welles states that " Absolutely none of it was ad @-@ libbed [ ... ] every word in Little Shop was written by Chuck Griffith , and I did ninety @-@ eight pages of dialogue in two days . " According to Nicholson , " we never did shoot the end of the scene . This movie was pre @-@ lit . You 'd go in , plug in the lights , roll the camera , and shoot . We did the take outside the office and went inside the office , plugged in , lit and rolled . Jonathan Haze was up on my chest pulling my teeth out . And in the take , he leaned back and hit the rented dental machinery with the back of his leg and it started to tip over . Roger didn 't even call cut . He leapt onto the set , grabbed the tilting machine , and said ' Next set , that 's a wrap . ' " By 9 am of the first day , Corman was informed by the production manager that he was behind schedule . Exteriors were shot by Griffith and Welles over two successive weekends with $ 279 worth of rented equipment . Griffith and Welles paid a group of children five cents apiece to run out of a subway tunnel . They were also able to persuade winos to appear as extras for ten cents apiece . " The winos would get together , two or three of them , and buy pints of wine for themselves ! We also had a couple of the winos act as ramrods — sort of like production assistants — and put them in charge of the other wino extras . " Griffith and Welles also persuaded a funeral home to donate a hearse and coffin — with a real corpse inside — for the film shoot . Griffith and Welles were able to use the nearby Southern Pacific Transportation Company yard for an entire evening using two bottles of scotch as persuasion . The scene in which a character portrayed by Robert Coogan is run over by a train was accomplished by persuading the railroad crew to back the locomotive away from the actor . The shot was later printed in reverse . Griffith and Welles spent a total of $ 1 @,@ 100 on fifteen minutes worth of exteriors . The film 's musical score , written by cellist Fred Katz , was originally written for A Bucket of Blood . According to Mark Thomas McGee , author of Roger Corman : The Best of the Cheap Acts , each time Katz was called upon to write music for Corman , Katz sold the same score as if it were new music . The score was used in a total of seven films , including The Wasp Woman and Creature from the Haunted Sea . Katz explained that his music for the film was created by a music editor piecing together selections from other soundtracks that he had produced for Corman . Howard R. Cohen learned from Charles B. Griffith that when the film was being edited , " there was a point where two scenes would not cut together . It was just a visual jolt , and it didn 't work . And they needed something to bridge that moment . They found in the editing room a nice shot of the moon , and they cut it in , and it worked . Twenty years go by . I 'm at the studio one day . Chuck comes running up to me , says , ' You 've got to see this ! ' It was a magazine article — eight pages on the symbolism of the moon in Little Shop of Horrors . " According to Corman , the total budget for the production was $ 30 @,@ 000 . Other sources estimate the budget to be between $ 22 @,@ 000 and $ 100 @,@ 000 . = = Release and reception = = = = = Release history = = = Corman had initial trouble finding distribution for the film , as some distributors , including American International Pictures , felt that the film would be interpreted as anti @-@ Semitic , citing the characters of Gravis Mushnick and Siddie Shiva . Welles , who is Jewish , stated that he gave his character a Turkish Jewish accent and mannerisms , and that he saw the humor of the film as playful , and felt there was no intent to defame any ethnic group . The film was finally released by Corman 's own production company , The Filmgroup Inc . , nine months after it had been completed . The film was screened out of competition at the 1960 Cannes Film Festival . Positive word @-@ of @-@ mouth for the film was spread when it was released as part of a double feature preceded by Mario Bava 's Black Sunday . Little Shop of Horrors was re @-@ released the following year in a double feature with The Last Woman on Earth . Because Corman did not believe that The Little Shop of Horrors had much financial prospect after its initial theatrical run , he did not bother to copyright it , resulting in the film falling into the public domain . Because of this , the film is widely available in copies of varying quality . The film was originally screened theatrically in the widescreen aspect ratio of 1 @.@ 85 : 1 , but has largely only been seen in open matte at an aspect ratio of 1 @.@ 33 : 1 since its original theatrical release . = = = Critical and audience reception = = = The film 's critical reception was largely favorable , with modern review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes giving the film a " Tomatometer " score of 91 % . Variety wrote , " The acting is pleasantly preposterous . [ ... ] Horticulturalists and vegetarians will love it . " Jack Nicholson , recounting the reaction to a screening of the film , states that the audience " laughed so hard I could barely hear the dialogue . I didn 't quite register it right . It was as if I had forgotten it was a comedy since the shoot . I got all embarrassed because I 'd never really had such a positive response before . " = = = Legacy = = = The film 's popularity slowly grew with local television broadcasts throughout the 1960s and 1970s . Interest in the film was rekindled when a stage musical called Little Shop of Horrors was produced in 1982 . It was based on the original film and was itself adapted to cinema as Little Shop of Horrors , in 1986 . A short @-@ lived animated television series inspired by the musical film , Little Shop , premiered in 1991 . The film was colorized twice , the first time in 1987 . This version was poorly received . The film was colorized again by Legend Films , who released their color version as well as a restored black @-@ and @-@ white version of the film on DVD in 2006 . Legend Films ' colorized version was well received , and was also given a theatrical premiere at the Coney Island Museum on May 27 , 2006 . The DVD included an audio commentary track by comedian Michael J. Nelson of Mystery Science Theater 3000 fame . A DivX file of Legend 's colorized version with the commentary embedded is also available as part of Nelson 's RiffTrax On Demand service . On January 28 , 2009 , a newly recorded commentary by Nelson , Kevin Murphy and Bill Corbett was released by RiffTrax in MP3 and DivX formats . Legend 's colorized version is also available from Amazon Video on Demand , without Nelson 's commentary . In November 2006 , the film was issued by Buena Vista Home Entertainment in a double feature with The Cry Baby Killer ( billed as a Jack Nicholson double feature ) as part of the Roger Corman Classics series . However , the DVD contained only the 1987 colorized version of The Little Shop of Horrors , and not the original black @-@ and @-@ white version . It was announced on April 15 , 2009 that Declan O 'Brien would helm a studio remake of the film . " It won 't be a musical " he told Bloody Disgusting in reference to the Frank Oz film from 1986 . " I don 't want to reveal too much , but it 's me . It 'll be dark . " When speaking with Shock ' Till You Drop , he revealed " I have a take on it you 're not going to expect . I 'm taking it in a different direction , let 's put it that way . "
= The Big Lebowski = The Big Lebowski is a 1998 American crime comedy film written , produced , and directed by Joel and Ethan Coen . It stars Jeff Bridges as Jeffrey " The Dude " Lebowski , a Los Angeles slacker and avid bowler . He is assaulted as a result of mistaken identity , after which The Dude learns that a millionaire also named Jeffrey Lebowski was the intended victim . The millionaire Lebowski 's trophy wife is kidnapped , and he commissions The Dude to deliver the ransom to secure her release ; but the plan goes awry when the Dude 's friend Walter Sobchak ( John Goodman ) schemes to keep the ransom money . Julianne Moore and Steve Buscemi also star , with David Huddleston , John Turturro , Philip Seymour Hoffman , Sam Elliott , and Tara Reid appearing in supporting roles . The film is loosely inspired by the work of Raymond Chandler . Joel Coen stated : " We wanted to do a Chandler kind of story – how it moves episodically , and deals with the characters trying to unravel a mystery , as well as having a hopelessly complex plot that 's ultimately unimportant . " The original score was composed by Carter Burwell , a longtime collaborator of the Coen Brothers . The Big Lebowski was a disappointment at the U.S. box office and received mixed reviews at the time of its release . Over time , however , reviews have tended towards the positive , and the film has become a cult favorite , noted for its idiosyncratic characters , dream sequences , unconventional dialogue , and eclectic soundtrack . In 2014 , the Library of Congress added The Big Lebowski to the National Film Registry of films deemed to be of " cultural , historical , or aesthetic significance " . = = Plot = = In 1991 Los Angeles , slacker Jeff " the Dude " Lebowski ( Jeff Bridges ) is assaulted in his home by two hired goons ( Mark Pellegrino and Philip Moon ) who demand money that the wife of a Jeffrey Lebowski owes to a man named Jackie Treehorn ( Ben Gazzara ) . The two soon realize they have attacked the wrong Jeffrey Lebowski and leave , but not before one of them urinates on the Dude 's rug . The Dude meets his bowling friends , the timid Donny ( Steve Buscemi ) and the temperamental Vietnam veteran Walter Sobchak ( John Goodman ) . Encouraged by Walter , the Dude approaches the other Jeffrey Lebowski ( David Huddleston ) , the eponymous " Big Lebowski " , a cantankerous elderly wheelchair @-@ bound millionaire , to seek compensation for his ruined rug . Though his request is promptly refused , he craftily steals one of Lebowski 's rugs by telling Brandt ( Philip Seymour Hoffman ) , Lebowski 's sycophantic assistant , that his boss told him to take any rug in the house . The Dude subsequently meets Bunny ( Tara Reid ) , Lebowski 's young nymphomaniacal trophy wife . Days later , Lebowski contacts the Dude stating that Bunny has been kidnapped . Lebowski wants the Dude to deliver a briefcase containing a million dollar ransom and see if he can recognize the culprits . Later , a different pair of thugs appear in the Dude 's apartment , knock him unconscious , and take Lebowski 's rug . When Bunny 's kidnappers call to arrange delivery of the ransom , Walter suggests they give the kidnappers a ringer instead , namely a briefcase filled with dirty underwear laundry . The kidnappers grab the ringer and leave . Later that night , the Dude 's car is stolen , with the real ransom briefcase still inside . Jeffrey Lebowski 's daughter Maude ( Julianne Moore ) contacts the Dude and reveals she took the rug , explaining that Bunny is one of Jackie Treehorn 's porn stars . She reckons that Bunny " kidnapped " herself and asks the Dude to recover the ransom which Lebowski illegally withdrew from the family 's foundation . Lebowski is angry that the Dude failed to deliver the ransom and shows him a severed green @-@ painted toe , allegedly belonging to Bunny , delivered by the kidnappers . Later , a gang of German nihilists ( Peter Stormare , Torsten Voges , and Flea ) invade the Dude 's apartment and threaten him , identifying themselves as the kidnappers . Maude says the German nihilists are actually Bunny 's friends . The Dude is forcibly brought before Treehorn , who asks about the whereabouts of Bunny and says he wants the money she owes him . He drugs the Dude 's White Russian cocktail , leading to an unconscious dream sequence involving Maude and bowling . The Dude comes to in police custody , where he is verbally and physically assaulted by the Malibu police chief . During the cab ride home , the Dude gets thrown out after he asks the cab driver to simply change the radio station . A red sports car zooms past and the viewer sees that Bunny is driving , with all her toes intact . The Dude finds his bungalow completely trashed and is greeted by Maude , who seduces him . He figures that Treehorn drugged him so that his goons could look for the ransom money at the Dude 's home . After Maude has sex with him , she says she hopes to conceive a child ; the Dude is about to protest the idea of being a father but Maude tells him that he doesn 't have to have a hand in the child 's upbringing . Maude also explains that her father has no money : her mother was the wealthy one and she left her money exclusively to the family charity . The Dude later tells Walter that he now understands the whole story : when Lebowski — who apparently hated his wife — heard that Bunny was kidnapped , he withdrew money from the foundation , kept it for himself , and gave the Dude a briefcase without any money in it , saying that it contained a million dollar ransom . The kidnapping was also a ruse : when Bunny took an unannounced trip , her friends — the nihilists — purported a kidnapping to be able to extort money from Lebowski . They confront the Big Lebowski , who refuses to admit responsibility , but is thrown out of his wheelchair by Walter , who believes that he 's faking his paralyses . The affair apparently over , the Dude and his bowling teammates return to the bowling alley . When they leave , they are confronted in the parking lot by the nihilists who have set the Dude 's car on fire . They once again demand the ransom money . After hearing what the Dude and Walter know , the nihilists try to mug them anyway . Walter violently overcomes all three , biting the ear off one of them . However , in the excitement , Donny suffers a fatal heart attack . Walter and the Dude go to the beach to scatter Donny 's ashes . Walter turns an informal eulogy into a tribute to the Vietnam War . After accidentally covering the Dude with Donny 's ashes , and after a brief argument , Walter hugs him and says , " Come on , Dude . Fuck it , man . Let 's go bowling . " At the bowling alley , the story 's narrator ( Sam Elliott ) tells the viewer that Maude is pregnant with a " little Lebowski " and expresses his hope that the Dude and Walter will win the bowling tournament . = = Cast = = Jeff Bridges as Jeffrey " The Dude " Lebowski , a bachelor slacker living in Venice , a beach neighborhood of Los Angeles . The film 's protagonist , he enjoys his living room rug , marijuana , White Russians , and bowling . His favorite band is Creedence Clearwater Revival and he dislikes The Eagles . Bridges had heard or was told by the Coen brothers that they had written a screenplay for him . John Goodman as Walter Sobchak , a Vietnam veteran , the Dude 's best friend , and bowling teammate . Walter places the rules of bowling second in reverence only to the rules of his adopted religion , Judaism , as evidenced by his strict stance against " rolling " on Shabbos . He has a violent temper , and is given to pulling out a handgun ( or crowbar ) in order to settle disputes . He is a conspiracy theorist , stating that the Gulf War was all about oil and claims to have " dabbled " in pacifism . He constantly references Vietnam in conversations , much to the annoyance of the Dude . Walter was based , in part , on screenwriter and director John Milius . Steve Buscemi as Theodore Donald " Donny " Kerabatsos , a member of Walter and the Dude 's bowling team . Naïve and good @-@ natured , Donny is an avid bowler and frequently interrupts Walter 's diatribes to inquire about the parts of the story he missed or did not understand , provoking Walter 's frequently repeated response , " Shut the fuck up , Donny ! " This line is also a reference to Fargo , the Coen brothers ' previous film , in which Buscemi 's character was constantly talking . David Huddleston as Jeffrey Lebowski , the " Big " Lebowski of the movie 's title , is a wheelchair @-@ bound ( he lost the use of his legs in the Korean War ) apparent multi @-@ millionaire who is married to Bunny and is Maude 's father by his late wife . The film 's primary antagonist , he refers to the Dude dismissively as " a bum " and a " deadbeat " in the perspective of referencing the hippie lifestyle , and is obsessed with " achievement " . Although he characterizes himself as highly successful and accomplished , it is revealed by Maude that he is simply " allowed " to run some of the philanthropic efforts of her mother ’ s estate , and that he actually does not have money of his own . Julianne Moore as Maude Lebowski , an avant @-@ garde artist and feminist , whose work " has been commended as being strongly vaginal " . Though fond of her mother — she took back the Dude 's replacement rug due to it being a maternal family heirloom — her pursuits and lifestyle lead to a falling out with her conservative father . She may have introduced Bunny to Uli Kunkel . She helps the Dude along with his quest of finding Big Lebowski 's missing money for the sake of her mother 's estate , and in the end , beds the Dude solely to conceive a child , and wants nothing else to do with him . She is straightforward in manner , and has a very precise style of speaking . Tara Reid as Bunny Lebowski , the Big Lebowski 's young gold digging " trophy wife " . Born Fawn Knutson ( correctly pronounced " Kuh @-@ nootson " ) , she started as an attractive high school cheerleader and ran away from the family farm outside Moorhead , Minnesota to find stardom and riches in Los Angeles . She soon found herself making pornographic videos under the name " Bunny La Joya " , and eventually led to her marriage with the Big Lebowski . According to Reid , Charlize Theron tried out for the role . Philip Seymour Hoffman as Brandt , the Big Lebowski 's personal assistant , who plays mediator between the two Lebowskis . Sam Elliott as The Stranger , an old @-@ time cowboy , who is also the narrator , and who sees the story unfold from a third @-@ party perspective . He has a thick , laid @-@ back Texas accent . Towards the end of the film he is seen in the bar of the bowling alley , enjoys " a good sarsaparilla , " and converses directly with the Dude on two occasions . He expresses disapproval of The Dude 's use of profanity and his laziness , and adds the qualifier " parts of it anyway " when speaking to the camera commenting that he enjoyed the story . Ben Gazzara as Jackie Treehorn , a wealthy pornographer and loan shark , who lives in Malibu , and employs the two thugs who assault the Dude at the beginning of the film . Bunny owes him a large sum of money . He states his disappointment of how the nature of the porno enterprise market has fallen from erotic romantic buildups and " the brain " to purely raunchy sexual material . The Dude describes him as a man who treats objects like women . Peter Stormare , Torsten Voges , and Flea play a group of nihilists ( Uli Kunkel , Franz , and Kieffer , respectively ) . They are German musicians ( Kunkel , as " Karl Hungus " , appeared in a porn film with Bunny ) , who , along with Kunkel 's girlfriend ( Aimee Mann ) , pretend to be the ones who kidnapped Bunny . The character of Uli originated on the set of Fargo between Ethan Coen and Stormare , who often spoke in a mock German accent . John Turturro as Jesus Quintana , an opponent of the Dude 's team in the bowling league semifinals . A Latin American North Hollywood resident who speaks with a thick Cuban American accent , and often refers to himself in the third person as " the Jesus " , using the English pronunciation of the name rather than the Spanish . According to Walter , he is a " pederast " who did six months in Chino for exposing himself to an 8 @-@ year @-@ old . Turturro originally thought he was going to have a bigger role in the film ; when he read the script , he realized the part was quite small . However , the Coen brothers let him come up with a lot of his own ideas for the character , like shining the bowling ball and the scene where he dances backwards , which he says was inspired by Muhammad Ali . = = = Minor characters = = = Jon Polito as Da Fino , a private investigator hired by Bunny 's parents , the Knutsons , to entice their daughter back home . He mistakes the Dude for a " brother Shamus " . David Thewlis as Knox Harrington , the video artist Mark Pellegrino as Treehorn 's blond thug Philip Moon as Woo , the rug @-@ peeing " Chinaman " Jimmie Dale Gilmore as Smokey Jack Kehler as Marty , the Dude 's landlord Leon Russom as Kohl , Malibu police chief Dom Irrera as Tony the chauffeur Asia Carrera ( uncredited ) as the actress who co @-@ starred with Bunny in the pornographic film Logjammin Barry Asher ( uncredited ) as the bowler in the final scene . ( He was also the bowling consultant for the film . ) = = Production = = = = = Development = = = The Dude is mostly inspired by Jeff Dowd , a man the Coen brothers met while they were trying to find distribution for their first feature , Blood Simple . Dowd had been a member of the Seattle Seven , liked to drink White Russians , and was known as " The Dude " . The Dude was also partly based on a friend of the Coen brothers , Peter Exline ( now a member of the faculty at USC 's School of Cinematic Arts ) , a Vietnam War veteran who reportedly lived in a dump of an apartment and was proud of a little rug that " tied the room together " . Exline knew Barry Sonnenfeld from New York University and Sonnenfeld introduced Exline to the Coen brothers while they were trying to raise money for Blood Simple . Exline became friends with the Coens and in 1989 , told them all kinds of stories from his own life , including ones about his actor @-@ writer friend Lewis Abernathy ( one of the inspirations for Walter ) , a fellow Vietnam vet who later became a private investigator and helped him track down and confront a high school kid who stole his car . As in the film , Exline 's car was impounded by the Los Angeles Police Department and Abernathy found an 8th grader 's homework under the passenger seat . Exline also belonged to an amateur softball league but the Coens changed it to bowling in the film , because " it 's a very social sport where you can sit around and drink and smoke while engaging in inane conversation " . The Coens met filmmaker John Milius , when they were in Los Angeles making Barton Fink and incorporated his love of guns and the military into the character of Walter . John Milius introduced the Coen Brothers to one of his best friends , Jim Ganzer , who would have been another source of inferences to create Jeff Bridges ' character . Also known as the Dude , Ganzer and his gang , typical Malibu surfers , served as inspiration as well for Milius 's film The Big Wednesday . According to Julianne Moore , the character of Maude was based on artist Carolee Schneemann " who worked naked from a swing " and on Yoko Ono . The character of Jesus Quintana was inspired , in part , by a performance the Coens had seen John Turturro give in 1988 , at the Public Theater in a play called Mi Puta Vida in which he played a pederast @-@ type character , " so we thought , let 's make Turturro a pederast . It 'll be something he can really run with , " Joel said in an interview . The film 's overall structure was influenced by the detective fiction of Raymond Chandler . Ethan said , " We wanted something that would generate a certain narrative feeling – like a modern Raymond Chandler story , and that 's why it had to be set in Los Angeles ... We wanted to have a narrative flow , a story that moves like a Chandler book through different parts of town and different social classes " . The use of the Stranger 's voice @-@ over also came from Chandler as Joel remarked , " He is a little bit of an audience substitute . In the movie adaptation of Chandler it 's the main character that speaks off @-@ screen , but we didn 't want to reproduce that though it obviously has echoes . It 's as if someone was commenting on the plot from an all @-@ seeing point of view . And at the same time rediscovering the old earthiness of a Mark Twain . " The significance of the bowling culture was , according to Joel , " important in reflecting that period at the end of the fifties and the beginning of the sixties . That suited the retro side of the movie , slightly anachronistic , which sent us back to a not @-@ so @-@ far @-@ away era , but one that was well and truly gone nevertheless . " = = = Screenplay = = = The Big Lebowski was written around the same time as Barton Fink . When the Coen brothers wanted to make it , John Goodman was filming episodes for the Roseanne television program and Jeff Bridges was making the Walter Hill film Wild Bill . The Coens decided to make Fargo in the meantime . According to Ethan , " the movie was conceived as pivoting around that relationship between the Dude and Walter " , which sprang from the scenes between Barton Fink and Charlie Meadows in Barton Fink . They also came up with the idea of setting the film in contemporary L.A. , because the people who inspired the story lived in the area . When Pete Exline told them about the homework in a baggie incident , the Coens thought that that was very Raymond Chandler and decided to integrate elements of the author 's fiction into their script . Joel Coen cites Robert Altman 's The Long Goodbye as a primary influence on their film , in the sense that The Big Lebowski " is just kind of informed by Chandler around the edges " . When they started writing the script , the Coens wrote only 40 pages and then let it sit for a while before finishing it . This is a normal writing process for them , because they often " encounter a problem at a certain stage , we pass to another project , then we come back to the first script . That way we 've already accumulated pieces for several future movies . " In order to liven up a scene that they thought was too heavy on exposition , they added an " effete art @-@ world hanger @-@ on " , known as Knox Harrington , late in the screenwriting process . In the original script , the Dude 's car was a Chrysler LeBaron , as Dowd had once owned , but that car was not big enough to fit John Goodman so the Coens changed it to a Ford Torino . = = = Pre @-@ production = = = PolyGram and Working Title Films , who had funded Fargo , backed The Big Lebowski with a budget of $ 15 million . In casting the film , Joel remarked , " we tend to write both for people we know and have worked with , and some parts without knowing who 's going to play the role . In The Big Lebowski we did write for John [ Goodman ] and Steve [ Buscemi ] , but we didn 't know who was getting the Jeff Bridges role . " In preparation for his role , Bridges met Dowd but actually " drew on myself a lot from back in the Sixties and Seventies . I lived in a little place like that and did drugs , although I think I was a little more creative than the Dude . " The actor went into his own closet with the film 's wardrobe person and picked out clothes that he had thought the Dude might wear . He wore his character 's clothes home because most of them were his own . The actor also adopted the same physicality as Dowd , including the slouching and his ample belly . Originally , Goodman wanted a different kind of beard for Walter but the Coen brothers insisted on the " Gladiator " or what they called the " Chin Strap " and he thought it would go well with his flattop haircut . For the film 's look , the Coens wanted to avoid the usual retro 1960s clichés like lava lamps , Day @-@ Glo posters , and Grateful Dead music and for it to be " consistent with the whole bowling thing , we wanted to keep the movie pretty bright and poppy " , Joel said in an interview . For example , the star motif featured predominantly throughout the film , started with the film 's production designer Richard Heinrichs ' design for the bowling alley . According to Joel , he " came up with the idea of just laying free @-@ form neon stars on top of it and doing a similar free @-@ form star thing on the interior " . This carried over to the film 's dream sequences . " Both dream sequences involve star patterns and are about lines radiating to a point . In the first dream sequence , the Dude gets knocked out and you see stars and they all coalesce into the overhead nightscape of L.A. The second dream sequence is an astral environment with a backdrop of stars " , remembers Heinrichs . For Jackie Treehorn 's Malibu beach house , he was inspired by late 1950s and early 1960s bachelor pad furniture . The Coen brothers told Heinrichs that they wanted Treehorn 's beach party to be Inca @-@ themed , with a " very Hollywood @-@ looking party in which young , oiled @-@ down , fairly aggressive men walk around with appetizers and drinks . So there 's a very sacrificial quality to it . " Cinematographer Roger Deakins discussed the look of the film with the Coens during pre @-@ production . They told him that they wanted some parts of the film to have a real and contemporary feeling and other parts , like the dream sequences , to have a very stylized look . Bill and Jacqui Landrum did all of the choreography for the film . For his dance sequence , Jack Kehler went through three three @-@ hour rehearsals . The Coen brothers offered him three to four choices of classical music for him to pick from and he chose Modest Mussorgsky 's Pictures at an Exhibition . At each rehearsal , he went through each phase of the piece . = = = Principal photography = = = Actual filming took place over an eleven @-@ week period with location shooting in and around Los Angeles , including all of the bowling sequences at the Hollywood Star Lanes ( for three weeks ) and the Dude 's Busby Berkeley dream sequences in a converted airplane hangar . According to Joel , the only time they ever directed Bridges " was when he would come over at the beginning of each scene and ask , ' Do you think the Dude burned one on the way over ? ' I 'd reply ' Yes ' usually , so Jeff would go over in the corner and start rubbing his eyes to get them bloodshot . " Julianne Moore was sent the script while working on The Lost World : Jurassic Park . She worked only two weeks on the film , early and late during the production that went from January to April 1997 while Sam Elliott was only on set for two days and did many takes of his final speech . = = = Architecture = = = The scenes in Jackie Treehorn 's house were shot in the Sheats Goldstein Residence , designed by John Lautner and built in 1963 in the Hollywood Hills . Deakins described the look of the fantasy scenes as being very crisp , monochromatic , and highly lit in order to afford greater depth of focus . However , with the Dude 's apartment , Deakins said , " it 's kind of seedy and the light 's pretty nasty " with a grittier look . The visual bridge between these two different looks was how he photographed the night scenes . Instead of adopting the usual blue moonlight or blue street lamp look , he used an orange sodium @-@ light effect . The Coen brothers shot a lot of the film with wide @-@ angle lens because , according to Joel , it made it easier to hold focus for a greater depth and it made camera movements more dynamic . To achieve the point @-@ of @-@ view of a rolling bowling ball the Coen brothers mounted a camera " on something like a barbecue spit " , according to Ethan , and then dollied it along the lane . The challenge for them was figuring out the relative speeds of the forward motion and the rotating motion . CGI was used to create the vantage point of the thumb hole in the bowling ball . = = Soundtrack = = The original score was composed by Carter Burwell , a veteran of all the Coen Brothers ' films . While the Coens were writing the screenplay they had Kenny Rogers ' " Just Dropped In ( to See What Condition My Condition Was in ) " , the Gipsy Kings ' cover of " Hotel California " , and several Creedence Clearwater Revival songs in mind . They asked T @-@ Bone Burnett ( who would later work with the Coens on O Brother , Where Art Thou ? and Inside Llewyn Davis ) to pick songs for the soundtrack of the film . They knew that they wanted different genres of music from different times but , as Joel remembers , " T @-@ Bone even came up with some far @-@ out Henry Mancini and Yma Sumac . " Burnett was able to secure the rights to the songs by Kenny Rogers and the Gipsy Kings and also added tracks by Captain Beefheart , Moondog and the rights to a relatively obscure Bob Dylan song called " The Man in Me " . However , he had a tough time securing the rights to Townes Van Zandt 's cover of the Rolling Stones ' " Dead Flowers " , which plays over the film 's closing credits . Former Stones manager Allen Klein owned the rights to the song and wanted $ 150 @,@ 000 for it . Burnett convinced Klein to watch an early cut of the film and remembers , " It got to the part where the Dude says , ' I hate the fuckin ' Eagles , man ! ' Klein stands up and says , ' That 's it , you can have the song ! ' That was beautiful . " Burnett was going to be credited on the film as " Music Supervisor " , but asked his credit to be " Music Archivist " because he " hated the notion of being a supervisor ; I wouldn 't want anyone to think of me as management " . For Joel , " the original music , as with other elements of the movie , had to echo the retro sounds of the Sixties and early Seventies " . Music defines each character . For example , " Tumbling Tumbleweeds " by Bob Nolan was chosen for the Stranger at the time the Coens wrote the screenplay , as was " Lujon " by Henry Mancini for Jackie Treehorn . " The German nihilists are accompanied by techno @-@ pop and Jeff Bridges by Creedence . So there 's a musical signature for each of them " , remarked Ethan in an interview . The character Uli Kunkel was in the German electronic band Autobahn , a homage to the band Kraftwerk . The album cover of their record Nagelbett ( bed of nails ) is a parody of the Kraftwerk album cover for The Man @-@ Machine and the group name Autobahn shares the name of a Kraftwerk song and album . In the lyrics the phrase " We believe in nothing " is repeated with electronic distortion . This is a reference to Autobahn 's nihilism in the film . = = Reception = = The Big Lebowski received its world premiere at the 1998 Sundance Film Festival on January 18 , 1998 at the 1 @,@ 300 @-@ capacity Eccles Theater . It was also screened at the 48th Berlin International Film Festival before opening in North America on March 6 , 1998 in 1 @,@ 207 theaters . It grossed USD $ 5 @.@ 5 million on its opening weekend , grossing US $ 17 million in the United States , just above its US $ 15 million budget . The film 's worldwide gross outside of the US was $ 28 million , bringing its worldwide gross to $ 46 @,@ 189 @,@ 568 . Many critics and audiences have likened the film to a modern Western , while many others dispute this , or liken it to a crime novel that revolves around mistaken identity plot devices . Peter Howell , in his review for the Toronto Star , wrote : " It 's hard to believe that this is the work of a team that won an Oscar last year for the original screenplay of Fargo . There 's a large amount of profanity in the movie , which seems a weak attempt to paper over dialogue gaps . " Howell revised his opinion in a later review , and more recently stated that " it may just be my favourite Coen Bros. film . " Todd McCarthy in Variety magazine wrote : " One of the film 's indisputable triumphs is its soundtrack , which mixes Carter Burwell 's original score with classic pop tunes and some fabulous covers . " USA Today gave the film three out of four stars and felt that the Dude was " too passive a hero to sustain interest " , but that there was " enough startling brilliance here to suggest that , just like the Dude , those smarty @-@ pants Coens will abide " . In his review for the Washington Post , Desson Howe praised the Coens and " their inspired , absurdist taste for weird , peculiar Americana – but a sort of neo @-@ Americana that is entirely invented – the Coens have defined and mastered their own bizarre subgenre . No one does it like them and , it almost goes without saying , no one does it better . " Janet Maslin praised Bridges ' performance in her review for The New York Times : " Mr. Bridges finds a role so right for him that he seems never to have been anywhere else . Watch this performance to see shambling executed with nonchalant grace and a seemingly out @-@ to @-@ lunch character played with fine comic flair . " Andrew Sarris , in his review for the New York Observer , wrote : " The result is a lot of laughs and a feeling of awe toward the craftsmanship involved . I doubt that there 'll be anything else like it the rest of this year . " In a five star review for Empire Magazine , Ian Nathan wrote : " For those who delight in the Coens ' divinely abstract take on reality , this is pure nirvana " and " In a perfect world all movies would be made by the Coen brothers . " Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four , describing it as " weirdly engaging " . In a 2010 review , Ebert gave The Big Lebowski four stars out of four and added the film to his " Great Movies " list . However , Jonathan Rosenbaum wrote in the Chicago Reader : " To be sure , The Big Lebowski is packed with show @-@ offy filmmaking and as a result is pretty entertaining . But insofar as it represents a moral position – and the Coens ' relative styling of their figures invariably does – it 's an elitist one , elevating salt @-@ of @-@ the @-@ earth types like Bridges and Goodman ... over everyone else in the movie . " Dave Kehr , in his review for the Daily News , criticized the film 's premise as a " tired idea , and it produces an episodic , unstrung film " . The Guardian criticized the film as " a bunch of ideas shoveled into a bag and allowed to spill out at random . The film is infuriating , and will win no prizes . But it does have some terrific jokes . " The Big Lebowski currently holds an approval rating of 81 % on Rotten Tomatoes , based on 88 reviews , with an average rating of 7 @.@ 2 / 10 . The site 's critical consensus reads , " Typically stunning visuals and sharp dialogue from the Coen Brothers , brought to life with strong performances from Goodman and Bridges . " = = Legacy = = Since its original release , The Big Lebowski has become a cult classic . Ardent fans of the film call themselves " achievers " . Steve Palopoli wrote about the film 's emerging cult status in July 2002 . He first realized that the film had a cult following when he attended a midnight screening in 2000 at the New Beverly Cinema in Los Angeles and witnessed people quoting dialogue from the film to each other . Soon after the article appeared , the programmer for a local midnight film series in Santa Cruz decided to screen The Big Lebowski and on the first weekend they had to turn away several hundred people . The theater held the film over for six weeks , which had never happened before . An annual festival , Lebowski Fest , began in Louisville , Kentucky , United States in 2002 with 150 fans showing up , and has since expanded to several other cities . The festival 's main event each year is a night of unlimited bowling with various contests including costume , trivia , hardest- and farthest @-@ traveled contests . Held over a weekend , events typically include a pre @-@ fest party with bands the night before the bowling event as well as a day @-@ long outdoor party with bands , vendor booths and games . Various celebrities from the film have even attended some of the events , including Jeff Bridges who attended the Los Angeles event . The British equivalent , inspired by Lebowski Fest , is known as The Dude Abides and is held in London . Dudeism , a religion devoted largely to spreading the philosophy and lifestyle of the film 's main character , was founded in 2005 . Also known as The Church of the Latter @-@ Day Dude , the organization has ordained over 220 @,@ 000 " Dudeist Priests " all over the world via its website . Two species of African spider are named after the film and main character : Anelosimus biglebowski and Anelosimus dude , both described in 2006 . Additionally , an extinct Permian conifer genus is named after the film in honor of its creators . The first species described within this genus in 2007 is based on 270 @-@ million @-@ year @-@ old plant fossils from Texas , and is called Lebowskia grandifolia . Entertainment Weekly ranked it 8th on their Funniest Movies of the Past 25 Years list . The film was also ranked No. 34 on their list of " The Top 50 Cult Films " and ranked No. 15 on the magazine 's " The Cult 25 : The Essential Left @-@ Field Movie Hits Since ' 83 " list . In addition , the magazine also ranked The Dude No. 14 in their " The 100 Greatest Characters of the Last 20 Years " poll . The film was also nominated for the prestigious Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association . The Big Lebowski was voted as the 10th best film set in Los Angeles in the last 25 years by a group of Los Angeles Times writers and editors with two criteria : " The movie had to communicate some inherent truth about the L.A. experience , and only one film per director was allowed on the list . " Empire magazine ranked Walter Sobchak No. 49 and the Dude No. 7 in their " The 100 Greatest Movie Characters " poll . Roger Ebert added The Big Lebowski to his list of " Great Movies " in March 2010 . John Turturro has suggested a number of times that he would be interested in doing a spin @-@ off film using his character Jesus Quintana . If the project got off the ground , the Coens would not direct it but may have a part in writing it . = = = Use as social and political analysis = = = The film has been used as a tool for analysis on a number of issues . In September 2008 , Slate published an article which interpreted The Big Lebowski as a political critique . The center piece of this viewpoint was that Walter Sobchak is " a neocon " , citing the film 's references to then President George H. W. Bush and the first Gulf War . A journal article by Brian Wall , published in the feminist journal Camera Obscura uses the film to explain Karl Marx 's commodity fetishism and the feminist consequences of sexual fetishism . It has been used as a Carnivalesque critique of society , as an analysis on war and ethics , as a narrative on mass communication and US militarism and other issues . = = Home media = = Universal Studios Home Entertainment released a " Collector 's Edition " DVD on October 18 , 2005 with extra features that included an " introduction by Mortimer Young " , " Jeff Bridges ' Photography " , " Making of The Big Lebowski " , and " Production Notes " . In addition , a limited @-@ edition " Achiever 's Edition Gift Set " also included The Big Lebowski Bowling Shammy Towel , four Collectible Coasters that included photographs and quotable lines from the film , and eight Exclusive Photo Cards from Jeff Bridges ' personal collection . A " 10th Anniversary Edition " was released on September 9 , 2008 and features all of the extras from the " Collector 's Edition " and " The Dude 's Life : Strikes and Gutters ... Ups and Downs ... The Dude Abides " theatrical trailer ( from the first DVD release ) , " The Lebowski Fest : An Achiever 's Story " , " Flying Carpets and Bowling Pin Dreams : The Dream Sequences of the Dude " , " Interactive Map " , " Jeff Bridges Photo Book " , and a " Photo Gallery " . There are both a standard release and a Limited Edition which features " Bowling Ball Packaging " and is individually numbered . A high @-@ definition version of The Big Lebowski was released by Universal on HD DVD format on June 26 , 2007 . The film was released in Blu @-@ ray format in Italy by Cecchi Gori . On August 16 , 2011 , Universal Pictures released The Big Lebowski on Blu @-@ ray . The limited @-@ edition package includes a Jeff Bridges photo book , a ten @-@ years @-@ on retrospective , and an in @-@ depth look at the annual Lebowski Fest . The film is also available in the Blu @-@ ray Coen Brothers box set released in the UK , however this version is region free and will work in any Blu @-@ ray player .
= Natchez revolt = The Natchez revolt , or the Natchez Massacre , was an attack by the Natchez people on French colonists near present @-@ day Natchez , Mississippi , on November 29 , 1729 . The Natchez and French had lived alongside each other in the Louisiana colony for more than a decade prior to the incident , mostly conducting peaceful trade and occasionally intermarrying . After a period of deteriorating relations , however , Natchez leaders were provoked to revolt when the French colonial commandant , Sieur de Chépart , demanded land from a Natchez village for his own plantation near Fort Rosalie . They plotted their attack over several days and managed to conceal their plans from most of the French ; those who overheard and warned Chépart of an attack were considered untruthful and were punished . In a coordinated attack on the fort and the homesteads , the Natchez killed almost all of the Frenchmen , while sparing most of the women and African slaves . Approximately 230 colonists were killed overall , and the fort and homes were burned to the ground . When the French in New Orleans , the colonial capital , heard the news of the massacre , they feared a general Indian uprising and were concerned that the Natchez might have conspired with other tribes . They first responded by ordering a massacre of the Chaouacha people , who had no relation to the Natchez revolt , wiping out their entire village . The French and their Choctaw allies then retaliated against the Natchez villages , capturing hundreds of Natchez and selling them into slavery , although many managed to escape to the north and take refuge among the Chickasaw people . The Natchez waged low @-@ intensity warfare against the French over the following years , but retaliatory expeditions against Natchez refugees among the Chickasaw in 1730 and 1731 forced them to move on and live as refugees among the Creek and Cherokee tribes . By 1736 the Natchez had ceased to exist as an independent people . The attack on Fort Rosalie destroyed some of the Louisiana colony 's most productive farms and endangered shipments of food and trade goods on the Mississippi River . As a result , the French state returned control of Louisiana from the French West India Company to the crown in 1731 , as the company had been having trouble running the colony . Louisiana governor Étienne Périer was held responsible for the massacre and its aftermath , and he was recalled to France in 1732 . = = Background = = While descending the Mississippi River in 1682 , Robert de La Salle became the first Frenchman to encounter the Natchez and declared them an ally . The Natchez were sedentary and lived in nine semi @-@ autonomous villages ; the French considered them the most civilized tribe of the region . By 1700 the Natchez ' numbers had been reduced to about 3 @,@ 500 by the diseases that ravaged indigenous populations in the wake of contact with Europeans , and by 1720 further epidemics had halved that population . Their society was strictly divided into a noble class called " the Suns " ( Natchez : ʔuwahʃiːɫ ) and a commoner class called in French " the Stinkards " ( Natchez : miʃmiʃkipih ) . Between 1699 and 1702 , the Natchez received the explorer Pierre Le Moyne d 'Iberville in peace and allowed a French missionary to settle among them . At this time , the Natchez were at war with the Chickasaw people , who had received guns from their English allies , and the Natchez expected to benefit similarly from their relation with the French . Nonetheless , the British presence in the territory led the Natchez to split into pro @-@ British and pro @-@ French factions . The central village , called Natchez or the Grand Village , was led by the paramount chief Great Sun ( Natchez : ʔuwahʃiːɫ liːkip ) and the war chief Tattooed Serpent ( Serpent Piqué in the French sources , Natchez obalalkabiche ) , both of whom were interested in pursuing an alliance with the French . = = = First , Second and Third Natchez Wars = = = The first conflict between the French and the Natchez took place in 1716 , when the Governor of Louisiana , Antoine Laumet de La Mothe , sieur de Cadillac , passed through Natchez territory and neglected to renew the alliance with the Natchez by smoking the peace calumet . The Natchez reacted to this slight by killing four French traders . Cadillac sent his lieutenant Jean @-@ Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville to punish the Natchez . He deceived the Natchez leaders by inviting them to attend a parley , where he ambushed and captured them , and forced the Natchez to exchange their leaders for the culprits who had attacked the French . A number of random Natchez from the pro @-@ British villages were executed . This caused French – Natchez relations to further deteriorate . As part of the terms of the peace accord following this First Natchez War , the Natchez promised to supply labor and materials for the construction of a fort for the French . The fort was named Fort Rosalie , and it was aimed at protecting the French trade monopoly in the region from British incursions . By 1717 , French colonists had established the fort and a trading post at Natchez , Mississippi . They also granted numerous concessions for large plantations , as well as smaller farms , on land acquired from the Natchez . Relations between Natchez and colonists were generally friendly — some Frenchmen even married and had children with Natchez women — but there were tensions . There were reports of colonists abusing Natchez , forcing them to provide labor or goods , and as more colonists arrived , their concessions gradually encroached on Natchez lands . From 1722 to 1724 , brief armed conflicts between the Natchez and French were settled through negotiations between Louisiana governor Bienville and Natchez war chief Tattooed Serpent . In 1723 , Bienville had been informed that some Natchez had harassed villagers , and he razed the Natchez village of White Apple and enslaved several villagers , only to discover that the alleged harassment had been faked by the colonists to frame the Natchez . One of the later skirmishes in 1724 consisted of the murder of a Natchez chief 's son by a colonist , to which the Natchez responded by killing another Frenchman named Guenot . Bienville then sent French soldiers from New Orleans to attack the Natchez at their fields and settlements , and the Natchez surrendered . Their plea for peace was met following the execution of one of their chiefs by the French . Chronicler Le Page du Pratz , who lived among the Natchez and was a close friend of Tattooed Serpent , records that he once asked his friend why the Natchez were resentful towards the French . Tattooed Serpent answered that the French seemed to have " two hearts , a good one today , and tomorrow a bad one " , and proceeded to tell how Natchez life had been better before the French arrived . He finished by saying , " Before the arrival of the French we lived like men who can be satisfied with what they have , whereas today we live like slaves , who are not suffered to do as they please . " The most faithful ally of the French , Tattooed Serpent died in 1725 , another blow to the relations between the Natchez and the colonists . According to archaeologist Karl Lorenz , who excavated several Natchez settlements , another factor that complicated relations between the Natchez and the colonists was the fact that the French did not well understand the Natchez political structure . The French assumed that the Great Sun , the chief of the Grand Village , also held sway over all the other Natchez villages . In truth , each village was semi @-@ autonomous , and the Great Sun 's power only extended to the villages of Flour and Tioux ( with which the Grand Village was allied ) and not to the three pro @-@ British villages of White Apple , Jenzenaque and Grigra . When the Great Sun died in 1728 and was succeeded by his inexperienced nephew , the pro @-@ British villages became more powerful than the pro @-@ French villages centered at Natchez . = = = Commandant Chépart = = = In 1728 , Sieur de Chépart ( also known as Etcheparre and Chopart ) , whom Governor Étienne Périer had recently appointed as commandant of Fort Rosalie , was brought to New Orleans and put on trial before the governor for abuse of power , specifically behavior toward the Natchez that was unpopular among the French . Chépart was saved from punishment , however , by " the interference of influential friends " , and upon returning to the fort , he continued to administer it as he had before . Chépart told the Natchez that November that he wished to seize land for a plantation in the center of White Apple , where the Natchez had a temple of their people 's graves . Governor Périer sided with Chépart and planted a cross on the land he sought . By this point , most of the colonists disapproved of Chépart 's actions , including Jean @-@ François @-@ Benjamin Dumont de Montigny , a French historian who wrote that Chépart 's demand marked the first time that a French colonial leader had simply claimed Natchez land as his own , without prior negotiations . When the Natchez began to protest the seizure of their land for the plantation , Chépart said he would burn down the temple that contained their ancestors ' graves . In response to this threat , the Natchez seemed to promise to cede the land , wrote Dumont de Montigny , but only if they were given two months to relocate their temple and graves . Chépart agreed to give them the time in exchange for pelts , oil , poultry , and grain — a request the Natchez promised to fulfill later . = = Attack = = The Natchez then began to prepare for a strike on the French at Fort Rosalie , borrowing firearms from some French colonists with promises to go hunting and to share the game with the guns ' owners . Some French men and women overheard the Natchez planning such an attack . According to Le Page du Pratz , it was the Natchez female chief Tattooed Arm who attempted to alert the French of an upcoming attack led by her rivals at White Apple . When colonists told Chépart , he disregarded them and placed some in irons on the night before the massacre , when he was drunk . On the morning of November 29 , 1729 , the Natchez came to Chépart with corn , poultry , and deerskins , also carrying with them a calumet — well known as a peace symbol . The commandant , still somewhat intoxicated from drinking the night before , was certain that the Natchez had no violent intentions , and he challenged those who had warned of an attack to prove that the rumors were accurate . While Chépart was accepting the goods , the Natchez started firing , giving the signal for a coordinated attack on Fort Rosalie and on the outlying farms and concessions in the area now covered by the city of Natchez . Chépart ran to call his soldiers to arms , but they had already been killed . The details of the attack are mostly unknown , as chroniclers such as Le Page du Pratz , who talked with several eyewitnesses , stated that the events were " simply too horrific " to recount . The Natchez had prepared by seizing the galley of the West India Company anchored on the river , so that no Frenchmen could board it and attempt to escape . They had also stationed warriors on the other side of the river to intercept those who might flee in that direction . The commandant at the Yazoo trading post of Fort St. Pierre , Monsieur du Codère , was visiting Fort Rosalie with a Jesuit priest when they heard gunshots . They turned around to return to their ship , but warriors caught up with them , killing and scalping them . The Natchez killed almost all of the 150 Frenchmen at Fort Rosalie , and only about 20 managed to escape . Most of the dead were unarmed . Women , children , and African slaves were mostly spared ; many were locked inside a house on the bluff , guarded by several warriors , from where they could see the events . According to Dumont de Montigny 's account of the attack , women seen defending their husbands from the violence , or trying to avenge them , were taken captive or killed . One woman 's unborn baby was reportedly torn from her before she herself was killed . A year after the event , the tally of dead was put at 138 men , 35 women and 56 children , or approximately 230 overall . Some scholars argue that the Natchez spared the African slaves due to a general sense of affinity between the Natchez and the Africans ; some slaves even joined the Natchez against their masters , while others took the chance to escape to freedom . A group of Yazoo people who were accompanying Commandant du Codère remained neutral during the conflict but were inspired by the Natchez revolt . When they returned to Fort St. Pierre , they destroyed the fort , killing the Jesuit priest and 17 French soldiers . The Natchez lost only about 12 warriors during the attack . Eight warriors died attacking the homestead of the La Loire des Ursins family , where the men had been able to prepare a defense against the intruding Natchez . Chépart himself was taken captive by the Natchez , who were at first unsure what to do with him , but finally decided that he should be killed by a stinkard — a member of the lowest caste in the tribe 's hierarchy . The Natchez kept two Frenchmen alive , a carter named Mayeux who was made to carry all the goods of the French to the Great Village , and a tailor named Le Beau who was employed by the Natchez to refit the colonists ' clothing to new owners . They set fire to the fort , the store , and all the homesteads , burning them to the ground . Just as Governor Bienville had done with the executed Indians in 1717 and 1723 , the Natchez beheaded the dead Frenchmen and brought the severed heads for the Great Sun to view . = = French response = = News of the Fort Rosalie attack reached New Orleans in early December , and the colonists there began to panic . The city depended upon grain and other supplies from the Illinois settlement , and shipments up and down the Mississippi River would be threatened by the loss of Fort Rosalie . Governor Périer reacted to the massacre by forbidding the entry of a delegation of Choctaw people into the city , for fear that they were using the pretext of a friendly visit to launch an attack . He then ordered slaves and French troops to march downstream and massacre a small village of Chaouacha people who had played no part in the uprising in Natchez . His superiors in Paris reprimanded the leader for this act , which may have been intended to prevent any alliance between slaves and Native Americans against the French colonists . Many Louisiana colonists — Dumont de Montigny in particular — blamed Chépart ( who was killed by the Natchez ) and Périer for the massacre ; Louis XV , the French king , ordered Périer back to France in 1732 . Périer 's replacement was his predecessor , Jean @-@ Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville , whom the French state thought to be more experienced at dealing with the Native Americans of the region . A year earlier , the French West India Company had given up control of the colony to Louis XV because it had been costly and difficult to manage even before the rebellion . More serious retaliation against the Natchez began late in December and in January 1730 , with expeditions led by Jean @-@ Paul Le Sueur and Henri de Louboëy . The two commanders besieged the Natchez in forts built near the site of the Grand Village of the Natchez , a mile or so east of Fort Rosalie , which had been rebuilt . They killed about 80 men and captured 18 women , and released some French women who had been captured during the massacre of Fort Rosalie . The French relied on allied support from Tunica and Choctaw warriors . The Choctaw attacked the Natchez without the French , killing 100 and capturing women and children . This ruined the element of surprise for the French as the Natchez had already scattered . At first , the Natchez were well prepared for French retaliatory strikes , having stocked up several cannons as well as the firearms that they had used in the massacre two months earlier . The Natchez captured by the Choctaw and Tunica allies of the French were given over to the governor and sold into slavery , and some were publicly tortured to death in New Orleans . In late February 1730 , with Louboëy seeking to catch the Natchez by surprise , the Natchez negotiated a peace treaty and freed French captives , but the French planned an attack on the Natchez fort the following day . The Natchez then brought gifts to Louboëy , but left their fort that night and escaped across the Mississippi River , taking African slaves with them . The next day , Louboëy and his men burned down the abandoned Grand Village fort as the Natchez hid in the bayous along the Black River . A subsequent expedition led by Périer in 1731 to dislodge the Natchez captured many of them and their leaders , including Saint Cosme , who was the new Great Sun , and his mother — the Female Sun , Tattooed Arm . The 387 captives , most of whom had belonged to the pro @-@ French faction of the Natchez , were sold into slavery in Saint @-@ Domingue . Many other Natchez escaped again , now taking refuge with the Chickasaw . Over the next decade the few hundred remaining Natchez lived a life on the run , waging a low @-@ intensity guerrilla campaign against the French . French historian Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix wrote in his history , " We were not slow in perceiving that the Natchez could still render themselves formidable , and that the step of sending the Sun and all who had been taken with him to be sold as slaves in Saint @-@ Domingue , had rather exasperated than intimidated the remnant of that nation , in whom hatred and despair had transformed their natural pride and ferocity into a valor of which they were never deemed capable . " The French continued to press for the destruction of the Natchez who now lived among the Chickasaw , traditional allies of the British — this sparked the Chickasaw Wars . The Chickasaw at first agreed to drive out the Natchez from among them , but they did not keep good on the promise . In the Chickasaw Campaign of 1736 , the French , under Governor Bienville , attacked the Chickasaw villages of Apeony and Ackia , and then retreated , suffering significant casualties , but inflicting few . In the Chickasaw Campaign of 1739 , Bienville summoned more than 1 @,@ 000 troops to be sent over from France . Bienville 's army ascended the Mississippi River to the site of present @-@ day Memphis , Tennessee , and attempted to build a military road westward toward Chickasaw villages . After waiting for months in the winter of 1739 – 40 , the French never mounted an attack and retreated back to New Orleans . After having suffered the attacks against the Chickasaw , the remaining Natchez moved on to live among the Cherokee and Creek people . By that time the Natchez , reduced to scattered refugees , had ceased to exist as a political entity . = = Historical interpretations = = The Natchez revolt figured as an event of monumental significance in French historiography and literature of the 18th and 19th centuries . In France , the massacre and its aftermath was described in numerous historical works and inspired several works of fiction . Eighteenth @-@ century historians generally attributed the Natchez uprising to oppression by Commandant Chépart . In the French sources , one important discussion has centered on the question of whether the Natchez planned a simultaneous attack on the French with the other major tribes of the region . French colonial governor Étienne Périer , in a report to superiors in France written one week after the revolt , claimed that many of the Indian nations in the lower Mississippi Valley had plotted with the Natchez to attack the French on the same day and that even the Choctaw , who had been close allies of the French , were part of the plot . Périer then cancelled a meeting with the Choctaw planned for the first two days of December in New Orleans , contending that it was to be the occasion for an attack . Périer in this way defended his actions as governor by insinuating that the results of the massacre could have been worse if not for his prompt action . However , historians Gordon Sayre and Arnaud Balvay have pointed out that Jean @-@ Baptiste Delaye , a militia commander in the French retaliations following the massacre , wrote in a 1730 unpublished narrative that Périer 's claims were groundless , and that the Tioux , Yazoo , and other nations were not complicit and had no foreknowledge of the attack . Another document in French , of anonymous authorship , asserted that the Natchez revolt was a British plan to destroy a new French tobacco business in Louisiana . To describe the details of the attack and its background , Dumont de Montigny and Antoine @-@ Simon Le Page du Pratz , the leading 18th @-@ century historians of Louisiana , drew on information collected from French women taken captive during the massacre . They explained that the Natchez had conspired with other nations but had attacked a few days earlier than the date agreed upon and that they had used a system of bundles of sticks held by each of the conspiring tribes in order to count down the number of days remaining until the strike . The undetected destruction of a couple of the sticks in the Natchez Grand Village derailed the count , although the reason for the lost sticks differed in each historian 's account . The other nations called off their participation in the plot because of the Natchez ' premature attack , and therefore the very existence of the conspiracy remained conjectural . François @-@ René de Chateaubriand depicted the massacre in his 1827 epic Les Natchez , incorporating his earlier best @-@ selling novellas Atala and René into a longer narrative that greatly embellished the history of the French and the Natchez in Louisiana . In Chateaubriand 's work , the grand conspiracy behind the massacre implausibly included native tribes from all across North America . Chateaubriand saw the Natchez Massacre as the defining moment in the history of the Louisiana colony , a position consistent with the views of other 18th @-@ century historians , such as Le Page du Pratz and Dumont de Montigny . The 19th @-@ century Louisiana historian Charles Gayarré also embellished the story of a conspiracy behind the Natchez revolt , composing in his book a lengthy speech by the Great Sun in which the leader exhorted his warriors to invite the Choctaw , Chickasaw , and Yazoo to join in the attack on the French . In his 2008 book on the Natchez revolt , Arnaud Balvay wrote that more likely than not , the conspiracy claim was false because of incoherence in primary sources . In contrast to the French tradition , the Natchez and their conflicts with the French have been mostly forgotten in contemporary American historiography . Historian Gordon Sayre attributes this to the fact that both the French and the Natchez were defeated in colonial wars before the birth of the United States .
= Flag of Hong Kong = The flag of Hong Kong features a white , stylised , five @-@ petal Hong Kong orchid tree ( Bauhinia blakeana ) flower in the centre of a red field . Its design was adopted on 4 April 1990 at the Third Session of the Seventh National People 's Congress . The precise use of the flag is regulated by laws passed by the 58th executive meeting of the State Council held in Beijing . The design of the flag is enshrined in Hong Kong 's Basic Law , the territory 's constitutional document , and regulations regarding the use , prohibition of use , desecration , and manufacture of the flag are stated in the Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance . The flag of Hong Kong was first officially hoisted on 1 July 1997 , in the handover ceremony marking the transfer of sovereignty . = = Design = = = = = Symbolism = = = The design of the flag comes with cultural , political , and regional meanings . The colour itself is significant ; red is a festive colour for the Chinese people , used to convey a sense of celebration and nationalism . Moreover , the red colour is identical to that used in the national PRC flag , chosen to signify the link re @-@ established between post @-@ colonial Hong Kong and China . The position of red and white on the flag symbolises the " one country two systems " political principle applied to the region . The stylised rendering of the Bauhinia blakeana flower , a flower discovered in Hong Kong , is meant to serve as a harmonising symbol for this dichotomy . The five stars of the Chinese national flag , representing the Communist Party and Mao Zedong 's four classes ( proletarian workers , agricultural peasants , petty bourgeoisie and capitalists ) , are replicated on the petals of the flower . Before the adoption of the flag , the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Basic Law explained the significance of the flag 's design to the National People 's Congress : = = = Construction = = = The Hong Kong government has specified sizes , colours , and manufacturing parameters in which the flag is to be made . The background of the rectangular flag is red , the same shade of red as that used for the national PRC flag . The ratio of its length to breadth is 1 @.@ 5 . In its centre is a five @-@ petal stylised rendering of a white Bauhinia blakeana flower . If a circle circumscribes the flower , it should have a diameter 0 @.@ 6 times the entire height of the flag . The petals are uniformly spread around the centre point of the flag , radiating outward and pointing in a clockwise direction . Each of the flower 's petals bears a five @-@ pointed red star , a communist and socialist symbolism , with a red trace , suggestive of a flower stamen . The red trace makes each petal look as if it is being divided in half . The heading that is used to allow a flag to be slid or raised onto a pole is white . = = = Size specifications = = = This table lists all the official sizes for the flag . Sizes deviating from this list are considered non @-@ standard . If a flag is not of official size , it must be a scaled @-@ down or scaled @-@ up version of one of the official sizes . = = = Colour specifications = = = The following are the approximate colours of the Hong Kong flag in different colour models . It is listed by web colours in hexadecimal notation , CMYK equivalents * , dye colours , HSL equivalents , and Pantone equivalents . * CMYK equivalents based on official downloadable files from Hong Kong 's Protocol website ( see 2nd external link ) . = = = Manufacture regulated = = = The Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance stipulates that the Hong Kong flag must be manufactured according to specifications laid out in the ordinance . If flags are not produced in design according to the ordinance , the Secretary for Justice may petition the District Court for an injunction to prohibit the person or company from manufacturing the flags . If the District Court agrees that the flags are not in compliance , it may issue an injunction and order that the flags and the materials that were used to make the flags to be seized by the government . = = Proper flag protocol = = The Hong Kong flag is flown daily from the Chief Executive 's official residence , the Government House , the Hong Kong International Airport , and at all border crossings and points of entry into Hong Kong . At major government offices and buildings , such as the Office of the Chief Executive , the Executive Council , the Court of Final Appeal , the High Court , the Legislative Council , and the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices overseas , the flag is displayed during days when these offices are working . Other government offices and buildings , such as hospitals , schools , departmental headquarters , sports grounds , and cultural venues should fly the flag on occasions such as the National Day of the PRC ( 1 October ) , the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Establishment Day ( 1 July ) , and New Year 's Day . The flag should be raised at 8 : 00 a.m. and lowered at 6 : 00 p.m. The raising and lowering of the flag should be done slowly ; it must reach the peak of the flag staff when it is raised , and it may not touch the ground when it is lowered . The flag may not be raised in severe weather conditions . A Hong Kong flag that is either damaged , defaced , faded or substandard must not be displayed or used . = = = Displayed together with the national flag = = = Whenever the PRC national flag is flown together with the regional Hong Kong flag , the national flag must be flown at the centre , above the regional flag , or otherwise in a more prominent position than that of the regional flag . The regional flag must be smaller in size than the national flag , and it must be displayed to the left of the national flag . When the flags are displayed inside a building , the left and right sides of a person looking at the flags , and with his or her back toward the wall , are used as reference points for the left and right sides of a flag . When the flags are displayed outside a building , the left and right sides of a person standing in front of the building and looking towards the front entrance are used as reference points for the left and right sides of a flag . The national flag should be raised before the regional flag is raised , and it should be lowered after the regional flag is lowered . An exception to this rule occurs during medal presentation ceremonies at multi @-@ sport events such as the Olympics and Asian Games . As Hong Kong competes separately from mainland China , should an athlete from Hong Kong win the gold medal , and an athlete from mainland China win the silver and / or bronze medal ( s ) in the same event , the regional flag of Hong Kong would be raised in the centre above the national flag ( s ) during the medal presentation ceremony . = = = Half @-@ mast = = = The Hong Kong flag must be lowered to half @-@ mast as a token of mourning when any of the following people die : President of the People 's Republic of China Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress Premier of the State Council Chairman of the Central Military Commission Chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference Persons who have made outstanding contributions to the People 's Republic of China as the Central People 's Government advises the Chief Executive . Persons who have made outstanding contributions to world peace or the cause of human progress as the Central People 's Government advises the Chief Executive . Persons whom the Chief Executive considers to have made outstanding contributions to the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region or for whom he considers it appropriate to fly the flag at half @-@ mast . The flag may also be flown at half @-@ mast when the Central People 's Government advises the Chief Executive to do so , or when the Chief Executive considers it appropriate to do so , on occurrences of unfortunate events causing especially serious casualties , or when serious natural calamities have caused heavy casualties . When raising a flag to be flown at half @-@ mast , it should first be raised to the top of the pole and then lowered to a point where the distance between the top of the flag and the top of the pole is one third of the length of the pole . When lowering the flag from half @-@ mast , it should first be raised to the peak of the pole before it is lowered . = = = Prohibition of use and desecration = = = The Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance states what manner of use of the Hong Kong flag is prohibited and that desecration of the flag is prohibited ; it also states that it is a punishable offence for a person to use the flag in a prohibited manner or desecrate the flag . According to the ordinance , a flag may not be used in advertisements or trademarks , and that " publicly and wilfully burning , mutilating , scrawling on , defiling or trampling " the flag is considered flag desecration . Similarly , the National Flag and National Emblem Ordinance extends the same prohibition toward the national PRC flag . The ordinances also allow for the Chief Executive to make stipulations regarding the use of the flag . In stipulations made in 1997 , the Chief Executive further specified that the use of the flag in " any trade , calling or profession , or the logo , seal or badge of any non @-@ governmental organisation " is also prohibited unless prior permission was obtained . The first conviction of flag desecration occurred in 1999 . Protesters Ng Kung Siu and Lee Kin Yun wrote the word " Shame " on both the national PRC flag and the Hong Kong flag , and were convicted of violating the National Flag and National Emblem Ordinance and the Regional Flag and Regional Emblem Ordinance . The Court of Appeal overturned the verdict , ruling that the ordinances were unnecessary restrictions on the freedom of expression and in violation of both the Basic Law and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights . Upon further appeal , however , the Court of Final Appeal maintained the original guilty verdict , holding that this restriction on the freedom of expression was justifiable in that the protection of the flags played a role in national unity and territorial integrity and constituted a restriction on the mode of expressing one 's message but did not interfere with one 's freedom to express the same message in other ways . Leung Kwok @-@ hung , a member of the Legislative Council and a political activist in Hong Kong , was penalised in February 2001 , before he became a member of the Legislative Council , for defiling the flag . He was convicted of three counts of desecrating the flag — for two incidents on 1 July 2000 during the third anniversary of Hong Kong 's handover to China and for one incident on 9 July of the same year during a protest against elections to choose the Election Committee , the electoral college which chooses the Chief Executive of Hong Kong . Leung was placed on a good @-@ behaviour bond for 12 months in the sum of HK $ 3 @,@ 000 . Zhu Rongchang , a mainland Chinese farmer has been jailed for three weeks after setting fire to a Chinese flag in Hong Kong . Zhu was charged for " publicly and wilfully " burning the Chinese flag at Golden Bauhinia Square in central Hong Kong . The 74 @-@ year @-@ old man is reportedly the third person charged for desecrating the Chinese national flag , but he is first to be jailed under the law . In early 2013 , protestors went to the streets flying the old colonial flag demanding more democracy and resignation of Chief Executive Leung Chun Ying . The use of the flag has created concerns from Chinese authorities and request from Leung to stop flying the flag . Despite the calls from Leung the old flags are not subject to use restrictions beyond not being allowed to be placed on flagpoles and are freely sold and manufactured in the territory . = = History = = = = = Historical flags = = = Prior to Hong Kong 's transfer of sovereignty , the flag of Hong Kong was a colonial Blue Ensign flag . The flag of colonial Hong Kong underwent several changes in the last one and a half centuries . In 1843 , a seal representing Hong Kong was instituted . The design was based on a local waterfront scene ; three local merchants with their commercial goods can be found on the foreground , a square @-@ rigged ship and a junk occupy the middle ground , while the background consists of conical hills and clouds . In 1868 , a Hong Kong flag was produced , a Blue Ensign flag with a badge based on this " local scene " , but the design was rejected by Hong Kong Governor Richard Graves MacDonnell . In 1870 , a " white crown over HK " badge for the Blue Ensign flag was proposed by the Colonial Secretary . The letters " HK " were omitted and the crown became full @-@ colour three years later . It is unclear exactly what the badge looked like during that period of time , but it was unlikely to be the " local scene " . It should have been a crown of some sort , which may , or may not , have had the letters " HK " below it . In 1876 , the " local scene " badge ( Chinese : " Ar Kwan " Guiding the British soldier picture ) was re @-@ adopted to the Blue Ensign flag with the Admiralty 's approval . A coat of arms for Hong Kong was granted on 21 January 1959 by the College of Arms in London . The Hong Kong flag was revised in the same year to feature the coat of arms in the Blue Ensign flag . This design was used officially from 1959 until Hong Kong 's transfer of sovereignty in 1997 . Since then , the colonial flag has been appropriated by protestors , such as on the annual 1 July marches for universal suffrage , as a " symbol of antagonism towards the mainland " , along with a blue flag featuring the coat of arms , used by those advocating independence . = = = Current design = = = Before Hong Kong 's transfer of sovereignty , between 20 May 1987 and 31 March 1988 , a contest was held amongst Hong Kong residents to help choose a flag for post @-@ colonial Hong Kong , with 7 @,@ 147 design submissions , in which 4 @,@ 489 submissions were about flag designs . Architect Tao Ho was chosen as one of the panel judges to pick Hong Kong 's new flag . He recalled that some of the designs had been rather funny and with political twists : " One had a hammer and sickle on one side and a dollar sign on the other . " Some designs were rejected because they contained copyrighted materials , for example , the emblem of Urban Council , Hong Kong Arts Festival and Hong Kong Tourism Board . Six designs were chosen as finalists by the judges , but were all later rejected by the PRC . Ho and two others were then asked by the PRC to submit new proposals . Looking for inspiration , Ho wandered into a garden and picked up a Bauhinia blakeana flower . He observed the symmetry of the five petals , and how their winding pattern conveyed to him a dynamic feeling . This led him to incorporate the flower into the flag to represent Hong Kong . The design was adopted on 4 April 1990 at the Third Session of the Seventh National People 's Congress , and the flag was first officially hoisted seconds after midnight on 1 July 1997 in the handover ceremony marking the transfer of sovereignty . It was hoisted together with the national PRC flag , while the Chinese national anthem , " March of the Volunteers " was played . The Union Flag and the colonial Hong Kong flag were lowered seconds before midnight . A selection of proposals during the 1987 – 1988 contest is shown below :
= Mike Heath ( swimmer ) = Michael Steward Heath ( born April 9 , 1964 ) is an American former competition swimmer who specialized in freestyle events . He is a three @-@ time Olympic gold medalist , and a former world record @-@ holder in two relay swimming events . A native of Texas , he won two national collegiate championship competing for the University of Florida . During his elite swimming career , Heath won ten medals in major international championships , including seven golds , two silvers and a bronze , spanning the Olympic Games , FINA World Championships , and Pan Pacific Championships . = = Early years = = Heath was born in McAllen , Texas . He attended Highland Park High School in University Park , Texas ( a Dallas suburb ) , and competed for the Highland Park High School swim team . In 1980 , he set a new Texas state high school record in the boys ' 200 @-@ yard freestyle ( 1 : 37 @.@ 88 ) ; he set a second state record in the event in 1982 ( 1 : 37 @.@ 53 ) , breaking his own previous record in the process . = = College swimming career = = Heath accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Florida in Gainesville , Florida , where he swam for coach Randy Reese 's Florida Gators swimming and diving team in National Collegiate Athletic Association ( NCAA ) and Southeastern Conference ( SEC ) competition from 1983 to 1986 . He was a member of the Gators ' 1983 and 1984 NCAA men 's championship teams , as well as four consecutive SEC championships teams . As a Gator swimmer , he won NCAA national titles in the 400 @-@ yard freestyle relay ( 1983 ) , 800 @-@ yard freestyle relay ( 1983 , 1984 ) , and 200 @-@ yard freestyle ( 1984 ) , and received nineteen All @-@ American honors . His strong finish swimming the anchor leg for the Gators in the 4 × 100 @-@ yard freestyle relay provided the Gators ' winning points in their first NCAA national team championship in 1983 . He also won seven SEC titles , and was recognized as the SEC male swimmer of the year in 1983 and 1985 . Heath graduated from the University of Florida with a bachelor 's degree in exercise and sports science in 1988 , and was inducted into the University of Florida Athletic Hall of Fame as a " Gator Great " in 1996 . = = International swimming career = = Heath , who had not previously been a member of the U.S. national team , won the 100- and 200 @-@ meter freestyle events at the 1984 U.S. Olympic trials , and thereby qualified to compete in the two Olympic individual events and for the U.S. relay teams . As a newcomer to the U.S. trials , he made a dramatic statement by setting a new American record in the preliminary heats of the 200 @-@ meter freestyle . At the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles , he won three gold medals and a silver . He won his first Olympic gold medal by swimming the lead @-@ off leg in the men 's 4 × 200 @-@ meter freestyle relay , and Heath and his American teammates David Larson , Jeff Float and Bruce Hayes set a new world record of 7 : 15 @.@ 69 , edging the Michael Gross @-@ led West Germans by four one @-@ hundredths ( 0 @.@ 04 ) of a second . He won his second gold medal by helping set another world record of 3 : 19 @.@ 03 in the men 's 4 × 100 @-@ meter freestyle relay , together with fellow Americans Chris Cavanaugh , Matt Biondi and Rowdy Gaines , finishing sixty @-@ five one @-@ hundredths ( 0 @.@ 65 ) of a second ahead of the second @-@ place Australians . He then earned a third gold medal by swimming for the winning U.S. team in the preliminary heats of the 4 × 100 @-@ meter medley relay . In a word play on the title of the popular 1984 movie Ghostbusters , American media dubbed Heath and his 4 × 200 @-@ meter relay teammates the " Gross Busters . " In individual Olympic competition , Heath won a silver medal in the 200 @-@ meter freestyle ( 1 : 49 @.@ 10 ) behind Gross 's world record @-@ setting performance ( 1 : 47 @.@ 44 ) . He also placed fourth in the 100 @-@ meter freestyle event final ( 50 @.@ 41 ) ; the outcome was controversial , however , because of a premature starter gun and a quick start by Gaines , the winner . Gaines ' coach , Richard Quick , knew of starter Frank Silvestri 's propensity to fire the starter gun almost immediately when the swimmers mounted the blocks . Gaines gained about a meter 's head start on the competition ; video of the event later confirmed that one or more of the swimmers had not been set when the starter gun fired . After the 1984 Olympics , Heath continued to swim for the U.S. national team , and remained a fixture on the freestyle relay teams . At the 1985 Pan Pacific Championships in Tokyo , gold medalists Scott McCadam , Heath , Paul Wallace and Biondi set a new world record of 3 : 17 @.@ 08 in the 4 × 100 @-@ meter freestyle relay . Together with Biondi , Duffy Dillon and Craig Oppel , he won another gold medal in the 4 × 200 @-@ meter freestyle relay ( 7 : 17 @.@ 63 ) . Individually , Heath won a Pan Pacific Championships gold medal in the 200 @-@ meter freestyle ( 1 : 49 @.@ 29 ) by beating Biondi ( 1 : 50 @.@ 19 ) and Canadian Sandy Goss ( 1 : 50 @.@ 56 ) . He also won a Pan Pacific silver medal in the 100 @-@ meter freestyle ( 50 @.@ 78 ) , finishing a fraction of a second behind Biondi ( 50 @.@ 44 ) . Heath again swam for the U.S. relay teams at the 1986 World Aquatics Championships in Madrid ; Tom Jager , Heath , Paul Wallace and Biondi won the 4 × 100 @-@ meter freestyle ( 3 : 19 @.@ 89 ) ; and Eric Boyer , Heath , Dan Jorgensen and Biondi placed third in the 4 × 200 @-@ meter freestyle ( 7 : 18 @.@ 29 ) . = = Life after competition swimming = = Heath was an assistant coach for the Florida Gators swim team from 1988 to 1989 . After graduating from the University of Florida , Heath first worked as a salesman , before he coached swimming at Fletcher High School in Neptune Beach , Florida , for six years , and thereafter at Episcopal High School in Jacksonville , Florida . He is married to Sherri @-@ Lee Schricker , who was a member of the Florida Gators swim team at the University of Florida from 1984 to 1987 , and they have two children . Their son Grady will swim for the Florida Gators beginning in 2015 – 16 . = = World records = = Men 's 4 × 100 @-@ meter freestyle relay Men 's 4 × 200 @-@ meter freestyle relay
= Not Afraid = " Not Afraid " is a song by American rapper Eminem from his seventh studio album Recovery ( 2010 ) . It was released as the album 's lead single on April 29 , 2010 , by Interscope Records . " Not Afraid " was first revealed as a single by Eminem via Twitter , after which the song debuted on radio . To promote the single 's release , a freestyle rap , " Despicable " , was released on the Internet and received attention for its tone and lyrical content . " Not Afraid " was written and produced by Eminem , Boi @-@ 1da , Jordan Evans and Matthew Burnett ; keyboardist Luis Resto was also attributed with songwriting credit . According to Eminem 's manager Paul Rosenberg and music critics , " Not Afraid " carries a positive message and depicts Eminem 's change in direction from drugs and violence . The hip hop song features a choir that assists Eminem in a heavily layered chorus and vocals are sung over a guitar , synthesizer and piano ; no Auto @-@ Tune was used on the sung vocals , but many reverberation tools were . " Not Afraid " received mixed to positive reviews from music critics , who praised the song for being anthemic in nature and carrying a positive message . The song did , however , face criticism for its sudden change in theme from previous singles , and was considered to be less affecting than some of his other songs . Despite mixed reception , " Not Afraid " became the 16th song in Billboard history to debut on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number one ; it also debuted as a chart @-@ topper in Canada . In June 2014 the song was certified 10 × Platinum by RIAA , making Eminem the first artist with digital diamond awards for two songs . " Not Afraid " has earned Eminem MTV Video Music Awards , MTV Video Music Awards Japan , Grammy Awards , Billboard Music Awards and Detroit Music Awards . The song was accompanied by a music video , which Rich Lee directed in May 2010 . New York City and Newark , New Jersey were chosen as settings to shoot the video . Reviewers praised the video as it followed the lyrics and praised the video for such depictions . However , the product placement in the video by Nike shoes and Beats by Dr. Dre headphones was criticized . In 2010 , Eminem performed " Not Afraid " at Electronic Entertainment Expo 2010 ( E3 2010 ) , Oxegen 2010 , T in the Park 2010 and the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards . He has also performed the song at the Bonnaroo Music Festival , Lollapalooza and the V Festival . Rolling Stone ranked it the 24th best song of 2010 . = = Writing and recording = = In 2009 , Eminem planned to release a sequel of his sixth studio album Relapse titled Relapse 2 , but cancelled the project and released a completely different studio release titled Recovery . He said , " as I kept recording and working with new producers , the idea of a sequel to Relapse started to make less and less sense to me , and I wanted to make a completely new album . " " Not Afraid " was primarily produced by the Canadian hip hop musician Boi @-@ 1da . According to Mike Strange , who recorded " Not Afraid " , he wanted to work with Boi @-@ 1da after listening to his " Forever " , which he had produced for the rapper Drake . Boi @-@ 1da sent Strange many tracks , to some of which Eminem wrote lyrics . These tracks were opened in Pro Tools , as Strange proceeded to record Eminem 's vocals . Recording sessions took place at Effigy Studios , in Ferndale , Michigan but Boi @-@ 1da was absent during the sessions . The original tracks sent to Strange included mostly drums and keyboard pads ; they were placed under an inactive track titled " Orig beatz " . The instrumentation included a Roland TR @-@ 808 kick , a regular live kick , a hi @-@ hat , a ride cymbal and a snare drum . Underneath the track , there were horn , orchestra hit and pads , including a Mellotron sound that plays the chord progression . Strange told Sound on Sound magazine , " I like to have the vocal tracks at the top of the Session , because in hip @-@ hop they are the most important element . " Two of Eminem 's were placed underneath his main vocal track , as one of them featured his introductory words . Each play of the chorus was an overdub and not copies of a sample ; the only exception was the intro . The vocals for the bridge were overdubbed six times ; Auto @-@ Tune was not used at all in the song . The Detroit musician Luis Resto provided keyboard tracks on the bridge , including piano and guitar sound effects . Resto also added orchestration in the chorus and bridge of the song . Strange arranged the Pro Tools session in a more traditional manner by laying out the drums , bass instruments , guitars , keyboards , main vocals and overdubs from left to right . While mixing , he began with drums , then the main vocals . He added the chorus and bridge , followed by other instrumentation . Strange mixed the track to satisfy Eminem , who , after entering the studio , made his own adjustments , providing additional production ; by then , Resto 's tracks were added . Strange made adjustments to Boi @-@ 1da 's tracks , using SSL equalization ( EQ ) and some compression . To keep the track in tune from pitch fluctuation , Strange used Trim and Auto @-@ Tune on Resto 's TR @-@ 808 kick . Strange arranged reverberation tools , including the Bricasti , Eventide 2016 , the Lexicon 480 , Lexicon PMC70 , and the Yamaha SPX90 . The two rap tracks in the session used the Massenburg EQ plug @-@ in , " the ' 9' send goes to the eighth @-@ note delay track immediately above the two rap tracks " and Digidesign Extra Long Delay . Strange also used compressors , including the Alta Moda Unicomp , which he felt works well on vocals , as well as the kick and snare drums . Boi @-@ 1da 's track mostly used SSL and compression , but the bass used an API 550a . A Digidesign compressor limiter was set up on one of the horn sounds while the Massenburg EQ was used on an OB8 sound . Answering Eminem 's request , string overdubs were arranged and recorded by Jordan Evans and Matthew Burnett — providing additional production — and Robert Reyes recorded the choir 's vocals . = = Composition = = " Not Afraid " is a hip hop song written and produced by Boi @-@ 1da , Eminem , Evans and Burnett ; Resto did additional writing . Boi @-@ 1da provided drums ; Evans and Burnett provided string sounds . The lyrics focus on a positive change from Eminem 's past experiences , including an end to drug abuse , feuds and violence . The Los Angeles Times noted that a person hearing this song for the first time may identify it as Christian hip hop . MTV News writer Shaheem Reid noted that " There are no jabs at pop @-@ culture icons , no jovial goofballing . " Led by a guitar , synthesizer and piano , " Not Afraid " is published in the key of C minor and has a moderate tempo of 86 beats per minute , according to the sheet music published by Sony / ATV Music Publishing . A writer for MuchMusic website noted that Eminem chose to use his Marshall Mathers ego for the song , rather than Slim Shady . He follows a chord progression of Cm – A ♭ ( maj7 ) – E ♭ – B ♭ in the chorus . The song begins with a brief introduction in which Eminem says while the chorus plays underneath , " Yeh , it 's been a ride . I guess I had to go to that place to get to this one . " When he begins the first verse , his lyrics threaten people who have looked down on him : " You can try to read my lyrics off of this paper before I lay ' em / But you won 't take the sting out these words before I say ' em . " On the second verse , Eminem says that he has indeed made mistakes , commenting on his Relapse album : " That last Relapse CD was ehh / Perhaps I ran them accents into the ground / Relax , I ain 't going to do that now . " When he says " All I 'm trying to say is get back , click clack , pow " , a gunshot is heard . Approaching the end of the second verse , Eminem raps about his personal experiences : " But I think I 'm still trying to figure this crap out / Thought I had it mapped out , but I guess I didn 't / It 's time to exorcise these demons / These motherfuckers are doing jumping jacks now . " After the chorus , Eminem sings a bridge and focuses on a positive change , as he says " I just can 't keep living this way , so starting today I 'm breaking out of this cage . " Before the final chorus , he says that he " shoots for the moon " . The song features a choir composed of Kip Blackshire , Christal Garrick II , Terry Dexter , Rich King , Kristen Ashley Cole and Sly Jordan . = = Release and reception = = On April 26 , 2010 , Eminem posted a message through his Twitter account that read , " I 'm ' Not Afraid ' " , without any elaboration . Fans and news organizations were able to interpret the message and announced that Eminem 's first single from his seventh studio album , Recovery would be titled " Not Afraid " . Radio personality Angela Yee , from radio station WWPR @-@ FM , confirmed that the new single would debut on Eminem 's uncensored radio station , Shade 45 . The singer 's manager , Paul Rosenberg , told Billboard that " It 's not a dark song , it 's an uplifting song . " The new single was initially slated to impact radio on April 30 , 2010 ; however , the date was changed to one day earlier and the song eventually aired at 10 am ET , on Shade 45 's show The Morning After with Angela Yee . On May 5 , 2010 , the single was made available for digital download at online retailers through Aftermath Entertainment and Interscope Records . In the song , Eminem makes a reference to Relapse and spoke at Friday Night with Jonathan Ross about it : " ... looking back on it now in retrospect , I feel like there was a lot of stuff on there that was humorous and shock value and I had to go back and listen to my older material and figure out why ... Relapse didn 't make me feel like [ what ] used to and kind of put the feeling back into what I do . " The song was featured in a trailer for the war film Act of Valor and is played during the ending credits to the film . = = = Pre @-@ release promotion = = = Two days before " Not Afraid " ' s slated release , Eminem released a freestyle rap video to promote the release of the album 's lead single . Titled " Despicable " , the vocals in the video are played over the instrumental versions of " Over " by Canadian rapper Drake and " Beamer , Benz or Bentley " by G @-@ Unit member Lloyd Banks ; the verse switches to the latter well into the two @-@ minute song . Lyrics make a reference to football quarterback Ben Roethlisberger in the line " I ’ d rather turn this club into a bar room brawl / Get as rowdy as Roethlisberger in a bathroom stall . " These lyrics refers to sexual assault allegations in March 2011 at a nightclub in Milledgeville , Georgia , causing controversy . Other references include those to fictional comic book character Superman : " I give as much of a flying fuck as that Superman dude " and to general popular culture : " Like a leaf suck in a vacuum , y ’ all / there ain ’ t nothing but a whole lotta sucking going on in rap . " Eminem 's final lyric makes a reference to Looney Tunes character Daffy Duck . Music critics commented on the freestyle rap . Ray Roa of music website Consequence of Sound noted Eminem 's obvious frustration in the song , saying that he " sounds pissed off as ever on a new freestyle " . He also added , " The first minute and a half of the track is mellow by his standards , but when the beat switches to Banks ’ track , Eminem goes apeshit . " Melinda Newman of HitFix gave a positive review and wrote that the freestyle sounds like a " blast that sucks all the air out of room . It 's better than anything on Relapse , and the sheer dexterity of his rhyming skills is awe @-@ inspiring . " Thaindian News 's Madhuri Dey felt that " Eminem takes his usual route of taking a hit at some personality " . Adam Downer of Sputnikmusic wrote positively : " Eminem spits with the crazed desperation we remember from the albums . " = = = Critical reception = = = Not Afraid is considered his most critically acclaimed song after Lose Yourself and Stan . Reception of " Not Afraid " was mixed to positive . Jon Dolan of Rolling Stone praised the song 's tone : " Over a dark , operatic beat . Eminem delivers rhymes that are typically acrobatic — and typically heavy @-@ handed . But the anger has a gathering quality . " Dolan also praised the song 's inspirational theme . Henry Adaso of About.com gave a positive review on the song , noting " Boi @-@ 1da 's bouncy charm " and " heartwrenching lyrics from a master poet " as good aspects of the song and noted no negative aspects . In Adaso 's guide review , he praised Boi @-@ 1da 's production and Eminem 's affecting lyrics ; he considered the former 's work " shimmering " and Eminem 's " sensitive lyrics entwine on this knocker " ; overall , he gave the song four and a half stars out of a possible five . After the song 's release , AllHipHop called it " an anthem in nature and rebellious to the core . " In her review of the Recovery , Jody Rosen of Rolling Stone noted that even if Eminem — reaching his late 30s — is becoming " a grumpy middle @-@ aged man , at least he 's owning it " . Winston Robbins of music website Consequence of Sound called " Not Afraid " one of the songs on Recovery " with catchy hooks , choruses , and beats multiplied by the endless pool of wit and anger that Eminem possesses " . In his album review , Thomas Nassiff wrote on behalf of AbsolutePunk ; he noted the song for being radio @-@ friendly and that it " doesn 't sacrifice anything to be friendly to the masses . " Andy Gill of The Independent said that this is where " the only completely commendable sentiment on the entire album comes " and called it a " proud rehab anthem " . In his review for Recovery , Benjamin Meadows @-@ Ingram of Spin magazine called " Not Afraid " a " stadium @-@ ready lead single " ; he went on to say , " Finally , Eminem addresses his personal and professional failings head @-@ on , rather than hiding behind a joke or inside a nightmare . It 's a necessary first step in moving on . " The song also faced mixed and negative reviews . After " Not Afraid " leaked onto the Internet on April 29 , 2010 , Simon Vozick @-@ Levinson of Entertainment Weekly magazine commented on the song , noting both positive and negative characteristics ; he first complimented Eminem 's change of lyrical theme , calling it anthemic in nature and noting its inspirational and powerful message . He compared the song 's theme to Eminem 's 2002 single " Sing for the Moment " and his 2009 single , " Beautiful " . Vozick @-@ Levinson called Eminem 's rapping " wild " but was dismissive of the production , saying , " The track behind ' Not Afraid ' has the same tinny , repetitive , wannabe @-@ epic quality that 's annoyed me on Boi @-@ 1da productions like ' Forever . ' " Mayer Nissem of British site Digital Spy gave the song three stars out of a possible five , and wrote a mixed review ; the reviewer first commented , " Thank heavens ! – Marshall Mathers III has opted against his usual trick of cobbling together a hook and some ' satire ' via two @-@ year @-@ old back issues of the Inquirer to trail it . " However , Nissem criticized other aspects of the song , saying that Eminem 's " decision to chronicle ... feels a little worthy and more than a touch dull . " He felt that Eminem 's previous songs never bored the listener , unlike " Not Afraid " . Jeff Weiss of the Los Angeles Times commented that " Not Afraid " was an improvement from the lead singles of Encore ( 2004 ) and Relapse , " Just Lose It " and " We Made You " , respectively , giving for a more serious and inspirational theme . However , Weiss misses the comic nature of Eminem 's classic singles , such as " My Name Is " ; instead , he felt that the song was composed of " vague self @-@ help bromides and a bombastic but nondescript beat from ... Boi @-@ 1da . " When discussing the chorus , Weiss commented that it " doesn ’ t make for very engaging listening . " Finally , he discussed possible influences by American rapper T.I. , but overall , he named it a disappointing lead single . John Ulmer of website One Thirty BPM gave the song seven points out of a possible ten , and published a mixed review ; he praised it for being a more serious track compared to previous lead singles " Just Lose It " ( 2004 ) and " We Made You " ( 2009 ) but criticized it for being less powerful compared to his 2002 hit single , " Lose Yourself " , and " Beautiful " . According to Ulmer , " Upon first listen it 's a bit corny , but it 's appropriately anthemic , and not bad enough to deter from the strength of the overall track . " He noted that although Eminem does not have as much of a frustrated voice as he does in " Despicable " , he admits that Relapse was a silly album . Pitchfork Media 's Jayson Greene wrote a rather negative review on Recovery and was very dismissive on the song : " Eminem spends nearly half of Recovery insisting he 's the best rapper alive , but for the first time in his career , he actually sounds clumsy . " Kitty Empire of newspaper The Guardian also wrote negatively on the song in her album review , criticizing the song 's lyrics : " Rhyming ' through a storm ' with ' whatever weather / cold or warm ' in the chorus is unforgivable for a master rhymer . " As part of his album review , Greg Kot of daily newspaper Chicago Tribune criticized Eminem 's lyrics and rhymes in " Not Afraid " , comparing them to his rhyming skills back when his 2002 hip hop drama film , 8 Mile , premiered : " Doesn 't he realize that 's the kind of cheese that the battle @-@ rhyming Eminem of 8 Mile would 've mercilessly mocked ? " = = = Chart performance = = = According to Nielsen SoundScan , " Not Afraid " sold 380 @,@ 000 digital copies in its first week , giving Eminem the biggest sales week for a digital single between the beginning of 2010 and the date of the song 's release . Three songs received higher sales during their first week : Flo Rida 's " Right Round " , The Black Eyed Peas ' " Boom Boom Pow " and Eminem 's " Crack a Bottle " , which were all 2009 singles . " Not Afraid " proved to be successful when it debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number one , a feat only 15 songs had accomplished previously . The song was Eminem 's third number @-@ one single on the Hot 100 , coming after " Lose Yourself " and " Crack a Bottle " . " Not Afraid " was also the first to debut at number one since October 17 , 2009 , when American recording artist Britney Spears 's " 3 " debuted atop the chart . It is the first hip hop single by a male to debut at number one since American rapper Sean Combs ( known then as " Puff Daddy " ) topped the chart in 1997 , with " I 'll Be Missing You " , which features Faith Evans and band 112 . After entering the Digital Songs chart at number one , the song fell down to number four the next week , and to number six on the Hot 100 , with sales of 202 @,@ 000 digital copies . On June 14 , 2010 , " Not Afraid " rose to number five again with sales of 157 @,@ 000 copies . On July 14 , 2010 , it rose from 22 to 24 on the Hot 100 ; by then , the song was downloaded a total of 1 @,@ 750 @,@ 000 times . On July 25 , 2010 , the song crossed the two million mark , based on total sales . As of August 2013 , the song has sold 5 @,@ 000 @,@ 000 digital copies . In June 2014 the song was certified 10 × Platinum by RIAA . " Not Afraid " debuted at number one on the Canadian Hot 100 , remaining on the chart for 20 weeks . On the UK Singles Chart , the song debuted on June 5 , 2010 at number five , its highest position . It dropped to number six the following week , to number ten on July 10 , 2010 , and to number 14 the week after . On August 7 , 2010 , the song dropped to number 23 and its last UK Singles Chart appearance would be on September 4 , giving the song a total of 14 weeks on the chart . " Not Afraid " entered New Zealand 's Top 40 Singles chart on May 10 , 2010 at number eight , its peak position . Lasting on the chart for a total of 23 weeks , the song would not make its last chart appearance in New Zealand until September 9 , 2010 , at number 34 . On the ARIA Top 50 Singles , the song entered at number 16 in its first week and reached its peak at number four , the following week ; its lowest and final chart position occurred during the song 's 27th week on the chart , at number 48 . On the Ö3 Austria Top 40 , Austria 's official singles chart , May 21 , 2010 marked the song 's chart debut , at number 22 . It reached its peak on August 13 , at number five and would stay at that position for another week . Before re @-@ entering on January 14 , 2011 at number 72 , the song made a last consecutive chart appearance on November 19 , 2011 at number 52 . The song dropped to the bottom of the chart ( number 75 ) on January 21 , 2011 , before exiting it . In Italy , the song only charted for one week , at number three ; the same occurred in France , on February 19 , 2011 , at number 97 . " Not Afraid " lasted 19 weeks on the Irish Singles Chart and made a final chart appearance on September 30 , 2010 , at number 36 . Flanders ' chart , Ultratop 50 , gave the song a debut position at number 13 on May 15 , 2010 ; the song would not reach a higher position and would drop to number 49 in its 16th and final week . On Wallonia 's chart , Ultratop 50 , the song debuted at number 14 and would not chart again until July 3 , 2010 , at number 40 . Longer than on any other chart , " Not Afraid " charted in Sweden for 43 consecutive weeks , debuting at number five and charting at number 49 in its final week . = = Music video = = = = = Development = = = Before filming began , Eminem spoke to Paul Rosenberg on the telephone about his ideas for a music video of " Not Afraid " ; the two shared thoughts and started collaborating in May 2010 . American director Richard " Rich " Lee was hired to direct the video , which was shot on Market Street , in Newark , New Jersey as well as New York City . On the first day , Eminem filmed the opening scene on the rooftop of the Manhattan Municipal Building . Lee called the moment " sort of like a very internal feeling kind of video " . In an interview , while the video was being shot , Eminem spoke about working with Lee " as pretty anti @-@ climactic , for the most part , you know what I mean ... It 's good working with him , you know , he 's about his business " . The scene in which Eminem jumps from a cliff and dives , was done at Greenpoint Warehouse , in Brooklyn with Lee and video producer Justin Diener . Also working with Eminem on the video included Dennis Dennehy and Chris Clancy for marketing . The final scene filmed on the first day was where Eminem would try to escape from a dark basement ; shooting in Newark also continued . The second day of shooting focused on Eminem as he walked through Market Street in Newark . Eminem 's final shoot before wrapping up was a mirror scene , which included many glass mirrors , and a fake one among them , through which he would have to break through . On May 30 , 2010 , Eminem confirmed the video 's release date in a Twitter message : " For those ' patiently waiting , ' the NOT AFRAID video will premier Saturday 6 / 5 . Details later ... " The day before the video 's premiere , a teaser trailer was uploaded onto video sharing site YouTube , which combines many clips from the full video . The music video was uploaded on video website VEVO on June 5 , 2010 at 11 : 30 am ET . VEVO stylized their logo with the E reversed , similar to Eminem 's logo . On June 7 , the television premiere took place on MTV and VH1 , and the former featured a primetime encore the day after . = = = Synopsis = = = The music video opens with a scene in which Eminem stands on the rooftop of the Manhattan Municipal Building in New York , saying the introductory lyrics . The video cuts between scenes where he raps on the rooftop and another scene where Eminem is trapped inside a dark basement . Eminem moves closer towards the edge of the building until he leaves to go downstairs as the chorus begins . He starts walking down Market Street in Newark and jaywalks across the street , avoiding vehicles that pass by . Eminem sees distorted reflections of himself on the window of a car ; he continues on , only to be surrounded by a series of mirrors . Confused , Eminem tries to escape , and towards the end of the second chorus , he breaks through a mirror to find himself in the middle of the street . Interspersing scenes show Eminem as he tries to break out of the basement . As the camera zooms out , the viewers see him on the edge of a destroyed street while a subway tunnel can be seen below the road . Eminem then jumps off the edge and makes a steep dive , but flies straight up again ; his speedy flight down Market Street causes sonic booms on vehicles nearby . Eventually , Eminem flies up , back to the rooftop of the Manhattan Municipal Building , in New York City , where the video began . = = = Reception = = = The video was received with generally positive reviews . Following the video 's VEVO release , Monica Herrera of Billboard named Eminem 's jumping sequence " a moment of triumph " and compared his flying scene to Superman . She also noted similarities of the video 's events and the song 's lyrics , deeming them a powerful word to Eminem 's haters , where Eminem raps about destroying one 's balcony . Daniel Kreps from Rolling Stone felt that Eminem " similarly puts his redemption in the spotlight " and notices courage . Kreps went on to compare Eminem 's flying scene to Canadian actor Keanu Reeves from the 1999 science fiction film The Matrix . In his review for Entertainment Weekly , Vozick @-@ Levinson wrote : " We are to understand that he is once again at wit 's end with the world , full of barely contained energy that he 's not yet sure how to direct . " Although he didn 't feel that the video was Eminem 's best , Vozick @-@ Levinson praised the video for its message in relation to the song 's vibe ; he also made a comparison to Eminem 's music video for " The Way I Am " , as both videos involve Eminem as he jumps from a great height . Patrick D 'Arcy of Spin thought that Eminem is " an satria unlikely motivational speaker , but an effective one . " = = Live performances = = On June 5 , 2010 , Eminem performed " Not Afraid " on Friday Night with Jonathan Ross . In celebration of the then @-@ upcoming release of Treyarch @-@ developed shooter game Call of Duty : Black Ops , video game publisher Activision organized many artists to perform at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2010 ( E3 2010 ) — which took place at the Staples Center in Los Angeles — including Eminem . Joined by Blink @-@ 182 drummer Travis Barker , Eminem performed songs from his album , including " Not Afraid " , " Love the Way You Lie " and " Won 't Back Down " . At E3 2011 , a choir , as well as hypeman Mr. Porter sung with Eminem during the chorus of " Not Afraid " , while his band played with an orchestra . The audience presumed the performance was over ; however , Eminem shortly returned to the stage to end with " Lose Yourself " . News distributor PR Newswire wrote , " Eminem ignited the crowd as he closed the all @-@ star event " . Matt Elias of MTV News also praised the show , and said that " Eminem performed an electrifying set ... , crushing any doubts that he is truly back in the game " . Antony Bruno of Billboard called the performance " a literal bang " while Seve Appleford of Rolling Stone wrote , " The rapper marched along the catwalk with his usual intensity , previewing new songs from next week 's release Recovery . " Activision reportedly spent six million dollars on party costs . " Not Afraid " was included on Eminem 's set list as the final song before Eminem 's " Lose Yourself " encore in his performance at the T in the Park festival , which took place on July 10 , 2010 . This would be his first European concert in five years . Eminem wore black shorts and a hoodie . He commented on the weather , saying , " I know it 's muddy and sloppy and shit but this is fun " , and also thanked the crowd for supporting him . " Everybody who 's an Eminem fan , I just wanna say thank you so much for the support you 've shown over the years , for not giving up on me , " he said , " I hope you enjoyed the show as much as we did tonight . Peace . " At the end of the performance , Eminem said , " Edin @-@ borg , did you enjoy yourself tonight ? " That evening , members of the audience accused Eminem of lip syncing , but others defended him of such accusations . The T in the Park performance of " Not Afraid " is included as the second track on the " Love the Way You Lie " CD single . Eminem performed " Not Afraid " for a small audience in a small room at the beginning of the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards ; he performed the song once again at the Los Angeles Nokia Theatre , the main site of the ceremony , and performed " Love the Way You Lie " with Barbadian singer Rihanna . The audience voted his performance the best with 34 percent of all votes . Eminem performed " Not Afraid " alongside Porter at the 2011 Bonnaroo Music Festival . He arrived in a Bad Meets Evil T @-@ shirt , camouflage shorts , a black hoodie and a black hat . His set list included other hits from previous years , including " Cleanin ' Out My Closet " , " The Real Slim Shady " , " Without Me " and " Like Toy Soldiers " ; he also performed with Bad Meets Evil partner Royce da 5 ' 9 " for " Fast Lane " and " Lighters " . Almost 80 @,@ 000 members of the audience chanted " Shady ! " for five minutes until Eminem returned to perform an encore with " Lose Yourself " . Before performing " Not Afraid " , Eminem told the audience , " All jokes aside ... Thank you for sticking by me and not giving up on me . " At one point during the show , he told them , " Everybody here tonight , I just wanna say thank you for sticking by me and not giving up on me . " News sources praised the performance ; James Montgomery of MTV News wrote , " what stood out the most about Em 's performance was the sheer tenacity with which he attacked it . " News agency Associated Press said that " Bonnaroo 's crowd may be a hippie enclave , but you wouldn 't have known it Saturday night " . HitFix blog 's Katie Hasty considered the " Not Afraid " performance " triumphant , perhaps due to crowd buzz " . Patrick Doyle of Rolling Stone wrote , " Eminem 's hour @-@ and @-@ a @-@ half set was a triumph , with the rapper constantly bouncing across the stage , performing hit after hit with the energy of a prizefighter . " Eminem performed the song as part of a set list on the second day of Chicago 's Lollapalooza festival with Porter , in front of an audience of 90 @,@ 000 people . The Hollywood Reporter 's Steve Baltin wrote , " given the infrequency with which he tours , it 's sometimes easy to forget just how dynamic a performer he is , but after a spectacular 90 @-@ minute show , there was no denying the rapper 's power . " Adam Graham of The Detroit News said that " Eminem delivered the goods to the huge throng of people " . Gil Kaufman of MTV News felt that " Eminem came , saw and conquered his Lollapalooza debut . " Eminem performed a 28 @-@ song set list at Virgin Group 's V Festival ( V2011 ) on August 20 , 2011 and the following day , which included " Not Afraid " as the final song before the encore of " Lose Yourself " . The first day took place in Chelmsford , Essex and the second day took place in Staffordshire . Eminem reportedly earned a total of £ 2 million for his two performances . Chris Salmon of The Guardian called Eminem 's performance of " Not Afraid " " majestic " ; he went on to writing that " It 's a set fit to close any festival , pop @-@ centred or otherwise . " BBC 's Chi Chi Izundu noted that Eminem 's performance was " fast @-@ paced " . = = Awards and nominations = = = = Track listings and formats = = Digital download " Not Afraid " – 4 : 10 CD single " Not Afraid " – 4 : 10 " Not Afraid " ( Instrumental ) – 4 : 10 = = Credits and personnel = = The credits for " Not Afraid " are adapted from the liner notes of Recovery . Recording Recorded at : Effigy Studios in Ferndale , Michigan , Encore Studios in Burbank , California and Ajax , Ontario . Personnel = = Charts and certifications = = = = Release and radio add history = =
= Kalimpong = Kalimpong ( Bengali : কালিম ্ পং , Nepali : कालेबुङ ) is a hill station in the Indian state of West Bengal . It is located at an average elevation of 1 @,@ 250 metres ( 4 @,@ 101 ft ) . The town is set to be the headquarters of the announced district of Kalimpong . The Indian Army 's 27 Mountain Division is located on the outskirts of the town . The Kalimpong is known for its educational institutions , many of which were established during the British colonial period . It used to be a gateway in the trade between Tibet and India before China 's annexation of Tibet and the Sino @-@ Indian War . Kalimpong and neighbouring Darjeeling were major centres calling for a separate Gorkhaland state in the 1980s , and more recently in 2010 . The municipality sits on a ridge overlooking the Teesta River and is a tourist destination owing to its temperate climate , magnificent Himalayan beauty and proximity to popular tourist locations in the region . Horticulture is important to Kalimpong : It has a flower market notable for its wide array of orchids ; nurseries , which export Himalayan grown flower bulbs , tubers and rhizomes , contribute to the economy of Kalimpong . Home to ethnic Nepalis , indigenous Lepchas , other ethnic groups and non @-@ native migrants from other parts of India , the town is a religious centre of Buddhism . The Buddhist monastery Zang Dhok Palri Phodang holds a number of rare Tibetan Buddhist scriptures . The Kalimpong Science Centre , established under the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council ( DGHC ) in 2008 is a recent addition to its many tourist attractions . The Science Centre , which provides for scientific awareness among the students of the town and the locals sits atop the Deolo Hill . = = Name origin = = The precise etymology of the name Kalimpong remains unclear . There are many theories on the origin of the name . One widely accepted theory claims that the name " Kalimpong " means " Assembly ( or Stockade ) of the King 's Ministers " in Tibetan , derived from kalon ( " King 's ministers " ) and pong ( " stockade " ) . It may be derived from the translation " ridge where we play " from Lepcha , as it was known to be the place for traditional tribal gatherings for summer sporting events . People from the hills call the area Kalempung ( " the black spurs " ) . According to K.P. Tamsang , author of The Untold and Unknown Reality about the Lepchas , the term Kalimpong is deduced from the name Kalenpung , which in Lepcha means " Hillock of Assemblage " ; in time , the name was distorted to Kalebung , and later further contorted to Kalimpong . Another possible derivation points to Kaulim , a fibrous plant found in abundance in the region . = = History = = Until the mid @-@ 19th century , the area around Kalimpong was ruled in succession by the Sikkimese and Bhutanese kingdoms . Under Sikkimese rule , the area was known as Dalingkot . In 1706 , the king of Bhutan won this territory from the Sikkimese monarch and renamed it Kalimpong . Overlooking the Teesta Valley , Kalimpong is believed to have once been the forward position of the Bhutanese in the 18th century . The area was sparsely populated by the indigenous Lepcha community and migrant Bhutia and Limbu tribes . Later in 1780 , the Gurkhas invaded and conquered Kalimpong . After the Anglo @-@ Bhutan War in 1864 , the Treaty of Sinchula ( 1865 ) was signed , in which Bhutanese held territory east of the Teesta River was ceded to the British East India Company . At that time , Kalimpong was a hamlet , with only two or three families known to reside there . The first recorded mention of the town was a fleeting reference made that year by Ashley Eden , a government official with the Bengal Civil Service . Kalimpong was added to district of Darjeeling in 1866 . In 1866 – 1867 an Anglo @-@ Bhutanese commission demarcated the common boundaries between the two , thereby giving shape to the Kalimpong subdivision and the Darjeeling district . After the war , the region became a subdivision of the Western Duars district , and the following year it was merged with the district of Darjeeling . The temperate climate prompted the British to develop the town as an alternative hill station to Darjeeling , to escape the scorching summer heat in the plains . Kalimpong 's proximity to the Nathu La and Jelep La passes ( La means " pass " ) , offshoots of the ancient Silk Road , was an added advantage . It soon became an important trading outpost in the trade of furs , wools and food grains between India and Tibet . The increase in commerce attracted large numbers of migrants from Nepal , leading to an increase in population and economic prosperity . Britain assigned a plot within Kalimpong to the influential Bhutanese Dorji family , through which trade and relations with Bhutan flowed . This later became Bhutan House , a Bhutanese administrative and cultural center . The arrival of Scottish missionaries saw the construction of schools and welfare centres for the British . Rev. W. Macfarlane in the early 1870s established the first schools in the area . The Scottish University Mission Institution was opened in 1886 , followed by the Kalimpong Girls High School . In 1900 , Reverend J.A. Graham founded the Dr. Graham 's Homes for destitute Anglo @-@ Indian students . By 1907 , most schools in Kalimpong started offering education to Indian students . By 1911 , the population had swollen to 7 @,@ 880 . Following Indian independence in 1947 , Kalimpong became part of the state of West Bengal , after Bengal was partitioned between India and Pakistan . With China 's annexation of Tibet in 1959 , many Buddhist monks fled Tibet and established monasteries in Kalimpong . These monks brought many rare Buddhist scriptures with them . In 1962 , the permanent closure of the Jelep Pass after the Sino @-@ Indian War disrupted trade between Tibet and India , and led to a slowdown in Kalimpong 's economy . In 1976 , the visiting Dalai Lama consecrated the Zang Dhok Palri Phodang monastery , which houses many of the scriptures . Between 1986 and 1988 , the demand for a separate state of Gorkhaland and Kamtapur based on ethnic lines grew strong . Riots between the Gorkha National Liberation Front ( GNLF ) and the West Bengal government reached a stand @-@ off after a forty @-@ day strike . The town was virtually under siege , and the state government called in the Indian army to maintain law and order . This led to the formation of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council , a body that was given semi @-@ autonomous powers to govern the Darjeeling district , except the area under the Siliguri subdivision . Since 2007 , the demand for a separate Gorkhaland state has been revived by the Gorkha Janmukti Morcha and its supporters in the Darjeeling hills . The Kamtapur People 's Party and its supporters ' movement for a separate Kamtapur state covering North Bengal have gained momentum . = = Geography = = The town centre is on a ridge connecting two hills , Deolo Hill and Durpin Hill , at an elevation of 1 @,@ 247 m ( 4 @,@ 091 ft ) . Deolo , the highest point in Kalimpong , has an altitude of 1 @,@ 704 m ( 5 @,@ 591 ft ) and Durpin Hill is at an elevation of 1 @,@ 372 m ( 4 @,@ 501 ft ) . The River Teesta flows in the valley below and separates Kalimpong from the state of Sikkim . The soil in the Kalimpong area is typically reddish in color . Occasional dark soils are found due to extensive existence of phyllite and schists . The Shiwalik Hills , like most of the Himalayan foothills , have steep slopes and soft , loose topsoil , leading to frequent landslides in the monsoon season . The hills are nestled within higher peaks and the snow @-@ clad Himalayan ranges tower over the town in the distance . Mount Kanchenjunga at 8 @,@ 586 m ( 28 @,@ 169 ft ) the world 's third tallest peak , is clearly visible from Kalimpong . Kalimpong has five distinct seasons : spring , summer , autumn , winter and the monsoons . The annual temperature ranges from a high of 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) to a low of 9 ° C ( 48 ° F ) . Summers are mild , with an average maximum temperature of 30 ° C ( 86 ° F ) in August . Summers are followed by the monsoon rains which lash the town between June and September . The monsoons are severe , often causing landslides which sequester the town from the rest of India . Winter lasts from December to February , with the maximum temperature being around 15 ° C ( 59 ° F ) . During the monsoon and winter seasons , Kalimpong is often enveloped by fog . = = Economy = = Tourism is the most significant contributor to Kalimpong 's economy . The summer and spring seasons are the most popular with tourists , keeping many of town 's residents employed directly and indirectly . The town — earlier an important trade post between India and Tibet — hopes to boost its economy after the reopening of the Nathu La ( pass ) in April 2006 . Though this has resumed Indo – China border trades , it is expected that Kalimpong will have a better chance of revival as a hub for Indo – China trades if the demand of local leaders for reopening of Jelep La pass also is met . Kalimpong is a major ginger growing area of India . Kalimpong and the state of Sikkim together contribute 15 percent of ginger produced in India . The Darjeeling Himalayan hill region is internationally famous for its tea industry . However , most of the tea gardens are on the western side of Teesta river ( towards the town of Darjeeling ) and so tea gardens near Kalimpong contribute only 4 percent of total tea production of the region . In Kalimpong division , 90 percent of land is cultivable but only 10 percent is used for tea production . Kalimpong is well known for its flower export industry — especially for its wide array of indigenous orchids and gladioli . A significant contributor to the town 's economy is education sector . The schools of Kalimpong , besides imparting education to the locals , attract a significant number of students from the plains , the neighbouring state of Sikkim and countries such as Bhutan , Bangladesh , Nepal and Thailand . Many establishments cater to the Indian army bases near the town , providing it with essential supplies . Small contributions to the economy come by the way of the sale of traditional arts and crafts of Sikkim and Tibet . Government efforts related to sericulture , seismology , and fisheries provide a steady source of employment to many of its residents . Kalimpong is well renowned for its cheese , noodles and lollipops . Kalimpong exports a wide range of traditional handicrafts , wood @-@ carvings , embroidered items , bags and purses with tapestry work , copper ware , scrolls , Tibetan jewellery and artifacts . = = Transport = = Kalimpong is located off the National Highway 31A ( NH31A ) , which links Sevok to Gangtok . The NH31A is an offshoot of the NH 31 , which connects Sevok to Siliguri . These two National Highways together , via Sevok , links Kalimpong to the plains . Regular bus services and hired vehicles connect Kalimpong with Siliguri and the neighbouring towns of Kurseong , Darjeeling and Gangtok . Four wheel drives are popular means of transport , as they can easily navigate the steep slopes in the region . However , road communication often get disrupted in the monsoons due to landslides . In the town , people usually travel by foot . Residents also use bicycle , two @-@ wheelers and hired taxis for short distances . The nearest airport is in Bagdogra near Siliguri , about 80 kilometres ( 50 mi ) from Kalimpong . Air India , Jet Airways and Druk Air ( Bhutan ) are the four major carriers that connect the airport to Delhi , Calcutta , Paro ( Bhutan ) , Guwahati and Bangkok ( Thailand ) . The closest major railway station is New Jalpaiguri , on the outskirts of Siliguri , which is connected with almost all major cities of the country . = = Demographics = = At the 2011 India census , Kalimpong town area had a population of 42 @,@ 988 , of which 52 % were male and 48 % female . At the 2001 census , Kalimpong had an average literacy rate of 79 % , higher than the national average of 59 @.@ 5 % : male literacy was 84 % , and female literacy was 73 % . In Kalimpong , 8 % of the population was under 6 years of age . The Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes population for Kalimpong was 5 @,@ 100 and 5 @,@ 121 respectively . = = Civic administration = = Kalimpong is the headquarters of the Kalimpong subdivision of the Darjeeling district . The semi @-@ autonomous Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council ( DGHC ) , set up by the West Bengal government in 1988 , administers this subdivision as well as the Darjeeling Sadar and Kurseong subdivisions . Kalimpong elects eight councillors to the DGHC , who manages the departments of Public Health , Education , Public Works , Transport , Tourism , Market , Small scale industries , Agriculture , Agricultural waterways , Forest ( except reserved forests ) , Water , Livestock , Vocational Training and Sports and Youth services . The district administration of Darjeeling , which is the authoritative body for the departments of election , panchayat , law and order , revenue etc . , also acts as an interface of communication between the Council and the State Government . The rural area in the subdivision covers three community development blocks Kalimpong I , Kalimpong II and Gorubathan consisting of forty @-@ two gram panchayats . A Sub @-@ Divisional Officer ( SDO ) presides over the Kalimpong subdivision . Kalimpong has a police station that serves the municipality and 18 gram panchayats of Kalimpong – I CD block . The Kalimpong municipality , which was established in 1945 , is in charge of the infrastructure of the town such as potable water and roads . The municipal area is divided into twenty @-@ three wards . Kalimpong municipality is constructing additional water storage tanks to meet the requirement of potable water , and it needs an increase of water supply from the ' Neora Khola Water Supply Scheme ' for this purpose . Often , landslides occurring in monsoon season cause havoc to the roads in and around Kalimpong . The West Bengal State Electricity Distribution Corporation Limited ( WBSEDCL ) that provides electricity here , needs to resolve issues like voltage fluctuations , unstable electrical supply and faulty electrical meters etc. faced by people of Kalimpong . Renewable Energy Development Agency of the state has plans to promote usage of solar street lights in Kalimpong and proposed an energy park here to sell renewable energy gadgets . The Public Works Department is responsible for the road connecting the town to the National Highway – NH @-@ 31A . The Kalimpong municipality has a total of 10 health care units , with a total of 433 bed capacity . The Kalimpong assembly constituency , which is an assembly segment of the Darjeeling parliamentary constituency , elects one member of the Vidhan Sabha of West Bengal . = = People , culture , and cuisine = = The original settlers of Kalimpong are the Lepchas although the majority of the populace are ethnic Nepali , having migrated from Nepal to Kalimpong in search of jobs while it was under British rule . Indigenous ethnic groups include the Newars , Bhutia , Sherpas , Limbus , Rais , Magars , Chettris , Bahuns , Thakuris , Gurungs , Tamangs , Yolmos , Bhujels , Sunuwars , Sarkis , Damais and the Kamis . The other non @-@ native communities are the Bengalis , Marwaris , Anglo @-@ Indian , Chinese , Biharis and Tibetans who escaped to Kalimpong after fleeing the Communist Chinese invasion of Tibet . Kalimpong is home to Trinley Thaye Dorje — one of the 17th Karmapa incarnations . Kalimpong is the closest Indian town to Bhutan 's western border , and has a small number of Bhutanese nationals residing here . Hinduism is the largest religion followed by Buddhism and Christianity . Islam has a minuscule presence in this region , mostly Tibetan Muslims who fled in 1959 after Chinese invasion of Tibet . The Buddhist monastery Zang Dhok Palri Phodang holds a number of rare Tibetan Buddhist scriptures . There is a mosque in the bazaar area of Kalimpong . Popular Hindu festivals include Dashain , Tihar and the Buddhist festival of Losar . Languages spoken in Kalimpong include Nepali , which is the predominant language ; Lepcha , Limbu , Tamang , Kirat , Hindi , English and Bengali . Though there is a growing interest in cricket as a winter sport in Darjeeling Hills , football still remains the most popular sport in Kalimpong . Every year since 1947 , the Independence Shield Football Tournament is organized here as part of the two @-@ day @-@ long Independence Day celebrations . Former captain of India national football team , Pem Dorjee hails from Kalimpong . A popular snack in Kalimpong is the momo , steamed dumplings made up of pork , beef or vegetable cooked in a wrapping of flour and served with watery soup . Wai @-@ Wai is a packaged Nepalese snack made of noodles which are eaten either dry or in soup form . Churpee , a kind of hard cheese made from yak 's or chauri 's ( a hybrid of yak and cattle ) milk , is sometimes chewed . A form of noodle called Thukpa , served in soup form is popular in Kalimpong . There are a large number of restaurants which offer a wide variety of cuisines , ranging from Indian to continental , to cater to the tourists . Tea is the most popular beverage in Kalimpong , procured from the famed Darjeeling tea gardens . Kalimpong has a golf course besides Kalimpong Circuit House . The cultural centres in Kalimpong include , the Lepcha Museum and the Zang Dhok Palri Phodang monastery . The Lepcha Museum , a kilometre away from the town centre , showcases the culture of the Lepcha community , the indigenous peoples of Sikkim . The Zang Dhok Palri Phodong monastery has 108 volumes of the Kangyur , and belongs to the Gelug of Buddhism . = = Media = = Kalimpong has access to most of the television channels aired in the rest of India . Cable Television still provides service to many homes in the town and it 's outskirts , while DTH connections are now practically mandatory throughout the country . Besides mainstream Indian channels , many Nepali @-@ language channels such as Dainandini DD , Kalimpong Television KTv , Haal Khabar ( an association of the Hill Channel Network ) , Jan Sarokar , Himalayan People 's Channel ( HPC ) , and Kalimpong Times are broadcast in Kalimpong . These channels , which mainly broadcast locally relevant news , are produced by regional media houses and news networks , and are broadcast through the local cable network , which is now slowly becoming defunct due to the Indian government 's ruling on mandatory digitization of TV channels . Newspapers in Kalimpong include English language dailies The Statesman and The Telegraph , which are printed in Siliguri , and The Economic Times and the Hindustan Times , which are printed in Kolkata ( Calcutta ) . Among other languages , Nepali , Hindi and Bengali are prominent vernacular languages used in this region . Newspapers in all these four languages are available in the Darjeeling Hills region . Of the largely circulated Nepali newspapers Himalay Darpan , Swarnabhumi and some Sikkim @-@ based Nepali newspapers like Hamro Prajashakti and Samay Dainik are read most . The Tibet Mirror was the first Tibetan @-@ language newspaper published in Kalimpong in 1925 @.@ while Himalayan Times was the first English to have come out from Kalimpong in the year 1947 , it was closed down in the year 1962 after the Chinese aggression but was started once again and is now in regular print . It is known for its bold and aggressive stand on all local issues . Internet service and Internet cafés are well established ; these are mostly served through broadband , data card of different mobile services , WLL , dialup lines , Kalimpong News ( http : / / kalimpongnews.net ) , Kalimpong Online News ( http : / / kalimpongonlinenews.blogspot.com ) , Kalimpong Times ( http : / / www.kalimpongtimes.com / ) and KTV ( http : / / www.kalimpongtv.com / ) are the main online news sites that collect and present local and North Bengal & Sikkim news from its own agencies like KalimNews and other newspapers . Besides this there are others like kalimpong.info , kalimpongexpress.blogspot.com and several others . All India Radio and several other National and Private Channels including FM Radio are received in Kalimpong . The area is serviced by major telecommunication companies of India with most types of cellular services in most areas . = = Education = = There are fifteen major schools in Kalimpong , the most notable ones being Scottish Universities Mission Institution , Dr. Graham 's Homes , St Joseph 's Convent , St. Augustine 's School , Rockvale Academy , Saptashri Gyanpeeth , Springdale Academy , St. Philomenas School , Kalimpong Girls ' High School , Kumdini Homes and Gandhi Ashram School . The Scottish Universities Mission Institution was the first school that was opened in 1886 . Schools offer education up to class high secondary , following which students may choose to join a Junior College or carry on with an additional two years of schooling . Kalimpong College , Cluny Women 's College and Rockvale Management College are the main colleges in the town . Former two are affiliated to the North Bengal University and the later affiliated to West Bengal University of Technology apart from these Good Shepherd IHM ( Hotel management Institution ) offer courses on hospitality sectors . Most students however , choose to further their studies in Siliguri , Calcutta , and other colleges in the Indian metropolis . The Tharpa Choling Monastery , at Tirpai Hill near Kalimpong , is managed by Yellow Hat sect and has a library of Tibetan manuscripts and thankas . = = Flora and fauna = = The area around Kalimpong lies in the Eastern Himalayas , which is classified as an ecological hotspot , one of only three among the ecoregions of India . Neora Valley National Park that lies within the Kalimpong subdivision and is home to tigers . Acacia is the most commonly found species at lower altitudes , while cinnamon , ficus , bamboo , cacti and cardamom , are found in the hillsides around Kalimpong . The forests found at higher altitudes are made up of pine trees and other evergreen alpine vegetation . Seven species of rhododendrons are found in the region east of Kalimpong . The temperate deciduous forests include oak , birch , maple and alder . Three hundred species of orchid are found around Kalimpong , and Poinsettia and sunflower are some of the wild species that line the roads of Kalimpong . The Red panda , Clouded leopard , Siberian weasel , Asiatic black bear , barking deer , Himalayan tahr , goral , gaur and pangolin are some of the fauna found near Kalimpong . Avifauna of the region include the pheasants , cuckoos , minivets , flycatchers , bulbuls , orioles , owls , partridges , sunbirds , warblers , swallows , swifts and woodpeckers . Kalimpong is a major production centre of gladioli in India , and orchids , which are exported to many parts of the world . The Rishi Bankim Chandra Park is an ecological museums within Kalimpong . Citrus Dieback Research Station at Kalimpong works towards control of diseases , plant protection and production of disease free orange seedlings . Kalimpong is also famous for their rich practice of cactus cultivation . Its nurseries attract people from far and wide for the absolutely stunning collection of cacti which they host . The strains of cacti , though not indigenous to the locale , has been carefully cultivated over the years , and now town boasts one of the most fascinating and exhaustive collection of the Cactaceae family . The plants have adapted well to the altitude and environment , and now proves to be one of the chief proponents of tourism to the township .
= Air @-@ tractor sledge = Sir Douglas Mawson 's air @-@ tractor sledge was a converted fixed @-@ wing aircraft taken on the 1911 – 14 Australasian Antarctic Expedition , the first plane to be taken to the Antarctic . Expedition leader Douglas Mawson had planned to use the Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane as a reconnaissance and search and rescue tool , and to assist in publicity , but the aircraft crashed heavily during a test flight in Adelaide , Australia , only two months before Mawson 's scheduled departure date . The plane was nevertheless sent south with the expedition , after having been stripped of its wings and metal sheathing from the fuselage . Engineer Frank Bickerton spent most of the 1912 winter working to convert it to a sledge , fashioning brakes from a pair of geological drills and a steering system from the plane 's landing gear . It was first tested on 15 November 1912 and subsequently assisted in laying depots for the summer sledging parties , but its use during the expedition was minimal . Towing a train of four sledges , the air @-@ tractor accompanied a party led by Bickerton to explore the area to the west of the expedition 's base at Cape Denison . The freezing conditions resulted in the jamming of the engine 's pistons after just 10 miles ( 16 km ) , and the air @-@ tractor was left behind . Some time later it was dragged back to Cape Denison , and its frame was left on the ice when the expedition returned home in 1913 . In 2008 a team from the Mawson 's Huts Foundation began searching for the remains of the air @-@ tractor sledge ; a seat was found in 2009 , and fragments of the tail assembly a year later . The Mawson 's Huts Foundation has undertaken extensive investigation using sophisticated equipment in 2009 and 2010 . Results indicate that the air tractor , or parts of it , is still buried under 3m of ice where it was abandoned at Cape Denison . = = Background = = Douglas Mawson had accompanied Ernest Shackleton 's 1907 – 09 British Antarctic Expedition . Along with Edgeworth David and Alistair Mackay , he had been part of a man @-@ hauled sledging expedition , the first to reach the area of the South Magnetic Pole . Upon his return from Antarctica , he recommenced to his post as geology lecturer at the University of Adelaide . Despite an offer from Robert Falcon Scott to join his Terra Nova Expedition to reach the Geographic South Pole , Mawson began planning his own Antarctic expedition . Mawson 's plan , which led to the Australasian Antarctic Expedition , envisaged three bases on the Antarctic continent , collectively surveying much of the coast directly south of Australia . He approached Shackleton , who not only approved of his plan but was prepared to lead the expedition himself . Although Shackleton withdrew from the expedition in December 1910 , he continued to assist Mawson with publicity and fund @-@ raising . = = = Purchase = = = Mawson travelled to Britain in early 1911 to raise funds , hire crew , and purchase equipment . He considered taking a plane to the Antarctic , which could work as a reconnaissance tool , transport cargo , and assist with search and rescue . Crucially , as no plane had yet been taken to the continent , it could also be used to generate publicity . Unsure of the type of plane he should take , but considering a Blériot , Mawson mentioned his plans to Scott 's wife Kathleen Scott , an aircraft enthusiast . She recommended he take a monoplane , and conveyed his interest to Lieutenant Hugh Evelyn Watkins of the Essex Regiment . Watkins had connections with the ship and aircraft manufacturer Vickers Limited , which had recently entered into a licence agreement to build and sell aircraft in Britain designed by the Frenchman Robert Esnault @-@ Pelterie . In a letter to Mawson on 18 May , Kathleen wrote : I believe I can help you about aeroplanes . I think you can do far better than a Bleriot ... There is a machine that the Vickers people have bought which is infinitely more stable , heavier and more solid and will carry more weight . Its cost is £ 1000 , but I think it could be worked to get it for £ 700 or even less ... A man I know who had only before driven biplanes , drove it and it stayed up half an hour , which speaks very well for its stability ... If you think it 's worth considering , I can let you meet the man concerned early next week and he can show you the machine and take you up in it . On Kathleen Scott 's advice , Mawson purchased a Vickers R.E.P. Type Monoplane , one of only eight built . It was fitted with a five @-@ cylinder R.E.P. engine developing 60 horsepower ( 45 kW ) , and had a maximum range of 300 miles ( 480 km ) at a cruising speed of 48 knots ( 89 km / h ; 55 mph ) . Its wingspan was 47 feet ( 14 m ) , and its length 36 feet ( 11 m ) . The pilot used a joystick for pitch and roll , with lateral control by wing warping . Mawson opted for a two @-@ seater version , in a tandem arrangement , with a spare ski undercarriage . The total bill , dated 17 August 1911 , came to £ 955 4s 8d . Mawson hired Watkins to fly the plane , and Frank Bickerton to accompany as engineer . After Vickers tested the aircraft at Dartford and Brooklands , P & O shipped the plane to Adelaide aboard the steamship Macedonia , at half the usual rate of freight . = = = Crash = = = A series of public demonstrations were planned in Australia to assist in fund @-@ raising , the first of which was scheduled for 5 October 1911 at the Cheltenham Racecourse in Adelaide . During a test flight the day before , excessive pressure in the fuel tank caused it to rupture , almost blinding Watkins . That problem resolved , Watkins took Frank Wild , whom Mawson had hired to command a support base during the expedition , on another test flight the morning of the demonstration . In Watkins ' account , which he addressed to Vickers ' Aviation Department , he wrote : " [ we were ] about 200 ft. up . I got into a fierce tremor , and then into an air pocket , and was brought down about 100 ft . , got straight , and dropped into another , almost a vacuum . That finished it . We hit the ground with an awful crash , both wings damaged , one cylinder broken , and the Nose bent up , the tail in half , etc . " Although the two men were only slightly injured , the plane was damaged beyond repair . Mawson decided to salvage the plane by converting it into a motorised sledge . He fitted the skis , and removed the wings and most of the sheathing to save weight . In his official account of the expedition , The Home of the Blizzard , Mawson wrote that the advantages of this " air @-@ tractor sledge " were expected to be " speed , steering control , and comparative safety from crevasses owing to the great length of the runners " . No longer needing a pilot , and believing him to be responsible for the crash , Mawson dismissed Watkins . The air @-@ tractor sledge was taken to Hobart , where the expedition ship SY Aurora was being loaded . It was secured on board in a crate lined with tin , which weighed far more than the sledge itself , on top of the ship 's forecastle and two boat @-@ skids . To fuel the sledge , along with the motor launch and the wireless equipment , the Aurora also carried 4 @,@ 000 imperial gallons ( 18 @,@ 000 L ) of benzine and 1 @,@ 300 imperial gallons ( 5 @,@ 900 L ) of kerosene . Fully loaded , the ship left Hobart on 2 December 1911 . = = In Antarctica = = The Aurora reached the Antarctic mainland on 8 January 1912 , after a two @-@ week stop on Macquarie Island to establish a wireless relay station and research base . The expedition 's main base was established in Adélie Land , at Cape Denison in Commonwealth Bay . While the Aurora was unloading , a violent whirlwind lifted the 300 @-@ pound ( 140 kg ) lid off the air @-@ tractor 's crate , throwing it 50 yards ( 46 m ) . The main hut was erected immediately , but the strong winds meant that work on the air @-@ tractor 's hangar was delayed until March . When the winds abated , a 10 @-@ foot ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) by 35 @-@ foot ( 11 m ) hangar was constructed next to the main hut , from empty packing cases . Bickerton began work on the air @-@ tractor sledge on 14 April 1912 . His first job was to repair the sledge , which had been damaged in transit when a violent storm hit the Aurora . A giant wave had slammed into the crate containing the sledge , driving the fuselage 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) through its side . With the repair completed , Bickerton began the serious work of converting the plane into a sledge . He constructed brakes from a pair of geological drills , and a steering system from the landing gear . Bickerton painted the engine and fuel tank black to absorb heat better and protect them from freezing . By June he had the engine running properly , and during a lull in the winds in early September he fitted the skis . Finally , he raised the fuselage 5 feet ( 1 @.@ 5 m ) off the ground to allow the propeller free movement . On 27 October 1912 , Mawson outlined the summer sledging program . Seven sledging parties would depart from Cape Denison , surveying the coast and interior of Adélie Land and neighbouring King George V Land . They were required to return to the base by 15 January , when the Aurora was due to depart ; any later , it was feared , and she would be trapped by ice . Bickerton was to lead one of the parties , which would use the air @-@ tractor to haul four sledges and explore the coast to the west of the hut . Most of the parties left in early November , but Bickerton 's Western party delayed until December , in the hope of avoiding the ferocious winter winds . Work on the air @-@ tractor sledge was delayed by the fierce winds , and the first trial took place on 15 November , between the main base and Aladdin 's Cave — a depot which had been established on the plateau above Cape Denison . The air @-@ tractor reached a speed of 20 miles per hour ( 32 km / h ) , covering the 5 miles ( 8 @.@ 0 km ) , expedition member Charles Laseron recorded , " in great style " . Soon , the sledge began hauling cargo up the slope , laying depots for the summer sledging parties . = = = Broken = = = The Western party left Cape Denison on 3 December 1912 . Accompanying Bickerton and the air @-@ tractor were cartographer Alfred Hodgeman and surgeon Leslie Whetter . The air @-@ tractor made slow progress hauling its train of sledges , and about 10 miles ( 16 km ) out from the base its engine began experiencing difficulty . Bickerton shut it down and the three set up camp . At 4 am the next morning the party set off again , but the engine continued to struggle ; oil ejected from an idle cylinder and the cylinder 's lack of compression led Bickerton to suspect broken piston rings to be the root of the problem . This would take only a matter of hours to fix . As he later recorded , " These thoughts were brought to a sudden close by the engine , without any warning , pulling up with such a jerk that the propeller was smashed . On moving the latter , something fell into the oil in the crank @-@ case and fizzled , while the propeller could only be swung through an angle of about 30 [ degrees ] . " The party continued without the air @-@ tractor , man @-@ hauling the sledges to a point 158 miles ( 254 km ) west of Cape Denison , and returned to base on 18 January 1913 . Mawson 's Far Eastern Party failed to return , and six men , including Bickerton , remained for an extra winter . On 8 February , just hours after Aurora left Commonwealth Bay after waiting for three weeks , Mawson staggered alone into base , his colleagues Belgrave Edward Sutton Ninnis and Xavier Mertz dead . As Mawson was being nursed back to health , Bickerton dragged the air @-@ tractor sledge back to base to diagnose the reason for its failure . He found that the freezing conditions had caused the engine oil to congeal , jamming the pistons . He abandoned the sledge at Boat Harbour , next to the base . When Aurora returned to Cape Denison for the final time on 13 December 1913 , only the engine and propeller were taken back to Australia . = = Recovery efforts = = The bill for the plane remained unpaid . In 1914 Vickers reminded Mawson , who had apparently forgotten the outstanding debt . Mawson wrote to Vickers director Sir Trevor Dawson in November 1916 , requesting the company write off the bill as a donation . His company buoyed by armaments contracts , Dawson agreed . The next expedition to take a plane to the Antarctic was Shackleton 's 1921 – 22 Quest Expedition , but the Avro Baby remained grounded owing to missing parts . Not until 16 November 1928 — when Hubert Wilkins and Carl Ben Eielson flew for 20 minutes around Deception Island , just over a year before Admiral Richard Evelyn Byrd 's first flight over the South Pole — was a plane airborne in the Antarctic . The frame of the air @-@ tractor sledge remained on the ice at Boat Harbour where Bickerton had left it . The last expedition to Cape Denison to see the frame was in 1976 ; the next expedition , in 1981 , could find no trace of it . The ice in that location does not move , and the implication is that the frame sank through the ice . It is therefore possible the frame is still there . In 2007 @-@ 8 a team from the Mawson 's Huts Foundation began to search for the remnants of the plane . Using photographs from 1913 , 1931 and 1976 it was possible to derive transits between the frame and distant objects which located the frame to a small area of ice about 50 m from the hut . Comparison with a 1931 photograph by Frank Hurley confirmed this location . The following summer ( 2008 – 9 ) , the team extensively surveyed the area where they believed the air @-@ tractor to be , using ground @-@ penetrating radar . A 3 metre deep trench was dug in a promising area , but nothing was found except fragments of seaweed indicating the overlying ice must have melted sometime in the past . Temperature records from the nearby Dumont d 'Urville Station showed that there had been extended periods ( each of about six weeks ) of above average temperatures in 1976 and 1981 , suggesting the ice around the harbour could have melted . Dr Chris Henderson , the leader of the team , believes " the frame sank in situ to the rock surface , three metres below the present ice surface " . Next year ( the 2009 – 10 season ) further search was undertaken using differential GPS , bathymetry equipment , ice augers , a magnetometer and a metal detector ( whose sensor was placed down the ice auger holes after drilling ) . The ice showed signs of having extensively melted in the past , was about 3 metres thick and covering smooth rock which extended Northwards to become the harbour bottom . Visual examination of the harbour bottom during the bathymetry survey did not reveal any fragments of the frame in the first 30 metres of the harbour . The most significant findings from the ice survey were a positive reading from the metal detector , coupled with a significant echo from the Ground Penetrating Radar , both from the small area where the frame is assumed to have sunk . Parts of the Air Tractor are already known to exist : The Australian Antarctic Division has one wheel from the frame , and its ice @-@ rudder – both of which were found in the harbour . In January 2009 the remains of a seat from the air @-@ tractor were found in rocks near the hut , about 200 metres ( 660 ft ) from where the team believes the frame to be buried . On 1 January 2010 , a day of unusually low tide , 4 small capping pieces from the end section of the tail were found by the edge of the harbour . The tail and a section of fuselage had been removed from the rest of the air @-@ tractor before it was abandoned in 1913 , therefore this discovery did not shed much light on the location of the rest of the frame , but it suggests that " the frame , or parts of it , can survive for nearly 100 years in this environment " . The team returned to Cape Denison over the 2010 – 11 summer , but the crash of a French helicopter near Dumont d 'Urville Station in October 2010 forced deployment of a much reduced team with no resources to continue the search . The findings to date ( 2011 ) suggest that metal object ( s ) exist at a depth of 3 metres , on rock , in the location where the frame was last known to have been seen in 1976 . This is likely to be the remains of Mawson 's Air Tractor , but confirmation awaits a future opportunity .
= X @-@ Men Origins : Wolverine = X @-@ Men Origins : Wolverine is a 2009 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics fictional character Wolverine , distributed by 20th Century Fox . It is the fourth installment and the first spinoff in the X @-@ Men film series . The film was directed by Gavin Hood , written by David Benioff and Skip Woods , and produced by and starring Hugh Jackman . It co @-@ stars Liev Schreiber , Danny Huston , Dominic Monaghan and Ryan Reynolds . The film is a prequel / spin @-@ off focusing on the violent past of the mutant Wolverine and his relationship with his half @-@ brother Victor Creed . The plot details Wolverine 's childhood as James Howlett ( Troye Sivan ) , his early encounters with Major William Stryker , his time with Team X , and the bonding of Wolverine 's skeleton with the indestructible metal adamantium during the Weapon X program . The film was mostly shot in Australia and New Zealand , with Canada also serving as a location . Production and post @-@ production were troubled , with delays due to the weather and Jackman 's other commitments , an incomplete screenplay that was still being written in Los Angeles while principal photography rolled in Australia , conflicts arising between director Hood and Fox 's executives , and an unfinished workprint being leaked on the Internet one month before the film 's debut . X @-@ Men Origins : Wolverine was released worldwide on May 1 , 2009 , the film was a financial success , opening at the top of the box office and grossing $ 179 million in the United States and Canada and over $ 373 million worldwide . The movie received mixed to negative reviews , with critics considering the film uninspired , criticizing its screenplay and poorly @-@ produced CGI , though praising Jackman 's performance . Jackman himself was unhappy with the film . Another Wolverine film titled The Wolverine was released in 2013 to positive reviews . = = Plot = = In 1845 , James Howlett , a boy living in Canada , witnesses his father being killed by groundskeeper Thomas Logan . The trauma activates the boy 's mutation : bone claws protrude from his knuckles , and he kills Thomas , who reveals that he is James 's real father . James flees along with Thomas 's son Victor Creed , who is thus James 's half @-@ brother . They spend the next century as soldiers , fighting in the American Civil War , both World Wars , and the Vietnam War . In Vietnam , Victor attempts to rape a Vietnamese woman , and kills a senior officer who tries to stop him . James defends Victor and the two are sentenced to execution by firing squad , which they survive . Major William Stryker approaches them in military custody , and offers them membership in Team X , a group of mutants including Agent Zero , Wade Wilson , John Wraith , Fred Dukes , and Chris Bradley . They join the team for a few years , with James now using the alias Logan , but the group 's ( especially Victor 's ) disregard for human life causes James to leave . Six years later , James ( now using the name Logan ) is working as a lumberjack in Canada , where he lives with his girlfriend Kayla Silverfox . Stryker and Zero approach Logan at work . Stryker reports that Wade and Bradley have been killed , and he thinks someone is targeting the team 's members . Logan refuses to rejoin Stryker , but after finding Kayla 's bloodied body in the woods , Logan realizes Victor is responsible . He finds him at a local bar , but Logan loses the subsequent fight . Afterward , Stryker explains that Victor has gone rogue , and offers Logan a way to become strong enough to get his revenge . Logan undergoes a painful operation to reinforce his skeleton with adamantium , a virtually indestructible metal . Once the procedure is complete , Stryker attempts to betray Logan by ordering that his memory be erased , but Logan overhears this and escapes to a nearby farm , where an elderly couple take him in . Zero kills them the following morning and tries to kill Logan . Logan takes down Zero 's helicopter , killing him , and swears to kill both Stryker and Victor . Logan locates John and Fred at a boxing club . Fred explains that Victor is still working for Stryker , hunting down mutants for Stryker to experiment on at his new laboratory , located at a place called " The Island " . Fred mentions Remy " Gambit " LeBeau , is the only one who escaped from the island and therefore knows its location . John and Logan find LeBeau in New Orleans , then both fight Victor , who kills John and extracts his DNA . Agreeing to help release mutants that Stryker has captured , Gambit takes Logan to Stryker 's facility on Three Mile Island . Logan learns that Kayla is alive , having been coerced by Stryker into keeping tabs on him in exchange for her sister 's safety . However , Stryker refuses to release her sister and denies Victor the adamantium bonding promised for his service , claiming that test results revealed Victor would not survive the operation . Stryker activates Wade , now known as Weapon XI , a " mutant killer " with the powers of multiple mutants , who he refers to as the " Deadpool " . While Logan and Victor join forces to fight Weapon XI , Kayla is mortally wounded leading the Island 's captive mutants – including a teenager named Scott Summers – to safety . The mutants are subsequently rescued by Professor Charles Xavier . Logan decapitates Weapon XI , destroying one of the cooling towers in the process . Stryker arrives and shoots Logan in the head with adamantium bullets , rendering him unconscious . Before Stryker can shoot Kayla , she grabs him and uses her mutant power to persuade him to turn around and walk away until his feet bleed . Logan regains consciousness but has lost his memory . He sees Kayla 's body , but does not recognize her , and leaves the island . In a mid @-@ credits scene , Stryker is detained for questioning by some MPs in connection with the death of his superior , General Munson , whom Stryker did in fact kill after Munson declared his intention to shut down Stryker 's project . In a post @-@ credits scene , Logan tells a Japanese barmaid he 's " drinking to remember " . In another , Deadpool is shown to still be alive . = = Cast = = Hugh Jackman as James " Logan " Howlett / Wolverine : A Canadian mutant and future X @-@ Men member and often referred as Jimmy by Victor Creed . Jackman , who played Wolverine in the previous films , has also become producer of the film via his company Seed Productions , and earned $ 25 million for the film . Jackman underwent a high intensity weight training regimen to improve his physique for the role . He altered the program to shock his body into change and also performed cardiovascular workouts . Jackman noted no digital touches were applied to his physique in a shot of him rising from the tank within which Wolverine has his bones infused with adamantium.Troye Sivan as young James Howlett : Casting directors cast Sivan as the young Wolverine after seeing him sing at the Channel Seven Perth Telethon , and he was accepted after sending in an audition tape . Kodi Smit @-@ McPhee was originally cast in the role , when filming was originally beginning in December 2007 , but he opted out to film The Road . Smit @-@ McPhee was later cast as Kurt Wagner / Nightcrawler in the 2016 film X @-@ Men : Apocalypse . Liev Schreiber as Victor Creed : Logan 's mutant half @-@ brother and fellow soldier , who would later become his nemesis Sabretooth . Jackman and Hood compared Wolverine and Sabretooth 's relationship to the Borg – McEnroe rivalry in the world of tennis : they are enemies but they can 't live without each other . Sabretooth represents the pure animal and embodies the darker side of Wolverine 's character , the aspect Wolverine hates about himself . These characters are two sides to the same coin . Tyler Mane , who played him in X @-@ Men , had hoped to reprise the role . Jackman worked with Schreiber before , in the 2001 romantic comedy Kate & Leopold and described him as having a competitive streak necessary to portray Sabretooth . They egged each other on on set to perform more and more stunts . Schreiber put on 40 lb ( 18 kg ) of muscle for the part , and described Sabretooth as the most monstrous role he ever played . As a child , he loved the Wolverine comics because of their unique " urban sensibility " . Schreiber had studied to be a fight choreographer and wanted to be a dancer like Jackman , so he enjoyed working out their fight scenes.Michael James Olsen as young Victor Creed Danny Huston as Major William Stryker : Huston was originally in negotiations for the part , while Brian Cox , who played the character in X2 , wanted to reprise the role . He believed computer @-@ generated imagery , similar to the program applied to Patrick Stewart and Ian McKellen in the opening flashback of X @-@ Men : The Last Stand , would allow him to appear as the younger Stryker . Huston liked the complex Stryker , who " both loves and hates mutants because his son was a mutant and drove his wife to suicide . So he understands what they 're going through , but despises their destructive force . " He compared the character to a racehorse breeder , who rears his mutant experiments like children but abandons them when something goes wrong . His son is shown to be frozen at the Weapon X facility and the reason Stryker starts the Weapon XI program . will.i.am as John Wraith : A teleporting mutant . It is will.i.am 's major live @-@ action film debut . Although he initially did not get on with the casting director , he got the role because he wanted to play a mutant with the same power as Nightcrawler . He enrolled in boot camp to get into shape for the part . When filming a fight , he scarred his knuckles after accidentally punching and breaking the camera . Lynn Collins as Kayla Silverfox : Wolverine 's native @-@ American ( Blackfoot / Niitsítapi ) mutant love interest and pawn of Stryker . She has the powers of tactile telepathy and hypnosis , and has the ability to control or convince others to do the things she wants them to . However , Victor is immune to telepathy . Describing her role , Collins said " I had to play off all the guys and their testosterone @-@ heavy abilities . But I learned that the female powers of persuasion easily trump fangs and knives and guns . " Michelle Monaghan turned down the role because of scheduling conflicts , despite her enthusiasm to work with Jackman . Kevin Durand as Fred J. Dukes / The Blob : A mutant with a nearly indestructible layer of skin . In the film 's early sequences , he is a formidable fighting man , but years later , due to a poor diet , has gained an enormous amount of weight . A fan of the X @-@ Men movies , Durand contacted the producers for a role as soon as news of a new film came out . The suit went through six months of modifications , and had a tubing system inside to cool Durand down with ice water . Dominic Monaghan as Chris Bradley : A mutant who can manipulate electricity and electronic objects . It was originally reported that Monaghan was going to play Barnell Bohusk / Beak . Taylor Kitsch as Remy LeBeau / Gambit : A Cajun mutant thief who has the ability to convert the potential energy of any object he touches into kinetic energy , forcing it to explode . The size of the object determines the magnitude of the resulting explosion . He is also skilled in the use of a staff , and happens to be very agile . Due to the nature of his power , he displays supernatural durability , being able to take Wolverine 's elbow to his face and return to fight moments later . When asked about his thoughts on the character , Kitsch had said , " I knew of him , but I didn 't know the following he had . I 'm sure I 'm still going to be exposed to that . I love the character , I love the powers , and I love what they did with him . I didn 't know that much , but in my experience , it was a blessing to go in and create my take on him . I 'm excited for it , to say the least . " Daniel Henney as Agent Zero : A mutant member of the Weapon X program and a superhumanly accurate mercenary with expert tracking abilities and lethal sniper skills . An X @-@ Men fan , Henney liked the role of a villain because " there are no restrictions playing it , allowing you freely to express it , so you can act how you want to " . He described the film as more realistic and cruder than the X @-@ Men trilogy . Ryan Reynolds as Wade Wilson : A wisecracking mercenary with lethal swordsmanship skill and athleticism , who later becomes Deadpool . Reynolds had been interested in playing the character in his own film since 2003 . Originally , Reynolds was only going to cameo as Wilson but the role grew after he was cast . Reynolds did sword @-@ training for the character , and also worked out to get his physique comparable to Jackman 's.Scott Adkins as Weapon XI / Deadpool : Weapon XI is a genetically altered mutant killer . He has powers taken from other mutants killed or kidnapped in the film , as well as retractable blades in his arms . He is referred to by Stryker as " the Deadpool " because the compatible powers of the other mutants have been ' pooled ' together into one being . Ryan Reynolds portrays Weapon XI for close @-@ ups , standing shots , and simple stunts while Scott Adkins is used for the more complicated and dangerous stunt work . Additionally , Tim Pocock portrays a young Scott Summers / Cyclops . Max Cullen and Julia Blake portrayed Travis and Heather Hudson , an elderly couple who take care of Wolverine after his adamantium bonding . The Hudsons are heavily adapted from the comics ' James MacDonald and Heather Hudson . Tahyna Tozzi portrays Emma , a mutant with the power to turn her skin into diamond , who in the film is Silverfox 's sister . The film depiction of Emma was originally assumed to be Emma Frost . However it was noted that she does not exhibit the character 's traditional telepathic abilities . It is later revealed by Bryan Singer that is character is actually not Emma Frost , but instead a mutant with similar abilities . Wolverine 's parents also appeared in the film ; Aaron Jeffery portrayed Thomas Logan while Alice Parkinson portrayed Elizabeth Howlett . Peter O 'Brien appeared as John Howlett , James ' alleged father . The film includes numerous cameo appearances of younger versions of characters from the previous films , including Jason Stryker ( William Stryker 's lobotomized telepathic son whom he keeps in cryogenic suspension ) . There was a cameo for a young Storm , which can be seen in the trailer , but it was removed from the released film . A digitally rejuvenated Patrick Stewart also makes an uncredited cameo as a younger Charles Xavier who appeared to not yet lose the use of his legs . However , with timeline and story inconsistencies within the film series , Singer developed an idea to tie all the films together and fix the continuity . In X @-@ Men : First Class Xavier loses the use of his legs at a much younger age , than he appears in Origins . As an explanation , Xavier can be seen walking in X @-@ Men : Days of Future Past ( which chronologically takes place prior to the events of this film ) , by creating the illusion that he is standing in various scenes , when in reality the character is only present by telepathic projection . Asher Keddie played Dr. Carol Frost . Poker player Daniel Negreanu has a cameo . Phil Hellmuth wanted to join him but was unable because he committed to an event in Toronto . X @-@ Men co @-@ creator Stan Lee said he would cameo , but Lee ended up not appearing in the film as he could not attend filming in Australia . = = Production = = = = = Development = = = David Benioff , a comic book fan , pursued the project for almost three years before he was hired to write the script in October 2004 . In preparing to write the script , he reread Barry Windsor @-@ Smith 's " Weapon X " story , as well as Chris Claremont and Frank Miller 's 1982 limited series on the character ( his favorite storyline ) . Also serving as inspiration was the 2001 limited series Origin , which reveals Wolverine 's life before Weapon X. Jackman collaborated on the script , which he wanted to be more of a character piece compared with the previous X @-@ Men films . Skip Woods , who had written Hitman for Fox , was later hired to revise and rewrite Benioff 's script . Benioff had aimed for a " darker and a bit more brutal " story , writing it with an R rating in mind , although he acknowledged the film 's final tone would rest with the producers and director . Deadpool had been developed for his own film by Reynolds and David S. Goyer at New Line Cinema in 2003 , but the project fell apart as they focused on Blade : Trinity and an aborted spin @-@ off . Benioff wrote the character into the script in a manner Jackman described as fun , but would also deviate from some of his traits . Similarly , Gambit was a character who the filmmakers had tried to put in the previous X @-@ Men films . Jackman liked Gambit because he is a " loose cannon " like Wolverine , stating their relationship echoes that of Wolverine and Pyro in the original trilogy . David Ayer contributed to the script . Benioff finished his draft in October 2006 , and Jackman stated there would be a year before shooting , as he was scheduled to start filming Australia during 2007 . Before the 2007 – 2008 Writers Guild of America strike began , James Vanderbilt and Scott Silver were hired for a last @-@ minute rewrite . Gavin Hood was announced as director of the project in July 2007 for a 2008 release . Previously , X @-@ Men and X2 director Bryan Singer and X @-@ Men : The Last Stand director Brett Ratner were interested in returning to the franchise , while Alexandre Aja and Len Wiseman also wanted the job . Zack Snyder , who was approached for The Last Stand , turned down this film because he was directing Watchmen . Jackman saw parallels between Logan and the main character in Hood 's previous film Tsotsi . Hood explained that while he was not a comic book fan , he " realized that the character of Wolverine , I think his great appeal lies in the fact that he 's someone who in some ways , is filled with a great deal of self @-@ loathing by his own nature and he 's constantly at war with his own nature " . The director described the film 's themes as focusing on Wolverine 's inner struggle between his animalistic savagery and noble human qualities . Hood enjoyed the previous films , but set out to give the spin @-@ off a different feel . Hood also suggested to make the implied blood relation of Wolverine and Sabretooth into them explicitly being half brothers , as it would help " build up the emotional power of the film " . In October , Fox announced a May 1 , 2009 , release date and the X @-@ Men Origins prefix . = = = Filming = = = Preliminary shooting took place at the Fox Studios Australia in Sydney , during late 2007 . Principal photography began on January 2008 in New Zealand . One of the filming locations that was selected was Dunedin . Controversy arose as the Queenstown Lakes District Council disputed the Department of Labour 's decision to allow Fox to store explosives in the local ice skating rink . Fox moved some of the explosives to another area . The explosives were used for a shot of the exploding Hudson Farm , a scene which required thirteen cameras . Jackman and Palermo 's Woz Productions reached an agreement with the council to allow recycling specialists on set to advise the production on being environmentally friendly . According to Hood , the screenplay was still incomplete as filming begun , with the production in Australia receiving regularly new script pages from Los Angeles , at times in the night before shooting . Filming continued at Fox ( where most of the shooting was done ) and New Orleans , Louisiana . Cockatoo Island was used for Stryker 's facility ; the enormous buildings there saved money on digitally expanding a set . Production of the film was predicted to generate A $ 60 million for Sydney 's economy . Principal photography ended by May 23 . The second unit continued filming in New Zealand until March 23 , and were scheduled to continue filming for two weeks following the first unit 's wrap . This included a flashback to Logan during the Normandy Landings , which was shot at Blacksmiths , New South Wales . Hood and Fox were in dispute on the film 's direction . One of the disputes involved the depiction of Wolverine as an Army veteran with post @-@ traumatic stress disorder , with the executives arguing that audiences would not be interested in such heavy themes . The studio had two replacements lined up before Richard Donner , husband of producer Lauren Shuler Donner , flew to Australia to ease on @-@ set tensions . Hood remarked , " Out of healthy and sometimes very rigorous debate , things get better . [ ... ] I hope the film 's better because of the debates . If nobody were talking about us , we 'd be in trouble ! " Hood added he and Thomas Rothman were both " forceful " personalities in creative meetings but they had never had a " stand @-@ up " argument . In January 2009 , after delays due to weather and scheduling conflicts , such as Hugh Jackman 's publicity commitments for Australia , production moved to Vancouver , mostly at Lord Byng Secondary School and in University of British Columbia . Work there included finishing scenes with Ryan Reynolds , who had been working on two other films during principal photography . Gavin Hood has announced that multiple " secret endings " exist for the film and that the endings will differ from print to print of the film . One version shows Wolverine drinking in a Japanese bar . The bartender asked if he is drinking to forget , Logan replies that he is drinking to remember . The other shows Weapon XI on the rubble of the destroyed tower , trying to touch his severed head . = = = Effects = = = More than 1 @,@ 000 shots of Wolverine have visual effects in them , which required three effects supervisors and seventeen different companies to work on the film . The most prominent was Hydraulx , who had also worked in the X @-@ Men trilogy and was responsible for the battle in Three Mile Island and Gambit 's powers . Many elements were totally generated through computer @-@ generated imagery , such as the adamantium injection machine , the scene with Gambit 's plane and Wolverine tearing through a door with his newly enhanced claws . CG bone claws were also created for some scenes because the props did not look good in close @-@ ups . Extensive usage of matte paintings was also made , with Matte World Digital creating five different mattes for the final scene of the film — a pullback depicting the destroyed Three Mile Island — and Gavin Hood handing company Hatch Productions pictures of favelas as reference for the Africa scenes . = = Music = = Composed by Harry Gregson @-@ Williams , the score for X @-@ Men Origins : Wolverine was mixed by Malcolm Luker , engineered by Costa Kotselas , and featured Martin Tillman on the electric cello . In a 2008 interview with Christopher Coleman of Tracksounds.com , Gregson @-@ Williams said that Hood attracted him to the project , adding : " I happened to meet him at the Golden Globes dinner about three years ago . That night we were both nominees , but both losers . He had been nominated for Tsotsi and during the dinner I had spoken to him and he seemed like a really smart and creative guy ... and into music . So I was really delighted when I got a call to meet him and discuss the possibilities for Wolverine . " In late March 2009 , Jon Burlingame of Variety was at the Newman Scoring Stage at 20th century @-@ Fox to listen and report on the recording of the score . Gregson @-@ Williams conducted " a 78 @-@ piece orchestra and a 40 @-@ voice choir ( 20 male , 20 female ) " to achieve the sound . At the time of his visit , Burlingame noted that the choir was singing " stanzas from an ancient Norse poem in Old Icelandic " to underscore what would be first track , " Logan Through Time . " Director Gavin Hood commented on Gregson @-@ Williams ' style , saying : " Harry 's challenge is to give us operatic scale , but also keep it intimate and human . Harry 's music has a kind of muscular confidence and strength that is very useful for the action , but he also has tremendous soul . " Hood also called the recording performance " frigging brilliant ! " = = Release = = = = = Leaked workprint = = = On March 31 , 2009 , a full @-@ length DVD @-@ quality workprint of the film without a timecode or watermark , with some unfinished effects shots , a different typeface for titles and casting , and alternate sound effects was leaked online . The studio said it would be able to determine the source of the leak using forensic marks in the workprint . The FBI and MPAA began investigating the illegal posting . Fox estimated the workprint was downloaded roughly 4 @.@ 5 million times by the time Wolverine was released in theaters . As of 2014 , Fox estimates that a minimum of 15 million people downloaded it . The print contained a reference to Rising Sun Pictures , an Australian visual effects company working on the film . The company denied that they ever had a full copy of the film . Executive producer Thomas Rothman noted the leaked version lacked the ten minutes added during pick @-@ ups in January 2009 . However , the theatrical version of the film has no extra scenes that were not included in the leaked workprint . Both versions run exactly 107 minutes , but director Gavin Hood said " another ending exists that features the film 's villain . " The leak was traced down to a Bronx man named Gilberto Sanchez , who had bought an unlicensed DVD copy from a Korean man and later uploaded it under the name " SkillyGilly " . Roger Friedman , a gossip reporter for Fox News — a channel also owned by Fox 's parent company News Corporation — was fired for writing a review of the film using the leaked copy he downloaded from the Internet . He described how easy it was to find and download the film even if the original source of the leak was no longer available on the web . The article he wrote for his column on the Fox News website was immediately removed . = = = Marketing = = = Among the companies which provided tie @-@ in merchandising were 7 @-@ Eleven , Papa John 's Pizza , and Schick . Hugh Jackman also posed as Wolverine for the Got Milk ? campaign . In February 2009 , Hasbro released a film @-@ related toyline , featuring action figures and a glove with retractable claws . In April , Marvel debuted a new comic series , Wolverine : Weapon X , which writer Jason Aaron said that while not directly influenced by the film , was written considering people who would get interested in Wolverine comics after watching the film . In December 2009 , Hot Toys released the 12 inch highly detailed figure of Wolverine based on the movie with Hugh Jackman 's likeness . = = = Video game = = = Raven Software developed a video game based on the film with the same name , which Activision Blizzard published . Marc Guggenheim wrote the script , while Hugh Jackman , Liev Schreiber , and will.i.am voiced their characters from the film . The storyline goes beyond the one from the film , including other villains from the comics such as the Sentinels and the Wendigo , as well as the appearance of Mystique , who was in the other three X @-@ Men films . = = = Theatrical run = = = X @-@ Men Origins : Wolverine was released on April 29 , 2009 , in the UK , Denmark , South Africa , and Australia ; April 30 , 2009 in the Philippines and in the Dominican Republic ; and May 1 , 2009 in the United States and Canada . A contest was held on the official website to determine the location of the world premiere on April 27 . In the end , the Harkins at the Tempe Marketplace in Tempe , Arizona won the premiere . The release in Mexico was delayed until the end of May due to an outbreak of H1N1 flu in the country . On April 22 , nine days before the release of the film , it was reported that X @-@ Men Origins : Wolverine was outselling Iron Man " 3 @-@ to @-@ 1 at the same point in the sales cycle ( nine days prior to the film ’ s release ) . " During its first day of wide release , Wolverine took in an estimated $ 35 million , with almost $ 5 million of that from midnight showings . The earnings placed the film as the 16th highest @-@ grossing opening day ever ( 22nd with ticket @-@ price inflation ) . It went on to be number one film at the box office with a total of $ 85 million . Among summer kick @-@ offs , it ranked fifth behind Spider @-@ Man , X2 , Spider @-@ Man 3 , and Iron Man and it was in the top ten of comic book adaptations . The opening was lower than the last film in the franchise , X @-@ Men : The Last Stand , as well as X2 , but higher than X @-@ Men , the first film in the series . The worldwide opening was over $ 158 @.@ 1 million , but Fox stated that some markets underperformed , mostly due to the leaked workprint in countries with illegal downloading problems . However , in an article for the " piracy issue " of Screen International magazine , film critic John Hazelton was doubtful of this explanation , writing that the film 's initial performance was " uncertain " as the outbreak of swine flu in territories with the worst copyright infringement problems means that other territories did not compare at all . While it has received mixed reviews from critics , the film has been a financial success at the box office . According to Box Office Mojo Wolverine has grossed approximately $ 179 @,@ 883 @,@ 157 in the United States and Canada . It took in another $ 193 @,@ 179 @,@ 707 in other territories , giving it a worldwide total of $ 373 @,@ 062 @,@ 864 . = = = Home media = = = On September 15 , 2009 , Fox Home Entertainment released X @-@ Men Origins : Wolverine on DVD and Blu @-@ ray disc . The two @-@ disc Blu @-@ ray includes commentary by Hood , another commentary by producers Lauren Shuler Donner and Ralph Winter , the featurette " The Roots of Wolverine : A Conversation with X @-@ Men creators Stan Lee and Len Wein " , the featurette " Wolverine Unleashed : The Complete Origins " , 10 character chronicles , two more featurettes , a trivia track , deleted scenes with commentary from Hood , two alternate sequences , a Fox Movie Channel premiere featurette and imdb BD Live technology . Disc two of the set includes a digital copy . In addition , a Wal @-@ Mart exclusive 3 @-@ disc set , which includes a standard DVD copy of the film was also released . The two @-@ DVD special edition includes the two commentaries , the featurette with Stan Lee and Len Wein , an origins featurette , deleted and alternate scenes , and an anti @-@ smoking PSA on disc one ; disc two has a digital copy of the film . The single @-@ disc DVD release has the origins featurette and anti @-@ smoking PSA . Wolverine was the highest selling and most rented DVD release of the week , selling over three million copies , 850 @,@ 000 of them on Blu @-@ ray . Through its first six weeks the DVD has sold 3 @.@ 79 million copies , generating $ 64 @.@ 27 million in sales . = = Reception = = The review @-@ aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported 38 % positive reviews based on 252 reviews , with an average rating of 5 @.@ 1 / 10 . The site 's consensus is , " Though Hugh Jackman gives his all , he can 't help X @-@ Men Origins : Wolverine overcome a cliche @-@ ridden script and familiar narrative . " Richard Corliss of TIME commented on the film 's standing among other Marvel films , saying that it is " an O.K. , not great , Marvel movie that tells the early story of the prime X @-@ Man , and attempts to make it climax in a perfect coupling with the start of the known trilogy . " He also said that " superhero mythologies can be so complicated , only a lonely comic @-@ book @-@ reading kid could make sense of it all . " James Mullinger of GQ also commented on the structure of the story in saying that the " film clumsily tries to explain the origins of James [ Howlett ] , AKA Wolverine , which had wisely only ever been briefly referred to in the original X @-@ Men saga . In doing so , it creates a fairly bland plot which is full of holes . " Lou Lumenick of the New York Post was generally more favorable towards Origins , stating " Fortunately , Jackman is well @-@ matched with Schreiber , who can sneer with the best of them and wears fangs well . The two have three spectacular battles together before squaring off against a formidable enemy atop a nuclear reactor . " Peter Rainer of The Christian Science Monitor also praised Jackman 's performance , saying that " Hugh Jackman demonstrates that you can segue effortlessly from a tuxedoed song @-@ and @-@ dance man at the Oscars to a feral gent with adamantium claws and berserker rage . " Claudia Puig of USA Today considered the movie " well @-@ acted , with spectacular action and witty one @-@ liners " . Roger Ebert gave the film two stars out of four and expressed his views on the title character : " Why should I care about this guy ? He feels no pain and nothing can kill him , so therefore he 's essentially a story device for action sequences . " James Berardinelli gave Wolverine two and a half stars out of four , calling the action scenes competently executed but not memorable , and considering that when dealing with Wolverine 's past " there 's little creativity evident in the way those blanks are filled in " , and that the revelations made Wolverine " less compelling " . Comparatively , Bill Gibron of AMC 's Filmcritic.com website gave the film a positive " 4 @.@ 0 out of 5 stars , " saying that although Hugh Jackman is " capable of carrying even the most mediocre effort , he singlehandedly makes X @-@ Men Origins : Wolverine an excellent start to the summer 2009 season . " He predicted " there will be purists who balk at how Hood and his screenwriters mangle and manipulate the mythology ; " and further said that " any ending which leaves several characters unexplained and unaccounted for can 't really seal the full entertainment deal . " Regarding Wolverine within the context of the X @-@ Men film series , Tom Charity of CNN commented : " Serviceable but inescapably redundant , this Wolverine movie does just enough to keep the X @-@ Men franchise on life support , but the filmmakers will have to come up with some evolutionary changes soon if it 's going to escape X @-@ tinction . " Similarly , A. O. Scott of The New York Times expressed that " X @-@ Men Origins : Wolverine will most likely manage to cash in on the popularity of the earlier episodes , but it is the latest evidence that the superhero movie is suffering from serious imaginative fatigue . " On a more negative note , Philip French of The Observer said that the film 's " dull , bone @-@ crushing , special @-@ effects stuff " is " of interest only to hardcore fans who 've probably read it all in Marvel comics . " Sukhdev Sandhu of The Daily Telegraph stated that " Wolverine is an artificial stimulus package of the most unsatisfying kind . Aggressively advertised and hyped to the hills , it will no doubt attract full houses at first ; after that though , when word @-@ of @-@ mouth buzz @-@ kill goes into overdrive , there ’ s bound to be widespread deflation and a palpable feeling of being conned . " Similarly , Orlando Parfitt of IGN ( UK ) praised the performances of the actors and the action scenes , but stated that the film felt underdeveloped : " There 's an enjoyable time to be had with Wolverine , but it 's also somewhat unsatisfying . " Furthermore , Scott Mendelson of The Huffington Post gave the film a grade of " D " , noting that " Wolverine was the lead character of [ the X @-@ Men ] films , and we 've already learned everything we need to know from the films in said franchise , " adding that " the extra information given here actually serves to make the character of Logan / Wolverine less interesting . " Steven Rea also felt that the film injured the character by proving that " how the hero acquired his special powers turns out to be a whole lot less interesting than what he does with them " , while also being " a mash @-@ up of meaningless combat sequences ( meaningless because Logan / Wolverine is just about unstoppable ) , sub @-@ par visual effects , template backstory , and some goofy Liev Schreiber @-@ as @-@ a @-@ villain thespianizing " . Hugh Jackman later confessed being unhappy with the final result of X @-@ Men Origins : Wolverine . The actor wanted primarily a film that would deepen the Wolverine character , but “ somehow the first Wolverine movie ended up looking like the fourth X @-@ Men — just with different characters . ” He tried to avert the same results while doing the next solo film for the character , 2013 's The Wolverine . = = Follow @-@ ups = = Wolverine was set to be the first of a series of X @-@ Men Origins prequels , with the other being focused on Magneto . However , X @-@ Men Origins : Magneto entered development hell and wound up cancelled by the eventual fifth X @-@ Men movie . X @-@ Men : First Class , released in 2011 , was another prequel to the series . Set in 1962 , the film features a young Professor X and Magneto and the foundation of the X @-@ Men . In 2013 , a second Wolverine film was released titled The Wolverine , set years after the events of X @-@ Men : The Last Stand , but mostly serving as a stand @-@ alone sequel . The follow @-@ up to First Class , 2014 's X @-@ Men : Days of Future Past , was confirmed to erase the events of X @-@ Men Origins : Wolverine through retroactive continuity , save for the opening sequence . A third untitled Wolverine film is planned to release on March 3 , 2017 . It is set to be Hugh Jackman 's last time portraying the character . The 2016 spin @-@ off film Deadpool features Ryan Reynolds reprising his role as the title character . Several jokes are aimed at the expense of Reynolds ' version of Deadpool in X @-@ Men Origins due to the negative reaction of the character 's portrayal .
= Mycena clariviolacea = Mycena clariviolacea is a mushroom in the Mycenaceae family . First reported as a new species in 2007 , it is known only from Kanagawa , Japan , where it fruits on dead fallen twigs in forests dominated by oak and chinquapin trees . Distinctive features of this species are found in its medium @-@ sized , dark violet fruit bodies , with caps up to 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 98 in ) in diameter and slender stems that are about 30 to 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 to 1 @.@ 6 in ) long . Microscopic characteristics include the amyloid spores ( staining when treated with Melzer 's reagent ) , the club @-@ shaped cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) that are covered with one or more , knob @-@ like , apical protuberances , the absence of pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) , and the cylindrical , diverticulate caulocystidia ( cystidia on the stem ) . = = Taxonomy , naming , and classification = = The mushroom was first collected by Japanese mycologist Haruki Takahashi in 2000 , and , along with seven other Mycena species , was reported as a new species in a 2007 publication . The specific epithet is derived from the Latin words clari- ( meaning " clear " ) and violacea ( " violaceous " ) . The Japanese name is Shikon @-@ sakuratake ( シコンサクラタケ ) . According to Takahashi , the amyloid spores , the cheilocystidia covered with one or more , knob @-@ like , apical excrescences , the diverticulate elements in the cortical layer of cap and stem , and the diverticulate caulocystidia suggest that the species is best classified in the section Fragilipedes , as defined by the Dutch Mycena specialist Maas Geesteranus . = = Description = = Depending on the age of the mushroom , the cap can range in shape from conic to convex to bell @-@ shaped to somewhat flattened in age ; it reaches 10 to 25 mm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 0 in ) in diameter . It is sometimes shallowly umbilicate ( with a small depression like a navel ) , radially grooved almost to the center , and somewhat hygrophanous ( changing color as it loses or absorbs water ) . The cap surface is dry , and pruinose ( covered with what appears to be a fine white powder ) , but this soon sloughs off , leaving the surface smooth . Initially , the cap color is dark violet , but it later fades to grayish @-@ violet around the edges . The whitish flesh is up to 0 @.@ 5 mm thick , and lacks any distinctive taste or odor . The slender stem is 30 to 40 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 to 1 @.@ 6 in ) long by 1 to 3 mm ( 0 @.@ 04 to 0 @.@ 12 in ) thick , cylindrical , centrally attached to the stem , and hollow . Its surface is dry , pruinose over the entire length , and grayish @-@ violet to dark violet in color . The base is covered with a white mycelial tomentum ( a hairy covering of short , closely matted hairs ) . The gills are adnate ( fused to the stem ) , and distantly spaced , with about 15 – 19 gills reaching the stem . The gills are up to 2 @.@ 5 mm ( 0 @.@ 1 in ) broad , thin , and the same color as the cap or paler . = = = Microscopic characteristics = = = The spores are broadly ellipsoid , smooth , colorless , amyloid ( staining bluish to blue @-@ black when treated with Melzer 's reagent ) , thin @-@ walled , and measure 8 – 9 by 5 – 6 µm . The basidia are 40 – 60 by 10 – 12 µm , club @-@ shaped , and four @-@ spored . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the gill edge ) are abundant , club @-@ shaped , and measure 30 – 45 by 10 – 17 µm . Their tips are covered with one or more , knob @-@ like short excrescences that are colorless and thin @-@ walled . Pleurocystidia ( cystidia on the gill face ) are absent . The hymenophoral tissue ( tissue of the hymenium @-@ bearing structure ) is made of thin @-@ walled hyphae that are 12 – 21 µm wide , cylindrical ( but often somewhat inflated ) , smooth , and contain cytoplasmic brownish pigment . These hyphae are dextrinoid , meaning that they stain reddish to reddish @-@ brown in Melzer 's reagent . The cap cuticle is made of parallel , bent @-@ over hyphae that are 2 – 7 µm wide , and cylindrical . These hyphae are smooth , or can be covered with scattered , warty or finger @-@ like thin @-@ walled diverticulae that are colorless or pale brownish , and dextrinoid . The layer of hyphae underlying the cap cuticle is parallel , cylindrical , hyaline or brownish , and dextrinoid ; it has short and inflated cells that are up to 48 µm wide . The stem cuticle is made of parallel , bent @-@ over hyphae that are 3 – 8 µm wide , and similar to the hyphae of the cap cuticle . The caulocystidia ( cystidia on the stem ) are 45 – 88 by 5 – 8 µm , cylindrical , diverticulate , colorless or brownish , and thin @-@ walled . The flesh of the stem is composed of longitudinally running , cylindrical hyphae that are 8 – 25 µm wide , smooth , colorless , and dextrinoid . Clamp connections are present in the cap cuticle , the stem cuticle , the gill flesh , and at the basal septa of the basidia . = = = Similar species = = = Mycena clariviolacea is similar to the Brazilian species M. cerasina and the European M. diosma . Mycena cerasina , which belongs in the section Cerasinae of the genus Mycena , differs in having a grayish @-@ purple cap and stem , and forming somewhat utriform ( wineskin @-@ shaped ) to lageniform ( flask @-@ shaped ) , smooth cheilocystidia . Mycena diosma , classified in the section Calodontes , subsection Purae , may be distinguished microscopically from M. clariviolacea by its smooth , spindle @-@ shaped cheilocystidia and pleurocystidia , and nondiverticulate hyphae in the cortical layer of cap and stem . = = Habitat and distribution = = Mycena clariviolacea is known only from Kanagawa , Japan . Fruit bodies are found growing solitary or scattered , on dead fallen twigs in forests that are dominated by oak and chinquapin trees . The mushroom fruits from June to September .
= Bionicle : Mask of Light = Bionicle : Mask of Light , stylized as BIONICLE : Mask of Light — The Movie , is a 2003 direct @-@ to @-@ video science fantasy action film based on the Bionicle toy series created by Lego . Set in a universe filled with bio @-@ mechanical beings allied with classical element @-@ themed tribes , the story follows two friends from the fire @-@ based village of Ta @-@ Koro on a quest to find the owner of the Mask of Light , a mystical artifact that can potentially defeat Makuta , an evil entity threatening the island . The story is based on the latter half of the toyline 's 2002 – 2003 narrative . The project was first proposed in 2001 , during the original run of the Bionicle toyline . Lego contacted multiple writers for the project , including original Bionicle contributors Bob Thompson and Alastair Swinnerton , and Hollywood writers Henry Gilroy and Greg Weisman . Production began in 2002 , taking approximately a year to complete . A major part of the graphical design was adjusting the characters so they could work in human @-@ like ways while still resembling the original toys . The music was composed by Nathan Furst , who used orchestral and tribal elements to create the score . Voice casting was handled by Kris Zimmerman , and the voicework was done with the setting and mythos of Bionicle in mind . Multiple studios were involved in the development and distribution of Mask of Light : it was co @-@ produced by Lego and Create TV & Film , developed by Creative Capers Entertainment and CGCG , and post @-@ production was handled 310 Studios and Hacienda Post . It was released in September 2003 on home video and DVD , distributed by Miramax Films and Buena Vista Home Entertainment . Upon release , the film reached high positions in VHS and DVD charts , and received generally positive reviews from journalists . Following Mask of Light , further films based on Bionicle have been released . = = Plot = = The Mask of Light takes place on a tropical island in the Bionicle universe . According to legend , the Great Spirit Mata Nui created the island 's masked Matoran inhabitants . Mata Nui was sent into a coma by his envious spirit brother Matuka , who began a reign of terror on the island until six guardians known as Toa freed the island from his regime . The Matoran , alongside the Toa and Turaga leaders , live in Element @-@ themed regions of the island . The events of The Mask of Light takes place during the latter half of the toyline 's 2002 – 2003 narrative . The film starts when two Matoran from the fire village of Ta @-@ Koro called Jaller and Takua discover a Great Kanohi , a Toa mask imbued with Elemental power . The two Matoran then participate in a multi @-@ tribal game of Kohlii , the island 's national sport : the match reveals developing tensions between the Fire Toa Tahu and the Water Toa Gali . At the end of the match , the Mask is accidentally revealed and the Turaga recognize its powers . They announce that it heralds the arrival of a seventh Toa destined to defeat Makuta and awaken Mata Nui . Jaller and Takua are sent on a quest to find the Seventh Toa , guided by the Mask . In the meantime , Makuta sends three of his Rahkshi " sons " to retrieve the Mask . During an attack on Ta @-@ Koro which destroys the village , Tahu is poisoned , causing him to become increasingly erratic and worsening his already @-@ strained relationship with Gali . During their journey together , Jaller and Takua receive aid from the Air Toa Lewa , and the Ice Toa Kopaka , the latter of whom temporarily immobilizes the Rakhshi by trapping them in a frozen lake . After this , Takua is threatened by Makuta , and abandons Jaller in an attempt to shield him . Makuta then releases three more Rakhashi , who attack the Earth village of Onu @-@ Koro as Takua arrives . Tahu , Kopaka , Lewa and Gali arrive to help the Earth Toa Onua and the Stone Toa Pohatu : during the battle , Tahu is further corrupted and goes insane , forcing the Toa to capture him and flee . Takua decides to rejoin Jaller , while Gali and the other Toa purge the Rakhshi poison from Tahu , resulting in his reconciliation with Gali . Arriving at Kini Nui , a great temple at the island 's centre , Jaller and Takua are confronted by all six Rahkshi . The six Toa mount a united offensive and defeat five of them , but a surviving Rahkshi attacks Takua . Jaller sacrifices himself to protect Takua , and Jaller 's final words prompt Takua to don the Mask of Light : the Mask transforms him into Takanuva , the Toa of Light . Defeating the final Rakhshi , he constructs a craft powered by the worm @-@ like creatures inside the Rahkshi to guide him to Makuta . Traveling to his lair beneath Mata Nui , the two hold a Kohlii contest for the island 's fate . At Takanuva 's bidding , the Toa , Turaga and Matoran gather together in the chamber , and witness Takanuva merging with Makuta to form a single powerful being . With Takanuva 's willpower dominant , the being raises a gate leading deeper beneath the island , through which the gathered people flee . The being also revives Jaller before the gate collapses on top of it . The Turaga proceed to awaken Mata Nui using the Mask of Light , which in turn revives Takanuva . The film ends with Takanuva discovering the long @-@ dormant city of Metru Nui , the Matoran 's original home . = = Characters = = Jason Michas as Takua / Takanuva . Portrayed as an inquisitive Ta @-@ Matoran , he is a disguised Av @-@ Matoran ( Matoran of Light ) destined to become the Toa of Light . Andrew Francis as Jaller , the Captain of Ta @-@ Koro 's Guard , who is designated as the Herald of the Seventh Toa . Scott McNeil as Tahu , the headstrong Toa of Fire ; Onua , the wise Toa of Earth ; and Graalok the Ash Bear , a beast from Lewa 's domain . Dale Wilson as Lewa Nuva , the Toa of Air ; and Turaga Onewa , leader of the Po @-@ Matoran . Kathleen Barr as Gali Nuva , the Toa of Water . Lee Tockar as the Makuta , the main antagonist ; Takutanuva , a being created from the merging of Takanuva and Makuta ; and Pewku , Takua 's pet racing crab . Christopher Gaze as Turaga Vakama , the leader of the Ta @-@ Matoran . Lesley Ewen as Turaga Nokama , the leader of the Ga @-@ Matoran . Michael Dobson as Kopaka Nuva , the Toa of Ice ; Hewkii , a Po @-@ Matoran Kohlii player . Trevor Devall as Pohatu Nuva , the friendly Toa of Stone . Chiara Zanni as Hahli , a Ga @-@ Matoran and close friend of Jaller . Julian B. Wilson as the Ta @-@ Matoran Guard , and the Rahkshi ( vocal effects ) , mechanical " sons " of Makuta driven by fragments of his being . Doc Harris as Kolhii announcer . = = Production = = The concept for a movie based on the Bionicle toyline was proposed as early as 2001 , when Bionicle became an unexpected commercial success for Lego : this idea was originally inspired by the fact that Lego advertised Bionicle as if it were a movie , and they had received inquiry emails and licensing requests from multiple film studios . Deciding to make the movie while retaining full creative control , Lego began discussing with potential partners , knowing that the film needed to come out while Bionicle was still looming large in the public consciousness . Lego 's eventual partner was production entity Create TV & Film . With the initial partnership set up , Lego created some development assets and went round various animation studios to find one that would develop the film . They narrowed it down to two studios , one of which was Creative Capers Entertainment . Creative Capers convinced Lego to employ them after producing a well @-@ received short animated segment featuring Lewa . Creative Caper 's three principles , directors Terry Shakespeare and David Molina , and producer Sue Shakespear , all took up their respective roles for the film 's production . The deal was reportedly worth $ 5 million . In a later interview , Shakespeare referred to the film 's aesthetic as " primary colors that were coded to the areas " , saying it had a " younger feel " when compared to its sequel . He also referred to the film as " very intimate , very organic " . The film began full production in 2002 . While most projects of its type took 18 – 24 months to complete , the development team completed the film in 13 months . The project 's budget was later estimated as being between $ 3 @.@ 5 to $ 5 million . In addition to Creative Capers , Taiwanese studio CGCG created most of the animation : at the time , overseas outsourcing was a rarity for CGI movies . By the end of production , the film ran to 77 minutes of raw footage . At this stage , 310 Studios was brought in to handle post production , which mostly entailed cutting the film 's length down by 7 minutes . According to 310 Studios president Billy Jones , the hardest part of this was deciding which pieces needed to be cut , as they were impressed with everything that had been produced . 310 Studios also created the opening title and ending credit sequences . Lego also partnered with Miramax to distribute the film , along with developing a future full feature @-@ length theatrical film . Five different people were involved in the creation of the film 's story and script : executive producer Bob Thompson , original Bionicle co @-@ creators and writers Alastair Swinnerton and Martin Riber Andersen , and Hollywood writers Henry Gilroy and Greg Weisman . The script @-@ writing process began in 2002 . Gilroy became involved after a meeting with Thompson , and enjoyed working on the script as he greatly admired the Bionicle mythos . Two draft scripts were originally created to see who would write the better script : one by Swinnerton , and one from Gilroy . Due to time constraints , the Gilroy script was accepted with some of Swinnerton 's ideas included . Gilroy 's most difficult task was creating the dialogue for the Toa : he needed to take into account Thompson 's own interpretations , and what the majority of fans thought they should sounds like . In the end , he attempted to stay true to original portrayals while giving the voice actors something unique to work with . He also needed to balance their portrayals and screentime , as each of the six needed a chance to shine . The script when through eight different drafts before the final version , although this was far less than Gilroy was used to seeing on other projects . During planning stages , a lot of time was devoted to how characters interacted with each other : cited example were Lewa 's style of speaking , and Kopaka 's stoic behaviour . These traits were accentuated for the film to give the characters more distinction and depth . He also needed to avoid putting in out @-@ of @-@ context pop culture references , which would not fit into the setting of Bionicle . As part of the world and character development , expressions and exclamations unique to the world were created : a cited example is Jaller saying " You could have been Lava @-@ Bones " when Takua narrowly escapes being killed by a flood of lava . = = = Design = = = The characters of Bionicle had been portrayed in various ways across multiple media , including the official comics , Flash animations used for online videos , and CGI commercials for the sets . The team decided to use the models from the CGI commercials as their working base for the film models . Before commencing with designing the characters , the team went to Lego 's Denmark headquarters and received lessons in the Bionicle design process . The team were originally not going to alter the characters that much , but they needed them to be emotive , which necessitated a redesign . The first step in creating the character models was redrawing the skeleton , then adding muscle pods that would interweave with the skeleton : the muscle gave the characters a more textured appearance , and were added to the shoulders , calves , abdomen and chest cavity . Each character was given a " heart light " , a pulsating light in their chest which would fluctuate even when the character was stationary in @-@ shot . They also adjusted the eyes , making the sockets shallower than on the sets and giving them a glow . While redesigning the Toa , the team consulted with the original Lego staff to determine what materials the characters were made of : the muscles were compared to rubber , the bones described as a mesh of titanium alloy and carbon fibre , while the armour was made of Kevlar . In general , the outer shells remained mostly unchanged from the sets , although the visible gears were removed and armour was fitted to their backs . The Toa were also bulked up a little when compared to their sets so their feats would be believable for viewers . Several external features were redesigned for the movie , including the introduction of a movable mouth to allow for a more human character , and a four @-@ pronged mechanical tongue to make them look less like dolls . Other characters used lights behind their masks to form mouth movement . Particular emphasis was placed on the eyebrows and lips of characters . The main change from the original models was the inclusion of hands , which was a necessity if the character performances were to be made realistic . Each character also had Custom texture maps were created for each character so they would appear unique . In addition to reinventing old characters , the team created original character designs with Lego staff . Makuta , who had only been briefly glimpsed in the comics and web animations , was created through a " Frankenstein principle " , taking parts and pieces from multiple Bionicle sets to create the ultimate Bionicle villain . Other original creations included Takua 's pet crab Pewku , and a Gukko Bird designed to transport two Matoran . The Rahkshi are described by Bob Thompson as " like hounds hunting down the [ Mask of Light ] " . They were created by Swinnerton , and comic writer Alan Grant helped develop their characters . They were designed to appear more machine @-@ like than the rest of the cast , and their design were strongly inspired by the bio @-@ mechanical artworks of H. R. Giger . = = = Audio = = = The music was composed by Nathan Furst , whose preferred composition style of grand orchestra and electronica was what the film 's producers were looking for . Initially ignorant of the Bionicle universe , he explored the official website after getting the job as composer to get better context for his music . This and discussions he had with staff helped in the creation of eight or nine specific themes . The overall style is grand orchestral , but includes elements of electronic and tribal music . Furst used elements of African , Polynesian , and Eastern European music to communicate the fact that Mata Nui was an island , and when he could he incorporated his music into the action rather than leaving it as a standalone element within scenes . Voice casting was managed by Kris Zimmerman , who chose voice actors that seemed to suit certain roles : the Matoran were voiced by young adults , while the Turaga were voiced by older actors . The voice actors and their performances were chosen so they would not sound like they came from a specific area of the world , instead sound like they came from and belonged in the Bionicle universe . A notable event during recording was a behind @-@ the @-@ scenes incident between Michas and Francis : originally cast in the respective roles of Jaller and Takua , Michas came into a recording session in a muddled state and began reading Takua 's lines by mistake . When Francis came in , he read Jaller 's lines : when the staff heard them and were favourably impressed , the actors permanently switched roles . Voice acting for the project was mostly done in 2002 , but dialogue was re @-@ recorded during Additional Dialogue Recording ( ADR ) into 2003 : approximately 30 % of the final film 's dialogue was done during ADR . Audio and music post @-@ production was handled by Hacienda Post . The company 's president Tim Borquez served as sound supervisor . Mask of Light was the first time in any media that Bionicle characters spoke . = = Release = = Mask of Light was first announced in April 2002 for release in September the following year . It was Lego Media 's ( later becoming Create TV & Film in early 2003 ) first project based on original characters and storylines , and their first direct @-@ to @-@ video production . It initially released on 16 September 2003 for home video and DVD . It went on to release in 27 different countries over the next eight weeks . It was released under the Miramax Home Entertainment label through Buena Vista Home Entertainment . Prior to its release , the film received a world premiere at Legoland in Carlsbad , California on 13 September : the premiere featured a huge mosaic built of Lego and a special effects show , in addition to special guests and costumed characters . The following year , the film received its television premiere on Cartoon Network 's Toonami program block . At release , the film ranked high in multiple sales charts . In the " Top Kid Video " complied by Billboard , it came close to the top of the charts upon release . Upon release , the film ranked at # 2 on Amazon.com 's VHS best seller list , coming in behind the VHS release of Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers . According to Lego 's 2003 financial report , the game was top @-@ selling VHS release in the United States in its first week , and ranked at # 4 in a similar list compiled by The Hollywood Reporter . It was also among the top premiere DVDs of the year . The game 's rental sales were also high , being placed at # 8 in the animated direct @-@ to @-@ video charts and totalling $ 4 @.@ 24 million revenue by October 2004 . According to Animation Magazine , the film is considered to be a commercial success . = = = Critical reception = = = Entertainment Weekly gave the film a favourable ranking of " B + " , calling it a " well @-@ constructed CGI adventure " and saying that those who did not understand the story would enjoy the effects and action sequences . DVDTalk 's Don Houston was generally positive about both the film and its additional content : he called the visuals " exceptionally crisp and clear " when compared to other films of its type , and gave high praise to the voice acting and noting darker themes within the film . His main criticism was that it relied heavily on foreknowledge of earlier Bionicle storylines . Sci Film.org praised the film 's design and visuals , but felt that the film was too short , echoed Houston 's criticism of a need for foreknowledge , and said that it was " too politically correct " when compared to other films like Transformers : The Movie . Jules Faber of Digital Views Daily said the story had been designed with children in mind , and again praised the visuals despite seeing some stilted animations and poorly @-@ done environmental effects . He was generally positive about the DVD 's audio and visual quality . Both Houston and Faber noted homages to other well @-@ known films , including The Lord of the Rings , Raiders of the Lost Ark , and the works of Ray Harryhausen . = = Legacy = = Mask of Light won a Golden Reel Award for Best Visual Effects in a DVD Premiere Movie in December 2003 . In addition , it won the Best DVD release award at the 2004 Saturn Awards . In 2014 , Vulture.com made mention of the movie in a 2014 retrospective on Lego 's history in the movie industry . That same year , Radio Times ranked it as among the best movies based on toys , say that the developers " did a better @-@ than @-@ average job of translating the appeal of the toys to screen " . Mask of Light was promoted by Lego with new toys based on the film 's characters , a video game based on its story that released in 2003 , and a novelisation of the film . Two further Bionicle movies were confirmed prior to the release of Mask of Light , with the second being another direct @-@ to @-@ video feature and a third for theatrical release . The second movie , Bionicle 2 : Legends of Metru Nui , released in 2004 . The third movie , Bionicle 3 : Web of Shadows , was released as a direct @-@ to @-@ DVD feature in 2005 . Both films were produced by the same creative team behind Mask of Light . A fourth film by a different studio , Bionicle : The Legend Reborn , was released in 2009 through Universal Pictures Home Entertainment . A four @-@ episode television series based on the rebooted Bionicle toyline is set to begin airing in the first quarter of 2016 on Netflix .
= Luigi 's Mansion = Luigi 's Mansion ( ルイージマンション , Ruīji Manshon , " Luigi Mansion " ) is an action @-@ adventure game published by Nintendo for the GameCube . It was the first game in the Mario franchise to be released for GameCube . It was released in Japan on September 14 , 2001 , in North America on November 18 , 2001 , and in Europe on May 3 , 2002 . The game was a launch title for the GameCube , and the second title in the Mario franchise where Luigi is the main character , instead of Mario , the first , third , fourth and fifth being Mario is Missing ! , Luigi 's Mansion : Dark Moon , New Super Luigi U and Dr. Luigi , respectively . The game takes place in a haunted mansion when Luigi wins a contest that he never entered . Mario , who investigates the mansion earlier , goes missing , and it is up to Luigi to find him . To help Luigi on his quest , an old scientist named Elvin Gadd ( or E. Gadd for short ) has equipped him with the " Poltergust 3000 " , a vacuum cleaner used for capturing ghosts , and a " Game Boy Horror " , a device used for communicating with E. Gadd . He also uses it as a map and to examine ghosts . The ghosts have escaped from Professor E. Gadd 's paintings ( with the help of King Boo ) and it is up to the player to capture every one of them . Every ghost is different and is to be captured in different ways . Luigi 's Mansion was relatively well received by reviewers , despite being criticized for its short length . The game has sold over 2 @.@ 5 million copies , and is the fifth best @-@ selling Nintendo GameCube game in the United States . It was one of the first games to be re @-@ released as a Player 's Choice title on the system . The game was later followed by a sequel entitled Luigi 's Mansion : Dark Moon , released for the Nintendo 3DS in 2013 . = = Gameplay = = Luigi 's Mansion is set in a haunted mansion next to a laboratory outside . The mansion consists of five floors , including a basement and a roof . Luigi starts out in a foyer , the hub area of the mansion . In Luigi 's Mansion , Professor E. Gadd arms Luigi with two of his inventions : the Poltergust 3000 and the Game Boy Horror , which resembles another Nintendo product , the Atomic Purple model of the Game Boy Color . The Poltergust 3000 is a high @-@ powered vacuum cleaner designed for capturing ghosts and gathering treasure . To capture ghosts , Luigi must first shine his flashlight on them to stun them . This reveals the ghost 's heart , giving Luigi a chance to suck it into the Poltergust 3000 , steadily reducing the ghost 's hit points to zero , at which point they can be captured . The ghosts remain in the Poltergust 3000 , although certain more advanced ghosts named Portrait Ghosts are extracted and put back into their portraits after a process at the end of the game 's four areas . When these paintings are made , they are stored in the gallery in Professor Elvin Gadd 's laboratory . Luigi must also locate three medallions , which allow him to expel fire , water , or ice from the Poltergust 3000 . These elements are needed to capture certain ghosts . The Game Boy Horror allows Luigi to examine items in the mansion , detect a Boo 's presence in the room , and indicates its proximity to Luigi . It also contains a map of the mansion and lets Luigi and Professor E. Gadd communicate . Spread throughout the mansion are dark rooms containing ghosts , and when Luigi clears a room of all its ghosts , the lights come on and a chest usually appears . The blue chests contain a key or the water element , red chests contain three of the five items that Mario dropped and the fire element , green chests contain treasure , the only white chest ( in the tea room ) contains the ice element , and the gold chests ( appearing upon the defeat of the area boss ) contain special keys that unlock the door to the next area and King Boo 's crown . Whenever Luigi finds a key , his Game Boy Horror automatically indicates which door it unlocks . Once King Boo , the final boss of Luigi 's Mansion , is defeated , the player is given a rating ( A to H ) based on the amount of treasure Luigi has found . A second version of the mansion also becomes playable , called the " Hidden Mansion " . In the European version , the entire mansion appears as a reflection of the previous version , bosses are different and possibly move faster , ghosts and Portrait Ghosts may be captured faster , and there are sometimes more ghosts in a room . = = Plot = = The game begins with Luigi having won a mansion in a contest . Despite not having entered any contest , he promptly told Mario about the mansion , and the two agreed to meet up outside it that evening . Luigi takes a flashlight with him and he follows the map to the mansion . Upon finally arriving at his new mansion , which looks much more sinister than the supplied photo , Mario is nowhere to be found . Luigi proceeds inside the mansion , entering the Parlor after he gains the key from a strange ghost @-@ like shape . Upon entry , he is soon assaulted by a Gold Ghost , only to be saved by a little old man wielding a vacuum cleaner . The old man , however , is unable to reel the ghost in , and is soon overpowered . After being helped to his feet by Luigi , the old man introduces himself as Professor Elvin Gadd . The two retreat from the mansion when more of the Gold Ghosts appear . In E. Gadd 's laboratory , he explains how Luigi 's newly won mansion is obviously the work of something not of this world , as it only appeared a few nights ago . As Luigi further explores the mansion , he discovers that it was built by King Boo to shelter the now @-@ freed portrait ghosts , ghosts whom E. Gadd had previously captured and contained in paintings . They sent Luigi the supplied photo to lure him into a trap . Gadd also tells Luigi that he saw someone wearing a red cap go into the mansion some time ago , but has not seen him since . Upon learning that the red capped man ( Mario ) was Luigi 's brother , E. Gadd allows Luigi to take over his duties of ghost @-@ catching and entrusts him with his vacuum cleaner , the " Poltergust 3000 , " and another invention called the GameBoy Horror that allows him to communicate with Luigi . After numerous confrontations and challenges with many ghosts , portrait ghosts , boss ghosts , Boos , puzzles , and locked doors , Luigi confronts King Boo , who has trapped Mario inside a painting like the portrait ghosts . King Boo pulls Luigi into a painting for their final battle , puppeteering a Bowser suit from the inside to aid him . Eventually , King Boo is beaten down and sucked into the Poltergust 3000 while " Bowser " collapses . Luigi returns to E. Gadd with Mario 's painting and successfully extracts him from within it using the Ghost Portrificationizer in reverse . King Boo is turned into a painting along with the other portrait ghosts . The ending also sees the haunted mansion disappear , after which Luigi builds a normal house on the site using the treasure he accumulated . The size of the house depends on how much treasure the player was able to obtain before the end of the game . = = Development = = The game was first revealed at Nintendo Space World 2000 as a technological demo designed to show off the graphical capabilities of the GameCube . The full motion video footage had scenes seen in later trailers and commercials for the game , but were never used in the final release . This footage includes Luigi running from an unknown ghost in the Foyer , ghosts playing cards in the Parlor , and ghosts circling around Luigi . Soon after its creation , Nintendo decided to make the demo into a full @-@ fledged video game . A year later , Luigi 's Mansion was later shown at the Electronic Entertainment Expo alongside the GameCube console . A newer version of the game , more closely related to the final version , was later revealed at Nintendo Space World 2001 . The original plan for Luigi 's Mansion involved a game where the levels revolved around a large mansion or complex . Tests were later done with Mario characters in dollhouses and such . Once it was transitioned into a GameCube project , Luigi was selected as the main character in order to keep the game original and new . The other gameplay ideas , such as ghosts and the ghost @-@ sucking vacuum cleaner , were added later . Older concepts , such as a role @-@ playing game @-@ like system which made real @-@ time changes to rooms , as well as an underground cave area located under the mansion , were also scrapped due to the inclusion of the new ideas . Luigi 's Mansion 's music was composed by Shinobu Tanaka and Kazumi Totaka , and as such contains " Totaka 's Song " , a song featured in almost every game that Totaka has composed . It is found by waiting on the controller configuration screen at the Training Room for about three and a half minutes . The main theme of Luigi 's Mansion is orchestrated and arranged by Shogo Sakai for Super Smash Bros. Brawl . The game featured voice actors Charles Martinet as the voice of Mario and Luigi , and Jen Taylor as the voice of Toad . Luigi 's Mansion received an award for its audio by BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Awards in 2002 . All GameCube systems support the display of stereoscopic 3D , and Luigi 's Mansion was developed to utilize this feature . However , 3D televisions were not widespread at the time , and it was deemed that compatible displays would be too cost @-@ prohibitive for the consumer . As a result , the feature was never enabled outside of development . = = Reception = = Commercially , Luigi 's Mansion is the most successful GameCube launch title and the best @-@ selling game of November 2001 . Despite meager sales in Japan at around 348 @,@ 000 units in total , it became the fifth best @-@ selling Nintendo GameCube game in the United States , with sales of roughly 2 @.@ 19 million units . It was also one of the first Player 's Choice titles on the console , along with Super Smash Bros. Melee and Pikmin . Critically , Luigi 's Mansion received generally positive reviews , and reviewers praised the game 's graphics , design , and gameplay . GameSpot stated that Luigi 's Mansion " features some refreshing ideas " and " flashes of brilliance . " The gaming magazine Nintendo Power praised the game for being " very enjoyable while it lasts , with its clever puzzles and innovative game play . " GameSpy said that the game features " great visuals , imaginative game design and some classic Nintendo magic . " The game was referred to as " a masterful example of game design " by GamePro . Game Revolution stated that " the graphics are quite beautiful and the interesting game mechanics are enjoyable . " The American @-@ based publication Game Informer praised the gameplay , and referred to it as " brilliant and up to par with Miyamoto 's best . " The audio was praised by IGN , who considered Luigi 's voice acting as " cute , humorous and satisfying " , and GameSpy , who declared that the soundtrack remains " subtle , amusing and totally suitable throughout the game " . The Japanese video game publication Famitsu awarded the game with a gold rating , and noted that the control system , while tricky at first , works well . The game has also received criticism , mainly because of its length . GameSpot said that Luigi 's Mansion " fails to match the classic status of Mario 's adventures " and that the " short amount of time it takes to complete it makes it a hard recommendation . " The review , however , also considered that the short length prevents the gameplay and audio from getting tiresome . GameSpy also criticized the game 's length , saying that it could be beaten in about six hours . Allgame declared that Luigi 's Mansion " ultimately fails to deliver a cohesive gameplay experience over the long @-@ term . " Fran Mirabella III of IGN felt that the game was sub @-@ par , due to its " predictable , formulaic gameplay . " G4 's TV show X @-@ Play criticized Luigi 's Mansion in their special on Mario games and media , calling the game a letdown for players waiting for the first Mario game on the GameCube . Luigi 's Mansion was awarded the 2002 BAFTA Interactive Entertainment Award for audio . The game placed 99th in Official Nintendo Magazine 's 100 greatest Nintendo games of all time . = = Legacy = = Luigi 's Mansion introduced two new characters , Professor Elvin Gadd ( or simply E. Gadd for short ) and King Boo . E. Gadd has reappeared in other Mario games , such as Mario Party 6 and Mario & Luigi : Partners in Time . E. Gadd is referenced in Super Mario Sunshine as the creator of Mario 's F.L.U.D.D. device and Bowser Jr . ' s paintbrush . He also appears as a playable character skin in Super Mario Maker . King Boo has also reappeared in other games , either as a boss ( including Super Mario 64 DS and Super Princess Peach ) or a playable character ( including Mario Kart : Double Dash ! ! and Mario Super Sluggers ) . Although King Boo does not appear in Super Mario Sunshine , his name is used in the Western version of the game for a noticeably different Boo , who appears as a boss . The ghosts in Luigi 's Mansion have made appearances in other Nintendo games , such as Mario Party 8 and Wii Party . The mansion in the game has reappeared in other Mario games , usually acting as Luigi 's home stage . It appeared in Mario Kart : Double Dash ! ! , Mario Kart 7 , Mario Power Tennis , Mario Kart DS , Mario Hoops 3 @-@ on @-@ 3 , Mario Super Sluggers and Mario Sports Mix . In Super Smash Bros. Brawl , a Luigi 's Mansion stage is unlockable . It can be destroyed when characters hit a set of pillars , but it can rebuild itself later on . There are also some stickers and trophies based on the game . The stage reappears in Super Smash Bros. for Wii U. A sequel was revealed at E3 2011 for the Nintendo 3DS , and demonstrated as Luigi 's Mansion : Dark Moon at E3 2012 . After a delay , the sequel was released in March 2013 to celebrate the Year of Luigi . At E3 2012 , Nintendo introduced the Wii U launch title Nintendo Land , which hosts Luigi 's Ghost Mansion , a multiplayer minigame based on Luigi 's Mansion . In this minigame , four players controlling Miis dressed up as Mario , Luigi , Wario and Waluigi have to drain the energy of a ghost , while the GamePad player , controlling the ghost , must make all the other players faint before time runs out .
= The Lord of the Rings ( film series ) = The Lord of the Rings ( also promoted as The Lord of the Rings : The Motion Picture Trilogy ) is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson . They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien . The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring ( 2001 ) , The Two Towers ( 2002 ) and The Return of the King ( 2003 ) . They were distributed by New Line Cinema . Considered to be one of the biggest and most ambitious film projects ever undertaken , with an overall budget of $ 281 million ( some sources say $ 310- $ 330 million ) , the entire project took eight years , with the filming for all three films done simultaneously and entirely in New Zealand , Jackson 's native country . Each film in the series also had special extended editions released on DVD a year after their respective theatrical releases . While the films follow the book 's general storyline , they do omit some of the novel 's plot elements and include some additions to and deviations from the source material . Set in the fictional world of Middle @-@ earth , the films follow the hobbit Frodo Baggins ( Elijah Wood ) as he and a Fellowship embark on a quest to destroy the One Ring , and thus ensure the destruction of its maker , the Dark Lord Sauron ( Sala Baker ) . The Fellowship becomes divided and Frodo continues the quest together with his loyal companion Sam ( Sean Astin ) and the treacherous Gollum ( Andy Serkis ) . Meanwhile , Aragorn ( Viggo Mortensen ) , heir in exile to the throne of Gondor , and the wizard Gandalf ( Ian McKellen ) unite and rally the Free Peoples of Middle @-@ earth in the War of the Ring . The series was a major financial success , with the films collectively being among the highest @-@ grossing film series of all time . The films were critically acclaimed and heavily awarded , winning 17 out of 30 total Academy Award nominations . The final film in the series , The Return of the King , won all of its 11 Academy Award nominations including Best Picture , which also tied it with Ben @-@ Hur and Titanic for most Academy Awards received for a film . The series received wide praise for its innovative special and visual effects . = = Development = = Director Peter Jackson first came into contact with The Lord of the Rings when he saw Ralph Bakshi 's 1978 animated film The Lord of the Rings . Jackson " enjoyed the film and wanted to know more . " Afterwards , he read a tie @-@ in edition of the book during a twelve @-@ hour train journey from Wellington to Auckland when he was seventeen . In 1995 , Jackson was finishing The Frighteners and considered The Lord of the Rings as a new project , wondering " why nobody else seemed to be doing anything about it " . With the new developments in computer @-@ generated imagery following Jurassic Park , Jackson set about planning a fantasy film that would be relatively serious and feel real . By October , he and his partner Fran Walsh teamed up with Miramax Films boss Harvey Weinstein to negotiate with Saul Zaentz who had held the rights to the book since the early 1970s , pitching an adaptation of The Hobbit and two films based on The Lord of the Rings . Negotiations then stalled when Universal Studios offered Jackson a remake of King Kong . Weinstein was furious , and further problems arose when it turned out Zaentz did not have distribution rights to The Hobbit ; United Artists , which was in the market , did . By April 1996 , the rights question was still not resolved . Jackson decided to move ahead with King Kong before filming The Lord of the Rings , prompting Universal to enter a deal with Miramax to receive foreign earnings from The Lord of the Rings while Miramax received foreign earnings from King Kong . It was also revealed that Jackson originally wanted to finish King Kong before The Lord of the Rings began . But due to location problems , he decided to start with The Lord of the Rings franchise instead . When Universal cancelled King Kong in 1997 , Jackson and Walsh immediately received support from Weinstein and began a six @-@ week process of sorting out the rights . Jackson and Walsh asked Costa Botes to write a synopsis of the book and they began to re @-@ read the book . Two to three months later , they had written their treatment . The first film would have dealt with what would become The Fellowship of the Ring , The Two Towers , and the beginning of The Return of the King , ending with Saruman 's death , and Gandalf and Pippin going to Minas Tirith . In this treatment , Gwaihir and Gandalf visit Edoras after escaping Saruman , Gollum attacks Frodo when the Fellowship is still united , and Farmer Maggot , Glorfindel , Radagast , Elladan and Elrohir are present . Bilbo attends the Council of Elrond , Sam looks into Galadriel 's mirror , Saruman is redeemed before he dies and the Nazgûl just make it into Mount Doom before they fall . They presented their treatment to Harvey and Bob Weinstein , the latter of whom they focused on impressing with their screenwriting as he had not read the book . They agreed upon two films and a total budget of $ 75 million . During mid @-@ 1997 , Jackson and Walsh began writing with Stephen Sinclair . Sinclair 's partner , Philippa Boyens , was a major fan of the book and joined the writing team after reading their treatment . It took 13 – 14 months to write the two film scripts , which were 147 and 144 pages respectively . Sinclair left the project due to theatrical obligations . Amongst their revisions , Sam is caught eavesdropping and forced to go along with Frodo , instead of Sam , Merry , and Pippin figuring out about the One Ring themselves and voluntarily going along after confronting Frodo about it , as occurs in the original novel . Gandalf 's account of his time at Orthanc was pulled out of flashback and Lothlórien was cut , with Galadriel doing what she does in the story at Rivendell . Denethor attends the Council with his son . Other changes included having Arwen rescue Frodo , and the action sequence involving the cave troll . The writers also considered having Arwen absorb Éowyn 's role entirely by having her kill the Witch @-@ king . Trouble struck when Marty Katz was sent to New Zealand . Spending four months there , he told Miramax that the films were more likely to cost $ 150 million , and with Miramax unable to finance this , and with $ 15 million already spent , they decided to merge the two films into one . On 17 June 1998 , Bob Weinstein presented a treatment of a single two @-@ hour film version of the book . He suggested cutting Bree and the Battle of Helm 's Deep , " losing or using " Saruman , merging Rohan and Gondor with Éowyn as Boromir 's sister , shortening Rivendell and Moria as well as having Ents prevent the Uruk @-@ hai from kidnapping Merry and Pippin . Upset by the idea of " cutting out half the good stuff " Jackson balked , and Miramax declared that any script or work completed by Weta Workshop was theirs . Jackson went around Hollywood for four weeks , showing a thirty @-@ five @-@ minute video of their work , before meeting with New Line Cinema 's Mark Ordesky . At New Line Cinema , Robert Shaye viewed the video , and then asked why they were making two films when the book was published as three volumes ( this was later corrected : New Line only made this choice out of economical reasons ) ; he wanted to make a film trilogy . Now Jackson , Walsh , and Boyens had to write three new scripts . The expansion to three films allowed much more creative freedom , although Jackson , Walsh , and Boyens had to restructure their script accordingly . The three films do not correspond exactly to the trilogy 's three volumes , but rather represent a three @-@ part adaptation . Jackson takes a more chronological approach to the story than did Tolkien . Frodo 's quest is the main focus , and Aragorn is the main sub @-@ plot , and many sequences ( such as Tom Bombadil ) that do not contribute directly to those two plots were left out . Much effort was put into creating satisfactory conclusions and making sure exposition did not bog down the pacing . Amongst new sequences , there are also expansions on elements Tolkien kept ambiguous , such as the battles and the creatures . During shooting , the screenplays continued to evolve , in part due to contributions from cast members looking to further explore their characters . Most notable amongst these rewrites was the character Arwen , who was originally planned as a warrior princess , but reverted to her book counterpart , who remains physically inactive in the story ( though she sends moral and military support ) . To develop fight and sword choreography for the series , the filmmakers employed Hollywood sword @-@ master Bob Anderson . Anderson worked directly with the talent including Viggo Mortensen and Karl Urban to develop the film 's many sword fights and stunts . Bob Anderson 's role in The Lord of the Rings series was highlighted in the film Reclaiming the Blade . This documentary on sword martial arts also featured Weta Workshop and Richard Taylor , The Lord of the Rings illustrator John Howe and actors Viggo Mortensen and Karl Urban . All discussed their roles and work on the series as related to the sword . = = Production design = = Jackson began storyboarding the series with Christian Rivers in August 1997 and assigned his crew to begin designing Middle @-@ earth at the same time . Jackson hired long @-@ time collaborator Richard Taylor to lead Weta Workshop on five major design elements : armour , weapons , prosthetics / make @-@ up , creatures , and miniatures . In November 1997 , famed Tolkien illustrators Alan Lee and John Howe joined the project . Most of the imagery in the films is based on their various illustrations . Production designer Grant Major was charged with the task of converting Lee and Howe 's designs into architecture , creating models of the sets , while Dan Hennah worked as art director , scouting locations and organising the building of sets . Jackson 's vision of Middle @-@ earth was described as being " Ray Harryhausen meets David Lean " by Randy Cook . Jackson wanted a gritty realism and historical regard for the fantasy , and attempted to make the world rational and believable . For example , the New Zealand Army helped build Hobbiton months before filming began so the plants could really grow . Creatures were designed to be biologically believable , such as the enormous wings of the fell beast to help it fly . In total , 48 @,@ 000 pieces of armour , 500 bows , and 10 @,@ 000 arrows were created by Weta Workshop . They also created many prosthetics , such as 1 @,@ 800 pairs of Hobbit feet for the lead actors , as well as many ears , noses , and heads for the cast , and around 19 @,@ 000 costumes were woven and aged . Every prop was specially designed by the Art Department , taking the different scales into account . = = Filming = = Principal photography for all three films was conducted concurrently in many locations within New Zealand 's conservation areas and national parks between 11 October 1999 , and 22 December 2000 , a period of 438 days . Pick @-@ up shoots were conducted annually from 2001 to 2004 . The series was shot at over 150 different locations , with seven different units shooting , as well as soundstages around Wellington and Queenstown . Along with Jackson directing the whole production , other unit directors included John Mahaffie , Geoff Murphy , Fran Walsh , Barrie Osbourne , Rick Porras , and any other assistant director , producer , or writer available . Jackson monitored these units with live satellite feeds , and with the added pressure of constant script re @-@ writes and the multiple units interpreting his envisioned result , he only got around four hours of sleep a night . Due to the remoteness of some of the locations , the crew would also bring survival kits in case helicopters could not reach the location to bring them home in time . The New Zealand Department of Conservation was criticised for approving the filming within national parks without adequate consideration of the adverse environmental effects and without public notification . The adverse effects of filming battle scenes in Tongariro National Park meant that the park later required restoration work . = = Cast = = The following is a list of cast members who voiced or portrayed characters appearing in the extended version of The Lord of the Rings film series . = = Post @-@ production = = Each film had the benefit of a full year of post @-@ production time before its respective December release , often finishing in October – November , with the crew immediately going to work on the next film . In this period 's later part , Jackson would move to London to supervise the scoring and continue editing , while having a computer feed for discussions to The Dorchester Hotel , and a " fat pipe " of Internet connections from Pinewood Studios to look at the special effects . He had a Polycom video link and 5 @.@ 1 surround sound to organise meetings , and listen to new music and sound effects generally wherever he was . The extended editions also had a tight schedule at the start of each year to complete special effects and music . = = = Editing = = = To avoid pressure , Jackson hired a different editor for each film . John Gilbert worked on the first film , Mike Horton and Jabez Olssen on the second and longtime Jackson collaborator Jamie Selkirk and Annie Collins on the third . Daily rushes would often last up to four hours , with scenes being done throughout 1999 – 2002 for the rough ( 4 ½ hours ) assemblies of the films . In total , 1828 km ( six million feet ) of film was edited down to the 11 hours and 23 minutes ( 683 minutes ) of Extended running time . This was the final area of shaping of the films , when Jackson realised that sometimes the best scripting could be redundant on screen , as he picked apart scenes every day from multiple takes . The first film 's editing was relatively easygoing , with Jackson coming up with the concept of an Extended Edition later on , although after a screening to New Line they had to re @-@ edit the beginning for a prologue . The Two Towers was always acknowledged by the crew as the most difficult film to make , as " it had no beginning or end " , and had the additional problem of inter @-@ cutting storylines appropriately . Jackson even continued editing the film when that part of the schedule officially ended , resulting in some scenes , including the reforging of Andúril , Gollum 's back @-@ story , and Saruman 's demise , being moved to The Return of the King . Later , Saruman 's demise was cut from the theatrical edition ( but included in the Extended edition ) when Jackson felt it was not starting the third film effectively enough . As with all parts of the third film 's post @-@ production , editing was very chaotic . The first time Jackson actually saw the completed film was at the Wellington premiere . Many filmed scenes remain unused , even in the Extended Editions . Promotional material for The Fellowship of the Ring contained an attack by Orcs from Moria on Lothlórien after the Fellowship leaves Moria , replaced with a more suspenseful entrance for the Fellowship . Also cut were scenes from the book , including Frodo seeing more of Middle @-@ earth at Parth Galen and an extended Council of Elrond , and new scenes with an attack upon Frodo and Sam at the river Anduin by an Uruk @-@ hai . The major cut to The Two Towers featured Arwen and Elrond visiting Galadriel at Lothlórien , with Arwen then leading the Elven reinforcements to Helm 's Deep . This scene , and a flashback to Arwen and Aragorn 's first meeting , was cut during a revision of the film 's plot ; the Elves ' appearance was explained with a telepathic communication between Elrond and Galadriel . Éowyn was to have a greater role in defending the refugees in the Glittering Caves from Uruk @-@ hai intruders , while in Osgiliath , Faramir was to have a vision of Frodo becoming like Gollum , with Frodo and Sam having an extended fight sequence . Filmed for The Return of the King were two scenes present in the book ; Sam using the Phial of Galadriel to pass the Watchers at Cirith Ungol , and further epilogue footage , with endings for Legolas and Gimli , Éowyn and Faramir 's wedding and Aragorn 's death and funeral . Sauron was to fight Aragorn at the Black Gate , but with Jackson deciding the scene was inappropriate , a computer @-@ generated Troll was used instead . To give context for Wormtongue killing Saruman , and Legolas in turn killing Wormtongue , it was to be revealed Wormtongue poisoned Théodred . The final scene cut was Aragorn having his armour fitted for the Battle of the Black Gate by the trilogy 's armourers , which was the final scene filmed during principal photography . Peter Jackson has stated that he would like to include some of these unused scenes in a future " Ultimate Edition " home video release , also including out @-@ takes . = = = Music = = = Howard Shore composed , orchestrated , conducted , and produced the trilogy 's music . He was hired in August 2000 and visited the set , and watched the assembly cuts of The Fellowship of the Ring and The Return of the King . In the music , Shore included many leitmotifs to represent various characters , cultures , and places . For example , there are leitmotifs for the hobbits as well as the Shire . Although the first film had some of its score recorded in Wellington , virtually all of the trilogy 's score was recorded in Watford Town Hall and mixed at Abbey Road Studios . Jackson planned to advise the score for six weeks each year in London , though for The Two Towers he stayed for twelve . As a Beatles fan , Jackson had a photo tribute done there on the zebra crossing . The score is primarily played by the London Philharmonic Orchestra , and many artists such as Ben Del Maestro , Enya , Renée Fleming , James Galway , Annie Lennox and Emilíana Torrini contributed . Even actors Billy Boyd , Viggo Mortensen , Liv Tyler , Miranda Otto ( extended cuts only for the latter two ) , and Peter Jackson ( for a single gong sound in the second film ) contributed to the score . Fran Walsh and Philippa Boyens also wrote the lyrics to various music and songs , which David Salo translated into Tolkien 's languages . The third film 's end song , " Into the West " , was a tribute to a young filmmaker Jackson and Walsh befriended named Cameron Duncan , who died of cancer in 2003 . Shore composed a main theme for The Fellowship rather than many different character themes , and its strength and weaknesses in volume are depicted at different points in the series . On top of that , individual themes were composed to represent different cultures . Infamously , the amount of music Shore had to write every day for the third film increased dramatically to around seven minutes . The music for the series turned out to be a success and has been voted best movie soundtrack of all time for the six years running , passing up Schindler 's list , Gladiator , Star Wars ( 1977 ) , and Out of Africa respectively . = = = Sound = = = Sound technicians spent the early part of the year trying to find the right sounds . Some , such as animal sounds like those of tigers and walruses , were bought . Human voices were also used . Fran Walsh contributed to the Nazgûl scream and David Farmer the Warg howls . Other sounds were unexpected : the fell beast 's screech is taken from that of a donkey , and the mûmakil 's bellow comes from the beginning and end of a lion 's roar . In addition , ADR was used for most of the dialogue . The technicians worked with New Zealand locals to get many of the sounds . They re @-@ recorded sounds in abandoned tunnels for an echo @-@ like effect in the Moria sequence . 20 @,@ 000 New Zealand cricket fans provided the sound of the Uruk @-@ hai army in The Two Towers , with Jackson acting as conductor during the innings break of a one @-@ day international cricket match between England and New Zealand at Westpac Stadium . They spent time recording sounds in a graveyard at night , and also had construction workers drop stone blocks for the sounds of boulders firing and landing in The Return of the King . Mixing took place between August and November at " The Film Mix " , before Jackson commissioned the building of a new studio in 2003 . The building , however , had not yet been fully completed when they started mixing for The Return of the King . = = = Special effects = = = The first film has around 540 effect shots , the second 799 , and the third 1 @,@ 488 ( 2 @,@ 730 in total ) . The total increases to 3 @,@ 420 with the extended editions . 260 visual effect artists began work on the series , and the number doubled by The Two Towers . The crew , led by Jim Rygiel and Randy Cook , worked long hours , often overnight , to produce special effects within a short space of time . Jackson 's active imagination was a driving force . For example , several major shots of Helm 's Deep were produced within the last six weeks of post @-@ production of The Two Towers , and the same happened again within the last six weeks on The Return of the King . = = Releases = = = = = Theatrical = = = The trilogy 's online promotional trailer was first released on 27 April 2000 , and set a new record for download hits , registering 1 @.@ 7 million hits in the first 24 hours of its release . The trailer used a selection from the soundtrack for Braveheart and The Shawshank Redemption among other cuts . In 2001 , 24 minutes of footage from the series , primarily the Moria sequence , was shown at the Cannes Film Festival , and was very well received . The showing also included an area designed to look like Middle @-@ earth . The Fellowship of the Ring was released 19 December 2001 . It grossed $ 47 million in its U.S. opening weekend and made around $ 871 million worldwide . A preview of The Two Towers was inserted just before the end credits near the end of the film 's theatrical run . A promotional trailer was later released , containing music re @-@ scored from the film Requiem for a Dream . The Two Towers was released 18 December 2002 . It grossed $ 62 million in its first U.S. weekend and out @-@ grossed its predecessor with $ 926 million worldwide . The promotional trailer for The Return of the King was debuted exclusively before the New Line Cinema film Secondhand Lions on 23 September 2003 . Released 17 December 2003 , its first U.S. weekend gross was $ 72 million , and became the second film ( after Titanic ) to gross over $ 1 billion worldwide . = = = Home media = = = Each film was released on standard two @-@ disc edition DVDs containing previews of the next film . The success of the theatrical cuts brought about four @-@ disc Extended Editions , with new editing , added special effects and music . The extended cuts of the films and the included special features were spread over two discs , and a limited collector 's edition was also released . The Fellowship of the Ring was released on 12 November 2002 , containing 30 minutes more footage , an Alan Lee painting of the Fellowship entering Moria , and the Moria Gate on the back of the sleeve ; an Argonath @-@ styled bookend was included with the Collector 's Edition . The Two Towers , released on 18 November 2003 , contained 44 minutes extra footage and a Lee painting of Gandalf the White 's entrance ; the Collector 's Edition contained a Sméagol statue , with a crueller @-@ looking statue of his Gollum persona available by order for a limited time . The Return of the King was released on 14 December 2004 , having 51 minutes more footage , a Lee painting of the Grey Havens and a model of Minas Tirith for the Collector 's Edition , with Minas Morgul available by order for a limited time . The Special Extended DVD Editions also had in @-@ sleeve maps of the Fellowship 's travels . They have also played at cinemas , most notably for a 16 December 2003 marathon screening ( dubbed " Trilogy Tuesday " ) culminating in a late afternoon screening of the third film . Attendees of " Trilogy Tuesday " were given a limited edition keepsake from Sideshow Collectibles containing one random frame of film from each of the three movies . Both versions were put together in a Limited Edition " branching " version , plus a new feature @-@ length documentary by Costa Botes . The complete series was released in a six @-@ disc set on 14 November 2006 . Warner Bros. released the trilogy 's theatrical versions on Blu @-@ ray Disc in a boxed set on 6 April 2010 . An extended edition Blu @-@ ray box set was made available for pre @-@ order from Amazon.com in March 2011 and was released on 28 June 2011 . Each film 's extended Blu @-@ ray version is identical to the extended DVD version ; the running time includes an added credit sequence listing the names of " Lord of the Rings fan @-@ club members " who contributed to the project . In 2014 , brand new Blu @-@ ray steelbook editions of the five @-@ disc Extended Editions were released . The first , The Fellowship of the Ring , was released on 12 May 2014 . The discs are identical to those found in the previous five @-@ disc Blu @-@ ray set . = = Reception = = = = = Box office performance = = = = = = Public and critical response = = = Unadjusted for inflation , The Lord of the Rings film series is the highest grossing film trilogy worldwide of all time , higher even than other film franchises such as the original Star Wars trilogy and The Godfather trilogy . The film series grossed a total of $ 2 @.@ 92 billion and also tied a record with Ben @-@ Hur and Titanic for the total number of Academy Awards won for a single film , with The Return of the King receiving eleven Oscars . The majority of critics have also praised the series , with Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times writing that " the trilogy will not soon , if ever , find its equal " . Some were critical of the films ' pacing and length : " It 's a collection of spectacular set pieces without any sense of momentum driving them into one another " according to Philadelphia Weekly . On Rotten Tomatoes , the films received approval ratings of 91 % , 96 % , and 95 % respectively . Metacritic , based on its ratings for each film ( 92 , 88 , and 94 respectively ) , lists the series as one of the two most critically acclaimed trilogies of all time . Every film is placed in the top 100 of the ' Metacritic Best @-@ Reviewed Movies ' list . In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend , cinema audiences gave the films an average grade of A- , A , and A + respectively on an A + to F scale . The series appears in the Dallas @-@ Fort Worth Film Critics Association 's Top 10 Films , Time magazine 's All @-@ Time 100 Movies , and James Berardinelli 's Top 100 . In 2007 , USA Today named the series as the most important films of the past 25 years . Entertainment Weekly put it on its end @-@ of @-@ the @-@ decade , " best @-@ of " list , saying , " Bringing a cherished book to the big screen ? No sweat . Peter Jackson 's trilogy — or , as we like to call it , our preciousssss — exerted its irresistible pull , on advanced Elvish speakers and neophytes alike . " Paste Magazine named it one of the 50 Best Movies of the Decade ( 2000 – 2009 ) , ranking it at No. 4 . In another Time magazine list , the series ranks second in " Best Movies of the Decade " . Empire magazine voted the films at # 1 on the ' 32 Greatest Film Trilogies ' . In addition , six characters and their respective actors made the list of ' The 100 Greatest Movie Characters ' , also compiled by Empire , with Viggo Mortensen 's portrayal of Aragorn ranking No. 15 , Ian McKellen 's portrayal of Gandalf ranking No. 30 , Ian Holm 's portrayal of Bilbo Baggins ( shared with Martin Freeman for his portrayal of the same character in The Hobbit films ) ranking No. 61 , Andy Serkis ' portrayal of Gollum ranking No. 66 , Sean Astin 's portrayal of Samwise Gamgee ranking No. 77 , and Orlando Bloom 's portrayal of Legolas ranking No. 94 . = = = Academy Awards = = = The three films together were nominated for a total of 30 Academy Awards , of which they won 17 , a record for any movie trilogy ( the three nominations for The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey and The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug along with the single nomination for The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies brings the series ' total to 37 nominations ) . The Fellowship of the Ring earned thirteen nominations , the most of any film at the 74th Academy Awards , winning four . The Return of the King won in every category in which it was nominated , setting the current Oscar record for the highest clean sweep , and its 11 Academy Awards wins ties the record held by Ben @-@ Hur and Titanic ( though both of those films had additional nominations that they ultimately lost ) . The Return of the King became only the second sequel to win the Oscar for Best Picture ( after The Godfather Part II ) and the first and only fantasy film to receive this honor , though this has been widely perceived as an award by proxy for the entire series ( the first two films were also nominated for Best Picture ) . No actors in any of the three films won Oscars , and Ian McKellen was the only actor in the trilogy to receive a nomination , for his work in The Fellowship of the Ring . The Fellowship of the Ring – Nominations : 13 , Wins : 4 The Two Towers — Nominations : 6 , Wins : 2 The Return of the King — Nominations : 11 , Wins : 11 As well as Academy Awards , each film in the series won the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation , the MTV Movie Award for Best Movie , and the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film . The first and third films also won the BAFTA Award for Best Film . The soundtrack for The Two Towers did not receive a nomination because of a rule prohibiting a soundtrack including music from a previous soundtrack to be eligible for nomination . This rule was changed in time for The Return of the King to receive the Oscar for Best Music Score . The New York Film Critics Circle awarded The Return of the King its Best Picture Award at the 2003 Awards Ceremony , hosted by Andrew Johnston , chair of the organization at that time , who called it " a masterful piece of filmmaking . " = = = Reactions to changes in the films from the books = = = The film series provoked both positive and negative reaction from fans and scholars of the novels , and was sometimes seen as changing parts Tolkien felt thematically necessary in terms of characters , themes , events and subtlety . Some fans of the book who disagreed with such changes have released fan edits of the films such as The Lord of the Rings : The Purist Edition , which removed many of the changes to bring them closer to the original . Various changes to characters such as Gandalf , Aragorn , Arwen , Denethor , Faramir , Gimli , and Frodo , when considered together , were seen by some to alter the tone and themes found in the books . Several critics contend that the portrayal of women , especially Arwen , in the films is thematically faithful to ( or compatible with ) Tolkien 's writings despite some differences . Wayne G. Hammond , a Tolkien scholar , said of the first two films that he found them to be " travesties as adaptations ... faithful only on a basic level of plot " and that many characters had not been depicted faithfully to their appearance in the novel . Other critics have argued that Tolkien 's characters were weakened and misinterpreted by their portrayal in the films . Changes to events ( such as the Elves participating at the Battle of Helm 's Deep , Faramir taking the hobbits to Osgiliath , and the deletion of the chapter " The Scouring of the Shire " ) are also seen as changing Tolkien 's themes . Janet Brennan Croft criticized the films using Tolkien 's own terms " anticipation " and " flattening " , which she used in critiquing a proposed film script . She contrasts Tolkien 's subtlety with Jackson 's tendency to show " too much too soon " . Supporters of the series assert that it is a worthy interpretation of the book and that most of the changes were necessary . Many who worked on the series are fans of the book , including Christopher Lee , who ( alone among the cast ) had actually met Tolkien in person , and Boyens once noted that no matter what , it is simply their interpretation of the book . Jackson once said that to simply summarize the story on screen would be a mess , and in his own words , " Sure , it 's not really The Lord of the Rings ... but it could still be a pretty damn cool movie . " Other fans also claim that , despite any changes , the films serve as a tribute to the book , appealing to those who have not yet read it , and even leading some to do so . The Movie Guide for The Encyclopedia of Arda ( an online Tolkien encyclopedia ) states that Jackson 's films were exceptional since filming the whole story of The Lord of the Rings was probably impossible . This notion is partially supported by a review published in 2005 that otherwise criticized a lack of " faithfulness to Tolkien 's spirit and tone . " Douglas Kellner argues that the conservative community spirit of Tolkien 's Shire is reflected in Jackson 's films as well as the division of the Fellowship into " squabbling races " . = = = Legacy = = = The release of the films saw a surge of interest in The Lord of the Rings and Tolkien 's other works , vastly increasing his impact on popular culture . It was rumored that the Tolkien family became split on the series , with Christopher Tolkien and his son Simon Tolkien feuding over whether or not it was a good idea to adapt . Christopher has since denied these claims , saying , " My own position is that The Lord of the Rings is peculiarly unsuitable to transformation into visual dramatic form . The suggestions that have been made that I ' disapprove ' of the films , even to the extent of thinking ill of those with whom I may differ , are wholly without foundation . " He added that he had never " expressed any such feeling " . In 2012 , however , he described the films as having " eviscerated " the book , and criticized the resulting " commercialisation " of his father 's work . As a result of the series ' success , Peter Jackson has become a major player in the film business ( sometimes called a mogul ) in the mold of Steven Spielberg and George Lucas , in the process befriending some industry heavyweights like Bryan Singer and Frank Darabont . Jackson has since founded his own film production company , Wingnut Films , as well as Wingnut Interactive , a video game company . He was also finally given a chance to remake King Kong in 2005 . The film was a critical and box office success , although not as successful as The Lord of the Rings series . Jackson has been called a " favourite son " of New Zealand . In 2004 , Howard Shore toured with The Lord of the Rings Symphony , playing two hours of the score . Along with the Harry Potter films , the series has renewed interest in the fantasy film genre . Tourism for New Zealand is up , possibly due to its exposure in the series , with the country 's tourism industry waking up to an audience 's familiarity . In December 2002 , The Lord of the Rings Motion Picture Trilogy : The Exhibition opened at the Te Papa museum in Wellington , New Zealand . As of 2007 , the exhibition has traveled to seven other cities around the world . A musical adaptation of the book was launched in Toronto , Ontario , Canada , in 2006 , but it closed after mostly poor reviews . A shortened version opened in London , United Kingdom , in the summer of 2007 . The success of the films has also spawned numerous video games and many other kinds of merchandise . The legacy of The Lord of the Rings is also that of court cases over profits from the trilogy . Sixteen cast members ( Noel Appleby , Jed Brophy , Mark Ferguson , Ray Henwood , Bruce Hopkins , William Johnson , Nathaniel Lees , Sarah McLeod , Ian Mune , Paul Norell , Craig Parker , Robert Pollock , Martyn Sanderson , Peter Tait and Stephan Ure ) sued over the lack of revenue from merchandise bearing their appearance . The case was resolved out of court in 2008 . The settlement came too late for Appleby , who died of cancer in 2007 . Saul Zaentz also filed a lawsuit in 2004 claiming he had not been paid all of his royalties . The next year , Jackson himself sued the studio over profits from the first film , slowing development of the prequels until late 2007 . The Tolkien Trust filed a lawsuit in February 2008 , for violating Tolkien 's original deal over the rights that they would earn 7 @.@ 5 % of the gross from any films based on his works . The Trust sought compensation of $ 150 million . A judge denied them this option , but allowed them to win compensation from the act of the studio ignoring the contract itself . On 8 September 2009 , a settlement of this dispute between the Trust and New Line was announced , clearing a potential obstacle to the making of a new film based on The Hobbit . = = Video games = = Numerous video games have been released to supplement the film series . The releases include : The Two Towers , Pinball , The Return of the King , The Third Age , The Third Age ( GBA ) , Tactics , The Battle for Middle @-@ earth , The Battle for Middle @-@ earth II , The Battle for Middle @-@ earth II : The Rise of the Witch @-@ king , Conquest , Aragorn 's Quest , War in the North , Lego The Lord of the Rings , Guardians of Middle @-@ earth and Middle @-@ earth : Shadow of Mordor . = = The Hobbit = = Peter Jackson also directed three films based on Tolkien 's 1937 novel The Hobbit , a prequel to the Lord of the Rings novels . The first film , The Hobbit : An Unexpected Journey , was released on 12 December 2012 , the second film , The Hobbit : The Desolation of Smaug , was released on 13 December 2013 , and the third film , The Hobbit : The Battle of the Five Armies , was released on 17 December 2014 . Several actors from The Lord of the Rings , including Ian McKellen , Andy Serkis , Hugo Weaving , Elijah Wood , Ian Holm ( as older Bilbo ) , Christopher Lee , Cate Blanchett and Orlando Bloom reprised their roles .
= Laurie Nash = Laurence John " Laurie " Nash ( 2 May 1910 – 24 July 1986 ) was a Test cricketer and Australian rules footballer . An inductee into the Australian Football Hall of Fame , Nash was a member of South Melbourne 's 1933 premiership team , captained South Melbourne in 1937 and was the team 's leading goal kicker in 1937 and 1945 . In cricket , Nash was a fast bowler and hard hitting lower order batsman who played two Test matches for Australia , taking 10 wickets at 12 @.@ 80 runs per wicket , and scoring 30 runs at a batting average of 15 . The son of a leading Australian rules footballer of the early twentieth century who had also played cricket against the touring Marylebone Cricket Club in 1921 , Nash was a star sportsman as a boy . Following the family 's relocation from Victoria to Tasmania , he began to make a name for himself as both a footballer and a cricketer , and became both one of the earliest professional club cricketers in Australia and one of the first fully professional Australian rules footballers . Nash made his Test cricket debut in 1932 , against South Africa and his Victorian Football League ( VFL ) debut in 1933 . While Nash had great success in football , he faced opposition from the cricket establishment for his supposedly poor attitude towards authority . This led fellow cricketer Keith Miller to write that his non @-@ selection as a regular Test player was " the greatest waste of talent in Australian cricket history " . During World War II Nash rejected offers of a home posting and instead served as a trooper in New Guinea , stating that he wished to be treated no differently from any other soldier . Following the end of the war , Nash returned to South Melbourne and won the team goal kicking award , although his age and injuries inhibited any return of his previous successes . Nash retired from VFL football at the end of the 1945 season to play and coach in the country before returning to coach South Melbourne in 1953 . After retiring , Nash wrote columns for newspapers , was a panellist on football television shows and was a publican before his death in Melbourne , aged 76 . = = Early life = = Nash was born in Fitzroy , Victoria on 2 May 1910 , the youngest of three children of Irish Catholics Robert and Mary Nash . He had a brother , Robert Junior , and one sister , Mary , known as Maizie . Nash belonged to a sporting family ; his grandfather Michael Nash and great @-@ uncle Thomas Nash were leading players for Carlton Football Club in the 1880s , his father Robert captained Collingwood Football Club and coached Footscray Football Club , and played cricket , opening the bowling for Hamilton in a match against the 1920 – 1921 touring English side , while Robert Junior also became a leading footballer in Tasmania and country Victoria . Nash 's mother was an orphan who was probably adopted several times , allowing historians no opportunity to determine any sporting links on her side of the family . Nash 's biographer also claims that former Prime Minister of New Zealand Sir Walter Nash and pianist Eileen Joyce were related to the family . Nash 's father , who had initially worked as a gas stoker , joined the police force in 1913 and served in a number of postings , including Hamilton in western Victoria , taking his family with him . In Hamilton , Nash attended Loreto Convent and began his interest in sport , practising kicking a football made of newspapers and tied together with string . When Nash Senior was transferred back to Melbourne in 1922 , the Nash brothers attended St Ignatius School in the Melbourne working @-@ class suburb of Richmond , where Nash became best friends with fellow student Tommy Lahiff , who would also become a leading Australian rules footballer . Although short and stocky , Nash and his brother Robert Junior developed into star junior sportsmen , excelling at football and cricket , although Nash Senior preferred Laurie to become a cricketer , considering it a better and longer career option and forbade his sons from playing senior football until age 20 . Nash 's performance in junior cricket led Victorian district cricket club Fitzroy to sign him for the 1927 / 28 season . Nash made his first grade debut for Fitzroy as a seventeen @-@ year @-@ old and spent two and a half seasons at Fitzroy , earning plaudits for his performances and , until he broke his wrist in a fielding mishap , there were suggestions that he was close to Victorian selection . Nash Senior was a member of a group of 600 police who went on strike in 1923 for better wages but was dismissed from the force and required to find another livelihood . Nash Senior went into the hotel business , firstly in Melbourne before eventually moving his family to Tasmania in 1929 to run the hotel at Parattah . = = Tasmania = = In Tasmania , Nash gained work in a Launceston sport store and made his Tasmanian district cricket debut for the Tamar Cricket Club on 7 December 1929 , taking 7 wickets for 29 ( 7 / 29 ) and 1 / 16 . After one more match for Tamar , in which he took 5 / 41 , Nash was chosen in the Northern Tasmania side in the annual match against Southern Tasmania , where he took match figures of 7 / 40 and top scored in both innings . These performances led Nash to make his first @-@ class cricket debut for Tasmania against Victoria in Launceston on 31 December 1929 , taking 2 / 97 , with future Test player Leo O 'Brien his maiden first @-@ class wicket , and scoring 1 and 48 ( Tasmania 's top score in their second innings ) . Four months later , he made his senior football debut for the Roy Cazaly coached City side in the Northern Tasmanian Football Association ( NTFA ) , immediately standing out on account of his skills , blond hair and confidence in his abilities . Nash made the Tasmanian side for the national carnival in Adelaide where he won the medal for the most outstanding Tasmanian player of the carnival . Nash played in defence for City while Robert Junior played in the forward line and both were considered sensational . Between 1930 and 1932 Nash played 45 games for City ( including premierships in 1930 and 1932 ) , kicking 14 goals , and winning the Tasman Shields Trophy , awarded to the Best and Fairest player in the NTFA , in 1931 and 1932 . Additionally , Nash played 10 games for Northern Tasmania ( 12 goals ) and 5 games for Tasmania at the national carnival . Nash played for Tasmania against the touring West Indian cricket team in December 1930 . Batting at number three , Nash made 41 and 0 and took 2 / 87 , including bowling Learie Constantine , who had scored 100 in 65 minutes . Journalists noted that during Constantine 's innings , Nash was the only Tasmanian bowler to watch the West Indian closely and take note of his strengths and weaknesses , which led to his eventual success against the batsman . In September 1932 Nash married Irene Roles in Launceston , with City and Tasmania team mate Ted Pickett acting as best man . Due to the strict sectarianism of the 1930s , there was some controversy as Irene was a Protestant from one of Launceston 's establishment families , and the wedding was held in a Protestant church . For years afterwards , Nash was subjected to a campaign by Catholic clergy to hold a Catholic wedding ceremony to legitimise his marriage but refused . Laurie and Irene had one child , Noelene , in January 1940 . Wallish states that it was thought that Laurie sought to have additional children but Irene was opposed . = = = Called for throwing = = = On 26 January 1931 Nash was called for throwing in a match for Tasmania against Victoria at Launceston . He later claimed that the throw was deliberate and came out of frustration with his fielders . The call for throwing was early in the innings but Nash was able to recover from the incident to take 5 / 76 out of Victoria 's total of 524 . Earlier in the same match Nash opened the batting and made 110 , his highest first @-@ class score . It has been speculated by cricket historian Bernard Whimpress that Nash 's decision to throw the ball may have been regarded by selectors as " part of a parcel of anti @-@ social behaviours which told against regular selection " for either Australia or Victoria . = = Test debut = = Nash was picked for Tasmania in two matches against the touring South Africans in January 1932 . He failed to perform in the first match in Launceston , taking 1 / 68 and 2 / 45 and scoring 17 and 9 . However , Nash had a lively bowling performance in the Hobart match , making the ball come off the wicket at a great pace and gaining match figures of 9 / 137 , including two wickets in consecutive balls and breaking batsman Eric Dalton 's jaw with a vicious bouncer on the hat @-@ trick ball . South African captain Jock Cameron praised Nash for his performance as his bowling in the match was thought to be as quick and dangerous as any bowler in the world . Following the Hobart match Nash was included in the Australian side to make his Test debut , aged 21 years and 286 days , against South Africa at the Melbourne Cricket Ground beginning 12 February 1932 . Nash was the first Tasmanian based player chosen to play for Australia since Charles Eady in 1902 and would be the last until Roger Woolley debuted in 1983 . Also making his Test debut for Australia was batsman Jack Fingleton while spin bowler Bert Ironmonger was recalled to the side . Nash 's inclusion raised eyebrows , as The Argus wrote " The inclusion of Nash will occasion most surprise " , particularly as Nash was the only fast bowler chosen in the Australian team . However Nash soon silenced any critics with a dangerous opening spell , capturing three of the first four South African wickets to fall and 4 in the first innings for just 18 runs , followed by 1 / 4 in the second as South Africa were routed for 36 and 45 . The match was the first to finish in under six hours ' play . Following the match , The Times commented favourably on Nash , reporting " Nash is a short , powerfully built man , … made the ball kick awkwardly , several balls getting up head @-@ high , and in one spell before luncheon took three wickets for four runs . Nash has plenty of stamina for a fast bowler and is considered by some to be the man for whom the selectors are searching to fill the place of Gregory . " Nash 's performance also drew the interest of VFL clubs , as he was " said to be a better footballer than he is a cricketer . " Victorian Football League clubs Richmond and Footscray sought to recruit Nash but the VFL considered Nash a Fitzroy player due to his time at Fitzroy Cricket Club . = = Bodyline = = The 1932 – 1933 cricket season saw the Douglas Jardine @-@ led England side tour Australia , with Nash expected to open the bowling . English newspaper the News Chronicle stated that the emergence of Nash was " a grim prospect for England in its attempts to recover the Ashes . " Despite this , he was left out of what became known as the Bodyline series . In the wake of England 's tactics of sustained fast short pitched bowling at the body of the Australian batsman , Australian vice @-@ captain Vic Richardson urged that Nash be brought into the Test team to " give the Poms back some of their own medicine . " Another Australian cricketer , Jack Fingleton , later wrote that the Australian selectors erred in not playing Nash , believing he was to be the best exponent in Australia of intimidatory fast bowling . However , the Australian Board of Control for International Cricket , which had been protesting to the Marylebone Cricket Club ( MCC ) about the Bodyline tactics of Jardine , believed that the inclusion of Nash would only aggravate an already tense situation , and Australian captain Bill Woodfull thought Bodyline bowling to be unsportsmanlike and refused to use the tactic . Nash himself claimed that he could have ended Bodyline in two overs without needing to resort to a leg field , as he believed that the English batsman could not hook and a few overs of sustained , fast short pitched bowling would have caused England to abandon their Bodyline tactics . As it was , Nash only played one first @-@ class game during the 1932 – 1933 season — for an Australian XI side against MCC at the MCG . Opening the bowling , Nash took 3 / 39 in the first innings and 0 / 18 in the second , with reporters noting that he occasionally got a lot of bounce out of the wicket . By this point Nash had played 17 matches for Tasmania , scoring 857 runs at 29 @.@ 55 and taking 51 wickets at 31 @.@ 96 . There was also talk , which proved unfounded , that Nash would be invited to join the touring team to Canada that Arthur Mailey was compiling . = = Move to Victoria = = = = = 1933 = = = Nash 's football career continued to soar as several Victorian Football League clubs sought to recruit Laurie and Robert Junior . South Melbourne , partly through its connection to Roy Cazaly and partly through its offer to Nash of an unprecedented £ 3 per match , accommodation and a job in a sports store , eventually won the battle for the Nash brothers ' signatures for the 1933 VFL season . Such was the interest in Melbourne in where Nash would play , when South Melbourne committee member Joe Scanlan travelled to Tasmania to sign Nash , he was smuggled aboard the steamer to avoid media attention . Nash moved to Melbourne in late 1932 and began playing cricket for South Melbourne Cricket Club while waiting for his transfer to South Melbourne Football Club to be processed . Laurie starred in practice matches for South Melbourne but Robert Junior struggled and left the club prior to the start of the season to successfully play firstly for VFA club Coburg and then play and coach in country Victoria , Wearing guernsey number 25 , Nash made his VFL debut for South Melbourne against Carlton Football Club at Princes Park on 29 April 1933 , aged 22 years and 362 days . A near @-@ record crowd of 37 @,@ 000 attended the match and Nash immediately became one of the League 's top players , dominating matches from centre half @-@ back . Due in large part to Nash 's performance , South Melbourne finished the 1933 Home and Away season in second . Nash caused the South Melbourne coaching staff concern when he fractured two fingers in a match against Hawthorn two weeks before the final series . Normally this type of injury would require a player to miss six weeks of football but Nash , who kicked six goals in the match , missed just one week , returned for South 's Semi @-@ Final win against Richmond and was considered Best on Ground in South Melbourne 's 1933 premiership win . In the Grand Final Nash played at centre @-@ half @-@ back , took thirteen marks and had twenty @-@ nine kicks and dominated play . Nash was adjudged the finest defender since World War I by The Sporting Globe and was runner @-@ up in the Best and Fairest at South Melbourne . A week after the Grand Final and still on a high from the premiership win , Nash opened the bowling for his district club South Melbourne against Australian captain Bill Woodfull 's team , Carlton . Mindful of the upcoming Test tour of England , Nash thought he could impress Woodfull by bowling him a series of short pitched deliveries , eventually hitting him over the heart ( Woodfull had been hit just under the heart by Harold Larwood during the Bodyline series ) . Nash dismissed Woodfull caught and bowled later that over for 15 but did not realise that " there was no way in the world Woodfull would take this wild and slightly uncouth cricketer with him to England in the current political climate ( or perhaps any other ) " and was not chosen for the subsequent tour of England . = = = 1934 = = = Nash continued to play district cricket and was considered a strong possibility for the 1934 tour of England . He was chosen to play in the Bert Ironmonger / Don Blackie benefit match , which was also a Test trial , but was forced to withdraw after contracting rheumatism in his shoulder . Nash 's replacement , Hans Ebeling , bowled well enough to secure a place in the tour squad instead . Following the 1933 Premiership success , hopes were high for the 1934 VFL season , which was known as the Centenary Premiership year , in recognition of one hundred years since the European settlement of Victoria . Nash continued to move between centre half @-@ back and centre half @-@ forward , kicking 53 goals for the year ( 47 of which from 9 games ) as well as playing a significant role in South Melbourne full @-@ forward Bob Pratt reaching a record 150 goals ( although later in life Pratt would joke that Nash only kicked to him once " but that was a mistake . " ) In August 1934 , Nash was chosen to play for Victoria in an interstate match against South Australia at the MCG , replacing the injured Pratt . Initially selected at centre half @-@ forward , Nash had kicked 2 goals by the start of the second quarter when he was moved to full @-@ forward to replace the injured Bill Mohr and proceeded to kick a further 16 goals to finish with 18 goals , a record for a Victorian player in an interstate match and for the MCG as Victoria defeated South Australia 30 @.@ 19 ( 199 ) to 14 @.@ 10 ( 94 ) . Brownlow Medallist Ivor Warne @-@ Smith wrote of Nash 's performance ; " his was a great achievement . He showed superb marking , good ground play , and accurate kicking . Some of his shots from left @-@ foot snaps were gems … His performance has never been equalled . " He later claimed he would have kicked 27 goals that day but for the selfishness of the rovers who refused to kick to him . Following the match , Dr B. Crellin , who attended the birth of Nash , publicly apologised to the South Australian side , claiming part responsibility for the mayhem inflicted by Nash . South Melbourne finished the home and away series in third position , defeated Collingwood by three points in the first Semi @-@ Final and Geelong by 60 points in the Preliminary Final , with Nash in brilliant form in the drizzling rain , kicking four goals . Going into the 1934 Grand Final , South Melbourne were favourites to retain the premiership but while Nash kicked six goals and was adjudged one of the best players of the match , South Melbourne were defeated by Richmond by 39 points . Such was the surprise around South Melbourne 's loss , there were post @-@ match rumours of South players being offered and accepting bribes to play poorly and Bob Pratt and Peter Reville angrily confronted team mates who underperformed . = = = 1935 = = = Nash resigned his position at the sports store and followed in his father 's footsteps by joining the Victorian police force on 14 January 1935 , and at 5 ' 9 " only just reached the minimum height requirement . Constable Nash served in the South Melbourne area for two years before resigning , having made no arrests in that time . Nash continued to cement his reputation as one of the top footballers in the country , being called " the most versatile player in Australia " , as , in addition to playing at centre half @-@ back and centre half @-@ forward , he successfully played in the ruck . Named at centre half @-@ back for Victoria in the game against Western Australia , Nash arrived in Perth with such a severe cold he was unable to train in the lead up to match . Nash injured his knee and ankle in Victoria 's win over Western Australia in Perth in early July and was unable to train for a week . While Nash did not miss any matches due to the injuries , they bothered him throughout the season and he was forced to miss South Melbourne Footballers ' weekly dance at the Lake Oval Social Hall . Although carrying injuries , Nash continued to show his versatility , playing around the ground and led South Melbourne to the Grand Final , their third in a row , only to be defeated by Collingwood . At the end of the 1935 season , Nash was adjudged the Best Player in the VFL by the Sporting Globe , yet only came runner @-@ up to Ron Hillis in South Melbourne 's Best and Fairest . = = = 1936 = = = Appointed vice @-@ captain of South Melbourne , Nash had his best Brownlow Medal result in 1936 , receiving ten votes and finishing equal sixteenth behind winner Denis Ryan , while at South Melbourne , Nash was voted runner @-@ up in the Best and Fairest and was runner @-@ up in the Leading Goalkicker award . Nash however was considered by many judges as the best footballer in Australia , being adjudged " VFL Best Player " by the Sporting Globe , " VFL Footballer of the Year " by the Melbourne Herald and " VFL Best Player of the Year " by The Australian , while newspapers reported that crowds " gasped " at the remarkable things he was able achieve with the ball . South Melbourne finished the year as Minor Premier but lost to Collingwood in the Second Semi @-@ Final , although Nash , at centre @-@ half @-@ back , was listed as one of South 's best players in the match . South then won the Preliminary Final against Melbourne , with the dominance of Nash , again at centre @-@ half @-@ back , over his opponent Jack Mueller , himself one of the VFL 's leading players , deciding the result of the final . For the fourth season in a row , South Melbourne reached the Grand Final , only to lose , for the third season in a row , to Collingwood for the second time in a row . Nash kicked one goal in the Grand Final and was adjudged one of South 's best players but Collingwood 's Jack Ross 's dogged tagging of Nash throughout the match was considered the decisive factor in Collingwood 's win . = = = 1937 = = = Nash was selected as captain of South Melbourne for the 1937 season to replace the retiring Jack Bisset , becoming part of the first father and son team to captain a VFL / AFL side . It is thought that South Melbourne 's newly appointed coach Roy Cazaly influenced the selection of Nash as captain , as Cazaly , Nash 's coach in Tasmania , believed Nash to be the best footballer ever . There was some controversy over Nash 's selection as captain , as it had been expected that vice @-@ captain Brighton Diggins would be named captain . In response , Diggins quit South . South Melbourne did not enjoy the same level of success it had in the past four seasons , dropping to ninth position as retirements of some its key players from the previous four seasons , as well as injuries meant Nash was forced to play a lone hand for much of the year . Nash won the club goal kicking award with 37 goals . = = Test comeback = = Nash spent five years out of the cricketing spotlight ( although he dominated Melbourne district cricket , the Victorian selectors refused to select him and he never played a Sheffield Shield match ) . In 1936 – 1937 he topped the district cricket bowling averages . Nash was chosen for Victoria against the touring English cricket team and responded with figures of 2 / 21 and 2 / 16 and had the tourists ducking and weaving with " several head and rib @-@ hunting deliveries an over " . By playing for Victoria in this match , Nash became the first person to represent two different states in cricket and Australian rules football . He remains one of only three players to do so ( the others being Keith Miller and Neil Hawke ) . In response to his bowling performance , Nash was picked for the deciding Fifth Test of the 1936 – 1937 Ashes series at the Melbourne Cricket Ground , with the sides locked at 2 – 2 in the series . His selection invoked complaints from the touring English side , where it was reported that a " feeling bordering on panic " had arisen at the thought of facing Nash during the Test . England captain Gubby Allen pressed for Nash 's banishment from the Australian team , organising a private lunch with Bradman , then Australian captain . Bradman refused to omit Nash , believing " his presence in the team would be a psychological threat to England whether he bowled bouncers or underarm grubbers " . Allen then approached the Australian Board of Control . It has been suggested that the Board of Control wanted to accede to Allen 's demand and veto Nash 's selection but were forced to relent when the selectors threatened to resign if Nash was not included . Finally , Allen informed the umpires that if Nash was to bowl one ball aimed at the body , he would immediately bring his batsmen off the ground . Nash claimed 4 / 70 and 1 / 34 and scored a sedate 17 in seventy @-@ five minutes ( disappointing the crowd which " was expecting fireworks from him " ) as Australia clinched the series . Nash also took a number of catches , including Wally Hammond off Bill O 'Reilly and a spectacular catch to dismiss Ken Farnes , the last England batsman , pocketing the ball and a stump as souvenirs . When later asked about his inclusion , Nash replied " They knew where to come when they stood 2 @-@ all in the rubber . " The media was full of praise for Nash 's performance in the Test , claiming that Nash was a much more reliable fast bowler than his " erratic " opening partner Ernie McCormick . Nash was praised for his stamina , his ability to keep his footing and his direction during long bowling stints and his vicious yorker , which he used to dismiss Leslie Ames in the first innings and Joe Hardstaff junior in the second . Bradman later wrote that Nash 's bowling was scrupulously fair and that any bouncers were few and adhered to the spirit of cricket . = = Cricket wilderness = = Following the Test , Nash was selected for Victoria for their match against South Australia at the Adelaide Oval in what would have been his first Sheffield Shield match . However , Nash was forced to withdraw and fly to Tasmania following his wife Irene 's sudden collapse in Hobart with peritonitis . At the start of the 1937 – 1938 cricket season , it was expected that Nash would be chosen for the 1938 Ashes Tour , with one journalist stating that if he was not selected , the team " would not be truly representative of our nation 's real cricketing strength . " Nash continued to terrorise batsmen in district cricket , including the rare occurrence of taking all 10 wickets in an innings ( for 35 runs ) for South Melbourne against Prahran in 1937 @-@ 38 , but was not selected for Victoria throughout the season . Nash 's non @-@ selection for Victoria led some Victorian Cricket Association delegates to publicly question why " the best fast bowler in Australia , and probably the world , is not chosen to represent Victoria " and demand that the Victorian selectors explain their non @-@ selection of Nash . Nash 's first @-@ class career ended at the age of 26 . His career Test figures 10 wickets at 12 @.@ 60 places him fourth on the list of averages for bowlers to have taken 10 or more Test wickets ( and the best by an Australian ) . His 22 first @-@ class matches reaped 69 wickets at 28 @.@ 33 and 953 runs at 28 @.@ 02 . His district cricket career of 63 matches netted 174 wickets at 14 @.@ 95 . A young Keith Miller also played for the South Melbourne Cricket Club and gained his first wicket in district cricket from a catch by Nash . Miller later declared that the non @-@ selection of Nash as a regular Test player was " the greatest waste of talent in Australian cricket history " , adding that Australian captain Don Bradman wanted Nash in the side to tour England in 1938 but that Nash " suffered injustices at the hands of high @-@ level cricket administration " , who refused to consider his selection . The reasons given for the administrators ' disinclination towards Nash include his reputation for blunt speech , his abrasive personality , which included sledging and even the fact that he wore cut off sleeves , which was considered a serious faux pas in the 1930s . Nash himself believed it was due to his working @-@ class background , saying " I didn 't wear the old school tie . I was a working man 's son . I didn 't fit in " . = = Transfer to Camberwell = = Prior to the 1938 season , the Victorian Football Association ( VFA ) , the second @-@ tier senior football competition in the state , made an ambitious break from tradition in what was ultimately a successful ploy to improve its popularity : it legalised throwing the ball in general play and made a few other rule changes to create a distinct and faster variation of Australian rules football , and ended the legal framework which required players to obtain a clearance when switching from the VFL to the VFA ( or vice versa ) . On March 31 , Nash caused a sensation when he became the first VFL player to defect under this schism , transferring from South Melbourne to Camberwell without a clearance . Nash was already one of the highest paid players in the VFL , but accepted an offer of £ 8 / week to captain @-@ coach the Camberwell Football Club , £ 3 / week to captain @-@ coach the sub @-@ district Camberwell Cricket Club and a job as a Camberwell Council official . South Melbourne and the VFL objected to the transfer and South Melbourne sent out a public appeal for a job for Nash that would match that offered by Camberwell but nothing suitable was forthcoming . There were also threats of legal action against Nash and Camberwell , which did not eventuate , although for playing in another competition without a clearance , Nash was banned from playing in the VFL competition for three years – a suspension which meant he would have to sit out of all football ( both VFA and VFL ) for three years if he wished to return from the VFA to the VFL . Nash was immediately appointed captain of Camberwell and quickly became one of the most popular figures in the VFA , drawing large crowds to even practice matches . Playing mainly at centre @-@ half @-@ back in his first season but later in the forward @-@ line , Nash was runner @-@ up in the 1938 Camberwell Best and Fairest and won the 1939 Best and Fairest ; and in 1939 , he finished second in both of the VFA 's Best and Fairest awards : the Recorder Cup and VFA Medal . Nash spent four seasons at Camberwell , where he played 74 games and kicked 418 goals , including 100 in 1939 and 141 in 1941 . At the start of the 1940 season Nash was still considered amongst the best footballers in the country and , with the transfer of former South Melbourne team mate Bob Pratt and Collingwood full @-@ forward Ron Todd to rival VFA sides Coburg and Williamstown respectively , there was talk that the VFA would now match the VFL for crowds . Nash was officially appointed Captain / Coach of Camberwell Cricket Club on 19 September 1938 and his debut for the club in the summer of 1938 – 1939 meant that he was the first person to be paid for playing grade cricket in Australia . = = War service = = Nash did not rush to enlist in the Australian armed forces on the outbreak of war in 1939 . While there was no public statement from Nash , it is thought that with a family to support and an Irish Catholic anti @-@ pathy to the British , Nash did not feel an urgency to fight . However , following the commencement of the war against Japan , Nash enlisted on 2 February 1942 . Realising the potential public relations coup in having a star sportsman enlist , officers recommended that Nash be seconded to the Army School of Physical Training ( where Don Bradman had been given a commission ) , which offered greater pay and rank and ensured that Nash would not be posted overseas , away from family . Additionally , a medical examination detected osteoarthritis in both his knees , derived from the number of injuries he sustained throughout his footballing career . Nash refused , stating that he did not wish to be treated differently from ordinary recruits , and enlisted in the Second Australian Imperial Force , gaining the rank of Trooper . Nash was posted to the 2 / 2nd Pioneer Battalion , which had seen action in the Syria @-@ Lebanon and the Netherlands East Indies campaigns . The 2 / 2nd Pioneer Battalion was sent to the South West Pacific theatre , supporting the 7th Division in the New Guinea campaign and fought in the Finisterre Range campaign in the advance to Lae . Throughout his tour of duty Nash had been wary of preferential treatment towards him due to his fame and opposed any attempts to promote him , which he believed he did not deserve . However , a jeep crash resulted in further injury to Nash 's knees and ultimately led to a medical discharge from the Army on 18 February 1944 . Following his return to Australia , Nash sold War Bonds and appeared at war @-@ related charity functions , including one where he raised an additional £ 100 by singing to the large crowd . Although Nash would claim that he was never prouder than when he was a soldier , always wore his Returned Services League ( RSL ) badge and eagerly attended reunions of the 2 / 2nd Pioneer Battalion , he never marched on Anzac Day or applied for the campaign medals for which he was eligible . = = Postwar sport = = Although out of shape and with arthritic knees , Nash announced that he was making a football comeback in 1945 . He sought to return to South Melbourne , rather than Camberwell , but Camberwell declined Nash 's transfer application and both clubs stated that they would be naming Nash in their respective sides for Round 1 . An impediment to Nash 's return to South Melbourne arose as a result of Nash having played two games for his old boy scout troop , the 6th Melbourne Scouts , while on leave in mid @-@ 1942 ; these games were considered competitive , and playing in them meant that Nash had not sat out of football for the three years required to serve the suspension he had received for crossing to Camberwell without a clearance . After an appeal by South Melbourne , a special meeting of the VFL was held to amend the rules so ex @-@ servicemen would not be penalised for playing in minor matches . The amendment was made the day before the commencement of the 1945 season , allowing Nash to take his place for South Melbourne in their Round 1 . Nash was slower and more portly than he was in the 1930s , short of match practice and forced to spend most Sundays in hospital having fluid drained from his injured knees swollen from the exertions of the day before , forcing South Melbourne coach Bull Adams to nurse Nash through the season . Additionally , in the Round 5 match against Footscray , he tore the webbing between his fingers which later became infected , causing him to miss the Round 6 match against North Melbourne and although Nash wore a special leather glove to protect his hand , the injury would trouble him for the rest of the season . Despite these setbacks , Nash could still be a match winner and many opposition players saw him as the key player for South Melbourne . Nash 's best return for the year was seven goals against St Kilda in Round 12 and he twice kicked six goals in a match ; against Geelong in Round 15 and Fitzroy in Round 18 . When an opposition player did well against Nash , it was something to savour ; years later leading Richmond player Don " Mopsy " Fraser wrote " Trouncing Nash does a lot for your confidence , even an ageing Nash . " South Melbourne won the minor premiership in 1945 and reached the 1945 VFL Grand Final , where it lost to Carlton . Named at full @-@ forward , Nash was the oldest player in the Grand Final at 35 years and 150 days . The match , known as ' the Bloodbath ' , was notorious for its onfield violence . For his part , Nash king @-@ hit Carlton captain Bob Chitty in the final quarter with what he later described as the sweetest punch he had ever thrown , knocking Chitty out , breaking his jaw and leaving a large wound over his left eye which required several stitches ; as the umpire was unsighted , Nash went unreported over this incident . Nash was generally ineffective on the day , and his opponent Vin Brown was a consensus pick for best player on ground . Nash was described as a " sad figure … age and injury had reduced him to almost a caricature , a lion in winter simply going through the motions . His body was no longer capable of performing the feats that a decade earlier had seen him feted as the finest footballer to ever play the game . " Nash played 17 games for South in 1945 , kicking 56 goals . This left him with 99 VFL matches and 246 goals in his career . Nash also played three matches for Victoria , kicking 19 goals . On 18 February 1944 , the day he was discharged from the Army , Nash played an internal trial cricket match for South Melbourne , although he had not played competitive cricket for four years . However , he did not play another first XI district match for South Melbourne after the war . = = Post @-@ VFL footballing career = = Nash trained with South Melbourne during the 1946 pre @-@ season but ultimately retired from VFL football to accept a position as captain @-@ coach of the Ovens and Murray Football League side Wangaratta for a salary of £ 12 per week , four times the wage he would have received playing for South Melbourne . The high wage also meant that Nash was not required to find additional employment to cover his family 's expenses , and in so doing , became one of the first fully professional Australian rules football players . Nash not only led Wangaratta to a premiership but , as a favour to a friend , also coached another country side , Greta in 1946 , leading them to a premiership in the Ovens and King Football League , becoming one of the few people to have coached two different teams to a premiership in the same season . Nash is still remembered in Greta for placing a football in a cowpat and placekicking it over a tall gum tree . In 1947 , Nash was appointed captain @-@ coach of Casterton , in western Victoria , once again at a wage of £ 12 per week . He took Casterton to a grand final that season , losing by a point . The grand final would be Nash 's final official game as a player , although he did play in charity matches for some years . = = = South Melbourne coach = = = Nash 's success as a coach in country football lead South Melbourne to appoint him as coach for the 1953 VFL season . Following his appointment , Nash confidently predicted that he would coach South Melbourne to a premiership that year and at the halfway point of the season South were tipped to play in the finals but injuries to key players led to five consecutive losses and at the end of the season South Melbourne had won nine games and lost nine games to finish eighth in the twelve team competition . There was some criticism of Nash as a coach as he apparently could not understand how players were unable to do things on the football field that came to him naturally . Nash had signed a two @-@ year contract , yet the South Melbourne committee re @-@ advertised the position of coach following the end of the 1953 season and while Nash applied , he was not reappointed . Fellow South Melbourne champion Bob Skilton claimed that had Nash been given time , he " would have become one of the all @-@ time great coaches " . = = Post @-@ sporting career = = Following his retirement from coaching , Nash became involved in the sporting media . He wrote a column for the Sporting Globe newspaper , spoke at sportsmans ' nights and made regular television appearances , including on World of Sport , to comment on Australian rules football and point out that there had not been a player of his ability in the VFL since his retirement . In his newspaper column , Nash did not shy away from controversy , claiming on one occasion that Sir Donald Bradman had openly " roasted " a number of leading Australian cricketers for their performance during a Test . The claim sparked an angry response from Bradman , who claimed " everything in the article as attributed to me is completely without foundation in every particular . " In addition to his positions in the media , Nash was also a publican , which proved so financially successfully he was able to pay cash for a house in the upmarket Melbourne suburb of South Yarra . An altercation with a drunken patron resulted in a broken left hip and forced Nash to sell his hotel , the Prince Alfred in Port Melbourne and gain employment as a clerk in the Melbourne Magistrates Court , a position he held until his mandatory retirement at 65 . Along with fellow former Test cricketer Lindsay Hassett , Nash voluntarily served on the executive committee of the Anti @-@ Cancer Council of Victoria and worked closely with the Aboriginal community of Melbourne , partly in recognition of his old friend Doug Nicholls , a former VFL footballer and leading figure in the Indigenous community . He also turned his interest to fishing , stating that he felt " edgy " if he did not go fishing a couple of times a week . Nash strongly opposed the relocation of South Melbourne Football Club to Sydney ( renamed the Sydney Swans ) in 1981 , considering it a repudiation of the proud South Melbourne he had helped create . Nash stated that he had given fifty years to South Melbourne but due to the relocation they had now lost him forever and refused to attend Swans matches for many years , relenting only shortly before his death to attend a match between Sydney and Footscray . Nash was forced to have a pin and plate inserted in his broken left hip and as a result walked with a profound limp . He also began to drink and eat more and stopped his exercise routine , leading him to become bloated , " like an old , red balloon that had been slightly let down " . Nash 's father Bob Senior collapsed and died in 1958 while at the MCG watching Collingwood win the 1958 VFL Grand Final . Laurie Nash later said that it would have been the perfect way for his father to die . Nash 's brother Bob Junior died of emphysema in the early 1970s , while in 1975 Irene Nash , who had been in poor health for some time , died , leaving Nash heartbroken . Every day for five years he visited the cemetery where her remains were scattered . In 1980 Nash met twice widowed Doreen Hutchison and eventually moved in with her . While they never married , Doreen answered to the name " Mrs Nash " . When Doreen died suddenly from a heart attack in 1985 , Nash 's health quickly deteriorated and he suffered a stroke in early 1986 . Visitors to Nash 's bedside remarked that Nash could not believe his own mortality . Following a succession of strokes , Nash died in the Repatriation Hospital in Heidelberg , Victoria on 24 July 1986 , aged 76 . Survived by his daughter Noelene and grandsons Anthony and Simon , a service for Nash was held at a Catholic church in Melbourne and his cremated remains were scattered at Fawkner Memorial Park , near that of his wife Irene . = = Style = = Nash 's great sporting success can be partly attributed to his self @-@ confidence . Once , when asked who was the greatest footballer he had ever seen , Nash replied " I see him in the mirror every morning when I shave " . [ The conversation then turned ] to former South Melbourne great ( and Test cricketer ) Laurie Nash , who was renowned , besides for his prodigious talent , for being on fairly good terms with himself . [ Bob ] Davis : " We were at the Lake Oval one day , and a kid , I think it might have been Billy Gunn , took a mark about 30 yards out straight out in front , and I said to Laurie , who was long retired — I was standing with him — I said : ' Will he kick this goal ? ' And he said : ' I don 't know if he will , but I would , in my pyjamas , dressing gown and carpet slippers , left or right foot . And I mean now ! ' " The Age , Saturday , 28 June 2008 . Yet , whilst Nash tended to sound arrogant in public , he was very modest about his success in private ; in fact , his daughter Noelene was not aware of her father 's sporting success until aged 12 when a friend 's father told her . = = = Footballing style = = = Nash was a superbly fit athlete who never smoked , drank rarely , and dedicated himself to a punishing exercise regime ; something rare in 1930s sports circles . Legendary Richmond Football Club player and coach Jack Dyer asserted that Nash was " Inch for inch , pound for pound , the greatest player in the history of Australian Rules " , adding " He was the only man I knew who could bite off more than he could chew and chew it . " In the view of champion Collingwood full @-@ forward Gordon Coventry , whose record of 1299 VFL career goals between 1920 and 1937 would not be surpassed for 62 years , if Nash had played at full @-@ forward for his entire career , he would have kicked more goals than anyone , Coventry included . In 1936 Coventry stated that Nash was the best player he had seen ; " No player is more versatile , for he can play anywhere . He is fast , has great control of the ball , kicks with either foot and has that little bit of " devil " so essential in the makeup of a champion of to @-@ day . " Fellow footballer Vic Richardson wrote in 1968 that Nash " was faster than any player I have seen in getting the ball moving to players running on . Add his high marking ability and speed to his quick thinking and you had a player who practically originated today 's style of play and one who would be unbeatable at it . " In retirement , Nash was asked why he never won a Brownlow Medal ( the award for the Best and Fairest player in the VFL ) . He replied , " I was never the best and fairest but I reckon I might have been the worst and dirtiest . I played it hard and tough . " = = = Cricketing style = = = Nash 's bowling action has been described as letting " the ball go with a furious arm action , as if a fortune depended on every ball " , making " the ball fizz as he charged through the crease at a speed that always appeared likely to topple him over . " Another witness added " there was little beauty in his bowling . He sprinted to the wicket faster than most bowlers but had an almost round @-@ arm flipping delivery " which made him the most dangerous bowler in Australia on lively pitches . In 1990 , famed Australian historian Manning Clark recalled Nash 's bowling when he wrote of the period in the 1930s when he was an opening batsman for the University of Melbourne in Victorian district cricket and had to draw on his mother 's strength to help him " face Laurie Nash at the South Melbourne ground without flinching . " Nash was also complimented on his control , stamina and " an ever present confidence in his ability " , which , combined with his speed , made him a formidable bowler . Additionally , Nash was also praised for his fielding in almost any position , with one scribe referring to his " amazingly athletic ability " . Nash 's batting stance was described as " peculiar " . His bat touches the turf in line with the off @-@ stump , but his feet are well clear of the leg stump . He grips the bat near the tip of the handle , and it gives an impression that the bat is inordinately long . After making a duck in the first innings of the match between Tasmania and the touring Australian side in March 1930 , members of the Australian side advised Nash to change his stance , stating that it was too unorthodox to be successful . Nash ignored this advice and promptly scored 93 in the second innings of the match . = = = Other sports = = = Nash also excelled in other sports , winning awards in golf , tennis and quoits , including the Australian cricket team 's 1932 deck quoits championship at the Oriental Hotel in Melbourne , defeating Clarrie Grimmett in the final . Nash 's natural skills in any sport he tried led former first @-@ class cricketer Johnnie Moyes to call Nash " one of the finest all @-@ round athletes of the century " . = = Honours and legacy = = In addition to the awards he received during his playing career , Nash was awarded accolades for his sporting prowess after his retirement . Nash was made a life member of South Melbourne Football Club in 1960 and following his death , the Sydney Swans wore black armbands in their match against Carlton , named their Best and Fairest Award the " Laurie Nash Medal " , in 2003 named him at centre @-@ half @-@ forward in their " Team of the Century " and in 2009 named him as an inaugural member of their Hall of Fame . The central place Nash held at the Swans was illustrated in 2005 , when following Sydney 's grand final win , a cartoon appeared in the Melbourne Herald Sun , featuring Swans players surrounding Nash , who was wearing his South Melbourne guernsey and was drinking from the premiership cup . In 1987 Nash was made a foundation member of the Tasmanian Sporting Hall of Fame and named at centre @-@ half @-@ back in the Tasmanian Australian rules " Team of the Century " . When he was selected for the Australian Football Hall of Fame in 1996 , the summary commented " One of the most gifted players ever , his career was half as long as many but it shone twice as brightly as most . Considered by many judges ( himself included ) the best player in the land … " . In 2003 , he was named at centre half forward in the Camberwell Team of the Century . Test batsman Merv Harvey once claimed that his greatest achievement was scoring runs off Nash 's bowling , which he classed as the fastest he had ever faced , in a club match . Author Ian Shaw called Nash " perhaps the greatest all @-@ round sportsman Australia has ever produced " , while some fans old enough to remember Nash at his peak list him as the greatest player they ever saw and a football journalist who failed to include Nash in a " Best Ever " list was the target of a letter writing campaign from elderly fans . Additionally , by way of a folk memorial , he is recalled in the Australian vernacular term " Laurie Nash " , rhyming slang for " cash " and is mentioned in the 1993 novel Going Away by award winning journalist Martin Flanagan .
= She Stoops to Conquer ( 1910 film ) = She Stoops to Conquer is a 1910 American silent short drama produced by the Thanhouser Company . The film is an adaptation of Oliver Goldsmith 's She Stoops to Conquer , possibly adapted by Lloyd Lonergan . The scenario removes a subplot in favor of following Marlow who is sent by his father to court the daughter of an old friend of his . He encounters Tony Lumpkin , who directs him to the Hardcastle mansion , claiming it to be an inn . Hardcastle welcomes Marlow , but Marlow treats his host rudely , unaware of Hardcastle 's identity . When the misunderstanding is rectified Marlow refuses to marry Hardcastle 's daughter , for he has taken a liking to the maid servant . Caught in the act of making love to the maid by his father , the woman is revealed to be Hardcastle 's daughter and all ends well . The film was released on August 19 , 1910 , but it received mix reviews by critics . The film is presumed lost . = = Plot = = Though the film is presumed lost , a synopsis survives in The Moving Picture World from August 20 , 1910 . It states : " The play deals with the love affair of two young people , both of whose parents are anxious that they should wed . Young Marlow sent by his father to court the daughter of an old friend , Mr. Hardcastle . Marlow has spent very little time in the company of the fairer sex , and as a consequence thereof is always shy and nervous in their presence . He , therefore , accepts his father 's orders unwillingly and , accompanied by his friend , young Hastings , rides out to meet his future bride . On the road the travelers encounter Hardcastle 's stepson , Tony Lumpkin , who in revenge for punishment his stepfather has inflicted , directs Marlow and his friend to the Hardcastle mansion , claiming that it is an inn where they will be well treated . In the meantime , great preparations are being made at the Hardcastle home for the reception of Hardcastle 's old friend , and when Tony ushers in young Marlow , thinking Hardcastle merely the proprietor of an inn , he treats him with scant courtesy and orders him about , much to the older man 's chagrin . Hardcastle is subjected to his daughter 's extravagant costumes , and she appears on this memorable evening dressed in a simple dress and wearing the cap and apron that housewives in the neighborhood assume . This costume greatly pleases her father , but leads young Marlow further astray . He immediately jumps to the conclusion that she is a most attractive barmaid and loses his heart to her in short order . Upon the arrival of his father , Marlow learns his mistake as regards the inn question , but flatly refuses to marry Hardcastle 's daughter , claiming that she is too grand for him , and citing his preference for the maid servant . While in the act of making love to the supposed barmaid he is discovered by his father , and , when told that this is the young lady his father had intended him to marry , he is overjoyed , as he feels sure that his bashful disposition would never have allowed him to woo and win her had he known her to be a lady of fashion . " = = Cast = = Anna Rosemond in an unknown role . Frank H. Crane in an unknown role . According to Hervé Dumont 's Encyclopédie du film historique the role of Kate Hardcastle was played by Rosemond and the role of George Marlow was played by Crane . This information may have come from a surviving film still . One surviving film still was used in an advertisement by the Thanhouser Company . = = Production = = The scenario is an adaptation of Oliver Goldsmith 's She Stoops to Conquer and was not , by that time , not familiar to most theatergoers . The writer of the scenario is unknown , but it was most likely Lloyd Lonergan . He was an experienced newspaperman employed by The New York Evening World while writing scripts for the Thanhouser productions . The impetus to adapt the play for the film may have been inspired by a recent Broadway production as noted in one Thanhouser advertisement , " So revered is She Stoops to Conquer in the hearts of the American public that recently they saw it as an all @-@ star Broadway production with Eleanor Robson as Kate and Kyrle Bellew as Marlow , and it scored an epoch @-@ making success . The present producers don 't claim it to be a Broadway production but they [ do ] know it 's the best picture thing of its kind that has been released this far in the game . " The advertisement also claims to be the first film adaptation of the play , which according to The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film it is . She Stoops to Conquer would seen numerous adaptations over the following decades , but the Thanhouser Company would also draw from Goldsmith 's work with their first adaptation of The Vicar of Wakefield in 1910 . The film director is unknown , but it may have been Barry O 'Neil . Film historian Q. David Bowers does not attribute a cameraman for this production , but at least two possible candidates exist . Blair Smith was the first cameraman of the Thanhouser company , but he was soon joined by Carl Louis Gregory who had years of experience as a still and motion picture photographer . The role of the cameraman was uncredited in 1910 productions . Though the roles of the actors are unknown , leading actress Anna Rosemond is credited with a role . One of the more prominent leading male actors was Frank H. Crane in another unknown role . It is likely that numerous other character roles and persons appeared in the film . Bowers states that most of the credits are fragmentary for 1910 Thanhouser productions . One of these uncredited roles could have been played by the other leading lady of the company , Violet Heming . = = Release and reception = = The one reel comedy @-@ drama , approximately 1000 feet long , was released on August 19 , 1910 . The film had a wide national release with known advertisements in Missouri , Texas , Minnesota , Washington D.C. , and Kansas . The film was also show by the Province Theatre of Vancouver , Canada . The film received mixed reviews in trade publications . The Moving Picture World remarked that the play itself was not well @-@ known , but that the plot was depicted adequately enough that it may encourage a re @-@ perusal of the play . There was no fault found by the reviewer who stated , " The characters of Hardcastle , Kate and Marlow are admirably done and seem to correctly interpret the original . The staging and costuming are in harmony with the play and reproduce the scenery of the time depicted with accuracy . The usefulness of a work of this sort does not end with the presentation of the play itself . There is an educational value which includes the costuming and reproduction of the surroundings of the time . These are so unfamiliar now that they afford not a little addition to the interest and pleasure of such a film . The work has been done so well that the company deserves commendation for undertaking the task . It is not an easy manner to reproduce a play of this character , and when it is well done the company performing it deserves praise . " The New York Dramatic Mirror disagreed on almost all points , " In numerous details the illusion is dispelled , for the scenery is manifestly not of the eighteenth century . No contemporary of Goldsmith ever rode in such a barouche as appears in this film , nor lived in such a house as Mr. Hardcastle . The final tableau is as artificial as set pieces which have gone out of style at funerals . With all of its imperfections there is considerable of virile comedy in the film . " Though the Mirror reviewer stated that despite the elimination of the Hastings and Constance Neville subplot , the acting is clear enough that audiences do not need prior knowledge of the play to appreciate the film .
= HMS Ivanhoe ( D16 ) = HMS Ivanhoe was an I @-@ class destroyer built for the Royal Navy in the mid @-@ 1930s . During the Spanish Civil War of 1936 – 1939 , the ship enforced the arms blockade imposed by Britain and France on both sides as part of the Mediterranean Fleet . Before the start of World War II , the ship was modified so that she could be used to lay mines by removing some of her armament . Ivanhoe was transferred to Western Approaches Command shortly after the war began and helped to sink one German submarine in October 1939 . She was converted to a minelayer while undergoing a refit in November – December and laid minefields in German coastal waters as well as anti @-@ submarine minefields off the British coast until she was reconverted back to her destroyer configuration in February 1940 . Ivanhoe reverted to her minelaying role during the Norwegian Campaign in April 1940 and then laid a number of minefields off the Dutch coast during the Battle of the Netherlands in May . The ship participated in the Dunkirk evacuation until she was badly damaged by German aircraft on 1 June . On her first minelaying mission after her repairs were completed , she struck a German mine and had to be scuttled on 1 September 1940 during the Texel Disaster . = = Description = = The I @-@ class ships were improved versions of the preceding H @-@ class . They displaced 1 @,@ 370 long tons ( 1 @,@ 390 t ) at standard load and 1 @,@ 888 long tons ( 1 @,@ 918 t ) at deep load . The ships had an overall length of 323 feet ( 98 @.@ 5 m ) , a beam of 33 feet ( 10 @.@ 1 m ) and a draught of 12 feet 6 inches ( 3 @.@ 8 m ) . They were powered by two Parsons geared steam turbines , each driving one propeller shaft , using steam provided by three Admiralty three @-@ drum boilers . The turbines developed a total of 34 @,@ 000 shaft horsepower ( 25 @,@ 000 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 35 @.@ 5 knots ( 65 @.@ 7 km / h ; 40 @.@ 9 mph ) . Ivanhoe carried a maximum of 455 long tons ( 462 t ) of fuel oil that gave her a range of 5 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 10 @,@ 200 km ; 6 @,@ 300 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . The ships ' complement was 145 officers and ratings . The ships mounted four 4 @.@ 7 @-@ inch ( 120 mm ) Mark IX guns in single mounts . For anti @-@ aircraft ( AA ) defence , they had two quadruple Mark I mounts for the 0 @.@ 5 inch Vickers Mark III machine gun . The I class was fitted with two above @-@ water quintuple torpedo tube mounts for 21 @-@ inch ( 533 mm ) torpedoes . One depth charge rack and two throwers were fitted ; 16 depth charges were originally carried , but this increased to 35 shortly after the war began . She was one of the four I @-@ class destroyers fitted with minelaying equipment in late 1938 – January 1939 at Malta . This consisted of mounts for rails on the deck on which to carry the mines and an electric winch to move the mines down the rails . A pair of sponsons were added to the stern to allow the mines to clear the propellers when dropped into the sea . ' A ' and ' Y ' guns and both sets of torpedo tubes were modified to allow them to be removed to compensate for the weight of the mines . The ship could carry a maximum of 72 mines . Ivanhoe was fitted with the ASDIC sound detection system to locate submarines underwater . = = Construction and career = = The ship was ordered from Yarrow Shipbuilders at Scotstoun on 30 October 1935 under the 1935 Naval Programme . The ship was laid down on 12 February 1936 and launched on 11 February 1937 as the second Royal Navy warship to carry the name . Ivanhoe was completed on 24 August 1937 and cost £ 259 @,@ 371 excluding items supplied by Admiralty such as guns and communications equipment . She was assigned to the 3rd Destroyer Flotilla of the Mediterranean Fleet upon commissioning and participated in training exercises with the French Navy in December through January 1938 . The ship was forced to leave these exercises prematurely as she had problems with the tubes in her superheaters . These were replaced at Malta from 15 January – 19 March . Afterwards , Ivanhoe was transferred to Gibraltar where she patrolled Spanish waters enforcing the policies of the Non @-@ Intervention Committee until the end of the war . She was in Cartagena in February – March 1939 to protect British citizens and interests as foreigners , Republican troops and their supporters evacuated the city . Ivanhoe was in transit between Alexandria and Malta when World War II began in September 1939 , but she was in Plymouth on 14 September as the entire 3rd Destroyer Flotilla had been transferred to the Western Approaches Command for escort duties . Together with her sisters , Inglefield , Intrepid , and Icarus , the ship sank the German submarine U @-@ 45 on 14 October . She was refitted at Sheerness Dockyard and converted to a minelayer from 14 November – 13 December . Ivanhoe was transferred to the specialist minelaying 20th Destroyer Flotilla on 12 December and laid her first minefield , along with the other three ships of the flotilla , at the mouth of the Ems estuary on the night of 17 / 18 December . Another minefield was laid on the night of 2 / 3 January 1940 by Ivanhoe and Intrepid and they then laid a series of anti @-@ submarine minefields later in the month . The ship replaced her guns and torpedo tubes at Portland from 27 January – 3 February and resumed her former duties . In early April , Ivanhoe and three other destroyer minelayers were escorted by the 2nd Destroyer Flotilla as they laid mines as part of Operation Wilfred , an operation to lay mines in the Vestfjord to prevent the shipment of Swedish iron ore from Narvik to Germany . The mines were laid on the early morning of 8 April , before the Germans began their invasion , and the destroyers joined the battlecruiser HMS Renown and her escorts after they each successfully laid their 60 mines . The ship was present during , but played no significant part in , Renown 's brief engagement off Lofoten with the German battleships Scharnhorst and Gneisenau on 9 April . Later in the month , the ship carried troops of the 15th Infantry Brigade to Åndalsnes . Ivanhoe then loaded mines and laid a minefield in the approaches to Trondheim , together with Icarus and Impulsive , on the night of 29 / 30 April . After a boiler cleaning from 7 – 15 May , Ivanhoe , Esk , and Express , laid 164 mines off the Hook of Holland on the night of 15 / 16 May . Three German minesweepers were later sunk by this minefield on 26 July . Three nights later , the same three ships , reinforced by Intrepid , Impulsive , and the auxiliary minelayer Princess Victoria laid a minefield off the Dutch coast . Princess Victoria struck a German mine on the voyage home and was sunk ; the destroyers rescued the ship 's survivors . They laid five more minefields off the Dutch coast before the end of the month . On 29 May , the ship was transferred to the Dunkirk evacuation effort and ferried 930 troops to Dover that day . She also took aboard the crew of the badly damaged destroyer Grafton and then scuttled Grafton . She was withdrawn from the evacuation on 30 May as too valuable to risk , but this decision was reversed the following day and Ivanhoe evacuated 1 @,@ 290 men to Dover . On the morning of 1 June , already having loaded troops , the ship was attacked off Dunkirk harbour by German aircraft . Two bombs missed to port and starboard , but the third detonated above the upper deck and flooded the two forward boiler rooms . The bomb killed 26 , including five soldiers , and wounded many others . Most of the troops and wounded were taken off by the minesweeper Speedwell and the destroyer Havant . No. 3 boiler room was still operable and the ship reached Dover under her own power . Repairs at Sheerness lasted until 28 August and she was converted back into a minelayer at Immingham from 28 – 31 August as she was transferred back to the 20th Destroyer Flotilla . That night , she sailed with Intrepid , Icarus , Esk and Express to lay a minefield off the Dutch coast , north of Texel . Express hit a mine in a newly @-@ laid German field that night and had her bow blown off . Ivanhoe closed to assist her and struck another mine shortly afterwards . The explosion knocked out her power for several hours , but the ship was able to raise steam by 01 : 45 on 1 September . She reached a speed of 7 knots ( 13 km / h ; 8 @.@ 1 mph ) while steaming backwards to lessen the stress on her damaged bow . However , about 04 : 00 , either her propellers fell off or her propeller shafts fractured , and she lost all speed . Around 08 : 00 , four motor torpedo boats arrived ; three of these loaded all but 37 men of the ship 's crew while the fourth stayed with the destroyer to recover the remaining crewmen . Ivanhoe continued to take on water and started to list . Early in the afternoon , she lost all power to her pumps and the captain ordered the ship abandoned after opening her valves to speed her sinking . Shortly afterwards , Ivanhoe was discovered and damaged by a German aircraft , but still did not sink . She had to be scuttled by a torpedo fired by the destroyer Kelvin later in the afternoon . The ship quickly sank afterwards at position 53 ° 26 ′ 42 ″ N 03 ° 45 ′ 24 ″ E.
= Battle of Dun Nechtain = The Battle of Dun Nechtain or Battle of Nechtansmere ( Scottish Gaelic : Blàr Dhùn Neachdain , Old Irish : Dún Nechtain , Old Welsh : Linn Garan , Old English : Nechtansmere ) was fought between the Picts , led by King Bridei Mac Bili , and the Northumbrians , led by King Ecgfrith on 20 May 685 . The Northumbrian hegemony over Northern Britain , won by Ecgfrith 's predecessors , had begun to disintegrate . Several of Northumbria 's subject nations had rebelled in recent years , leading to a number of large @-@ scale battles against the Picts , Mercians , and Irish , with varied success . Following sieges on neighbouring territories carried out by the Picts , Ecgfrith led his forces against them , despite advice to the contrary , in an effort to reassert his suzerainty over the Pictish nations . A feigned retreat by the Picts drew the Northumbrians into an ambush at Dun Nechtain near the lake of Linn Garan . The battle site has long been thought to have been near the present @-@ day village of Dunnichen in Angus . Recent research , however , has suggested a more northerly location near Dunachton , on the shores of Loch Insh in Badenoch and Strathspey . The battle ended with a decisive Pictish victory which severely weakened Northumbria 's power in northern Britain . Ecgfrith was killed in battle , along with the greater part of his army . The Pictish victory marked their independence from Northumbria , who never regained their dominance in the north . = = Background = = During the seventh century , the Northumbrians gradually extended their territory to the north . The Annals of Tigernach record a siege of " Etain " in 638 , which has been interpreted as Northumbria 's conquest of Din Eidyn ( Edinburgh ) during the reign of Oswald , marking the annexation of Gododdin territories to the south of the River Forth . To the north of the Forth , the Pictish nations consisted at this time of the kingdom of Fortriu to the north of the Mounth , and a " Southern Pictish Zone " between there and the Forth . Evidence from the eighth century Anglo @-@ Saxon historian , Bede points to the Picts also being subjugated by the Northumbrians during Oswald 's reign , and that this subjugation continued into the reign of his successor , Oswiu . Ecgfrith succeeded Oswiu as king of Northumbria in 670 . Soon after , the Picts rose in rebellion against Northumbrian subjugation at the Battle of Two Rivers , recorded in the 8th century by Stephen of Ripon , hagiographer of Wilfrid . Ecgfrith was aided by a sub @-@ king , Beornhæth , who may have been a leader of the Southern Picts , and the rebellion ended in disaster for the Northern Picts of Fortriu . Their king , Drest mac Donuel , was deposed and was replaced by Bridei mac Bili . By 679 , the Northumbrian hegemony was beginning to fall apart . The Irish annals record a Mercian victory over Ecgfrith at which Ecgfrith 's brother , Ælfwine of Deira was killed . Sieges were recorded at Dunnottar , in the northern @-@ most region of the " Southern Pictish Zone " near Stonehaven in 680 and at Dundurn in Strathearn in 682 . The antagonists in these sieges are not recorded , but the most reasonable interpretation is thought to be that Bridei 's forces were the assailants . Bridei is also recorded as having " destroyed " the Orkney Islands in 681 , at a time when the Northumbrian church was undergoing major religious reform . It had followed the traditions of the Columban church of Iona until the Synod of Whitby in 664 at which it pledged loyalty to the Roman Church . The Northumbrian diocese was divided and a number of new episcopal sees created . One of these was founded at Abercorn on the south coast of the Firth of Forth , and Trumwine was consecrated as Bishop of the Picts . Bridei , who was enthusiastiacally involved with the church of Iona , is unlikely to have viewed an encroachment of the Northumbrian @-@ sponsored Roman church favourably . The attacks on the Southern Pictish Zone at Dunnottar and Dundurn represented a major threat to Ecgfrith 's suzerainty . Ecgfrith was contending with other challenges to his overlordship . In June 684 , countering a Gaelic @-@ Briton alliance , he sent his armies , led by Berhtred , son of Beornhæth , to Brega in Ireland . Ecgfrith 's force decimated the local population and destroyed many churches , actions which are treated with scorn by Bede . = = Account of the battle = = While none of the historical sources explicitly state Ecgfrith 's reason for attacking Fortriu in 685 , the consensus is that it was to reassert Northumbria 's eroded hegemony over the Picts . The most thorough description of the battle is given by Bede in his 8th century work Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum ( The Ecclesiastical History of the English People ) ( completed c731 ) , but this is still brief . Additional detail is given in the Irish annals of Ulster and Tigernach , and by the early Welsh historian Nennius in his Historia Brittonum ( written c830 ) . Ecgfrith 's attack on Fortriu was made against the counsel of his advisors , including Cuthbert , who had recently been made Bishop of Lindisfarne . The Picts under leadership of Bridei , feigned retreat and drew Ecgfrith 's Northumbrian force into an ambush on Saturday 20 May 685 at a lake in mountains near Duin Nechtain . The Northumbrian army was defeated and Ecgfrith slain . = = Location = = The site of the battle is uncertain . Until relatively recently the battle was most commonly known by its Northumbrian name , the Battle of Nechtansmere , from the Old English for ' Nechtan 's lake ' , following 12th @-@ century English historian Symeon of Durham . The location of the battle near a lake is reinforced by Nennius ' record of the conflict as Gueith Linn Garan , Old Welsh for ' Battle of Crane Lake ' . It is likely that Linn Garan was the original Pictish name for the lake . The most complete narrative of the battle itself is given by Bede , who nevertheless fails to inform us of the location other than his mention that it took place ' in straits of inaccessible mountains ' . The Irish Annals have provided perhaps the most useful resource for identifying the battle site , giving the location as Dún Nechtain , ' Nechtan 's Fort ' , a name that has survived into modern usage in two separate instances . = = = Dunnichen = = = Dunnichen in Angus was first identified as a possible location for the battle by antiquarian George Chalmers in the early 19th century . Chalmers notes that the name ' Dunnichen ' can be found in early charters of Arbroath Abbey as ' Dun Nechtan ' . He further suggests a site , ' Dunnichen Moss ' ( grid reference NO516489 ) , to the east of the village , which he informs us had recently been drained but can be seen in old maps as a small lake . Earlier local tradition , related by Headrick in the Second Statistical Account , claimed that the site was the location of the Battle of Camlann , where King Arthur fought Mordred . More recent suggestions for the battle site include the valley to the north of Dunnichen Hill , centering on Rescobie Loch ( grid reference NO512518 ) and Restenneth Loch ( grid reference NO483518 ) , which is now much reduced following drainage in the 18th century . The battle scene inscribed on the Aberlemno kirk yard stone is often cited as evidence for the battle site . This interpretation was made based on the stone 's proximity to Dunnichen , only 3 miles ( 5 km ) to the north , but while the short distance seems compelling , the stone is unlikely to be any earlier than mid @-@ 8th century , and the ornamentation of the stone , including the animal forms used and the style of weaponry depicted , suggests it may be as late as the mid @-@ 9th century . Prior to being linked with the Battle of Nechtansmere , the Aberlemno stone had been cited as evidence for the Battle of Barry ( now known to be historically inauthentic ) , and there are a number of other possible interpretations for the carving . = = = Dunachton = = = In a recently published paper , historian Alex Woolf gives a number of reasons for doubting Dunnichen as the battle site , most notably the absence of " inaccessible mountains " in mid @-@ Angus . He makes a case for an alternative site at Dunachton in Badenoch ( grid reference NH820047 ) , on the north @-@ western shore of Loch Insh , which shares Dunnichen 's toponomical origin of Dún Nechtain . James Fraser of Edinburgh University suggests that , while it is too early to discount Dunnichen as a potential battle site , locating it there requires an amount of " special pleading " that Dunachton does not need . = = Aftermath = = Ecgfrith 's defeat at Dun Nechtain devastated Northumbria 's power and influence in the North of Britain . Bede recounts that the Picts recovered their lands that had been held by the Northumbrians and Dál Riatan Scots . He goes on to tell how the Northumbrians who did not flee the Pictish territory were killed or enslaved . The Northumbrian / Roman diocese of the Picts was abandoned , with Trumwine and his monks fleeing to Whitby , stalling Roman Catholic expansion in Scotland . While further battles between the Northumbrians and Picts are recorded , for example in 697 when Beornhæth 's son Berhtred was killed , the Battle of Dunnichen marks the point in which Pictish independence from Northumbria was permanently secured .
= Russian ironclad Pervenets = The Russian ironclad Pervenets ( Russian : Первенец ) was a broadside ironclad built for the Imperial Russian Navy in Britain during the 1860s . The ship had to be built abroad as no Russian shipyard had mastered the techniques required to build iron @-@ hulled armored vessels . She was assigned to the Baltic Fleet upon completion and never left Russian waters . Pervenets served with the Gunnery Training Detachment for her entire career until she was reduced to reserve in 1904 . She was disarmed and stricken the following year and finally sold in 1908 . After the end of the Russian Civil War , the ship was reacquired by the Soviets in 1922 and used to transport and store coal , a role she performed until discarded in the late 1950s . However , she was apparently not scrapped until the early 1960s . = = Design and description = = The ship was designed as a coast defense vessel to protect the approaches to Saint Petersburg and was referred to as a " self @-@ propelled armored floating battery " . As such , a heavy armament and protection were the most important factors in the ship 's design . No Russian shipyard could build iron @-@ hulled , ironclad warships , therefore Pervenets was ordered from Great Britain . Her name means firstborn and refers to the Tsesarevich , heir to the Russian Empire . Pervenets was 220 feet ( 67 @.@ 1 m ) long overall , with a beam of 53 feet ( 16 @.@ 2 m ) and a designed draft of 14 feet 6 inches ( 4 @.@ 4 m ) . She displaced 3 @,@ 277 long tons ( 3 @,@ 330 t ) and her iron hull had a pronounced tumblehome . Pervenets was fitted with large rams at bow and stern ; the stern ram also serving to protect her rudder and propeller . The ship did not steer well and had " an unpredictable habit of suddenly lurching to one side or another " , probably as a result of poor water flow to the rudder . She required six men to man her wheel and her total crew numbered 459 officers and men . Originally intended to use a refurbished engine from the steam ship of the line Konstantin , Pervenets received a three @-@ cylinder horizontal return @-@ connecting @-@ rod steam engine built by the British firm of Maudslay , Sons and Field . Rated at 1 @,@ 000 indicated horsepower ( 750 kW ) , it drove a single 10 @-@ foot @-@ 5 @-@ inch ( 3 @.@ 2 m ) propeller . Steam was provided by four rectangular fire @-@ tube boilers . During sea trials on 28 July 1863 , the engine produced a total of 1 @,@ 067 indicated horsepower ( 796 kW ) and gave the ship a maximum speed of 8 knots ( 15 km / h ; 9 @.@ 2 mph ) . During later trials in the Baltic Sea , Pervenets reached 8 @.@ 5 knots ( 15 @.@ 7 km / h ; 9 @.@ 8 mph ) . The ship carried a maximum of 500 long tons ( 510 t ) of coal , but her endurance is unknown . She was schooner @-@ rigged with three masts ; the lower masts were iron and the topmasts and yards were made from pine . Pervenets was completed with 26 of the most powerful guns available to the Russians , the 7 @.@ 72 @-@ inch ( 196 mm ) 60 @-@ pounder smoothbore gun . Twenty @-@ four were mounted on the broadside and two guns were placed in pivot mounts on the upper deck to serve as chase guns . Unfortunately , it proved to be incapable of penetrating 4 @.@ 5 inches ( 114 mm ) of wrought iron armor at a distance of only 200 yards ( 183 m ) during trials in 1859 – 60 . The 60 @-@ pounders on the broadside were entirely replaced by a dozen 8 @-@ inch ( 203 mm ) rifled guns in 1874 , while the chase guns were replaced by two four @-@ barreled 3 @.@ 42 @-@ inch ( 87 mm ) 4 @-@ pounder guns . The entire ship 's side was protected with wrought @-@ iron armor 4 @.@ 5 inches thick that reduced to 4 inches ( 102 mm ) beginning 30 feet ( 9 @.@ 1 m ) from the ship 's ends . It was backed by 10 inches ( 254 mm ) of teak and extended 4 feet ( 1 @.@ 2 m ) below the waterline . The ship 's hull was divided by six watertight transverse and two longitudinal bulkheads for protection against underwater damage . The hull had a tumblehome of 27 ° to help deflect shells . The open @-@ topped conning tower was also protected by 4 @.@ 5 inches of armor . = = Service = = Pervenets was ordered from the Thames Iron Works in Blackwall , London on 18 November 1861 because it was an experienced builder of iron @-@ hulled ships and had begun construction of the broadside ironclad HMS Minotaur a few months earlier . Russian naval architects and workmen were sent to London to learn the techniques used by the British shipyard . Construction of the ship actually began the following month and she was launched on 18 May 1863 . While running sea trials on 6 August 1863 at Woolwich , Pervenets accidentally rammed the training ship HMS Warspite , although little damage was inflicted . Escorted by the steam frigate General Admiral , she left for Russia two days later with a British crew . The ship reached Kronstadt on 17 August and was fitted out there . Pervenets entered service on 28 July 1864 and was assigned to the Baltic Fleet . Including delivery and fitting out costs , she cost a total of 917 @,@ 000 rubles . The ship was assigned to the Gunnery Training Detachment for her entire career and was frequently rearmed to train officers and men on some of the latest guns to enter service . In 1881 she mounted ten 8 @-@ inch and two 6 @-@ inch ( 152 mm ) rifled breech loaders on her gun deck and carried two more 6 @-@ inch rifles on the upper deck as chase guns . Also on her upper deck , sometimes mounted on platforms that extended over her bulwarks , were a 9 @-@ inch ( 229 mm ) mortar , a 2 @.@ 5 @-@ inch ( 64 mm ) Baranov gun , a 1 @.@ 75 @-@ inch ( 44 mm ) Engstrem gun , two 1 @-@ inch ( 25 mm ) Palmcrantz auto @-@ cannon , and a Hotchkiss gun of uncertain caliber , either 37 millimeters ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) or 47 millimeters ( 1 @.@ 9 in ) . The mortar was removed in 1881 as it strained the ship 's structure . By 1890 , these guns had been replaced by two 120 @-@ millimeter ( 4 @.@ 7 in ) , two 47 mm , and four 37 mm guns . Pervenets rolled heavily in service , therefore bilge keels were fitted during the winter of 1864 – 65 , the first used on a Russian ship . To alleviate the cramped conditions of the steersmen , the ship 's wheel was transferred from the gun deck to a platform that spanned her bulwarks in front of the mizzenmast in 1871 . In 1872 she evaluated the Davydov fire @-@ control system that could fire all guns electrically and indicated to the gunners where their guns should be aimed . The conning tower was removed in 1876 – 77 and new boilers were installed . These increased the engine 's power to 1 @,@ 300 indicated horsepower ( 970 kW ) and Pervenets reached 8 @.@ 5 knots on sea trials . She was reclassified as a coast defense ironclad on 13 February 1892 and was placed in reserve on 23 December 1904 . The ship was disarmed the following year and stricken from the Navy List on 15 September 1905 . Turned over to the Port of Kronstadt for disposal , she was sold on 8 September 1908 and renamed Barge No. 1 ( Barzha No. 1 ) . The Soviets acquired the ship on 30 June 1922 and she was used to transport coal to Kronstadt . Barha No. 1 was transferred to the Baltic Fleet on 7 August 1925 for use as a coal hulk . She was renamed KP @-@ 3 on 1 January 1932 , K @-@ 41999 on 12 July 1943 and VSN @-@ 491000 on 16 May 1949 . The ship was discarded in the late 1950s , but was apparently not scrapped until the early 1960s .
= Skeleton at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Women 's = The women 's skeleton event at the 2010 Winter Olympics took place at the Whistler Sliding Centre on 18 – 19 February . The competition was won by British athlete Amy Williams , who set new course records for the track on her first and third runs . Williams , who had never before won a World Cup or World Championship event , became the first British athlete to win a solo Winter Olympic gold medal in 30 years . German sliders Kerstin Szymkowiak and Anja Huber won the silver and bronze medals respectively . Williams ' teammate Shelley Rudman , who had won the silver medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics , and Canadian Mellisa Hollingsworth , both of whom had been expected to be in medal contention , were disappointed . Williams ' victory was not without controversy , as the United States and Canada filed complaints with the judges related to Williams ' helmet . However , judges ruled that ridges in her helmet did not violate International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation ( FIBT ) rules , and rejected the complaints . = = Logistics = = = = = Track = = = The Whistler Sliding Centre in Whistler , British Columbia was the site of women 's skeleton at the 2010 Olympic Games in Vancouver , Canada . The track was constructed between 2005 and 2008 , and became only the 15th competition @-@ level track in the world . It was certified for competition in sliding sports by the International Luge Federation ( FIL ) and the International Bobsleigh and Tobogganing Federation ( FIBT ) in March , 2008 in a process called homologation where hundreds of athletes ran the track . This was the first time many competitors at the 2010 Games were able to try the track and begin to develop strategies for it . Canadian athletes hoped that having it open two years before the Games , and having that amount of time to train on it , would give them an advantage in the Games . The Whistler Sliding Centre quickly gained a reputation as one of the fastest tracks in the world . = = = Rules and description of competition = = = Rules for the Olympic skeleton competitions were set by the FIBT and the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . They entrusted four to seven officials with making decisions regarding competition rules : one or two technical delegates , a jury president , two jury members , and two optional jury assistants . These decisions were implemented and enforced by a race director , to whom the overall responsibility for running the competition was given . Under the rules , competitors were guaranteed a minimum of six official training runs in the days prior to the competition . The competition itself consisted of four heats , with the starting order of athletes determined by their FIBT rankings prior to the start of the Games . Athletes began their runs on their sleds at a starting block , ran briefly while holding their sleds , and then laid on their stomachs on the sleds through the remainder of the course . Athletes were ranked by the speed of their times between their start and when they crossed the finish line at the bottom of the track . = = Preview = = Much of the speculation about potential medal winners before the Games focused on athletes from Great Britain , the United States , and Canada . Athletes from German @-@ speaking countries had traditionally been dominant in the sliding sports , luge and bobsleigh , but following the re @-@ introduction of skeleton , they had not been as strongly competitive in the new sport . Mellisa Hollingsworth of Canada , the defending Olympic bronze medalist , won the 2009 @-@ 10 Skeleton World Cup , and was considered a strong contender if not the favorite to win . British athlete Shelley Rudman won the only British medal at the 2006 Winter Olympics with her silver in skeleton , and her bronze medal at the European Championships just prior to the Games kept her name in media previews of the Olympic event . Her countrywoman Amy Williams , however , finished outside of the medal places in both the World Cup , in which she placed fifth , and the European Championships , in which she placed sixth . American Noelle Pikus @-@ Pace had not been able to compete in the 2006 Games after a runaway bobsleigh had broken her leg . A number of other athletes had the potential to win medals by virtue of previous strong finishes in international competition . Switzerland 's Maya Pedersen @-@ Bieri was the defending Olympic champion . The defending world champion was Germany 's Marion Trott , who also won the test event held at the venue . The last 2009 @-@ 10 Skeleton World Cup prior to the 2010 Games took place in Igls , Austria ( southeast of Innsbruck ) on 22 January 2010 and was won by Germany 's Anja Huber . = = Standing records = = While the IOC does not consider skeleton times eligible for Olympic records , the FIBT does maintain records for both the start and a complete run at each track it competes . These records were set during the test event for the 2010 Games on 5 February 2009 . = = Qualifying athletes = = On 20 January 2010 , the FIBT announced the teams which had qualified for the 2010 Games , the quotas being subsequently updated on 26 January 2010 . The athletes who qualified for the women 's event were : = = Competition = = The first run start order was released on the afternoon of 17 February 2010 . The first two runs took place on 18 February at 16 : 00 PST ( Pacific Standard Time ) and 17 : 00 PST . On 19 February , the final two runs took take place at 15 : 45 PST and 16 : 45 PST . During the first run , Amy Williams broke the previous course record by nearly a full second , finishing first with a time of 53 @.@ 83 seconds and reaching a top speed of 143 @.@ 3 km / h ( 89 @.@ 0 mph ) . She led the second run as well . German slider Kerstin Szymkowiak was in second place after two runs , nearly a third of a second behind Williams . Mellisa Hollingsworth , competing on home soil and called the favorite to win in a number of media accounts , was in third place , trailing Szymkowiak after two runs by 0 @.@ 09 seconds . Shelley Rudman trailed by nearly a full second , surprising many observers who had expected her to be in medal contention . Japanese athlete Nozomi Komuro was disqualified after the first heat because her sled did not have the required FIBT control sticker . The United States , Canada and Germany , together with two unnamed teams , lodged a protest with officials following Williams ' successful first day of competition . The protest alleged that her helmet was illegal , as ridges in it might give her an unfair aerodynamic advantage . In accordance with competition rules , the jury of officials inspected the helmet , and rejected the protest . Their grounds for doing so were that the ridges in the helmet were not a separate piece affixed to the helmet , expressly banned by FIBT rules , but rather an integral part of the helmet , which made the helmet legal . A second protest , filed jointly by the US and Canada on the 19th , was also rejected . The next day , in her third run , Williams again set a new course record , 53 @.@ 68 seconds , and won the final run as well to secure the gold medal . Williams became the first British sportsperson to win an individual Winter Olympic gold medal in thirty years . Prior to this win , Williams had never won a World Cup or World Championship event . German athletes , Kerstin Szymkowiak and Anja Huber , won the silver and bronze medals , the first Olympic medals for Germany in the sport . Williams ' teammate Shelley Rudman fought her way into the lead briefly after a fast final run , but was overtaken by a five other athletes and finished sixth . Canada 's Hollingsworth dropped from third place after the first two runs to fifth after the final run . American Noelle Pikus @-@ Pace , who was in sixth place after the third run , finished fourth in the overall standings . = = Results = = TR - Track Record . Top finish in each run is in boldface .
= Bart to the Future = " Bart to the Future " is the seventeenth episode of the eleventh season of the American animated television sitcom The Simpsons . It originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 19 , 2000 . In the episode , after their picnic in the park is cut short due to a mosquito infestation , the Simpsons stop by at an Indian casino . There , Bart is prevented from entering because of his age . He manages to sneak in but is caught by the guards and sent to the casino manager 's office . This Native American manager shows Bart a vision of his future as a washed @-@ up , wannabe rock musician living with Ralph Wiggum , while Lisa has become the President of the United States and tries to get the country out of financial trouble . " Bart to the Future " was the second episode of The Simpsons after " Lisa 's Wedding " to be set in the future . The episode was directed by Michael Marcantel and written by Dan Greaney , who wanted to explore what Bart 's life would end up like . Several designs were made by the animators for future Bart , but Greaney did not think they matched the personality of the character and had to give clearer instructions on how he wanted him to look . Reception of " Bart to the Future " by critics has been generally mixed to negative . In 2003 , it was named the worst episode of the series by Entertainment Weekly writers who felt the " looking @-@ into @-@ the @-@ future premise " was carried out better in " Lisa 's Wedding . " Around 8 @.@ 77 million American homes tuned in to watch the episode during its original airing . In 2008 , it was released on DVD along with the rest of the episodes of the eleventh season . = = Plot = = The Simpsons drive to the park for a picnic but discover that it has been overrun by mosquitoes . While heading home , the family finds an Indian casino . Homer and Bart go inside , leaving Marge ( who is still recovering from her gambling addiction from " $ pringfield " ) and Lisa ( who is on the fence about her stance on the morals and ethics of Indian gambling ) in the car . Bart is turned away because of his age but is able to sneak in by hiding in ventriloquist Arthur Crandall 's dummy case . During Crandall 's performance at the casino , Bart bursts out of the case and gets caught by casino guards . He is sent to the casino manager 's office , where the Native American manager shows him a vision of how his future will turn out if he does not change his ways . Thirty years into the future , Bart is a 40 @-@ year @-@ old beer @-@ drinking slacker trying to launch his music career after dropping out of the DeVry Institute . The only gig Bart can get is at a beach bar owned by Nelson Muntz , and even then , Bart is only paid in popcorn shrimp . He survives by mooching off his parents and their neighbor Ned Flanders . Bart lives with Ralph Wiggum in a beach cottage by the shore , from which Bart finds out that he has been evicted after his disastrous concert at Nelson 's bar . Meanwhile , 38 @-@ year @-@ old Lisa is the first straight female President of the United States , trying to rebuild the country after the economic downfall during the rule of Donald Trump . Bart disrupts one of Lisa 's addresses to the nation to promote his music career , which leads Lisa to be branded unpopular when Bart sings to the public on live television that Lisa will be imposing a tax to get the country out of debt . Lisa later meets with the leaders of America 's creditor nations , who demand that America pay them back . Bart steps in and uses his skills at stalling debt collectors to save the day , pleasing Lisa who had previously been mad at her brother . As a thank @-@ you , Bart asks Lisa to " legalize it " , and Lisa says she will . Meanwhile , Homer has heard about gold buried by Abraham Lincoln on the grounds of the White House and searches for it . When he finally locates the " gold " , it is in fact a chest with a scroll in it that Lincoln had written on explaining that his " gold " is " in the heart of every freedom @-@ loving American . " Homer does not appreciate the metaphor and angrily curses Lincoln . When Bart questions the casino manager about the point of Homer 's storyline , since the vision was supposed to be about Bart 's future , the manager responds , " I guess the spirits thought the main vision was a little thin . " After the vision is over , Bart promises that he will change . Lisa finds Bart and tells him that the family has been kicked out of the casino after Homer pushed a waitress and Marge lost US $ 20 @,@ 000 . Bart tells Lisa about his vision of the future where he has a rock band and a moped , while downplaying Lisa 's future presidency as " some government job . " = = Production = = " Bart to the Future " was written by Dan Greaney and directed by Michael Marcantel as part of the eleventh season of The Simpsons ( 1999 – 2000 ) . It was the second episode of the series to show the Simpson family 's life in the future , following the season six episode " Lisa 's Wedding " that aired five years earlier in 1995 @.@ three more future @-@ set episodes have been released since " Bart to the Future " , the first being Future @-@ Drama ( season 16 , 2005 ) , second being " Holidays of Future Passed " ( season 23 , 2011 ) and third being Days of Future Future ( season 25 , 2014 ) . Greaney 's inspiration for " Bart to the Future " came from " Lisa 's Wedding " . He and The Simpsons writer Matt Selman were sitting in Greaney 's office one day , trying to come up with new episode stories , when they received the idea of making a companion piece to that episode . Greaney wanted to write an episode set in the future that focused on Bart instead of Lisa . He thought it would be interesting to explore how the future works out for " a guy like Bart , who doesn 't pay attention to school work and is all about being cool . " Selman commented in an audio commentary for " Bart to the Future " that " the thing that really got the [ Simpsons ] writers excited about the episode was this very specific version of future Bart. " Greaney identified this version as " the guy who blames everyone else and tells everyone else that they used to be cool , that it 's everyone else 's fault that his life hasn 't gone the way he wants it to go . " The Simpsons showrunner Mike Scully also noted that future Bart is the kind of person who is " always waiting for some big sort of cash payoff that he feels he 's owed whether it be an insurance settlement , an inheritance , or something that 's gonna come sooner or later . " Greaney said that everyone in the writing room recognized these traits from people they knew and therefore everyone contributed to the episode by suggesting lines for Bart to say and things for him to do . According to Greaney , the animators originally designed future Bart as " cool and fun " and made several designs where he was " slim , attractive , and hip . " Greaney did not think any of these designs went along with the personality he and the other the writers had assigned to future Bart , so he told the animators to draw the character with belly fat , a ponytail , sags under his eyes , and one earring . Scully said on the audio commentary that he thought the design of Bart looked " great " , though he added that it was " slightly disturbing " to see the older versions of Homer and Marge in the episode , and joked that it is " a little bit sad to watch cartoon characters age . " Greaney needed a setpiece for the episode that enabled him to get into a vision of the characters in the future , and The Simpsons writer George Meyer came up with the idea of the Indian casino . When Homer and Bart first enter the casino , Homer tells Bart that " Although they seem strange to us , we must respect the ways of the Indian . " He proceeds to greet everyone in the casino by saying " Hi @-@ how @-@ are @-@ you ? " in the rhythm of a stereotypical Native American chant . This joke was pitched by Tom Gammill , and there was a debate among the staff of the show about whether or not to include it in the episode as Native Americans could find it offensive . However , according to Scully , Dan Castellaneta ( who voices Homer ) " did [ the joke ] so funny when we were at the table @-@ read so we decided to put it in and risk offending . " = = Release = = The episode originally aired on the Fox network in the United States on March 19 , 2000 . It was viewed in approximately 8 @.@ 77 million households that night . With a Nielsen rating of 8 @.@ 7 , the episode finished 28th in the ratings for the week of March 13 – 19 , 2000 . It was the second highest @-@ rated broadcast on Fox that week , following an episode of Malcolm in the Middle ( which received a 10 @.@ 0 rating and was watched in 10 @.@ 1 million homes ) . On October 7 , 2008 , " Bart to the Future " was released on DVD as part of the box set The Simpsons – The Complete Eleventh Season . Staff members Mike Scully , Dan Greaney , Matt Selman , and George Meyer participated in the DVD audio commentary for the episode . Deleted scenes from the episode were also included on the box set . " Bart to the Future " has received mixed to negative reviews from critics compared to " Lisa 's Wedding " which met with positive response . Nancy Basile of About.com listed it as one of the episodes she felt " shined in season eleven " . While reviewing the eleventh season of The Simpsons , DVD Movie Guide 's Colin Jacobson commented on " Bart to the Future " , writing : " This kind of fantasy episode can be hit or miss , and that trend holds true here . However , more of ' Future ' succeeds than flops . Though a few gags bomb , most of them prove pretty good . At no point does this become a classic , but it amuses much of the time . " Hayden Childs of The A.V. Club wrote in 2011 that the episode " was not so good , although better than many of the real stinkers yet to come at that point . Still , it utterly failed to rise to the challenge of ' Lisa ’ s Wedding . ' " In a 2003 article , writers of Entertainment Weekly listed " Bart to the Future " as the worst Simpsons episode of all time . They elaborated that " Choosing the lamest Simpsons episode is like picking the crowning installment of Shasta McNasty — it 's all relative . So while ' Bart to the Future ' was likely better than anything else on TV the week it first aired , even Mojo the monkey could 've banged out a more inventive script [ ... ] Plus , the whole looking @-@ into @-@ the @-@ future premise is merely reliving past glory , carried out far more successfully in 1995 's ' Lisa 's Wedding . ' " Also in 2003 , Ben Rayner of Toronto Star referred to " Bart to the Future " as " a lame 2000 outing " and noted that Entertainment Weekly " rightly dubbed [ it ] the ' worst episode ever ' " . Winnipeg Free Press columnist Randall King wrote in his review of season eleven that the episode " Alone Again , Natura @-@ Diddily " ( which features the death of the character Maude Flanders ) was " proof that the dependably brilliant series could – and did – go seriously wrong when it turned 11 . Killing off Maude was a sin compounded by the Bart to the Future episode [ ... ] " . In his 2006 book Watching with The Simpsons : Television , Parody , and Intertextuality , Jonathan Gray analyzed the many advertisement parodies featured in The Simpsons . He commented on " Bart to the Future " , writing : " As if ads in children 's toys or in churches are not enough , in ' Bart to the Future , ' an episode in which an Indian shaman at a casino treats Bart to a vision of his future , even his vision is interrupted when future @-@ Bart says , ' I guess I am an embarrassment , ' and a ghost responds , ' You sure are . But , hey , there 's an embarrassment of riches at the Caesar 's Pow @-@ Wow Indian Casino . You can bet on it ! ' Here [ ... ] The Simpsons uses parody with great effect , not only to illustrate how annoyingly and disrespectfully ads infringe on any territory , but also to mock their logic and rhetoric . " In 2015 , news media cited the episode as a foreshadowing of Trump 's future run for president . Dan Greaney told The Hollywood Reporter in a 2016 interview that the thought of a Trump presidency at the time " just seemed like the logical last stop before hitting bottom . It was pitched because it was consistent with the vision of America going insane . " In an interview with TMZ on May 2016 , Matt Groening thought that it was unlikely that Donald Trump will become the president of the United States . Meanwhile , scenes from 2015 short " Trumptastic Voyage " ( which references real @-@ life scenes of Donald Trump around that time ) have been mistakenly identified as those from " Bart to the Future " .
= HMS Flint Castle ( K383 ) = HMS Flint Castle ( K383 ) was one of 44 Castle @-@ class corvettes built for the Royal Navy during World War II . Completed at the end of 1943 , the ship ran aground while training in January 1944 . After repairs were completed the following month , she was briefly assigned to the 39th Escort Group for convoy escort duties in the Atlantic Ocean . Flint Castle was transferred to Escort Group B2 in March and screened convoys to and from Gibraltar until September . That month , she joined Escort Group B3 to escort convoys between Canada and Britain and continued to do so until the end of the war in May 1945 . The ship then became an anti @-@ submarine training ship in Rosyth and Campbeltown , Scotland , before moving to Portland at the beginning of 1947 . Flint Castle remained there until she was taken out of service in March 1956 and broken up beginning in July 1958 . = = Design and description = = The Castle @-@ class corvette was a stretched version of the preceding Flower class , enlarged to improve seakeeping and to accommodate modern weapons . The ships displaced 1 @,@ 010 long tons ( 1 @,@ 030 t ) at standard load and 1 @,@ 510 long tons ( 1 @,@ 530 t ) at deep load . The ships had an overall length of 252 feet ( 76 @.@ 8 m ) , a beam of 36 feet 9 inches ( 11 @.@ 2 m ) and a deep draught of 14 feet ( 4 @.@ 3 m ) . They were powered by two 4 @-@ cylinder triple @-@ expansion steam engines , each driving one propeller shaft , using steam provided by two Admiralty three @-@ drum boilers . The engines developed a total of 2 @,@ 880 indicated horsepower ( 2 @,@ 150 kW ) and gave a maximum speed of 16 @.@ 5 knots ( 30 @.@ 6 km / h ; 19 @.@ 0 mph ) . The Castles carried a maximum of 480 long tons ( 490 t ) of fuel oil that gave them a range of 6 @,@ 500 nautical miles ( 12 @,@ 000 km ; 7 @,@ 500 mi ) at 15 knots ( 28 km / h ; 17 mph ) . The ships ' complement was 99 officers and ratings . The Castle @-@ class ships were equipped with a single QF 4 @-@ inch ( 102 mm ) Mk XVI gun forward , but their primary weapon was their single three @-@ barrel Squid anti @-@ submarine mortar . This was backed up by one depth charge rail and two throwers for 15 depth charges . The ships were fitted with two twin and a pair of single mounts for 20 @-@ millimeter ( 0 @.@ 8 in ) Oerlikon light AA guns . Provision was made for a further four single mounts if needed . They were equipped with Type 145Q and Type 147B ASDIC sets to detect submarines by reflections from sound waves beamed into the water . A Type 272 search radar and a HF / DF radio direction finder rounded out the Castles ' sensor suite . = = Construction and career = = Flint Castle , the only ship of her name to serve in the Royal Navy , was ordered on 19 January 1943 and laid down by Henry Robb at their shipyard in Leith , Scotland on 20 April . The ship was launched on 1 September and completed on 31 December . She arrived at Tobermory , Mull , Scotland , on 12 January 1944 to begin training at the Royal Navy 's Anti @-@ Submarine Training School , HMS Western Isles . Flint Castle ran aground while training on 18 January and was refloated . She arrived at Belfast , Northern Ireland , the following day to begin repairs that lasted until 9 February . The ship was then assigned to the 39th Escort Group and escorted one Atlantic convoy in mid @-@ March before being transferred to the Liverpool @-@ based Escort Group B2 to escort convoys to and from Gibraltar . In September 1944 , Flint Castle was assigned to Escort Group B3 , which protected convoys sailing between St. John 's , Newfoundland and Labrador , Canada , and Britain . The ship was refitted in Cardiff , Wales , in January – March 1945 and rejoined her group in Liverpool in April . She was assigned to Rosyth Command in June as an anti @-@ submarine training ship and visited ports in Norway and Germany over the next several months . Flint Castle was transferred to the Rosyth Escort Force in June 1946 , which was employed as a training unit ; it was redesignated as the Basic Anti @-@ Submarine Training Flotilla in September . The unit was then transferred to Portland and used a variety of names before settling on the Second Training Squadron in January 1952 . On 15 June 1953 , she took part in the Fleet Review held at Spithead to celebrate the Coronation of Queen Elizabeth II . The ship was used to portray a German anti @-@ submarine vessel in the 1955 film The Cockleshell Heroes . Flint Castle was taken out of service in March 1956 at Devonport Dockyard , until her demolition began , starting on 10 July 1958 at Faslane . While her service was uneventful , Flint Castle was awarded the battle honour of Atlantic 1944 – 45 .
= North Pier , Blackpool = North Pier is the most northerly of the three coastal piers in Blackpool , England . Built in the 1860s , it is also the oldest and longest of the three . Although originally intended only as a promenade , competition forced the pier to widen its attractions to include theatres and bars . Unlike Blackpool 's other piers , which attracted the working classes with open air dancing and amusements , North Pier catered for the " better @-@ class " market , with orchestra concerts and respectable comedians . Until 2011 , it was the only Blackpool pier that consistently charged admission . The pier is designated by English Heritage as a Grade II listed building , due to its status as the oldest surviving pier created by Eugenius Birch . As of 2015 it is still in regular use , despite having suffered damage from fires , storms and collisions with boats . Its attractions include bars , a theatre , a carousel and an arcade . One of the oldest remaining Sooty glove puppets is on display commemorating Harry Corbett buying the original puppet there . = = Location = = North Pier was built at the seaward end of Talbot Road , where the town 's first railway station , Blackpool North , was built . Its name reflects its location as the most northerly of Blackpool 's three piers . It is about 450 yards ( 410 m ) north of Blackpool Tower , which is roughly the midpoint of Blackpool 's promenade . The sea front is particularly straight and flat on this stretch of coastline , and the 550 yards ( 500 m ) pier extends at right angles into the Irish Sea , more or less level with the promenade . = = History = = The construction of Blackpool Pier ( eventually North Pier ) started in May 1862 , in Layton @-@ cum @-@ Warbreck , part of the parish of Bispham . In October 1862 severe storms suggested that the planned height of the pier was insufficient , and it was increased by 3 feet ( 0 @.@ 91 m ) . North Pier was the second of fourteen piers designed by Eugenius Birch , and since Margate Pier was destroyed by a storm in 1978 , it is the oldest of the remaining examples of his work still in use . It was the first of Birch 's piers to be built by Glasgow engineering firm Richard Laidlaw and Son . The pier , which cost £ 11 @,@ 740 to build , originally consisted of a promenade 468 yards ( 428 m ) long and 9 yards ( 8 @.@ 2 m ) wide , extending to 18 yards ( 16 m ) wide at the pier @-@ head . The bulk of the pier was constructed from cast iron , with a wooden deck laid on top . The cast iron piles on which the structure rests were inserted using Birch 's screw pile process ; the screw @-@ tipped piles were twisted into the sand until they hit bedrock . This made construction much quicker and easier , and guaranteed that the pier had a solid foundation . The cast iron columns , 12 inches ( 300 mm ) in diameter , were filled with concrete for stability at intervals of 20 yards ( 18 m ) , and supported by struts that were on average were slightly more than 1 inch ( 25 mm ) thick . The pier 's promenade deck is lined with wooden benches with ornamental cast iron backs . At intervals along the pier are hexagonal kiosks built around 1900 in wood and glass with minaret roofs topped with decorative finials . On opening two of the kiosks were occupied by a bookstall and confectionery stall and the kiosks near the ends of the pier were seated shelters . The pier @-@ head is a combination of 420 tons of cast iron and 340 tons of wrought iron columns ; standing 50 feet ( 15 m ) above the low water line , it sees a regular 35 feet ( 11 m ) change in sea level due to the tide . = = = Opening = = = The pier was officially opened in a grand ceremony on 21 May 1863 , even though the final 50 yards ( 46 m ) had not yet been completed . All the shops in the area were closed and decorated with flags and streamers for the ceremony , which included a procession and a cannon salute , and was attended by more than 20 @,@ 000 visitors . Although the town only had a population of approximately 4 @,@ 000 , more than 200 @,@ 000 holiday makers regularly stayed there during the summer months ; this included 275 @,@ 000 admissions in 1863 , 400 @,@ 000 in 1864 and 465 @,@ 000 the following year . The pier was officially opened by Major Preston , and he and 150 officials then travelled to the Clifton Hotel for a celebratory meal . The pier was intended primarily for leisure rather than seafaring ; for the price of 2d ( worth approximately £ 4 @.@ 90 in 2012 ) the pier provided the opportunity for visitors to walk close to the sea without distractions . This fee was insufficient to deter " trippers ' " , which led to Major Preston campaigning for a new pier to cater for the ' trippers ' . In 1866 , the government agreed that a second pier could be built , despite objections from the Blackpool Pier Company that it was close to their pier and therefore unnecessary . = = = 19th century = = = As permitted by the original parliamentary order , a landing jetty was built at the end of North Pier in incremental stages between 1864 and 1867 . The full length of the jetty was 158 yards ( 144 m ) , and the extensions increased the pier 's total length to its current 550 yards ( 500 m ) . The Blackpool Pier Company used the jetty to operate pleasure steamers that made trips to the surrounding areas . In 1871 swimming and diving lessons were added to the pier . In 1874 , the pier @-@ head was extended to allow Richard Knill Freeman to incorporate a pavilion , which opened in 1877 . The interior decoration led it to be known as the " Indian Pavilion " , and it was Blackpool 's primary venue for indoor entertainment until the Winter Gardens opened in 1879 . To differentiate itself from the new pier , North Pier focused on catering for the " better classes " , charging for entry and including attractions such as an orchestra and band concerts , in contrast to the Central Pier ( or the " People 's pier " ) , which regularly had music playing and open @-@ air dancing . The pier owners highlighted the difference , charging at least a shilling ( worth approximately £ 19 @.@ 90 in 2012 ) for concerts and ensuring that advertisements for comedians focused on their lack of vulgarity . Sundays were given over to a church parade . On 8 October 1892 , a storm @-@ damaged vessel , Sirene , hit the southern side of the pier , causing four shops and part of the deck to collapse onto the beach below . Several columns were also dislodged , and the ship 's bowsprit hit the pier entrance . All eleven crew members were rescued when they were hauled onto the pier . Damage to the pier was estimated to be £ 5 @,@ 000 and was promptly repaired . Nelson 's former flagship , HMS Foudroyant , was moored alongside North Pier for an exhibition , but slipped anchor and was wrecked on the shore in a violent storm on 16 June 1897 , damaging part of the jetty . The wreck of the ship broke up during December storms . The pier was closed for the winter during 1895 – 96 as it unsafe ; as a result , the pier was widened as electric lighting was added . = = = 20th century = = = An Arcade Pavilion was added in 1903 at the entrance to the pier and contained a wide range of amusements to suit all tastes . Further alterations were made to the pier in 1932 @-@ 33 when the open air stand was replaced with a stage and sun lounge . In 1936 , a pleasure steamer returning from Llandudno crashed into the pier . The collision left a 10 feet ( 3 @.@ 0 m ) gap , and stranded a number of people at the far end . The 1874 Indian Pavilion was severely damaged by fire in 1921 . It was refurbished , but was then destroyed by a second fire in 1938 . In 1939 it was replaced by a theatre , built in an Art Deco style . At around the same time , the bandstand was removed and replaced with a sun lounge . In the 1960s , the Merrie England bar and an amusement arcade were constructed at the end of the pier nearest to the shore . The 1939 theatre , which is still in use , narrowly escaped damage in 1985 when the early stages of a fire were noticed by performer Vince Hill . In the 1980s , a Victorian @-@ styled entrance was built . In 1991 the pier gained the Carousel bar as an additional attraction , and a small tramway to ease access to the pier @-@ head . By this point , the pier had ceased to have any nautical use , but the jetty section was adapted for use as a helicopter pad in the late 1980s . The Christmas Eve storm of 1997 destroyed the landing jetty , including the helipad . The North Pier is one of the few remaining examples of Birch 's classic pier architecture and is a Grade II Listed building , the only Blackpool pier to hold that status . It was recognised as " Pier of the Year " in 2004 by the National Piers Society . = = Attractions = = North Pier 's attractions include a Gypsy palm reader and an ice cream parlour , the North Pier Theatre , a Victorian tea room , and the Carousel and Merrie England bars . The arcade , built in the 1960s , has approximately eleven million coins pass through its machines each year . One of the earliest Sooty bear puppets used by Harry Corbett is on display on the pier . Corbett bought the original Sooty puppet on North Pier for his son , Matthew . When Corbett took the puppet on BBC 's Talent Night programme , he marked the nose and ears with soot so that they would show up on the black and white television , giving the puppet its name . The Carousel bar on the pier @-@ head has a Victorian wrought iron canopy , and its outdoor sun @-@ lounge is classified as the largest beer garden in Blackpool . Next to the bar is a two tier carousel , the " Venetian Carousel " , which is protected from sand and spray by a glass wall . After the fire in 1938 , the pavilion was replaced with a 1 @,@ 564 seat theatre which has since hosted a number of acts including ; Frankie Vaughan , Frank Randle , Tessie O 'Shea , Dave Morris , Bernard Delfont , Morecambe and Wise , Paul Daniels , Freddie Starr , Russ Abbot , Bruce Forsyth , Des O 'Connor , Joe Longthorne , Lily Savage , Brian Conley and Hale and Pace . In 2002 a heritage room with photographs was opened up , the foyer entrance was refurbished and a disabled lift added . By 2005 , there was no longer a live organist playing in the sun lounge although other live entertainment continues . In 2013 , the live organist was brought back into the sun lounge . = = Ownership = = The pier was built and owned by the Blackpool Pier Company , created with three thousand £ 5 @-@ shares in 1861 ( worth approximately £ 2 @,@ 990 in 2012 ) . The same firm operated the pier in 1953 , and the company was incorporated in 1965 . The Resorts Division of First Leisure , including the pier , was sold to Leisure Parks for £ 74 million in 1998 . In 2009 , the pier was sold to the Six Piers group , which owns Blackpool 's other two piers , and hoped to use it as a more tranquil alternative to them . The new owners opened the Victorian @-@ themed tea room , and built an eight @-@ seat shuttle running the length of the pier . In April 2011 , the pier was sold to a Blackpool family firm , Sedgwick 's , the owners of amusement arcades and the big wheel on Blackpool 's Central Pier . Peter Sedgwick explained that he proposed to his wife on North Pier forty years ago , and promised to buy it for her one day . He said that he wants to restore the Victorian heritage of the pier and re @-@ instate the pier 's tram . An admission charge of fifty pence to access the board @-@ walk section of the pier was abolished by the Sedgwicks . = = Liquidation = = A petition to wind up the Northern Victorian Pier Limited ( the company used by the Sedgwick family to manage Blackpool North Pier ) was presented on 17 September 2012 by Carlsberg UK Limited , a creditor of the company , and this was to be heard at Blackpool County Court on 15 November 2012 . At the 11th hour , an agreement to pay the outstanding balance owed to Carlsberg was made and Peter Sedgwick 's company escaped liquidation .
= Business routes of Interstate 94 in Michigan = There are currently eight business routes of Interstate 94 ( I @-@ 94 ) in the US state of Michigan . These business routes connect I @-@ 94 to the downtown business districts of neighboring cities . These eight routes are all business loops which bear the Business Loop I @-@ 94 ( BL I @-@ 94 ) designation . These loops are former routings of I @-@ 94 's two predecessors in Michigan : US Highway 12 ( US 12 ) or US 25 . The westernmost BL I @-@ 94 runs through the twin cities of Benton Harbor and St. Joseph along the former routing of US 12 and US 31 / US 33 that now includes a section of the Lake Michigan Circle Tour in the state . The loops in Kalamazoo , Battle Creek , Marshall , Albion , and Jackson were also formerly segments of US 12 which were later designated as separate version of Business US Highway 12 ( Bus . US 12 ) through their respective cities before becoming BL I @-@ 94s in 1960 . The route of the business loop through Ann Arbor was previously US 12 and then later M @-@ 14 before receiving its current moniker . The BL I @-@ 94 through Port Huron was previously US 25 and then Business US Highway 25 ( Bus . US 25 ) . = = Benton Harbor – St. Joseph = = Business Loop Interstate 94 ( BL I @-@ 94 ) is a 10 @.@ 7 @-@ mile ( 17 @.@ 2 km ) state trunkline highway and business loop that runs from I @-@ 94 through the downtowns of Benton Harbor and St. Joseph . The highway begins at exit 23 on I @-@ 94 in Lincoln Township where it runs along Lakeshore Drive , passing through the community of Shoreham . This section of the loop has five lanes ( two in each direction with a center turn lane ) before it drops a lane in each direction south of Shoreham , and it is part of the Lake Michigan Circle Tour ( LMCT ) . BL I @-@ 94 briefly runs concurrently with M @-@ 63 along Main Street in downtown St. Joseph . This section widens to a four @-@ lane divided street . BL I @-@ 94 separates from M @-@ 63 on the one @-@ way pairing of Ship Street ( eastbound ) and Port Street ( westbound ) for three blocks before crossing the St. Joseph River to Benton Harbor ; the LMCT concurrency ends at this point . From there it follows the five @-@ laned Main Street through downtown Benton Harbor through roundabouts at Riverview Drive and 5th Street . At the latter roundabout , the roadway narrows back to three lanes . The easternmost leg of the loop , from Urbandale Avenue easterly to the eastern terminus at exit 33 on I @-@ 94 in Benton Township , is a four @-@ lane , limited @-@ access , divided highway ; it features an unusual intersection with Crystal Avenue which is a diamond interchange built at @-@ grade . The highway through the downtowns of Benton Harbor and St. Joseph was a part of US 12 when the United States Numbered Highway System was created in late 1926 . US 31 was also routed concurrently through the area . The US 33 designation was later added to US 31 from the state line northward to US 12 in St. Joseph in 1937 . On November 2 , 1960 , the I @-@ 94 / US 12 freeway opened around the Benton Harbor – St. Joseph area , and the former route of US 12 through downtown was renumbered BL I @-@ 94 . By the next year , US 33 was extended along BL I @-@ 94 / US 31 , and the eastern end of BL I @-@ 94 was converted to a divided highway . In 1962 , US 31 was rerouted out of downtown Benton Harbor and St. Joseph to follow a new freeway east of Benton Harbor , removing it from BL I @-@ 94 / US 33 . US 33 was truncated in 1986 , removing it from BL I @-@ 94 and replacing it with M @-@ 63 the following year when signage was updated . The Great Lakes Circle Tours were approved by the Michigan Department of Transportation ( MDOT ) and its counterparts in Minnesota , Ontario and Wisconsin . Major intersections The entire highway is in Berrien County . = = Kalamazoo = = Business Loop Interstate 94 ( BL I @-@ 94 ) is a state trunkline highway that forms a business loop for 11 @.@ 1 miles ( 17 @.@ 9 km ) from the I @-@ 94 freeway through downtown Kalamazoo . The western terminus is at exit 74 on I @-@ 94 in Portage . The business loop runs concurrently northward with US 131 for about two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) on that four @-@ lane freeway to an interchange with Bus . US 131 ( Stadium Drive ) in Oshtemo Township . From there BL I @-@ 94 separates from US 131 and follows Bus . US 131 northeasterly along the five lanes of Stadium Drive ( two in each direction with a center turn lane ) through commercial areas and a part of the campus of Western Michigan University on the west side of Kalamazoo . At the intersection with Michigan Avenue , BL I @-@ 94 / Bus . US 131 merges with M @-@ 43 and splits into a one @-@ way pairing of streets ; the eastbound direction follows Michigan Avenue , while westbound traffic uses Michikal Street to connect from Kalamazoo Avenue a few blocks north . These two streets are between three and five lanes wide as BL I @-@ 94 / Bus . US 131 / M @-@ 43 runs through the heart of downtown Kalamazoo . At the intersections with the one @-@ way pairing of Westnedge Avenue and Park Street , Bus US 131 turns northward and the unsigned M @-@ 331 runs southward . Northbound traffic uses Park Street , and Westnedges carries southbound for each of the two highways . On the eastern side of downtown , Michigan Avenue turns northwesterly to intersect with Kalamazoo Avenue near the Kalamazoo River . Now a two @-@ way , five @-@ lane street , BL I @-@ 94 / M @-@ 43 ( Michigan Avenue ) crosses the Portage Creek next to Rose Park ; east of this creek crossing , M @-@ 43 ( Michigan Avenue ) continues across the Kalamazoo River and BL I @-@ 94 turns southeasterly along the five @-@ lane King Highway . On the far @-@ eastern edge of the city , BL I @-@ 94 intersects the western end of M @-@ 96 . BL I @-@ 94 turns southeasterly off King Highway , which continues as M @-@ 96 . BL I @-@ 94 ( Amvets Memorial Parkway ) is a four @-@ lane expressway to its eastern terminus at I @-@ 94 's exit 81 . On December 7 , 1959 , the I @-@ 94 / US 12 freeway opened on the south side of Kalamazoo . When US 12 was shifted to follow the new freeway , the former route through downtown Kalamazoo was redesignated Business US Highway 12 ( Bus . US 12 ) . The next year , it was renumbered BL I @-@ 94 . In 1963 , the US 131 freeway opened on the west side of Kalamazoo . Along with the creation of Bus . US 131 along a portion of the BL I @-@ 94 routing , BL I @-@ 94 was rerouted along the US 131 freeway on the west end back to I @-@ 94 . The section of Stadium Drive west of US 131 and the 9th Street routing was removed from BL I @-@ 94 . Kalamazoo and the newly built Michikal avenues were transferred to state jurisdiction in 1965 . Since then , Kalamazoo and Michigan avenues have been used as a pair of one @-@ way streets downtown . Kalamazoo and Michikal were then signed as westbound BL I @-@ 94 from Stadium Drive to Michigan Avenue while Main Street and Michigan Avenue continued to serve eastbound traffic . Major intersections The entire highway is in Kalamazoo County . = = Battle Creek = = Business Loop Interstate 94 ( BL I @-@ 94 ) is a state trunkline highway serving as a business loop from I @-@ 94 through downtown Battle Creek . The highway begins at exit 92 on I @-@ 94 near the Kalamazoo – Calhoun county line . BL I @-@ 94 runs concurrently along M @-@ 37 northwesterly from the freeway on the two @-@ lane Columbia Avenue on the eastern edge of Fort Custer . At an intersection south of the W.K. Kellogg Airport , BL I @-@ 94 / M @-@ 37 turns northward on the two @-@ lane Skyline Drive and runs on the western side of the airport . At the airport 's northwestern corner , the business loop intersects M @-@ 96 ( West Dickman Road ) and turns easterly , merging onto M @-@ 96 . BL I @-@ 94 / M @-@ 37 / M @-@ 96 follows the Battle Creek – Springfield city line on the northern edge of the airport . Dickman Road through here is four lanes wide with a center turn lane added halfway across the northern edge of the airport . At the intersection with Helmer Road North , M @-@ 37 turns northward to separate from the business loop . One block farther east , M @-@ 96 turns southward on Helmer Road South , also separating from BL I @-@ 94 at the eastern edge of the airport . From there , the business loop follows West Dickman Road along a four @-@ lane divided highway ( except between 24th and 20th streets ) through a residential area on the northern side of Battle Creek . Dickman Road turns southeasterly as a five @-@ lane undivided highway through downtown Battle Creek , parallel to a curve in the Kalamazoo River near its confluence with the Battle Creek River . BL I @-@ 94 skirts the edge of downtown by turning southward and then eastward to cross the Kalamazoo River . On the eastern side of the river , the business loop intersects I @-@ 194 / M @-@ 66 . East of the freeway interchange , Dickman Road narrows to three lanes and ends at Main Street . BL I @-@ 94 turns northwesterly along Main Street , northeasterly along Hamblin Avenue and then southeasterly on Michigan Avenue on the eastern side of downtown . BL I @-@ 94 follows the three @-@ lane Michigan Avenue , narrowing to two lanes east of Porter Street . BL I @-@ 94 rejoins M @-@ 96 at an intersection with Columbia Avenue in Emmett Township near the Kalamazoo River . BL I @-@ 94 / M @-@ 96 ( Michigan Avenue ) runs concurrently as a three @-@ lane roadway through Emmett Township . The center turn lane drops southeast of Wattles Road , and the business loop continues to its eastern terminus at exit 104 on I @-@ 94 . In late 1940 , a southerly bypass of downtown Battle Creek opened . U.S. Highway 12 ( US 12 ) was rerouted out of downtown to follow Columbia Avenue . The former route was redesignated Business US Highway 12 ( Bus . US 12 ) . In 1958 or 1959 , a section of the route of Bus . US 12 was split onto a one @-@ way pairing of streets through downtown Battle Creek . On December 7 , 1959 , the southern I @-@ 94 / US 12 bypass of Battle Creek was dedicated and opened to traffic . The former routing of US 12 along Columbia Avenue was turned over to local control and the route of Bus . US 12 was extended via Michigan Avenue easterly and M @-@ 78 ( Capitol Avenue ) southerly to connect to the new freeway . Later the next year , this business loop was redesignated BL I @-@ 94 . When the first segment of I @-@ 194 opened in 1961 , BL I @-@ 94 / M @-@ 78 was rerouted to follow the freeway . In 1964 , the western end of the business loop was realigned to follow Dickman Road west to Fort Custer and south along Skyline Drive to I @-@ 94 . The next year , as I @-@ 194 was completed and M @-@ 78 was replaced by an extended M @-@ 66 , BL I @-@ 94 was rerouted through the downtown area . From Dickman Road , BL I @-@ 94 followed I @-@ 194 / M @-@ 66 north to the end of the freeway at Hamblin Avenue and turned along Hamblin to Michigan Avenue via Jay Street . A minor realignment in 1970 shifted the connection between Hamblin and Michigan avenues . The one @-@ way setup through downtown was removed in 1984 . M @-@ 96 and M @-@ 37 were extended in 2000 , running concurrently between Skyline Drive and the Helmer Road intersections . M @-@ 89 replaced part of M @-@ 37 but did not follow the latter 's routing to I @-@ 994 / M @-@ 66 near downtown . Then in 2008 , BL I @-@ 94 was removed from the northern segment of I @-@ 194 / M @-@ 66 freeway and rerouted to follow Dickman Road to Main Street back to Hamblin Avenue . Major intersections The entire highway is in Calhoun County . = = Marshall = = Business Loop Interstate 94 ( BL I @-@ 94 ) is a 5 @.@ 52 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 8 @.@ 88 km ) state trunkline highway serving as a business loop from the I @-@ 94 freeway through downtown Marshall . The highway begins at a cloverleaf interchange in Marshall Township between I @-@ 94 and I @-@ 69 , exit 108 on the former and exit 38 for the latter . The business loop turns southward running concurrently with I @-@ 69 . At the interchange with M @-@ 96 about two miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) south , BL I @-@ 94 departs the fourl @-@ lane freeway to follow Michigan Avenue northeasterly along a four @-@ lane divided highway . Near the city limits , the highway intersects M @-@ 227 and then turns due east along a four @-@ lane undivided street . Within the city limits , Michigan Avenue is a Pure Michigan Byway named Marshall 's Territorial Road . The western half of Michigan Avenue in the city is mostly a residential neighborhood . The intersection with Kalamazoo Avenue is a roundabout around the Brooks Memorial Fountain . East of Kalamazoo Avenue , Michigan Avenue passes through the middle of downtown Marshall . East of downtown , Michigan Avenue once again passes through residential neighborhoods , narrowing to three lanes . The street angles northeasterly at the intersection with Gordon Street . At the intersection with the two @-@ lane Partello Road in Marengo Township , BL I @-@ 94 turns northerly off Michigan Avenue past several businesses to its eastern terminus at I @-@ 94 's exit 112 . The first business loop in Marshall was a Business US Highway 12 ( Bus . US 12 ) that was designated in 1960 after the I @-@ 94 / US 12 freeway was completed north of the city . It followed US 27 ( Kalamazoo Avenue ) to Michigan Avenue . From there , Bus . US 12 followed the current routing of BL I @-@ 94 along Michigan Avenue and Partello Road . The business route was redesignated as BL I -94 in late 1961 . The section of BL I @-@ 94 along US 27 ( Kalamazoo Avenue ) became Bus . US 27 with the completion of the I @-@ 69 / US 27 freeway bypass in 1967 . BL I @-@ 94 was rerouted and cosigned with Bus . US 27 along Michigan Avenue and the new freeway on the west end . The concurrency with Bus . US 27 was removed in 1972 . On January 11 , 2001 . BL I @-@ 94 inside the city of Marshall was designated as a Michigan Heritage Route ( now called a Pure Michigan Byway ) . Major intersections The entire highway is in Calhoun County . = = Albion = = Business Loop Interstate 94 ( BL I @-@ 94 ) is a 4 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 7 @.@ 2 km ) state trunkline highway serving as a business loop from the I @-@ 94 freeway through downtown Albion . The highway begins at exit 121 on I @-@ 94 . The access from westbound I @-@ 94 is through a right @-@ in / right @-@ out connection on the north side of the freeway to C Drive North . State maintenance starts at the end of those ramps to C Drive North and runs to Eaton Avenue where the business loop turns southward to cross the freeway . The northern end of the business loop on Easton Avenue has five lanes ( two in each direction with a center turn lane ) running through a commercial area next to the freeway and continues with four lanes through residential neighborhoods southward to an intersection with M @-@ 199 ( Austin Avenue ) . BL I @-@ 94 turns southeasterly along four @-@ lane Austin Avenue for two blocks and then southward onto four @-@ lane Superior Street . About five blocks farther south in downtown Albion , BL I @-@ 94 intersects M @-@ 99 . The two highways turn eastward running concurrently along four @-@ lane Michigan Avenue out of downtown . East of downtown , BL I @-@ 94 / M @-@ 99 passes through residential areas and turns northeasterly at the intersection with Clark Street , narrowing to two lanes . The more rural section of Michigan Avenue carrying the business loop crosses into Parma Township in Jackson County . At exit 124 on I @-@ 94 , BL I @-@ 94 ends and M @-@ 99 continues northward . The I @-@ 94 / US 12 freeway in opened in Calhoun County in 1960 . At this time , Eaton Avenue was transferred to state control , and the rest of the former route of US 12 through Albion was redesignated Business US Highway 12 ( Bus . US 12 ) . Later that year , Bus . US 12 was redesignated BL I @-@ 94 . Major intersections = = Jackson = = Business Loop Interstate 94 ( BL I @-@ 94 ) is a 10 1 ⁄ 4 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 16 @.@ 5 km ) state trunkline highway that serves as a business loop from the I @-@ 94 freeway through downtown Jackson . The western end is at exit 138 on I @-@ 94 west of Jackson in Blackman Township . This interchange is also the eastern terminus of M @-@ 60 and the two run concurrently southward along a section of four @-@ lane freeway west of the Jackson County Airport . BL I @-@ 94 / M @-@ 50 form a wrong @-@ way concurrency ; eastbound BL I @-@ 94 is also westbound M @-@ 60 . Less than a mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) south of I @-@ 94 , BL I @-@ 94 turns eastward onto the two @-@ lane Michigan Avenue running south of the airport . East of Laurence Avenue , the street widens to include a center turn lane . The business loop then passes the Westwood Mall southeast of the airport and west of downtown ; west of the mall , Michigan Avenue drops the center turn lane and widens to four lanes . At an intersection with West Avenue , BL I @-@ 94 merges with Business U.S. Highway 127 ( Bus . US 127 ) and M @-@ 50 . On the western edge of downtown Jackson , traffic follows a one @-@ way pairing of three @-@ lane streets that form a loop around the center of the business district . The southern half carrying BL I @-@ 94 east / Bus . US 127 south / M @-@ 50 east follows Washington Avenue , and the northern half follows Louis Glick Highway . East of downtown , Cooper Street rejoins the two sides of the loop . South of the loop , Cooper Street carries Bus . US 127 south / M @-@ 50 east and north of the loop , it carries M @-@ 106 . BL I @-@ 94 departs the loop north of the Grand River crossing near the Amtrak train station on the five @-@ lane Michigan Avenue . The business loop continues northeasterly through the east side of Jackson in a commercial area . East of Page Avenue , the center turn lane drops and returns east of Dettman Road . BL I @-@ 94 crosses US 127 in Leoni Township . East of that freeway , it follows two @-@ lane Ann Arbor Road past the campus of East Jackson High School . The highway turns more northerly through a rural section of Jackson County . It is bounded by fields interspersed with some businesses . Ann Arbor Road turns eastward to run parallel to the south side of I @-@ 94 near Gilletts Lake . A connector , Sargent Road , intersects Ann Arbor Road to tie the business loop northward into an interchange with I @-@ 94 at exit 145 . The US 12 bypass of Jackson was partially completed in late 1951 or early 1952 . US 12 turned south along US 127 ( Lansing Road ) at the end of the freeway to connect back to the existing routing of US 12 through the west end of town . The former routing along Ann Arbor Road and Michigan Avenue into downtown to US 12 / US 127 / M @-@ 50 / M @-@ 60 became Business US Highway 12 ( Bus . US 12 ) at this time . The bypass of Jackson was extended west to Parma in 1953 . BUS US 12 was rerouted along US 127 / M @-@ 50 / M @-@ 60 on West Avenue to connect back to US 12 . The last routing change to Bus . US 12 with the opening of the M @-@ 60 bypass of Jackson by the middle of 1961 . Bus . US 12 was extended westward along Michigan Avenue to the new freeway west of town in Blackman Township and northerly to a new western terminus at I @-@ 94 / US 12 . The business loop was redesignated BL I @-@ 94 in late 1960 . In 1964 , several changes were made to the business routes in downtown Jackson . Eastbound BL I @-@ 94 traffic was shifted off Michigan Avenue along Blackstone Street to Washington Avenue , and from there it ran along Washington to Francis Street and back to Michigan Avenue . The westbound traffic was shifted north at Mechanic Street to Pearl Street , continuing until turning south at Blackstone back to Michigan Avenue . The eastern end was updated further in 1968 to use Louis Glick Highway to connect to the northern half of the loop around downtown to Michigan Avenue . A set of connector streets on the western side of the downtown loop opened in November 1969 to streamline the flow of traffic further resulting in the last changes to the BL I @-@ 94 routing in Jackson . Eastbound traffic was redirected to the connector on Michigan Avenue just east of Third Street . This connector curved south then east to Washington Avenue near First Street . Louis Glick Highway was extended west from Blackstone curving south to merge into Michigan . In 2012 , the eastern terminus of the business route was shifted easterly to follow Ann Arbor and Sargent roads to exit 145 on I @-@ 94 ; as a result , the former partial interchange between I @-@ 94 and Ann Arbor Road which formerly served as the business route 's eastern terminus was obliterated . Major intersections The entire highway is in Jackson County . = = Ann Arbor = = Business Loop Interstate 94 ( BL I @-@ 94 ) is a business loop running from the I @-@ 94 freeway through downtown Ann Arbor . It starts at exit 172 on I @-@ 94 near on the western side of the city and follows four @-@ lane Jackson Road easterly through a residential area and under I @-@ 94 before passing through a commercial area next to Veterans Memorial Park . East of the park , the business loop runs east @-@ northeasterly along Jackson Road through residential areas to a Y @-@ intersection with Dexter Road and Huron Street . BL I @-@ 94 follows the four @-@ lane Huron Street eastward into downtown Ann Arbor . At the intersection with Main Street , Business US Highway 23 ( Bus . US 23 ) turns onto Huron Street , and the two designations run concurrently , adding a center turn lane to Huron Street for a few blocks . The business loop passes to the north of University of Michigan 's Central Campus and then turns southward through it on the five @-@ lane Washtenaw Avenue. near Forest Avenue at the edge of campus , BL I @-@ 94 / Bus . US 23 turns southeasterly through residential neighborhoods and drops the center turn lane again . At the intersection with Stadium Boulevard , Washtenaw Avenue turns more easterly , adds a center turn lane again and crosses County Farm Park . East of the park , BL I @-@ 94 / Bus . US 23 runs through a commercial area out to US 23 . At exit 37 on US 23 , Bus . US 23 ends and BL I @-@ 94 turns southward along US 23 . The business loop follows the four @-@ lane freeway southward through a residential area on the edge of Ann Arbor and ends at exit 180 on I @-@ 94 . The business loop follows the former routing of US 12 . This routing was first designated as M @-@ 14 in 1956 when US 12 was moved to a freeway bypass to the south of town . I @-@ 94 was first designated by the middle of 1960 along the US 12 freeway , and a new BL I @-@ 94 designation was created by the middle of the next year . BL I @-@ 94 followed M @-@ 14 from the Jackson Road interchange to Main Street along Jackson Road and Huron Street . At Main Street , BL I @-@ 94 turned along US 23 on Huron Street , Washtenaw Avenue and Carpenter Road back to I @-@ 94 / US 12 . The US 23 freeway was finished on November 2 , 1962 . BL I @-@ 94 was rerouted on the east end to follow the new US 23 freeway , returning the Carpenter Road alignment to local control . Bus . US 23 replaced US 23 along Huron Street and Washtenaw Avenue in the city of Ann Arbor at this time . A new M @-@ 14 freeway opened on November 16 , 1965 , removing the M @-@ 14 concurrency from the routing . Major intersections The entire highway is in Washtenaw County . = = Port Huron = = Business Loop Interstate 94 ( BL I @-@ 94 ) is an 8 1 ⁄ 2 @-@ mile @-@ long ( 13 @.@ 7 km ) business loop serving the cities of Marysville and Port Huron . It starts southwest of Marysville near St. Clair County International Airport at exit 266 on I @-@ 94 . The highway runs northeasterly along five @-@ lane Gratiot Avenue past several businesses near the exit . BL I @-@ 94 enters Marysville and passes through the city 's downtown area . On the eastern side of the city , the business loop turns northward along the four @-@ lane divided Gratiot Boulevard near the St. Clair River . The intersection where the business loop turns is also the northern terminus of M @-@ 29 . North of Ravenswood Road , BL I @-@ 94 splits into the one @-@ way pairing of two @-@ lane Military Street ( northbound ) and Electric Avenue ( southbound ) . This area is mostly residential running along the river . Electric Avenue merges back into Military Street , which widens to four lanes , near Beard Street . At the intersections with Oak Street ( eastbound ) and Griswold Street ( eastbound ) , BL I @-@ 69 merges in from those two one @-@ way streets . BL I @-@ 69 / BL I @-@ 94 continues northward along Military Street through downtown Port Huron . The business loop crosses the Black River near its mouth . North of the river. the business loop follows Huron Avenue through the northern side of downtown Port Huron . At the intersection with Glenwood Avenue , BL I @-@ 69 / BL I @-@ 94 turns northwesterly onto Pine Grove Avenue through a residential area on the northern side of the city . The street has five lanes ( two in each direction plus a center turn lane ) . The business loop passes under I @-@ 94 / I @-@ 69 at the toll and customs plazas for the Blue Water Bridge . There is a partial interchange to connect the business loop to and from the eastbound direction of the freeway and the toll plaza . North of the freeway crossing , the business loop intersects the southern end of M @-@ 25 and turns westward onto Hancock Street for two blocks . Then it turns southward along a connector freeway to terminate at an interchange with westbound I @-@ 94 / I @-@ 69 . Before the completion of the freeways in the Port Huron area , the route of the business loop was part of US Highway 25 ( US 25 ) . After the freeway was completed in the area , the former route was redesignated Business US 25 ( Bus . US 25 ) in 1964 . The US 25 designation was decommissioned in 1973 , and the former Bus . US 25 through the area was designated as part of an extended M @-@ 25 . In 1986 , the BL I @-@ 94 designation was created , and the former BS I @-@ 69 was extended with it through downtown Port Huron . At the same time , M @-@ 25 was truncated to end on the north side of Port Huron . Major intersections The entire highway is in St. Clair County .
= Arjen Robben = Arjen Robben ( Dutch pronunciation : [ ˈɑrjən ˈrɔbə ( n ) ] ; born 23 January 1984 ) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays for German club Bayern Munich and is the captain of the Netherlands national team . Robben has appeared at the 2004 , 2008 and 2012 UEFA European Championships , and the 2006 , 2010 and 2014 FIFA World Cups . He is a forward who usually plays as a left or right sided winger . Robben is known for his dribbling skills , speed , crossing ability and his accurate left foot long @-@ range shots from the right wing . Robben first came to prominence with Groningen , for whom he was player of the year for the 2000 – 01 Eredivisie season . Two years later he signed for PSV , where he became the Netherlands ' Young Player of the Year and won an Eredivisie title . The following season Robben 's signature was pursued by leading English clubs , and after protracted transfer negotiations he joined Chelsea in 2004 . Robben 's Chelsea debut was delayed through injury , but upon returning to fitness he helped Chelsea bring home two consecutive Premier League titles , and was the FA Premier League Player of the Month in November 2005 . After a third season in England which was punctuated by injury , Robben moved to Spanish club Real Madrid for € 35 million . In August 2009 , Robben transferred to Bayern Munich for a fee of around € 25 million , scoring two goals on his debut . In his first season in Munich , Bayern won the league title , Robben 's fifth league title in eight years , and Robben scored the winning goal in the 2013 UEFA Champions League Final . After his first season with Bayern , Robben was also named Footballer of the Year in Germany . In 2014 , Robben was ranked the fourth @-@ best footballer in the world by The Guardian . = = Early life = = Robben was born in Bedum , a satellite town of Groningen , in the north @-@ eastern Netherlands . He took to football from an early age , becoming an adherent of the Coerver Method . Robben 's skill in ball control and technical footwork made him a valuable player , and he was quickly signed by regional club FC Groningen . Here , he developed his distinctive style of cutting inside from the right onto his left foot to score some quite spectacular goals . = = Club career = = = = = Groningen = = = Groningen placed Robben in their first team for the 1999 – 2000 season . He scored three goals in league play . Manager Jan van Dijk added the winger to the first team before Groningen 's November 2000 away game against Twente , but he did not play until 3 December 2000 against RKC Waalwijk as a substitute for the injured Leonardo dos Santos in the 79th minute . During the winter , Robben managed to play himself into the starting lineup . In 18 starts for Groningen over the 2000 – 01 season , he scored two goals . Robben was named player of the year for his first season with the club , and with teammate Jordi Hoogstrate , he demonstrated the strength of the Groningen youth academy . Robben stayed with Groningen and improved steadily during the 2001 – 02 season , playing in 28 matches and scoring six goals . Robben transferred to PSV for € 3 @.@ 9 million before the 2002 – 03 season . = = = PSV = = = During his first season for PSV , the 2002 – 03 season , Robben played 33 matches and scored 12 goals . He was named " PSV co @-@ player of the year " along with striker Mateja Kežman , with whom he formed an attacking partnership still fondly referred to by PSV fans as " Batman and Robben . " He helped lead PSV to their 17th Dutch title , and won the Talented Player of the Year award . After this good start , PSV could not keep up with rival Ajax and were forced into a fight for second place in the Eredivisie . Robben travelled to London and met with Manchester United coach Sir Alex Ferguson . Ferguson 's offer came in much too low for PSV 's and Robben 's liking ; PSV chairman Harry van Raaij told Manchester United the most that their € 7 million offer would buy them was a shirt with Robben 's autograph . Almost immediately , Chelsea owner Roman Abramovich offered € 18 million ( £ 12 @.@ 1 million ) , and PSV accepted . The rest of his season with PSV was disappointing . He injured his hamstring twice and missed several games . By the end of the season , Robben scored five times in 23 Eredivisie matches . = = = Chelsea = = = = = = = 2004 – 05 season = = = = Robben did not make his competitive debut for Chelsea until November 2004 , as he was injured in a pre @-@ season friendly match against Roma , breaking a metatarsal bone in his right foot in a challenge from Olivier Dacourt . During this time , he told club doctors that he had noticed an unfamiliar growth on one of his testicles . The medical team quickly did tests to check for testicular cancer , but he was subsequently given the all clear . Robben proved to be a crucial player for the 2004 – 05 season ; in November 2004 , he was awarded the FA Premier League " Player of the Month " award . Robben ended the 2004 – 05 season with seven goals , his second highest professional total . He was shortlisted for the PFA Young Player of the Year , but was beaten by Wayne Rooney of Manchester United . Robben was badly injured in a league game away to Blackburn Rovers and forced to sit out Chelsea 's title run @-@ in and progress to the semi @-@ finals of the UEFA Champions League . Back to fitness for 2005 – 06 , Robben was an integral part of the Chelsea left wing . In 28 matches , Robben contributed six goals as Chelsea won a second consecutive Premier League championship , the first back @-@ to @-@ back titles for the west London club . = = = = 2005 – 06 season = = = = The 2005 – 06 season saw Robben involved in an unsporting incident with Liverpool goalkeeper Pepe Reina . Towards the end of a league game between Chelsea and Liverpool at Stamford Bridge , which Chelsea won 2 – 0 , Reina shoved his hand in Robben 's face after some provocative words from Robben . Robben fell theatrically to the turf , and Reina received a red card for " violent behaviour , " as violent conduct is illegal . As a result of the incident Reina commented that Robben " did well enough to win an Oscar " for his theatrics . Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez later joked in a post @-@ match interview that he " would soon be going to hospital to check on Robben 's condition . " Reina 's red card was not rescinded . = = = = 2006 – 07 season = = = = Robben was later named man of the match on 23 December 2006 against Wigan Athletic , a match where he got two assists and the winning goal . Robben was inflicted with yet another injury in a match against Liverpool on 20 January 2007 . Robben made his return in a 3 – 0 victory against Middlesbrough in February , driving in a shot that took a deflection past Mark Schwarzer for an own goal by Abel Xavier . He came on as a substitute for Claude Makélélé in the 2007 League Cup Final against Arsenal and set up the winning goal for Didier Drogba . Robben scored a goal in the second round of the UEFA Champions League against Porto , which led to Chelsea winning the tie 3 – 2 on aggregate . At the end of March 2007 , Robben underwent a knee operation after sustaining a knee injury upon returning from international duty that was expected to rule him out for at least four weeks . He only made two further appearances for Chelsea , both of which were as a substitute and both of which would prove to be key games for the club . His first appearance since returning from injury was against Liverpool in the UEFA Champions League semi @-@ final second leg which went to penalties . Robben went on to have his penalty saved by Pepe Reina , and Chelsea ultimately lost . His final appearance for the club came against Manchester United in the 2007 FA Cup Final . Robben replaced Joe Cole at half time , but was then subsequently substituted himself for Ashley Cole in extra time as Chelsea emerged victorious . Spanish club Real Madrid were interested in two of Chelsea 's players . Then @-@ manager Bernd Schuster is said to have demanded Michael Ballack , while Madrid 's former president , Ramón Calderón , was known to favour Robben . Robben said to reporters of Spanish newspaper AS , " I do not know when a deal will be reached . I would like to send a message to the Madrid fans , but I can 't until my future is sorted . " Real Madrid eventually secured Robben 's services in August 2007 . He told Chelsea 's official club website , " It was difficult to leave because I had a great time in my three years at Chelsea and I made a lot of friends . There was no time to say goodbye because the deal was closed on the Wednesday at 10 o 'clock in the evening and the following morning I had to fly . If I have one day off I would want to come back and say goodbye because to the fans I owe a big thank you because they were always good to me . In my three years I won all the prizes there are to win in England . " = = = Real Madrid = = = Robben completed his move to Real Madrid on a five @-@ year deal on 22 August 2007 , with the transfer fee reported as £ 24 million ( € 35 million ) . He made his debut on 18 September as a substitute for Raúl during a Champions League match against Werder Bremen , which Real Madrid won 2 – 1 . His league debut came on 23 September , this time as a substitute for Royston Drenthe in a 1 – 1 away draw against Real Valladolid . On 10 February 2008 , Robben scored his first goal , this time at home in a 7 – 0 victory against Valladolid . Robben proved crucial for many Real Madrid matches , making his famous runs down the left wing and quickly became a first choice for the left midfield position , making 28 appearances during his debut season and scoring five goals . Real Madrid won the league title with some games to spare , and were already the champions of Spain when they played their arch @-@ rivals Barcelona on 7 May 2008 . The Barcelona players formed a guard of honor as the Madrid team came onto the pitch at the Santiago Bernabéu , and Robben played an important part in Real Madrid 's subsequent 4 – 1 victory , scoring the champions ' second goal . He retained his key role in the Real Madrid midfield during the 2008 – 09 season , playing 35 times and scoring eight goals . Although the Dutchman was one of the Spanish side 's most important players in the pre @-@ season games leading up to the 2009 – 10 season , having scored three goals and help set up another four , he was among the players whose place in the first team became threatened following the arrival of Florentino Pérez and the signings of Cristiano Ronaldo and Kaká . Real Madrid accepted a bid of around € 25 million for Robben from Bayern Munich . Robben claimed he was " forced " to leave Real Madrid , saying that he " didn 't want to go , but the club wanted to sell him . " = = = Bayern Munich = = = = = = = 2009 – 10 season = = = = On 28 August 2009 , Robben moved to Bayern Munich for around € 25 million . He was given the number 10 shirt , last worn by his fellow Dutchman , Roy Makaay . His debut came the day after . He came on as a half @-@ time substitute against VfL Wolfsburg , scored two goals , and helped his team beat last season 's champions in Bayern 's first win of the 2009 – 10 season . On 9 March 2010 , Robben scored the deciding goal in Bayern 's 2 – 3 defeat ( 4 – 4 on aggregate over two legs ) against Fiorentina , taking them through to the quarter @-@ finals of the 2009 – 10 Champions League on away goals . On 7 April 2010 , Robben sent Bayern into the semi @-@ finals of the Champions League with a stunning volley against Manchester United from the edge of the area into the corner of the net . The game ended 3 – 2 to United ( 4 – 4 on aggregate ) , with Bayern advancing again due to away goals . On 17 April 2010 , he scored his first hat @-@ trick in the Bundesliga against Hannover 96 in the Allianz Arena . The game ended 7 – 0 to the Bavarians . On 8 May 2010 , he won his first Bundesliga title with Bayern after scoring two goals in their 3 – 1 victory over Hertha BSC , finishing as Bayern 's top scorer in the process . A week later , Bayern played in the DFB @-@ Pokal Final against the previous champions of the tournament , Werder Bremen , in Berlin 's Olympiastadion . Bayern won the game by 4 – 0 , with Robben scoring the first of his team 's goals from a penalty kick . Robben thus helped the Bavarians achieve their 15th DFB @-@ Pokal title . On 25 May 2010 , Robben was named Footballer of the Year in Germany for 2010 . He won the award by attaining a record 72 @.@ 1 % of the vote and was the first Dutch person to win the title . = = = = 2010 – 11 season = = = = The 2010 – 11 started badly for Robben , after medical tests confirmed that his hamstring had not properly healed and that he would be out for two months . Bayern chairman Karl @-@ Heinz Rummenigge stated that " Of course , Bayern Munich are very angry " with the Royal Dutch Football Association ( KNVB ) , and would be seeking compensation from them , continuing . " Once again we must pay the bill as a club after a player is seriously injured playing for a national team . " On 15 January 2011 , he returned to first team action , coming on as a substitute in the 1 – 1 away draw with Wolfsburg . Robben was nominated for the " UEFA Champions League Best Midfielder , " but the award went to his international compatriot Wesley Sneijder . He has also been nominated for the prestigious Ballon d 'Or award , and the FIFA Puskás Award , which goes to the best goal of the year , and he has also been nominated for FIFA ’ s " FIFPro World XI 2010 " squad , thanks to his fantastic season with Bayern Munich . = = = = 2011 – 12 season = = = = In the second leg of the semi @-@ finals of the 2011 – 12 UEFA Champions League , against his former club Real Madrid which was now managed by José Mourinho ( who had been his manager at Chelsea ) , after Bayern fell behind 2 – 0 , Robben converted a penalty to level the tie at 3 – 3 . Bayern advanced to the final after winning the resulting penalty shootout . On 3 May 2012 it was reported that Robben has signed a new contract with Bayern which would last until 2015 . Robben had an extra @-@ time penalty saved by former teammate Petr Čech in the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final at the Allianz Arena against Chelsea . Had he scored , Bayern Munich would have led Chelsea 2 – 1 . However the match ended in a penalty shootout which Chelsea won . That was the fourth major cup final that he had been on the losing side during the last two years ( World Cup final , two Champions League finals and the DFB Pokal ) . Three days later in the same stadium while playing as a second @-@ half substitute for the Netherlands in a friendly against Bayern Munich , he was jeered by some disgruntled Bayern Munich fans every time he touched the ball ( due to his penalty miss in the Champions League final , and as he did not play on Bayern 's side during that match due to a decision taken by Netherlands coach Bert van Marwijk ) . The match had been organized to compensate Bayern , since Robben aggravated an injury playing for the Netherlands at the 2010 World Cup , and went on to miss several months of the 2010 – 11 season . = = = = 2012 – 13 season = = = = In the 2012 – 13 season , Robben had started the season on the bench , as manager Jupp Heynckes preferred to start Thomas Müller on the right wing , with Toni Kroos at the attacking midfielder position . Robben had played through the season as a substitute , but earned his chance to start again after Kroos was injured during the Champions League tie against Juventus . He started on the right wing for the rest of the season , having moved Müller back to the middle . Robben started against Borussia Dortmund in the quarterfinals of the DFB @-@ Pokal and scored the game 's lone goal in the 43rd minute . In the Champions League semi @-@ final against FC Barcelona , Robben started both games and scored in both games , including the go @-@ ahead goal in the second leg . Bayern would then go on to return to the Final . Robben atoned for his penalty miss the previous season by setting up teammate Mario Mandžukić 's goal to open the scoring in the 60th minute then netting an 89th @-@ minute winner in a 2 – 1 victory over Borussia Dortmund to give Bayern their fifth European Cup . During the presentation he was named Man of the Match by UEFA . = = = = 2013 – 14 season = = = = Robben scored his first goals of the 2013 – 14 season in the 2013 DFL @-@ Supercup , where Bayern were beaten 4 – 2 by Borussia Dortmund . On 9 August 2013 , his opening goal helped Bayern to a 3 – 1 win over Borussia Mönchengladbach in their first match of the Bundesliga campaign . On 17 September , he scored in Bayern 's Champions League opener against CSKA Moskva at the Allianz Arena . He went on to score two further goals during the Champions League group stage ; in away wins against Manchester City and CSKA as Bayern finished as group winners . On 23 November , Robben was one of three scorers as Bayern beat title rivals Borussia Dortmund 3 – 0 at the Westfalenstadion . On 4 December , Robben was substituted with a deep cut on his right knee in a 2 – 0 DFB @-@ Pokal win away to FC Augsburg which prevented him from taking part in the 2013 FIFA Club World Cup . On 1 March 2014 , Robben scored a hat @-@ trick in Bayern 's 5 – 1 win over FC Schalke 04 . On 19 March , he signed a contract extension with Bayern , which will keep him at the club until 2017 . On 9 April , Robben scored Bayern 's third goal in a 3 – 1 Champions League quarter @-@ final against Manchester United , to secure qualification to the semi @-@ finals . On 17 May , Robben scored Bayern 's opening goal in a 2 – 0 extra @-@ time defeat of Borussia Dortmund in the 2014 DFB @-@ Pokal Final , giving him his third league and cup double in five seasons with the club . His goal made him the first player to score in three separate DFB @-@ Pokal finals . On 13 July , after winning the third place match at the 2014 FIFA World Cup , Louis van Gaal invited Robben to follow him to Manchester United , but the latter ruled out the move . = = = = 2014 – 15 season = = = = In Bayern 's opening match of the 2014 – 15 Bundesliga season , Robben scored one goal and assisted the other as the team defeated VfL Wolfsburg 2 – 1 on 22 August 2014 . On 1 November , he scored the winning goal from a penalty kick against Borussia Dortmund in Der Klassiker . On 16 December 2014 , Robben scored his 100th competitive goal for Bayern Munich in a home match against SC Freiburg . On 21 February 2015 , Robben scored twice in a 6 – 0 win against SC Paderborn 07 , giving him the record of having scored against every Bundesliga team he had faced . He ended 2014 – 15 alongside teammate Robert Lewandowski as joint second @-@ top goalscorer in the Bundesliga with 17 goals . This was in spite of the player missing the last two months of the season through injury . = = = = 2015 – 16 season = = = = Robben started his 2015 – 16 season by scoring the opening goal of the DFL – Supercup against Wolfsburg . The match finished in a 1 – 1 draw , and Robben scored in the subsequent shootout , however Bayern were defeated . Robben 's first goal of the Bundesliga season came from a penalty kick in a 3 – 0 defeat of Bayer 04 Leverkusen on 29 August . However , an injury suffered six days later when playing for the Netherlands against Iceland in qualification for UEFA Euro 2016 kept him out of Bayern 's next nine fixtures . On 24 October , Robben returned to the Bayern team , playing 65 minutes and scoring the opening goal of a 4 – 0 win against 1 . FC Köln , the club 's 1,000th Bundesliga victory . He made his first UEFA Champions League appearance of the season on 4 November , scoring after coming on as a substitute in Bayern 's 5 – 1 win over Arsenal . = = International career = = In April 2003 , he made his international debut in a friendly match against Portugal at the age of 19 . On 28 August 2015 , Robben was named captain of the Netherlands national team , replacing Robin van Persie . = = = Euro 2004 = = = Robben 's first participation at an international tournament came at UEFA Euro 2004 when manager Dick Advocaat called up younger players , such as Wesley Sneijder and John Heitinga . During the group stage of the tournament , Advocaat substituted Robben in the 66th minute to defend a 2 – 1 lead over the Czech Republic . However , the Czech team then scored two goals and won 3 – 2 , which led to criticism about Advocaat 's decision . In the quarter @-@ finals , Robben scored the deciding kick in the penalty shootout between the Netherlands and Sweden , which ensured that at the fifth attempt , the Dutch finally won a shootout . = = = 2006 World Cup = = = Robben played in his first 2006 World Cup qualifier in 2006 . In six games for the Netherlands , Robben scored two goals . The Netherlands qualified for the 2006 FIFA World Cup and in the Netherlands opening match against Serbia and Montenegro , Robben scored the winning goal in the 18th minute , and was named the Man of the match . In the match against Côte d 'Ivoire , Robben received this award the second time , thus becoming one of the eight players in the tournament to have won the Man of the Match Award more than once . = = = Euro 2008 = = = During UEFA Euro 2008 , manager Marco van Basten changed the formation to 4 – 2 – 3 – 1 , preferring the midfield trio of Rafael van der Vaart , Wesley Sneijder and Dirk Kuyt . Robben was left to battle it out with Robin van Persie for a place on the wing . In the group match against France , which the Netherlands won 4 – 1 , Robben was brought on at half @-@ time . He dragged the ball out of reach of a defender near the half @-@ way line and paced his way ahead of three defenders , then crossed straight to Van Persie who powered a shot into the goal past Grégory Coupet . At 2 – 0 , Thierry Henry scored a goal , making it 2 – 1 , and almost directly after the restart , Robben was played through by Sneijder and he ran at the France goal and was forced into an acute angle , but despite the angle , he shot the ball into the net past Coupet . = = = 2010 World Cup = = = Robben was selected by the Netherlands manager Bert van Marwijk for the final squad of 23 for the 2010 FIFA World Cup . In the team 's last friendly match against Hungary , just before its flight to South Africa on 4 June , Robben fell awkwardly , and picked up a hamstring injury which caused concern over his fitness for the tournament . On 5 June , Van Marwijk announced that he 'd " decided not to summon any substitute for Arjen . I want to give him every chance to still participate in the World Cup . " On 12 June 2010 , Robben arrived in South Africa to join the team . He was an unused substitute for the opening game against Denmark as they coasted to a 2 – 0 victory , and again in the 1 – 0 victory against Japan . He came on in the 73rd minute against Cameroon in their 2 – 1 victory , hitting the post from which Klaas @-@ Jan Huntelaar scored from the rebound . On 28 June 2010 , he started his first match against Slovakia in which he went on to score the first goal in the second round as the Netherlands won 2 – 1 . He also went on to pick up the man of the match award . Robben scored the third goal with a well @-@ placed header in the semi @-@ finals against Uruguay which the Netherlands won 3 – 2 to reach the final . Robben played for the full match in the final as the Netherlands lost 1 – 0 to Spain . Robben had Netherlands 's best opportunity of the match when played in on goal by Wesley Sneijder in the 62nd minute of the match , but was denied by Iker Casillas . Robben was nominated for the 2010 World Cup Golden Ball , the tournament 's best player , which was won by Diego Forlán . = = = Euro 2012 = = = Robben was selected to play for the Netherlands at UEFA Euro 2012 . He started in the first group stage match , a 1 – 0 loss to Denmark , in which he hit the post with a curled effort . In the next match , a 2 – 1 loss to Germany , he hopped over the advertising boards and walked the long way round after being subbed off for Dirk Kuyt because he thought he could have inspired the Netherlands to a win . After a 2 – 1 loss to Portugal , the Netherlands were knocked out with three straight defeats . = = = 2014 World Cup = = = In the Netherlands ' first match of the 2014 FIFA World Cup , Robben scored two goals in a 5 – 1 win over Spain . In the Netherlands ' second group stage match , a 3 – 2 win over Australia , Robben scored the team 's opening goal as they qualified for the knockout stage . In the Round of 16 knock @-@ out game with Mexico , the Netherlands won on a penalty awarded after Robben went down following a challenge from Rafael Márquez . The Associated Press said that Robben 's " theatrical " fall " did little to defuse the debate about his reputation for diving . " Robben maintained that the penalty was correct but admitted to falling easily earlier in the match , telling a Dutch TV channel that " the one [ at the end ] was a penalty , but the other one was a dive in the first half . I shouldn 't be doing that . " In the quarter @-@ final , Robben scored the Netherlands ' second kick in a 4 – 3 penalty shootout defeat of Costa Rica . On 11 July , Robben was named on the 10 @-@ man shortlist for FIFA 's Golden Ball award for the tournament 's best player . = = Style of play = = Robben is regarded as one of the best wingers in the world , with ESPN stating he is " able to take on and beat defenders at the drop of a hat , Robben 's ability to get to the byline and deliver in accurate crosses instils fear into any defence . " Usually deployed on the right wing , Robben often cuts inside on his left foot to move to a more central attacking position , and uses his speed and dribbling skills to take on defenders until he finds the space to make an attempt on goal . He is predominantly a left footed player . During a match he will often drift to the left wing , with his teammate , in the case of Bayern Munich , Franck Ribéry , switching over to the right . Another factor in his playing style is his relationship with the right @-@ fullback . At Bayern , this partnership with Philipp Lahm has had benefits for the team 's efficiency and chemistry . Robben 's defensive work improved when he went to Bayern where he often tracks back and covers for his partner when he pushes forward and becomes a temporary right back . Robben has been often accused of diving , and he has at times openly admitted to the charges . In December 2011 , Robben apologised for a dive against VfL Bochum in a DFB @-@ Pokal match which earned him a yellow card , saying " I must not do things like this " . In July 2014 , Robben admitted to diving in the first half of Netherlands ' match against Mexico in the last 16 round of the 2014 FIFA World Cup , but maintained that he had not dived for the decisive penalty he won in stoppage time which Netherlands converted to win 2 – 1 . Following the incident , Robben 's former manager at Chelsea , José Mourinho , claimed that Robben 's speed and creativity cause opponents who cannot stop him to foul him , but " sometimes [ Robben ] tries to get an advantage , or to get a penalty " . = = Personal life = = Robben married his girlfriend Bernadien Eillert on 9 June 2007 in Groningen . The two met while in high school in the city , at the Kamerlingh Onnes , and have two sons , Luka born in 2008 and Kai born 2012 and a daughter , Lynn born in 2010 . Robben 's father , Hans , works as his agent . The circumstances of Arjen and Bernadien 's first meeting have been reported by his former youth coach , Barend Beltman . ' Arjen was driven and determined at a young age . He was always on time , never late . But one Friday afternoon he showed up 15 minutes past the start of practice . I asked him what was going on . " We were at the market square , having fun " , he said . There were some girls with him and his friends , so I asked , " Was she worth it ? " " Yes , trainer , she was " , he told me . I told him to get his gear and join the training session . At his wedding , I heard the woman he met that day was now his wife and mother of his children . Bernadien is her name.' = = Sponsorship = = Robben has a sponsorship deal with German sportswear and equipment supplier , Adidas . Robben features in EA Sports ' FIFA video game series , and was the third highest rated player in FIFA 15 . = = Career statistics = = = = = Club = = = As of 18 June 2016 . 1 . ^ Includes Dutch FA Cup , English FA Cup , Spanish FA Cup , German FA Cup . 2 . ^ Includes UEFA Champions League and UEFA Europa League . 3 . ^ Includes Eredivisie playoff , English League Cup , FA Community Shield , Spanish Super Cup , German Super Cup , and UEFA Super Cup . = = = International = = = As of 13 November 2015 . = = Honours = = = = = Club = = = PSV Eredivisie : 2002 – 03 Johan Cruijff Schaal : 2003 Chelsea Premier League : 2004 – 05 , 2005 – 06 FA Cup : 2006 – 07 Football League Cup : 2004 – 05 , 2006 – 07 FA Community Shield : 2005 Real Madrid La Liga : 2007 – 08 Supercopa de España : 2008 Bayern Munich Bundesliga : 2009 – 10 , 2012 – 13 , 2013 – 14 , 2014 – 15 , 2015 – 16 DFB @-@ Pokal : 2009 – 10 , 2012 – 13 , 2013 – 14 , 2015 – 16 DFB @-@ Supercup : 2010 , 2012 UEFA Champions League : 2012 – 13 UEFA Super Cup : 2013 FIFA Club World Cup : 2013 = = = International = = = Netherlands FIFA World Cup : Runner @-@ up 2010 ; Third Place 2014 = = = Individual = = = Dutch Football Talent of the Year : 2002 – 03 Johan Cruijff Prijs : 2002 – 03 Premier League Player of the Month : November 2004 PFA Team of the Year : 2005 ESM Team of the Year : 2004 – 05 , 2009 – 10 , 2014 – 15 Bravo Award : 2005 Goal of the Month in Germany : January 2010 , March 2010 , April 2010 , February 2013 The kicker Man Of The Year : 2010 Footballer of the Year in Germany : 2010 UEFA Team of the Year : 2011 , 2014 UEFA Best Player in Europe Award 2013 ( 4th place ) UEFA Best Player in Europe Award 2014 ( 3rd place ) UEFA Champions League Final Man of the Match : 2013 UEFA Champions League Team of the Season : 2013 – 14 FIFA World Cup Bronze Ball : 2014 FIFA World Cup All @-@ Star Team : 2014 FIFA FIFPro World XI : 2014 FIFA Ballon d 'Or : 4th place 2014 Dutch Sportsman of the Year : 2014
= Money Jungle = Money Jungle is a studio album by pianist Duke Ellington with double bassist Charles Mingus and drummer Max Roach . It was recorded on September 17 , 1962 , and released in February 1963 by United Artists Jazz . All but one of the compositions were written by Ellington , with four of the seven on the original LP being recorded for the first time on this album . Later releases on CD added eight tracks from the same recording session . The album was reviewed positively at the time of its release and subsequent reviews have remained highly favorable . Negative comments have concentrated on differences in playing style among the three musicians , brought about by the generational gap between Ellington and the others , and an argument that led to Mingus leaving the studio mid @-@ session . Hundreds of musicians have been influenced by the recording , in particular by the freedom of individual expression within a small @-@ group setting . = = Background = = Producer Alan Douglas had helped Duke Ellington with errands when they were both working in Paris in the early 1960s . Later , after Douglas had joined United Artists and moved to New York , he received , according to his own account , a surprise visit from Ellington , who suggested recording a piano @-@ based album ( Ellington was known as a big band leader ) . Douglas suggested Charles Mingus as double bassist , who then insisted on having Max Roach as drummer . Mingus had played with Ellington before , deputising for the regular bassist in the leader 's orchestra in 1953 , but was fired after four days , following a fight with another musician , Juan Tizol . At the time of the 1962 recording , Ellington was 63 years old , while Mingus was 40 and Roach 38 . The generational difference was strengthened by Ellington being a guiding figure for the other two , who were born when Ellington was becoming an influence on music . In 1962 , Ellington did not have a recording contract , while Mingus was signed to United Artists and had not recorded a trio album since 1957 . According to Roach , the three musicians met the day before the recording , and Ellington told them to " Think of me as the poor man 's Bud Powell " and that he would not like to play only his own material . = = Recording and music = = The recording was made on Monday , September 17 , 1962 , at Sound Makers Studios in New York City , on 57th Street , between Sixth Avenue and Seventh . The session was due to begin at 1 pm . Roach arrived at midday to set up his drums and found that Ellington was already there , writing out some material . Despite his suggestion the previous day , all of the compositions used were brought by Ellington . For each piece , according to Roach , he and Mingus were given " a lead sheet that just gave the basic melody and harmony " , plus a visual image described by the pianist : one example was , " crawling around on the streets are serpents who have their heads up ; these are agents and people who have exploited artists . Play that along with the music " . The musicians had declined the chance to rehearse , so the recording , which was made on three @-@ track tape , was of their first experience playing together . Money Jungle is a post @-@ bop album . The original LP contained seven tracks – six composed by Ellington , and one , " Caravan " by Juan Tizol , strongly associated with him . The title track is a 12 @-@ bar blues that opens with strongly played notes from Mingus , then Ellington joins in with dissonant chords ; Roach supports using ride cymbal , snare and bass drum . In the final minute , Down Beat magazine observed , Mingus bends the " strings with such force that he makes the instrument sound like a cross between a berimbau and a Delta blues guitar " . " Fleurette Africaine " is a ballad developed from a simple melody stated on the piano , and features " Mingus ' floating bassline and Roach 's understated drumming " . " Very Special " is another 12 @-@ bar blues , possibly improvised . These three compositions , plus " Wig Wise " , with its " angular , descending line " , were written specifically for this album . On " Caravan " , Ellington plays the melody in low octaves , adding " Webern @-@ like notes on the top " , imitating an orchestral sound . " Warm Valley " and " Solitude " are ballads , the latter being a piano solo piece until Mingus and Roach enter in the final minute . The CD releases feature four more compositions : " Switch Blade " , " Backward Country Boy Blues " , " REM Blues " , and " A Little Max ( Parfait ) " . The last of these is a Latin @-@ influenced track that features Roach . " Switch Blade " is " a slow blues that showcases Mingus ' virtuosity with a looseness that puts feeling before precision . [ ... He ] intersperses his basslines with countermelodies and answers to what Duke plays . " According to drummer Terri Lyne Carrington , " Backward Country Boy Blues " was probably given its title because part of the usual blues construction is reversed – the V chord precedes the IV chord . There have been persistent rumors of clashes among the musicians during the session . Douglas ' version is that Mingus complained about Roach 's playing , then left the studio mid @-@ session , taking his bass with him . Ellington caught up with Mingus on the street outside and persuaded him to return . Ellington 's account was slightly different – the reason for Mingus leaving was the same , but he was persuaded to return at the elevator . Another version is that Mingus was upset because Ellington did not use any of Mingus ' compositions for the recording . Duke 's son , Mercer Ellington , stated that the trio had a contract with United Artists for two albums , but they could not be persuaded to record together again . Critic Thomas Cunniffe suggests that , listening to the tracks in the order in which they were recorded , " one can easily hear the tension building during the uptempo numbers " , and that Mingus ' temporary departure probably occurred after playing " Money Jungle " , which " represents the apex of the group 's inner tension , with Mingus plucking the strings with his fingernails , Roach firing up the music with polyrhythms and Ellington laying down highly dissonant chords " . = = Release history = = The original LP was released by United Artists Jazz in 1963 in mono and stereo versions . United Artists was bought by EMI in 1979 , and subsidiary Blue Note Records reissued the album on CD in 1987 . This contained more recordings from the same session : four previously unreleased works written for the session , plus two alternative takes . The order presented in this edition was that in which the songs were recorded . The sound quality of the original recording was improved for the 2002 Blue Note CD release by engineer Ron McMaster , using the original tapes and 24 @-@ bit remastering , adding clarity to the drums in particular . For this release , the first seven songs were arranged in their original order , with the other four songs and four alternative takes placed afterward , increasing the number of tracks to 15 . = = Reception and influence = = = = = Critics = = = Contemporaneous reviews were favorable . The album was awarded the Grand Prix of the Jazz Magazine of France . In a five @-@ star review , Down Beat magazine 's Don DeMicheal called Money Jungle " astonishing " and described Roach and Mingus as " some of the fastest company around . " He repeatedly praised Mingus for pushing Ellington into new musical territory : " I 've never heard Ellington play as he does on this album ; Mingus and Roach , especially Mingus , push him so strongly that one can almost hear Ellington show them who 's boss – and he dominates both of them , which is no mean accomplishment . " Billboard was also positive , describing it as " memorable " for its content as well as " the historical importance of the three playing together " . Much later reviews have been largely positive . Ken Dryden of Allmusic called it a " sensational recording session " and recommended it to " every jazz fan " . The Penguin Guide to Jazz claimed that Mingus " completely steals the show " , but suggested that the " long @-@ standing Ellington staples " " Caravan " and " Warm Valley " are relatively weak renditions , and that Mingus either did not know the changes or was disgruntled on the latter track . The Financial Times in 2013 described it as " an angular piano @-@ trio masterpiece that [ ... ] confirmed Ellington 's inherent modernism " . Jay Trachtenberg of The Austin Chronicle praised Ellington 's playing and " the modernity of his ideas " , and said that the album " stands , more than ever , as a masterful meeting of jazz royalty . " Writing of the record 's 1986 " remixed and reprogrammed " reissue , Village Voice critic Robert Christgau said " the angular chromaticism and modernist swing of this session relegate most piano @-@ trio records back to the supper clubs . " The sound quality of the original recording has been described as " disappointingly woolly " , with " incidents of peaky distortion from the piano microphone " . The stereo recording has the piano " up front and center " , with the double bass " far to the right channel " and the drums " Strictly in the left channel and slightly behind the piano " . = = = Musicians = = = Hundreds of musicians have been inspired by the album . Pianist Lafayette Gilchrist states that Money Jungle was the first jazz album that he bought , and that it " sounds like an orchestra being played by a trio . I was inspired to make something [ ... ] big and grandiose just like that " . Drummer Jeff " Tain " Watts observed that the members of the trio were " doing their thing , but they ’ re together " , and compares this with later groups led by Keith Jarrett and Wayne Shorter , stating that the later groups " have a much freer way of doing it , but everybody 's kind of in their own zone and yet they ’ re definitely playing the composition in tune with each other , just like Duke and Max and Mingus were doing on Money Jungle . " Trumpeter Miles Davis had a different view of the session : in a 1964 Down Beat blind listening test , he criticised the record company for putting the three musicians together , saying that " Max and Mingus can play together , by themselves . Mingus is a hell of a bass player , and Max is a hell of a drummer . But Duke can 't play with them , and they can 't play with Duke . " Pianists have been impressed by Ellington 's playing . Fred Hersch believes that it is one of Ellington 's best recordings on piano , as he was forced by the other musicians to improvise in ways beyond what he would normally have played . Matthew Shipp commented on the free elements in the playing , describing the album as " one of the greatest examples of piano playing I 've ever heard " . John Medeski remarked on the forceful , contrapuntal interaction , facilitated by space . In 1999 , the band Rhythm and Brass included Money Jungle tracks on their album More Money Jungle ... Ellington Explorations . Drummer Terri Lyne Carrington led the 2013 release Money Jungle : Provocative in Blue , which includes cover versions of tracks from the original album . Of the compositions premiered on the album , " Fleurette Africaine " and " Wig Wise " are commonly recorded by others . = = Track listing = = All songs composed by Duke Ellington , except where stated . = = = LP ( 1963 – UAJ ) = = = = = = LP reissue ( 1986 – Blue Note ) = = = = = = CD ( 1987 – Blue Note ) = = = Composers are as above . = = = CD ( 2002 – Blue Note ) = = = Composers are as above . = = Personnel = = = = = Musicians = = = Duke Ellington – piano Charles Mingus – double bass Max Roach – drums = = = Production = = =
= Sheerness = Sheerness / ʃɪərˈnɛs / is a town located beside the mouth of the River Medway on the north @-@ west corner of the Isle of Sheppey in north Kent , England . With a population of 13 @,@ 000 it is the largest town on the island . Sheerness began as a fort built in the 16th century to protect the River Medway from naval invasion . In 1665 , plans were first laid by the Navy Board for a Royal Navy dockyard where warships might be provisioned and repaired , a site favoured by Samuel Pepys , then Clerk of the Acts of the navy , for shipbuilding over Chatham . After the raid on the Medway in 1667 , the older fortification was strengthened ; in 1669 a Royal Navy dockyard was established in the town , where warships were stocked and repaired until its closure in 1960 . Beginning with the construction of a pier and a promenade in the 19th century , Sheerness acquired the added attractions of a seaside resort . Industry retains its important place in the town and the Port of Sheerness is one of the United Kingdom 's leading car and fresh produce importers . The town is the site of one of the UK 's first co @-@ operative societies and also of the world 's first multi @-@ storey building with a rigid metal frame . = = History = = The first structure in what is now Sheerness was a fort built by order of Henry VIII to prevent enemy ships from entering the River Medway and attacking the naval dockyard at Chatham . In 1666 work began to replace it with a stronger fort . However , before its completion , this second fort was destroyed during the 1667 Dutch raid on the Medway . The Secretary of the Admiralty , Samuel Pepys , subsequently ordered the construction of a naval dockyard at Sheerness as an extension to that at Chatham , where naval ships would be maintained and repaired . Low quality housing and the poor water supply near the dockyard led to a lack of workers and caused construction delays , and the first dry @-@ dock was not completed until 1708 . Using materials they were allowed to take from the yard , dockyard construction workers built the first houses in Sheerness . The grey @-@ blue naval paint they used on the exteriors led to their homes becoming known as the Blue Houses . This was eventually corrupted to Blue Town , the modern name of the north @-@ west area of Sheerness . Following the Napoleonic Wars , an opportunity was taken to rebuild the Dockyard . The site was leveled in 1815 , and over the next 15 years the new Dockyard was laid out , according to meticulous plans drawn up by John Rennie . A full @-@ scale model created at the time , which still exists , shows how much of the original remains . The principal architects were Edward Holl and his successor George Taylor who was already an established architect with a practice in London and had been responsible for some of London 's most fashionable squares . In all the project cost £ 2 @,@ 586 @,@ 083 and was completed by 1830 , providing fine terraced houses for naval officers . Sheerness was unusual among Dockyards in the unity and clarity of its design , having been built in one phase of construction , of a single architectural style according to a unified plan ( rather than developing piecemeal over time ) . From the completion of the dockyard until 1960 Sheerness was one of the bases of the Nore Command of the Royal Navy , which was responsible for protecting British waters in the North Sea . The command was named after the Nore sandbank in the Thames Estuary , about 3 miles ( 5 km ) east of Sheerness . In 1797 , discontented sailors in the Royal Navy mutinied just off the coast of Sheerness . By 1801 the population of the Minster @-@ in @-@ Sheppey parish , which included both Sheerness and the neighbouring town of Minster , reached 5 @,@ 561 . In 1816 , one of the UK 's first co @-@ operative societies was started in Sheerness , chiefly to serve the dockyard workers and their families . The Sheerness Economical Society began as a co @-@ operative bakery but expanded to produce and sell a range of goods . By the middle of the 20th century , the society had spread across the Isle of Sheppey and had been renamed the Sheerness and District Cooperative Society . In the early 1820s a fire destroyed many buildings at the dockyard , including all the Blue Houses . New houses and a major redevelopment of the dockyard followed . On 5 September 1823 , the rebuilt dockyard was formally opened by the Duke of Clarence ( later William IV ) . A high brick wall and a moat were constructed around the yard to serve as a defence measure and remained in place until the end of the 19th century . As the settlement expanded eastwards , away from the dockyard and the Blue Houses , the wider area became known as Sheerness , taking its new name from the brightness or clearness of the water at the mouth of the River Medway . Completed in 1860 and still standing today , the Sheerness Boat Store was the world 's first multi @-@ storey building with a rigid metal frame . In 1863 , mains water was installed in the town , and the Isle of Sheppey 's first railway station opened at the dockyard . Towards the end of the 19th century , Sheerness achieved official town status and formed its own civil parish , separate from Minster @-@ in @-@ Sheppey . The 1901 Census recorded the Sheerness parish as having 18 @,@ 179 residents and 2 @,@ 999 houses . The town 's low rainfall and ample sunshine made it popular as a seaside resort , with tourists arriving by steamboat and train . The Sheppey Light Railway opened in 1901 , connecting the new Sheerness East station with the rest of the island . However , by 1950 , lack of demand led to the railway 's closure . The Sheerness and District Tramways , which opened in 1903 , only lasted until 1917 . In 1944 the United States cargo ship SS Richard Montgomery ran aground and sank 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) off the coast of Sheerness , with large quantities of explosives on board . Due to the inherent danger and projected expense , the ship and its cargo have never been salvaged ; if the wreck were to explode , it would be one of the largest non @-@ nuclear explosions of all time . A 2004 report published in New Scientist warned that an explosion could occur if sea water penetrated the bombs . In March 1960 the Royal Navy ceased operating the Sheerness dockyard and the Medway Port Authority took over the site for commercial use . The dockyard closure led to thousands of job losses , and most of the nearby houses and shops in the Bluetown area were eventually abandoned and demolished . By the 1961 census , the population of Sheerness had fallen to 13 @,@ 691 . The dockyard closure also led to the decline of the Sheerness and District Cooperative Society , as many of its members were dockyard workers . At the time , the society was the island 's main retailer , but it has since been reduced to a few shops and been merged with a larger society . In 2003 , the Beachfields Park project was organised to publicise Beachfields ' heritage and to preserve it for future generations . Students of Cheyne Middle School and Minster College , with assistance from local organisations , researched the funfair , bandstands , Prisoner of the War hut , boating lake and bowling green . As part of the project , students wrote a book , Tales of Beachfields Park , which won the Historical Association Young Historian Primary School Award for Local History . As of 2007 , Bluetown is an industrial area , and Sheerness has become the largest port in the UK for motor imports . Prior to the closure of the Dockyard , twenty @-@ five of its historic buildings were listed in recognition of their " architectural distinction and value " ; regardless of this , the majority were subsequently demolished ( including Admiralty House and the quadrangular Great Store ) and others were left to decay . In the early 21st century a concerted effort was made to save the remaining buildings and several have now been restored to residential use . In July 2013 Swale Borough Council announced that a deal had been reached to secure restoration of Rennie and Taylor 's Royal Dockyard Church ( which had been gutted by a fire in 2001 ) , with a view to it one day being used , among other things , for displaying the above @-@ mentioned model of the Dockyard . Most notable former residents of Sheerness and Blue Town include Sir Stanley Hooker , inventor of the VTOL engine ; Dr Richard Beeching , reorganizer of the British rail network ; Michael Crawford , actor ; Rod Hull , entertainer . = = Mills = = Sheerness has had four windmills . They were the Little Mill , a smock mill that was standing before 1813 and burnt down on 7 February 1862 ; The Hundred Acre Mill , a small tower mill which was last worked in 1872 and demolished in 1878 leaving a base which remains today ; The Great Mill , a smock mill , the building of which was started in 1813 and completed in 1816 , which was demolished in 1924 leaving the base , upon which a replica mill body is being built to serve as flats . On 23 January 2008 a fire started in the mill tower . The fire was declared not to have been a case of arson ; Little is known of the fourth windmill , said to have been a vertical axle windmill designed by Stephen Hooper . = = Governance = = Sheerness is in the parliamentary constituency of Sittingbourne and Sheppey . Since the constituency 's creation in 1997 until 2010 the Member of Parliament was Derek Wyatt of the Labour Party . At the 2010 general election , Gordon Henderson of the Conservative Party won the seat . Before 1997 , Sheppey and Sittingbourne were part of the constituency of Faversham . Sheerness is in the local government district of Swale . The town is split between the two local government wards of Sheerness East and Sheerness West , which have four of the forty @-@ seven seats on the Swale Borough Council . At the 2007 local elections , three of those seats were held by the Labour Party and one by the Sheppey First party . Swale Borough Council is responsible for running local services , such as recreation , refuse collection and council housing ; Kent County Council is responsible for education , social services and trading standards . Both councils are involved in town planning and road maintenance . From 1894 to 1968 , Sheerness formed its own local government district , Sheerness Urban District , and lay within the administrative county of Kent . Over much of the past century , the Labour Party has received the most support in Sheerness , mainly due to the town 's industrial nature . As early as 1919 , the town had four Labour councillors ; Faversham elected its first only in 1948 . = = Geography = = Sheerness is located at 51 ° 26 ′ 28 ″ N 0 ° 45 ′ 39 ″ E ( 51 @.@ 441 , 0 @.@ 7605 ) , in the north @-@ west corner of the Isle of Sheppey in North Kent . To the north , sandy beaches run along the coast of the Thames Estuary . To the west , the outlet of the River Medway flows into the Estuary . An area of wetlands known as The Lappel lies between the river and the south @-@ western part of town . Marshland lies to the south and the east . The main rock type of the Isle of Sheppey is London Clay , which covers most of North Kent . Along with most of the Kent coast , the uninhabited coastal areas of the island have been designated Sites of Special Scientific Interest , due to their wildlife and geological features . The nearest towns to Sheerness are Minster , 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) to the east , and Queenborough , 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) to the south . The villages of Minster @-@ on @-@ Sea and Halfway Houses are 1 mile ( 1 @.@ 6 km ) to the south @-@ east , and the village of Grain is 2 miles ( 3 @.@ 2 km ) to the west , across the River Medway . The main commercial and leisure areas of the town are located around the north coast , where there is easy access to the pleasure beach . The industrial areas are in the west , beside the wetlands and the River Medway . The Bluetown industrial area and the Port of Sheerness are in the north @-@ western part of the town . The residential districts of Mile Town and Marine Town are in the central and the eastern areas respectively . The mean annual temperature in Sheerness is 10 ° C ( 50 ° F ) . The average annual maximum temperature is 14 ° C ( 57 ° F ) , and the average annual minimum temperature is 6 ° C ( 43 ° F ) . The warmest time of the year is July and August , when maximum temperatures average 21 ° C ( 70 ° F ) . The coolest time of the year is January and February , when minimum temperatures average 2 ° C ( 36 ° F ) . The average annual rainfall in Sheerness is 28 inches ( 711 mm ) . The average annual duration of sunshine is 1 @,@ 700 hours ; the months May to August have the most hours of sunshine . On average , there are fewer than six days of lying snow per year , and 16 days with thunder per year . = = Demography = = At the 2001 UK census , Sheerness had a population of 11 @,@ 654 . The Office for National Statistics estimated the population in mid @-@ 2005 to be 11 @,@ 000 , a decrease of 5 @.@ 6 % since the 2001 census . The population density at the 2001 census was 9 @.@ 8 persons per acre ( 24 @.@ 2 persons per hectare ) and for every 100 females , there were 96 @.@ 4 males . Residents of Sheerness had an average age of 34 @.@ 7 years , younger than the 38 @.@ 2 Swale average . Of all residents , 51 % were single ( never married ) and 24 % married ; in Swale , 42 % were single and 35 % were married . Of the 4 @,@ 870 households , 34 % were one @-@ person households , 15 % were married couples with dependent children , and 11 % were lone parents with dependent children . Of those aged 16 – 74 in Sheerness , 44 % had no academic qualifications , higher than the 34 % in all of Swale . According to the 2001 data , Sheerness has a low proportion of foreign @-@ born residents compared to the rest of England , at 3 % . Ninety @-@ eight percent of residents were recorded as white ; the largest minority group was recorded as Asian , at 1 @.@ 1 % of the population . The 2000s saw a rise in the foreign @-@ born population , with the town now having a significant eastern European population . Data from the 2011 census is not yet available to give specific numbers . = = Economy = = The Port of Sheerness is a significant feature of the Isle of Sheppey 's economy . Covering more than 1 @.@ 5 million square metres , it is one of the largest foreign car importers in the UK , and it handles thousands of tonnes of fruits and meat products from all over the world . Inexpensive land and good infrastructure , including a rail network that branches off the main passenger line , have attracted industries to the port area , including producers of pharmaceuticals , steel , sausages and garden gnomes . The major employers are HBC Engineering Solutions , Sheerness Steel , Regis Furniture and The Bond Group - although HBC has closed and the Steel plant is currently closed but may reopen . The steel mill was established in 1972 , designed to recycle scrap steel into rods and coils . It survived a number of closure threats and changes of ownership ; from 2003 it was operated by Thamesteel . Thamesteel went into administration in January 2012 , with the loss of 350 jobs . Six months later , the plant was bought back by the former owners Al @-@ Tuwairqi Group . As of October 2014 there are plans to reopen the plant as a rolling mill . The port has a seafarers ' centre , which was refurbished in May 2015 , and is operated by Apostleship of the Sea a seafarers ' charity . The seafront is popular with tourists , and in 2007 Sheerness ' recently refurbished town centre had more than 200 shops . At the 2001 UK census , 35 @.@ 8 % of residents aged 16 – 74 were employed full @-@ time , 11 @.@ 6 % part @-@ time , 5 @.@ 8 % self @-@ employed and 6 @.@ 2 % unemployed , while 1 @.@ 5 % were students with jobs , 3 @.@ 4 % students without jobs , 11 @.@ 9 % retired , 10 @.@ 6 % looking after home or family , 8 @.@ 5 % permanently sick or disabled and 4 @.@ 8 % economically inactive for other reasons . The unemployment rate of 6 @.@ 2 % was high compared to the national rate of 3 @.@ 4 % and was the highest rate throughout the Swale district . Five percent of Sheerness residents aged 16 – 74 had a higher education qualification compared to 20 % nationally . Employment by industry was 22 % manufacturing ; 18 % retail ; 10 % construction ; 10 % transport and communications ; 9 % real estate ; 8 % health and social work ; 6 % public administration ; 5 % education ; 5 % hotels and restaurants ; 1 % finance ; 1 % agriculture ; 1 % energy and water supply ; and 4 % other community , social or personal services . Compared to national figures , Sheerness had a relatively high percentage of workers in manufacturing , transport and communications , and a relatively low percentage in agriculture , hotels , restaurants , education , health , social work and finance . At the 2001 UK census , 4 @,@ 292 of the town 's residents were employed and there were 5 @,@ 532 jobs within the town . According to Office for National Statistics estimates , the average gross weekly income of households in Sheerness from April 2001 to March 2002 was £ 385 ( £ 20 @,@ 075 per year ) . = = Culture = = Sheerness ' sand and shingle beach was awarded a European Blue Flag for cleanliness and safety . Flower gardens decorate the seafront , and a sea wall forms a promenade along the coast . The Sheppey Leisure Complex located near the beach contains a swimming pool and badminton , squash and tennis courts . Other sports clubs include Sheerness Town Bowls Club , Sheerness East Cricket Club , the Isle of Sheppey Sailing Club , Beachfields Skatepark , Sheerness East Table Tennis Club , Catamaran Yacht Club , and Sheerness Swimming Club and Lifeguard Corps . Sheerness Golf Club was founded in 1906 , and has an 18 @-@ hole course just to the south @-@ east of town . Sheerness East Football Club , established in 1932 , play in the Kent County League Premier Division . Sports can be played for free at the town 's recreation grounds at Beachfields Park , Festival Playing Field , and Seager Road Sports Ground . The annual arts and heritage Sheerness Promenade Festival opened in September 2011 with appearances by Michael Palin and Dan Cruickshank . It takes place in late July at the Sheppey Little Theatre , the Heritage Centre in Blue Town and various other venues in Sheerness . Sheerness has a library and clubs for photography , music , singing , dancing and writing . The youth club in Meyrick Road , in East Sheerness has been operational for over 50 years and has played a vital role in the development of many young people . Sheerness ' town centre is home to the largest freestanding cast iron clock tower in Kent . It is 36 feet ( 11 m ) tall and was built in 1902 at a cost of around £ 360 to commemorate the coronation of King Edward VII . In 2002 , the clock tower was restored to celebrate the Silver and Golden Jubilees of Queen Elizabeth II . = = Media = = The Sheerness Times Guardian is now the only newspaper serving the town and island at large , owned by the KM Group . The Sheppey Gazette recently closed after around 100 years of publication . It was owned by Northcliffe Media . The Island has its own radio station , BRFM 95 @.@ 6 FM is Community Radio Station , which can also be heard online at www.brfm.net that broadcasts 24 hours a day , 7 days a Week from Minster @-@ on @-@ Sea . BRFM in October 2011 was granted a 5 @-@ year extension to its broadcast licence by regulator Ofcom and will remain broadcasting to Swale until 2016 . The station is run by a dedicated team of 20 volunteers . BRFM 95 @.@ 6 plays a wide range of music , with news , weather and local events being broadcast around the clock , the station also provides for specialist music during weekday evenings . In July 2013 the island received some notoriety for an attack on a tour bus of Jewish boys by local youths who shouted epithets , and threw stones and eggs , telling the boys to " go back to where you came from ! " = = Transport = = Sheerness @-@ on @-@ Sea railway station is on the Sheerness Line , run by the Southeastern rail company . The line connects Sheerness with the town of Sittingbourne , 6 miles ( 10 km ) south on the mainland of Kent . Sittingbourne is on the Chatham Main Line , which connects London with Ramsgate and Dover in East Kent . Train journeys from Sheerness @-@ on @-@ Sea to London Victoria take 1 hour 45 minutes . Arriva Southern Counties operate bus routes reaching most of the island , as well as Sittingbourne , Maidstone , and Canterbury Arriva Bus company use several routes , including 334 , 341 , 361 , 360 , 362 , 363 and special day trips to Bluewater Shopping Centre , Hempstead Valley , Pentagon in Chatham , Maidstone Market and Lakeside Shopping Centre . Chalkwell Coaches also serve Sheerness and the local area , going from Sheerness to Warden Bay via Minster @-@ On @-@ Sheppey . The A249 road terminates at Sheerness , running from Maidstone via Sittingbourne . The road crosses the M2 motorway near Sittingbourne , and the M20 motorway near Maidstone . Coach Link ( part of The Kings Ferry ) also provide service from Sheerness , Minster , Halfway , Queenborough and part of the mainland to London Victoria Rail Station early in the morning and a return journey in the evening . Three school buses run from the Isle Of Sheppey to Sittingbourne school in the morning and after school finishes . No passenger ferry services currently operate from Sheerness , although Olau Line used to run a ferry service to Vlissingen in the Netherlands from 1974 until 1994 . = = Education = = Until September 2009 , The Isle of Sheppey was the only area in Kent to still have a middle school system . On the island , primary schools taught pupils from ages 4 – 9 , middle schools from ages 9 – 13 and secondary schools from ages 13 – 18 . Minster College in the neighbouring town of Minster was the only secondary school on the island . Sheerness had one middle school , Isle of sheppey Academy , with 800 pupils , although Danley Middle School and St George 's Middle School were found in Halfway and Minster , respectively . In 2006 , the Cheyne Middle School 's Key Stage 2 performance ranked 322nd out of Kent 's 386 primary and middle schools . The town 's primary schools are Richmond First School , Rose Street Primary School , St Edward 's Roman Catholic Primary School and West Minster Primary School all of which cover ages 4 – 11 . Sheppey College , in Sheerness , is a branch of Canterbury College that provides a range of further education courses . On 1 September 2009 , Cheyne Middle school and Minster College merged to become The Isle of Sheppey Academy ( now Oasis Academy Isle of Sheppey ) . Danley Middle school close and St George 's Middle School changed into a primary school with a £ 3m fund , and Richmond First School now houses an extra year of students . This change was to bring the Island up to date with the rest of the UK with the two @-@ tier system ( Primary school , and then secondary school ) . Respectively , The Isle of Sheppey Academy now ranges from students of year 6 - 11 , as well as housing the Island 's 6th form students . For a while nobody was sure whether or not the plans for the Academy would go ahead , after the news that the current Government was scrapping Labour 's ' Building Schools for the Future ' scheme . For weeks Students , Teachers and Staff and Parents waited to hear whether or not the Academy would be built , and after much pressure on the Government from our local MP Gordon Henderson , it was announced that the Academy would receive the full £ 56 million funding and the go @-@ ahead for all building to take place . Building for the Isle of Sheppey Academy is now expected to start within the first few months of 2011 . Building was then completed in January 2013 . At present there are currently 7 primary schools on the Isle of Sheppey : Queenborough First School ; Richmond Primary School , Rose Street Primary School and Westminster Primary School ( both part of the Sheerness West Federation ) , Minster Primary School , St George 's Primary School and Eastchurch Primary School ( Split over two sites , one in Eastchurch the other in Leysdown ) .
= Xenogears Original Soundtrack = The Xenogears Original Soundtrack is the official soundtrack to Square 's role @-@ playing video game Xenogears . It was composed by Yasunori Mitsuda and contains 44 tracks , including a Bulgarian choral song and two pieces performed by the Irish singer Joanne Hogg . Though the game was released in both Japan and North America , the album was published in Japan exclusively as a 2 @-@ CD set on March 1 , 1998 . The soundtrack was composed with strong traditional and Irish music influences , while the lyrics for the vocal tracks were written by the game 's director Tetsuya Takahashi and its scenario writer Masato Kato . The soundtrack reached # 55 in Japan and was generally well received by critics , though some disagreed on whether the album can be fully appreciated by non @-@ players . Two arranged versions of the soundtrack , Creid ( 1998 ) and Myth : The Xenogears Orchestral Album ( 2011 ) , were also released by Mitsuda . The composer , along with Joanne Hogg , reprised their roles for the soundtrack to Xenogears 's spiritual prequel Xenosaga Episode I : Der Wille zur Macht in 2002 . Tribute albums were also produced by fans . = = Creation = = = = = Context = = = Xenogears entered development in 1996 and was released in 1998 . The game 's soundtrack was Yasunori Mitsuda 's first major solo work , as his previous soundtracks were collaborations with other composers with the exception of the score to Radical Dreamers : Nusumenai Hōseki , which never saw an album release . Mitsuda worked closely with Masato Kato , the event planner and script writer of Xenogears , to compose the score . Mitsuda considered it hard at times to maintain his motivation throughout the whole two @-@ year period , especially since he had to wait for the end to see the most dramatic tracks implemented . The game 's director Tetsuya Takahashi did not initially think " music was all that important " compared to graphics , but eventually acknowledged its importance when he realized it could strongly enhance the expressivity of the images . Takahashi explained that without Mitsuda 's music , he would not have been able to achieve his goals for the project . The development team wanted to have a Western singer contribute to the score . Mitsuda initially had difficulties finding an artist that matched his vision , but eventually chose Joanne Hogg from the Celtic band Iona after stumbling upon their album The Book of Kells in a CD store and listening to the song " Chi @-@ Rho " . Hogg was enthusiastic in contributing as it was her first video game @-@ related recording . She did not play the game for the project , however . Irish music was not well known in Japan at the time , but Mitsuda felt that a " Celtic boom " was about to hit the country . His prediction would later turn true with the popularity of the American film Titanic and the Irish stepdancing show Riverdance . " Stars of Tears " , one of the songs included on the soundtrack album , did not appear in the final version of the game . It was originally intended to play in a cut scene at the start of the game along with the main staff credits . The scene , however , was removed for pacing issues , as it would have made the combined opening movie and introduction scenes last roughly ten minutes . Another song on the soundtrack , " Small Two of Pieces ~ Screeching Shards ~ " , was the first ending theme with sung lyrics to ever appear in a game developed by Square . = = = Composition and writing = = = The score contains 41 instrumental tracks , in addition to a choral track and two songs . According to Mitsuda , the music of Xenogears belongs to the traditional music genre . Though he first described it as stemming from " a world of [ his ] own imagining " rather than any specific country , he has also claimed a strong Irish or Celtic music influence . Mitsuda felt that composing for the game was very difficult due to the unfamiliarity of most Japanese with foreign traditionals , but expressed his wish for listeners of the soundtrack to open up to music from all over the world . His musical approach was to insert Celtic influences into " easy @-@ to @-@ listen @-@ to " pop tracks , rather than making either " dense " Celtic music or simple background music . Other influences on the soundtrack include Arabic music on the desert town theme " Dazil , Town of Scorching Sands " , and religious music , in keeping with the game 's storyline . Mitsuda explained that he wanted music that " felt religious , but from a different angle " . The opening movie of the game was produced before the corresponding track " Dark Dawn " was , and Mitsuda had to rearrange his composition after realizing some parts were out of synch with the frames by about a minute and a half . The choral track , titled " The Beginning and the End " , was performed by a 41 @-@ voice choir named The Great Voices of Bulgaria and features lyrics written by Tetsuya Takahashi . His lyrics were translated from Japanese to English then to Bulgarian for the recording . Joanne Hogg sang in English on " Stars of Tears " and " Small Two of Pieces ~ Screeching Shards ~ " . The latter took Mitsuda " an awfully long amount of time " just to compose the demo version . Masato Kato wrote the original lyrics for the two songs , and Hogg arranged them so that they would fit the melodies better and sound more Celtic . As with most of his previous soundtracks , Mitsuda composed a musical box arrangement of one of the main themes ; in Xenogears ' case , the track " Distant Promise " is the musical box version of " Small Two of Pieces " . = = = Recording = = = The instrumental tracks of the score were programmed with the PlayStation sound module in Tokyo , Japan , while " The Beginning and the End " was recorded live in Sofia , Bulgaria . Hogg 's songs were recorded in two days in Dublin , Ireland in 1996 ; they featured the Riverdance musician Davy Spillane on low whistle . When Titanic premiered in November 1997 , Mitsuda noticed coincidental similarities between the film 's ending song , Celine Dion 's " My Heart Will Go On " , and the Irish @-@ themed music he was composing for Xenogears . He felt irritated and devoted himself to complete the soundtrack 's recording before Titanic came out . As with some of his previous soundtracks , Mitsuda would stay in the Japanese studio for long amounts of time and regularly fall asleep from overwork , while some melodies would first come to him in his dreams , such as that of " Ties of Sea and Flames " . The composer collapsed during the soundtrack mastering process due to exhaustion , and had to be taken to the hospital by ambulance . The score involved in total nearly a hundred people . At one point , the music staff considered adding sound effects and voice narrations into the soundtrack album , but the idea was scrapped in favour of normal renditions of the game 's music . = = Reception = = The album reached # 55 on the Japan Oricon charts . Soundtrack Central felt that Mitsuda " created a masterpiece in Xenogears " , while RPGFan thought it was " most certainly his greatest achievement " . On the other hand , one reviewer on Square Enix Music Online ( unrelated to Square Enix ) felt it did not represent Mitsuda 's best album , saying that " what was an amazing soundtrack in its day ... has [ not ] stood the test of time very well . " Reviewers disagreed whether the album could only be enjoyed by Xenogears players , or if it could be appreciated by a wider audience . Several reviewers noted the diversity of styles present in the score . Soundtrack Central thought it was a " superb mix of epic adventure and traditional themes " , while Square Enix Music Online appreciated the melding of futuristic , ethnic and religious themes , feeling that the recurring chanting sound effects made everything sound coherent . Critics also noticed similarities between some melodies and Mitsuda 's previous work Chrono Trigger , though reviewers felt that those of Xenogears were more " widely based " and had a distinctive Celtic sound . The reviewers also praised the sound system used for the instrumental tracks as being up to the highest standard for the PlayStation console . The emotional tracks were considered the strongest part of the score , and were praised for their ability to musically reflect the various locales and characters seen in the game . The opening track " Dark Dawn " was similarly lauded for showcasing all the influences of the soundtrack in a single composition . The battle themes were described as a weaker area and were called either effective or repetitive , with Square Enix Music Online noting that " Mitsuda has never been very good at composing interesting battle tracks " . The final boss theme " The One Who Bares Fangs at God " received the most diverse comments , ranging from praises to criticism , due to its reliance on synth choral sound effects rather than a clear melody . The ending song " Small Two of Pieces " was received positively and , as Mitsuda predicted , compared to " My Heart Will Go On " . = = Legacy = = While in Ireland , Mitsuda also worked with Spillane and Maire Breatnach , another musician from Riverdance , to record an arranged album of Xenogears . Titled Creid and released in April 1998 , the arranged album features 10 instrumental and vocal tracks from the soundtrack arranged in a more dominant Celtic style . " Stars of Tears " and " Small Two of Pieces " appear on the album as " Two Wings " and " Möbius " respectively , and are sung in Japanese by Tetsuko " Techie " Honma . A second arranged album , titled Myth : The Xenogears Orchestral Album , was released on February 23 , 2011 . The original soundtrack versions of " Stars of Tears " and " Small Two of Pieces " were featured on the 2001 compilation Square Vocal Collection , and again in 2009 on the compilation Colours of Light . The Xenogears soundtrack remains one of Mitsuda 's favourite projects , and one of the works that he continues to feel a " special connection " to . In 2002 , Mitsuda composed the score to Monolith Soft 's Xenosaga Episode I : Der Wille zur Macht , the spiritual prequel to Xenogears , also directed by Tetsuya Takahashi . Joanne Hogg returned to sing the soundtrack 's vocal themes , while the instrumental tracks were performed by the London Philharmonic Orchestra . Monolith Soft did not ask Mitsuda and Hogg to reprise their roles for Episode II and Episode III , however . A tribute album titled Xenogears Light : An Arranged Album , was published in limited quantities by the fan group OneUp Studios in 2005 . The album features 20 tracks arranged from the Xenogears score and performed with acoustic instruments , such as piano , flute , guitar and violin . Another , unofficial album of remixes titled Humans + Gears was produced as a digital album by OverClocked Remix on October 19 , 2009 consisting of 33 tracks on two " discs " . = = Track listing = = = = = Disc one = = = = = = Disc two = = = = = Personnel = = All information is taken from the Xenogears ending credits and the independent site Square Enix Music Online . = = Release history = =
= Flag of Indiana = The flag of Indiana was designed by Paul Hadley and officially adopted by the state of Indiana on May 31 , 1917 . It was the state 's first official flag and has remained unchanged since then except for the creation of a statute to standardize the production of the flag . = = History = = To commemorate the state ’ s 1916 centennial anniversary , the Indiana General Assembly issued a resolution to adopt a state flag . At the request of the General Assembly , a contest was sponsored by the Indiana Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution to design a flag to serve as the official state banner . As an incentive to increase the number of submissions , the contest offered the winner a one hundred dollar cash prize . More than two hundred submissions were received and examined by the Society before a winner was selected . The entry created by Paul Hadley of Mooresville , Indiana , was ultimately chosen as the winner of the contest and the cash prize . On May 31 , 1917 , the flag was chosen as the state 's official banner . The General Assembly made only one change to Hadley 's original design : they added the word Indiana , in a crescent shape , over the top of the torch . The state banner was later renamed the state 's flag in a new statute passed in 1955 that also standardized the dimensions of the flag . = = Iconography = = The flag consists of a gold torch that represents liberty and enlightenment ; the rays around the torch represent their far @-@ reaching influence . The nineteen stars represent Indiana 's place as the nineteenth state to join the United States . The thirteen stars in the outer loop symbolize the original Thirteen Colonies , the five inner stars represent the next five states added to the Union , and the one large star above the torch represents Indiana . In 2001 , a survey conducted by the North American Vexillological Association ( NAVA ) placed Indiana 's flag 32nd in design quality out of the 72 Canadian provincial , U.S. state and U.S. territorial flags ranked . = = Statute = = The current statute that governs the design of the state flag states : The flag 's dimensions shall be three feet fly by two feet hoist ; or five feet fly by three feet hoist ; or any size proportionate to either of those dimensions . The field of the flag shall be blue with nineteen stars and a flaming torch in gold or buff . Thirteen stars shall be arranged in an outer circle , representing the original thirteen states ; five stars shall be arranged in a half circle below the torch and inside the outer circle of stars , representing the states admitted prior to Indiana ; and the nineteenth star , appreciably larger than the others and representing Indiana shall be placed above the flame of the torch . The outer circle of stars shall be so arranged that one star shall appear directly in the middle at the top of the circle , and the word " Indiana " shall be placed in a half circle over and above the star representing Indiana and midway between it and the star in the center above it . Rays shall be shown radiating from the torch to the three stars on each side of the star in the upper center of the circle . = = Usage = = Several other laws govern the use of the state flag . The flag is required to be flown by all state militias and the Indiana National Guard . It is to be on display at the Indiana Statehouse at all times . The flag must also be displayed at any agency that is funded in part or in full by the state government , including public schools , state universities , and state parks . In all other respects the flag should be treated with the same care and respect as the flag of the United States . In late 2008 , Tribune Media station WTTV in Indianapolis began to use the flag 's design as part of their station 's logo until acquiring CBS affiliation in January 2015 . A variation of the Indiana state flag was used as the Gotham flag in the 1989 movie Batman . The flag can be seen in the mayor 's office . The logo of the BP @-@ acquired Amoco Corporation ( formerly Standard Oil of Indiana ) prominently features a torch to commemorate the company 's Indiana origins ; it remains in use at the few BP stations using Amoco and Standard trade dress to maintain trademark protection .
= Junkers Ju 87 = The Junkers Ju 87 or Stuka ( from Sturzkampfflugzeug , " dive bomber " ) was a German dive bomber and ground @-@ attack aircraft designed by Hermann Pohlmann and first flew in 1935 . The Ju 87 made its combat debut in 1937 with the Luftwaffe 's Condor Legion during the Spanish Civil War . It served the Axis forces in World War II . The aircraft was easily recognisable by its inverted gull wings and fixed spatted undercarriage . Upon the leading edges of its faired main gear legs were mounted the Jericho @-@ Trompete ( " Jericho trumpet " ) wailing sirens , becoming the propaganda symbol of German air power and the blitzkrieg victories of 1939 – 1942 . The Stuka 's design included several innovative features , including automatic pull @-@ up dive brakes under both wings to ensure that the aircraft recovered from its attack dive even if the pilot blacked out from the high g @-@ forces . The Ju 87 operated with considerable success in the close air support and anti @-@ shipping at the outbreak of World War II . It spearheaded the air assaults in the Invasion of Poland in September 1939 and the Norwegian Campaign the following year . In May 1940 the Ju 87s were crucial in the rapid conquest of the Netherlands , Belgium and France against all targets . Although sturdy , accurate , and very effective against ground targets , the Ju 87 , like many other dive bombers of the war , was vulnerable to modern fighter aircraft . During the Battle of Britain a lack of manoeuvrability , speed and defensive armament meant that the Stuka required a heavy fighter escort to operate effectively . The Stuka operated with further success after the Battle of Britain , and its potency as a precision ground @-@ attack aircraft became valuable to German forces in the Balkans Campaign , the African and Mediterranean theaters and the early stages of the Eastern Front where it was used for general ground support , but also in the anti @-@ shipping role and as an effective specialised anti @-@ tank aircraft . Once the Luftwaffe lost air superiority , on all fronts , the Ju 87 again became an easy target for enemy fighter aircraft . Despite these developments , because there was no better replacement , the type continued to be produced until 1944 . By the end of the conflict , the Stuka had been largely replaced by ground @-@ attack versions of the Focke @-@ Wulf Fw 190 , but was still in use until the last days of the war . An estimated 6 @,@ 500 Ju 87s of all versions were built between 1936 and August 1944 . Some notable airmen flew the Ju 87 . Oberst Hans @-@ Ulrich Rudel was the most successful Stuka ace and the most highly decorated German serviceman of the Second World War . The vast majority of German ground attack aces flew this aircraft at some point in their careers . = = Development = = = = = Early design = = = The Ju 87 's principal designer , Hermann Pohlmann , held the opinion that any dive @-@ bomber design needed to be simple and robust . This led to many technical innovations , such as the retractable undercarriage being discarded in favour of one of the Stuka 's distinctive features , its fixed and " spatted " undercarriage . Pohlmann continued to carry on developing and adding to his ideas and those of Dipl Ing Karl Plauth ( Plauth was killed in a flying accident in November 1927 ) , and produced the Ju A 48 which underwent testing on 29 September 1928 . The military version of the Ju A 48 was designated the Ju K 47 . After the Nazis came to power , the design was given priority . Despite initial competition from the Henschel Hs 123 , the Reichsluftfahrtministerium ( RLM , the German aviation ministry ) turned to the designs of Herman Pohlmann of Junkers and co @-@ designer of the K 47 , Karl Plauth . During the trials with the K 47 in 1932 , the double vertical stabilisers were introduced to give the rear gunner a better field of fire . The main , and what was to be the most distinctive , feature of the Ju 87 was its double @-@ spar inverted gull wings . After Plauth 's death , Pohlmann continued the development of the Junkers dive bomber . The Ju A 48 registration D @-@ ITOR , was originally fitted with a BMW 132 engine , producing some 450 kW ( 600 hp ) . The machine was also fitted with dive brakes for dive testing . The aircraft was given a good evaluation and " exhibited very good flying characteristics " . Ernst Udet took an immediate liking to the concept of dive @-@ bombing after flying the Curtiss Hawk II . When he invited Walther Wever and Robert Ritter von Greim to watch Udet perform a trial flight in May 1934 at the Jüterbog artillery range , it raised doubts about the capability of the dive bomber . Udet began his dive at 1 @,@ 000 m ( 3 @,@ 300 ft ) and released his 1 kg ( 2 @.@ 2 lb ) bombs at 100 m ( 330 ft ) , barely recovering and pulling out of the dive . The chief of the Luftwaffe Command Office , Walther Wever , and Secretary of State for Aviation Erhard Milch , feared that such high @-@ level nerves and skill could not be expected of " average pilots " in the Luftwaffe . Nevertheless , development continued at Junkers . Udet 's " growing love affair " with the dive bomber pushed it to the forefront of German aviation development . Udet went so far as to advocate that all medium bombers have dive @-@ bombing capabilities , which initially doomed the only dedicated , strategic heavy bomber design to enter German front @-@ line service during the war years — the 30 meter wingspan He 177A — into having an airframe design ( due to Udet examining its design details in November 1937 ) that could perform " medium angle " divebombing missions , until Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring exempted the He 177A , Germany 's only operational heavy bomber , in September 1942 from being tasked with such a mismatched mission profile for its 30 @-@ meter wingspan airframe . = = = Evolution = = = The design of the Ju 87 had begun in 1933 as part of the Sturzbomber @-@ Programm . The Ju 87 was to be powered by the British Rolls @-@ Royce Kestrel engine . Ten engines were ordered by Junkers on 19 April 1934 for £ 20 @,@ 514 , two shillings and sixpence . The first Ju 87 prototype was built by AB Flygindustri in Sweden and secretly brought to Germany in late 1934 . It was to have been completed in April 1935 , but , due to the inadequate strength of the airframe , construction was not completed until October 1935 . However , the mostly complete Ju 87 V1 W.Nr.c 4921 ( less non @-@ essential parts ) took off for its maiden flight on 17 September 1935 . The aircraft originally did not carry any registration , but later was given the registration D @-@ UBYR . The flight report , by Hauptmann Willy Neuenhofen , stated the only problem was with the small radiator , which caused the power plant to overheat . The Ju 87 V1 , powered by a Rolls @-@ Royce Kestrel V12 cylinder liquid @-@ cooled engine , and with a twin tail , crashed on 24 January 1936 at Kleutsch near Dresden , killing Junkers ' chief test pilot , Willy Neuenhofen , and his engineer , Heinrich Kreft . The square twin fins and rudders proved too weak ; they collapsed and the aircraft crashed after it entered an inverted spin during the testing of the terminal dynamic pressure in a dive . The crash prompted a change to a single vertical stabiliser tail design . To withstand strong forces during a dive , heavy plating was fitted , along with brackets riveted to the frame and longeron , to the fuselage . Other early additions included the installation of hydraulic dive brakes that were fitted under the leading edge and could rotate 90 ° . The RLM was still not interested in the Ju 87 and was not impressed that it relied on a British engine . In late 1935 , Junkers suggested fitting a DB 600 in @-@ line engine , with the final variant to be equipped with the Jumo 210 . This was accepted by the RLM as an interim solution . The reworking of the design began on 1 January 1936 . The test flight could not be carried out for over two months due to a lack of adequate aircraft . The 24 January crash had already destroyed one machine . The second prototype was also beset by design problems . It had its twin stabilizers removed and a single tail fin installed due to fears over stability . Due to a shortage of power plants , instead of a DB 600 , a BMW " Hornet " engine was fitted . All these delays set back testing until 25 February 1936 . By March 1936 , the second prototype , the V2 , was finally fitted with the Jumo 210Aa power plant , which a year later was replaced by a Jumo 210 G ( W.Nr. 19310 ) . Although the testing went well , and the pilot , Flight Captain Hesselbach , praised its performance , Wolfram von Richthofen told the Junkers representative and Construction Office chief engineer Ernst Zindel that the Ju 87 stood little chance of becoming the Luftwaffe 's main dive bomber , as it was underpowered in his opinion . On 9 June 1936 , the RLM ordered cessation of development in favour of the Heinkel He 118 , a rival design . Udet cancelled the order the next day , and development continued . On 27 July 1936 , Udet crashed the He 118 prototype , He 118 V1 D @-@ UKYM . That same day , Charles Lindbergh was visiting Ernst Heinkel , so Heinkel could only communicate with Udet by telephone . According to this version of the story , Heinkel warned Udet about the propeller 's fragility . Udet failed to consider this , so in a dive , the engine oversped and the propeller broke away . Immediately after this incident , Udet announced the Stuka the winner of the development contest . = = = Honing the design = = = Despite being chosen , the design was still lacking and drew frequent criticism from Wolfram von Richthofen . Testing of the V4 prototype ( A Ju 87 A @-@ 0 ) in early 1937 revealed several problems . The Ju 87 could take off in just 250 m ( 820 ft ) and climb to 1 @,@ 875 m ( 6 @,@ 152 ft ) in just eight minutes with a 250 kg ( 550 lb ) bomb load , and its cruising speed was 250 km / h ( 160 mph ) . However , Richthofen pushed for a more powerful engine . According to the test pilots , the Heinkel He 50 had a better acceleration rate , and could climb away from the target area much more quickly , avoiding enemy ground and air defences . Richthofen stated that any maximum speed below 350 km / h ( 220 mph ) was unacceptable for those reasons . Pilots also complained that navigation and powerplant instruments were mixed together , and were not easy to read , especially in combat . Despite this , pilots praised the aircraft 's handling qualities and strong airframe . These problems were to be resolved by installing the Daimler @-@ Benz DB 600 engine , but delays in development forced the installation of the Jumo 210 Da in @-@ line engine . Flight testing began on 14 August 1936 . Subsequent testing and progress fell short of Richthofen 's hopes , although the machine 's speed was increased to 280 km / h ( 170 mph ) at ground level and 290 km / h ( 180 mph ) at 1 @,@ 250 m ( 4 @,@ 100 ft ) , while maintaining its good handling ability . = = Design = = = = = Basic design ( based on the B series ) = = = The Ju 87 was a single @-@ engined all @-@ metal cantilever monoplane . It had a fixed undercarriage and could carry a two @-@ person crew . The main construction material was duralumin , and the external coverings were made of Duralumin sheeting . Parts that were required to be of strong construction , such as the wing flaps , were made of Pantal ( a German aluminum alloy containing titanium as a hardening element ) and its components made of Elektron . Bolts and parts that were required to take heavy stress were made of steel . The Ju 87 was fitted with detachable hatches and removable coverings to aid and ease maintenance and overhaul . The designers avoided welding parts wherever possible , preferring moulded and cast parts instead . Large airframe segments were interchangeable as a complete unit , which increased speed of repair . The airframe was also subdivided into sections to allow transport by road or rail . The wings were of standard Junkers double @-@ wing construction . This gave the Ju 87 considerable advantage on take @-@ off ; even at a shallow angle , large lift forces were created through the aerofoil , reducing take @-@ off and landing runs . In accordance with the Aircraft Certification Center for " Stress Group 5 " , the Ju 87 had reached the acceptable structural strength requirements for a dive bomber . It was able to withstand diving speeds of 600 km / h ( 370 mph ) and a maximum level speed of 340 km / h ( 210 mph ) near ground level , and a flying weight of 4 @,@ 300 kg ( 9 @,@ 500 lb ) . Performance in the diving attack was enhanced by the introduction of dive brakes under each wing , which allowed the Ju 87 to maintain a constant speed and allow the pilot to steady his aim . It also prevented the crew from suffering extreme g forces and high acceleration during " pull @-@ out " from the dive . The fuselage had an oval cross @-@ section and housed a water @-@ cooled inverted V @-@ 12 engine . The cockpit was protected from the engine by a firewall ahead of the wing center section where the fuel tanks were located . At the rear of the cockpit , the bulkhead was covered by a canvas cover which could be breached by the crew in an emergency , enabling them to escape into the main fuselage . The canopy was split into two sections and joined by a strong welded steel frame . The canopy itself was made of Plexiglas and each compartment had its own " sliding hood " for the two crew members . The engine was mounted on two main support frames that were supported by two tubular struts . The frame structure was triangulated and emanated from the fuselage . The main frames were bolted onto the power plant in its top quarter . In turn , the frames were attached to the firewall by universal joints . The firewall itself was constructed from asbestos mesh with dural sheets on both sides . All conduits passing through had to be arranged so that no harmful gases could penetrate the cockpit . The fuel system comprised two fuel tanks between the main ( forward ) and rear spars of the ( inner ) anhedral wing section of the port and starboard wings , each with 240 @-@ litre ( 63 US gal ) capacity . The tanks also had a predetermined limit which , if passed , would warn the pilot via a red warning light in the cockpit . The fuel was injected via a pump from the tanks to the power plant . Should this shut down , it could be pumped manually using a hand @-@ pump on the fuel cock Armature . The powerplant was cooled by a 10 @-@ litre ( 2 @.@ 6 US gal ) , ring @-@ shaped aluminium water container situated between the propeller and engine . A further container of 20 @-@ litre ( 5 @.@ 3 US gal ) was positioned under the engine . The control surfaces operated in much the same way as other aircraft , with the exception of the innovative automatic pull @-@ out system . Releasing the bomb initiated the pull @-@ out , or automatic recovery and climb , upon the deflection of the dive brakes . The pilot could override the system by exerting significant force on the control column and taking manual control . The wing was the most unusual feature . It consisted of a single center section and two outer sections installed using four universal joints . The center section had a large negative dihedral ( anhedral ) and the outer surfaces a positive dihedral . This created the inverted gull , or " cranked " , wing pattern along the Ju 87 's leading edge . The shape of the wing improved the pilot 's ground visibility and also allowed a shorter undercarriage height . The center section protruded by only 3 m ( 9 ft 10 in ) on either side . The offensive armament was two 7 @.@ 92 mm ( .312 in ) MG 17 machine guns fitted one in each wing outboard of undercarriage , operated by a mechanical pneumatics system from the pilot 's control column . The rear gunner / radio operator operated one 7 @.@ 92 mm ( .312 in ) MG 15 machine gun for defensive purposes . The engine and propeller had automatic controls , and an auto @-@ trimmer made the aircraft tail @-@ heavy as the pilot rolled over into his dive , lining up red lines at 60 ° , 75 ° or 80 ° on the cockpit side window with the horizon and aiming at the target with the sight of the fixed gun . The heavy bomb was swung down clear of the propeller on crutches prior to release . = = = Diving procedure = = = Flying at 4 @,@ 600 m ( 15 @,@ 100 ft ) , the pilot located his target through a bombsight window in the cockpit floor . The pilot moved the dive lever to the rear , limiting the " throw " of the control column . The dive brakes were activated automatically , the pilot set the trim tabs , retarded his throttle and closed the coolant flaps . The aircraft then rolled 180 ° , automatically nosing the aircraft into a dive . Red tabs protruded from the upper surfaces of the wing as a visual indicator to the pilot that , in case of a g @-@ induced black @-@ out , the automatic dive recovery system would be activated . The Stuka dived at a 60 @-@ 90 ° angle , holding a constant speed of 500 – 600 km / h ( 350 @-@ 370 mph ) due to dive @-@ brake deployment , which increased the accuracy of the Ju 87 's aim . When the aircraft was reasonably close to the target , a light on the contact altimeter came on to indicate the bomb @-@ release point , usually at a minimum height of 450 m ( 1 @,@ 480 ft ) . The pilot released the bomb and initiated the automatic pull @-@ out mechanism by depressing a knob on the control column . An elongated U @-@ shaped crutch located under the fuselage swung the bomb out of the way of the propeller , and the aircraft automatically began a 6 g pullout . Once the nose was above the horizon , dive brakes were retracted , the throttle was opened , and the propeller was set to climb . The pilot regained control and resumed normal flight . The coolant flaps had to be reopened quickly to prevent overheating . The automatic pull @-@ out was not liked by all pilots . Helmut Mahlke later said that he and his unit disconnected the system because it allowed the enemy to predict the Ju 87 's recovery pattern and height , making it easier for ground defences to hit an aircraft . Physical stress on the crew was severe . Human beings subjected to more than 5 g forces in a seated position will suffer vision impairment in the form of a grey veil known to Stuka pilots as " seeing stars " . They lose vision while remaining conscious ; after five seconds , they black out . The Ju 87 pilots experienced the visual impairments most during " pull @-@ up " from a dive . Eric " Winkle " Brown RN , a British test pilot and Commanding Officer of Captured Enemy Aircraft Flight section , tested the Ju 87 at RAE Farnborough . He said of the Stuka , " I had flown a lot of dive @-@ bombers and it ’ s the only one that you can dive truly vertically . Sometimes with the dive @-@ bombers ... maximum dive is usually in the order of 60 degrees .. When flying the Stuka , because it ’ s all automatic , you are really flying vertically ... The Stuka was in a class of its own . " = = = G @-@ force test at Dessau = = = Extensive tests were carried out by the Junkers works at their Dessau plant . It was discovered that the highest load a pilot could endure was 8 @.@ 5 g for three seconds , when the aircraft was pushed to its limit by the centrifugal forces . At less than 4 g , no visual problems or loss of consciousness were experienced . Above 6 g , 50 % of pilots suffered visual problems , or " grey " out . With 40 % , vision vanished altogether from 7 @.@ 5 g upwards and black @-@ out sometimes occurred . Despite this blindness , the pilot could maintain consciousness and was capable of " bodily reactions " . However , after more than three seconds , half the subjects passed out . The pilot would regain consciousness two or three seconds after the centrifugal forces had dropped below 3 g and had lasted no longer than three seconds . In a crouched position , pilots could withstand 7 @.@ 5 g and were able to remain functional for a short duration . In this position , Junkers concluded that ⅔ of pilots could withstand 8 g and perhaps 9 g for three to five seconds without vision defects which , under war conditions , was acceptable . During tests with the Ju 87 A @-@ 2 , new technologies were tried out to reduce the effects of g forces . The pressurised cabin was of great importance during this research . Testing revealed that at high altitude , even 2 g could cause death in an unpressurised cabin and without appropriate clothing . This new technology , along with special clothing and oxygen masks , was researched and tested . When the United States Army occupied the Junkers factory at Dessau on 21 April 1945 , they were both impressed at and interested in the medical flight tests with the Ju 87 . = = = Other designs = = = The concept of dive bombing became so popular among the leadership of the Luftwaffe that it became almost obligatory in new aircraft designs . Later bomber models like the Junkers Ju 88 and the Dornier Do 217 were equipped for dive bombing . The Heinkel He 177 strategic bomber was initially supposed to have dive bombing capabilities , a requirement that contributed to the failure of the design , with the requirement not rescinded until September 1942 by Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring . Once the Stuka became too vulnerable to fighter opposition on all fronts , work was done to develop a replacement . None of the dedicated close @-@ support designs on the drawing board progressed far due to the impact of the war and technological difficulties . So the Luftwaffe settled on the Focke @-@ Wulf Fw 190 fighter aircraft , with the Fw 190F becoming the ground @-@ attack version . The Fw 190F started to replace the Ju 87 for day missions in 1943 , but the Ju 87 continued to be used as a night nuisance @-@ raider until the end of the war . = = Variants = = = = = Ju 87A = = = The second prototype had a redesigned single vertical stabiliser and a 610 PS ( 449 kW or 602 hp ) Junkers Jumo 210 A engine installed , and later the Jumo 210 Da . The first A series variant , the A @-@ 0 , was of all @-@ metal construction , with an enclosed cockpit under a " greenhouse " well @-@ framed canopy ; bearing twin radio masts on its aft sections , diagonally mounted to either side of the airframe 's planform centreline and unique to the -A version . To ease the difficulty of mass production , the leading edge of the wing was straightened out and the ailerons ' two aerofoil sections had smooth leading and trailing edges . The pilot could adjust the elevator and rudder trim tabs in flight , and the tail was connected to the landing flaps , which were positioned in two parts between the ailerons and fuselage . The A @-@ 0 also had a flatter engine cowling , which gave the pilot a much better field of vision . In order for the engine cowling to be flattened , the engine was set down nearly 0 @.@ 25 m ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) . The fuselage was also lowered along with the gunner 's position , allowing the gunner a better field of fire . The RLM ordered seven A @-@ 0s initially , but then increased the order to 11 . Early in 1937 , the A @-@ 0 was tested with varied bomb loads . The underpowered Jumo 210A , as pointed out by von Richthofen , was insufficient , and was quickly replaced with the Jumo 210D power plant . The A @-@ 1 differed from the A @-@ 0 only slightly . As well as the installation of the Jumo 210D , the A @-@ 1 had two 220 L ( 60 US gal ) fuel tanks built into the inner wing , but it was not armoured or protected . The A @-@ 1 was also intended to be fitted with a quartet of 7 @.@ 92 mm ( .312 in ) MG 17 machine guns in its wings , but two of these - one per side - were omitted due to weight concerns ; the pair that remained were fed a total of 500 rounds of ammunition , stored in the design 's characteristic transverse strut @-@ braced , large @-@ planform undercarriage " trousers " , not used on the Ju 87B versions and onward . The pilot relied on the Revi C 21C gun sight for the two MG 17s . The gunner had only a single 7 @.@ 92 mm ( .312 ) MG 15 , with 14 drums of ammunition , each containing 75 rounds . This represented a 150 @-@ round increase in this area over the Ju 87 A @-@ 0 . The A @-@ 1 was also fitted with a larger 3 @.@ 3 m ( 11 ft ) propeller . The Ju 87 was capable of carrying a 500 kg ( 1 @,@ 100 lb ) bomb , but only if not carrying the rear gunner / radio operator as , even with the Jumo 210D power plant , the Ju 87 was still underpowered for operations with more than a 250 kg ( 550 lb ) bomb load . All Ju 87 As were restricted to 250 kg ( 550 lb ) weapons ( although during the Spanish Civil War missions were conducted without the gunner ) . The Ju 87 A @-@ 2 was retrofitted with the Jumo 210Da fitted with a two @-@ stage supercharger . The only further significant difference between the A @-@ 1 and A @-@ 2 was the H @-@ PA @-@ III controllable @-@ pitch propeller . By mid @-@ 1938 , 262 Ju 87 As had been produced , 192 from the Junkers factory in Dessau , and a further 70 from Weser Flugzeugbau ( " Weserflug " - WFG ) in Lemwerder near Bremen . The new , more powerful , Ju 87B model started to replace the Ju 87A at this time . Prototypes Ju 87 V1 : W.Nr 4921 . Flown on 17 September 1935 Ju 87 V2 : W.Nr 4922 , registration D @-@ IDQR . Flown on 25 February 1936 . Flown again as registration D @-@ UHUH on 4 June 1937 Ju 87 V3 : W.Nr 4923 . Flown on 27 March 1936 Ju 87 V4 : W.Nr 4924 . Flown on 20 June 1936 Ju 87 V5 : W.Nr 4925 . Flown on 14 August 1936 Production variants Ju 87 A @-@ 0 : Ten pre @-@ production aircraft , powered by a 640 PS ( 471 kW or 632 hp ) Jumo 210C engine . Ju 87 A @-@ 1 : Initial production version . Ju 87 A @-@ 2 : Production version fitted with an improved 680 PS ( 500 kW or 670 hp ) Jumo 210E engine . = = = Ju 87B = = = The Ju 87 B series was to be the first mass @-@ produced variant . A total of six pre @-@ production Ju 87 B @-@ 0 were produced , built from Ju 87 An airframes . The first production version was the Ju 87 B @-@ 1 , with a considerably larger engine , its Junkers Jumo 211D generating 1 @,@ 200 PS ( 883 kW or 1 @,@ 184 hp ) , and completely redesigned fuselage and landing gear , replacing the twin radio masts of the " A " version with a single mast mounted further forward on the " greenhouse " canopy , and much simpler , lighter @-@ weight wheel " spats " used from the -B version onwards , discarding the transverse strut bracing of the " A " version 's maingear design . This new design was again tested in Spain , and after proving its abilities there , production was ramped up to 60 per month . As a result , by the outbreak of World War II , the Luftwaffe had 336 Ju 87 B @-@ 1s on hand . The B @-@ 1 was also fitted with " Jericho trumpets " , essentially propeller @-@ driven sirens with a diameter of 0 @.@ 7 m ( 2 @.@ 3 ft ) mounted on the wing 's leading edge directly forward of the landing gear , or on the front edge of the fixed main gear fairing . This was used to weaken enemy morale and enhance the intimidation of dive @-@ bombing . After the enemy became used to it , however , they were withdrawn . The devices caused a loss of some 20 – 25 km / h ( 10 @-@ 20 mph ) through drag . Instead , some bombs were fitted with whistles on the fin to produce the noise after release . The trumpets were a suggestion from Generaloberst Ernst Udet ( but some authors say the idea originated from Adolf Hitler ) . The Ju 87 B @-@ 2s that followed had some improvements and were built in a number of variants that included ski @-@ equipped versions ( the B @-@ 1 also had this modification ) and at the other end , with a tropical operation kit called the Ju 87 B @-@ 2 trop . Italy 's Regia Aeronautica received a number of the B @-@ 2s and named them the " Picchiatello " , while others went to the other members of the Axis , including Hungary , Bulgaria and Romania . The B @-@ 2 also had an oil hydraulic system for closing the cowling flaps . This continued in all the later designs . Production of the Ju 87 B started in 1937 . 89 B @-@ 1s were to be built at Junkers ' factory in Dessau and another 40 at the Weserflug plant in Lemwerder by July 1937 . Production would be carried out by the Weserflug company after April 1938 , but Junkers continued producing Ju 87 up until March 1940 . = = = Ju 87R = = = A long range version of the Ju 87B was also built , known as the Ju 87R , the letter allegedly being an abbreviation for Reichweite , " ( operational ) range " . They were primarily intended for anti @-@ shipping missions . The Ju 87R had a B @-@ series airframe with an additional oil tank and fuel lines to the outer wing stations to permit the use of two 300 L ( 79 @.@ 25 US gal ) standardised capacity under @-@ wing drop tanks , used by a wide variety of Luftwaffe aircraft through most of the war . This increased fuel capacity to 1 @,@ 080 litres ( 500 L in main fuel tank of which 480 L where usable + 600 L from drop tanks ) . To prevent overload conditions , bomb carrying ability was often restricted to a single 250 kg ( 550 lb ) bomb if the aircraft was fully loaded with fuel . The Ju 87 R @-@ 1 had a B @-@ 1 airframe with the exception of a modification in the fuselage which enabled an additional oil tank . This was installed to feed the engine due to the increase in range after the addition of the extra fuel tanks . The Ju 87 R @-@ 2 had the same airframe as the B @-@ 2 , and strengthened to ensure it could withstand dives of 600 km / h ( 370 mph ) . The Jumo 211D in @-@ line engine was installed , replacing the R @-@ 1s Jumo 211A . Due to an increase in overall weight by some 700 kg ( 1 @,@ 500 lb ) , the Ju 87 R @-@ 2 was 30 km / h ( 19 mph ) slower than the Ju 87 B @-@ 1 and had a lower service ceiling . The Ju 87 R @-@ 2 had an increased range advantage of 360 km ( 220 mi ) . The R @-@ 3 and R @-@ 4 were the last R variants developed . Only a few were built . The R @-@ 3 was an experimental tug for gliders and had an expanded radio system so the crew could communicate with the glider crew by way of the tow rope . The R @-@ 4 differed from the R @-@ 2 in the Jumo 211J powerplant . Known prototypes Ju 87 V6 : W.Nr 0870027 . Flown on 14 June 1937 ( A @-@ 0 to B @-@ 0 conversion ) Ju 87 V7 : W.Nr 0870028 . Prototype of the Ju 87B , powered by a 1 @,@ 000 PS ( 735 kW or 986 hp ) Jumo 211A . Flown on 23 August 1937 ( A @-@ 0 to B @-@ 0 conversion ) Ju 87 V8 : W.Nr 4926 . Flown on 11 November 1937 Ju 87 V9 : W.Nr 4927 . Flown on 16 February 1938 as D @-@ IELZ . Flown again as WL @-@ IELZ on 16 October 1939 Ju 87 V15 : W.Nr 0870321 . Registration D @-@ IGDK . Destroyed in a crash in 1942 . Ju 87 V16 : W.Nr 0870279 . Stammkennzeichen code of GT + AX . Ju 87 V17 and Ju 87 V18 may never have been built . = = = Ju 87C = = = On 18 August 1937 , the RLM decided to introduce the Ju 87 Tr ( C ) . The Ju 87 C was intended to be a dive and torpedo bomber for the Kriegsmarine . The type was ordered into prototype production and available for testing in January 1938 . Testing was given just two months and was to begin in February and end in April 1938 . The prototype V10 was to be a fixed wing test aircraft , while the following V11 would be modified with folding wings . The prototypes were Ju 87 B @-@ 0 airframes powered by Jumo 211 A engines . Owing to delays , the V10 was not completed until March 1938 . It first flew on 17 March and was designated Ju 87 C @-@ 1 . On 12 May , the V11 also flew for the first time . By 15 December 1939 , 915 arrested landings on dry land had been made . It was found the arresting gear winch was too weak and had to be replaced . Tests showed the average braking distance was 20 – 35 metres ( 66 – 115 ft ) . The Ju 87 V11 was designated C @-@ 0 on 8 October 1938 . It was fitted out with standard Ju 87 C @-@ 0 equipment and better wing @-@ folding mechanisms . The " carrier Stuka " was to be built at the Weserflug Company 's Lemwerder plant between April and July 1940 . Among the " special " equipment of the Ju 87 C was a two @-@ seat rubber dinghy with signal ammunition and emergency ammunition . A quick fuel dump mechanism and two inflatable 750 L ( 200 US gal ) bags in each wing and a further two 500 L ( 130 US gal ) bags in the fuselage enabled the Ju 87 C to remain afloat for up to three days in calm seas . On 6 October 1939 , with the war already underway , 120 of the planned Ju 87 Tr ( C ) s on order at that point were cancelled . Despite the cancellation , the tests continued using catapults . The Ju 87 C had a takeoff weight of 5 @,@ 300 kg ( 11 @,@ 700 lb ) and a speed of 133 km / h ( 83 mph ) on departure . The Ju 87 could be launched with a SC 500 kg ( 1 @,@ 100 lb ) bomb and four SC 50 kg ( 110 lb ) bombs under the fuselage . The C @-@ 1 was to have two MG 17s mounted in the wing with a MG 15 operated by the rear gunner . On 18 May 1940 , production of the C @-@ 1 was switched to the R @-@ 1 . Known prototypes Ju 87 V10 : Registration D @-@ IHFH ( changed to Stammkennzeichen of TK + HD ) . W.Nr 4928 . First flown 17 March 1938 Ju 87 V11 : Stammkennzeichen of TV + OV . W.Nr 4929 . First flown 12 May 1938 = = = Ju 87D = = = Despite the Stuka 's vulnerability to enemy fighters having been exposed during the Battle of Britain , the Luftwaffe had no choice but to continue its development , as there was no replacement aircraft in sight . The result was the D @-@ series . In June 1941 , the RLM ordered five prototypes , the Ju 87 V21 – 25 . A Daimler @-@ Benz DB 603 powerplant was to be installed in the Ju 87 D @-@ 1 , but it did not have the power of the Jumo 211 and performed " poorly " during tests and was dropped . The Ju 87 D @-@ series featured two coolant radiators underneath the inboard sections of the wings , while the oil cooler was relocated to the position formerly occupied by the single , undernose " chin " coolant radiator . The D @-@ series also introduced an aerodynamically refined cockpit with better visibility and space . In addition , armour protection was increased and a new dual @-@ barrel 7 @.@ 92 mm ( .312 in ) MG 81Z machine gun with an extremely high rate of fire was installed in the rear defensive position . Engine power was increased again , the Jumo 211J now delivering 1 @,@ 420 PS ( 1 @,@ 044 kW or 1 @,@ 400 hp ) . Bomb carrying ability was nearly quadrupled from 500 kg ( 1 @,@ 100 lb ) in the B @-@ version to 1 @,@ 800 kg ( 4 @,@ 000 lb ) in the D @-@ version ( max. load for short ranges , overload condition ) , a typical bomb load ranged from 500 – 1 @,@ 200 kg ( 1 @,@ 100 – 2 @,@ 600 lb ) . The internal fuel capacity of the Ju 87D was raised to 800 L ( of which 780 L were usable ) by adding additional wing tanks while retaining the option to carry two 300 L drop tanks . Tests at Rechlin @-@ Lärz Airfield revealed it made possible a flight duration of 2 hours and 15 minutes . With an extra two 300 L ( 80 US gal ) fuel tanks , it could achieve four hours flight time . The D @-@ 2 was a variant used as a glider tug by converting older D @-@ series airframes . It was intended as the tropical version of the D @-@ 1 and had heavier armour to protect the crew from ground fire . The armour reduced its performance and caused the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe to " place no particular value on the production of the D @-@ 2 " . The D @-@ 3 was an improved D @-@ 1 with more armour for its ground @-@ attack role . A number of Ju 87 D @-@ 3s were designated D @-@ 3N or D @-@ 3 trop and fitted with night or tropical equipment . The D @-@ 4 designation applied to a prototype torpedo @-@ bomber version , which could carry a 750 – 905 kg ( 1 @,@ 653 – 1 @,@ 995 lb ) aerial torpedo on a PVC 1006 B rack . The D @-@ 4 was to be converted from D @-@ 3 airframes and operated from the aircraft carrier Graf Zeppelin . Other modifications included a flame eliminator and , unlike earlier D variants , two 20 mm MG 151 / 20 cannon , while the radio operator / rear gunner 's ammunition supply was increased by 1 @,@ 000 to 2 @,@ 000 rounds . The Ju 87 D @-@ 5 was based on the D @-@ 3 design and was unique in the Ju 87 series as it had wings 0 @.@ 6 metres ( 2 @-@ feet ) longer than previous variants . The two 7 @.@ 92 mm MG 17 wing guns were exchanged for more powerful 20 mm MG 151 / 20s to better suit the aircraft 's ground @-@ attack role . The window in the floor of the cockpit was reinforced and four , rather than the previous three , aileron hinges were installed . Higher diving speeds were obtained of 650 km / h ( 400 mph ) up to 2 @,@ 000 m ( 6 @,@ 600 ft ) . The range was recorded as 715 km ( 444 mi ) at ground level and 835 km ( 519 mi ) at 5 @,@ 000 m ( 16 @,@ 000 ft ) . The D @-@ 6 , according to " Operating instructions , works document 2097 " , was built in limited numbers to train pilots on " rationalised versions " . However , due to shortages in raw materials , it did not go into mass production . The D @-@ 7 was another ground attack aircraft based on D @-@ 1 airframes upgraded to D @-@ 5 standard ( armour , wing cannons , extended wing panels ) , while the D @-@ 8 was similar to the D @-@ 7 but based on D @-@ 3 airframes . The D @-@ 7 and D @-@ 8 were both were fitted with flame dampers , and could conduct night operations . Production of the D @-@ 1 variant started in 1941 with 495 ordered . These aircraft were delivered between May 1941 and March 1942 . The RLM wanted 832 machines produced from February 1941 . The Weserflug company was tasked with their production . From June to September 1941 , 40 Ju 87 Ds were expected to be built , increasing to 90 thereafter . Various production problems were encountered . Just one of the planned 48 was produced in July . Of the 25 the RLM hoped for in August 1941 , none were delivered . Only in September 1941 did the first two of the planned 102 Ju 87s roll off the production lines . The shortfalls continued to the end of 1941 . During this time , the WFG plant in Lemwerder moved production to Berlin . Over 165 Ju 87s had not been delivered and production was only 23 Ju 87 Ds per month out of the 40 expected . By the spring of 1942 to the end of production in 1944 , 3 @,@ 300 Ju 87s , mostly D @-@ 1s , D @-@ 2s and D @-@ 5s had been manufactured . In January 1943 , a variety of Ju 87 Ds became " test beds " for the Ju 87 G variants . At the start of 1943 , the coastal Luftwaffe Erprobungsstelle test centre at Tarnewitz tested this combination from a static position . Oberst G. Wolfgang Vorwald noted the experiments were not successful , and suggested the cannon be installed on the Messerschmitt Me 410 . However , testing continued , and on 31 January 1943 , Ju 87 D @-@ 1 W.Nr 2552 was tested by Hauptmann Hans @-@ Karl Stepp near the Briansk training area . Stepp noted the increase in drag , which reduced the aircraft 's speed to 259 km / h ( 161 mph ) . Stepp also noted that the aircraft was also less agile than the existing D variants . D @-@ 1 and D @-@ 3 variants operated in combat with the 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 5 in ) BK 37 cannon in 1943 . Known prototypes Ju 87 V 21 . Registration D @-@ INRF . W.Nr 0870536 . Airframe conversion from B @-@ 1 to D @-@ 1 . First flown on 1 March 1941 . Ju 87 V 22 Stammkennzeichen of SF + TY . W.Nr 0870540 . Also airframe conversion from B @-@ 1 to D @-@ 1 . First flown on 1 March 1941 . Ju 87 V 23 Stammkennzeichen of PB + UB . W.Nr 0870542 . Also airframe conversion from B @-@ 1 to D @-@ 1 . First flown on 1 March 1941 . Ju 87 V 24 Stammkennzeichen of BK + EE . W.Nr 0870544 . Also airframe conversion from B @-@ 1 to D @-@ 1 / D @-@ 4 . First flown on 1 March 1941 . Ju 87 V 25 Stammkennzeichen of BK + EF . W.Nr 0870530 . Also airframe conversion from B @-@ 1 to D @-@ 4 trop . First flown on 1 March 1941 . Ju 87 V 30 , the only known prototype of the Ju 87 D @-@ 5 . W.Nr 2296 . First flown on 20 June 1943 . Ju 87 V 26 @-@ 28 , Ju 87 V 31 , and V 42 @-@ 47 were experiments of unknown variants . = = = Ju 87G = = = With the G variant , the ageing airframe of the Ju 87 found new life as an anti @-@ tank aircraft . This was the final operational version of the Stuka , and was deployed on the Eastern Front . The reverse in German military fortunes after 1943 and the appearance of huge numbers of well @-@ armoured Soviet tanks caused Junkers to adapt the existing design to combat this new threat . The Henschel Hs 129B had proved a potent ground attack weapon , but its large fuel tanks made it vulnerable to enemy fire , prompting the RLM to say " that in the shortest possible time a replacement of the Hs 129 type must take place . " With Soviet tanks the priority targets , the development of a further variant as a successor to the Ju 87D began in November 1942 . On 3 November , Erhard Milch raised the question of replacing the Ju 87 , or redesigning it altogether . It was decided to keep the design as it was , but the power @-@ plant was upgraded to a Junkers Jumo 211J , and two 30 mm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) cannons were added . The variant was also designed to carry a 1 @,@ 000 kg ( 2 @,@ 200 lb ) free @-@ fall bomb load . Furthermore , the armoured protection of the Ilyushin Il @-@ 2 Sturmovik was copied - a feature pioneered by the 1916 @-@ 17 origin Junkers J.I of World War I Imperial Germany 's Luftstreitkräfte - to protect the crew from ground fire now that the Ju 87 would be required to conduct low level attacks . Hans @-@ Ulrich Rudel , a Stuka ace , had suggested using two 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 46 in ) Flak 18 guns , each one in a self @-@ contained under @-@ wing gun pod , as the Bordkanone BK 3 @,@ 7 , after achieving success against Soviet tanks with the 20 mm MG 151 / 20 cannon . These gun pods were fitted to a Ju 87 D @-@ 1 , W.Nr 2552 as " Gustav the tank killer " - the co @-@ incidence of " Gustav " being the standard word for " G " in the Germans ' own spelling alphabet of the time could have inspired the choice of letter for the subtype . The first flight of the machine took place on 31 January 1943 , piloted by Hauptmann Hans @-@ Karl Stepp . The continuing problems with about two dozens of the Ju 88P @-@ 1 , and slow development of the Henschel Hs 129B @-@ 3 , each of them equipped with a large , PaK 40 @-@ based , autoloading Bordkanone 7 @,@ 5 7 @.@ 5 cm ( 2 @.@ 95 in ) cannon in a conformal gun pod beneath the fuselage , meant the Ju 87G was put into production . In April 1943 , the first production Ju 87 G @-@ 1s were delivered to front line units . The two 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 46 in ) cannons were mounted in under @-@ wing gun pods , each loaded with two six @-@ round magazines of armour @-@ piercing tungsten carbide @-@ cored ammunition . With these weapons , the Kanonenvogel ( " cannon @-@ bird " ) , as it was nicknamed , proved spectacularly successful in the hands of Stuka aces such as Rudel . The G @-@ 1 was converted from older D @-@ series airframes , retaining the smaller wing , but without the dive brakes . The G @-@ 2 was similar to the G @-@ 1 except for use of the extended wing of the D @-@ 5 . 208 G @-@ 2s were built and at least a further 22 more were converted from D @-@ 3 airframes . Only a handful of production Gs were committed in the Battle of Kursk . On the opening day of the offensive , Hans @-@ Ulrich Rudel flew the only " official " Ju 87 G , although a significant number of Ju 87D variants were fitted with the 37 mm ( 1 @.@ 46 in ) cannon , and operated as unofficial Ju 87 Gs before the battle . In June 1943 , the RLM ordered 20 Ju 87Gs as production variants . The G @-@ 1 later influenced the design of the Fairchild Republic A @-@ 10 Thunderbolt II , with Hans Rudel 's book , Stuka Pilot being required reading for all members of the A @-@ X project . = = = Night @-@ harassment variants = = = The Soviet Air Force practice of harassing German ground forces using antiquated Polikarpov Po @-@ 2 and R @-@ 5 biplanes at night to drop flares and fragmentation bombs , inspired the Luftwaffe to form its own Störkampfstaffeln ( harassment squadrons ) . On 23 July 1942 , Junkers offered the Ju 87 B @-@ 2 , R @-@ 2 and R @-@ 4s with Flammenvernichter ( " flame eliminators " ) . On 10 November 1943 , the RLM GL / C @-@ E2 Division finally authorised the design in directive No. 1117 . This new equipment made the Ju 87 more difficult to detect from the ground in darkness . Pilots were also asked to complete the new " Blind Flying Certificate 3 " , which was especially introduced for this new type of operation . Pilots were trained at night , over unfamiliar terrain , and forced to rely on their instruments for direction . The Ju 87 's standard Revi C12D gunsight was replaced with the new Nachtrevi ( " Nightrevi " ) C12N . On some Ju 87s , the Revi 16D was exchanged for the Nachtrevi 16D . To help the pilot see his instrument panel , a violet light was installed . On 15 November 1942 , the Auxiliary Staffel were created . By mid @-@ 1943 , Luftflotte 1 was given four Staffeln while Luftflotte 4 and Luftwaffe Kommando Ost ( Luftwaffe Command East ) were given six and two respectively . In the first half of 1943 , 12 Nachtschlachtgruppen ( " night battle groups " ) had been formed , flying a multitude of different types of aircraft , including the Ju 87 , which proved itself ideally suited to the low @-@ level slow flying needed . = = Production = = Despite teething problems with the Ju 87 , the RLM ordered 216 Ju 87 A @-@ 1s into production and wanted to receive delivery of all machines between January 1936 and 1938 . The Junkers production capacity was fully occupied and licensing to other production facilities became necessary . The first 35 Ju 87 A @-@ 1s were therefore produced by the Weser Flugzeugbau ( WFG ) . By 1 September 1939 , 360 Ju 87 As and Bs had been built by the Junkers factories at Dessau and Weserflug factory in Lemwerder near Bremen . By 30 September 1939 , Junkers had received 2 @,@ 365 @,@ 196 Reichsmark ( RM ) for Ju 87 construction orders . The RLM paid another 243 @,@ 646 RM for development orders . According to audit records in Berlin , by the end of the financial year on 30 September 1941 , 3 @,@ 059 @,@ 000 RM had been spent on Ju 87 airframes . By 30 June 1940 , 697 Ju 87 B @-@ 1s and 129 B @-@ 2s alone had been produced . Another 105 R @-@ 1s and seven R @-@ 2s had been built . The range of the B @-@ 2 was not sufficient , and it was dropped in favour of the Ju 87 R long @-@ range versions in the second half of 1940 . The 105 R @-@ 1s were converted to R @-@ 2 status and a further 616 production R @-@ 2s were ordered . In May 1941 , the development of the D @-@ 1 was planned and was ordered into production by March 1942 . However , the expansion of the Junkers Ju 88 production lines to compensate for the withdrawal of Dornier Do 17 production delayed production of the Ju 87 D. The Weserflug plant in Lemwerder experienced production shortfalls . This prompted Erhard Milch to visit and threaten the company into meeting the RLM 's Ju 87 D @-@ 1 requirements on 23 February 1942 . To meet these demands , 700 skilled workers were needed . Skilled workers had been called up for military service in the Wehrmacht . Junkers were able to supply 300 German workers to the Weserflug factory , and as an interim solution , Soviet prisoners of war and Soviet civilians deported to Germany . Working around the clock , the shortfall was made good . WFG received an official commendation . By May 1942 , demand increased further . Chief of Procurement General Walter Herthel found that each unit needed 100 Ju 87s as standard strength and an average of 20 per month to cover attrition . Not until June – December 1942 did production capacity increase , and 80 Ju 87s were produced per month . By 17 August 1942 , production had climbed rapidly after Blohm & Voss BV 138 production was scaled down and licence work had shut down at WFG . Production now reached some 150 Ju 87 D airframes per month , but spare parts were failing to reach the same production levels . Undercarriage parts were particularly in short supply . Milch ordered production to 350 Ju 87s per month in September 1942 . This was not achievable due to the insufficient production capacity in the Reich . The RLM considered setting up production facilities in Slovakia . But this would delay production until the buildings and factories could be furnished with the machine tools . These tools were also in short supply , and the RLM hoped to purchase them from Switzerland and Italy . The Slovaks could provide 3 @,@ 500 – 4 @,@ 000 workers , but no technical personnel . The move would only produce another 25 machines per month at a time when demand was increasing . In October , production plans were dealt another blow when one of WFGs plants burned down , leaving a chronic shortage of tailwheels and undercarriage parts . Junkers director and member of the Luftwaffe industry council Carl Frytag reported that by January 1943 only 120 Ju 87s could be produced at Bremen and 230 at Berlin @-@ Tempelhof . = = = Decline and end of production = = = After evaluating Ju 87 operations on the Eastern Front , Hermann Göring ordered production limited to 200 per month in total . General der Schlachtflieger ( " General of Close @-@ Support Aviation " ) Ernst Kupfer decided continued development would " hardly bring any further tactical value " . Adolf Galland , a fighter pilot with operational and combat experience in strike aircraft , said that abandoning development would be premature , but 150 machines per month would be sufficient . On 28 July 1943 , strike and bomber production was to be scaled down , and fighter and bomber destroyer production given priority . On 3 August 1943 , Milch contradicted this and declared that this increase in fighter production would not affect production of the Ju 87 , Ju 188 , Ju 288 and Ju 290 . This was an important consideration as the life expectancy of a Ju 87 had been reduced ( since 1941 ) from 9 @.@ 5 months to 5 @.@ 5 months to just 100 operational flying hours . On 26 October , General der Schlachtflieger Ernst Kupfer reported the Ju 87 could no longer survive in operations and that the Focke @-@ Wulf Fw 190F should take its place . Milch finally agreed and ordered the minimal continuance of Ju 87 D @-@ 3 and D @-@ 5 production for a smooth transition period . In May 1944 , production wound down . 78 Ju 87s were built in May and 69 rebuilt from damaged machines . In the next six months , 438 Ju 87 Ds and Gs were added to the Ju 87 force as new or repaired aircraft . It is unknown whether any Ju 87s were built from parts unofficially after December 1944 and the end of production . Overall , some 550 Ju 87 As and B2s were completed at the Junkers factory in Dessau . Production of the Ju 87 R and D variants were transferred to the Weserflug company , which was to produce 5 @,@ 930 of the 6 @,@ 500 Ju 87s produced in total . During the course of the war , little damage was done to the WFG plant at Lemwerder . Attacks throughout 1940 @-@ 45 caused little lasting damage and succeeded only in damaging some Ju 87 airframes , in " contrast " to the Focke @-@ Wulf plant in Bremen . At Berlin @-@ Tempelhof , little delay and damage was caused to Ju 87 production , despite the heavy bombings and large @-@ scale destruction inflicted on other targets . The WFG again went unscathed . The Junkers factory at Dessau was heavily attacked , but not until Ju 87 production had ceased . The Ju 87 repair facility at the Wels aircraft works was destroyed on 30 May 1944 , and the site abandoned Ju 87 links . = = Operational history = = = = = Spanish Civil War = = = Among the many German aircraft designs that participated in the Condor Legion , and as part of other German involvement in the Spanish Civil War , a single Ju 87 A @-@ 0 ( the V4 prototype ) was allocated serial number 29 @-@ 1 and was assigned to the VJ / 88 , the experimental Staffel of the Legion 's fighter wing . The aircraft was secretly loaded onto the ship Usaramo and departed Hamburg harbor on the night of 1 August 1936 , arriving in Cádiz five days later . The only known information pertaining to its combat career in Spain is that it was piloted by Unteroffizier Herman Beuer , and took part in the Nationalist offensive against Bilbao in 1937 . Presumably the aircraft was then secretly returned to Germany . In January 1938 , three Ju 87 As arrived . Several problems became evident - the spatted undercarriage sank into muddy airfield surfaces , and the spats were temporarily removed . In addition , the maximum 500 kg ( 1 @,@ 100 lb ) bomb load could only be carried if the gunner vacated his seat , therefore the bomb load was restricted to 250 kg ( 550 lb ) . These aircraft supported the Nationalist forces and carried out anti @-@ shipping missions until they returned to Germany in October 1938 . During the Catalonia Offensive in January 1939 , the Junkers Ju 87 returned to Spain . On the morning of 21 January 1939 , 34 Heinkel He 111 , along with some escorts and three Ju 87B , attacked the Port of Barcelona , five days before the city was captured by the Fascists . 29 Republican fighters were defending the city . There were more than 100 aircraft operating over the city and , while a Ju 87 was dive @-@ bombing a ship , a Republican Polikarpov I @-@ 15 pilot , Francisco Alférez Jiménez , claimed it destroyed near el Vendrell , in Coma @-@ ruga , but the Stuka was capable of landing on the beach without crashing . That was the only time a Stuka attacked the capital of Catalonia . On 24 January 1939 , a group of Stukas prevented the destruction of a bridge near Barcelona by strafing the demolition engineers on Molins de Rei . During the attack the Republican ground defenders , equipped with a quadruple PM M1910 mounting , hit one pilot ( Heinz Bohne ) in both legs and the Stuka crashed , seriously injuring Bohne , and his machine gunner , Albert Conrad . Those two were the only Stuka casualties of the war . As with the Ju 87 A @-@ 0 , the B @-@ 1s were returned discreetly to the Reich . The experience of the Spanish Civil War proved invaluable - air and ground crews perfected their skills , and equipment was evaluated under combat conditions . The Ju 87 had not been tested against numerous and well @-@ coordinated fighter opposition , and this lesson was to be learned later at great cost to the Stuka crews . = = = Second World War = = = All Stuka units were moved to Germany 's eastern border in preparation for the invasion of Poland . On the morning of 15 August 1939 , during a mass @-@ formation dive @-@ bombing demonstration for high @-@ ranking commanders of the Luftwaffe at Neuhammer training grounds near Sagan , 13 Ju 87s and 26 crew members were lost when they crashed into the ground almost simultaneously . The planes dived through cloud , expecting to release their practice bombs and pull out of the dive once below the cloud ceiling , unaware that on that particular day the ceiling was too low and unexpected ground mist formed , leaving them no time to pull out of the dive . = = = = Poland = = = = On 1 September 1939 , the Wehrmacht invaded Poland , triggering World War II . Generalquartiermeister der Luftwaffe records indicate a total force of 366 Ju 87 A and Bs were available for operations on 31 August 1939 . The first Ju 87 operation was to destroy Polish demolition charges fixed to the rail bridges over the Vistula , that linked Eastern Germany to the Danzig corridor and East Prussia as well as Polish Pomerania . To do this , Ju 87s were ordered to perform a low @-@ level attack on the Polish Army Garrison headquarters . II. and III . / StG 1 targeted the cables along the embankment , the electricity plant and signal boxes at Dirschau ( now Tczew , Poland . At exactly 04 : 26 CET , a Kette ( " chain " or flight of three ) of Ju 87s of 3 . / StG 1 led by Staffelkapitän Oberleutnant Bruno Dilly carried out the first bombing attack of the war . The Stukas attacked 11 minutes before the official German declaration of hostilities and hit the targets . The Ju 87s achieved complete success . However , the mission failed as the German Army delayed their advance allowing the Poles to carry out repairs and destroy all but one of the bridges before the Germans could reach them . A Ju 87 achieved the first air victory during World War II on the morning of 1 September 1939 , when Rottenführer Leutnant Frank Neubert of I. / StG 2 " Immelmann " shot down a Polish PZL P.11c fighter while it was taking off from Balice airfield ; its pilot , Captain Mieczysław Medwecki , was killed . In air @-@ to @-@ air combat , Ju 87 formations were well protected by German fighter aircraft and losses were light against the tenacious , but short lived opposition . The Ju 87s reverted to ground attack missions for the campaign after the opening air attacks . Ju 87s were involved in the controversial but effective attacks at Wieluń . The lack of anti @-@ aircraft artillery in the Polish Army magnified the impact of the Ju 87 . At Piotrków Trybunalski I. / StG 76 and I. / StG 2 destroyed a Polish infantry division de @-@ training there . Troop trains were also easy targets . StG 77 destroyed one such target at Radomsko . During the Battle of Radom six Polish divisions trapped by encircling German forces were forced to surrender after a relentless four @-@ day bombardment by StG 51 , 76 and 77 . Employed in this assault were 50 kg ( 110 lb ) fragmentation bombs , which caused appalling casualties to the Polish ground troops . Demoralised , the Poles surrendered . The Stukas also participated in the Battle of Bzura which resulted in the breaking of Polish resistance . The dive bomber wings ( Sturzkampfgeschwader ) alone dropped 388 tonnes ( 428 tons ) of bombs during this battle . During the Siege of Warsaw and the Battle of Modlin , the Ju 87 wings contributed to the defeat of well @-@ entrenched and resolute Polish forces . IV ( Stuka ) . / LG 1 was particularly effective in destroying the fortified Modlin . The Luftwaffe had a few anti @-@ shipping naval units such as 4 . ( St ) / TrGr 186 to deal with Polish naval forces . This unit performed effectively , sinking the 1540 @-@ ton destroyer Wicher and the minelayer Gryf of the Polish Navy ( both moored in a harbour ) . The torpedo boat Mazur ( 412 tons ) was sunk at Oksywie ; the gunboat General Haller ( 441 tons ) was sunk in Hel Harbour on 6 September — during the Battle of Hel — along with the minesweeper Mewa ( 183 tons ) and its sister ships Czapla and Jaskolka with several auxiliaries . The Polish naval units trapped in the Baltic were destroyed by Ju 87 operations . Once again , enemy air opposition was light ; the Stukawaffe ( Stuka force ) lost just 31 aircraft during the campaign . = = = = Norway = = = = Operation Weserübung began on 9 April 1940 with the invasions of Norway and Denmark , Denmark capitulated within the day whilst Norway continued to resist with British and French help . The campaign was not a Blitzkrieg of fast @-@ moving armoured divisions supported by air power as the mountainous terrain ruled out close Panzer / Stuka cooperation . Instead , the Germans relied on paratroops , airborne troops transported by Junkers Ju 52s and specialised ski troops . The Ju 87s were given the role of ground attack and anti @-@ shipping missions . The Ju 87 proved to be the most effective weapon in the Luftwaffe 's armoury carrying out the latter task . On 9 April , the first Stukas took off at 10 : 59 from occupied airfields to destroy Oscarsborg Fortress , after the loss of the German cruiser Blücher , which disrupted the amphibious landings in Oslo through Oslofjord . The 22 Ju 87s had helped suppress the Norwegian defenders during the ensuing Battle of Drøbak Sound , but the defenders did not surrender until after Oslo had been captured . As a result , the German naval operation failed . StG 1 caught the 735 ton Norwegian destroyer Æger off Stavanger and hit her in the engine room . Æger was run aground and scuttled . The Stuka wings were now equipped with the new Ju 87 R , which differed from the Ju 87 B by having increased internal fuel capacity and two 300l underwing drop tanks for more range . The Stukas , however , had numerous successes against Allied naval vessels and in particular the Royal Navy which posed a formidable threat to German naval and coastal operations . The heavy cruiser Suffolk was attacked on 17 April . Her stern was virtually destroyed but she limped back to Scapa Flow with 33 dead and 38 wounded crewmen . The light cruiser squadron consisting of the sister ships Curacoa and Curlew were subjected to lengthy attacks which badly damaged the former for one Ju 87 lost . A witness later said , " they threatened to take our masthead with them in every screaming nerve @-@ racking dive " . The same fate nearly befell the sloop Black Swan . On the 27 April a bomb passed through the quarter deck , a wardroom , a water tank and 4 @-@ inch ( 10 @.@ 2 cm ) magazine and out through the hull to explode in the fjord . The muffled explosion limited the damage to her hull . Black Swan fired 1 @,@ 000 rounds but failed to shoot any of her attackers down . HMS Bittern was sunk on 30 April . The French large destroyer Bison was sunk along with HMS Afridi by Sturzkampfgeschwader 1 on 3 May 1940 during the evacuation from Namsos . Bison 's forward magazine was hit , killing 108 of the crew . Afridi , which attempted to rescue Bison 's survivors , was sunk with the loss of 63 sailors . 49 officers and men , 13 soldiers and 33 survivors from Bison were lost aboard Afridi . All ships were targeted . Armed trawlers were used under the German air umbrella in attempt to provide smaller targets . Such craft were not armoured or armed . The Ju 87 's demonstrated this on 30 April when they sank the Jardine ( 452 tons ) and Warwickshire ( 466 tons ) . On 15 May the Polish troopship Chrobry ( 11 @,@ 442 tons ) was sunk . The Stukas also had operational effect when little damage was done . On 1 May 1940 Vice Admiral Lionel Victor Wells commanded a Home Fleet expedition of seven destroyers the heavy cruiser Berwick the aircraft carriers Glorious and Ark Royal and the battleship Valiant . The Stuka waves achieved several near misses but were unable to obtain a hit . Nevertheless , Victor ordered that no ship was to operate within range of the Ju 87 's Norwegian airfields . The Ju 87 's had , in effect , driven British sea power from the Norwegian coast . Moreover , Victor reported to the Commander @-@ in @-@ Chief of the Home Fleet Admiral Charles Forbes , that carrier operations were no longer practical under the current conditions . In the following weeks StG 1 continued their sea operations . Off Namsos on 5 May 1940 they caught and sank the Royal Norwegian Navy transports Aafjord ( 335 tons ) and Blaafjeld ( 1 @,@ 146 tons ) . The Ju 87s then took to bombing the town and the airstrip to support the German forces under the command of Eduard Dietl . The town fell in the first week of May . In the remaining four weeks of the campaign in Norway the Ju 87s supported German forces in containing the Allied land forces in Narvik until they withdrew in early June . = = = = France and the Low Countries = = = = The Ju 87 units had learned some lessons from the Polish and Norwegian campaigns . The failures of Poland and the Stukas of I. / StG 1 to silence the Oscarborg fort , ensured even more attention was paid to pin @-@ point bombing during the Phoney War period . This was to pay off in the Western campaign . When Fall Gelb ( Case yellow ) began on 10 May 1940 , the Stuka helped swiftly neutralise the fortress of Eben Emael , Belgium . The headquarters of the commander responsible for ordering the destruction of the Belgian Army @-@ held bridges along the Albert Canal was stationed in the village of Lanaken ( 14 km / mi to the north ) . However , the Stuka demonstrated its accuracy when the small building was destroyed by four direct hits . As a result , only one of the three bridges was destroyed , allowing the German Army to rapidly advance in the opening days of the Battle of Belgium . The Ju 87 proved to be a useful asset to Army Group B in the Low Countries . In pitched battles against French armoured forces at Hannut and Gembloux Ju 87s effectively neutralised artillery and armour . The Ju 87s also assisted German forces in the Battle of the Netherlands . The Dutch Navy in concert with the British were evacuating the Dutch Royal Family and Dutch Gold reserves through the country 's ports . Ju 87s sank the Dutch Jan Van Galen ( 1 @,@ 316 tons ) and Johan Maurtis Van Nassau ( 1 @,@ 520 tons ) as they provided close @-@ shore artillery support at Waalhaven and the Zuider Zee Dyke . The British Valentine was crippled , beached and scuttled while Winchester , Whitley and Westminster were damaged . Whitley was later beached and scuttled after an air attack on 19 May . The Ju 87 units were also instrumental in the Battle of France . It was here that most of the Ju 87 @-@ equipped units were concentrated . They assisted in the breakthrough at Sedan , the critical and first major land battle of the war on French territory . The Stukawaffe flew 300 sorties against French positions , with StG 77 alone flying 201 individual missions . The Ju 87s benefited from heavy fighter protection from Messerschmitt Bf 109 units . When resistance was organised , the Ju 87s could be vulnerable . For example , on 12 May , near Sedan , six French Curtiss H @-@ 75s from Groupe de Chasse I / 5 ( Group Interception ) attacked a formation of Ju 87s , claiming 11 out of 12 unescorted Ju 87s without loss ( the Germans recorded six losses over Sedan entire ) . For the most part , Allied opposition was disorganised . During the battles of Montcornet , Arras , Bolougne and Calais the Ju 87 operations broke @-@ up counterattacks and offered pin @-@ point aerial artillery support for German infantry . The Luftwaffe benefited from excellent ground @-@ to @-@ air communications throughout the campaign . Radio equipped forward liaison officers could call upon the Stukas and direct them to attack enemy positions along the axis of advance . In some cases the Stukas responded in 10 – 20 minutes . Oberstleutnant Hans Seidemann ( Richthofen 's Chief of Staff ) said that " never again was such a smoothly functioning system for discussing and planning joint operations achieved " . During the Battle of Dunkirk , many Allied ships were lost to Ju 87 attacks as the British Operation Dynamo sought to evacuate British and French armies from the pocket . The French destroyer Adroit was sunk on 21 May 1940 , followed by the paddle steamer Crested Eagle on 28 May . The French Channel @-@ steamer Côte d 'Arzur ( 3 @,@ 047 ) followed . The Ju 87s operated to maximum effectiveness when the weather allowed . RAF fighter units were held back and Allied air cover was patchy at best . On 29 May the destroyer Grenade was sunk outside the harbour with severe loss of life . The French destroyer Mistral was crippled by bomb damage the same day . Jaguar and Verity were badly damaged while the trawlers Calvi and Polly Johnson ( 363 and 290 tons ) disintegrated under bombardment . The merchant ship Fenella ( 2 @,@ 376 tons ) was sunk having taken on 600 soldiers . The attacks brought the evacuation to a halt for a time . The rail ships Lorina and Normannia ( 1 @,@ 564 and 1 @,@ 567 tons ) were sunk also . By 29 May , the Allies had lost 31 vessels sunk and 11 damaged . On 1 June the Ju 87s sank the Skipjack ( 815 tons ) while the destroyer Keith was sunk and Basilisk was crippled before being scuttled by Whitehall . Whitehall was later badly damaged and along with Ivanhoe , staggered back to Dover . Havant , commissioned for just three weeks , was sunk and in the evening the French destroyer Foudroyant sank after a mass @-@ attack . Further victories against shipping were claimed before nightfall on 1 June . The steamer Pavon was lost while carrying 1 @,@ 500 Dutch soldiers most of whom were killed . The oil tanker Niger was also destroyed . A flotilla of French minesweepers were also lost — Denis Papin ( 264 tons ) , the Le Moussaillon ( 380 tons ) and Venus ( 264 tons ) . In total , 89 merchantmen ( of 126 @,@ 518 grt ) were lost , and the Royal Navy lost 29 of its 40 destroyers used in the battle ( 8 sunk , 23 damaged and out of service ) . The campaign ended after the French surrender on 25 June 1940 . Allied air power had been ineffective and disorganised , and as a result , Stuka losses were mainly due to ground fire . Some 120 machines , one @-@ third of the Stuka force , were destroyed or damaged by all causes from 10 May to 25 June 1940 . = = = = Battle of Britain = = = = For the Battle of Britain , the Luftwaffe 's Order of battle included bomber wings equipped with the Ju 87 . Lehrgeschwader 2 's IV . ( St ) , Sturzkampfgeschwader 1 's III . Gruppe and Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 's III . Gruppe , Sturzkampfgeschwader 51 and Sturzkampfgeschwader 3 's I. Gruppe were committed to the battle . As an anti @-@ shipping weapon , the Ju 87 proved a potent weapon in the early stages of the battle . On 4 July 1940 , StG 2 made a successful attack on a convoy in the English Channel , sinking four freighters : Britsum , Dallas City , Deucalion and Kolga . Six more were damaged . That afternoon , 33 Ju 87s delivered the single most deadly air assault on British territory in history , when 33 Ju 87s of III . / StG 51 , avoiding Royal Air Force ( RAF ) interception , sank the 5 @,@ 500 ton anti @-@ aircraft ship HMS Foylebank in Portland Harbour , killing 176 of its 298 crew . One of Foylebank 's gunners , Leading Seaman John F. Mantle continued to fire on the Stukas as the ship sank . He was awarded a posthumous Victoria Cross for remaining at his post despite being mortally wounded . Mantle may have been responsible for the single Ju 87 lost during the raid . During August , the Ju 87s also had some success . On 13 August the opening of the main German attacks on airfields took place ; it was known to the Luftwaffe as Adlertag ( " Eagle Day " ) . Messerschmitt Bf 109s of Jagdgeschwader 26 ( JG 26 ) were sent out in advance of the main strike and successfully drew off RAF fighters , allowing 86 Ju 87s of StG 1 to attack RAF Detling in Kent unhindered . The attack killed the station commander , destroyed 20 RAF aircraft on the ground and a great many of the airfield 's buildings . However , Detling was not an RAF Fighter Command station . The Battle of Britain proved for the first time that the Junkers Ju 87 was vulnerable in hostile skies against well @-@ organised and determined fighter opposition . The Ju 87 , like other dive bombers , was slow and possessed inadequate defences . Furthermore , it could not be effectively protected by fighters because of its low speed , and the very low altitudes at which it ended its dive bomb attacks . The Stuka depended on air superiority , the very thing being contested over Britain . It was withdrawn from attacks on Britain in August after prohibitive losses , leaving the Luftwaffe without precision ground @-@ attack aircraft . Steady losses had occurred throughout their participation in the battle . On 18 August , known as the Hardest Day because both sides suffered heavy losses , the Stuka was withdrawn after 16 were destroyed and many others damaged . According to the Generalquartiermeister der Luftwaffe , 59 Stukas had been destroyed and 33 damaged to varying degrees in six weeks of operations . Over 20 % of the total Stuka strength had been lost between 8 and 18 August ; and the myth of the Stuka shattered . The Ju 87s did succeed in sinking six warships , 14 merchant ships , badly damaging seven airfields and three Chain Home radar stations , and destroying 49 British aircraft , mainly on the ground . On 19 August , the units of VIII . Fliegerkorps moved up from their bases around Cherbourg @-@ Octeville and concentrated in the Pas de Calais under Luftflotte 2 , closer to the area of the proposed invasion of Britain . On 13 September , the Luftwaffe targeted airfields again , with a small number of Ju 87s crossing the coast at Selsey and heading for Tangmere . After a lull , anti @-@ shipping operations attacks were resumed by some Ju 87 units from 1 November 1940 , as part of the new winter tactic of enforcing a blockade . Over the next 10 days , seven merchant ships were sunk or damaged , mainly in the Thames Estuary , for the loss of four Ju 87s . On 14 November 19 Stukas from III . / St.G 1 with escort drawn from JG 26 and JG 51 went out against another convoy ; as no targets were found over the estuary , the Stukas proceeded to attack Dover , their alternate target . Bad weather resulted in a decline of anti @-@ shipping operations , and before long the Ju 87 groups began re @-@ deploying to Poland , as part of the concealed build @-@ up for Operation Barbarossa . By spring 1941 , only St.G 1 with 30 Ju 87s remained facing the United Kingdom . Operations on a small scale continued throughout the winter months into March . Targets included ships at sea , the Thames Estuary , the Chatham naval dockyard and Dover and night @-@ bomber sorties made over the Channel . These attacks were resumed the following winter . = = = = North Africa and the Mediterranean = = = = In response to the Italian defeats in Greece and North Africa , the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht ordered the deployment of some German forces to these theatres . Amongst the Luftwaffe contingent deployed was the command unit StG 3 , which touched down in Sicily in December 1940 . In the next few days , two groups - some 80 Stukas - were deployed under X. Fliegerkorps . The first task of the Korps was to attack British shipping passing between Sicily and Africa . The Ju 87s first made their presence felt by subjecting the British aircraft carrier HMS Illustrious to heavy attack . The crews were confident that they could sink it as the flight deck had an area of about 6 @,@ 500 square metres . On 10 January 1941 , the Stuka crews were told that four direct hits with 500 kg ( 1 @,@ 100 lb ) bombs would be enough to sink the carrier . The Ju 87s delivered six and three damaging near @-@ misses but the ship 's engines were untouched and she made for the besieged harbour of Malta . The Italian Regia Aeronautica was equipped for a while with the Stukas . In 1939 , the Italian government asked the RLM to supply 100 Ju 87s . Italian pilots were sent to Graz in Austria to be trained for dive @-@ bombing aircraft . In the spring of 1940 , between 72 and 108 Ju 87 B @-@ 1s , some of them ex @-@ Luftwaffe aircraft , were delivered to 96 ° Gruppo Bombardamento a Tuffo . The Italian Stuka , renamed Picchiatello , was in turn assigned to Gruppi 97 ° , 101 ° and 102 ° . The Picchiatelli were used against Malta , Allied convoys in Mediterranean and in North Africa ( where they took part in conquering Tobruk ) . They were used by the Regia Aeronautica up to 1942 . Some of the Picchiatelli saw action in the opening phase of the Italian invasion of Greece in October 1940 . Their numbers were low and ineffective in comparison to German operations . The Italian forces were quickly pushed back . By early 1941 , the Greeks had pushed into Italian occupied Albania . Once again , Hitler decided to send military aid to his ally . Before the Luftwaffe could intervene , the Italian Ju 87s achieved some successes . 97 Gruppo ( Group ) and its 239 Squadriglia ( Squadron ) sinking the Hellenic Navy freighter Susanah off Corfu on 4 April 1941 while the torpedo boat Proussa was sunk later in the day . On 21 April the Greek freighter Ioanna was sunk and they accounted for the British tanker Hekla off Tobruk on 25 May and then the Royal Australian Navy destroyer Waterhen on 20 June . The British gunboat Cricket and supply submarine Cachalot became victims . The former was crippled and later sunk by Italian warships . In March , the pro @-@ German Yugoslav government was toppled . A furious Hitler ordered the attack to be expanded to include Yugoslavia . Operation Marita commenced on 7 April . The Luftwaffe committed StG 1 , 2 and 77 to the campaign . The Stuka once again spearheaded the air assault , with a front line strength of 300 machines , against minimal Yugoslav resistance in the air , allowing the Stukas to develop a fearsome reputation in this region . Operating unmolested , they took a heavy toll of ground forces , suffering only light losses to ground fire . The effectiveness of the dive bombers helped bring about Yugoslav capitulation in just ten days . The Stukas also took a peripheral part in Operation Punishment , Hitler 's retribution bombing of Belgrade . The dive bombers were to attack airfields and anti @-@ aircraft gun positions whilst the level bombers struck civilian targets . Belgrade was badly damaged , with 2 @,@ 271 people reported killed and 12 @,@ 000 injured . In Greece , despite British aid , little air opposition was encountered . As the Allies withdrew and resistance collapsed , the Allies began evacuating to Crete . The Stukas inflicted severe damage on Allied shipping . On 22 April , the 1 @,@ 389 ton destroyers Psara and Ydra were sunk . In the next two days , the Greek naval base at Piraeus lost 23 vessels to Stuka attack . During the Battle of Crete , the Ju 87s also played a significant role . On 21 – 22 May 1941 , the Germans attempted to send in reinforcements to Crete by sea but lost 10 vessels to " Force D " under the command of Rear Admiral Irvine Glennie . The force , consisting of the cruisers HMS Dido , Orion and Ajax , forced the remaining German ships to retreat . The Stukas were called upon to deal with the British naval threat . On 21 May , the destroyer HMS Juno was sunk and the next day the battleship HMS Warspite was damaged and the cruiser HMS Gloucester was sunk , with the loss of 45 officers and 648 ratings . The Ju 87s also crippled the cruiser HMS Fiji that morning , ( she was later finished off by Bf 109 fighter bombers ) while sinking the destroyer HMS Greyhound with one hit . As the Battle of Crete drew to a close , the Allies began yet another withdrawal . On 23 May , the Royal Navy lost the destroyers HMS Kashmir and Kelly , followed by HMS Hereward on 26 May ; Orion and Dido were also severely damaged . Orion had been evacuating 1 @,@ 100 soldiers to North Africa ; 260 of them were killed and another 280 wounded . The dive bomber wing supported Generalfeldmarschall Erwin Rommel 's Afrika Korps in its two @-@ year campaign in North Africa ; its other main task was attacking Allied shipping . In 1941 , Ju 87 operations in North Africa were dominated by the Siege of Tobruk , which lasted for over seven months . It served during the Battle of Gazala and the First Battle of El Alamein , as well as the decisive Second Battle of El Alamein , which drove Rommel back to Tunisia . As the tide turned and Allied air power grew in the autumn of 1942 , the Ju 87 became very vulnerable and losses were heavy . The entry of the Americans into North Africa during Operation Torch made the situation far worse ; the Stuka was obsolete in what was now a fighter @-@ bomber 's war . The Bf 109 and Fw 190 could at least fight enemy fighters on equal terms after dropping their ordnance but the Stuka could not . The Ju 87 's vulnerability was demonstrated on 11 November 1942 , when 15 Ju 87 Ds were shot down by United States Army Air Forces ( USAAF ) Curtiss P @-@ 40Fs in minutes . By 1943 , the Allies enjoyed air supremacy in North Africa . The Ju 87s ventured out in Rotte strength only , often jettisoning their bombs at the first sight of enemy aircraft . Adding to this trouble , the German fighters had only enough fuel to cover the Ju 87s on take off , their most vulnerable point . After that , the Stukas were on their own . The dive bombers continued operations in southern Europe ; after the Italian surrender in September 1943 , the Ju 87 participated in the last campaign @-@ sized victory over the Western Allies , the Dodecanese Campaign . The Dodecanese Islands had been occupied by the British ; the Luftwaffe committed 75 Stukas of StG 3 based in Megara ( I. / StG 3 ) and Argos ( II.StG 3 ; from 17 October on Rhodos ) , to recover the islands . With the RAF bases some 500 kilometres ( 310 mi ) away , the Ju 87 helped the German landing forces rapidly conquer the islands . On 5 October the minelayer Lagnano was sunk along with a patrol vessel , a steam ship and a light tank carrier Porto Di Roma . On 24 October Ju 87s sank the landing craft LCT115 and cargo ship Taganrog at Samos . On 31 October the light cruiser Aurora was put out of action for a year . The light cruisers Penelope and Carlisle were badly damaged by StG 3 and the destroyer Panther was also sunk by Ju 87s before the capitulation of the Allied force . It proved to be the Stuka 's final victory against the British . = = = = Eastern front = = = = = = = = = Barbarossa ; 1941 = = = = = On 22 June 1941 , the Wehrmacht commenced Operation Barbarossa , the invasion of the Soviet Union . The Luftwaffe order of battle of 22 June 1941 contained four dive bomber wings . VIII . Fliegerkorps under the command of General der Flieger Wolfram von Richthofen was equipped with units Stab , II. and III . / StG 1 . Also included were Stab , I. , II. and III. of Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 Immelmann . Attached to II . Fliegerkorps , under the command of General der Flieger Bruno Loerzer , were Stab , I. , II. and III. of StG 77 . Luftflotte 5 , under the command of Generaloberst Hans @-@ Jürgen Stumpff , operating from Norway 's Arctic Circle , were allotted IV . Gruppe ( St ) / Lehrgeschwader 1 ( LG 1 ) . The first Stuka loss on the Soviet @-@ German front occurred early at 03 : 40 – 03 : 47 in the morning of the 22 June . While being escorted by Bf 109s from JG 51 to attack Brest Fortress , Oberleutnant Karl Führing of StG 77 was shot down by an I @-@ 153 . The dive bomber wing suffered only two losses on the opening day of Barbarossa . As a result of the Luftwaffe 's attention , the Soviet Air Force in the western Soviet Union was nearly destroyed . The official report claimed 1 @,@ 489 Soviet aircraft destroyed . Göring ordered this checked . After picking their way through the wreckage across the front , Luftwaffe officers found that the tally exceeded 2 @,@ 000 . In the next two days , the Soviets reported the loss of another 1 @,@ 922 aircraft . Soviet aerial resistance continued but ceased to be effective and the Luftwaffe maintained air superiority until the end of the year . The Ju 87 took a huge toll on Soviet ground forces , helping to break up counterattacks of Soviet armour , eliminating strongpoints and disrupting the enemy supply lines . A demonstration of the Stuka 's effectiveness occurred on 5 July , when StG 77 knocked out 18 trains and 500 vehicles . As the 1st and 2nd Panzer Groups forced bridgeheads across the Dnieper river and closed in on Kiev , the Ju 87s again rendered invaluable support . On 13 September , Stukas from StG 1 destroyed the rail network in the vicinity as well as inflicting heavy casualties on escaping Red Army columns , for the loss of just one Ju 87 . On 23 September , Hans @-@ Ulrich Rudel ( who was to become the most decorated serviceman in the Wehrmacht ) of StG 2 , sank the Soviet battleship Marat , during an air attack on Kronstadt harbour near Leningrad , with a hit to the bow with a single 1 @,@ 000 kg ( 2 @,@ 200 lb ) bomb . During this action , Leutnant Egbert Jaeckel sank the destroyer Minsk , while the destroyer Steregushchiy and submarine M @-@ 74 were also sunk . The Stukas also crippled the battleship Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya and the destroyers Silnyy and Grozyashchiy in exchange for two Ju 87s shot down . Elsewhere on the Eastern front , the Junkers assisted Army Group Centre in its drive toward Moscow . From 13 – 22 December , 420 vehicles and 23 tanks were destroyed by StG 77 , greatly improving the morale of the German infantry , who were by now on the defensive . StG 77 finished the campaign as the most effective dive bomber wing . It had destroyed 2 @,@ 401 vehicles , 234 tanks , 92 artillery batteries and 21 trains for the loss of 25 Ju 87s to hostile action . At the end of Barbarossa , StG 1 had lost 60 Stukas in aerial combat and one on the ground . StG 2 lost 39 Ju 87s in the air and two on the ground , StG 77 lost 29 of their dive @-@ bombers in the air and three on the ground ( 25 to enemy action ) . IV . ( St ) / LG1 , operating from Norway , lost 24 Ju 87s , all in aerial combat . = = = = = Fall Blau to Stalingrad ; 1942 = = = = = In early 1942 , the Ju 87s gave the German Army yet more valuable support . On 29 December 1941 , the Soviet 44th Army landed on the Kerch Peninsula . The Luftwaffe was only able to dispatch meager reinforcements of four bomber groups ( Kampfgruppen ) and two dive bomber groups belonging to StG 77 . With air superiority , the Ju 87s operated with impunity . In the first 10 days of the Battle of the Kerch Peninsula , half the landing force was destroyed , while sea lanes were blocked by the Stukas inflicting heavy losses on Soviet shipping . The Ju 87 's effectiveness against Soviet armour was not yet potent . Later versions of the T @-@ 34 tank could withstand Stuka attack in general , unless a direct hit was scored but the Soviet 44th Army had only obsolescent types with thin armour which were nearly all destroyed . During the Battle of Sevastopol , the Stukas repeatedly bombed the trapped Soviet forces . Some Ju 87 pilots flew up to 300 sorties against the Soviet defenders . Luftflotte 4 's StG 77 flew 7 @,@ 708 combat sorties dropping 3 @,@ 537 tonnes of bombs on the city . Their efforts help secure the capitulation of Soviet forces on 4 July . For the German summer offensive , Fall Blau , the Luftwaffe had concentrated 1 @,@ 800 aircraft into Luftflotte 4 making it the largest and most powerful air command in the world . The Stukawaffe strength stood at 151 . During the Battle of Stalingrad , Stukas flew thousands of sorties against Soviet positions in the city . StG 1 , 2 and 77 flew 320 sorties on 14 October 1942 . As the German Sixth Army pushed the Soviets into a 1 @,@ 000 metre enclave on the west bank of the Volga River , 1 @,@ 208 Stuka sorties were flown against this small strip of land . The intense air attack , though causing horrific losses on Soviet units , failed to destroy them . The Luftwaffe 's Stuka force made a maximum effort during this phase of the war . They flew an average of 500 sorties per day and caused heavy losses among Soviet forces , losing an average of only one Stuka per day . The Battle of Stalingrad marked the high point in the fortunes of the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka . As the strength of the Soviet Air Forces grew , they gradually wrested control of the skies from the Luftwaffe . From this point onward , Stuka losses increased . = = = = = Kursk and decline ; 1943 = = = = = The Stuka was also heavily involved in Operation Citadel , the Battle of Kursk . The Luftwaffe committed I , II , III . / St.G 1 and III . / StG 3 under the command of Luftflotte 6 . I. , II , III. of StGs 2 and 3 were committed under the command of Hans Seidemann 's Fliegerkorps VIII . Hauptmann Rudel 's cannon @-@ equipped Ju 87 Gs had a devastating effect on Soviet armour at Orel and Belgorod . The Ju 87s participated in a huge aerial counter @-@ offensive lasting from 16 – 31 July against a Soviet offensive at Khotynets and saved two German armies from encirclement , reducing the attacking Soviet 11th Guards Army to just 33 tanks by 20 July . The Soviet offensive had been completely halted from the air although losses were considerable . Fliegerkorps VIII lost eight Ju 87s on 8 July , six on 9 July , six on 10 July and another eight on 11 July . The Stuka arm also lost eight of their Knight 's Cross of the Iron Cross holders . StG 77 lost 24 Ju 87s in the period 5 – 31 July ( StG had lost 23 in July – December 1942 ) , while StG 2 lost another 30 aircraft in the same period . In September 1943 , three of the Stuka units were re @-@ equipped with the Fw 190F and G ( ground attack versions ) and began to be renamed Schlachtgeschwader ( attack wings ) . In the face of overwhelming air opposition , the dive @-@ bomber required heavy protection from German fighters to counter Soviet fighters . Some units like SG 2 Immelmann continued to operate with great success throughout 1943 @-@ 45 , operating the Ju 87 G variants equipped with 37 mm cannons , which became tank killers , although in increasingly small numbers . In the wake of the defeat at Kursk , Ju 87s played a vital defensive role on the southern wing of the Eastern Front . To combat the Luftwaffe , the Soviets could deploy some 3 @,@ 000 fighter aircraft . As a result , the Stukas suffered heavily . SG 77 lost 30 Ju 87s in August 1943 as did SG 2 Immelmann , which also reported the loss of 30 aircraft in combat operations . Despite these losses , Ju 87s helped the XXIX Army Corps break out of an encirclement near the Sea of Azov . The Battle of Kiev also included substantial use of the Ju 87 units , although again , unsuccessful in stemming the advances . Stuka units were with the loss of air superiority , becoming vulnerable on the ground as well . Some Stuka aces were lost this way . In the aftermath of Kursk , Stuka strength fell to 184 aircraft in total . This was well below 50 percent of the required strength . On 18 October 1943 , StG 1 , 2 , 3 , 5 and 77 were renamed Schlachtgeschwader ( SG ) wings , reflecting their ground @-@ attack role , as these combat wings were now also using ground @-@ attack aircraft , such as the Fw 190F @-@ series aircraft . The Luftwaffe 's dive @-@ bomber units had ceased to exist . A small number of Ju 87s were also retained for anti @-@ shipping operations in the Black Sea , a role it had proved so successful in when operating in the Mediterranean . In October 1943 , this became evident again when StG 3 carried out several attacks against the Soviet Black Sea Fleet . On 6 October 1943 the most powerful flotilla in the fleet comprising the Lenningrad class destroyers Kharkov , Besposhchadny and Sposobny were caught and sunk by dive -bombing . After the disaster , Josef Stalin decreed that no more ships were to pass within range of German aircraft without his personal permission . = = = = = Operation Bagration to Berlin 1944 – 45 = = = = = Towards the end of the war , as the Allies gained air supremacy , the Stuka was being replaced by ground @-@ attack versions of the Fw 190 . By early 1944 , the number of Ju 87 units and operational aircraft terminally declined . For the Soviet summer offensive , Operation Bagration , 12 Ju 87 groups and five mixed groups ( including Fw 190s ) were on the Luftwaffe 's order of battle on 26 June 1944 . Gefechtsverband Kuhlmey , a mixed aircraft unit , which included large numbers of Stuka dive bombers , was rushed to the Finnish front in the summer of 1944 and was instrumental in halting the Soviet fourth strategic offensive . The unit claimed 200 Soviet tanks and 150 Soviet aircraft destroyed for 41 losses . By 31 January 1945 , only 104 Ju 87s remained operational with their units . The other mixed Schlacht units contained a further 70 Ju 87s and Fw 190s between them . Chronic fuel shortages kept the Stukas grounded and sorties decreased until the end of the war in May 1945 . In the final months of the war the ground attack groups were still able to impose operational constraints upon the enemy . Most notably the aircraft participated in the defence of Berlin . On 12 January 1945 the 1st Belorussian Front initiated the Vistula – Oder Offensive . The offensive made ground in its early phases . However , the Soviets soon outran their air support which was unable to use forward , quagmire @-@ filled , airfields . The Germans , who had fallen back on air bases resplendent with good facilities and concrete runways , were able to mount uninterrupted attacks against Soviet army columns . Reminiscent of the early years , the Luftwaffe was able to inflict high losses largely unopposed . Over 800 vehicles were destroyed within two weeks . In the first three days of February 1945 , 2 @,@ 000 vehicles and 51 tanks were lost to German air attacks . The Belorussian Front was forced to abandon its attempt to capture Berlin by mid @-@ February 1945 . The Ju 87 participated in these intense battles in small numbers . It was the largest concentration of German air power since 1940 and even late as February 1945 the Germans were able to achieve and challenge for air superiority on the Eastern Front . The air offensive was instrumental in saving Berlin , albeit only for three months . The effort exhausted German fuel reserves . The contribution of the Ju 87 was exemplified by Hans @-@ Ulrich Rudel , who claimed 13 enemy tanks on 8 February 1945 . = = Operators = = Bulgaria Bulgarian Air Forceb NDH Zrakoplovstvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatskeb Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakian Air Force operated captured aircraft postwar.b Nazi Germany Luftwaffe Kingdom of Hungary Royal Hungarian Air Forceb Kingdom of Italy Regia Aeronauticab Empire of Japan Imperial Japanese Army Air Forceb Kingdom of Romania Royal Romanian Air Forceb Slovak Republic Slovak Air Forceb Spain Spanish Air Force United Kingdom Royal Air Force tested various captured variants during and after the war . United States United States Army Air Forces operated one in Tunisia in 1943 for a short time before it crashed and was written off . Yugoslavia SFR Yugoslav Air Force operated captured aircraft postwar . = = Survivors = = Two intact Ju 87s survive : Ju 87 R @-@ 2 / Trop . Werk Nr. 5954 This aircraft is displayed in the Chicago Museum of Science and Industry . It was abandoned in North Africa and found by British forces in 1941 . The Ju 87 was donated by the British government and sent to the USA during the war . It was fully restored in 1974 by the EAA of Wisconsin . Ju 87 G @-@ 2 , Werk Nr. 494083 . A later , ground @-@ attack variant , this is displayed at the Royal Air Force Museum in London ; it was captured by British forces at Eggebek , Schleswig @-@ Holstein in May 1945 . It is thought to have been built in 1943 – 1944 as a D @-@ 5 before being rebuilt as a G @-@ 2 variant , possibly by fitting G @-@ 2 outer wings to a D @-@ 5 airframe . The wings have the hard @-@ points for Bordkanone BK 3 @,@ 7 gun @-@ pods , but these are not fitted . It was one of 12 captured German aircraft selected by the British for museum preservation and assigned to the Air Historical Branch . The aircraft was stored and displayed at various RAF sites until 1978 , when it was moved to the RAF Museum . In 1967 , permission was given to use the aircraft in the film Battle of Britain and it was repainted and modified to resemble a 1940 variant of the Ju 87 . The engine was found to be in excellent condition and there was little difficulty in starting it , but returning the aircraft to airworthiness was considered too costly for the filmmakers , and ultimately , models were used in the film to represent Stukas . In 1998 , the film modifications were removed , and the aircraft returned to the original G @-@ 2 configuration . Other aircraft survive as wreckage , recovered from crash sites : Junkers Ju 87 R @-@ 2 Werk Nr. 0875709 is owned by Paul Allen 's Flying Heritage Collection ( FHC ) and is believed to be under a long @-@ term restoration to fly . It served bearing the Stammkennzeichen of Code , LI + KU , Werknummer 857509 , from 1 . / St.G.5 , and was recovered to the United Kingdom in 1998 . The Deutsches Technikmuseum in Berlin has the wreckage of two complete aircraft that were recovered from separate crash sites near Murmansk in 1990 and 1994 . These wrecks were purchased from New Zealand collector Tim Wallis , who originally planned for the remains to be restored to airworthy , in 1996 . The Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum displays the remains of an aircraft that crashed near Saint @-@ Tropez in 1944 and was raised from the seabed in 1989 . In October 2006 , a Ju 87 D @-@ 3 / Trop. was recovered underwater , near Rhodes . Junkers Ju 87 B @-@ 2 , Code 98 + 01 , Werk Nr. 870406 , is on display at the Yugoslav Aeronautical Museum , Belgrade . The parts of the three others ( S2 + ? ? ; H4 + ? ? ; 5B + ? ? ) are rumoured to have been sold to a British buyer . Junkers Ju 87 B @-@ 3 Werk Nr. 110757 found in the village Krościenko Wyżne in Poland in October 2015 . The body of the Romanian pilot Ioan Clop was found in the wreckage . = = Specifications ( Ju 87 B @-@ 2 ) = = Data from Ju 87 B @-@ 2 Betriebsanleitung , Juni 1940 ( D. ( Luft ) T.2335 / 1 ) General characteristics Crew : 2 Length : 11 @.@ 00 m ( 36 ft 1 @.@ 07 in ) Wingspan : 13 @.@ 8 m ( 45 ft 3 @.@ 30 in ) Height : 4 @.@ 23 m ( 13 ft 10 @.@ 53 in ) Wing area : 31 @.@ 90 m ² ( 343 @.@ 37 ft ² ) Empty weight : 3 @,@ 205 kg ( 7 @,@ 086 lb ) Loaded weight : 4 @,@ 320 kg ( 9 @,@ 524 lb ) Max. takeoff weight : 5 @,@ 000 kg ( 11 @,@ 023 lb ) Powerplant : 1 × Junkers Jumo 211D liquid @-@ cooled inverted V12 engine , 1200 PS ( 1 @,@ 184 hp ( 883 kW ) ) Propellers : Three @-@ blade Junkers VS 5 propeller , 1 per engine Propeller diameter : 3 @.@ 4 m ( 11 ft 1 @.@ 85 in ) Performance Never exceed speed : 600 km / h ( 373 mph ) ( 373 mph ) Maximum speed : 390 km / h @ 4 @,@ 400 m ( 242 mph @ 13 @,@ 410 ft ) Range : 500 km ( 311 mi ) with 500 kg ( 1 @,@ 100 lb ) bomb load Service ceiling : 8 @,@ 200 m ( 26 @,@ 903 ft ) with 500 kg ( 1 @,@ 100 lb ) bomb load Armament Guns : 2 × 7 @.@ 92 mm ( .312 in ) MG 17 machine gun forward , 1 × 7 @.@ 92 mm ( .312 in ) MG 15 machine gun to rear Bombs : Normal load = 1 × 250 kg ( 550 lb ) bomb beneath the fuselage and 4 × 50 kg ( 110 lb ) , two bombs underneath each wing .
= Low back pain = Low back pain ( LBP ) is a common disorder involving the muscles , nerves , and bones of the back . Pain can vary from a dull constant ache to a sudden sharp feeling . Low back pain may be classified by duration as acute ( pain lasting less than 6 weeks ) , sub @-@ chronic ( 6 to 12 weeks ) , or chronic ( more than 12 weeks ) . The condition may be further classified by the underlying cause as either mechanical , non @-@ mechanical , or referred pain . The symptoms of low back pain usually improve within a few weeks from the time they start , with 40 @-@ 90 % of people completely better by six weeks . In most episodes of low back pain , a specific underlying cause is not identified or even looked for , with the pain believed to be due to mechanical problems such as muscle or joint strain . If the pain does not go away with conservative treatment or if it is accompanied by " red flags " such as unexplained weight loss , fever , or significant problems with feeling or movement , further testing may be needed to look for a serious underlying problem . In most cases , imaging tools such as X @-@ ray computed tomography are not useful and carry their own risks . Despite this , the use of imaging in low back pain has increased . Some low back pain is caused by damaged intervertebral discs , and the straight leg raise test is useful to identify this cause . In those with chronic pain , the pain processing system may malfunction , causing large amounts of pain in response to non @-@ serious events . The treatment of acute nonspecific low back pain of rapid onset is typically with simple pain medications and the continuation of as much normal activity as the pain allows . Medications are recommended for the duration that they are helpful , with paracetamol ( also known as acetaminophen ) as the preferred first medication . A number of other options are available for those who do not improve with usual treatment . Opioids may be useful if simple pain medications are not enough , but they are not generally recommended due to side effects . Surgery may be beneficial for those with disc @-@ related chronic pain and disability or spinal stenosis . No clear benefit has been found for other cases of non @-@ specific low back pain . Low back pain often affects mood , which may be improved by counseling or antidepressants . Additionally , there are many alternative medicine therapies , including the Alexander technique and herbal remedies , but there is not enough evidence to recommend them confidently . The evidence for chiropractic care and spinal manipulation is mixed . Approximately 9 to 12 % of people ( 632 million ) have LBP at any given point in time , and nearly 25 % report having it at some point over any one @-@ month period . About 40 % of people have LBP at some point in their lives , with estimates as high as 80 % among people in the developed world . Difficulty most often begins between 20 and 40 years of age . Men and women are equally affected . Low back pain is more common among people aged 40 – 80 years , with the overall number of individuals affected expected to increase as the population ages . = = Signs and symptoms = = In the common presentation of acute low back pain , pain develops after movements that involve lifting , twisting , or forward @-@ bending . The symptoms may start soon after the movements or upon waking up the following morning . The description of the symptoms may range from tenderness at a particular point to diffuse pain . It may or may not worsen with certain movements , such as raising a leg , or positions , such as sitting or standing . Pain radiating down the legs ( known as sciatica ) may be present . The first experience of acute low back pain is typically between the ages of 20 and 40 . This is often a person 's first reason to see a medical professional as an adult . Recurrent episodes occur in more than half of people with the repeated episodes being generally more painful than the first . Other problems may occur along with low back pain . Chronic low back pain is associated with sleep problems , including a greater amount of time needed to fall asleep , disturbances during sleep , a shorter duration of sleep , and less satisfaction with sleep . In addition , a majority of those with chronic low back pain show symptoms of depression or anxiety . = = Causes = = Low back pain is not a specific disease but rather a complaint that may be caused by a large number of underlying problems of varying levels of seriousness . The majority of LBP does not have a clear cause but is believed to be the result of non @-@ serious muscle or skeletal issues such as sprains or strains . Obesity , smoking , weight gain during pregnancy , stress , poor physical condition , poor posture and poor sleeping position may also contribute to low back pain . A full list of possible causes includes many less common conditions . Physical causes may include osteoarthritis , degeneration of the discs between the vertebrae or a spinal disc herniation , broken vertebra ( e ) ( such as from osteoporosis ) or , rarely , an infection or tumor of the spine . Women may have acute low back pain from medical conditions affecting the female reproductive system , including endometriosis , ovarian cysts , ovarian cancer , or uterine fibroids . Nearly half of all pregnant women report pain in the lower back or sacral area during pregnancy , due to changes in their posture and center of gravity causing muscle and ligament strain . Low back pain can be broadly classified into four main categories : Musculoskeletal - mechanical ( including muscle strain , muscle spasm , or osteoarthritis ) ; herniated nucleus pulposus , herniated disk ; spinal stenosis ; or compression fracture Inflammatory - HLA @-@ B27 associated arthritis including ankylosing spondylitis , reactive arthritis , psoriatic arthritis , and inflammatory bowel disease Malignancy - bone metastasis from lung , breast , prostate , thyroid , among others Infectious - osteomyelitis ; abscess = = Pathophysiology = = = = = Back structures = = = The lumbar ( or lower back ) region is made up of five vertebrae ( L1 @-@ L5 ) , sometimes including the sacrum . In between these vertebrae are fibrocartilaginous discs , which act as cushions , preventing the vertebrae from rubbing together while at the same time protecting the spinal cord . Nerves come from and go to the spinal cord through specific openings between the vertebrae , providing the skin with sensations and messages to muscles . Stability of the spine is provided by the ligaments and muscles of the back and abdomen . Small joints called facet joints limit and direct the motion of the spine . The multifidus muscles run up and down along the back of the spine , and are important for keeping the spine straight and stable during many common movements such as sitting , walking and lifting . A problem with these muscles is often found in someone with chronic low back pain , because the back pain causes the person to use the back muscles improperly in trying to avoid the pain . The problem with the multifidus muscles continues even after the pain goes away , and is probably an important reason why the pain comes back . Teaching people with chronic low back pain how to use these muscles is recommended as part of a recovery program . An intervertebral disc has a gelatinous core surrounded by a fibrous ring . When in its normal , uninjured state , most of the disc is not served by either the circulatory or nervous systems – blood and nerves only run to the outside of the disc . Specialized cells that can survive without direct blood supply are in the inside of the disc . Over time , the discs lose flexibility and the ability to absorb physical forces . This decreased ability to handle physical forces increases stresses on other parts of the spine , causing the ligaments of the spine to thicken and bony growths to develop on the vertebrae . As a result , there is less space through which the spinal cord and nerve roots may pass . When a disc degenerates as a result of injury or disease , the makeup of a disc changes : blood vessels and nerves may grow into its interior and / or herniated disc material can push directly on a nerve root . Any of these changes may result in back pain . = = = Pain sensation = = = Pain is generally an unpleasant feeling in response to an event that either damages or can potentially damage the body 's tissues . There are four main steps in the process of feeling pain : transduction , transmission , perception , and modulation . The nerve cells that detect pain have cell bodies located in the dorsal root ganglia and fibers that transmit these signals to the spinal cord . The process of pain sensation starts when the pain @-@ causing event triggers the endings of appropriate sensory nerve cells . This type of cell converts the event into an electrical signal by transduction . Several different types of nerve fibers carry out the transmission of the electrical signal from the transducing cell to the posterior horn of spinal cord , from there to the brain stem , and then from the brain stem to the various parts of the brain such as the thalamus and the limbic system . In the brain , the pain signals are processed and given context in the process of pain perception . Through modulation , the brain can modify the sending of further nerve impulses by decreasing or increasing the release of neurotransmitters . Parts of the pain sensation and processing system may not function properly ; creating the feeling of pain when no outside cause exists , signaling too much pain from a particular cause , or signaling pain from a normally non @-@ painful event . Additionally , the pain modulation mechanisms may not function properly . These phenomena are involved in chronic pain . = = Diagnosis = = As the structure of the back is complex and the reporting of pain is subjective and affected by social factors , the diagnosis of low back pain is not straightforward . While most low back pain is caused by muscle and joint problems , this cause must be separated from neurological problems , spinal tumors , fracture of the spine , and infections , among others . = = = Classification = = = There are a number of ways to classify low back pain with no consensus that any one method is best . There are three general types of low back pain by cause : mechanical back pain ( including nonspecific musculoskeletal strains , herniated discs , compressed nerve roots , degenerative discs or joint disease , and broken vertebra ) , non @-@ mechanical back pain ( tumors , inflammatory conditions such as spondyloarthritis , and infections ) , and referred pain from internal organs ( gallbladder disease , kidney stones , kidney infections , and aortic aneurysm , among others ) . Mechanical or musculoskeletal problems underlie most cases ( around 90 % or more ) , and of those , most ( around 75 % ) do not have a specific cause identified , but are thought to be due to muscle strain or injury to ligaments . Rarely , complaints of low back pain result from systemic or psychological problems , such as fibromyalgia and somatoform disorders . Low back pain may be classified based on the signs and symptoms . Diffuse pain that does not change in response to particular movements , and is localized to the lower back without radiating beyond the buttocks , is classified as nonspecific , the most common classification . Pain that radiates down the leg below the knee , is located on one side ( in the case of disc herniation ) , or is on both sides ( in spinal stenosis ) , and changes in severity in response to certain positions or maneuvers is radicular , making up 7 % of cases . Pain that is accompanied by red flags such as trauma , fever , a history of cancer or significant muscle weakness may indicate a more serious underlying problem and is classified as needing urgent or specialized attention . The symptoms can also be classified by duration as acute , sub @-@ chronic ( also known as sub @-@ acute ) , or chronic . The specific duration required to meet each of these is not universally agreed upon , but generally pain lasting less than six weeks is classified as acute , pain lasting six to twelve weeks is sub @-@ chronic , and more than twelve weeks is chronic . Management and prognosis may change based on the duration of symptoms . = = = Red flags = = = The presence of certain signs , termed red flags , indicate the need for further testing to look for more serious underlying problems , which may require immediate or specific treatment . The presence of a red flag does not mean that there is a significant problem . It is only suggestive , and most people with red flags have no serious underlying problem . If no red flags are present , performing diagnostic imaging or laboratory testing in the first four weeks after the start of the symptoms has not been shown to be useful . The usefulness of many red flags are poorly supported by evidence . The most useful for detecting a fracture are : older age , corticosteroid use , and significant trauma especially if it results in skin markings . The best determinate for the presence of cancer is a history of the same . With other causes ruled out , people with non @-@ specific low back pain are typically treated symptomatically , without exact determination of the cause . Efforts to uncover factors that might complicate the diagnosis , such as depression , substance abuse , or an agenda concerning insurance payments may be helpful . = = = Tests = = = Imaging is indicated when there are red flags , ongoing neurological symptoms that do not resolve , or ongoing or worsening pain . In particular , early use of imaging ( either MRI or CT ) is recommended for suspected cancer , infection , or cauda equina syndrome . MRI is slightly better than CT for identifying disc disease ; the two technologies are equally useful for diagnosing spinal stenosis . Only a few physical diagnostic tests are helpful . The straight leg raise test is almost always positive in those with disc herniation . Lumbar provocative discography may be useful to identify a specific disc causing pain in those with chronic high levels of low back pain . Similarly , therapeutic procedures such as nerve blocks can be used to determine a specific source of pain . Some evidence supports the use of facet joint injections , transforminal epidural injections and sacroilliac injections as diagnostic tests . Most other physical tests , such as evaluating for scoliosis , muscle weakness or wasting , and impaired reflexes , are of little use . Complaints of low back pain are one of the most common reasons people visit doctors . For pain that has lasted only a few weeks , the pain is likely to subside on its own . Thus , if a person 's medical history and physical examination do not suggest a specific disease as the cause , medical societies advise against imaging tests such as X @-@ rays , CT scans , and MRIs . Individuals may want such tests but , unless red flags are present , they are unnecessary health care . Routine imaging increases costs , is associated with higher rates of surgery with no overall benefit , and the radiation used may be harmful to one 's health . Fewer than 1 % of imaging tests identify the cause of the problem . Imaging may also detect harmless abnormalities , encouraging people to request further unnecessary testing or to worry . Even so , MRI scans of the lumbar region increased by more than 300 % among United States Medicare beneficiaries from 1994 to 2006 . = = Prevention = = Exercise appears to be useful for preventing low back pain . Exercise is also probably effective in preventing recurrences in those with pain that has lasted more than six weeks . Medium @-@ firm mattresses are more beneficial for chronic pain than firm mattresses . There is little to no evidence that back belts are any more helpful in preventing low back pain than education about proper lifting techniques . Shoe insoles do not help prevent low back pain . = = Management = = Management of low back pain depends on which of the three general categories is the cause : mechanical problems , non @-@ mechanical problems , or referred pain . For acute pain that is causing only mild to moderate problems , the goals are to restore normal function , return the individual to work , and minimize pain . The condition is normally not serious , resolves without much being done , and recovery is helped by attempting to return to normal activities as soon as possible within the limits of pain . Providing individuals with coping skills through reassurance of these facts is useful in speeding recovery . For those with sub @-@ chronic or chronic low back pain , multidisciplinary treatment programs may help . = = = Physical management = = = Increasing general physical activity has been recommended , but no clear relationship to pain or disability has been found when used for the treatment of an acute episode of pain . For acute pain , low- to moderate @-@ quality evidence supports walking . Treatment according to McKenzie method is somewhat effective for recurrent acute low back pain , but its benefit in the short term does not appear significant . There is tentative evidence to support the use of heat therapy for acute and sub @-@ chronic low back pain but little evidence for the use of either heat or cold therapy in chronic pain . Weak evidence suggests that back belts might decrease the number of missed workdays , but there is nothing to suggest that they will help with the pain . Ultrasound and shock wave therapies do not appear effective and therefore are not recommended . Exercise therapy is effective in decreasing pain and improving function for those with chronic low back pain . It also appears to reduce recurrence rates for as long as six months after the completion of program and improves long @-@ term function . There is no evidence that one particular type of exercise therapy is more effective than another . The Alexander technique appears useful for chronic back pain , and there is tentative evidence to support the use of yoga . Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation ( TENS ) has not been found to be effective in chronic low back pain . Evidence for the use of shoe insoles as a treatment is inconclusive . Peripheral nerve stimulation , a minimally @-@ invasive procedure , may be useful in cases of chronic low back pain that do not respond to other measures , although the evidence supporting it is not conclusive , and it is not effective for pain that radiates into the leg . = = = Medications = = = The management of low back pain often includes medications for the duration that they are beneficial . With the first episode of low back pain the hope is a complete cure ; however , if the problem becomes chronic , the goals may change to pain management and the recovery of as much function as possible . As pain medications are only somewhat effective , expectations regarding their benefit may differ from reality , and this can lead to decreased satisfaction . The medication typically recommended first is acetaminophen ( paracetamol ) or NSAIDs ( though not aspirin ) , and these are enough for most people . Standard doses of acetaminophen are very safe ; however , high doses may cause liver problems , and very high doses can be fatal . High @-@ quality reviews have found acetaminophen ( paracetamol ) to be no more effective than placebo at improving pain , quality of life , or function . NSAIDs are more effective for acute episodes than acetaminophen ; however , they carry a greater risk of side effects including : kidney failure , stomach ulcers and possibly heart problems . Thus , NSAIDs are a second choice to acetaminophen , recommended only when the pain is not handled by the latter . NSAIDs are available in several different classes ; there is no evidence to support the use of COX @-@ 2 inhibitors over any other class of NSAIDs with respect to benefits . With respect to safety naproxen may be best . Muscle relaxants may be beneficial . If the pain is still not managed adequately , short term use of opioids such as morphine may be useful . These medications carry a risk of addiction , may have negative interactions with other drugs , and have a greater risk of side effects , including dizziness , nausea , and constipation . Opioids may be suitable for short @-@ term management of severe , acute pain that is causing significant problems . Specialist groups advise against general long @-@ term use of opioids for chronic low back pain . For older people with chronic pain , opioids may be used in those for whom NSAIDs present too great a risk , including those with diabetes , stomach or heart problems . They may also be useful for a select group of people with neuropathic pain . Antidepressants may be effective for treating chronic pain associated with symptoms of depression , but they have a risk of side effects . Although the antiseizure drugs gabapentin and carbamazepine are sometimes used for chronic low back pain and may relieve sciatic pain , there is insufficient evidence to support their use . Systemic oral steroids have not been shown to be useful in low back pain . Facet joint injections and steroid injections into the discs have not been found to be effective in those with persistent , non @-@ radiating pain ; however , they may be considered for those with persistent sciatic pain . Epidural corticosteroid injections provide a slight and questionable short @-@ term improvement in those with sciatica but are of no long term benefit . There are also concerns of potential side effects . = = = Surgery = = = Surgery may be useful in those with a herniated disc that is causing significant pain radiating into the leg , significant leg weakness , bladder problems , or loss of bowel control . It may also be useful in those with spinal stenosis . In the absence of these issues , there is no clear evidence of a benefit from surgery . Discectomy ( the partial removal of a disc that is causing leg pain ) can provide pain relief sooner than nonsurgical treatments . Discectomy has better outcomes at one year but not at four to ten years . The less invasive microdiscectomy has not been shown to result in a different outcome than regular discectomy . For most other conditions , there is not enough evidence to provide recommendations for surgical options . The long @-@ term effect surgery has on degenerative disc disease is not clear . Less invasive surgical options have improved recovery times , but evidence regarding effectiveness is insufficient . For those with pain localized to the lower back due to disc degeneration , fair evidence supports spinal fusion as equal to intensive physical therapy and slightly better than low @-@ intensity nonsurgical measures . Fusion may be considered for those with low back pain from acquired displaced vertebra that does not improve with conservative treatment , although only a few of those who have spinal fusion experience good results . There are a number of different surgical procedures to achieve fusion , with no clear evidence of one being better than the others . Adding spinal implant devices during fusion increases the risks but provides no added improvement in pain or function . = = = Alternative medicine = = = It is unclear if chiropractic care or spinal manipulation therapy ( SMT ) improves outcomes in those with low back pain more or less than other treatments . Some reviews find that SMT results in equal or better improvements in pain and function when compared with other commonly used interventions for short , intermediate , and long @-@ term follow @-@ up ; other reviews find it to be no more effective in reducing pain than either inert interventions , sham manipulation , or other treatments , and conclude that adding SMT to other treatments does improve outcomes . National guidelines reach different conclusions , with some not recommending spinal manipulation , some describing manipulation as optional , and others recommending a short course for those who do not improve with other treatments . Manipulation under anaesthesia , or medically assisted manipulation , has not enough evidence to make any confident recommendation . Acupuncture is no better than placebo , usual care , or sham acupuncture for nonspecific acute pain or sub @-@ chronic pain . For those with chronic pain , it improves pain a little more than no treatment and about the same as medications , but it does not help with disability . This pain benefit is only present right after treatment and not at follow @-@ up . Acupuncture may be a reasonable method to try for those with chronic pain that does not respond to other treatments like conservative care and medications . While massage therapy does not appear to provide much benefit for acute low back pain , it may help those with sub @-@ chronic and chronic pain , particularly when combined with physical exercises and education . Tentative evidence suggests that acupuncture and massage together may be better than massage alone . Prolotherapy – the practice of injecting solutions into joints ( or other areas ) to cause inflammation and thereby stimulate the body 's healing response – has not been found to be effective by itself , although it may be helpful when added to another therapy . Herbal medicines , as a whole , are poorly supported by evidence . The herbal treatments Devil 's claw and white willow may reduce the number of individuals reporting high levels of pain ; however , for those taking pain relievers , this difference is not significant . Capsicum , in the form of either a gel or a plaster cast , has been found to reduce pain and increase function . Behavioral therapy may be useful for chronic pain . There are several types available , including operant conditioning , which uses reinforcement to reduce undesirable behaviors and increase desirable behaviors ; cognitive behavioral therapy , which helps people identify and correct negative thinking and behavior ; and respondent conditioning , which can modify an individual 's physiological response to pain . Medical providers may develop an integrated program of behavioral therapies . The evidence is inconclusive as to whether mindfulness @-@ based stress reduction reduces chronic back pain intensity or associated disability , although it suggests that it may be useful in improving the acceptance of existing pain . Tentative evidence supports neuroreflexotherapy ( NRT ) , in which small pieces of metal are placed just under the skin of the ear and back , for non @-@ specific low back pain . = = Prognosis = = Overall , the outcome for acute low back pain is positive . Pain and disability usually improve a great deal in the first six weeks , with complete recovery reported by 40 to 90 % . In those who still have symptoms after six weeks , improvement is generally slower with only small gains up to one year . At one year , pain and disability levels are low to minimal in most people . Distress , previous low back pain , and job satisfaction are predictors of long @-@ term outcome after an episode of acute pain . Certain psychological problems such as depression , or unhappiness due to loss of employment may prolong the episode of low back pain . Following a first episode of back pain , recurrences occur in more than half of people . For persistent low back pain , the short @-@ term outcome is also positive , with improvement in the first six weeks but very little improvement after that . At one year , those with chronic low back pain usually continue to have moderate pain and disability . People at higher risk of long @-@ term disability include those with poor coping skills or with fear of activity ( 2 @.@ 5 times more likely to have poor outcomes at one year ) , those with a poor ability to cope with pain , functional impairments , poor general health , or a significant psychiatric or psychological component to the pain ( Waddell 's signs ) . = = Epidemiology = = Low back pain that lasts at least one day and limits activity is a common complaint . Globally , about 40 % of people have LBP at some point in their lives , with estimates as high as 80 % of people in the developed world . Approximately 9 to 12 % of people ( 632 million ) have LBP at any given point in time , and nearly one quarter ( 23 @.@ 2 % ) report having it at some point over any one @-@ month period . Difficulty most often begins between 20 and 40 years of age . Low back pain is more common among people aged 40 – 80 years , with the overall number of individuals affected expected to increase as the population ages . It is not clear whether men or women have higher rates of low back pain . A 2012 review reported a rate of 9 @.@ 6 % among males and 8 @.@ 7 % among females . Another 2012 review found a higher rate in females than males , which the reviewers felt was possibly due to greater rates of pains due to osteoporosis , menstruation , and pregnancy among women , or possibly because women were more willing to report pain than men . An estimated 70 % of women experience back pain during pregnancy with the rate being higher the further along in pregnancy . Current smokers – and especially those who are adolescents – are more likely to have low back pain than former smokers , and former smokers are more likely to have low back pain than those who have never smoked . = = History = = Low back pain has been with humans since at least the Bronze Age . The oldest known surgical treatise – the Edwin Smith Papyrus , dating to about 1500 BCE – describes a diagnostic test and treatment for a vertebral sprain . Hippocrates ( c . 460 BCE – c . 370 BCE ) was the first to use a term for sciatic pain and low back pain ; Galen ( active mid to late second century CE ) described the concept in some detail . Physicians through the end of the first millennium did not attempt back surgery and recommended watchful waiting . Through the Medieval period , folk medicine practitioners provided treatments for back pain based on the belief that it was caused by spirits . At the start of the 20th century , physicians thought low back pain was caused by inflammation of or damage to the nerves , with neuralgia and neuritis frequently mentioned by them in the medical literature of the time . The popularity of such proposed causes decreased during the 20th century . In the early 20th century , American neurosurgeon Harvey Williams Cushing increased the acceptance of surgical treatments for low back pain . In the 1920s and 1930s , new theories of the cause arose , with physicians proposing a combination of nervous system and psychological disorders such as nerve weakness ( neurasthenia ) and female hysteria . Muscular rheumatism ( now called fibromyalgia ) was also cited with increasing frequency . Emerging technologies such as X @-@ rays gave physicians new diagnostic tools , revealing the intervertebral disc as a source for back pain in some cases . In 1938 , orthopedic surgeon Joseph S. Barr reported on cases of disc @-@ related sciatica improved or cured with back surgery . As a result of this work , in the 1940s , the vertebral disc model of low back pain took over , dominating the literature through the 1980s , aiding further by the rise of new imaging technologies such as CT and MRI . The discussion subsided as research showed disc problems to be a relatively uncommon cause of the pain . Since then , physicians have come to realize that it is unlikely that a specific cause for low back pain can be identified in many cases and question the need to find one at all as most of the time symptoms resolve within 6 to 12 weeks regardless of treatment . = = Society and culture = = Low back pain results in large economic costs . In the United States , it is the most common type of pain in adults , responsible for a large number of missed work days , and is the most common musculoskeletal complaint seen in the emergency department . In 1998 , it was estimated to be responsible for $ 90 billion in annual health care costs , with 5 % of individuals incurring most ( 75 % ) of the costs . Between 1990 and 2001 there was a more than twofold increase in spinal fusion surgeries in the US , despite the fact that there were no changes to the indications for surgery or new evidence of greater usefulness . Further costs occur in the form of lost income and productivity , with low back pain responsible for 40 % of all missed work days in the United States . Low back pain causes disability in a larger percentage of the workforce in Canada , Great Britain , the Netherlands and Sweden than in the US or Germany . Workers who experience acute low back pain as a result of a work injury may be asked by their employers to have x @-@ rays . As in other cases , testing is not indicated unless red flags are present . An employer 's concern about legal liability is not a medical indication and should not be used to justify medical testing when it is not indicated . There should be no legal reason for encouraging people to have tests which a health care provider determines are not indicated . = = Research = = Total disc replacement is an experimental option , but no significant evidence supports its use over lumbar fusion . Researchers are investigating the possibility of growing new intervertebral structures through the use of injected human growth factors , implanted substances , cell therapy , and tissue engineering .
= Tunnel Vision ( song ) = " Tunnel Vision " is a song recorded by American singer Justin Timberlake for his third studio album , The 20 / 20 Experience ( 2013 ) . It was written and produced by Timberlake , Timothy " Timbaland " Mosley and Jerome " J @-@ Roc " Harmon , with additional writing by James Fauntleroy . " Tunnel Vision " was digitally released on June 14 , 2013 by RCA Records as the third single from the album . It is a mid @-@ tempo R & B song with EDM influence and instrumentation featuring Timbaland 's signature ad @-@ libs , record @-@ scratching , heavy drums , melodic bass , orchestration and synthesizer . Its lyrics proclaim Timberlake 's tunnel vision for his love interest , with several voyeuristic references . " Tunnel Vision " received generally positive reviews from music critics , most of whom praised Timbaland 's production , and it was cited as The 20 / 20 Experience 's highlight . After the album 's release , the song charted in South Korea and the United States because of high digital sales . It debuted on the singles chart in South Korea at number 27 , selling 6 @,@ 670 digital copies in its first week . " Tunnel Vision " peaked at number 40 on the US Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart , and number eight on the UK R & B Singles Chart . The music video for " Tunnel Vision " was directed by Jonathan Craven , Simon McLoughlin and Jeff Nicholas , and premiered on July 3 on Timberlake 's Vevo channel . In the seven @-@ minute video , Timberlake and Timbaland watch nude women and dance . Critics labeled the video NSFW and compared it to the video for Robin Thicke 's 2013 single , " Blurred Lines " . Originally banned on YouTube , it was later posted with the condition that viewers disclose their age . The song was part of the set list for Timberlake 's 2013 Legends of the Summer concert tour with rapper Jay @-@ Z and his fifth solo tour , the 2013 – 15 20 / 20 Experience World Tour . = = Production and release = = " Tunnel Vision " was written by Justin Timberlake , Timothy " Timbaland " Mosley , Jerome " J @-@ Roc " Harmon and James Fauntleroy , and produced by Timbaland , Timberlake and Harmon . Timberlake arranged and produced his vocals , which were recorded at Larabee Studios in North Hollywood , California . Other instrumentalists were Harmon on keyboards and Elliot Ives on guitar . The song was engineered by Chris Godbey ( assisted by Alejandro Baima ) and mixed by Jimmy Douglass , Godbey and Timberlake at Larabee Studios . On June 10 , 2013 Timberlake introduced the artwork for the " Tunnel Vision " single , a black @-@ and @-@ white close @-@ up of the singer 's face in the silhouette of a nude woman . Kia Macarechi of The Huffington Post found the artwork unpleasant and unusual ; according to Justin Myers of the Official Charts Company , Timberlake " seems to be playing up to his naughty nickname of Trousersnake with the cover " . Zach Dionne of New York 's Vulture website called the cover " awful boobnose single art " , committing to " the smoky naked woman vibe " . " Tunnel Vision " and its radio edit were digitally released in France and Italy on June 14 on Amazon . That day , the single was also released in Australia , Belgium , Luxembourg , The Netherlands , New Zealand and Sweden on 7 Digital and the iTunes Store . It was released on June 17 in Norway , the following day in Spain and on June 21 in Switzerland . = = Composition and lyrics = = " Tunnel Vision " is a mid @-@ tempo R & B song with an EDM influence . Billboard 's Jason Lipshutz noted that it has an instrumentation that features " fizzing beats abetted by the producer 's [ Timbaland ] signature ad @-@ libs and vocal record @-@ scratches " , while according to Sobhi Youssef of Sputnikmusic the song is build on " still @-@ existing chops with a drum heavy , syncopated backbone amidst frenetically shifting bass melodies , sweeping orchestrations , and vacuous synths that all coalesce into a fuzzed out boom @-@ bap . " Ryan Dombal of Pitchfork Media called the synthesizer " sinister " and , according to Slant Magazine 's Eric Henderson , it has Middle Eastern tones . Joey Guerra of the Houston Chronicle called the beats and vocal loops on " Tunnel Vision " reminiscent of Timbaland 's past work with the late American singer Aaliyah . According to Sarah Dean of The Huffington Post , its beat resembles that on 50 Cent 's 2007 single " Ayo Technology " ( also featuring Timberlake ) . " Tunnel Vision " features " thrilling " evolutions in production and arrangement complementing Timberlake 's vocals , and the song 's unusual , abrupt changes unite it throughout . It borrows the " dark alley " rhythm of The 20 / 20 Experience 's third track , " Don 't Hold the Wall " ; Timberlake sings in his lower register , with an " exciting " upward arpeggio . Timbaland uses the singer 's voice as a " flexible instrument to enhance his tech savvy soundscape " , constructing " layers of production elements into towers of sonic force " . Lauren Martin of Fact called the song the start of Timbaland 's " Bollywood influenced ' Indian Flute ' era " and a tease ; Timberlake 's voice is redistributed , with wider range and suspense . The song 's lyrics describe Timberlake 's tunnel vision of his love interest , with several voyeuristic references . The singer professes his love : " I look around and everything I see is beautiful , because all I see is you . " According to The Huffington Post 's Dean , Timberlake is in happier state of mind than on his 2002 song " Cry Me a River " or his 2007 single " What Goes Around ... Comes Around " . However , his lyrics have an obsessive quality : " A million people in a crowded room , but my camera lens is only set to zoom and it all becomes so clear . " Mellisa Maerz of Entertainment Weekly wrote that on " Tunnel Vision " , Timberlake is lyrically " playing the rom @-@ com director " : " Just like a movie shoot , I ’ m zoomin ’ in on you as we ride off into the sun . " According to Mikael Wood of the Los Angeles Times , Timberlake uses references to " cameras and reflective surfaces " to reflect on the " changing nature of celebrity " . = = Critical response = = In a review of The 20 / 20 Experience , Jean Bentley of The Hollywood Reporter called " Tunnel Vision " and " Strawberry Bubblegum " " electro @-@ tinged jams " . Consequence of Sound 's Sarah H. Grant wrote that " Tunnel Vision " and " Don 't Hold the Wall " were the album 's highlights , similar to Timberlake 's best work with ' NSYNC . Clyde Erwin Barretto of Prefix Magazine praised its production , which he felt excited listeners . The Huffington Post 's Sarah Dean called " Tunnel Vision " her favorite track on the album . Jordan Sargent of Spin wrote that with the song , Timbaland proved that he could still produce otherworldly beats . In The Guardian , Kitty Empire wrote that Timbaland rejuvenated his production talents and " Kanye @-@ calibre ambition " . In a less @-@ enthusiastic review , Brad Stern of MTV Buzzworthy dismissed " Tunnel Vision " as " the album 's most tediously grating moment " . Allan Raible of ABC News praised the track 's beat , but thought it would fit better on a song with fewer " tired ' loverman ' clichés . " Fact magazine 's Lauren Martin described " Tunnel Vision " and " Don 't Hold the Wall " as " two rousing , if mildly deja vu inducing , efforts . " Jed Gottlieb of the Boston Herald said that the song 's " electro bump " would have been innovative if it had been released a year earlier . = = Commercial performance = = " Tunnel Vision " sold well digitally after the release of The 20 / 20 Experience , charting in several countries . The week of March 17 , 2013 , it debuted on the South Korean Gaon International Chart at number 27 with 6 @,@ 670 digital copies sold . Although it did not reach the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States , " Tunnel Vision " peaked at number 11 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 singles chart and peaked at number 40 on the Billboard Hot R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Songs chart . After its release as a single , the song debuted and peaked at number 75 on the Irish Singles Chart . The week of July 20 , " Tunnel Vision " debuted at number 64 on the UK Singles Chart . Its chart position fluctuated for three weeks , peaking at number 61 on August 10 . The song was most successful on the UK R & B Singles Chart , where it debuted at number 15 and peaked at number eight by the week of August 10 . = = Music video = = = = = Conception and fashion = = = " Tunnel Vision " ' s music video premiered on July 3 , 2013 on Timberlake 's Vevo YouTube channel . The singer tweeted , " Check out the new video for Tunnel Vision and be ready ... it 's explicit . -teamJT " . The video was directed by Jonathan Craven , Simon McLoughlin and Jeff Nicholas , with a cameo appearance by Timbaland . Craven and Nathan Scherrer produced the video for the Uprising Creative . Its director of photography was Sing Howe Yam , and Jacquelyn London edited the video for Sunset Edit . The seven @-@ minute video features Timberlake and Timbaland gazing at three nude women ; according to Jason Lipshutz of Billboard , the women are wearing flesh @-@ colored G @-@ strings . In some shots , Timberlake 's face is projected onto the women 's bodies . Jordan Sargent of Spin called the set pieces where projections of Timberlake interact with the nude dancers " a fractured dynamic that mirrors ' Tunnel Vision ' itself " . Cinya Burton of E ! wrote about Timberlake 's video wardrobe , " Apparently when Justin Timberlake isn 't in his now @-@ signature suit and tie getup , he 's donning AllSaints . " The singer wore two head @-@ to @-@ toe ensembles by the brand . The first was a gray Baxley V @-@ neck T @-@ shirt layered under a white Redono half @-@ sleeved shirt , with casual Charge Chino pants . The second , a darker combination worn while he dances against a lighter background , was a black Resident Crew T @-@ shirt , dark gray Pipe Chino pants , a Duncan denim shirt and black Trap boots . According to Burton , " While his ensembles are both dapper " , the nude models in the video attracted more attention . = = = Critical response and ban = = = Critics have called the video NSFW , comparing it to the 2013 video for " Blurred Lines " by Robin Thicke with Pharrell Williams and T.I .. In an interview with Capital FM , Thicke responded to a question about the videos ' similarity : " No comment . I 'll let you do all the talking . It 's a subject that has no good ending . " Fact magazine called the video 's concept simple , and said its production team was unconcerned . According to Spin 's Jordan Sargent , " Like his new album The 20 / 20 Experience , in which half the songs run longer than seven minutes , the ' Tunnel Vision ' video is self @-@ consciously artistic and mature . But the video is also at times effective , particularly when the editing gets choppier during the bridge . " About the nude women in the video , an MTV UK reviewer said that Timberlake drew on Thicke 's video . The Huffington Post 's Sarah Dean wrote that Timberlake used a tip from Thicke to accompany a " great " song with a video objectifying women who enjoy dancing nude , criticizing the use of three women for a song with lyrics about a single love interest . According to Tamar Anitai of MTV Buzzworthy , Timberlake wanted to live his life and celebrate his album 's success : " Oh , come on ! Don 't complain . You bitched and moaned endlessly when Justin Timberlake stopped making music for six years , so don 't get all Veruca Salty when he comes back with boobs to spare and boobs to share . " In her review , Rachel Maresca of the New York Daily News wrote that Timberlake slurred some of the song 's explicit lyrics in the video . According to Kathy McCabe of News Corp Australia , Timberlake escalated the pop @-@ porn movement with the video : " With mummy blogger outrage over Robin Thicke 's exploitation of topless women for his Blurred Lines video – and its questionable lyrics – still raging , Timberlake has gone even further in his clip " . McCabe wrote that male pop singers have been influenced by Rihanna and Katy Perry , who have " stripped down in the name of a hit . Or art . Or freedom of expression , depending on the press release spin " . Clash 's Robin Murray wrote that pop music has lacked raunchiness and sex appeal for some time , and Timberlake 's return was needed : " Lavish , lush and 21st century in a direct , shocking fashion , the video finds Justin Timberlake on perfect preening form . " After the video 's release it was banned from YouTube with a message saying , " This video has been removed as a violation of YouTube 's policy on nudity or sexual content " . The website quickly restored the video with a content warning and the requirement that viewers sign in ( to verify their age ) . Although a YouTube representative declined to comment on individual videos , he issued a statement : " While our guidelines generally prohibit nudity , we make exceptions when it is presented in an educational , documentary or artistic context , and take care to add appropriate warnings and age restrictions " . = = Live performances = = Timberlake first performed " Tunnel Vision " at the Phoenix Park concert in Dublin , Ireland , as part of a set list which included " Cry Me a River " , " SexyBack " and " My Love " . In a review of the concert , John Balfe of entertainment.ie wrote : " Even the album 's more well @-@ known songs like ' Tunnel Vision ' , ' Mirrors ' and ' Suit & Tie ' don 't yet have the same weight in the setlist as some of JT 's more established hits and it was songs like ' SexyBack ' that really got the 40 @,@ 000 strong crowd to move " . On July 12 Timberlake appeared on the main stage at the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in Stratford , London as part of the Wireless Festival , performing " Tunnel Vision " and other songs dressed in black and wearing a black fedora . The song was on the set lists of Timberlake 's 2013 Legends of the Summer Stadium Tour with rapper Jay @-@ Z and his fifth worldwide tour , the 2013 – 15 20 / 20 Experience World Tour . = = Track listing = = " Tunnel Vision " ( radio edit ) — 4 : 45 " Tunnel Vision " — 6 : 46 = = Personnel = = = = Charts = = = = Release history = =
= Katie and Emily = " Katie and Emily " is the ninth and penultimate episode of the third series of the British teen drama Skins , which first aired on 19 March 2009 on E4 in both Ireland and the United Kingdom . The episode was written by Malcolm Campbell and Bryan Elsley , and was directed by Charles Martin . The episode focuses on the characters of twins Katie and Emily Fitch ( Megan and Kathryn Prescott , respectively ) as they prepare for their college 's annual ball . Katie refuses to leave home , recovering from being hit in the head with a rock , and faces her weakening control over her sister . Emily , meanwhile , is heartbroken when her girlfriend , Naomi Campbell ( Lily Loveless ) , turns down Emily 's invitation to the ball , and comes out to her family about her sexuality . " Katie and Emily " featured numerous cameo appearances by the series ' crew members and the winners of various Skins @-@ related competitions . While filming one of the episode 's fight scenes , according to Kathryn Prescott , the actors " did it a bit too properly " , with injuries sustained to both Megan Prescott and Giles Thomas . The episode drew just under one million viewers on its first broadcast and was E4 's highest @-@ rated programme of the week . It was received generally well by critics . = = Plot = = Emily , disguised as her twin sister Katie , arrives at college to take Katie 's history exam . In reality , Katie is at home , with nine stitches to the head after being hit with a rock by their friend Effy Stonem , who has disappeared . Katie is embarrassed about how her injuries look , and miserable over the loss of her boyfriend Freddie Mclair ( Luke Pasqualino ) , who only dated her to spite Effy , his real love interest . She begins to take notice of all the hints in front of her , and realises that she can no longer hide from herself the fact that Emily is homosexual . At college , Naomi uncovers Emily 's disguise ( which had not fooled JJ or Freddie either ) and tells her that she plans to spend the summer alone in Cyprus . When Emily tells Naomi that she will miss her , they kiss in an empty corridor and later find themselves at Naomi 's house where they have sex . Afterward , Emily asks Naomi to the college ball , but Naomi , still crippled by insecurity over her sexuality , refuses , leaving Emily heartbroken . Emily leaves and at the bus stop meets Thomas Tomone ( Merveille Lukeba ) , who offers her his shoes and jacket and is unconcerned when she tells him that she is gay . He tries to comfort her but admits that he believes it impossible to stop loving somebody , referring to his ex @-@ girlfriend Pandora Moon ( Lisa Backwell ) . Emily returns home and comes out to her family , telling them that she has been having sex with a girl named Naomi . Her father , Rob ( John Bishop ) , dismisses it as a joke and her mother , Jenna ( Ronni Ancona ) , is speechless , while Katie tries to deny it . She and Emily have a heated argument , leaving Katie crying . The following morning , Naomi visits the Fitches ' house , but Jenna answers the door . She confronts Naomi , convincing her that Emily is not gay and warning Naomi to stay away from her . Naomi too denies her own sexual orientation and leaves hastily . After waking up , Katie and Emily reconcile in their own secret language , and Emily reluctantly agrees to go to the ball with Katie . While shopping for ball gowns , they meet Pandora , who is returning a dress since Thomas has not forgiven her for her infidelity with their friend James Cook . The twins run into Freddie and JJ Jones ( Ollie Barbieri ) while trying on dresses . JJ reveals to Emily that he told Freddie that he had sex with her , and Freddie inadvertently tells Katie , who was unaware of this . She guilts Freddie into accompanying her to the ball and volunteers Emily to go with JJ . Later , she is furious with Emily for having sex with JJ without her permission , still insisting that Emily is " not gay , [ just ] stupid " . Katie intercepts one of Naomi 's phone calls to Emily and tricks Naomi into meeting with her , where she reveals Emily 's affair with JJ and warns Naomi not to come to the ball . As Katie , Emily , Freddie and JJ prepare to enter the ball , Naomi arrives , announcing that she knows about Emily and JJ 's fling before she walks in . An upset Emily leaves . Katie starts a fight with Naomi . Unaware of Emily 's presence , she admits her deceit and claims that Emily " deserved it . " Infuriated , Emily attacks Katie , wreaking havoc through the entire ball . Emily finally overpowers her sister and raises a fist to punch her , but , after a moment 's hesitation , reconsiders and instead helps Katie to stand up , declaring that she is " not her . " In front of everybody , Emily tells Katie that she is her own person and that she is in love with Naomi . Katie accepts Emily 's individuality and sexuality , and Naomi , no longer ashamed of their relationship , extends her hand to Emily . The couple leaves the ball hand @-@ in @-@ hand and Naomi tells Emily that she loves her too . Meanwhile , Pandora apologises again to Thomas and he forgives her , re @-@ introducing himself . = = Production = = " Katie and Emily " featured a number of cameo appearances . Phil Goldie , who won the " Skins Needs You " competition for young directors , appears as a man in the café where Naomi meets Katie . Clara Nicholls and Antonio Aakeel , the winners of a competition to win a speaking role in Skins , played the shop assistant and security guard respectively at the boutique where Katie and Emily shop for ball gowns , while another finalist from the competition , Allana Taylor , starred as a girl dancing with the students ' Head of Form , Doug ( Giles Thomas ) , at the ball . One of the series ' runners , Laurence Wigfield , played a bystander at the ball and the crew 's " jack of all trades " , Tyrone Hyman , appeared on a poster in Katie and Emily 's bedroom . Lisa Backwell described the filming of the ball as her " most favourite , most mental day of filming " . At the end of the final take of Pandora 's dancing with Doug , the students ' head of year , the entire crew danced into shot . Director Charles Martin was initially dubious of whether Megan and Kathryn Prescott would be able to film Katie and Emily 's fight well enough , but Kathryn said that on their first rehearsal they " did it a bit too properly " , ripping out parts of Megan 's hair extensions . Emily 's accidental punching of Doug during the fight was choreographed so that when Kathryn Prescott punched the air in front of Giles Thomas 's face , the camera angle would make it appear that she was actually hitting him . While they were filming , however , Prescott genuinely punched Thomas by accident , causing him to stumble back and step on Megan Prescott 's bare foot , which she injured . = = Reception = = " Katie and Emily " brought in 957 @,@ 000 viewers and was E4 's highest @-@ rated programme of the week with an audience share of 4 @.@ 4 percent . Another 320 @,@ 000 viewers watched the episode an hour after its initial broadcast on E4 's timeshift channel , E4 + 1 . Sarah Warn , editor @-@ in @-@ chief of lesbian @-@ based website AfterEllen.com , thought that the portrayal of Emily and Naomi 's relationship in the episode was " a good example of a well @-@ plotted , well @-@ executed , and well @-@ acted storyline coming to a satisfying conclusion " , which she regarded as " a noteworthy event given how few TV shows you can say that about " . She felt that Emily 's changing relationship with Katie as a significant part of her character development made her " sympathetic and relatable to those who might have otherwise have difficulty relating to a lesbian character " . One critic for PopSugar.com wrote that in this episode the " drama was still in full flow " despite the absence of principal characters Effy and Cook , and was impressed with the episode 's " uplifting ending " . They believed that Ronni Ancona was " fab " as the twins ' mother , and regarded Pandora and Doug 's dance at the ball as a " fantastic comic moment " . Ellie Newton @-@ Syms of InJournalism Magazine was " thrilled " with the conclusion of Katie and Emily 's storyline . The entertainment editor for eurOut.org , a website for European lesbians , wrote that she " almost [ felt ] like joining in " when Emily cried after breaking up with Naomi , and thought that the twins ' secret language was " very cute and adorable " . Dan French , in a review for Digital Spy , highlighted the episode 's " dramas aplenty " and believed Katie and Emily 's parents to be " slightly creepy " . The Sun 's Keeley Bolger described Katie and Emily 's falling out as " spectacular " .
= Lactifluus deceptivus = Lactifluus deceptivus ( synonym Lactarius deceptivus ) , commonly known as the deceiving milkcap , is a common species of fungus in the Russulaceae family . It is found throughout eastern North America on the ground in coniferous forests near hemlock or deciduous forests near oak , and in oak @-@ dominated forests of Costa Rica . It produces large mushrooms with funnel @-@ shaped caps reaching up to 25 cm ( 9 @.@ 8 in ) in diameter , on top of hard white stems that may reach 4 – 10 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 3 @.@ 9 in ) long and up to 3 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick . The gills are closely spaced together and yellowish @-@ cream in color . When young , the cap is white in all parts , but the depressed center becomes dull brownish in age and breaks up into scales . The edge of the cap has a roll of cottony tissue that collapses as the cap expands . The surface of the stem — especially near the base — has a velvety texture . The mushroom " bleeds " a milky white acrid latex when it is cut or injured . The fruit bodies are edible , but have a bitter taste that can be removed with cooking . Similar milk @-@ cap species with which L. deceptivus might be confused include Lactifluus piperatus , L. pseudodeceptivus , L. caeruleitinctus , L. subvellereus , Lactarius arcuatus and Lactarius parvulus . = = Taxonomy = = The species was first described in the scientific literature by American mycologist Charles Horton Peck in 1885 . The specific epithet deceptivus is derived from the Latin word for " deceptive " . The name may allude to the contrasting appearance of young and old fruit bodies . It is commonly known as the " deceptive lactarius " , the " deceiving lactarius " , or the " deceptive milkcap " . In the state of Puebla , Mexico , it is known as oreja de chivo , or " kid ear " . Following the split @-@ off of the phylogenetically distinct genus Lactifluus from the other milk @-@ caps in the genus Lactarius , the correct combination for the species is the one made by Otto Kuntze in 1891 , Lactifluus deceptivus . Within the genus Lactifluus , L. deceptivus is classified in the subgenus Lactifluus , section Albati . Characteristics of species in this section include a white or whitish immature cap that may later turn yellow @-@ brown to cinnamon @-@ color ; white to cream @-@ colored latex that typically has an acrid taste ; a velvet @-@ textured stem due to a cuticle made of long narrow , thick @-@ walled hairs . Other species in this section include L. vellereus ( the type species ) , L. subvellereus , and L. caeruleitinctus . Based on a morphological study published in 2005 , Lactarius tomentosomarginatus is considered synonymous with Lactifluus deceptivus . L. tomentosomarginatus , described by Hesler and Smith in their 1979 monograph of North American milk @-@ caps , was considered by them to be a " satellite species " , differing from L. deceptivus on the basis of smaller spores , smaller ornamentations on the surface of the spores , crowded and forked narrow gills , and differences in the micro @-@ structure of the cap cuticle . = = Description = = The cap is 7 @.@ 5 – 25 @.@ 5 cm ( 3 @.@ 0 – 10 @.@ 0 in ) in diameter , initially convex , but becomes funnel @-@ shaped in age . The margin ( cap edge ) is rolled inwards and cottony when young , concealing the immature gills . The cap surface is dry , smooth and whitish when young , often with yellowish or brownish stains , but becomes coarsely scaly and darkens to dull brownish @-@ ochre with age . The gills have an adnate to decurrent attachment to the stem , close to subdistant , white at first then cream to pale ochre . They are 5 – 65 mm ( 0 @.@ 2 – 2 @.@ 6 in ) long and 1 – 7 mm ( 0 @.@ 04 – 0 @.@ 3 in ) deep . The stem is 4 – 10 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 3 @.@ 9 in ) long , up to 3 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 in ) thick , nearly equal in width throughout or tapered downward . It is dry , scurfy to nearly smooth and white , staining brown with age . It is initially stuffed ( as if filled with cotton ) , but later becomes hollow . The flesh is thick and white , and between 3 and 15 mm ( 0 @.@ 1 and 0 @.@ 6 in ) thick . The latex produced by the mushroom is white , and does not change color upon exposure to air , although it stains the mushroom flesh a yellowish @-@ brown color . The odor of the flesh and latex may range from indistinct to pungent or turnip @-@ like in age ; the taste is strongly acrid — so much that it may have an anesthetizing effect in the throat . In his original description of the species , Peck reported " An experiment of its edible qualities was made without any evil consequences . " Thorough cooking removes the bitter taste , but the mushroom is not highly regarded as an edible , and as Hesler and Smith have noted " ... but even with this compensating feature some of our acquaintances have found it rather undesirable ( and indigestible ) . " The mushroom is sold at traditional markets in Puebla , Mexico . = = = Microscopic characteristics = = = The spore print , freshly made , is white to whitish ; after drying out the spores in mass are pale yellowish . The spores are broadly ellipsoid , hyaline ( translucent ) and measure 9 – 13 by 7 – 9 µm . An apiculus is prominent . The spores are ornamented with warts and spines that do not form a reticulum ( a system of raised , net @-@ like ridges ) on the surface . The prominences are up to 1 @.@ 5 µm high , and amyloid , meaning they absorb iodine when stained with Melzer 's reagent . The basidia ( spore @-@ bearing cells ) are four @-@ spored , and measure 46 – 58 by 7 – 9 µm . The pleurocystidia ( cystidia found on the face of a gill ) are very abundant , roughly club @-@ shaped to ventricose ( swollen in the middle ) , with apices often tapering ; their dimensions are 48 – 96 x 6 – 10 µm . The cheilocystidia ( cystidia on the edge of the gills ) are 40 – 58 x 5 – 7 µm , and more or less similar in appearance to the pleurocystidia . The cap cuticle is made of a layer of somewhat uplifted hyphae . The stem cuticle is a layer of bent @-@ over hyphae bearing thick @-@ walled , filamentous caulocystidia ( cystidia on the stem ) , and it lacks a gelatinous layer . = = = Similar species = = = The fungus Lactifluus pseudodeceptivus is very similar to L. deceptivus in its external appearance , but it has spore ornamentation that forms a reticulum , and its stem is an ixocutis ( a gelatinous layer of hyphae lying parallel to the surface ) . L. caeruleitinctus is also similar in appearance , but it has a milky @-@ white stem with blue tints that develops more intense blue coloration after handling , and it lacks a cottony , inrolled margin . Other lookalike species include Lactarius arcuatus , which has a much smaller cap and smaller spores , and Lactarius parvulus , which has a small , zonate cap . Russula brevipes and R. angustispora are also somewhat similar in appearance , but they do not produce latex when cut or injured . Lactifluus subvellereus var. subdistans has more widely spaced gills , and an even cap margin . Lactifluus piperatus has densely crowded gills , a firm rather than soft and cottony cap margin , and exceedingly acrid latex . = = Habitat and distribution = = Like all milk @-@ caps ( Lactarius and Lactifluus ) , L. deceptivus is mycorrhizal , meaning the fungus forms a mutualistic association with certain trees and shrubs . The subterranean mycelium of the fungus forms an intimate association with tree roots , enveloping them in a sheath of tissue that allows both organisms to exchange nutrients they would otherwise be unable to obtain . The fruit bodies of the fungus grow solitarily , scattered , or in groups on the ground in conifer or hardwood forests , often under oak ( Quercus ) or hemlock ( Tsuga ) . Smith has noted a preference for bogs and the edges of woodland pools in hardwood forests , and in oak stands that have an understory of blueberry bushes ( Vaccinium species ) . It is widely distributed in eastern North America , and has also been reported from southern and western Canada . It is a fairly common species , and fruits from June to October . The mushroom has also been reported from Mexico ( in Puebla and in Veracruz ) from oak and pine forests , at altitudes slightly over 2 @,@ 000 meters ( 1 @.@ 2 mi ) , and from Costa Rica , where it is abundant in oak forests .
= Chausath Yogini Temple , Morena = The Chausath Yogini Temple , Morena ( Hindi : चौंशठ योगिणीं मंदिर ) , an ancient temple , also known as Ekattarso Mahadeva Temple ( Hindi : एकत ् त ् तरसो महादेव मंदिर ) , " hypetheral on plan " located in Morena district in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh , is one of the few such Yogini temples in the country which is in a very good condition . The temple is formed by a circular wall with 64 chambers and an open mandapa in the centre , separated by a courtyard , which is circular in shape , where Lord Shiva is deified It is believed that the Parliament House , known as Sansad Bhavan , built in Delhi in the 1920s , has been patterned on the lines of this circular @-@ shaped Chausath Yogini Temple , dated to 1323 AD . The temple has been declared as an ancient historical monument by the Archaeological Survey of India . = = Location = = The temple is located on a hill which is about 100 feet ( 30 m ) in height and there are 100 steps to climb leading to the entrance of the temple . It is in the Mitaoli village ( also spelled Mitawali or Mitavali ) , near Padaoli in Morena district . The temple is well connected by road , rail and air services . The nearest rail head is Morena which is 15 kilometres ( 9 @.@ 3 mi ) away . The nearest airport is at Gwalior , which is 40 kilometres ( 25 mi ) away . = = History = = According to an inscription dated to 1323 AD ( Vikram Samvat 1383 ) , the temple was built by Maharaja Devapala in 8th century . It is said that the temple was the venue of providing education in astrology and mathematics based on the transit of the Sun . The Archaeological Survey of India has declared the temple as an ancient and historical monument under Act No . LXXI of 1951 , dt.28 / 11 / 1951 . = = Features = = The temple is externally circular in shape with a radius of 170 feet ( 52 m ) and within its interior part it has 64 small chambers , each with a mandapa which is open and a facia of pilasters and pillars . The roof of the entire structure is flat including that of another east facing circular temple within the outer circular wall . A large passage or courtyard lies between the outer enclosure and the central temple which is dedicated to Lord Shiva . There is an open porch entrance to this temple . The exterior surface of the outer wall has carvings of Hindu deities . Each of the 64 chambers in the outer circle has an image of Shiva deified in it . However , recent investigations have confirmed that originally these had a Yogini image deified in them and hence the temple is known as Chausath Yogini Temple ( ' Chausath ' here means " Sixty four " ) . It is said that the roof over the 64 chambers and the central shrine had towers or shikharas which were probably removed during later modifications . Within the main central shrine there are slab coverings which have perforations in them to drain rainwater to a large underground storage . The pipe lines from the roof lead the rain water to the storage are also visible . The temple needs conservation measures to preserve the ancient monument in good shape . The design of the temple has withstood earthquake shocks , without any damage to its circular structural features , in the past several centuries . The temple is in the Seismic Zone III . This fact was cited when the issue of safety from earthquake effect of the Parliament House which is also a circular structure , similar to the Chausath Yogini Temple , was debated in the Indian Parliament .
= Laser Beam = " Laser Beam " ( レーザービーム , " Laser Beam " ) is a song recorded by Japanese girl group Perfume for their third studio album , JPN ( 2011 ) . It was written , composed , arranged , and produced by Japanese musician and Capsule member Yasutaka Nakata . The single also included the A @-@ side track " Kasuka na Kaori " , which appeared on the parent album . Originally scheduled for an April 20 , 2011 release , it was postponed due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami disaster . As a result , they both premiered on May 18 , 2011 as the fourth single from the album in Japan . Musically , " Laser Beam " is an electronic song , influenced by 8 @-@ bit music . Upon its release , the track garnered positive reviews from music critics . Some critics highlighted the song as one of Perfume 's best singles from their album , and commended the composition . Some critics also labelled it one of the best Japanese songs in modern music history . It was also successful in Japan , peaking at number two on the Oricon Singles Chart and Billboard 's Japan Hot 100 chart . It was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) for physical shipments of 100 @,@ 000 units . An accompanying music video was shot by Kazuaki Seki ; it features the girls performing the song in a futuristic labyrinth , trying to retrieve a suitcase by a mysterious man . It was performed on the groups 2011 JPN concert tour . = = Background and release = = " Laser Beam " was written , composed , arranged , and produced by Japanese musician and Capsule member Yasutaka Nakata . It was also recorded , mixed , and mastered by Nakata . The song was recorded in 2010 at Contemode Studios , Shibuya , Tokyo by Nakata . Alongside the album ’ s remaining material , " Laser Beam " has partial rights by Nakata through Yamaha Music Communications . It was selected as a double A @-@ side track to " Kasuka na Kaori " . Both tracks , with the former being remixed by Nakata , also appeared on the album , listed at number 3 and 8 on the tracklist . Originally scheduled for an April 20 , 2011 release , it was postponed due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami disaster . As a result , they both premiered on May 18 , 2011 as the fourth single from the album in Japan . It was also released on June 19 , 2013 through European and Oceanic regions , and June 25 in North America . The maxi CD of the single contains both the A @-@ side tracks , plus their instrumental versions . The cover artwork was photographed by Japanese photographer Takaki Kumada ; the CD format uses the " Kasuka na Kaori " artwork ( which has the girls surrounded by furniture , in front of a cityscape ) , whilst the DVD format uses the " Laser Beam " artwork ( which has the girls pointing lasers towards the camera ) . = = Composition = = Musically , " Laser Beam " is an electronic song , influenced by 8 @-@ bit music . Tetsuo Hiraga from Hot Express noted elements of 8 @-@ bit and dance music in its composition . A staff editor from Selective Hearing noted musical elements of electropop in its composition . Asian Junkie editor Random J reviewed the song on his personal blog , and stated about the album remix , " As with " Laser Beam " Yasutaka throws in some new melodic passages , arrangements and completely new key changes . " He also identified 90s – influenced music as a key element to the song . A staff editor from CD Journal noted that the song was influenced by Technopop , a musical genre that the group had developed in their earlier years . The song was noted by critics for its lack of autotune and vocoder post @-@ production tools , which was common in the group 's earlier work . = = Critical response = = " Laser Beam " received positive reviews from music critics . Tetsuo Hiraga from Hot Express was positive in his review , complimenting its composition and commercial appeal . Asian Junkie editor Random J reviewed the song on his personal blog , and was positive ; he stated , " ... the new melodic additions put a cool spin on the song . Yasutaka chops and stutters the absolute shit out of the post chorus sections in a way which cements his position as one of the best knob twiddlers in the music biz right now . " Laser Beam " was a great song in May . It 's still great now . " He identified it as an album highlight , and the album 's best track . Ian Martin from The Japan Times was favorable in his review , stating , " The chorus ... of " Laser Beam " are great examples of classic Japanese pop , taking the sounds of 1970s kayōkyoku and 1980s technopop and updating them in a way that manages to be at once nostalgic and defiantly modern . " He identified it as one of the best tracks on the album . Paul Browne from Jpopgo.co.uk enjoyed the track , asserting that , " ' Laser Beam ' certainly stands out from the others with its crunchy melody and crisp production , even in its album mix incarnation here . " A staff editor from Selective Hearing was positive in their review ; he / she said , " It took some time but for Perfume fans this was definitely worth the wait . Neither track outshines each other and both are worthy of a @-@ side status . Which one you prefer depends on what your mood is . " A staff editor from CD Journal reviewed the single release , and was generally favorable ; he.she labelled it an " adorable pop tune " . Another staff editor from the same publication reviewed the album mix , and praised the " stylish " new composition . A reviewer from Imprint , a newspaper printed by the University of Waterloo , complimented the song in their review . He / she said that , " Album mixes , " Laser Beam " and " Glitter " , mark a twist to in style to fit a more punk style dance music . " = = Commercial performance = = Charting together with " Kasuka na Kaori " , the double A @-@ side singles debuted at number two on Japan 's Oricon Singles Chart ; it sold 93 @,@ 828 units in their first week of sales . It was the group 's fourth consecutive charting single to reach number two on that chart . The following week , the singles fell to number 10 ; it sold 13 @,@ 615 units in their second week of sales . It lasted for 16 weeks on the top 300 chart , selling 124 @,@ 613 units by the end of 2011 ; they were the 58th best selling single 's in that region . Singularly , " Laser Beam " peaked at number two on Billboard 's Japan Hot 100 chart . In South Korea , " Laser Beam " reached number 48 on their Gaon Digital Chart ; it marks the group 's first charting appearance in that region . The double A @-@ side singles were certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of Japan ( RIAJ ) for physical shipments of 100 @,@ 000 units . = = Music video = = The music video was shot by Kazuaki Seki , in Yokohama on 11 March 2011 . A power blackout caused from the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake prevented them from continuing filming , and the music video wasn 't completed . Filming was then slightly reduced two weeks before the release . The concept of the video was " female spies " , which is reflected in the makeup and clothing . The music video appeared on the DVD single . The music video also appeared on Perfume 's DVD compilation sets for JPN , and Perfume Clips ( 2014 ) . The music video appeared on a YouTube reaction video , hosted by The Fine Brothers ; the video was part of the " Teens React to J @-@ Pop " compilation . = = = Synopsis = = = The music video opens with a mysterious man holding a briefcase , walking down a futuristic hallway . As the music starts , the girls start dancing in a dark office with lights flashing in the background . As the chorus starts , the girls start shooting laser beams from their fingers , and dance to the song . The girls teleport into the futuristic labyrinth , looking for the man with the briefcase . Inter cut scenes features the group dancing and singing to the song , whilst in several different hallways . During the second chorus , the girls continue to search for him without any luck . The man enters the office , sits down on a sofa , with a helmet piece of shiny – coloured plastic on his head . The girls find the office entrance , with CCTV footage catching them enter the room . As they enter the room , the man stands up and holds the briefcase . During the third chorus , they engage in battle and circulate the room for defence . Inter cut scenes have the group dancing to the song in the room . Perfume member Kashiyuka summons a mini version of herself , holding onto it , and casting a spell against the man , making him fall to the ground . As they celebrate , Perfume member Nocchi goes towards him and retrieves the briefcase . However , the man stands up and transforms into a polar bear ; he then pushes Nocchi to the ground . Perfume member A @-@ Chan throws an apple as a detraction , and the group attacks the bear by using laser beams . Defeated , the polar bear shrinks and transforms into a plush toy . A @-@ Chan picks up the plush toy , and Kashiyuka opens the briefcase to witness a small gold ornament . The video ends with the group exiting the office . = = Promotion and live performances = = " Laser Beam " was used in Kirin Brewery 's Hyoketsu ads since on February 2 , 2011 . " Kasuka na Kaori " is also used in the ad for " Kirin Chu @-@ hi Hyoketsu Yasashii Kajitsu no Three Percent " . The single was performed on their 2011 JPN concert tour , where it was included during the first segment . It was included on the live DVD , released in mid 2012 . The song was included on the groups 180 Gram vinyl compilation box set , Perfume : Complete LP Box ( 2016 ) . = = Track listings and formats = = = = Credits and personnel = = Details adapted from the liner notes of the parent album . Ayano Ōmoto ( Nocchi ) – vocals Yuka Kashino ( Kashiyuka ) – vocals Ayaka Nishiwaki ( A @-@ Chan ) – vocals Yasutaka Nakata – producer , composer , arranger , mixing , mastering . Kaizuaki Seki – video director Tokuma Japan Communications – record label = = Chart and certifications = = = = Release history = =
= Battarrea phalloides = Battarrea phalloides is an inedible species of mushroom in the family Agaricaceae , and the type species of the genus Battarrea . Known in the vernacular as the scaley @-@ stalked puffball , sandy stiltball , or desert stalked puffball , it has a woody , slender , and shaggy or scaly stem that is typically up to 40 centimeters ( 15 @.@ 7 in ) in length . Although its general appearance resembles an agaric with stem and gills , atop the stem is a spore sac , consisting of an peridium and a powdery internal gleba . In maturity , the spore sac ruptures to release the spores . Battarrea phalloides is found in dry , sandy locations throughout the world , and has been collected from Africa , Asia , Australia , Europe , North America ( primarily in western regions ) , and South America . There is currently some disagreement in the literature as to whether the European B. stevensii is the same species as B. phalloides . = = Taxonomy = = The species was first mentioned in the scientific literature in 1784 , when Thomas Jenkinson Woodward described a new species found by Mr. Humphreys of Norwich . It was named by James Dickson in 1785 as Lycoperdon phalloides , and the type locality was Suffolk , England . Christian Hendrik Persoon sanctioned the name when he transferred to Battarrea in his 1801 Synopsis Methodica Fungorum , a newly circumscribed genus named after the Italian mycologist Giovanni Antonio Battarra . Synonyms include Phallus campanulatus , published by Miles Berkeley in 1842 based on collections made by Charles Darwin in Maldonado ( Uruguay ) in 1833 , and Ithyphallus campanulatus , a new combination based on Berkeley 's name , published by Diederich Franz Leonhard von Schlechtendal in 1933 . The specific epithet phalloides means phallus @-@ like , and refers to the similarity of the volva to the genus Phallus . Battarrea phalloides is commonly known as the " scaly @-@ stalked puffball " and the " sandy stiltball " ; a common name given to the species B. stevenii is the " desert drumstick " . In Cyprus , it is known locally as " Donkey fungus " , a name that may be derived from the fact that the spores were once used as a natural antiseptic and antipruritic agent applied to the backs of donkeys , or for their morphological resemblance to the animal 's penis . Historically , there has been uncertainty as to whether the European species known as Battarrea stevenii is a unique species or merely a polymorphic variant of B. phalloides . The taxon has been described as both a variety ( as B. phalloides var. stevenii by Cleland and Cheel in 1916 ) and as a form ( as B. phalloides f. stevenii by Calonge in 2004 ) . In 1995 , mycologist Roy Watling opined that B. stevenii differs in having spores that are colored more orange @-@ tawny , slightly larger ( 5 – 6 @.@ 5 by 5 @.@ 75 – 7 µm , as opposed to 4 @.@ 5 – 5 @.@ 25 by 4 @.@ 5 – 5 @.@ 75 µm ) , and less ornamented . Further , B. stevenii is thought to have a larger fruit body size , a more coarsely scaly stipe , and lack of mucilage in the volva and the innermost parts of the stem . The presence or absence of mucilage has been traditionally considered the significant characteristic separating the species . In 1904 , Lászlo Hollós proposed the idea of a single polymorphic species ; in 1942 , Paul Marshall Rea , after studying 25 specimens from southern California , concluded that B. stevenii was conspecific with B. phalloides and represented a single species . An analysis of a number of European specimens — using both macroscopic and microscopic characteristics in addition to molecular analysis of ITS regions of the 5.8S rDNA — also suggested both to be conspecific . The authors of this study considered the differences in spore ornamentation and stipe hyphae to be insufficient to discriminate them as two species ; they did , however , note that their inability to locate the type material for both species limited the conclusiveness of their suggestion . The conspecificity of the species was supported in a later study that used traditional and molecular methods to compare field @-@ collected English specimens and an extensive range of herbarium material collected from around the world . They found that material labeled B. stevenii generally had a greater range of cap and stem sizes , while that labeled B. phalloides was generally more consistent , and smaller . However , the B. phalloides material they studied was generally from similar habitats in the UK , while the B. stevenii material originated from a wide variety of locales and habitats , suggesting that environmental factors influence fruit body morphology . Evidence pointing to conspecificity included the continuum of spore sizes between the two , and the lack of any significant differences between their DNA . In 2006 , however , based on a study of specimens collected in China , other scientists considered them to be independent species . = = Description = = Mature specimens of Battarrea phalloides roughly resemble the typical agaric mushroom stature of stem and cap . However , rather than a cap with gills , this species has a spore sac atop the stem . When young , the fruit body is roughly spherical and completely encased in an outer wall ( exoperidium ) that later splits in a circumscissile fashion ( along a circular or equatorial line ) , the lower wall forming a volva and the upper part forming scales that cover the inner wall . The upper part rolls upward and backward and eventually falls away in one piece , exposing a spore sac lined with a narrow ring of capillitium and spores . The spores are sticky . As these are carried away by the wind , the drying action of the latter cause the edges of the peridium to shrivel and roll up more , exposing more spores . This is continued until the upper half of the peridium has shriveled and blown away and there remains only a few spores , which may be washed away by rain . The fruit body develops rapidly ; when mature , it is rust @-@ colored , with a hemispherical to somewhat conical " head " 1 to 3 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 2 in ) in diameter , and with a stalk up to 40 cm ( 15 @.@ 7 in ) long by 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 2 to 0 @.@ 6 in ) thick . One study reported a specimen found in Mexico with a length of 65 cm ( 25 @.@ 6 in ) . Typically , the spore case is 3 to 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 2 to 2 @.@ 0 in ) broad by 1 to 3 @.@ 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 4 to 1 @.@ 4 in ) tall . The hollow stalk is pale brown to brown , woody , and has a fibrous , scaly , or even woolly surface . The mature gleba , which is eventually exposed when the peridial cap is shed , has a rust @-@ brown color . The cap may persist after the spore mass is dispersed and form a disc @-@ like unit that slides down the stalk like a ring . The fragile sac @-@ shaped volva is up to 15 by 13 cm ( 5 @.@ 9 by 5 @.@ 1 in ) broad , unattached to the stalk , and formed by two distinct , separated tissue layers . The inner layer resembles the scales of the stem , consisting of hyphae that are 3 – 18 µm in diameter , closely arranged ( nearly parallel ) , septate , sparsely branched , yellowish ochre , with clamps at some septa . The outer layer of fungal tissue is thicker , membranous , sometimes with a corky texture when dry , and dirty white . It consists of pale yellow intertwined hyphae that are difficult to distinguish individually , and without remains of a gelatinous matrix . Fruit bodies may persist for several months after they have dried . The thick @-@ walled spores are roughly spherical , rusty @-@ brown , finely and densely warted , and have diameters of 5 – 6 @.@ 5 µm . Elaters are 50 – 80 by 4 – 6 µm , and have ring @-@ like or spiral thickenings . The endoperidium consists of densely interwoven hyphae that are 3 – 9 µm in diameter and walls less than 1 µm thick ; they are septate , branched , pale yellow , with clamp connections . The gleba is largely made up of two types of threads . The pseudocapillitium has hyphae up to 5 µm diameter , mostly thin walled , smooth , septate , sparsely branched , hyaline to pale yellow , with clamps . The elaters have diameters of 3 @.@ 5 – 7 µm and are 32 – 70 µm long ; they are pale yellow , smooth @-@ walled , tapered and cylindrical with spiral thickenings . Glebal elaters are aseptate and not branched . = = = Edibility = = = Battarrea phalloides ( as well as Battarrea stevenii ) is typically described as unknown edibility , or inedible . In Cyprus , the immature egg @-@ form of the fruit body is eaten . Older specimens may smell unpleasant . The spores of B. stevenii are used as a cicatrizant — a product that promotes healing through the formation of scar tissue – by the Criollo herdsmen of Gran Chaco in northern Argentina . = = = Similar species = = = The closely related species Battarrea diguettii is known in the United States from the Mojave desert , and differs from B. phalloides in that the spore sac emerges by ripping through the top of the exoperidium , rather than by circumscissile rupture . The endoperidium of B. diguettii is also smaller , and the spores emerge through a number of pores on the upper surface of the spore sac . Battarrea stevenii can grow taller , up to 70 centimeters ( 27 @.@ 6 in ) . Podaxis pistillaris , commonly known as the " desert shaggy mane " , occurs in dry locales similar to B. phalloides , but can be distinguished by its shaggy , elongated cap . = = Habitat and distribution = = Battarrea phalloides may be found growing solitary to scattered on dry , sandy hedgebanks ( raised or mounded boundary feature , often topped by a hedgerow ) , sometimes growing amongst elm suckers . It is a relatively rare species , but may be locally abundant in some locations . In Mexico , where it is only known from the north and central part of the country , it has been usually collected in arid and semiarid areas , on coastal dunes , found from sea level up to 2 @,@ 550 m ( 8 @,@ 370 ft ) high . The mushroom has been associated with the quick @-@ growing evergreen tree Schinus molle , as well as Lycium brevipes , Solanum hindsianum , Salicornia subterminalis , Atriplex linearis , Quercus agrifolia and Opuntia species , in coastal dunes . The largest fruit bodies were found on floodplains with halophilic ( i.e. , thriving in high @-@ salt conditions ) vegetation . In Belgium , specimens were found on sandy soil under dead elderflower bushes . In North America , Battarrea phalloides has been collected from the Yukon Territory , western Canada ; the USA , where it is confined to the west — Southern California , New Mexico , and Arizona — Mexico , and Hawaii . It has also been reported growing in South America ( Brazil ) , Africa ( Morocco ) , Europe ( Belgium ) , China , and Australia . Due to a decline in sightings , B. phalloides was granted legal protection in Hungary in 2005 , making it a finable offense to pick them . It received similar protected status in the United Kingdom in 1998 . The habitat and range of Battarrea stevenii include arid regions of the western and southwestern United States , Australia , South Africa , and several European countries , including Russia .
= From This Moment On ( Shania Twain song ) = " From This Moment On " is a song by Canadian recording artist Shania Twain , taken from her third studio album , Come On Over ( 1997 ) . The song was written by Twain , while additional production and songwriting was done by Robert John " Mutt " Lange . After finishing the track , both Twain and Lange concluded that the song would work best as a duet . Despite their first choice for the duet being Elton John , they chose country singer Bryan White instead , who took the opportunity . It was then released on March 14 , 1998 in North America and Oceania . " From This Moment On " is a country pop track which received generally favorable reviews from music critics , who deemed it as one of the album 's highlights . The song achieved moderate commercial success , reaching the top ten in Australia , Canada , United Kingdom and United States . It also charted in France , Netherlands , New Zealand , and Sweden , as well on several Billboard component charts . An accompanying music video was directed by Paul Boyd , which depicts Twain walking on a hallway until she 's joined by an orchestra to perform the song . " From This Moment On " has been performed on every tour by Twain since its release . = = Background and composition = = " From This Moment On " was written during a soccer game in Italy . Twain once explained “ We were in Italy at a soccer game . My husband loves sports . I don ’ t know the game that well , so my mind drifted and I started writing . ” Initially , Twain thought " From This Moment On " would be perfect for singer Celine Dion ; however , as Twain and Lange developed the song , they concluded that it would work best as a duet . Despite their first choice for the duet being Elton John , they chose country singer Bryan White instead , who took the opportunity . Twain later described White as " the best male voice in country music . Beyond country music ! He 's an excellent singer . So he needed to be on this record , because the song soars . It demands that . It demands dynamics . " White explained that , by the time he went to the recording , the song was mostly finalized , and , vocally , described it as " extremely challenging . " Initial first @-@ run pressings of the international version of Come On Over during March 1998 featured White on the song , while subsequent pressings soon after began featuring the song as a solo recording . The reason is because in early 1998 , Mercury executives were informed that White would be unable to promote the song alongside Twain ; therefore Twain had to return to the studio to re @-@ record White 's parts on her own . According to White 's spokesman at Asylum Records , " We 've certainly heard knocking on our door about " From This Moment On " being too contemporary for Bryan 's sake . So it 's fine if they want to go to top 40 without him . " White later claimed that he had no hard feelings towards Twain for him being excluded from the international version of the song , stating " They 're releasing this song as a pop record , and I 'm not a pop artist , so my feelings aren 't hurt . " " From This Moment On " was released as the fourth single from Come On Over on March 14 , 1998 in North America and Oceania , while being released in Europe on November 16 , 1998 only . Musically , " From This Moment On " is a country pop ballad and is set in common time with a slow tempo of 72 beats per minute . The song is written in the key of G major with Twain 's vocal range spanning from the low note of D3 to the high note of C5 . Nick Reynolds of BBC Music described the song as a power new country ballad with " a beautiful melody " . = = Reception = = = = = Critical response = = = " From This Moment On " received generally favorable reviews from music critics . Matt Bjorke of About.com deemed the song as one of the album 's highlights , while Elizabeth Kessler of Yahoo ! commented that " hardly any song can compare to this love anthem ! ... Everyone feels their insides tug as they listen to this heart wrenching song . " Country Universe writer Kevin John Coyne did separate reviews for " From This Moment On " . While reviewing the duet , Coyne graded it a B and commented that it was mostly a showcase of White 's vocals , " who turns in some signature licks and makes Twain seem a bit bland in comparison . However , it also gives the song a bit of a mid @-@ eighties Peter Cetera vibe , which hasn ’ t held up well over time . " Coyne concluded , however , that the single release turned the track " into a potent solo number , " and noted that " the addition of a Spanish @-@ flavored guitar that borrowed heavily from ' Have You Ever Really Loved a Woman ' gave the ballad added oomph . " He graded the single release an A- . At the 1999 Canadian Country Music Awards , " From This Moment On " won the award for Vocal / Instrumental Collaboration of the Year . = = = Chart performance = = = " From This Moment On " achieved moderate commercial success . In the United States , the track was able to reach number four on the Billboard Hot 100 and number one in both Adult Contemporary and Country Songs component charts . However , it failed to peak inside the top ten on the Pop Songs and Adult Pop Songs component charts , peaking at number 16 and 22 , respectively . On the chart compiled by Nielsen Soundscan , " From This Moment On " reached number four on the Canadian Hot 100 , while reaching number one on RPM 's Country Songs and Adult Contemporary charts . In Australia , the track debuted at number 32 , and climbed to a new peak of number two on its eleventh week on the chart . It stayed on the chart for a total of 32 weeks , and was the tenth best selling single of 1998 in the country . " From This Moment On " also peaked inside the top ten in New Zealand , where it reached the position of number seven . The song failed to chart inside the top ten of a few European countries , such as France , Netherlands , and Sweden . In the United Kingdom , it debuted and peaked at number nine on the chart issue of November 28 , 1998 . = = Music video and live performances = = The song 's accompanying music video was directed by Paul Boyd . It depicts Twain wearing a long dress and a bindi . She is walking down a hallway , trying to go through several doors ; however , they are all locked . Finally she finds an unlocked door , proceeds through it and finds an orchestra being led by a conductor . She stands in front and finishes singing the song . The video uses The Right Mix of the song . This re @-@ recorded solo version features slightly more contemporized instrumentation and removes White 's vocals . The version shown on Twain 's video compilations " Come On Over : Video Collection " and " The Platinum Collection " adds a short outtake during filming , in which Twain accidentally broke off a doorknob , to the end of the video . " From This Moment On " has been performed on live with the Backstreet Boys and on every tour by Twain since its release . = = Track listings = = = = Official versions = = Album Version ( with Bryan White ) — 4 : 43 Album Version Radio Edit ( with Bryan White ) — 3 : 42 International Version — 4 : 43 The Single Mix ( International Version Radio Edit ) — 3 : 42 Solo / Vocal Remix — 3 : 42 International Version ( with Bryan White ) — 4 : 43 The Single Mix ( with Bryan White ) — 3 : 42 The Right Album Mix ( North American International Version ) — 5 : 00 ( Known as ' The I.V. Mix in USA and Canada ) The Right Single Mix — 4 : 01 ( Known as ' Pop Radio Mix ' in USA and Canada ) Tempo Mix — 4 : 03 Dance Mix — 6 : 22 Soul Solution Extended Mix — 7 : 23 Soul Solution Radio Edit — 4 : 00 Soul Solution Bonus Beats — 3 : 32 Live from Still the One : Live from Vegas 4 : 23 = = Charts and certifications = = = = = Chart precession and succession = = =
= Trams in Adelaide = Until 1958 , Trams in Adelaide formed a network spanning most of suburban Adelaide , with a history dating back to 1878 . Adelaide ran horse trams from 1878 to 1914 and electric trams from 1909 , but has primarily relied on buses for public transport since 1958 . Electric trams and trolleybuses were Adelaide 's main public transport throughout the life of the electric tram network . All trams except the Glenelg Tram were closed in the 1950s . The Glenelg line remains in operation and was upgraded and extended in 2007 @-@ 2010 . The early use of trams was for recreation as well as daily travel , by entire families and tourists . Until the 1950s , trams were used for family outings to the extent that the Municipal Tramways Trust ( MTT ) constructed gardens in the suburb of Kensington Gardens , extending the Kensington line to attract customers . By 1945 the MTT was collecting fares for 95 million trips annually — 295 trips per head of population . After the Great Depression , the maintenance of the tramway system and the purchase of new trams suffered . Competition from private buses , the MTT 's own bus fleet and the growth of private car ownership all took patrons from the tram network . By the 1950s , the tram network was losing money and being replaced by an electric and petrol @-@ driven bus fleet . Adelaide 's tram history is preserved by the volunteer @-@ run the Adelaide Tramway Museum at St Kilda ( commonly called the " St Kilda tram museum " ) , and the continuing use of 1929 H type trams on the remaining Glenelg tram line . The Glenelg Tram was extended to Adelaide railway station in 2007 and to Adelaide Entertainment Centre in Hindmarsh in 2010 . The upgrade included the first new tram purchases in more than 50 years . Three types of electric tram , built in 1929 , 2006 and 2009 respectively , now run on the line . = = Horse trams = = In early 1855 , less than twenty years after the colony was founded , South Australia 's first horse tram began operating between Goolwa and Port Elliot on the Fleurieu Peninsula . Just over twenty years later Adelaide became the first city in Australia to introduce horse trams , and eventually the last to discard them for more modern public transport . Although two trials of street level trains were run , the state of Adelaide 's streets , with mud in winter and dust in summer , led to the decision that they would not be reliable . Sir Edwin T. Smith and W. C. Buik , both prominent in Kensington and Norwood Corporation then Adelaide City Council ( and both later mayors of Adelaide , spent some time inspecting European tramways during the 1870s . They were impressed with horse tram systems and , on returning to Adelaide , they promoted the concept leading to a prospectus being issued for the Adelaide and Suburban Tramway Co . ( A & ST ) . Private commercial interests lobbied government for legislative support , over Adelaide council 's objections related to licensing and control . As a result , the Government of South Australia passed an 1876 private act , authorising construction of Adelaide 's first horse tram network . It was scheduled for completion within two years , with 10 @.@ 8 miles ( 17 @.@ 4 km ) of lines from Adelaide 's city @-@ centre to the suburbs of Kensington and North Adelaide . Completed in May 1878 , services began in June from Adelaide to Kensington Park with trams imported from John Stephenson Co. of New York , United States . Until 1907 all horse tram operations were by private companies , with the government passing legislation authorising line construction . Growth of the network and rolling stock was driven largely by commercial considerations . On the opening day , the newly founded Adelaide and Suburban Tramway Co . ( A & ST ) began with six trams , expanding to 90 trams and 650 horses by 1907 with its own tram manufacturing facility at Kensington . A Private act , passed in September 1881 , allowed the construction of more private horse tramways and additional acts were passed authorising more line construction and services by more companies . Most of the companies operated double @-@ decker tram , although some were single level cabs with many built by John Stephenson Co . , Duncan and Fraser of Adelaide , and from 1897 by the A & ST at Kensington . The trams ran at an average speed of 5 miles per hour ( 8 km / h ) , usually two horses pulling each tram from a pool of four to ten . = = = Horse tram network = = = Various companies expanded the network from its initial line to Kensington , with eleven companies operating within six years , three more having already failed before constructing tracks . The Adelaide to North Adelaide line opened in December 1878 , a separate one from Port Adelaide to Albert Park in 1879 , Adelaide to Mitcham and Hindmarsh in 1881 , Walkerville 1882 , Burnside , Prospect , Nailsworth and Enfield in 1883 , and Maylands in 1892 . Various streets were widened especially for the tram lines including Brougham place , North Adelaide by 10 feet ( 3 m ) and Prospect road to a total width of 60 feet ( 18 m ) . All but one line was built in 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1 @,@ 435 mm ) standard gauge with the exception from Port Adelaide to Albert Park . This line was built in 5 ft 3 in ( 1 @,@ 600 mm ) to accommodate steam engines , also requiring some of the line to be raised on embankments to avoid swampy ground and flooding . There were 74 miles ( 119 km ) of tramlines with 1062 horses and 162 cars by 1901 and isolated lines from Port Adelaide to Albert Park and Glenelg to Brighton , as well as a network joining many suburbs to Adelaide 's CBD by 1907 . The network had termini in Henley Beach , Hindmarsh , Prospect , Nailsworth , Paradise , Magill , Burnside , Glen Osmond , Mitcham , Clarence Park , Hyde Park and Walkerville . To accommodate the specific needs of horses , most streets were left unsealed . The horses ' urine needed an unsealed surface for absorption and their hooves a soft surface for good traction . = = Electric trams = = Adelaide 's first experiment with electric powered trams was a demonstration run on the Adelaide and Hindmarsh Tramway company 's line . A battery powered tram fitted with " Julien 's Patent Electric Traction " ran in 1889 to Henley Beach . The trial was unsuccessful due to the batteries poor capacity , and the promoters ' deaths in a level crossing accident shortly after precluded further experiments . As with horse trams , commercial interests pursued government support for the introduction of electric tramways . The most influential was the " Snow scheme " , promoted by Francis H. Snow largely on behalf of two London companies , British Westinghouse and Callender 's Cable Construction . The scheme involved the purchase of major horse tramways , merging into an electric tramway company with twenty @-@ one years of exclusive running rights . Legislation was passed in 1901 , a referendum held in 1902 , but the required funds had been spent and the scheme collapsed . Adelaide 's council proposed their own scheme backed by different companies , but couldn 't raise the required capital , and J.H. Packard promoted various plans of his own devising that also never eventuated . By 1901 Adelaide 's horse trams were seen by the public as a blot on the city 's image . With a population of 162 @,@ 000 the slow speed of the trams , and the lines subsequent low traffic capacity , made them inadequate for public transport needs . The unsealed roads the horses required became quagmires in winter and sources of dust in summer . The 10 pounds of manure each horse left behind daily , was also not well regarded . Under these various pressures the government negotiated to purchase the horse tramway companies . A 28 March 1906 newspaper notice announced that the government had purchased all of the city tramways for £ 280 @,@ 000 . Bill No.913 , passed 22 December 1906 , created the Municipal Tramways Trust ( MTT ) with the authority to build new and purchase existing tramways . Not all tramway companies were purchased , as the Glenelg to Marino company continued operating separately until its failure in 1914 . The government purchased the properties , plant and equipment of existing tramways but did not purchase the companies themselves . The equipment included 162 trams , 22 other vehicles and 1056 horses . By 1909 at the launch of Adelaide 's electric tram services there remained 163 horse trams and 650 horses under the control of the MTT . Due to the time required to electrify the network the MTT continued to run horse trams until 1914 . The cost of purchasing the tramways was funded by treasury bills and the act capped total construction costs at £ 12 @,@ 000 per mile of track . £ 457 @,@ 000 was let in contracts to March 1908 for construction of the tramways , trams , strengthening the Adelaide bridge over the River Torrens and associated works . The official ceremony starting track construction was in May 1908 , with tracks originally laid on Jarrah sleepers . On Monday 30 November 1908 there were two trial runs , from the MTT 's depot on Hackney Road to the nearby Adelaide Botanic Garden and back , the evening trial carrying the Premier and Governor . At the official opening ceremony on 9 March 1909 , Electric Tram 1 was driven by Mrs. Price , wife of Premier Thomas Price . Mrs Price opened the tramway and drove the tram from the Hackney Depot to Kensington and back , assisted by the MTT 's chief engineer . = = = Municipal Tramways Trust = = = The MTT was created in 1906 and became part of the State Transport Authority in 1975 . It was created as a tax @-@ exempt body with eight members , mostly by appointed local councils but with some government appointees . They established a 9 acres ( 3 @.@ 6 ha ) tram depot site near the corner of Hackney Road and Botanic Road with a depot building , twenty @-@ four incoming tracks and a large administration office . William George Toop Goodman was appointed as its first engineer , later general manager and remained as general manager until his 1950 retirement . To cater for family outings the MTT constructed gardens in the current suburb of Kensington Gardens , extending the Kensington line to attract customers . By 1945 the MTT was collecting fares for 95 million trips annually , representing 295 trips per head of population ( 350 @,@ 000 ) . By 1958 the tram network was reduced to just the Glenelg line ( see Decline of the network ) . The MTT continued to operate most of the local bus routes in the inner metropolitan area . In 1975 the services of the MTT became the Bus and Tram division of the State Transport Authority and the MTT ceased to exist . = = = Electric tram network = = = At the 1909 opening , 35 miles ( 56 kilometres ) of track had been completed with electricity supplied by the Electric Lighting and Supply Co . The electric tram system ran on 600 Volts DC supplied at first from two converter stations , No.1 converter station on East Terrace with 2 @,@ 500 kW of AC to DC capacity and No.2 station at Thebarton with a capacity of 900 kW . To cope with variable loads on the system , very large storage lead – acid batteries were installed , the initial one at East Terrace comprising 293 cells and a 50 ton tank of sulphuric acid . The Adelaide @-@ Glenelg line was , from 1873 , a 5 ft 3 in ( 1 @,@ 600 mm ) steam railway that ran at street level into Victoria Square . Originally privately owned it was taken over by the South Australian Railways then transferred to the MTT in 1927 . The line was closed to be rebuilt to 4 ft 8 1 ⁄ 2 in ( 1 @,@ 435 mm ) standard gauge , electrified at 600 Volts DC and converted to tramway operation , reopening in late 1929 . The Port Adelaide line , which until that time had still used horse trams , began to be converted to electric operation in 1914 and opened 3 April 1917 A line from Magill to Morialta opened in 1915 for weekend tourist traffic with only a single return service on weekdays . The line ran in the valley of 4th creek , a tributary of the River Torrens , across farmland and along unmade and ungazetted roads . All services on the Morialta line were replaced by buses in 1956 . The last tram line built in Adelaide was the Erindale line which opened in early 1944 . At maximum extent the lines connected Adelaide with the sea at Henley Beach , Grange and Glenelg , reached the base of the Adelaide Hills at Morialta and Mitcham and had Northern and Southern limits of Prospect and Colonel Light Gardens . = = = Electric tram types = = = From 1908 to 1909 , a hundred electric trams were manufactured by Duncan and Fraser of Adelaide at a cost of approximately £ 100 each . Up to its last tram purchase in 1953 , the MTT commissioned over three hundred electric trams , some of which have been kept in service for over seventy @-@ five years . TransAdelaide , the publicly owned company now operating Adelaide trams , began introducing a new type of tram in January 2006 in the form of the Bombardier Flexity Classic . Another new series of trams ( Alstom Citadis ) started to enter service in December 2009 . * The original 103 was damaged during shipping from Germany . In its damaged form , it is now held for parts at TransAdelaide 's Glengowrie depot . The replacement 103 was the final tram that was delivered , and is now in service . Type 100 Note : The Type 100 trams are occasionally referred to a S type trams due to their resemblance to VGF 's S class trams in use in Frankfurt am Main or NGT8 trams which is the designation used in Dortmund * The 6 Citadis trams in Adelaide were originally purchased for use in Madrid by Mintra / MetroLigero for use on their system as part of an order for 70 Citadis trams . At the time of arrival , these 6 cars ( along with several others ) were deemed surplus to requirements and were placed in store from new . TransAdelaide acquired 6 cars ( originally numbered 165 - 170 ) and were subsequently shipped to Australia and renumbered 201 - 206 in the TransAdelaide fleet . = = = = Type A = = = = Type A trams were the most common on the newly opened lines with seventy of the initial hundred trams made in this single truck combination style . They incorporated a closed central saloon and open crossbenches on the same tram . Capable of up to 22 miles per hour ( 35 km / h ) , they had a seating capacity of twenty in the saloons with an additional twenty in the open benches . The bodies were made by Duncan and Fraser , who had built horse tram cars for the AS & T as well as bodies of electric trams for Melbourne service . All 70 A type trams were originally fitted with Brill Winner style seats in the saloon section but in 1937 , 20 cars ( numbers unknown ) had their seats replaced with Hale Kilburn fixed rattan seats , removed out of the 20 C type cars . The removed A type seats were then fitted into the C type trams . These trams were never fitted with airbrakes throughout their service lives and instead used a handbrake for normal use and a magnetic track brake for emergency use . On 9 March 1909 the first type A was the lead car in the procession at the tramway systems official opening . From 1917 , 6 A type trams were used on the isolated Port Adelaide system which closed in 1935 . During the last part of 1936 , tram 100 was briefly renumbered 100A , E1 type tram 101 having been temporarily renumbered 100 for its part in the South Australian Centenary celebrations in 1936 ( more details in the E1 type section ) . A type 100 had its original number restored soon after . Most were removed from the lines and stored in the 1930s , returning to service in 1941 due to petrol rationing increasing passenger numbers . Fifty @-@ eight were permanently joined in " Bib and Bub " ( named after comic characters by May Gibbs ) pairs to conserve manpower and used this way until 1950 . Although the bib and bub pairs still required a conductor per tram to collect fares , they needed only one driver per pair resulting in a twenty @-@ five percent reduction in labour . All type As were withdrawn from service by May 1952 , with the formerly coupled trams being the last to go . Tram 30 was withdrawn from service three months earlier in February 1952 after sustaining accident damage . Many were sold for use as shacks , although trams 10 , 69 and 92 had been sold in 1936 to the State Electricity Commission of Victoria . The 58 A type trams that were coupled into the ' Bib and Bub ' sets were formed as follows : 1 / 2 , 4 / 5 , 6 / 12 , 8 / 9 , 11 / 13 , 14 / 16 , 17 / 18 , 19 / 20 , 21 / 23 , 22 / 24 , 25 / 26 , 27 / 28 , 29 / 30 , 61 / 64 , 62 / 65 , 66 / 68 , 70 / 72 , 71 / 74 , 73 / 75 , 76 / 78 , 77 / 79 , 80 / 81 , 82 / 83 , 84 / 86 , 85 / 88 , 87 / 89 , 90 / 91 , 94 / 95 , 97 / 98 . = = = = Type A1 = = = = Seventeen B type ' toastrack ' trams were rebuilt by Duncan and Fraser ( though it is believed that car 45 was rebuilt in house by the MTT at Hackney Workshops ) were converted into A1 type ' California Combination ' trams , similar to the A and later C types although the ends didn 't drop down on the A1s . They were converted primarily for the isolated Port Adelaide tram system which was run by the MTT and ran between 1917 and 1935 . These trams retained their previous B type numbers ( refer to fleet table above ) . All cars had Hale Kilburn fixed rattan seating in the saloon except for car 44 which had wooden seats running along the sides of the saloon . Wooden seating was fitted to the open ends and these cars had the same passenger capacity ( seated as well as ' crush load ' ) as the A type . These trams were never fitted with airbrakes throughout their service lives and instead used a handbrake for normal use and a magnetic track brake for emergency use . All of these cars entered service on the Port Adelaide tram system from 1917 and ran in service there until final closure of the system in 1935 . Several were withdrawn from service after closure and were stored in Port Adelaide depot , then transferred to Hackney Depot / Workshops until they were scrapped . After closure of the Port Adelaide system , a few A1 type trams managed to see quite varied ' inoperable ' use by the MTT . Car 44 was used as a first aid room at Hackney Depot between 1946 and 1961 . Cars 45 , 48 and 52 were used as store rooms at Hackney Workshops to house the spare parts originally ordered for the proposed H1 fleet , a ' service ' they finished in 1954 . Car 47 was used as a lunch room at Hackney Workshops while car 50 was partly converted into a ' driver instruction ' car in the early 1950s . The work involved mounting the body of car 50 onto the underframe and running gear of sprinkler car S2 . This work was however never completed . A few of the A1 type trams managed to see further service after the closure of the Port Adelaide system and were transferred to the main system . Like the A type , 4 A1 type trams were converted into coupled sets known as ' Bib and Bub ' sets . The trams involved were 55 / 56 and 57 / 58 . These cars were the last A1 type trams to be withdrawn from service in November 1950 along with the sets of A type trams not converted back into single car operation . They were subsequently scrapped . = = = = Type A2 = = = = The A2 type trams were again converted from B type ' toast rack ' trams and also entered service on the Port Adelaide tram system in 1917 , although the conversion work was this time undertaken in house by the MTT at Hackney Workshops . Unlike the A1 type which had traditional wooden sides , the A2 type trams had flat steel plates fitted and rivetted to the sides forming the saloon . Unlike the A , A1 and C types , the A2s had three large windows instead of 5 as per the other types . Despite the different body work for the saloon section , the seating and standing capacity for these trams were the same as the A , A1 and C types . These trams were never fitted with airbrakes throughout their service lives and instead used a handbrake for normal use and a magnetic track brake for emergency use . The A2 type were introduced for service onto the Port Adelaide system in 1917 and ran until closure of the system in the 1930s . However , they were transferred to Hackney Workshops where they remained until 1946 . During that year , the bodies of 41 and 43 were sold ( and eventually found their way to the Fleurieu Peninsula , where they reportedly still remain ) but 42 was retained at Hackney Workshops so it could store advertising material . It remained in this capacity until 1958 when it was made available to the AETM ( St Kilda Tramway Museum ) for eventual restoration . It has since been rebuilt into its original B type configuration . = = = = Type B = = = = Thirty of the initial trams became known as Toast rack trams due to their open structure . They were open trams with passengers seated on cross @-@ benches , and no weather protection on the cars ' sides . Duncan and Fraser built them with summer excursions in mind but they had limited utility due to the lack of weather proofing . These trams were never fitted with airbrakes throughout their service lives and instead used a handbrake for normal use and a magnetic track brake for emergency use . Twenty of the cars were converted to combination trams in 1917 and redesignated as types A1 and A2 . B type 38 was rebuilt in 1929 as a ballast motor for use on the Glenelg line conversion . The rebuild involved removal of the entire body work and most of the end cabins with the trolley pole mounted on a steel pole in the middle of the now all flat deck . All type B , A1 or A2 cars , except for trams 38 and 42 , were withdrawn from service in 1936 and scrapped in 1946 . Some vehicles ( including 42 ) found other uses around Hackney depot such as store rooms and even as a fuel tank in the case of B 38 which was converted to that use after some years as a ballast motor . = = = = Type E = = = = Due to public antipathy to imported trams , type E trams were built by J.G. Brill & Co in Philadelphia , United States , then imported in parts and assembled by Pengelley & Co of Adelaide from 1910 to 1912 . They were partially open trams with passengers sitting on cross bench seats and a closed saloon at one end . As combination trams , the E type could carry 54 seated passengers with a total ' crush load ' of 150 . In 1918 , all 20 E type cars were remotored with more powerful GE 201 traction motors ( rated at 65 hp each ) replacing the original GE 202 units ( rated at 50 hp each ) . The original traction motors were used in the construction of the 20 C type ' Desert Gold ' cars which were being built at the same time . Their main use was on the Glen Osmond and St Peters routes , also taking picnic parties to Burnside and Magill . Type E trams were rebuilt into type E1 in 1936 . Tram 118 was acquired by the St Kilda Tramway Museum as an E1 type but is currently being converted back to its original E type configuration as well as being returned to operational order . = = = = Type E1 = = = = When converted from Type E trams , the crossbenches were removed and the saloon extended the entire car length . The original timber saloon seats were transferred to the newly converted saloon section while the original saloon received new upholstered seating . One of the original crossbenches ( attached to the motorman 's bulkhead ) was retained after conversion . As before conversion , these trams were used mainly on the Glen Osmond and St Peters routes . Tram 101 was temporarily renumbered 100 , painted in ivory and gold , and used in the 1936 South Australian centenary celebrations . = = = = Type D = = = = Similar to Type E with crossbenches and a saloon , type D trams also had sliding doors at the end of the benches giving weather protection . Four similar cars were built in 1912 for the Prahan & Malvern Tramways Trust , Melbourne , on sold to the Hawthorn Tramways Trust then purchased by the MTT in 1925 becoming trams 191 @-@ 194 . After injuries to conductors collecting fares while standing on the footboards , a centre isle was cut through the centre bulkhead and four of the six crossbench seats of the trams in 1934 . Trams 191 @-@ 194 had been similarly modified in Melbourne prior to their purchase by the MTT . = = = = Type C = = = = A planned purchase of large trams was delayed by World War I. Type C trams were small combination cars , built in 1918 – 1919 as an interim measure . They were similar in basic design to the older A type but had a more modern curved roof rather than a clerestory roof . During their construction , the old motors from the E type ( General Electric 202 motors ) were fitted to these new trams . Rated at 50 hp each compared to the 33 hp units fitted to the A types , these trams were considerably faster . Due to their consequent higher speeds they became known as Desert Gold trams , after a New Zealand racehorse that had won races in Australia at the same time . This speed became useful in competition against unlicensed buses in the 1920s , and they were used in peak service until 1952 with the last use for the royal visit of 1954 . Trams 181 to 190 inclusive were allocated to the Port Adelaide system for a short period in the 1930s before closure of the system , mainly used on the Port Adelaide - Albert Park line . During the 1930s , the original Hale Kilburn seating fitted to these trams were replaced with Brill Winner seats taken out of 20 A type trams ( numbers unknown ) . One of the Type C Trams has found a home at Port Parham and been in the possession of the Jenkin family since the 1950s . Its number was 190 . It retains many of the fittings internally . Photo taken and provided by Michael Jenkin . This is an infrared photo . = = = = Types F and F1 = = = = The F and later F1 type trams were built between 1921 and 1929 were mostly by Pengelley & Co with three F1 type trams being built ' in house ' by the Municipal Tramways Trust at Hackney Workshops . The F series trams being built from 1921 to 1925 with the F1 series being built from 1925 to 1929 . These trams became known as ' Drop Centres ' since the centre section of the tram had been lowered in height to ease boarding and alighting . They were the first trams to be fitted with airbrakes in Adelaide and were designed so that six streams of passengers could board or alight on each side of the tram at the same time , with a large capacity and reportedly comfortable ride . The F and F1 series trams were the most common trams used in Adelaide from their introduction to the closure of the main tram network with a total of 84 of the drop centre trams built for use in Adelaide . The main difference between the two types lay in the construction of the underframe , with the F types having a combined steel and timber frame construction while the later F1 type having an all @-@ steel underframe . There were other variations in the fleet which will be detailed later on . With such a number of trams in service , it should come as no surprise that a number of detail variations occurred in the fleet , only the main variations are listed here . In 1929 , cars 274 and 275 were fitted with additional air brake pipes for use in hauling the horse transport cars between the City and Morphettville Racecourse on the Glenelg line . These airpipes were later removed , most possibly after the suspension of the horse transport service in 1936 . As originally built , all the drop centre trams were built with General Electric PC5L2 and later PC5K2 control equipment ( except for nos 251 - 261 which had English Electric control equipment ) . However , in 1952 – 1953 , cars 259 , 260 and 261 had their English Electric control gear replaced with General Electric control gear . At the same time , 251 - 258 and 264 had English Electric controllers of a different type fitted . The original control gear from 264 ended up in the solitary H1 car , 381 . While all 84 cars had completely timber seats in the drop centre section , the enclosed saloons had several different styles of seating . Cars 201 @-@ 261 all had rattan seating in the saloons except for 250 . All these cars except for 250 had imitation leather seating fitted after 1946 . 250 and 262 had moquette seating . 263 @-@ 284 had wooden seating fitted . From October 1953 , a number of F and F1 type trams were repainted from Tuscan and Cream livery into Carnation Red and Silver . The trams repainted were 201 @-@ 204 , 213 , 216 , 218 @-@ 219 , 224 @-@ 225 , 227 @-@ 231 , 246 , 248 , 254 , 256 @-@ 257 , 260 @-@ 261 , 264 @-@ 265 , 267 @-@ 269 , 271 @-@ 279 , 283 and 284 . Cars 224 , 255 and 262 all had minor variations to the livery . Most ( though not all ) of the repainted cars had an emergency exit door fitted behind the motorman 's compartment reducing the seating capacity in these trams from 60 to 56 . A few un repainted cars were also fitted with these doors . Cars 201 @-@ 262 had been fitted with Brill 77E2 type trucks and 263 @-@ 284 had been fitted with cast Commonwealth Steel type trucks . However , by the final year of operations in 1958 , F type cars 234 , 245 and 249 had been retrucked with the Commonwealth Steel type trucks taken off of 266 , 284 and 263 , the retrucked Fs taking the F1 numbers in that order . By this time , most of the original F type cars had been withdrawn from service . The F1 type tram was the last type of tram to see service on the main Adelaide street tramway system with F1 269 making the final run to Cheltenham and return on 22 November 1958 , Adelaide tramway operations ceasing that night with the exception of the Glenelg line . = = = = Type G = = = = As a means of more economic operation over the lightly patronized Port Adelaide system , four ' Birney Safety Cars ' were constructed by J.G. Brill and were imported complete by the Municipal Tramways Trust . Numbered 301 to 304 , this small class of four trams were built with features such as folding doors and steps as well as being the only trams in Adelaide able to be operated by one man ( thereby doing away with the need for a conductor ) . These were the only trams built new for the Port Adelaide system , the other trams in the fleet allocated to Port Adelaide being either transferred from the main system or converted from the B type toast rack trams ( into A1 and A2 types ) . Until the arrival of the Flexity and Citadis trams over 80 years later , these were also the only trams in Adelaide to be entirely constructed overseas . Introduced into service from December 1925 , these four trams only ran on the Port Adelaide system for 10 years before the system was completely closed in July 1935 . In January and February 1936 , the four were sold to the State Electricity Commission of Victoria for use in Geelong and were renumbered 27 to 30 in the SEC Geelong fleet and joined two other Birney trams acquired from new for use in Geelong making 6 in all there . In 1947 , the four former Adelaide ' Birney ' trams were transferred to Bendigo to operate on the tramway system there , also owned by the State Electricity Commission . The two Geelong ' Birney ' cars were also transferred to Bendigo arriving in 1949 . While in service in Bendigo , these trams ran in revenue service until 1972 when the system was closed down , with part of the track retained by the Bendigo Trust for tourist operation . All 6 of the ' Birney ' trams that made it to Victoria have all been preserved in operational condition with former Adelaide tram 303 returning to South Australia in 1976 . = = = = Type H = = = = Known as Glenelg trams , The Hs are a long rigid body tram that is end loading with a full length saloon and were built by Pengelley and Co in 1929 specifically for the Glenelg line , they commenced operations on 14 December 1929 . Incredibly , 4 of the cars remained in limited heritage service on the Glenelg line at the start of 2009 , nearly 80 years after they were introduced . They also saw service on the Henley North , Kensington Gardens and Cheltenham routes until their closure . They were built with Tomlinson automatic couplers and were also fitted with General Electric PC5L2 control gear and could be operated in multiple , either in pairs or until 1937 , as triple car sets . After a few years in service , they were also fitted with air horns . Although specifically designed for use on the Glenelg line , the H type trams saw service from 1935 on the Henley North line and then on the Kensington line from 1952 . A total of 30 H cars were built for service on the Glenelg line with the first cars ( 351 and 352 ) being run under trial for the first time in October 1929 , these two cars opening the line on 14 December 1929 . Until February 1937 , some services on the line were run with triple @-@ car sets until an accident at Grovene ( now called Glengowrie ) which saw the practice discontinued . During the 1930s , 5 H type were experimentally fitted with pantographs of 5 different patterns . 376 was fitted with a Simens Schukert pantograph , 377 was fitted with a Fischer bow collector , 378 was fitted with an ASEA pantograph , 379 was fitted with a Metropolitan Vickers pantograph and 380 was fitted with an English Electric pantograph . The pantographs on 376 , 379 and 380 were all fitted on a small pantograph tower while 377 and 378 had their pantographs mounted on the roof itself . During the experiments , the pantographs were only used on the reserve track section which at the time was fitted with a railway @-@ like catenary overhead system rather than the traditional tramway @-@ style overhead used on the rest of the system . Because the overhead at the time was not staggered to suit pantograph operation , the pantographs fitted all suffered from uneven wear and as a result the experiment ceased . Ironically , all the surviving H type trams were fitted with pantographs 50 years later in October 1986 . The next major round of changes to the H types occurred in the 1950s , starting in c.1952 with a repainting of most of the fleet from the traditional Tuscan and Cream to a new Carnation Red and Silver livery with an Ashbury Green interior which had been completed by the end of the decade . The first H types to be withdrawn from service were also taken out of service during the time ( 352 in December 1957 and the first 380 in May 1959 . 351 was renumbered 380 at this time ) . This was the first in a series of renumberings of the H cars , designed to keep a consecutively numbered fleet for rostering purposes ( i.e. 363 @-@ 364 or 371 @-@ 372 ) . A table of the renumbered cars is listed further down . During 1956 , the entire fleet had their original Dick Kerr motors replaced with English Electric motors originally intended for the H1 fleet . In 1968 , 366 and 377 ( original numbers ) were scrapped with cars 353 and 354 renumbered to replace them ( refer to renumbering table further below ) with the result that the H type fleet had been reduced to 26 cars . From 1971 onwards , cars 351 , 357 , 358 , ( 2nd ) 363 , ( 2nd ) 366 , 367 , 368 , 369 , 370 , 371 , 372 , 373 , 374 , 375 , 376 , ( 2nd ) 377 , 379 and 380 were all refurbished and repainted into their original Tuscan and Cream livery except for 363 and 364 which originally entered service after refurbishment in an experimental Carnation Red and Grey livery in 1971 . These two were repainted into Tuscan and Cream in 1973 . Most of these cars had their original varnished timber interior restored too , although there were a few variations in the refurbishment program . 377 was also repainted into a one off black and gold livery to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Glenelg line in 1979 . 377 retained this livery for a few years afterwards . 380 was also briefly repainted in 1979 into a special livery by a number of Glenelg area students as part of the SA schools ' Come out ' festival of that year . During the 1980s , most of the remaining unrefurbished cars ( 355 , 356 , 360 , 362 and 378 ) were disposed of , bringing the operating fleet down to 21 cars . In October 1986 , along with the opening of a new tram depot at Glengowrie , 369 became the first car to be fitted with a pantograph on a permanent basis after the overhead had been altered to make the wire ' zig sag ' to minimise wear on the pantograph . All the other cars in the fleet were subsequently fitted with pantographs and roller bearings on the trucks replacing the old plain bearings . For a short period after installation of pantographs , a trolley pole was retained at one end ' just in case ' but was finally removed soon afterwards . In 1987 , the last of the silver trams ( 361 ) was refurbished under a new program which introduced a few more modern features to the cars . Eventually , 10 H types were refurbished under the new program ( 357 , 358 , 361 , 364 , 365 , 368 , 369 , 371 , 372 and 373 ) . Interestingly , 378 , which had previously been disposed of in 1986 , was repurchased and refurbished for use as a restaurant tram and was launched on 1 November 1990 as the ' Adelaide Tram Car Restaurant ' , run by a private operator . It was not successful and the tram was later purchased by TransAdelaide and renamed ' Grand Lady ' . As with the private operator , the operation was not a success under TransAdelaide . The tram was retained but very rarely used and was last seen on the mainline in 2001 . For some years it was stored at Glengowrie depot , then in 2006 it was sold to the South Australian History Trust , which made it available to the St Kilda Tramway Museum , where it has been run on occasions . In 2001 and 2002 , cars 351 , 367 , 370 , 374 and 380 were again refurbished to the extent of a complete rebuild . New modern chopper controls were added replacing the original GE PC5L2 control gear . From 2007 the five trams have seen service for weekend , public holiday and charter trips . With an in service operational life of 80 years , these five trams are the oldest public transport vehicles still in service in Australia ( although 374 hasn 't been in service since 2004 after sustaining some underframe damage ) . With the purchase of replacement trams , sixteen Type H trams were disposed of with some sold , for a total of $ 65 @,@ 000 , and the remainder donated . They were destined for uses as varied as a restaurant , an attraction at a bed and breakfast boarding house and a tourism display at Glenelg , Adelaide . = = = = Type H1 = = = = Until the arrival of the Flexity trams in 2005 , H1 type car 381 was the most modern tram in Adelaide.Originally part of an order for 40 H1 type cars , 381 was just completed by JA Lawton & Sons of Adelaide when the reconstitution of the MTT caused cancellation of the remaining thirty @-@ nine cars . A partly constructed 382 was scrapped before it was completed as a result of the change in policy . Like the H type upon which 381 was based on , it was fitted with PC5L2 type controllers although in this case , they were taken out of F1 type tram 264 ( more details to be found in the F1 type section ) . Originally fitted with a standard link and pin type coupler , 381 was later fitted with a Tomlinson automatic style coupler ( although it was not able to operate in multiple with the H type ) . Power operated doors were also fitted . 381 ran its first trial run on 22 January 1953 and entered service the following month . For most of its short operational life , 381 was used on the Kensington and Henley North lines ( which were through routed the same year 381 was built ) . 381 was also the last tram to operate over the Kensington line before closure in February 1957 . It was withdrawn from revenue service in December 1957 when it was stored at Hackney Depot / Workshops . In June 1958 , it was then moved to City Depot on Angas Street . In May 1959 , it was again moved for further storage , this time to the permanent way depot at Maylands where it remained until 1965 when it was donated to the St Kilda Tramway Museum . As a result , it has spent many more years in preservation then it did in revenue service . = = = = Flexity Classic / Type 100 / Type I = = = = Beginning in January 2006 , 30 metres ( 98 ft 5 in ) long , articulated , low @-@ floor Flexity Classic Light Rail vehicles , built by Bombardier in Germany , began operation . Eleven trams were ordered at a total cost of $ 58 million to replace most of the then seventy @-@ seven @-@ year @-@ old Type H trams on the Glenelg line . Bombardier won the supply tender against one other bidder , receiving an initial order for nine trams in September 2004 . , another two Flexity trams were ordered for use on the Victoria Square to City West extension , opened in October 2007 . Several of the earlier Flexity cars were unloaded at Outer Harbor in Adelaide while the later deliveries were shipped to Melbourne and offloaded there before being road hauled to Adelaide . Flexity 111 was noted running evaluation trips around parts of the Melbourne tram network before delivery to Adelaide . Station platforms were lowered to match the new trams lower floors , and some of the track and sleepers replaced to provide a smoother ride . There have been problems with the tram 's airconditioning systems , during Adelaide 's very hot summer weather , but these were rectified with engineering changes to the trams . Classification terminologies have been varied . The trams are generally referred to as Flexities or Flexity type by TransAdelaide , although they are also referred to as Type 100 ( from their fleet numbers ) or the Type I , following on from the MTT classification system . Other classifications deriving from designations in use on other systems with Flexity Classic trams , including S Class ( VGF , Frankfurt ) , M06 ( Norrköping ) and NGT8 ( Dortmund ) , have also been used . By 2008 the state government was considering lengthening the trams , instead of purchasing more , to accommodate increasing passenger numbers . In September 2008 , an order was placed with Bombardier for an additional 4 Flexity Classic trams to be used on the City West to Adelaide Entertainment Centre section . These have been numbered 112 – 115 . Despite being a fairly new tram , already there have been a couple of variations , most notably the constantly changing ' all @-@ over advertising ' that changes the appearance of the tram quite considerably . Vehicle 102 has also had traditional leather hand holds installed instead of rubber hand holds which are fitted to the rest of the fleet . = = = = Citadis 302 / Type 200 = = = = The newest trams in Adelaide are six Alstom Citadis model 302 trams which were purchased second hand from the Spanish city of Madrid . Compared to the Flexity Classic trams already in service , they have a higher ' crush loading ' ( 186 compared with 115 ) but 10 fewer seats . They are also 2 metres longer and are formed of five articulated sections rather than three . Originally built as part of an order for seventy Alstom Citadis trams by Spanish operator MetroLigero for service in Madrid , six Citadis trams were acquired by TransAdelaide for service on the Glenelg line as well as to provide services for the new line to the Adelaide Entertainment Centre . Although originally planned to be used on the Madrid network , a subsequent scaling down of plans there resulted in a number of Citadis trams being placed into storage upon arrival in Madrid and never turned a wheel in service . The six trams bought by TransAdelaide came out of this stock . Five of the purchased trams had never run in Madrid and one ( MetroLigero 169 ) saw just a couple of weeks service as a demonstration tram in Stockholm ( demonstrated by the Manufacturer Alstom ) . The six trams purchased were modified at the Preston Tramway Workshops in Melbourne before arriving in Adelaide . They were renumbered from MetroLigero numbers 165 – 170 to the TransAdelaide 200 series with vehicle numbers 201 – 206 . = = Trolleybuses = = During the Great Depression the MTT needed to expand services but finances prevented laying new tracks . A decision was made to trial trolleybuses , and a converted petrol bus began running experimentally on the Payneham and Paradise lines in 1932 . A permanent trolleybus system opened in 1937 , and trolleybuses continued running until July 1963 . = = Decline of the network = = From 1915 onwards the MTT had to compete against unregulated private buses , often preceding the trams on the same route to steal fares , which the MTT countered by opening their own motor bus routes from 1925 . The South Australian government began regulating buses within the state in 1927 , although some private operators used a provision in the Australian constitution to their advantage . By notionally marking each ticket as a fare from the pickup point to Murrayville , Victoria ( but allowing passengers to board or alight sooner ) companies avoided having to abide by the regulation for some time . Up until the end of World War I , most Adelaideans were dependent on public transport for daily journeys . The introduction of private automobiles decreased passenger numbers until petrol rationing during World War II led to a resurgence in patronage ; patronage remained higher than before the war , until rationing was discontinued in 1951 . From the start of the great depression until the closure of the network only one lot of trams was purchased by the MTT . Due to shortages there was minimal maintenance of the network during World War II and post @-@ war shortages prevented the purchase of new trams . In 1951 – 1952 the MTT lost £ 313 @,@ 320 and made the decision to convert the Erindale , Burnside and Linden park lines to electric trolleybuses . The last trams on these lines ran on 24 May 1952 with the lines lifted from 18 April 1953 . A 1953 royal commission was held to inquire into the financial affairs of the MTT resulting in a completely reconstituted board . Late the same year , with driver safety concerns about the conflict with increasing traffic on the road , the Glen Osmond line was temporarily converted to motor buses . The line was never converted back to trams and much comment was made about the continuing maintenance of unused overhead lines . Trolley buses gradually made way for motor buses until the last electric tram or bus service ran on 12 July 1963 leaving only the Glenelg tramline as a remnant of a once extensive light rail network . Except for the Glenelg Type H , the trams were sold or scrapped . Some were used as shacks , playrooms or preserved by museums . = = = Remaining line = = = The Glenelg line , part of the integrated Adelaide Metro public transport network , is a 11 @.@ 9 @-@ kilometre ( 7 @.@ 4 mi ) route from the centre of Adelaide to the beachside suburb of Glenelg . Recently extended at its northern end , it is currently Adelaide 's only remaining tramway . Trams run at approximately twenty @-@ minute intervals , . Until January 2006 , Type H cars provided all services on the Glenelg line . In 2005 , the entire Glenelg line was upgraded with new track and improved tram stops , then in 2006 , eleven , thirty metre long articulated low @-@ floor Flexity Classic Light Rail vehicles , built by Bombardier in Germany , have since replaced the Type H trams in regular day @-@ to @-@ day service , although five refurbished Type H trams have been retained and operate a restricted ' heritage service ' timetable on Saturdays , Sundays and Public Holidays . They have been fitted with safety measures similar to those of the new trams , including vigilance control and electro @-@ magnetic track brakes . A 1 @.@ 2 @-@ kilometre ( 0 @.@ 75 mi ) extension from Victoria Square , along King William St and North Tce opened to the public on 14 October 2007 . Further extensions were the subject of public debate . Tourism minister , Jane Lomax @-@ Smith , in 2007 , expressed support for the line to be extended to North Adelaide and Prospect although the Transport minister stated that this was not a practical option , with his preferred option the creation of a fare free city loop . In the 2008 state budget , the government announced that it would extend the tram line further . The first extension , completed in early 2010 , was from the existing North Terrace terminus to the Adelaide Entertainment Centre in the inner north @-@ west suburb of Hindmarsh , with a park and ride service set up on Port Road . Following the expected electrification of the Outer Harbour and Grange rail lines , new tram @-@ trains are to run to West Lakes , Port Adelaide and Semaphore by 2018 . Travel on certain sections of the Glenelg line without a ticket is permitted ; the two sections being the last two stops in Glenelg and the stops from South Terrace till the Entertainment centre . Travelling outside these zones without tickets will be fined by Police or Inspectors . = = = Adelaide trams in museums = = =
= Battle of Marion = The Battle of Marion ( December 17 – 18 , 1864 ) was a military engagement fought between units of the Union Army and the Confederate Army during the American Civil War near the town of Marion , Virginia . The battle was part of Union Maj. Gen. George Stoneman 's attack upon southwest Virginia , aimed at destroying Confederate industrial infrastructure near Saltville and Marion . Union Cavalry and Infantry regiments — some 4 @,@ 500 soldiers in total — left Tennessee on December 17 for southwestern Virginia . Through two days of fighting , a Confederate force under the command of John C. Breckinridge — totalling 1 @,@ 200 – 1 @,@ 500 infantry and cavalry — was successful in holding defensive positions in and around the town of Marion . On the first day , successive Union attacks were defeated by a well @-@ coordinated Confederate defenses near a covered bridge outside of Marion . By the end of the second day , dwindling ammunition supplies forced Confederate forces to withdraw from the area . With casualties for both sides approaching 300 , Union forces proceeded to destroy the salt mines , lead works , and other beneficial Confederate infrastructure in Marion and Saltville . = = Background = = By 1864 , the American Civil War was slowly drawing to a close . With Abraham Lincoln re @-@ elected as President of the Union , and Gen. Ulysses Grant made commander of the Union Army , the possibility of a Confederate victory was steadily lessened . Along the Eastern Seaboard , Union forces pushed the Confederate forces of Gen. Robert E. Lee steadily back in successive Union victories at Wilderness and Spotsylvania . In the Appalachian mountains , Phillip Sheridan had defeated Confederate armies in the Shenandoah valley . As Union forces pushed southward , they destroyed significant portions of the Confederate agriculture base . As Union forces defeated Confederate armies in the northern reaches of the CSA , Gen. William T. Sherman began his march to the sea , which would eventually succeed in destroying 20 % of the agricultural production in Georgia . As Union forces advanced south , the infrastructure near the town of Marion — located in Southwest Virginia on the Middle Fork of the Holston River , between Saltville and Wytheville — became a major objective of Union forces . Marion itself was politically divided , with citizens fighting for the Union and the Confederacy . Until the winter of 1864 , the town 's location in a mountainous region had protected it from major fighting . In November 1864 , George Stoneman — deputy commander of the Department of the Ohio and in charge of all Union cavalry units in eastern Tennessee — proposed an expedition into southwest Virginia to disrupt the production of supplies and facilities beneficial to the Confederacy . This gained the approval of Maj. Gen. John Schofield on December 6 , 1864 . = = Troops = = The Union forces consisted of about 4 @,@ 500 men from a variety of different units , including several units which had participated in smaller @-@ scale raids into Southwest Virginia earlier in the conflict . The Union army was under the command of Maj. Gen. George Stoneman , Brig. Gen. Alvan Gillem , and Brig. Gen. Stephen Burbridge . The majority of the forces that would have been stationed at Marion had been transferred to the Army of Northern Virginia . The heavily scaled @-@ down Confederate forces consisted of approximately 1 @,@ 500 men , under the overall command of Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge and Brig. Gen. Basil Duke . = = = Union Forces = = = Stoneman used troops under Brig. Gens . Alvan Gillem and Stephen Burbridge , including the 5th and the 6th U.S. Colored Cavalry Regiments — both of which had participated in the previous attempt to destroy the salt works during the First Battle of Saltville . Stoneman ordered Burbridge to bring his division of 4 @,@ 200 cavalrymen through the Cumberland Gap to join Stoneman and Gillem at Knoxville , Tennessee , where Gillem was refitting his own command into a picked force of 1 @,@ 500 men . Stoneman did not reveal the objectives of the expedition to his subordinates until three days after they had departed Knoxville on December 10 . On December 12 , Stoneman 's force flanked and forced back Confederate Brig. Gen. Basil W. Duke 's cavalry at Rogersville , Tennessee . Union forces defeated and scattered Confederate troops the next day at Kingsport , Tennessee . There Gillem captured 84 prisoners , including Col. Richard C. Morgan and the brigade 's supply train . On December 14 , the Union regiments began to push Duke 's cavalry back toward Abingdon , Virginia . The next day , Stoneman and his cavalry went into camp at Glade Spring , Virginia , which was approximately 13 miles ( 21 km ) west of Marion . On December 16 , Stoneman 's cavalry advanced towards Marion , destroying infrastructure and public buildings in their path . = = = Confederate Forces = = = The Confederate forces were under command of Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge — former Vice @-@ President of the United States , and also candidate for U.S. President in 1860 — the commander of the Department of Southwest Virginia . His command consisted of approximately 1 @,@ 000 regular troops with another 500 militia in reserve . Most of the companies had been transferred to the Army of Northern Virginia to help in the defense of Richmond . Breckinridge 's forces consisted of Colonel Henry Giltner 's brigade — formed from the soldiers of the 4th Kentucky Cavalry and the 10th Kentucky Cavalry Battalions — the 11th Kentucky Mounted Rifles — later renamed the 13th Kentucky Cavalry Battalion — and the 64th Virginia Mounted Infantry . It also included Basil Duke 's cavalry , Brig. Gen. George Cosby 's cavalry , and Col. Vincent Witcher 's 34th Battalion of Virginia Cavalry . On the night of December 18 , Breckinridge and his troops moved out of Saltville , Virginia , in an effort to stem Stoneman 's advance . Taking the regular troops with him , Breckinridge left Col. Robert Preston in charge of the 500 militia men to defend the salt works . Breckinridge sent Witcher and his men of the 34th on ahead of the main force and ordered them to harass the Union forces . At about 3 a.m. , Breckinridge and his small company began to cross Walkers Mountain . In the last few days before the march , 4 inches ( 10 cm ) of rain had fallen , leaving the roads muddy and travel difficult . By about 4 a.m. , they reached the main road near Seven Mile Ford , Virginia where Breckinridge halted to wait for daylight before continuing . = = Battle = = = = = Advance = = = Around noon of December 17 , 1864 , Breckinridge 's men mounted their horses and rode towards Marion . Meanwhile , Stoneman sent some of his Tennessee regiments to Wytheville to destroy anything that looked valuable . Stoneman also sent two regiments of cavalry to destroy the lead mines and smelting facilities that were located about 10 miles ( 16 km ) from Wytheville . Stoneman and Burbridge continued on toward Marion where they encountered Witcher and his men . Burbridge 's front regiment easily pushed back Witcher 's small regiment , who stopped just so they could fire a volley into the Union cavalry . They then continued to retreat toward Marion . Witcher sent a courier to inform Breckinridge that they were coming to join them at Marion . = = = First day = = = Breckinridge 's front regiment was the 10th Kentucky Mounted Rifles , under the command of Col. Benjamin Caudill . Caudill 's men dismounted and fired into the Union cavalry , inflicting minor casualties . As the rest of Breckinridge 's troops began to arrive on the scene , Stoneman 's soldiers secured elevated positions overlooking the river . Breckinridge observed that these hills were the best defensive positions in the area , ordering his front regiments to eliminate Union resistance on the hills . The rest of Giltner 's Brigade also joined in the charge , routing the Union soldiers and allowing the Confederate forces to use the defensive positions themselves . Upon losing the heightened positions , Burbridge ordered his own forces to counterattack the Confederate positions . When the Union regiments advanced on the hills , Confederate infantry and cavalry inflicted heavy casualties , slowing Burbridge 's progress . As Union forces continued to attack the hill , Maj. Richard Page — commander of the Confederate artillery squadrons at Marion — fired his battery of 10 @-@ pounder Parrott rifles , in an attempt to slow the Union charge . Taking heavy casualties , and facing heavy fire from all sides , Burbridge 's front regiments withdrew . The Union officers , refusing to withdraw , reorganized their regiments and resumed the attack . As with the previous charge , the Confederate line held , repelling what remained of the Union regiments . After repelling a final charge , Confederate forces had succeeded in holding their elevated positions throughout the first day of combat . Throughout the night , Breckinridge ordered his forces to move forward and construct new barricades to receive the next day 's attacks . These new positions placed the opposing armies within 150 yards ( 140 m ) of one another . In the lull between the fighting , elements of the Union forces were ordered to take up positions at a covered bridge on the river . With 75 men advancing to positions near the bridge , both sides prepared to resume combat the following day . = = = Second day = = = At dawn , Union forces positioned at the covered bridge opened fire , harassing the Confederate forward positions . As the morning 's fog lifted , Brubridge 's regiments attacked . Columns of Union soldiers moved across the fields , subjected to heavy defensive fire from Breckinridge 's Confederate forces . As the day progressed , a combination of Union regiments succeeded in pushing back the 4th Kentucky Infantry Regiment . Confederate counterattacks , however , succeeded in recapturing the breastwork positions . As the counterattack progressed , Union forces at the covered bridge took increasing pressure from the 4th Kentucky Regiment . Realizing that the location was unprotected , the remaining Union forces attempted to withdraw to the starting lines . Confederate forces — now stationed near the covered bridge — exacted heavy casualties on retreating forces . The few Union soldiers who remained at the bridge — now caught between multiple Confederate regiments — refrained from attacking . When Union forces attempted to break through to the bridge , Confederate forces inflicted further casualties , forcing the attack to withdraw . On the far right , Duke was pressed hard by columns of attacking Union soldiers . Seeing this , Col. Giltner sent his regiment to reinforce Duke . Before Giltner 's reinforcements arrived , Duke and his men counterattacked the Union line — routing it and forcing a withdrawal . Duke and Witcher then combined forces and charged the Union 's extreme left flank , inflicting significant damage on a Union colored regiment . Having taken heavy casualties and losing strategic superiority , Burbridge and his men conducted a disorganized withdrawal . The Confederates had succeeded in holding the rail breastworks , yet had expended most of their ammunition in doing so . Each Confederate infantryman had fired at least seventy @-@ five rounds , with some firing significantly more . The Union commanders then ordered another charge with a cavalry regiment that reinforced the Union infantry . The unexpected fighting capabilities of the small Confederate force had temporarily created a reprieve for the salt works . = = Aftermath and significance = = Breckinridge ordered his field officers to inspect the troops and to report back with the condition of his troops . The number of men wounded and killed had depleted his troops to a point that he judged that he could no longer hold back the Union forces at his front lines . Ammunition in the camp was also dwindling ; each man had no more than ten cartridges apiece . With their supplies destroyed by Stoneman 's troops at the towns of Wytheville and Abingdon , there was little hope of being resupplied or reinforced in the near future . Although the vastly outnumbered Confederates had inflicted casualties and slowed the Union advance on Saltville , they were incapable of halting it . Finding their own path to Saltville 's defenses blocked , Breckinridge and his men retreated further south , while a Union company advanced . Saltville fell to a night attack on December 20 – 21 and the salt works were destroyed by the Union forces . Salt had always been in short supply in Virginia and after the destruction of the salt @-@ mines became " practically nonexistent " , giving Lee 's sutlers " no means of preserving what little meat they could lay hands on ... for the hungry men in the trenches outside Petersburg and Richmond " . Additionally , damage to the lead mines near Wytheville would keep them from contributing fully to the war effort for three months . Many wells and water sources were also fouled , leading to the disruption of water supplies . Many of the railroad locomotives , cars , depots , and bridges in the vicinity were destroyed beyond repair during Stoneman 's campaign . In a memoir , Stoneman wrote that his troops captured 34 officers and 845 enlisted men during the attack into Marion , Virginia .
= Aquaria ( video game ) = Aquaria is a 2D sidescrolling action @-@ adventure computer game designed by Alec Holowka and Derek Yu , who together form the independent game company Bit Blot , which developed and originally published the game . After more than two years of development , the game was released in 2007 for Windows . A Macintosh port was released in 2008 by Ambrosia Software , and an updated version of the game was released on Steam that same year . A Linux version of the game was released as part of the Humble Indie Bundle collection in 2010 , and a version for the iPad was released on November 2 , 2011 . More recently , an Android port of the game was released as part of the Humble Bundle with Android 6 collection in June 2013 . In 2009 , the Aquaria soundtrack album was made available for sale . It includes all of the music in the game as well as a new nine @-@ minute vocal track and a few remixes . The game follows Naija , a mermaid @-@ like woman , as she explores the underwater world of Aquaria . Along her journey , she learns about both the history of the world and her own past . The gameplay focuses on a combination of swimming , singing and combat , through which Naija can interact with the world . Naija 's songs can move items , affect plants and animals , and change her physical appearance into other forms . These forms have different abilities , such as firing projectiles at hostile creatures or passing through barriers inaccessible to her in her natural form . Reviews of the game were generally positive . Critics focused primarily on the visuals , music and atmosphere as particularly praiseworthy . Additional positive comments were made about the controls and gameplay , while critiques centered on the map system and a limited variety of objectives . The game won the Seumas McNally Grand Prize from the Independent Games Festival in March 2007 . = = Gameplay = = Aquaria is a 2D sidescrolling action @-@ adventure game , heavily focused on exploration and puzzle @-@ solving , with non @-@ linear gameplay . The player controls Naija , a lone underwater dweller ; although similar to a human woman , Naija also has several fish @-@ like qualities , such as the ability to breathe underwater and propel herself quickly with webbed feet . The game , originally only available for personal computers , was designed to be primarily controlled solely through the mouse , though it can also be controlled with a keyboard or Xbox 360 controller . The player directs Naija through an underwater world composed of several distinct regions , ranging from caves to underwater ruins to sunlit oases . These areas are filled with plant and animal life , which can be hostile , friendly , or neutral towards her . Hostile plants and animals can hurt Naija , reducing her health meter , by touching her or firing projectiles at her . In general , Naija cannot interact directly with objects in the world . Instead , the majority of actions are accomplished through singing short tunes . The player does this by selecting a series of notes displayed in a circle of eight choices in the correct order . Each note corresponds with a different color . Singing notes affects plants and objects of the same color as the note , while singing the tunes , once learned through the plot , can lift objects , create a shield around Naija , or change Naija into different " forms " which have different appearances and unique abilities critical to overcoming the various challenges and obstacles found in the game . The specific tones that are played when the player selects a note can subtly change in different regions , matching the background music . The default form , or " normal form " , is the only one in which Naija can sing , and is the only one where her appearance is modifiable by the player by having Naija wear costumes found throughout the game . Other forms , which can only be used once found in @-@ game , are the " energy form " , in which Naija can shoot projectiles to attack enemy creatures , " beast form " , which allows Naija to swim faster through the water and eat small fish to restore health , and " nature form " , in which Naija can shoot seeds that produce flowers and spiky plants that can harm other creatures . In this form , Naija is not harmed by thorns on any plants . The player can also learn the " sun form " , which allows Naija to give off light in dark regions , " spirit form " , which allows the player to move to specific locations marked by blue crystals without time passing , " fish form " , where Naija turns into a small , fast fish , and " dual form " , found at the end of the game , which allows Naija and another character named Li who is met late in the game 's plot to merge , with actions taken by one affecting the other . While exploring the world , Naija can collect various ingredients from interaction with plants and animals , mainly by combating her foes . These ingredients can be used to cook dishes , which have varying effects on Naija . The most common effects are healing and enhancing various characteristics such as speed and defense , but there are some more exotic dishes which grant her new abilities . The player can learn new recipes by collecting new dishes directly , but can also learn them by combining ingredients without first knowing the recipe . = = Plot = = As the game opens , Naija has lost almost all of her memories , and is unaware of the world outside of her home as she " lives as a simple creature " . The player is told this in voice @-@ over narrations in the form of a story told by a future Naija . These narrations serve as the primary source of information about Naija throughout the game , though there are occasional cutscenes . After being confronted by a shadowy figure and being shown a series of flashbacks she does not understand , Naija awakens . Feeling loneliness as the only member of her species , Naija decides to explore the world around her . As the player explores , Naija discovers more and more about the history of the world , " Aquaria " , and about her own past . The player is not forced to go through the plotline in a set sequence . The only limiting factor is physical barriers such as areas that can only be accessed by using a specific form . Combinations of these physical limitations place some plot elements later in the game . The narrative for the majority of the game is centered on Naija 's exploration of a series of ruined civilizations that she finds , each with a large monster in them . These civilizations make up the different regions of the game . Towards the end of the game , Naija discovers that all of the ruined civilizations she has found throughout the game were destroyed by a god , " the Creator " , who was jealous of the rising power of that civilization or of their gods . The powerful monsters she has found and defeated in each region were once the gods of that civilization . Each of these civilizations had a unique power , symbolized by the form that Naija learns after defeating their former gods . Along with Li , a human diver from the land she meets at the top of the ocean , Naija then descends to the bottom of the sea to confront the god . There she discovers that the Creator fell into the ocean as a child , and bonded with an ancient spirit to gain god @-@ like powers . He then created Aquaria , threading a verse of a lullaby his mother had sung to him throughout , the only part of the song he remembers . The melody of this song , the " verse " , is what allows Naija to sing songs that affect the world around her ; parts of the melody can be heard in different forms in the songs within the game 's soundtrack . The Creator , after creating Aquaria , created a series of civilizations , making a new one in turn when each one was destroyed . The Creator kidnaps Li , with whom Naija has fallen in love , and she attacks the Creator to get him back . The player defeats the god as the final boss of the game , and returns home with Li . In the epilogue , Naija is shown with Li and their child . If the player has found all of Naija 's memories by discovering places she remembers , they reveal that the shadowy figure at the beginning of the game was her mother , Mia . Mia was made by the Creator and had the ability , like Naija , to use the different powers of all of the civilizations . She fled the Creator , and hid herself and Naija among several communities in succession ; after the destruction of the last one she erased Naija 's memory so that she would find out the history of Aquaria on her own and defeat the Creator . In the extended epilogue shown if the player has found all of the memories , Mia appears , telling Naija that the two of them can conquer the civilisations above the water . After Naija refuses , Mia kidnaps her , and vanishes ; the extended epilogue ends with Lucien , Naija and Li 's son , leaving to find her . If the player has not found all of the memories , the epilogue instead ends with Naija asking the player to find out about her past , and revealing that the narration of the game was intended to be heard by her son . = = Development = = Aquaria was developed by Derek Yu and Alec Holowka over the course of two years , off of a concept that Holowka had thought of a year prior . Yu was the lead artist , and Holowka handled the programming and audio components . Both designers had previously worked in video games ; Yu had made several freeware games , including I 'm O.K with Holowka and others , while Holowka had worked for several video game start @-@ ups , none of which had ever gotten a game published . Some additional work on the game , including some level design and scripting for some enemies , was done by Brandon McCartin . Holowka and Yu officially formed the studio Bit Blot to back the game a week before submitting it to the 2007 Independent Games Festival . The name of the studio is intended to represent a fusion of art and technology . Aquaria is the studio 's only game . Both members of the team continue to make video games , but are not doing so as a partnership ; Holowka went on to form a separate team called Infinite Ammo , and Yu went back to working on freeware games and various ports of Spelunky . The initial prototype of the game had styling similar to a text @-@ based role @-@ playing game , with a large open world and many sub @-@ quests . After moving towards " multiple @-@ choice text answers " and a complicated gameplay system , the team decided to simplify the game and set the 2007 Independent Games Festival as a deadline to complete everything . With this time pressure , they forced themselves to cut out a lot of what they felt was unneeded complexity , bringing the game to its core . After removing many of what they decided were extraneous elements they then added back in the cooking system , which they felt fit well with the rest of the game , as well as a map system . They then developed the game world and story in a roughly linear manner , creating basic designs of each region and then coming back to fill in details . They felt that this allowed them to create interesting ideas at the beginning of the game and then fill them out and resolve them at the end . One of these ideas was that of the " verse " ; Holowka realized partway through development that he had been using the same twelve @-@ note sequence transposed into different keys throughout the music , and realized that the idea of a pervasive musical theme to the world fit with the story . The game also includes a level and animation editor ; several mods have been made for the game . The game was developed to be able to be controlled by the player with only the mouse , after it was suggested by Yu 's father . The developers felt that this control scheme forced them to make the gameplay fluid and easy to grasp , though they also added the option to control the game with a keyboard or Xbox 360 controller . Yu and Holowka considered the " hallmark " of exploratory games to be a sense of loneliness , which they made a part of the narrative , but also wanted the player to get a sense of Naija 's character . To that end , they used voice @-@ overs to demonstrate to the player what Naija was feeling during key points of the game . The voice of Naija was performed by Jenna Sharpe , who was chosen after auditioning several other voice actresses . She additionally sang the vocals for one song on the soundtrack , " Lost to the Waves " . She also sang a nine @-@ minute vocal piece , " Fear the Dark " , especially for the release of the Aquaria soundtrack album , which was published by Bit Blot on November 14 , 2009 . The album features 50 tracks on two discs , including all of the music in the game as well as the new vocal track and a few remixes . The game was released for Windows computers on December 7 , 2007 . A patch was later released which added new functionality to the in @-@ game map , added widescreen support , and tweaked several game settings . A Macintosh port was released November 12 , 2008 , courtesy of Ambrosia Software . The game was released on Steam on December 15 , 2008 ; it included the addition of 27 Steam Achievements . A Linux version of the game was developed by Ryan C. Gordon in 2009 ; an open beta ran until February 6 , 2010 , and the Linux version of the game was released as part of the Humble Indie Bundle . The source code for the game 's engine was released under the GNU General Public License on June 3 , 2010 . A modified version was released on the iPad on November 2 , 2011 . This version , which includes touchscreen support and changes to the way the map works , was created by Andrew Church , who was approached to do the port by Holowka after he did an unofficial PlayStation Portable source port . = = Reception = = Aquaria was the Seumas McNally Grand Prize winner of the 2007 Independent Games Festival , and was also a finalist in the categories of Design Innovation , Excellence in Visual Art , and Excellence in Audio . The festival praised the game 's " fluid controls , unique , non @-@ linear gameplay , and vibrant hand @-@ drawn storybook @-@ style graphics " . The game received praise from many different reviewers ; Cam Shea of IGN called it " a stunning effort from such a small team " , Richard Naik of GameCritics called it " an extremely high @-@ quality product " and a fine example of the side @-@ scroller genre , while Chris Dahlen of The A.V. Club termed it " not so much a retro adventure as a fresh take on everything that made the old 2D adventures great " . Praise for the game was centered primarily on its visuals and atmosphere . Hyper 's Tim Henderson commended the game for " a rare and genuine sense of exploration , wonder and discovery " . A review by Scott Colbourne from The Globe and Mail termed Aquaria " drop @-@ dead beautiful " with a " deep and affecting story " and summarized it as " a game you can get comfortably lost in " . Other reviewers , such as Tom Bramwell of Eurogamer and Chris Holt of Macworld echoed the praises for the graphics and atmosphere , while Craig Pearson of PC Gamer UK added praises for the music and voiceovers and Suzie Ochs of MacLife praised the music and story . Other praises for the game came for its control scheme and for the gameplay mechanics , with Holt calling out the cooking system as worthy of praise . Though noting that the visuals and presentation of the game would be the first thing that players noticed , Nathan Cocks of PC PowerPlay claimed that " from a design standpoint , Aquaria is a triumph , " with the right amount of complexity and level design that is " spot on " . Several reviewers , such as Bramwell and Holt , criticized the map system present in the initial version of the game as being confusing and difficult . Other reviewers had different concerns , such as Henderson , who critiqued the initial release version for " lack of widescreen support and being occasionally fiddly " , or Naik , who felt that the control scheme was not as intuitive when using an Xbox 360 controller . Shea and Pearson felt that the game could have used more puzzles or a wider variety of quests and objectives to balance out the exploration and combat . They did not feel , though , that these downsides compared to the game 's positives , with Pearson stating that " the good far outweighs what are , essentially , niggles . "
= IWGP Heavyweight Championship ( IGF ) = The IWGP Heavyweight Championship was a professional wrestling heavyweight championship owned by the Inoki Genome Federation ( IGF ) promotion . The title shares its name with New Japan Pro Wrestling 's ( NJPW ) IWGP Heavyweight Championship , from which it split due to a decision made by IGF and NJPW founder Antonio Inoki . " IWGP " is the abbreviation of NJPW 's fictional governing body , the International Wrestling Grand Prix . During the title 's history , IGF recognized it as the official IWGP Heavyweight Championship , continuing the history of the title after an error made by NJPW in Inoki 's eyes . NJPW recognized the title as the IWGP 3rd Belt Championship , a championship that was merely represented by a previous version of the IWGP Heavyweight Championship 's title belt . The title was briefly used in the Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) promotion , which recognized it as the IWGP Heavyweight Championship . As a professional wrestling championship , the title was won via a scripted ending to a match or awarded to a wrestler because of a storyline . The inaugural champion was Brock Lesnar , who was the reigning IWGP Heavyweight Champion before being stripped of the title due to issues with NJPW . IGF recognized him as the official IWGP Heavyweight Champion afterwards . All title changes occurred at IGF or NJPW @-@ promoted events . There were a total of three reigns among three wrestlers during the title 's brief history before being unified with the IWGP Heavyweight Championship . = = History = = On October 8 , 2005 , at New Japan Pro Wrestling 's ( NJPW ) Toukon Souzou New Chapter event in Tokyo , Japan , Brock Lesnar defeated Kazuyuki Fujita and Masahiro Chono in a Three Way match for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship . He held the title for 280 days , having three successful defenses , until he failed to show up for a scheduled title defense . NJPW thus stripped Lesnar of the championship on July 15 , 2006 . Lesnar cited visa issues along with NJPW owing him compensation for his reasons at failing to appear at the planned title defense . After this series of events , NJPW founder Antonio Inoki left NJPW and created a new promotion , the Inoki Genome Federation ( IGF ) . Inoki then recognized Lesnar as the IWGP Heavyweight Champion due to Lesnar never having lost the championship in a match and Lesnar still maintaining physical possession of the title belt . NJPW recognized Lesnar as the IWGP 3rd Belt Champion and not the IWGP Heavyweight Champion , maintaining their stance on having stripped him of the title in 2006 . On June 29 , 2007 , IGF held its debut show with Lesnar defending the IWGP Heavyweight Championship against Kurt Angle in the main event . Angle defeated Lesnar to win the championship at the show with Angle going on to appear in the American Total Nonstop Action Wrestling ( TNA ) promotion with the physical title belt . TNA also referred to the title belt as the IWGP Heavyweight Championship in the same manner as the IGF , recognizing Angle as the official IWGP Heavyweight Champion . NJPW did not recognize Angle as the IWGP Heavyweight Champion , instead it viewed Angle as the second IWGP 3rd Belt Champion . Angle went on to have two successful defenses as champion . His first defense came in TNA in a feud against Samoa Joe . Angle first appeared with the title belt in TNA on the July 5 , 2007 episode of TNA 's television program TNA Impact ! . The title belt became relevant to the storyline rivalry between Joe and Angle heading into TNA 's Hard Justice pay @-@ per @-@ view ( PPV ) event . Leading up to TNA 's Victory Road PPV event on July 15 , 2007 , TNA X Division Champion Joe and TNA World Heavyweight Champion Angle teamed together to face TNA World Tag Team Champions Team 3D ( Brother Devon and Brother Ray ) in a Tag Team match with the stipulation being whoever scored the pinfall or submission for their team won the championship of the person pinned or made to submit . Joe pinned Brother Ray in the bout , thus winning the World Tag Team Championship for himself and a partner of his choosing . Joe chose to hold the title alone and challenged Angle to a Winner Take All match at Hard Justice for the TNA World Heavyweight , TNA X Division , TNA World Tag Team , and the IWGP Heavyweight Championships on the July 19 2007 , episode of Impact ! . Angle accepted the match , with Joe and Angle facing at Hard Justice on August 12 , 2007 in Orlando , Florida for all of the titles . Angle defeated Joe at the event to win the TNA World Tag Team and TNA X Division Championships , while retaining the TNA World Heavyweight and IWGP Heavyweight Championships . Afterwards , TNA slowly faded out using the IWGP Heavyweight Championship with Angle going on to defend the title at IGF and NJPW promoted shows , with the title being referred to as both the IWGP Heavyweight Championship and the IWGP 3rd Belt Championship . Angle 's second defense of the title was at NJPW 's Wrestle Kingdom II in Tokyo Dome event on January 4 , 2008 where he defeated former NJPW recognized IWGP Heavyweight Champion Yuji Nagata to retain the IWGP 3rd Belt Championship . Angle 's last defense was against then NJPW recognized IWGP Heavyweight Champion Shinsuke Nakamura in a unification match on February 17 , 2008 at NJPW 's Circuit 2008 New Japan ISM event where the winner would be the unified IWGP Heavyweight Champion . Angle lost the match , thus ending the existence of the IGF recognized IWGP Heavyweight Championship . IGF later introduced another title five years later with the IGF Championship on December 31 , 2013 . = = Belt designs = = The title design featured a black leather base with five gold plates spaced evenly apart , with the center plate being the largest . On the center plate the words " IWGP Heavyweight Champion " were featured alongside the caricature of an eagle or similar bird of prey . = = Reigns = = The inaugural champion was Brock Lesnar , as recognized by IGF as the official IWGP Heavyweight Champion . There were a total of three reigns among three wrestlers during the title 's brief history before being unified with the IWGP Heavyweight Championship . = = = Title statistics = = =
= Reasonable Doubt ( album ) = Reasonable Doubt is the debut studio album by American rapper Jay @-@ Z. It was released on June 25 , 1996 , by Roc @-@ A @-@ Fella Records and Priority Records . The album features production provided by DJ Premier , Ski , Knobody and Clark Kent , and also it includes guest appearances from Memphis Bleek , Mary J. Blige and The Notorious B.I.G. , among others . The album features Mafioso rap themes and gritty lyrics about the " hustler " lifestyle and material obsessions . Reasonable Doubt debuted at number 23 on the US Billboard 200 , on which it charted for 18 weeks . It was promoted with four singles ; including " Ain 't No Nigga " and " Can 't Knock the Hustle " . Reasonable Doubt was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) and , as of 2006 , has sold 1 @.@ 5 million copies in the United States . A critical success , it has been ranked on several publications ' lists of the greatest rap albums ever , while many hip hop fans have viewed it as Jay @-@ Z 's best work . = = Background = = In 1989 , aspiring rapper Jay @-@ Z was recruited by mentor Jaz @-@ O to appear on his song " Hawaiian Sophie " . He appeared on two more Jaz @-@ O songs in the next year , but after Jaz @-@ O was dropped from his record label , Jay @-@ Z dealt drugs to support himself . He continued to pursue a rap career and appeared on two songs from Original Flavor 's 1993 album Beyond Flavor . Jay @-@ Z then caught Big Daddy Kane 's attention and toured with him ; they collaborated on Kane 's 1994 posse cut " Show & Prove " along with Wu @-@ Tang Clan 's Ol ' Dirty Bastard , Wu @-@ Tang affiliate Shyheim , Sauce Money , and Scoob Lover . Despite the exposure he received from Kane , Jay @-@ Z was still without a record deal . He began selling tapes from his car with help from friend Damon Dash . The success of his street @-@ level marketing led to a deal with Payday Records , which released his first solo single , " In My Lifetime " and its B @-@ side " I Can 't Get wid Dat " . In an unconventional move , Jay @-@ Z then spurned the record contract he had long sought and left Payday Records to form his own label , Roc @-@ A @-@ Fella Records , with Damon Dash and Kareem " Biggs " Burke . Jay @-@ Z later explained that he thought he could do a better job of marketing his records on his own : [ Payday ] eventually signed me to a deal , but were acting shady the whole time , like they didn 't know how to work a record or something , " says Jay . " The things that they were setting up for me I could have done myself . They had me traveling places to do instores , and my product wasn 't even available in the store . We shot one video , but when the time came for me to do the video for the second single , I had to be cut out . They gave me the money and I started my own company . There was a little arguing back and forth , but our conflict finally got resolved . The bottom line was they wasn 't doing their job , so I had to get out of there . Jay @-@ Z rented a small , cheap office for Roc @-@ A @-@ Fella Records on John Street in one of the " dreariest parts of the busiest city in the world " . Jay @-@ Z and his compatriots thought of their low @-@ rent headquarters as a " starting point " that would eventually lead them to Manhattan . In 1995 and early 1996 , Jay @-@ Z appeared on records by Big L and Mic Geronimo , further raising his profile . At this point , he was still considered an " underground " rapper with a " new jack " style . Roc @-@ A @-@ Fella released Reasonable Doubt with Priority Records . = = Music and lyrics = = Reasonable Doubt was recorded at D & D Studios and mixed at Platinum Island , however , its beats were formed elsewhere . " Can 't Knock the Hustle " was produced by Knobody at his mother 's home in 1994 , while the vocals were recorded on tour at a studio in Tampa Florida named Progressive Music with Mary J Blige . Ski produced " Feelin ' It " and " Politics as Usual " while recording with Camp Lo . The recording sessions were often competitive ; Ski and Clark Kent created similar beats for " Politics as Usual " , but Ski submitted his to Jay @-@ Z first causing his to appear on the album . " Brooklyn 's Finest " was a competitive , though friendly battle between Jay @-@ Z and The Notorious B.I.G. in which Jay @-@ Z tried proving that he is of Biggie 's caliber , while Biggie tried brushing his rhymes off as insignificant . Although the rappers had already met on the set for the " Dead Presidents " music video , they discovered that neither wrote down their rhymes while recording . The recording of " Brooklyn 's Finest " spanned two months and moved from D & D Studios to Giant Studios where the Clark Kent @-@ sung chorus was recorded . Reasonable Doubt has Mafioso rap themes . David Drake from Stylus Magazine said the lyrics were characterized by " gritty realism " . Dream Hampton believed that although rappers had alluded to hustling before , Jay @-@ Z " talks about what it can do to a person 's inner peace , and what it can do to their mind " . Jay @-@ Z later said , " the studio was like a psychiatrist 's couch for me " while recording Reasonable Doubt . AllMusic 's Steve Huey described him as " a street hustler from the projects who rapped about what he knew — and he was very , very good at it ... detailing his experiences on the streets with disarming honesty " . Huey summarizes the album 's subject matter saying : He 's cocky bordering on arrogant , but playful and witty , and exudes an effortless , unaffected cool throughout . And even if he 's rapping about rising to the top instead of being there , his material obsessions are already apparent [ ... ] the album 's defining cut might [ ... ] be the brief " 22 Two 's , " which not only demonstrates Jay @-@ Z 's extraordinary talent as a pure freestyle rapper , but also preaches a subtle message through its club hostess : Bad behavior gets in the way of making money . Perhaps that 's why Jay @-@ Z waxes reflective , not enthusiastic , about the darker side of the streets . AllMusic 's Jason Birchmeier writes that the album 's production exhibits characteristics of " the pre @-@ gangsta era , a foregone era when samples fueled the beats and turntablism supplied the hooks " , which " sets Reasonable Doubt apart from Jay @-@ Z 's later work " . " Can 't Knock the Hustle " features a smooth beat . " Politics as Usual " has an R & B sound and a sample of " Hurry Up This Way Again " by The Stylistics . " Dead Presidents " samples Nas ' voice from " The World Is Yours " in its chorus . According to IGN 's Spence D. , " Ski brings back the stripped down piano fill style lending the track a late night jazz vibe " on " Feelin ' It " , and " 22 Two 's " has a " mournful jazz inclined groove " that prominently features string instruments . " Coming of Age " contains a Clark Kent @-@ produced beat that samples the melody and drums from " Inside You " by Eddie Henderson . = = Reception and legacy = = Released on June 25 , 1996 , Reasonable Doubt peaked at number 23 on the Billboard 200 . It spent 18 weeks on the chart , and 55 weeks on the Billboard Top R & B / Hip @-@ Hop Albums , on which it reached number three . By the end of 1996 , it had sold 420 @,@ 000 copies in the United States . On February 7 , 2002 , Reasonable Doubt was certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA ) , for shipments of one million copies in the US . It remains the lowest charting album of Jay @-@ Z 's career . According to Pitchfork Media 's Ryan Schreiber , Reasonable Doubt has often been " considered one of hip @-@ hop 's landmark albums " . while Birchmeier said it was viewed like Nas ' Illmatic ( 1994 ) as a classic hip hop album by a young rapper about their street and criminal experiences . Reasonable Doubt helped transfigure gangsta rap into Mafioso rap , popularizing the subgenre and the imagery of high class , expensive lifestyles and tastes in hip hop , including drinking Cristal , driving Lexus automobiles , and living out the plots of films such as Scarface and Carlito 's Way . In the opinion of Miles Marshall Lewis , Reasonable Doubt was a " seminal " work that " shocked the world ... a personal touchstone for fans then Jay 's own age who were getting their own hustles on — hip hop 's young , gifted , and black " . Jay @-@ Z said that recreating Reasonable Doubt would be challenging , as he was living a different lifestyle with a completely different state of mind when he wrote the album . Reasonable Doubt has often been considered by many fans to be Jay @-@ Z 's best record . He himself deemed it his best . According to Birchmeier , it differed from his subsequent albums by lacking " pop @-@ crossover " songs and hits . Shaheem Reid of MTV explained , " Reasonable Doubt might not have the radio hits or club bangers of many of his other albums , but it may be Jay at his most lyrical — and certainly at his most honest , according to him " . Huey said the lyrical appeal lied within Jay @-@ Z 's " effortless , unaffected cool " flow , " disarming honesty " , and knack for " writing some of the most acrobatic rhymes heard in quite some time " . According to Huey , this " helped Reasonable Doubt rank as one of the finest albums of New York 's hip @-@ hop renaissance of the ' 90s " . Birchmeier , on the other hand , believed the superior quality of producers was more responsible for the album 's reputation as a classic more so than Jay @-@ Z. In a retrospective review for MSN Music , Robert Christgau said the album was " designed for the hip @-@ hop cognoscenti and street aesthetes who still swear he never topped it , " finding it " richer than any outsider could have known , and benefiting from everything we 've since learned about the minor crack baron who put his money where his mouth was . You can hear him marshalling a discipline known to few rappers and many crack barons , and that asceticism undercuts the intrinsic delight of his rhymes " . Reasonable Doubt was named one of the greatest hip hop albums of all time by The Source in 1998 , Vibe , who ranked it seventh on their 2002 list , MTV.com , who ranked it sixth on their 2005 list , and About.com 's Henry Adaso ; Adaso ranked it as the 14th greatest hip hop album , the second best rap record of 1996 , and the fifth most " essential " hip hop album ever . Blender included Reasonable Doubt on the magazine 's 2003 list of " 500 CDs You Must Own Before You Die " . That same year , Rolling Stone ranked it number 248 on their list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time . The magazine also named it the 17th best album of the 1990s . It was included in Vibe 's " 51 Albums Representing a Generation , a Sound and a Movement " ( 2004 ) , and Hip Hop Connection 's " The 100 Greatest Rap Albums 1995 @-@ 2005 " . In 2006 , Jay @-@ Z performed the songs from Reasonable Doubt at the Radio City Music Hall to celebrate its tenth anniversary . The concert 's band included The Roots ' drummer Questlove , the Illadelphonics , a 50 @-@ piece orchestra dubbed The Hustla 's Symphony and Just Blaze , the performance 's disc jockey . On " Can 't Knock the Hustle " , Beyoncé Knowles replaced Mary J. Blige , who was preparing for her Breakthrough Tour at the time . Jay @-@ Z rapped The Notorious B.I.G. ' s verses on " Brooklyn 's Finest " , and Jaz @-@ O 's verse was left out of " Bring It On " . Jay @-@ Z added a verse to " 22 Two 's " in which he says variations of the words " for / four " 44 times over the beat of " Can I Kick It ? " by A Tribe Called Quest . Other alterations include Jay @-@ Z changing a lyrical mention of Cristal to Dom Pérignon and Jay @-@ Z 's band " spruc [ ing ] up tracks like ' Regrets ' to add more energy " . Celebrities such as Alicia Keys , Young Jeezy , Jadakiss , Chris Tucker , LeBron James and Carmelo Anthony attended the concert . 3 @,@ 000 tickets were put on sale ; all were sold within two minutes according to Roc @-@ A @-@ Fella Records ' website . = = Track listing = = Notes " Can 't Knock the Hustle " contains additional vocals from Pain in Da Ass . " Brooklyn 's Finest " contains additional vocals from Pain in Da Ass , and DJ Clark Kent . " Feelin ' It " contains additional vocals from Mecca . " 22 Two 's " contains dialogue from Mary Davis . " Ain 't No Nigga " contains additional vocals from Khadijah Bass , and Big Jaz . Sample credits " Can 't Knock the Hustle " contains samples of " Much Too Much " by Marcus Miller , " I Know You Got Soul " by Eric B. & Rakim and interpolations of " Fool 's Paradise " by Meli 'sa Morgan , and dialogue from the film Scarface . " Politics as Usual " contains a sample of " Hurry Up This Way Again " by The Stylistics . " Brooklyn 's Finest " contains samples of " Ecstasy " by The Ohio Players , " Brooklyn Zoo " by Ol ' Dirty Bastard and interpolates dialogue from the film Carlito 's Way . " Dead Presidents II " contains samples of " A Garden of Peace " by Lonnie Liston Smith , " The World Is Yours ( Tip Mix ) " by Nas . , and " Oh My God ( Remix ) " by A Tribe Called Quest . " Feelin ' It " contains a sample of " Pastures " by Ahmad Jamal . " D 'Evils " contains samples of " Go Back Home " by Allen Toussaint , " I Shot Ya ( Remix ) " by LL Cool J and " Murder Was the Case " by Snoop Dogg . " 22 Two 's " contains an interpolation of " Can I Kick It ? " by A Tribe Called Quest . " Can I Live " contains a sample of " The Look of Love " by Isaac Hayes . " Ain 't No Nigga " contains a sample of " Seven Minutes of Funk " by The Whole Darn Family and an interpolation of " Ain 't No Woman ( Like the One I Got ) " by The Four Tops . " Friend or Foe " contains a sample of " Hey What 's That You Say " by Brother to Brother . " Coming of Age " contains a sample of " Inside You " by Eddie Henderson . " Cashmere Thoughts " contains a sample of " Save Their Souls " by Bohannon . " Bring It On " contains a sample of " 1 , 2 Pass It " by D & D All @-@ Stars . " Regrets " contains a sample of " It 's So Easy Loving You " by Earl Klugh and Hubert Laws . " Can I Live II " contains a sample of " Mother 's Day " by 24 Carat Black . = = Personnel = = = = Charts = = = = Certifications = =
= Os ( Fringe ) = " Os " is the 16th episode of the third season of the American science fiction drama television series Fringe , and the 59th episode overall . The episode centered on the Fringe team 's investigation into a series of robberies of the element osmium , which they connect to a scientist ( Alan Ruck ) who is able to defy the laws of physics . " Os " was written by Josh Singer and Graham Roland , while Brad Anderson served as director . Along with Ruck , the episode also guest starred Jorge Garcia in a brief cameo as a security guard . On its first broadcast in the United States on March 11 , 2011 , an estimated 3 @.@ 76 million viewers tuned in , giving it a 1 @.@ 5 / 5 ratings share for those between the ages 18 – 49 . Critical reception to the episode was generally positive , as multiple critics noted that Ruck was well @-@ cast as a scientist just trying to help his son . = = Plot = = The Fringe team is called to the scene of a robbery of a metal depository ; the body of one of the thieves , shot by a security guard , inexplicably floats off the ground , while a second culprit has gotten away . They find that the thief has taken off with a supply of osmium , one of the densest elements , and an autopsy later reveals that the dead thief 's body is filled with the metal . Tracking a security card on the body , they enter a warehouse where they find the second culprit , dead , along with the bodies of several more people , all of them paraplegic . Walter ( John Noble ) notes that the physical properties of osmium ( both gravitational and thermal ) have been reversed , and by melting the osmium collected from the first victim using liquid nitrogen , they detect the presence of the rarer element lutetium , typically only present in meteorites . Recognizing that the local science museum has a display of meteorites , the Fringe team is able to secure Dr. Crick ( Alan Ruck ) , the man behind the osmium injections , and another paraplegic who has taken Dr. Crick 's injections as they attempt to steal the display . With Dr. Crick in custody , Walter learns that the man had worked in aerospace to find an alloy for fighter craft . He happened upon the combination of the osmium @-@ lutetium alloy that generated a material lighter than air , and sought to refine a permanent solution to give his own paraplegic son the ability to walk , having promised the same to those that had died from earlier , lethal doses of the alloy . Walter , who has lamented to Nina Sharp ( Blair Brown ) his need to have William Bell ( Leonard Nimoy ) back to make himself whole , realizes that the only reason the osmium @-@ lutetium alloy became lighter than air was due to his own transgression into the parallel universe that has started to break down the laws of reality . To reverse those effects , Walter intends to use the idea of " soul magnets " , microscopic devices that can be ingested by a person to call forth the soul of another . Walter believes Bell had arranged for someone in the prime universe to be his vessel , and rings the bell that Bell had bequeathed to Nina , believing it to be the instrument that will activate the soul magnets and call forth Bell . Simultaneously , Peter ( Joshua Jackson ) has decided to open up to Olivia ( Anna Torv ) and shows her the five data discs from the shapeshifters he killed after the doomsday device weaponized him . As he discusses it with her , Olivia hears the sound of the bell . She turns to face Peter , revealing herself to now be possessed by Bell . = = Production = = The episode was co @-@ written by co @-@ executive producer Josh Singer and executive story editor Graham Roland , while former Fringe producer Brad Anderson directed it . The return of the William Bell character to the series was inspired by Leonard Nimoy from earlier seasons . In his first appearance on Fringe in the first season finale , " There 's More Than One of Everything " , Nimoy requested that a bell be placed on his desk so that his character would be able to ring it as a play on the character 's name . When the writers considered how to bring Bell back for the third season , they recalled this mannerism , and wrote it into the larger mythos , being the means by which Bell 's mind emerged from Olivia 's at the end of this episode . On March 3 , Entertainment Weekly reported that actor Jorge Garcia would be making a cameo appearance in an upcoming Fringe episode . Garcia , who previously starred as Hugo " Hurley " Reyes from J.J. Abrams ' Lost , appears as a Massive Dynamic guard that is smoking a bong with Walter at the start of the episode . Alan Ruck guests as Dr. Crick , the person behind the floating bodies . Ruck was approached by the show 's producers having envisioned him for the role . Ruck described the character , " He is no dummy ... and he stumbled on to something and he is trying to figure out a way to use it . Ultimately he would like to use it for good , but in so doing he causes a lot of damage . So I guess you can say he 's obsessed . And this particular point in time where the episode of Fringe starts , time is fleeting and he 's just ... under the gun . " On his character 's possible reappearance , Ruck commented , " I think not ... Technically yes [ he could come back ] , but probably not . " As with other Fringe episodes , Fox released a science lesson plan in collaboration with Science Olympiad for grade school children , focusing on the science seen in " Os " , with the intention of having " students learn about meteorites and ways of finding them . " = = Reception = = = = = Ratings = = = On its first broadcast , " Os " maintained a 1 @.@ 5 / 5 rating share for adults between the ages of 18 and 49 as with several previous episodes , with an estimated 3 @.@ 76 million viewers . In the 18 – 49 demographic , Fringe was the second most watched show in its time slot , after CSI : NY . Time shifted viewing increased the episode 's ratings among adults by 53 percent to a 2 @.@ 3 ratings share . This was the largest increase in time shifting viewing for the week among network shows . = = = Reviews = = = Reviews of the episode were generally positive . Ken Tucker from Entertainment Weekly praised guest actor Alan Ruck 's " sustained , understated " performance , and also called Olivia being revealed as Bell 's vessel " a clever development , " especially praising actress Anna Torv 's imitation of Nimoy 's voice rather than " doing the obvious thing and hav [ ing ] her lip @-@ synch Nimoy reading the lines . " A.V. Club 's Todd VanDerWerff graded the episode with a B- , explaining that unlike Tucker , he thought the idea of " soul magnets " was " just so goofy that it 's almost too much for me to handle " . VanDerWerff also felt there wasn 't much of a connection between the episode and the ongoing storyline " until the show tries to force one in a way that doesn 't feel as elegant as the show usually makes this stuff feel " . He did however praise Ruck as " well @-@ cast , " and wrote the episode " very nearly managed " to parallel Walter 's " desperate measures to the desperate measures of other men also trying to save themselves or their children through science , " which the reviewer considers the strongest asset of the show . Writing for the Los Angeles Times , critic Andrew Hanson referred to audiences ' Friday night plans away from television when he commented the episode was " better than any movie you 're going to see in the theater right now " . Hanson thought the mystery produced " surprises around every corner " . IGN 's Ramsey Isler rated the episode 8 @.@ 0 / 10 , explaining he enjoyed the " classic Fringe " opening scene , the " decent [ acting ] job " by Ruck , and John Noble 's performance ; he also thought the script was " very clever [ as ] it reveals surprising story elements with innovative tricks " . Isler wasn 't sure what to make of the Bell @-@ Olivia plot twist however , commenting that " this new William Bell thing is either going to end up as the best plot device of the season , or the cheesiest thing in recent sci @-@ fi history " . Billy Grifter from Den of Geek was slightly disappointed with the " mad scientist " storyline as he felt it had been done before , but found several redeeming qualities : Alan Ruck 's performance and the last five minutes featuring Noble and Blair Brown , and Torv with Joshua Jackson . Grifter thought the Noble @-@ Brown scene was " actually very funny , " praising the two actors ' performances , and added that this humor made the following Torv @-@ Jackson scene 's impact " even greater " . Referring to Torv 's " passable " Nimoy impression , Grifter concluded that " the strength of Fringe is that it can take a rather light and fluffy premise , like the one in " Os " , and embellish it with wonderful character moments and a genuine surprise or two " .

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